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diff --git a/43991.txt b/43991.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 6c68c9a..0000000 --- a/43991.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,10309 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Hand-book to the Primates, Volume 1 (of -2), by Henry O. Forbes - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: A Hand-book to the Primates, Volume 1 (of 2) - -Author: Henry O. Forbes - -Release Date: October 23, 2013 [EBook #43991] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HAND-BOOK TO THE PRIMATES *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - -Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they -are listed at the end of the text. - -Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). A carat character -is used to denote superscription: a single character following the carat is -superscripted (example: A^4). The degree sign is rendered ^o. - -Page numbers enclosed by curly braces (example: {25}) have been -incorporated to facilitate the use of the Alphabetical Index (in Volume -II.). - -Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work. -Volume II: see http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/43992 - - - * * * * * - - - - -_ALLEN'S NATURALIST'S LIBRARY._ - -EDITED BY R. BOWDLER SHARPE, LL.D., F.L.S., ETC. - -A HAND-BOOK -TO THE -PRIMATES. - -BY -HENRY O. FORBES, LL.D., F.Z.S., ETC., -DIRECTOR OF MUSEUMS, LIVERPOOL, -_Author of "A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago," -etc., etc., etc._ - -_VOL. I._ - -LONDON: -W. H. ALLEN & CO., LIMITED, -13, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W. -1894. - - - -PREFACE. - - -The great increase in our knowledge of animals which has taken place since -the volume on Monkeys was published in "Jardine's Naturalist's Library" -some sixty years ago, cannot be better illustrated than by the fact that -our excellent contributor, Dr. H. O. Forbes, has found it impossible to -compress that knowledge into a single volume of the present issue. There -is, moreover, no Museum which contains such a complete series of skins of -the Primates, as to render a perfect "monograph" of the Order possible. Dr. -Forbes has endeavoured in these volumes to bring the subject up to date, -and has devoted some years of study to the two which now appear under his -name, and he has had the great advantage of having seen many of the species -of which these volumes treat, in a state of nature. If diligent research -and patient work, combined with a sound anatomical knowledge and an -acquaintance with many species of Monkeys in their natural habitat, avail -anything, then these volumes should present to the student a more concise -epitome of the characteristics of the Primates than any other essay yet -offered to the public. It has been found impossible to reproduce any of the -plates in the old "Naturalist's Library" of Jardine. They would have -formed, with appropriate inscriptions, a very good instalment of a series -of "Comic Natural History" volumes, as they were, in fact, nothing but a -set of extraordinary caricatures of Monkeys. I have, therefore, again to -acknowledge the liberality of the publishers, in adopting my suggestion -that a perfectly new set of illustrations should be prepared. These have -been executed by Mr. J. G. Keulemans, with a result, I hope, that will -satisfy the reader. - -R. BOWDLER SHARPE. - - - - -INTRODUCTION. - - -In the first volume will be found an account of the _Lemuroidea_, and the -_Anthropoidea_ as far as the group of the Macaques of the family -_Cercopithecidae_. The second volume continues with the latter genus, and -contains the rest of the Monkeys, and the Apes, as well as a summary of the -geographical distribution of the species of the Order Primates. - -I have not attempted to write a complete synonymy of the species of -Monkeys. The literature is scattered over many, often obscure, periodicals, -and without seeing the actual specimens described by some of the older -writers, it would be easy to introduce a great deal of confusion into the -synonymy. I have, therefore, only attempted to give the principal -references. - -I must express my obligation to Dr. Guenther, F.R.S., the Keeper of the -Zoological Department in the British Museum, for the facilities of study -afforded to me in that institution. To Mr. Oldfield Thomas I am likewise -greatly indebted for much assistance, and for many a kindly hint. - -Dr. Forsyth Major, who is well-known as one of the foremost authorities on -the Lemurs, not only gave me valuable information as to the species and -literature of the _Lemuroidea_, but was even so good as to furnish me with -the descriptions of several new species. - -Lastly, to my friend the Editor, I have to return my sincere thanks for the -patience with which he has revised my MSS., and for the verification of -numbers of references, only to be found in the great libraries of London, -and inaccessible to an author dwelling in the provinces. - -HENRY O. FORBES. - - - - -SYSTEMATIC INDEX. - - - - PAGE - ORDER PRIMATES 1 - - SUB-ORDER I. LEMUROIDEA 8 - - FAMILY I. CHIROMYIDAE 14 - - I. CHIROMYS, Cuvier 14 - 1. madagascariensis (Gm.) 14 - - FAMILY II. TARSIIDAE 18 - - I. TARSIUS, Storr. 18 - 1. tarsius (Erxl.) 20, 286 - 2. fuscus, Fischer 21 - - FAMILY III. LEMURIDAE 22 - - SUB-FAMILY I. LORISINAE 24 - - I. PERODICTICUS, Bennett 26 - 1. calabarensis, Smith 27 - 2. potto (Geoffr.) 28 - - II. LORIS, Geoffr. 31 - 1. gracilis, Geoffr. 31 - - III. NYCTICEBUS, Geoffr. 33 - 1. tardigradus (Linn.) 33, 286 - - SUB-FAMILY II. GALAGINAE 37 - - I. GALAGO, Geoffr. 38 - 1. garnetti (Ogilby) 40 - 2. senegalensis, Geoffr. 41 - 3. alleni, Waterh. 43 - 4. demidoffi, Fischer 44 - 5. monteiri, Bartlett 46 - 6. crassicaudata, Geoffr. 47 - - II. CHIROGALE, Geoffr. 49 - 1. milii, Geoffr. 50 - 2. melanotis, Forsyth Major 51 - 3. trichotis, Guenth. 52 - 4. crossleyi, Grandid. 53 - - III. MICROCEBUS, Geoffr. 54 - 1. minor (Gray) 55 - 2. myoxinus, Peters 56 - 3. smithii (Gray) 57 - 4. furcifer (Blainv.) 59 - 5. coquereli (Grandid.) 60 - - IV. OPOLEMUR, Gray 61 - 1. samati (Grandid.) 62 - 2. thomasi, Forsyth Major 63 - - SUB-FAMILY III. LEMURINAE 64 - - I. LEMUR, Linn. 65 - 1. varius, Is. Geoffr. 68 - 2. macaco, Linn. 69 - 3. mongoz, Linn. 71 - [alpha]. rufipes 72 - [beta]. rufifrons 72 - [gamma]. cinereiceps 72 - [delta]. collaris 72 - [epsilon]. rufus 73 - [zeta]. nigrifrons 73 - [eta]. albifrons 73 - 4. nigerrimus, Scl. 73 - 5. albimanus, Is. Geoffr. 74 - 6. coronatus, Gray 75 - 7. rubriventer, Is. Geoffr. 76 - 8. catta, Linn. 76 - - II. MIXOCEBUS, Peters 78 - 1. caniceps, Peters 78 - - III. HAPALEMUR, Is. Geoffr. 79 - 1. griseus (Geoffr.) 81 - 2. simus, Gray 82 - - IV. LEPIDOLEMUR, Is. Geoffr. 83 - - _Section A.--Species Majores._ - 1. mustelinus, Is. Geoffr. 86 - 2. ruficaudatus, Grandid. 86 - 3. edwardsi, Forsyth Major 87 - 4. microdon, Forsyth Major 88 - - _Section B.--Species Minores._ - 5. globiceps, Forsyth Major 89 - 6. grandidieri, Forsyth Major 89 - 7. leucopus, Forsyth Major 89 - - SUB-FAMILY IV. INDRISINAE 90 - - I. AVAHIS, Jourdan 94 - 1. laniger (Gm.) 94 - - II. PROPITHECUS, Bennett 96 - 1. diadema, Bennett 98 - [alpha]. sericeus 99 - [beta]. edwardsi 99 - 2. verreauxi, Grandid. 100 - [alpha]. deckeni 101 - [beta]. coquereli 102 - 2a. majori, Rothschild 286 - 3. coronatus, Milne-Edwards 102 - - III. INDRIS, Cuv. et Geoffr. 105 - 1. brevicaudatus, Geoffr. 105 - - EXTINCT LEMUROIDEA 110 - - FAMILY I. MEGALADAPIDAE 112 - 1. Megaladapis, Forsyth Major 112 - - FAMILY LEMURIDAE 22, 114 - - FAMILY ANAPTOMORPHIDAE 114 - 1. Microchaerus, Wood 115 - 2. Mixodectes, Cope 116 - 3. Cynodontomys, Cope 116 - 4. Omomys, Leidy 117 - 5. Anaptomorphus, Cope 117 - - FAMILY ADAPIDAE 119 - 1. Adapis, Cuvier 120 - 2. Tomitherium, Cope 120 - 3. Laopithecus, Marsh 121 - 4. Pelycodus, Cope 121 - 5. Microsyops, Leidy 122 - 6. Hyopsodus, Leidy 123 - - SUB-ORDER II.--ANTHROPOIDEA 123 - - FAMILY I. HAPALIDAE 129 - - I. HAPALE, Illig. 131 - 1. jacchus (Linn.) 132 - 2. humeralifer, Geoffr. 133 - 3. aurita (Geoffr.) 133 - 4. leucopus, Guenther 134 - 5. chrysoleuca, Wagn. 135 - 6. pygmaea (Spix) 135 - 7. melanura (Geoffr.) 136 - - II. MIDAS, Geoffr. 138 - 1. rosalia (Linn.) 138 - 2. geoffroyi (Pucher.) 139 - 3. oedipus (Linn.) 140 - 4. labiatus, Geoffr. 141 - 5. rufiventer, Gray 142 - [alpha]. mystax, Spix 142 - [beta]. pileatus, Is. Geoffr. 143 - 6. weddelli, Deville 143 - 7. nigrifrons, Geoffr. 143 - 8. fuscicollis, Spix 144 - 9. chrysopygus (Wagner) 144 - 10. nigricollis, Spix 145 - 11. illigeri (Pucher.) 145 - 12. bicolor, Spix 147 - 13. midas (Linn.) 148 - 14. ursulus, Geoffr. 148 - - FAMILY II. CEBIDAE 150 - - SUB-FAMILY I. NYCTIPITHECINAE 152 - - I. CHRYSOTHRIX, Kaup 152 - 1. usta (Is. Geoffr.) 154 - 2. entomophaga (d'Orb.) 155 - 3. sciurea (Linn.) 156 - 4. oerstedi, Reinh. 158 - - II. CALLITHRIX, Geoffr. 158 - 1. torquata (Hoffm.) 159 - 2. cuprea, Spix 160 - 3. amicta (Humb.) 161 - 4. cinerascens, Spix 161 - 5. moloch (Hoffm.) 162 - 6. ornata, Gray 162 - 7. personata, Geoffr. 163 - 8. nigrifrons, Spix 164 - 9. castaneiventris, Gray 164 - 10. melanochir, Neuwied 165 - 11. gigot, Spix 165 - - III. NYCTIPITHECUS, Spix 166 - 1. trivirgatus (Humb.) 168 - 2. lemurinus, Is. Geoffr. 168 - 3. rufipes, Sclater 169 - 4. azarae (Humb.) 170 - 5. felinus, Spix 170 - - SUB-FAMILY II. PITHECIINAE 173 - - I. BRACHYURUS, Spix 174 - 1. melanocephalus (Humb.) 175 - 2. rubicundus, Is. Geoffr. 176 - 3. calvus, Is. Geoffr. 177 - - II. PITHECIA, Geoffr. 182 - 1. monachus, Humb. and Bonpl. 182 - 2. pithecia (Linn.) 185 - 3. satanas (Hoffm.) 186 - 4. chiropotes (Humb.) 187 - 5. albinasa, Is. Geoffr. 188 - - SUB-FAMILY MYCETINAE 189 - - I. ALOUATTA, Lacep. 192 - 1. seniculus, Linn. 192 - 2. nigra (Geoffr.) 195 - 3. beelzebul (L.) 197 - 4. ursina (Humb.) 198 - 5. villosa (Gray) 199 - 6. palliata (Gray) 202 - - SUB-FAMILY CEBINAE 204 - - I. CEBUS, Erxl. 204 - 1. hypoleucus (Humb.) 207 - 2. lunatus, F. Cuv. 208 - 3. flavus, Geoffr. 208 - 4. monachus, F. Cuv. 209 - 5. fatuellus (Linn.) 211 - 6. variegatus, Geoffr. 211 - 7. cirrifer, Geoffr. 212 - 8. robustus, Kuhl. 212 - 9. annellatus, Gray 213 - 10. albifrons (Humb.) 213 - 11. capucinus (Linn.) 215 - 12. vellerosus, Is. Geoffr. 217 - 13. flavescens, Gray 217 - 14. chrysopus, F. Cuv. 218 - 15. subcristatus, Gray 218 - 16. capillatus, Gray 219 - 17. azarae, Rennger 219 - 18. fallax, Schl. 220 - - II. LAGOTHRIX, Geoffr. 220 - 1. lagothrix (Humb.) 222 - 2. infumatus (Spix) 223 - - III. BRACHYTELES, Spix 224 - 1. arachnoides (Geoffr.) 226 - - IV. ATELES, Geoffr. 227 - 1. variegatus, Wagner 231 - 2. geoffroyi, Kuhl 233 - 3. rufiventris, Scl. 236 - 4. paniscus (Linn.) 237 - 5. marginatus, Kuhl 239 - 6. ater, F. Cuv. 241 - 7. grisescens, Gray 242 - 8. fusciceps, Gray 242 - 9. cucullatus, Gray 243 - 10. vellerosus, Gray 244 - - FAMILY CERCOPITHECIDAE 249 - - SUB-FAMILY CERCOPITHECINAE 252 - - I. PAPIO, Erxl. 253 - 1. maimon (Linn.) 258 - 2. leucophaeus (F. Cuv.) 260 - 3. doguera (Pucher. and Schimp.) 262 - 4. porcarius (Bodd.) 263 - 5. babouin (Desm.) 265 - 6. anubis (F. Cuv. and Geoffr.) 266 - 7. thoth (Ogilby) 268 - 8. ibeanus, Thomas 269 - 9. sphynx (Geoffr.) 269 - 10. hamadryas (Linn.) 272 - 11. langheldi, Matschie 275 - - II. THEROPITHECUS, Is. Geoffr. 276 - 1. gelada (Ruepp.) 276 - 2. obscurus, Hengl. 278 - - III. CYNOPITHECUS, Is. Geoffr. 280 - 1. niger (Desm.) 281 - - - - -LIST OF PLATES. - - - I.--Aye-Aye _Chiromys madagascariensis._ - II.--Spectral Tarsier _Tarsius tarsius._ - III.--Javan Slow-Loris _Nycticebus tardigradus._ - IV.--Allen's Galago _Galago alleni._ - V.--Black-eared Mouse-Lemur _Chirogale melanotis._ - VI.--Smith's Dwarf-Lemur _Microcebus smithii._ - VII.--Red-ruffed Lemur _Lemur ruber._ - VIII.--Grey Gentle-Lemur _Hapalemur griseus._ - IX.--White-footed Sportive-Lemur _Lepidolemur leucopus._ - X.--Woolly Avahi _Avahis laniger._ - XI.--Coquerel's Sifaka _Propithecus coquereli._ - XII.--Endrina _Indris brevicaudatus._ - XIII.--Geoffroy's Tamarin _Midas geoffroyi._ - XIV.--Red Titi _Callithrix cuprea._ - XV.--Red-footed Douroucouli or - Night-Monkey _Nyctipithecus rufipes._ - XVI.--Bald Uakari _Brachyurus calvus._ - XVII.--White-nosed Saki _Pithecia albinasa._ - XVIII.--Red Howler _Alouatta senicula._ - XIX.--Smooth-headed Capuchin _Cebus monachus._ - XX.--Humboldt's Woolly-Monkey _Lagothrix lagothrix._ - XXI.--Variegated Spider-Monkey _Ateles variegatus._ - XXII.--Drill _Papio leucophaeus._ - - - - -{1}_ALLEN'S NATURALIST'S LIBRARY._ - -MAMMALS. - - - - -ORDER PRIMATES. - -LEMURS, MONKEYS AND APES. - - -INTRODUCTION. - -Of the varied forms of animal life that people the globe, those that -possess a back-bone and two pairs of limbs (the VERTEBRATA) are considered -the highest in the scale. Of the _Vertebrata_, those are held to be of -superior organisation which possess warm red blood and suckle their young -with milk from the breast (_i.e._, MAMMALIA). Our present volume deals with -the highest and most specialised group of the Mammalia, and, therefore, of -the whole Animal Kingdom. - -Man, in respect of his mental endowments, stands alone and unapproachable -among living creatures. Considered as to his "place in nature," however, he -must be described as an erect-walking Mammal, possessing anterior -extremities developed into hands of great perfection, for exclusive use as -tactile and grasping organs, and posterior limbs, on which his body is -perfectly balanced and entirely supported, exclusively devoted to -locomotion, as well as highly specialised cerebral characters. These -attributes in part constitute the standard by which we estimate superiority -in animal structure, and fitness of adaptation. - -Notwithstanding the numerous varieties and races of {2}mankind distributed -over every region of the globe, each exhibiting differences in habits, -customs and superficial complexion, Man forms but one species, _Homo -sapiens_, the sole representative of the unique genus of his family. Though -the genus _Homo_ is thus far apparently zoologically isolated, there is a -remarkable group of animals, which we designate "Apes," and which, -possessing many of the same structural characters more or less modified, -stand apart from all the other Mammalia, and make a distinct approach to -Man. Between Man, however, and the Apes, even the untrained eye at once -perceives, amid obvious marks of inferiority, unmistakable resemblances, -while anatomical investigations reveal that "the points in which Man -differs from the Apes most nearly resembling him, are not of greater -importance than those in which the Ape differs from other and universally -acknowledged members of the group." (_Flower_ and _Lydekker_.) The Apes, on -the other hand, are so nearly related to the Monkeys, the Baboons and the -Marmosets, by characters which insensibly merge into each other that they, -along with Man, must logically be embraced in the same zoological division. -The animals known to us as Lemurs, called by the Germans "Half-Apes" and by -the French "False-Monkeys," are the nearest to the Apes and Man of all the -remaining Mammals, though there are many points of divergence from the -above-named groups. The Lemurs, in fact, exhibit considerable affinity to -lower forms of Mammalia, especially to the Insectivora, but in internal -structure and habit they approach the Anthropiform[1] group just referred -to--in the flattened form of the digits, the opposable great toe, with its -ankle-bone (the ento-cuneiform) rounded for its articulation, as in the -higher Apes and Man. - -{3}The Lemurs have, by many distinguished naturalists, been relegated to a -distinct Order quite separate from the latter; but by such pre-eminent -authorities as Linnaeus, Lesson, Huxley, Broca and Flower, they have been -assigned a subordinate position within that great Order, on which has been -conferred the rank of the Primates of the Animal Kingdom. - -The Order PRIMATES, therefore, comprises two very homogeneous -sub-orders--(1) The Lemur-like animals (LEMUROIDEA) including the Aye-Aye, -the Tarsier, and the True Lemurs; and (2) the Man-like animals (the -ANTHROPOIDEA), which embrace the Marmosets, the Baboons, the great Apes, -and Man. - -In common with all other Mammals, the Primates are furnished with an -epidermal covering, which, except in Man, consists of a woolly or hairy -fur. They possess four limbs and a tail, which may be long, short, or -concealed, and which is often used as a prehensile organ. The young are -born in a condition of greater or less helplessness, with their eyes, as a -rule, unopened, and the framework of their bodies incompletely ossified, -and consequently requiring protective care and entire nourishment from the -mother, for a considerable period. At maturity this skeleton consists of a -skull, a breast- and a back-bone of many pieces, ribs, jointed limbs, and a -pair of collar-bones. As a knowledge of many of these bones and some of the -more prominent organs of the body are necessary for an accurate -comprehension of the description and classification of the animals -discussed in this volume, a few of the more important must be briefly -referred to. - -The _cranium_, formed of many bones firmly united together, consists of a -cerebral region, or box, containing and guarding the brain, and a facial -region, in which are situated, besides the mouth, the organs of sight and -smell. The bones connected with the {4}mouth are the two maxillae, along -the margins of which are placed the grinding- or cheek-teeth; the two -pre-maxillae, in which are set the cutting- and the eye-teeth; and lastly, -the palatine bones which form the roof of the mouth. Hinged on to the sides -of the cranium is the toothed mandible, or lower jaw, composed of two -halves, which may be solidly or loosely joined together in the mid-line, or -symphysis. Along the under surface of the skull, there are, besides the -great (often posterior) orifice for the entrance of the spinal cord, -numerous _foramina_, or openings, for the passage of blood-vessels for the -nourishment of the brain, and of nerves which bring all parts of the body -into relation with the supreme directing centre. Conspicuous near its -posterior part, on each side, is an ivory-like capsule, the periotic bone, -containing the essential organ of hearing. Lying beneath the lower jaw is -the hyoid arch, a slender framework of bones, supporting the tongue and the -upper end of the windpipe with the organ of voice. In a few of the Monkeys -and Apes certain of the bones of this arch are much enlarged and hollowed -for increasing the volume of sound emitted by them. On either side of the -great opening which is so conspicuous at the hinder part of the skull, for -the reception of the spinal cord, is a smooth kidney-shaped surface, called -a "condyle." These two condyles serve for the articulation of the first -segment of the back-bone to the cranium, and by the possession of this pair -of condyles the Mammalian skull can always be distinguished from that of -Birds and Reptiles. The pieces of which the back-bone are composed are -named the _vertebrae_. Those of the neck, the "cervical" vertebrae, are -recognised by having no true ribs attached to them, and are, in all -Primates, seven in number. Those of the back, or "dorsal" vertebrae, may be -distinguished by having articulated to them, on each side, {5}a movable -rib, the other end of which is attached to the breast-bone; they follow -next to the cervical vertebrae, while to them succeed the "lumbar" -vertebrae which carry no complete ribs. The dorsal and lumbar segments vary -in number, but together they rarely exceed seventeen. Behind these extend -the "sacral" vertebrae--completely ossified together, and lastly, the bones -of the tail or "caudal" vertebrae, which may be many or few, according to -the length of that appendage. - -The fore-limb is composed of three segments, the arm, fore-arm, and hand, -together with a block by which it is attached to the side of the body. To -this block--the blade-bone or _scapula_--is articulated the arm-bone, or -_humerus_, which at its elbow-joint hinges with the two bones, the _ulna_ -and the _radius_, of the fore-arm, on which in turn the hand is rotated. -The hand is made up of three parts, the wrist-bones, or _carpus_, closely -united together in two transverse rows with a central bone intervening -between them; next the elongated bones of the palm of the hand, or -_metacarpus_, one to each finger, and lastly the _phalanges_, or -finger-bones, three to each digit, except in the thumb, where there are but -two. The hind-limb is formed on exactly the same plan. It has a connecting -block--the pelvis; giving suspension to the thigh, with its single bone, -the _femur_, to which articulates the leg, with two bones (_tibia_ and -_fibula_), and the tripartite foot, composed of _tarsus_, _metatarsus_, and -_phalanges_. - -Of the digestive organs of the Primates the teeth present very important -characters, from the point of view of the classification of the Order. They -differ in form and number, and have distinct functions to perform. The -teeth situated in front are the _incisors_ and _canines_, sharp and -pointed, for seizing, cutting, and holding the food. Behind them come the -{6}_pre-molars_, and still further back the _molars_, both with broad -crowns of complicated tubercles and ridges for milling the hard portions -contained in the food. Animals provided--as all the Primates are--with -these different sorts of teeth, are said to be _Heterodont_,[2] in -contradistinction to forms like the Dolphins and Whales, which are termed -_Homodont_,[3] because the whole of these teeth are of the same pattern. -The Primates are _Diphyodont_[4] as well, because many of their permanent -teeth are preceded by another set, commonly known as the _milk-teeth_. In -order to present to the eye at a glance the number of each sort that any -species possesses, a _dental formula_ has been adopted by naturalists. Such -a formula as I2/2, C1/1, P3/3, M3/3 = 36, indicates that in _one half of -the mouth_, above and below, there are 2 incisors, 1 canine, 3 pre-molars, -and 3 molars = 18; and therefore in the _two halves_ of the mouth together -there are 36 teeth in all. - -The masticated food, partially digested by the saliva of the mouth, -descends the gullet by the muscular contractions of its walls to the -simple, sac-like, stomach, and thence to the intestines. These latter -consist of two portions, one smaller and narrower, nearer to the stomach, -and a second portion further down, larger and wider; the junction of the -two portions being marked by a process of varying length, the _caecum_. The -stomach and intestines, with other important structures, such as the liver, -kidneys and generative organs, are contained in a lower cavity, separated -by a muscular midriff, the diaphragm, from the upper part or thorax, -containing the blood-purifying and pumping organs, the lungs and the heart. - -{7}The upper part of the windpipe is, in all Primates, modified to form the -larynx, or organ of voice, constituted by fibrous strings stretched across -its orifice, where they may be set in vibration by the air, in its passage -to and from the lungs. - -The brain is relatively large in proportion to the body, and attains in the -higher of the two sub-orders its most perfect development. The main brain -(or cerebral hemispheres), when viewed from above, in size preponderates -over, and conceals (except in the Lemurs) all the other parts of that -organ. The surface of its lateral halves, which are connected by transverse -bands so as to insure harmony of action between them, is marked by fissures -and foldings, or convolutions, which vary in number and complexity, -evidently in relation to the intelligence of the animal. The brain within -the skull gives origin to the nerves for the chief organs of sense; while -from its posterior part it is continued along the back--within a canal -formed by the neural arches of the vertebrae--as the spinal column, from -which arise the rest of the nerves for the body. - -The young of all the Primates are nourished in the mother's womb by the -passage of material from the blood-vessels of the parent through an organ -known as the _placenta_. They are all born in a helpless condition, and -remain unable to look after themselves for a considerable period, during -which they are dependent on the milk secreted on the ventral surface of the -mother by two or four glands, the teats or _mammae_--those characteristic -organs from which the "Mammalia" have derived their name. These glands are -present in both sexes, but are functional only in the female. - -We shall now proceed to describe more minutely the first of the two -sub-orders of the Primates--the Lemur-like animals. - - -{8}I. THE LEMURS--SUB-ORDER LEMUROIDEA. - -The Aye-Aye, the Tarsier, and the True Lemurs constitute this first -sub-order. They are characterised by having the muzzle long and narrow, -more or less Dog-like in shape, and the upper lip often divided into two by -the nose-pad. The external ears (Fig. 1) are enlarged, with flattened -margins, but have no "hem" as in the higher Anthropoids. (Fig. 2.) - - -[Illustration: Fig. 1. Lemuroid Ear.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 2. Anthropoid Ear.] - - -The trunk is relatively long and compressed, and the tail when long is -never truly prehensile. Of the limbs, the posterior are longer than the -anterior, and all have five digits, each bearing a flat nail except the -second toe, which has invariably a long pointed claw, their tips ending in -prominent discoidal tactile pads. (Fig. 3.) - -Of the digits, the index is sometimes quite rudimentary, while the thumb is -large, and the great toe especially so, both being opposable. Teats occur -on the breast, on the abdomen, or on both. - -Of the skeleton, the eye-sockets, or orbits, are directed forward, and have -complete bony margins, which, however, are not {9}closed in by bone behind -(as in Monkeys), but freely communicating beneath the post-orbital process -(except in _Tarsius_) with the temporal hollow behind. In the young of some -species the orbit is more enclosed than it is in the adult: the orifice for -the lachrymal duct of the eye is placed external to the margin of the -orbit: the hollow for the olfactory lobes of the brain is always large. - -[Illustration: Fig. 3. Foot of _Chirogale trichotis_, Guenther. -(P. Z. S., 1875, p. 79.)] - -Having four kinds of teeth, and a set in succession to the milk-teeth, they -are Heterodont and Diphyodont. The dental formula is I2/2, C1/1, P3/3, M3/3 -= 36 (_vide_ antea, p. 6), and the upper jaw has a toothless space in the -centre (except in the Aye-Aye). Of the upper teeth, the _incisors_ are -sometimes absent, but generally present; if unequal in size the inner one -is the larger of the two. The canines are prominent; the pre-molars all -have a _cingulum_, or girdle, round the base, more or less enlarged -backwards into a process ("talon" or "heel"); the anterior pre-molar -vertically long and canine-shaped; the median and posterior with three main -points (tubercles or cusps) and one or two smaller ones on the crown, and -having a bar or ridge uniting the front inner with the hind outer cusp. The -anterior and median _molars_ have three or four main cusps, and one {10}or -two smaller or subsidiary ones on the crown; the cingulum is well -developed. The posterior molars have generally three cusps. - -In the lower jaw the _incisors_ are close-set and comb-like, remarkable for -protruding in front, like the teeth of a Rat or a Rabbit. The _canines_ -also protrude horizontally, and, being placed alongside of the incisors, -are difficult to distinguish from the latter excepting that they are -broader and thicker. - - -[Illustration: Fig. 4. Skull of Lemuroid. - -From Blanford's "Mammalia of British India" (by permission of the author).] - -[Illustration: Fig. 5. Skull of Anthropoid. - -From Blanford's "Mammalia of British India" (by permission of the author).] - - -Of the _pre-molars_ the anterior are canine-shaped, the median and -posterior ones have three main, and one or two subordinate, cusps on the -crowns. In both the upper and lower _molars_, cross-bridges stretch between -the outer and inner front cusps as well as between the outer and inner hind -cusps. {11}There is an oblique ridge between the hind outer and the front -inner cusp, and another is often present between the front outer cusp and -the anterior "heel," producing, as Huxley has pointed out, almost a double -crescentic pattern, as in many lower Mammals. The posterior molar has four -or five cusps. - -Of the _milk-teeth_, the incisors in the upper jaw change first. Of the -molars, two are developed before the change of the pre-molars. In the lower -jaw the incisors change first, and when two or three pre-molars have -developed the last molar has still to come. - -The arm-bone, or _humerus_, has one perforation (_entepicondylar foramen_) -on its inner margin, and another above the joint (except in -_Perodicticus_). The bones of the fore-arm (_radius_ and _ulna_), and those -of the leg (_tibia_ and _fibula_) are not co-ossified (except in -_Tarsius_), so that the palm or sole can be turned up at will. - -The bones of the _digits_ are more or less flat and rounded at the tips -(differing in this respect from the _Insectivora_). One of the ankle-bones, -for the articulation of the opposable great toe, the ento-cuneiform, as it -is called, is rounded, as in the Anthropoid Apes and Man. The thumb is -opposable, but its articulating bone in the wrist is not rounded, except in -_Avahis_ and _Indris_, which genera agree in this respect with -_Anthropopithecus_ and Man. The wrist has its central bone (_os centrale_) -present; it is absent in Man and the higher Apes. - -The knee is free and not united to the side of the body by integument. - -The two halves of the lower jaw are not always co-ossified (as is the case -in the _Anthropoidea_). - -The opening in the base of the skull (the _foramen rotundum_) which -transmits from the brain a branch of the fifth nerve {12}for the upper jaw, -and the sphenoidal fissure, which gives exit to the third, fourth and sixth -cranial nerves, have but one aperture, as in the Rabbit, which belongs to -the _Rodentia_. - -The sacral vertebrae are generally three in number, and the lumbar and -dorsal together vary from nineteen to twenty-three. - -The brain, as Sir William Flower has observed, departs considerably from -the form of what may be called the primatial type, and approaches in form -to that of the carnivorous animals. The hind-brain, or _cerebellum_, is not -completely covered by the cerebrum. The latter has but few convolutions -(indicating a low intelligence), but its posterior lobe is always present, -though more or less rudimentary, and so also are many fissures, which are -characteristic of its surface in the higher Primates. The olfactory lobes -are usually large and not covered by the cerebrum. - -The uterus and structures for the nutrition of the young prior to birth are -low in type, and approximate to the conditions seen in the Pig, the Horse, -the Chevrotains, and the Ruminants. The unborn Lemur is often encased (as -among the Sloths) in a skin-like covering (_epitrichium_) which breaks into -patches before birth. - -The tongue has a horny supplementary under-tongue (_sublingua_) attached -beneath it. The stomach is simple, not formed of several compartments. The -transverse portion of the great intestine is convoluted in a remarkable -manner upon itself, the caecum also being very large. The main arteries of -the arm and leg break up (as in the Sloths) into an immense number of small -vessels (called _retia mirabilia_) parallel to one another instead of being -simple branching trunks. - -The long tendons of the muscles for flexing the digits (the {13}_flexor -longus digitorum_) differ generally in arrangement from those of the higher -Primates. - -The Lemuroids are of no commercial value to Man. - -As regards their distribution, the _Lemuroidea_ are now absolutely confined -to the Old World, and predominate in the island of Madagascar, where, as M. -Grandidier remarks in his magnificent work on that country, there is -scarcely a little wood in any district in which they are not found. Indeed, -of the nearly seventy species of Mammals inhabiting that island, -thirty-five, or one-half, are Lemurs. Members of the family also occur -across the whole of the neighbouring continent of Africa, but their -northern range does not reach quite to the tropic, whereas it extends some -few degrees beyond it in the Southern Hemisphere. Elsewhere they are -confined to the forests of the Oriental region. More or less isolated in -Southern India, they re-appear in China, and spreading south to Java they -reach as far east as Celebes and the Philippine Islands. The present -isolation of the Lemurs in two such distant areas--in Africa and Madagascar -and some of the Mascarene Islands on the one hand, and in Southern India, -China, Ceylon, and the Malayan Islands on the other--has been considered by -some naturalists as weighty evidence in favour of a former land connection -between these distant regions. - -Though so restricted in their distribution at the present day, this group -was more widely represented in past ages of the world's history, as we -shall have to point out later on. Abundant fossil remains prove that they -lived in Europe and in North America, where to-day they are quite unknown. - -The _Lemuroidea_ are almost entirely arboreal, and seldom come to the -ground, except the Sifakas, which then progress {14}on their hind legs by a -series of bounds, holding their hands over their head in a ludicrous -fashion. Most of them are nocturnal, or crepuscular, sleeping the greater -part of the day in holes or on a branch of a tree coiled up in a ball. -Their food consists chiefly of leaves, fruits, honey, birds' eggs, and -birds, or any small animals they can pounce upon. - -The Lemurs now living are divided into three families. The Aye-Aye and the -Tarsiers, on account of their very special characters, constitute each a -distinct family--named _Chiromyidae_ and _Tarsiidae_ respectively--while -the True Lemurs form the third, the _Lemuridae_, to which all the remaining -forms belong. - - - - -THE AYE-AYES. FAMILY CHIROMYIDAE. - - -This very aberrant family contains only one species; the characters of the -family and of the genus _Chiromys_ are, therefore, necessarily those of the -single species known. - - -THE AYE-AYE. CHIROMYS MADAGASCARIENSIS. - - _Sciurus madagascariensis_, Gmel., S. N., i., p. 152 (1788). - - _Daubentonia madagascariensis_, Geoffr., Decad. Philos., iv., p. 193 - (1795); Dahlbom, Studia, p. 326, t. 12. - - _Chiromys madagascariensis_, Cuv., Lecons d'Anat. Comp., Tabl. de Class., - 1 (1800); Owen, Tr. Z. S., vol. v., p. 33; Peters, Abhandl. K. Akad. - Berlin, 1865, p. 79. - - (_Plate I._) - -PLATE I. - -[Illustration: THE AYE-AYE.] - - -{15}CHARACTERS.--Head short and round; face short-snouted, with a patch of -bristles below the eye, between the ear and the angle of the mouth; eyes -round, prominent; eyebrows long and bristly; pupils wide, furnished with a -false eyelid (a nictitating membrane); ears large, rounded, directed -backwards, naked, and studded with small protuberances; tail longer than -the body, bushy, with hair 3-4 inches long; hind-limbs longer than the -fore-limbs, the thigh-bone being one third longer than the humerus, the -hand the longest segment of the fore-limb; fingers long--the fourth the -longest--with compressed and pointed claws, which are proportionately much -longer than the toes; the middle or third digit slender and very -remarkable, being extremely attenuated and wire-like; thumb opposable, and -placed at an acute angle to the short index; great toe opposable, set at an -open angle to the other digits, its nail flat; the remaining toes with -pointed compressed claws (like the second toe of _Lemuridae_ and second and -third of _Tarsiidae_). Teats, two, placed low down on the abdomen. Length -of body and tail together 36 inches. Skull highly arched, convex -transversely; muzzle short and deep; bony palate not extending behind the -middle of the posterior molar tooth; lower jaw with condyle elongated from -before backwards and on a level with the cheek-teeth, its two halves united -at an acute angle by elastic tissue, allowing each half to play -independently of the other. Its dental formula, I1/1, C0/0, P1/0, M3/3 = -18. Incisors very large, curved, with persistent pulp, and enamel only in -front, growing up as fast as worn away; canines absent (the last two -characters as in the Rodents); long vacuity between incisors and pre-molar; -pre-molar much smaller than molars; molars with flat crowns and very -indistinct tubercules; milk-teeth agreeing more in number and form with -those seen among Lemurs than with the permanent set; the upper jaw having -its full set of two incisors, one canine, and a pre-molar tooth present; -the lower jaw having one incisor, no canine, and one pre-molar tooth on -each side. Dorsal and lumbar vertebrae together 18, sacral 3, and caudal -22-27. - -{16}Olfactory lobes of brain covered by the cerebrum; convolutions and -grooves of cerebrum similar to those in normal Lemurs. Intestine 26 inches -long; no striped tissue in the muscular sheath of the gullet at the -anterior end of the stomach. Digastric muscle (for moving the jaws) very -much developed in accordance with the great gnawing powers of the species. - -Fur on back, flanks, tail, and limbs dark brown, nearly black, but with the -white of the basal half of the hairs shining through; hair woolly at base; -long hairs on top of head and back of neck tipped with white; short hairs -of face dirty white. Nose and lips naked, flesh-coloured; ears black; sides -of head and throat greyish-yellow; chest often bright yellow, the chin -paler. Inner sides of limbs yellowish-white, and on the under surface of -the body the basal part of hairs showing through, producing a pale -yellowish-white, or sub-rufous, colour. Feet and digits black. Tail black, -at its base greyish-white or greyish-brown, and often with long white hairs -throughout. The species is more nearly related to the members of the genus -_Galago_ to be described later on, than to any other of the _Lemuroidea_. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Aye-Aye is confined to the island of Madagascar. It -makes its home in the dense parts of the great forest that runs along the -eastern border of its central plateau, but only in that part of it which -separates the Sihanaka Province from that of the Betsimisaraka, which is -about 25 miles from the east coast, in latitude 17^o 22[prime] S. It is -more common than has been supposed, its noctural habits and the -superstitious awe with which it is regarded accounting for its apparent -rarity, and for the contradictory reports given of its habits. - -HABITS.--The Aye-Aye, whose name is derived from its call of "hai-hay," is -one of the most singular of living animals. It was first discovered by -Sonnerat during his travels in {17}Madagascar in 1780, and by him sent to -Paris. The skin remained unique in Europe for the best part of a century. -Greatly owing to the superstitious dread in which the creature is held by -the natives, it was for a long period, and is still, very difficult to -procure, or to induce the natives to capture, specimens. Mr. Baron says -that it is sometimes accidentally caught in traps by the natives, "but the -owner of the trap, unless one of those versed in the Aye-Aye mysteries who -know the charm by which to counteract its evil power, smears fat over it, -thus securing its forgiveness and goodwill, and sets it free." In 1863 Dr. -Sandwith sent a second example to Europe, the anatomy of whose body was -made the subject of an exhaustive monograph by the late Sir Richard Owen. -Since that date more than one specimen has been received alive, and its -habits and constitution are now fairly well known. The Aye-Aye is entirely -arboreal and nocturnal, sleeping during the day, with its body coiled -round, lying on its side with its bushy tail spread over it as a covering. -It suspends itself by its hind-limbs, and in this position it has been -observed in captivity by Mr. Bartlett, using its hook-like finger to comb -out its tail, to cleanse its face, the corners of its eyes, its nose, -mouth, and ears, keeping meanwhile its other fingers closed. It lives in -the depths of the forests, going about in pairs. Exquisitely keen of -hearing, it can detect by sound the boring of insects within the dead -branches of trees. Its attenuated wire-like finger acts as a probe to -discover their position, and its powerful incisor teeth are used to cut -down upon the tunnel of its prey, which consists principally of the -Andraitra, the larva of a Beetle, which it then extracts with the same -digit. The juices of plants are also supposed to form part of its food. It -drinks after the manner of many Monkeys, by dipping its fingers into the -water, and {18}drawing them through its mouth. The Aye-Aye is fearless of -Man, but in its wakeful hours, during the night, when irritated it can be -very savage and strike out with its hands. The female produces but one -young at a birth, and builds, in the fork of a tree, a ball-like nest, two -feet in diameter, with an entrance hole in the side, forming it of the -rolled up leaves of the Travellers'-tree, and lining it with small twigs -and dry leaves. (_Baron._) - - - - -THE TARSIERS. FAMILY TARSIIDAE. - - -This family, like the preceding, has been constituted for the reception of -two animals which are so remarkably distinct from all the other species of -Lemurs, as to necessitate their being thus segregated. Between these two -forms however, so close a relationship exists, that they have often been -considered as only varieties of the same species. The family, therefore, -consists, as in the _Chiromyidae_, of a single genus, the characters of -which constitute also those of the family. - - -THE TARSIERS. GENUS TARSIUS. - - _Tarsius_, Storr. Prod. Method. Mamm., p. 32 (1780). - -The Tarsiers are distinguished externally by the possession of a rounded -head, and a very short, pointed muzzle; by their very large, long and naked -ears, and eyes so remarkably large and protruding, as to form the most -prominent feature of the face. The hind-limb, which is much longer than the -fore-limb, is also very remarkable on account of the great elongation of -the ankle-region (or tarsus) of the limb. The long and slender toes -terminate in round, sucker-like discs, and are furnished with flat nails, -except on the second and third toes, where the nails are merely compressed -claws. The {19}fore-limb, with or without the hand, is longer than the -trunk; its digits also are long and slender (the third being longest, and -the second equal to the fourth) and, like those of the foot, terminate in -round sucker-like discs. Both the wrist and ankle are haired. - -The long and Rat-like tail is longer than the body, and has a tufted -termination. The skull presents enormous eye-cavities, the inner margins of -the latter almost meeting in the centre. The orbits are nearly closed in -from the temporal fossa by the union of the malar and alisphenoid bones--a -character in which they differ from all other Lemurs, and approach the -Anthropoid section of the Primates. Their dental formula is I2/1, C1/1, -P3/3, M3/3 = 34. Of the upper jaw, the incisors are prominent and unequal, -the anterior ones being larger than the posterior, and in contact in the -middle line, thus leaving no central gap in the front of the jaw, as is the -rule among Lemurs; the canines are about as long vertically as the inner -incisor, and are smaller than the corresponding tooth in the True Lemurs; -the pre-molars are canine-like, sharp, pointed, and furnished with a -cingulum; the anterior pre-molar is smaller than the two others; the -posterior pre-molar has one external and one internal cusp; the molars, all -nearly equal in size, are wide transversely, strongly cingulate, and have -two prominent external cusps. In the lower jaw, the solitary incisor in -each half is small, and, instead of protruding horizontally, is nearly -erect; the canines are also almost erect, and less like incisors than is -usual in the Sub-order. The pre-molars are sharp, but the anterior is -smaller than the two posterior; the anterior and median molars have four -cusps, and are cingulate, while the posterior molar has five cusps. - -{20}The Tarsiers have nineteen dorsal and lumbar vertebrae together, and -twenty-seven in the tail. The humerus presents a perforation (the -entepicondylar foramen) at its lower inner side, and another nearly in the -centre above the hinge. The femur is more than twice the length of the -arm-bone; the lower half of the slender fibula is co-ossified with the -tibia, while two of the tarsal, or ankle-bones (the _calcaneum_ and -_naviculare_), are remarkably elongated, thus giving to the hind-limb of -these animals the singular conformation from which they derive their name. -The large intestine is not convoluted upon itself as in so many of the -Lemurs, nor is there a caecum at the junction of its smaller and larger -portions. - - -I. THE SPECTRAL TARSIER. TARSIUS TARSIUS. - - _Lemur tarsius_, Erxl., Syst. Regn. Anim., Mamm., p. 71 (1777). - - _Tarsius spectrum_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 168 (1812); Dahlb., - Studia, p. 231, tab. 11. - - _Lemur spectrum_, Pallas, Nova Sp. Glir. Ord., p. 275, note (1778). - - (_Plate II._) - -CHARACTERS.--On the upper lip, sides of nostrils, and over the eyes long, -delicate black hairs (_vibrissae_); hair on nose very short, longer in -front of ears and at angles of mouth. Fur of body generally thick, woolly, -the basal two thirds slate-grey, the terminal third brownish-yellow. Face -to forehead fawn-brown, somewhat darker around and between the enormous -liquid brown eyes. Top and back of head and shoulders of a more uniform and -darker shade; rest of back apparently mottled, owing to the light-tipped -hairs of that region gathering into locks. Under side of body, inside of -arms and legs paler. Tail darker brown, rufous at base of upper side. Size -not exceeding that of a small Rat. - -PLATE II. - -[Illustration: THE SPECTRAL TARSIER.] - - -{21}DISTRIBUTION.--Found only in the jungles of the Malayan islands of -Sumatra, Java, Banka, Billiton, and Borneo. - - -II. THE DUSKY-HANDED TARSIER. TARSIUS FUSCUS. - - _? Lemur podje_, Kerr, Linn. Anim. Kingdom, p. 86 (1792). - - _Tarsius fuscus, s. fuscomanus_, Fischer, Anat. der Maki, pp. 3, 7 - (1784). - - _Tarsius fuscomanus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 168 (1812); Max Weber, - Zool. Ergebn. Reis. Nederl. Ost-Indien, iii., p. 264 (1893). - - _Tarsius fischeri_, Burm. Tarsius, pp. 29, 129 (1846). - -CHARACTERS.--Closely related to the preceding species in size and other -characters, but distinguished by the colour of the hands, which are dark -brown. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Inhabits the islands of the Indian Archipelago, farther to -the eastward than those in which _Tarsius Tarsius_ is found. It has been -recorded from Celebes, and the neighbouring groups of Salayer and Sanghir, -and from some of the Philippine Islands, such as Bohol and Mindanao. - -HABITS.--The habits of both species of Tarsier are identical, and may be -described together. They are almost entirely nocturnal and arboreal -animals, rarely, of their own accord, coming to the ground. They move from -place to place by leaping along the larger branches, or from tree to tree, -even when these stand several feet distant. When they do descend, however, -they advance on the ground by the same curious Frog-like leaps, without -bringing their fore-limbs down to the ground. The Tarsier is said to climb -easily, even without grasping, by means of the round discs on its slender -finger-tips, which, like suckers, enable it to hold on by the side pressure -of its limbs to any smooth surface, such as the stems of the -{22}bamboo-brakes which it frequents. Mr. Charles Hose, in his "Mammals of -Borneo," states that, in that island, the Tarsier is found in the jungles -of the low country, skipping about from branch to branch. According to the -notes of this excellent field-naturalist, it has a habit of turning its -head almost completely round without moving the rest of its body. This very -remarkable creature lives in pairs in the tropical forests, in holes in the -tree stems, or under their roots, feeding chiefly on insects and small -lizards, which, as Mr. Cuming has recorded, it holds by its fore-paws while -devouring, sitting up the while on its posterior. In drinking it is also -said to lap water like a Cat. The Tarsier seldom makes any kind of noise, -but when it does emit a sound, it is a sharp, shrill call. The female -produces one, rarely two, young at a birth; these are similar to the -parents. They are covered with hair, and have the eyes open. Mr. Hose -further states that the mother often carries her young one about in her -mouth, after the manner of a Cat. On the second day after its birth, the -infant Tarsier can move about by itself. By the natives of Sumatra, and, -indeed, of most of the islands inhabited by these animals, the Tarsiers are -held in superstitious dread, their presence in the neighbourhood of the -rice-fields being supposed to portend misfortune to the owner or to some -member of his family. - -Their elongated ankle-bones, and their leaping habits, seem to indicate -that the Galagos and the Chirogales, or Mouse-Lemurs, are the nearest -relatives of the Tarsiers. - - - - -THE TYPICAL LEMURS. FAMILY LEMURIDAE. - - -Under this family heading are included the whole of the remaining members -of the Sub-order. They all possess certain main characters in common; but -on account of the presence or {23}absence of certain subordinate features -in some of the groups, the family has been further subdivided into four -sub-families. The more important characters which they have in common are -the thick woolly fur, the Dog- or Fox-like snout and nostrils--a character -obviously distinguishing them from the bulk of the Monkeys, in which the -nose forms a subsidiary feature, and is not the main part of the face,--and -especially the number and form of their teeth. In the centre of the upper -jaw there is always a toothless gap, or _diastema_, on each side of which -the teeth are arranged according to the following formula: I2/2, C1/1, -P3/3, M3/3 = 36. Among the Endrinas, however, the formula is I2/2, C1/(1 or -0), P2/2, M3/3 = 32 or 30 in number. In the upper jaw the incisors are -small and perpendicular; but in the lower, where they are long and narrow, -they protrude horizontally in front, and then follow, parallel and close to -them, the somewhat thicker canines, the six teeth together forming a -comb-like series. The anterior pre-molar is always vertically longer than -the others, and assumes the form and function of the canines in other -animals. - -In some genera (e.g., _Propithecus_), Milne-Edwards has observed that in -the young animal the cerebellum is more overlapped by the cerebrum (or main -brain) than it is later in life; and Dr. Major believes that the -_Lemuridae_ are highly specialised members of the Sub-order, developed from -ancient types which were not unlike the American Monkeys of the family -_Cebidae_. - -The Typical Lemurs are arranged in the following four sub-divisions: The -Pottos and Slow-paced Lemurs (_Lorisinae_); the Galagos and Mouse-Lemurs -(_Galaginae_); the True Lemurs (_Lemurinae_); and the Endrinas -(_Indrisinae_). - - - - -{24}THE SLOW-LEMURS. SUB-FAMILY I. LORISINAE. - - -This Sub-family has been constituted to receive a small number of Lemurs, -which, although occupying limited areas in two widely separated -continents--one genus being African and the others Asiatic--present certain -characters in common. They are recognised by having soft woolly fur, a -triangular head and pointed face, very large and staring eyes, set close -together, while their ears are naked along their margin. Their fore- and -hind-limbs are nearly equal. In the Asiatic genera the index finger is very -small, while in the African it is quite rudimentary and nail-less. In both -groups the thumb diverges widely from the other fingers, and the great toe -is directed backwards, but the ankle-bones of the foot are not elongated. -The tail is either so short as to be quite concealed in the fur, or is less -than one-third of the length of the body. - -[Illustration: Fig. 6. Front Teeth of Perodicticus, Nycticebus and Loris, -after Mivart (P. Z. S., 1864, p. 631).] - -In the skull the squamosal region with the outer and posterior portion of -the ear capsules (the periotic) are inflated. The dental formula of the -Slow-Lemurs is the same as given above for the family generally. In the -upper jaw, the two incisors are usually equal, but, if unequal, the inner -incisor is always the larger (Fig. 6); the vertically long canine, which is -separated by a gap from the anterior pre-molar, presents both in front and -behind a neck or cingulum, which is cusped behind; the pre-molars are -canine-like, and have the cingulum produced behind into a heel (or talon). -The anterior of the three is {25}vertically longer than the median, while -both the median and posterior have, to the outside, one main cusp with a -minute one on each side of it, and two inner cusps; the molars are all -cingulate, and have to the outside two main cusps (separated by a minute -cusp) and two inner cusps, the outer and inner cusps alternating. Of the -anterior and median molars, the two main outside cusps are sub-equal, and -are flanked on each side by a minute cusp; the posterior molar is short and -wide, and has only one minute cusp in front of its anterior main cusp. Of -the lower jaw, the pre-molars are canine-like, the anterior being -vertically long and having a posterior heel; the posterior pre-molar, which -differs in size from the anterior, presents two main cusps to the outside -and one minute cusp in front; the molars, both anterior and median, are -four-cusped, with a minute cusp in front, the posterior being five-cusped, -while all have their front cusps vertically taller than the hind ones. - -Among the _Lorisinae_ the dorsal and lumbar vertebrae together number from -twenty-one to twenty-three. The caecum, at the junction of the larger and -smaller intestine, is long. The main artery of the fore- and hind-limbs -breaks up into a _rete mirabile_ of numerous small parallel branches. - -The Slow-Lemurs are distributed in the western parts of the African -continent, and in the Indian, Malayan and Indo-Chinese portions of the -Oriental region. It is a remarkable fact that this group should be confined -to one portion of Africa and be entirely absent from Madagascar, the -country where the Lemurs form so characteristic a feature in the fauna. - -The _Lorisinae_ embrace three genera, the Pottos (_Perodicticus_) from the -African continent; the Slender Loris (_Loris_), and the Slow-Loris -(_Nycticebus_), both of which inhabit the Oriental region. - - -{26}THE POTTOS. GENUS PERODICTICUS. - - _Perodicticus_, Bennett, P. Z. S., 1839, p. 109; Huxley, P. Z. S., 1864, - p. 235. - - _Arctocebus_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 150; Mivart, P.Z.S., 1864, p. 644. - -This genus contains two species, both confined to the West Coast of Africa. -The Pottos are slender-bodied animals, with oval heads and blunt Dog-shaped -muzzles. Their eyes are large and full, and their external ears erect, with -shelf-like lamellae inside. They have slender and sub-equal limbs. The -second digit of the fore-limb is rudimentary and nail-less; it is supported -on one wrist-bone, and has two phalanges or finger-bones. The great toe is -opposable, and the fourth and fifth digits of both limbs are united -together by membrane as far as the first joint. The processes of the -vertebrae in the neck and back are long and protruding. The tail is very -short. - -The pre-maxillae (which carry the incisor teeth) do not project in front, -nor does the bony palate extend farther back than the end of the posterior -molar teeth. Of the upper teeth the incisors are equal in size (Fig. 6); -the median and posterior pre-molars have on their crowns three cusps, of -which the two outer are the larger; the anterior and median molars are -cingulate, have four-cusped crowns, and are larger than the pre-molars; the -posterior is narrow from before backwards, and its crown presents only two -or three cusps. Of the lower teeth, the anterior pre-molar is recurved and -larger than the canine, with a ridge on its inner face and a cusped heel -behind; the median and posterior ones are shorter than their anterior -fellow, each having a strong posterior cusped heel; the anterior and median -{27}molars have their crowns four-cusped and are nearly equal in length; -the crown of the posterior molar is 4-5-cusped, and has a ridge joining its -anterior heel to its front outer cusp. Transverse and oblique ridges are -well marked on the crowns of both the upper and lower cheek-teeth. - - -I. THE CALABAR POTTO. PERODICTICUS CALABARENSIS. - - _Perodicticus calabarensis_, Smith, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc., Edinb., 1860, - p. 172, figs. 1, 2. - - _Arctocebus calabarensis_, J. E. Gray, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 150; Huxley, P. - Z. S., p. 314, pl. 28 (1864). - - _Nycticebus calabarensis_, Schlegel, Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 287 (1876). - -[Illustration: Fig. 7. Hand and Foot of _P. calabarensis_ (after Huxley, P. -Z. S., 1864, p. 319).] - -CHARACTERS.--Hair long, wool-like; face, hands, and feet thinly haired. -Head 2-1/2 inches long, tapering in front; muzzle prominent and blunt; ears -large, pointed, and projecting above the level of the head, with short -hairs, two lamellae inside, and marginal tufts; neck short; hind-limbs -slightly larger and {28}longer than the fore-limbs; hands smaller than the -feet; thumb thick, with a tubercle at base; the wrist-bone of the very -rudimentary index-finger supporting two rudimentary finger-bones; third -finger not parallel to fourth and fifth; the fourth longest (Fig. 7). Great -toe with a tubercle at its base, opposable. Tail 1/4 inch long, hidden in -the fur of the body. - -Fur grey at base of hairs, fawn-coloured farther up, and tipped with dark -brown, uniform over the body and limbs; face darker; sides of head lighter; -line from brow down the nose white. No vibrissae on face and no eyebrows; -chin, throat, inner surface of limbs, and under side of body, -greyish-white. - -Posterior upper molar nearly equal to posterior pre-molar, with the hind -inner cusp of the crown rudimentary. Lower incisors not visible beyond the -lip, cingulate; posterior molar five-cusped and relatively larger than in -the next species (_P. potto_). Bony palate with large perforations behind -the incisors. Intestines, 40 inches long; caecum, 2-1/2 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The "Angwantibo," as this species is called, is known only -from Old Calabar, on the west coast of Africa. - - -II. BOSMAN'S POTTO, PERODICTICUS POTTO. - - _Potto_, Bosman, Beschrijving van de Guinese Goudkust, ii., p. 32, fig. 4 - (1704). - - _Nycticebus potto_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 165 (1812); Schlegel, - Mus. Pays Bas vii., p. 287 (1876). - - _Perodicticus geoffroyi_, Bennett, P. Z. S., 1830, p. 109. - - _Perodicticus potto_, V. der Hoeven, Tijdschr. v. Natuurl. Gesch., xi., - p. 41 (1844); Wagner, in Schreber's Saeugeth. Suppl., v., p. 183 (1855). - - _Stenops potto_, Pel, Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 1852, p. 41. - -CHARACTERS.--More common than the Angwantibo and {29}distinguished from it -by its rounder, shorter, and wider head, less produced muzzle, smaller -mouth, and eyes farther apart; ears shorter, rounder, and directed more -backwards, with one lamella on the inner surface. Hands longer, flat and -thin; index-finger not so reduced as in _P. calabarensis_. Tail very short, -little more than an inch long, but visible beyond the fur. Length of body, -8 inches. - -Upper pre-molars less canine-like than in the preceding species; posterior -upper molar differing in size from and set farther out than the others, -short and wide, with the crown elliptical and only two-cusped, the two -hind-cusps wanting. Lower incisors more prominent and projecting than in -_P. calabarensis_; crown of posterior lower molar four-cusped. - -ADULT.--Upper surface rich reddish-brown with a black dorsal stripe -widening opposite the shoulders, and fading out towards the tail; under -side yellowish or reddish-white. Hair on face shorter and paler, with a -dark ring round the eyes. - -YOUNG.--Reddish-brown all over, redder on the back of the head and neck, -darker on the shoulders; creamy-white, washed with rufous, beneath. - -Fur silver-grey at the base of the hairs, with reddish-brown tips in -younger, and dark golden-brown in older, individuals. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Potto is one of the oldest known members of the Lemuroid -group, having been described in 1704 by Bosman, who met with it on his -voyage to Guinea. It was, however, lost sight of until 1825, when it was -rediscovered in Sierra Leone and fully described by Bennett in 1830. It is -known also from Gaboon. - -HABITS.--Both species of Potto are nocturnal and arboreal, and are -exceedingly slow in their movements. In catching {30}insects or flies, -which form part of their food, they proceed with extraordinary -deliberation, never quickening their movements, and yet rarely, if ever, -missing their prey. - -Bosman in his description of the Gold Coast of Guinea, gives a woodcut of -the Potto, which, he says, is a "Draught of a Creature, by the _Negroes_ -called _Potto_, but known to us by the Name of Sluggard, doubtless from its -lazy, sluggish Nature; a whole day being little enough for it to advance -ten Steps forward. - -"Some Writers affirm, that when this Creature has climbed upon a Tree, he -doth not leave it until he hath eaten up not only the Fruit, but the leaves -intirely; and then descends fat and in very good case in order to get up -into another Tree; but before his slow pace can compass this, he becomes as -poor and lean as 'tis possible to imagine: And if the trees be high, or the -way anything distant, and he meets with nothing on his journey, he -inevitably dies of Hunger, betwixt one tree and the other. Thus 'tis -represented by others, but I will not undertake for the Truth of it; though -the _Negroes_ are apt to believe something like it. - -"This is such a horrible ugly Creature that I don't believe anything -besides so very disagreeable is to be found on the whole Earth; the Print -is a very lively Description of it: Its Fore-feet are very like Hands, the -Head strangely disproportionately large; that from whence this Print was -taken was of a pale Mouse colour: but it was then very young, and his Skin -yet smooth, but when old, as I saw one at _Elmina_ in the year 1699, 'tis -red and covered with a sort of Hair as thick set as Flocks of Wool. I know -nothing more of this Animal, than that 'tis impossible to look on him -without Horrour, and that he hath nothing very particular but his odious -Ugliness." - - -{31}THE SLENDER LORIS. GENUS LORIS. - - _Loris_, Geoffr., Mag. Encycl., Ann. 2, i., p. 48 (1796). - - _Stenops_, Illiger, Prodr., p. 73 (1811). - -As this genus contains only a solitary species, its characters are -necessarily those of the species. - - -I. THE SLENDER LORIS. LORIS GRACILIS. - - _Loris gracilis_, Geoffr., Magas. Encycl. Ann. 4, i., p. 48 (1796); id. - Catal., p. 37, no. 1 (1803); id. Ann. Mus., xix., p. 163 (1812); Is. - Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 79 (1851); Blyth, Cat. Mamm. As. Soc., - p. 19 (1863); Anderson, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus., p. 97 (1881); Blanf., Faun. - Brit. Ind. Mamm., p. 47 (1888). - - _Nycticebus gracilis_, Fischer, Syn. Mamm., p. 70 (1829); Schl., Mus. - Pays Bas, vii., p. 284 (1876). - - _Stenops tardigradus_, Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm., p. 73 (1811, pt.). - - _Stenops gracilis_, Van der Hoeven, Tijdschr., Nat. Ges., xi., p. 39 - (1844); Kelaart, Prod. Fauna Zeyl., p. 9 (1852). - -CHARACTERS.--A slender-bodied animal covered with close, soft, and woolly -fur. Head short and round; eyes very large; nose narrow and much pointed; -ears small and haired externally; tips nude. Limbs long, remarkably slender -and angularly bent; hands and feet covered with short hair; index-finger -with three phalanges and finger-bones. - -Skull with eye-sockets closely approximating, in the centre separated only -by a thin plate of bone; nasal and premaxillary bones prolonged forward to -support the narrow pointed nose; cranium, along its base to end of nasal -bones, two inches long, broader across the orbits than behind in front of -the articulation of lower jaw; bony palate extending back beyond the -{32}posterior molar tooth. In the upper jaw the incisors are small and -equal (Fig. 6); posterior pre-molar similar to, but smaller than the -anterior molar; anterior molar with the oblique ridge on crown well -developed; crown of posterior molar four-cusped, that of the posterior -lower molar five-cusped. Dorsal and lumbar vertebrae together, 23; caudal -vertebrae, 6-8. - -The alimentary canal is four times the length of the body. - -ADULT.--Dingy grey above, darker on back, paler on lower back; the hairs -tipped with white. Sides of body, outside of fore- and hind-limbs dingy -white, with a faint rufous wash on the outside of the hind-limbs. Face and -ring round eyes dark greyish-brown; streak along nose white, branching on -forehead above the eyes on each side into a broad ring encircling the dark -ocular ring; this frontal branch sometimes absent. Under side -greyish-white. Hairs of fur greyish-white at base, dark in the middle, and -tipped with white. Length, 8 inches. - -YOUNG.--More rust-coloured than the adult. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Slender Loris is common in the lower forests of Ceylon -and of Southern India, south of the Godaveri river, as well as in those of -the Eastern Ghats. - -HABITS.--This curious, emaciated-looking, little creature is nocturnal, -living entirely in trees. It sleeps during the day rolled up in a ball, -with its head between its legs, grasping its perch with its hands. -According to Jerdon these animals are occasionally brought in large numbers -to the Madras market, their eyes being a favourite remedy of the Tamil -doctors for ophthalmic diseases. - -In its movements it is slightly more active than the Slow-Loris. Its food -consists of succulent leaves, honey, insects, birds' eggs, and small -animals. - -PLATE III. - -[Illustration: THE JAVAN SLOW-LORIS.] - - - -{33}THE SLOW-LORIS. GENUS NYCTICEBUS. - - _Nycticebus_, Geoffr., Ann. du Mus., xix., p. 162 (1812). - - _Stenops_ (nec Illiger), Van der Hoeven, Tijdsch. Nat. Ges., xi., p. 39 - (1844). - - _Bradycebus_, Cuv. et Geoffr., Mem. Class. Mamm. (1795). - -This genus, like the last, is represented by a single species, and its -characters, therefore, are detailed below. - - -I. THE JAVAN SLOW-LORIS. NYCTICEBUS TARDIGRADUS. - - _Lemur tardigradus_, Linn., S. N., i., p. 44 (1766, pt.). - - _Nycticebus bengalensis_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 164 (1812). - - _Nycticebus javanicus_, Geoffr., t. c. p. 164 (1812); id. Cat. Primates, - p. 78 (1851); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 286 (1876). - - _Nycticebus tardigradus_, Fischer, Syn. Mamm., p. 71, no. 2 (1829); Is. - Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 78 (1851); Blyth, Cat. Mam. As. Soc., p. - 18 (1863); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 285 (1876); Anderson, Cat. - Mamm. Ind. Mus., p. 94 (1881); Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind. Mamm., p. 44 - (1888). - - _Stenops tardigradus_, Van der Hoeven, Tijdschr. Nat. Ges., xi., p. 39 - (1844); Wagner in Schreb., Saeug. Suppl., v., p. 151 (1855). - - _Stenops javanicus_, Van der Hoeven, _op. cit._, p. 40 (1844); Wagner, - _op. cit._, p. 152 (1855). - - _Nycticebus cinereus_, Milne-Edw., Ann. Mus., vii., p. 161 (1867); id. N. - Arch. Mus., iii., p. 9, pl. 3 (1867); Anderson, Rep. Zool., Yun-nan, p. - 103 (1879); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 286 (1876). - - _Lemur menagensis_, Nachtrieb, Zool. Anz., xv., p. 147 (1892). - - (_Plate III._) - -CHARACTERS.--Body larger and fuller than in _Loris_, and covered {34}with -close and woolly fur. Head short and round. Eyes large, set close together, -and having a gentle expression; face short and flat; muzzle less projecting -than in _Loris_; ears small, rounded, hairy, and nearly buried in the fur; -neck short; tail invisible externally. Limbs short; index-finger small, -containing three bones; toes remaining spontaneously contracted after -death. Top of skull with prominent crests, globular behind; facial bones -conspicuously projecting in front; orbits large, their inner margins -separated from each other by a narrow flat space. Pre-maxillae not produced -far in front; hind border of bony palate not extending backwards beyond the -median molar. Of the upper teeth, the inner incisor larger than the outer, -one often absent on each side; canine vertically very long, with a gap -between it and the anterior pre-molar; anterior pre-molar elongate, the -posterior differing considerably from the anterior molar, and having a -short cusped heel behind; posterior molar with a three-cusped crown. Teeth -of lower jaw agreeing with those in the diagnosis of the family (_supra_, -p. 24). Vertebrae in dorsal and lumbar regions together 23 or 24. The long -flexor muscle of the thumb, so characteristic of the Anthropoid Apes, is -present in _Nycticebus_. The interlacement of the tendons of the muscles of -its foot (according to Huxley and Murie) closely resembles the arrangement -in the higher Primates. The long flexor muscle of the toes (_flexor longus -digitorum_) is very large, and has one important origin on the lower end -(internal condyle) of the thigh-bone correlated with the powerful grasp of -its hind-limbs. The female bears one young at a birth. - -Above, ashy-grey, rather paler below; more or less silvery on the back, -often rufescent on the rump, with the hairs dark ashy at the roots; dorsal -stripe from crown to loins chestnut {35}brown; circle round the eyes dark -brown; a white line down the nose between the eyes; oral patch, including -the ears, brown. - -The Slow-Loris varies greatly in size and colour in the different regions -it inhabits, and its varieties have been recognised by many naturalists as -distinct species. - -Every shade of colour occurs among specimens from different habitats. The -colour varies between rufescent grey, or greyish-rufous, or white (with a -brown tinge showing through from below) and silvery grey. The dorsal stripe -varies from rufous to dull grey or even black, expanding out, or not, on -the crown of the head, arms, and cheeks, bifurcating to the orbital rings -and ear-patches, or to one or other only. Sometimes the dorsal stripe and -face-markings are wanting altogether. Under side varying from pale -rufescent grey to light rufous or dull grey. Length of head and body -varying from 12-3/4 to 16 inches. - -"It is an interesting fact," observes St. George Mivart, "that as far as -concerns the skull and dentition, the Asiatic _Nycticebus_ far more -resembles the African _Perodicticus_ than it does its Oriental neighbour -_Loris_." - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Slow-Loris has a comparatively wide and interrupted -range. It is common in the dense mountain forests of Assam and Burma (where -it has received the distinctive appellation of _N. bengalensis_), as well -as in Tenasserim and the Malayan Peninsula. It has also been obtained in -Siam and Cochin-China, whence it has been described as a distinct species -(_N. cinereus_), from its silvery-grey fur; while it also occurs--somewhat -reduced in size--and often (but not invariably) without the upper incisor -teeth--in the islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo with its surrounding -islet groups, {36}as well as in the Philippine Islands. The form from the -last-named localities (figured on Plate III.) has generally been recognised -as _N. javanicus_; but, from a careful examination of the material in the -British Museum, it appears to the present writer that the specimens from -all these localities merge so insensibly into each other that it is -impossible to separate them into distinct species. The Slow-Loris, though -occurring on the north-eastern frontier of India, has not yet been -discovered in the Himalayas. - -HABITS.--Like the Slender Loris, the Slow-Loris is arboreal and nocturnal, -hardly differing in its food and general habits from the latter. It lives -alone or in pairs, and moves about very slowly, with its head curiously -drawn up close to its body, with the latter arched and its limbs very -angularly disposed. Colonel Tickell has observed it, however, to raise -itself on its hind-legs and throw itself upon an insect. It is generally -silent, but can utter a low growl when angry. In captivity it becomes -docile, but is never very long-lived. Tickell records that "it never by -choice leaves the trees.... It climbs readily and grasps with great -tenacity. If placed on the ground, it proceeds, if frightened, in a -wavering kind of trot, the limbs placed at right angles. It sleeps rolled -up in a ball, its head and hands buried between its thighs, and wakes up in -the dusk of the evening to commence its nocturnal rambles." Another -observer records: "When he climbs he first lays hold of the branch with one -of his hands and then with the other. When he has obtained a firm hold with -both hands, he moves one of his hind-paws, and after firmly grasping the -branch with it, he moves the other. He never quits his hold with his -hind-paws until he has obtained a secure grasp with his hands." The -remarkable tenacity of grasp in its feet is largely due to the -{37}automatic action of the flexor muscles of the toes (the digits -continuing flexed even after death), and the mere extension of the leg -largely contributes to the "effortless suspension of the body" (_Murie_), -as in the Fruit-Bats and other species which hang passively by their -hind-limbs. (_Huxley._) - -Dr. Coghlan, speaking of the Chinese race (_N. cinereus_), says: "They make -a curious chattering noise when angry, and when pleased at night they utter -a short though tuneful whistle of one unvaried note; this whistle is -thought by Chinese sailors, who take them to sea, to denote the coming of -wind.... Their intelligence seems to be much below that of the Monkey.... -The Slow-Loris, when newly-born, is about four inches long, and covered -with fur; it holds on by its four hands to the mother's fur, and in that -attitude sucks the milk from its parent's breast." - - - - -THE GALAGOS. SUB-FAMILY II. GALAGINAE. - - -The Lemurs comprised in the present Sub-family are divisible into two -groups--those inhabiting the mainland of Africa and those confined to the -island of Madagascar. The exclusively African species, the True Galagos, -constitute the single genus _Galago_; while the Malagasy group is -represented by three genera, the so-called Fat-tailed Lemurs (_Opolemur_), -the Dwarf-Lemurs (_Microcebus_), and the Mouse-Lemurs (_Chirogale_). The -members of this Sub-family vary considerably in size, and are all covered -with soft woolly fur. Their ears especially are largely developed, being -more or less membranaceous and naked, and their sense of hearing very -acute. The eyes are large and the tail always elongated. In the skull the -length of the muzzle is less that the greatest longitudinal diameter of the -orbit (except in the genus _Galago_). {38}Their teeth number 36--18 above -and 18 below--as in the bulk of the _Lemuridae_; the upper molars present -on their crown an oblique ridge from the outer hind cusp to the inner front -cusp. The ankle region (_tarsus_) of the hind-limb is much elongated, -through the lengthening of two of its bones (the _calcaneum_ and -_naviculare_): this feature occurring to a greater extent among the African -than among the Malagasy species. The mammae are four in number, two on the -breast and two on the abdomen. - -Many of the species hibernate during the dry winter season, and to enable -them to survive, they accumulate during the summer months a thick deposit -of fat over their bodies, more especially at the root of the tail, a fact -first conspicuously observed in the Opolemurids. This fat is absorbed for -their sustenance during their prolonged torpidity. - - -THE AFRICAN GALAGOS. GENUS GALAGO. - - _Galago_, Geoffr., Mag. Encycl., Ann. 2, i., p. 49 (1796). - -The African Galagos are generally larger in size than the Madagascar -members of the group, and have the snout produced beyond the lower jaw. -Their ears are large, membranaceous, and have a very mobile contractile -hinder edge, the animal having the power of folding them up at will. The -eyes are also large and approximated; the fingers and toes very long and -slender, and the tail thick and bushy. - -The skull presents a high, broad, and round brain-case, with a relatively -short facial region. The pre-maxillary bones are very much reduced, so that -the muzzle, measured from the anterior margin of the orbit forward, is -shorter than the longitudinal diameter of the orbits. The bony palate is -also relatively short. Compared with those of the Madagascar genera {39}the -orbits are, according to Dr. Forsyth Major, much broader vertically and -horizontally in the genus _Galago_. The squamosal region of the skull and -the outer portion of the ear-capsules (the periotic) are large and -inflated. The mandible (or lower jaw) has its lower hind edge, or angle, -produced backward. - -The dentition of the Galagos presents several important characters. In -respect to their upper teeth, the incisors are small, equal, and have a -hind cusp on the cingulum. A distinct gap exists between the canine and the -pre-molar teeth. Of the pre-molars, the anterior one is canine-like, and is -equally distant from the canine and its own next neighbour. To the outside -it has one main cusp, and generally one minute supplementary cusp on each -side. The median pre-molar shows three cusps, and one strong inner front -cusp. The posterior pre-molar is always molar-like. It has one front -supplementary and two main cusps to the outside; and one front and one -supplementary hind cusp to the inside: it has also on the crown the oblique -ridge spoken of above. - -The molars have a deep concavity on their hind border, due to the -development of the cingulum on the inner half only of that border of the -tooth; to the outside they present two main cusps (and often supplementary -minute fore and hind cusps); while to the inside they present two cusps, -and also an intermediate cusp in front between the two fore cusps; the -oblique ridge is also here present; the hindmost molar is three-cusped. The -five hind molars are, therefore, nearly equal in size. In the lower jaw the -pre-molars are complicated. The anterior and median are canine-like and -procumbent, with a cusped heel behind; the posterior is distinguished from -a molar only by the lesser size of its fore-part. The molars are also -complicated; the anterior and median are equal in size {40}and -four-cusped--the two front cusps (united by a ridge) are taller than the -two hind ones, and there is a minute cusp between the two hind cusps. The -posterior molar, though smaller than the others, is five-cusped. The -oblique ridge is not present in the lower molars. - -The brain of the Galagos is narrower and shallower than that in the -_Lemurinae_. - -The female gives birth to two or three young at a time. - -According to Dr. Forsyth Major, who has made the Lemuroidea a special -study, the smaller African Galagos have departed less from the primitive -Lemuroid type than the Madagascar genera, in which greater specialisation -has taken place. - -The members of the genus _Galago_ are widely distributed on the African -continent, but are unknown in Madagascar. They range throughout the dense -forest regions, from Abyssinia in the north-east, to Senegambia in the -west, and southward as far as Natal and Mozambique. - -Almost all the Galagos are nocturnal. They are chiefly arboreal, and when -they descend to the ground they advance by hops on their long hind-limbs. -They feed chiefly on fruits, insects, birds, and birds' eggs. - - -I. GARNETT'S GALAGO. GALAGO GARNETTI. - - _Otolicnus garnettii_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1838, p. 6. - - _Otolemur agisymbianus_, Coquerel, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1859, p. 457. - - _Otogale garnettii_, J. E. Gray, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 140. - - _Galago garnettii_, Sclater, P. Z. S., 1864, p. 711, pl. xi. Schlegel, - Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 429 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Head round; snout elongate, protruding over {41}the lower jaw; -ears very long, wide and rounded; eyes large and approximated. Toes and -fingers not united by a membrane. Posterior upper molar with its fourth -cusp little developed; the posterior lower molar four-cusped. - -Fur woolly, the basal part of the hair Mouse-grey, the tips dull -yellowish-white. Ears greyish-black; face from the middle of crown along -the nose and round the eyes greyish-white. Top of head and neck dark -pepper-grey; rest of upper side yellowish-grey, with longer black hairs -distributed over the body; outside of arms and legs washed faintly with -faded rufous. Under side and inner side of arms and legs greyish-white. -Tail brownish-red at base, darker at tip. Length, 8 inches; tail, 8-3/4 -inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--East coast of Africa. - -HABITS.--Garnett's Galago is essentially nocturnal in its habits, feeding -on fruits. According to Mr. Bartlett, it exhibited in confinement no fear -of Cats or Dogs, and was very sprightly and tricky. It kills all it can -pounce upon and overpower. On the ground it jumps upright, like a Kangaroo, -on its hind-limbs, without using its fore feet, covering several feet at a -spring. - - -II. THE SENEGAL GALAGO. GALAGO SENEGALENSIS. - - _Galago du Senegal_, Geoffr., Mag. Encycl. Ann. 4^e, p. 1 (1796). - - _Galago senegalensis_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 166 (1812); Is. - Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 81 (1851); Schlegel, Mus. Pays Bas, - vii., p. 329 (1876). - - _Galagoides senegalensis_, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ., ii., pt. 1, p. 32 - (1833). - - _Galago moholi_, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. Mamm., pls. 8, 8 _bis_ (1839); - Gray, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 147. - - {42}_Otolicnus galago_, Wagner in Schreber's Saeug. Suppl., i., p. 292 - (1840); Van der Hoeven, Tijdschr. Nat. Ges., xi., p. 41 (1844). - - _Otolicnus senegalensis_, Peters, Reis Mozamb. Saeug., p. 11 (1852). - - _Galago senaariensis_, J. E. Gray, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 147, Mivart, P. Z. - S., 1864, p. 647. - - _Galago (Otolicnus) moholi_, Mivart, P. Z. S., 1864, p. 647. - -CHARACTERS.--Body slender; head broad and sub-globular; nose high and -pointed; ears large, bare, and with narrow rounded tips; hind-limbs longer -than the fore-; tail with longer hair at tip. Fur very thick and soft on -body and tail. Upper side pinkish-grey, or faded white with a slight wash -of pink; back, sides of body, and outer surface of limbs pearly to -yellowish-white; sometimes a dark ring round the eyes; a streak down the -nose white or yellowish-white; ears flesh-coloured, sprinkled with pure -white down; head, face, whole of under sides and inner sides of limbs -white, yellowish, or whitish-buff; tail yellowish or reddish brown, darker -at tip, lighter beneath; upper surface of hands and feet white, washed with -yellow. Length of body, 7-8-1/2 inches; tail of about the same length. The -male and female are of the same size and of the same colour, but the male -is somewhat more washed with yellow. Muzzle shorter than the diameter of -the eye-socket; the bony palate not extending past the hinder end of the -median molar. Anterior and median upper molars slightly larger than the -posterior pre-molar; the latter as well as the two anterior molars with a -small cusp between the two front cusps. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This beautiful little Lemur was first recorded from Senegal, -in West Africa. It occurs, however, from about 25^o S. lat. in South Africa -northwards to Tete on the Zambesi, through the mountainous regions of East -Africa, on the shores of Lake Nyasa, to as far north as Senaar. - -PLATE IV. - -[Illustration: ALLEN'S GALAGO.] - - -{43}HABITS.--The Senegal Galago is nocturnal and arboreal, occurring in the -forests singly or in pairs. It makes a nest of leaves in the fork of a -tree, and during its diurnal rest it either retreats thither, or composes -itself on a branch, unwilling to move, and staring at passers-by, with its -tail invariably folded across its body and round its neck. After sunset, -these Galagos become lively, and in their movements they evince great -activity; they spring from branch to branch, and even from tree to tree, -with extraordinary facility (as both Sir Andrew Smith and Sir John Kirk -have recorded), often clearing at single leaps distances of six feet. When -seen in the dim light they may easily be taken for Bats. "They always seize -with one of their fore feet the branch upon which they intend to rest. In -their manners they manifest considerable resemblance to Monkeys, -particularly in their propensity to the practice of ridiculous grimaces." -(_Sir A. Smith._) In this habit they resemble also some species of the -genus Lemur. Their food consists chiefly of fruits and of insects. The -female produces generally two young at a birth. - - -III. ALLEN'S GALAGO. GALAGO ALLENI. - - _Galago allenii_, Waterh., P. Z. S., 1837, p. 87; Sclater, P. Z. S., - 1863, p. 375, pl. xxxii. - - _Galago allenii_, var. _gabonensis_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 146. - - _Galago gabonensis_, Mivart, P. Z. S., 1864, p. 630. - - _Galago (Otolicnus) allenii_, Mivart, P. Z. S., 1864, p. 647. - - _Otogale pallida_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 140, pl. xix. - - _Otolicnus apicalis_, du Chaillu, Equat. Africa, App., p. 471. - - _Galago elegantulus_, Slack, Proc. Ac. Sc. Phil., 1861, p. 153. - - (_Plate IV._) - -{44}CHARACTERS.--Head round; muzzle pointed; eyes very large; ears also -very large, long, nude, and membranaceous; fingers and toes very long, -slender, and fine. Tail thick, round, and longer than the body; ankle-bones -elongated. Length of body, 8-1/4 inches; tail, 10 inches. Head -brownish-grey; a narrow black ring round the eyes; a streak from the -forehead down the nose whitish; back greyish-brown, washed (sometimes -markedly) with rufous on the upper back, fading out towards the root of the -tail; the latter black or greyish-black. Outside of arms and legs washed -with rufous, sometimes with a white spot on the shoulder-joint and over the -groin; posterior aspect of legs sooty-black; cheeks, sides of nose, entire -under surface, and inner side of limbs creamy-white with a rufous-washed -bar across the chest. Muzzle shorter than the diameter of eye-socket. -Incisors seen from the side, more or less hidden by the canines; anterior -upper pre-molar very canine-like, relatively much produced longitudinally, -with an interval between the anterior and median pre-molars; posterior -upper pre-molar four-cusped, and with an intermediate cusp on the oblique -ridge; posterior upper molar almost equal in size to the median one. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species has been recorded from the Gaboon, in West -Africa, and from Fernando Po, whence it was first obtained by Captain -Allen, R.N., in 1837. - -HABITS.--Although little or nothing has been recorded of its habits, it is -unlikely that they differ much from those of the species already known. - - -IV. DEMIDOFF'S GALAGO. GALAGO DEMIDOFFI. - - _Galago demidoffi_, Fischer, Act. Soc. des Nat. Mosc., i., p. 24, f. 1 - (1806); Peters, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 380, pl. xxxv.; Mivart, P. Z. S., - 1864, p. 648. - - {45}_Otolicnus peli_, Temm., Esquis. Zool. Mamm., p. 42 (1853). - - _Otolicnus demidoffi_, Wagner in Schreb., Saeugeth. Suppl., v., p. 160 - (1855). - - _Hemigalago demidoffi_, Dahlb., Stud. Zool., p. 230 (1856). - - _Galago murinus_, Murray, Edinb. Phil. Journ. (n.s.), x., pp. 243-251, - pl. 11 (1859). - -CHARACTERS.--Head round; body short and thick; snout very narrow; long -bristles on the face, corners of the eyes, and sides of the nose; ears -long, oval, membranaceous, transparent, the inner margin haired; eyes large -and projecting; nose elongated in front, and projecting above the upper -lip; fingers slender; wrist, ankle, hands and feet short-haired; digits -naked; tail longer than body, round and slender. Length, 5 inches; tail, 8 -inches. - -Basal part of hair Mouse-grey. Upper side reddish-brown, more rufous down -the back, and on the tail, except its distal half, which is darker. Top of -head and sides of face darker; a narrow white streak from the brow down the -nose; ring round the eyes dark, wider on the inner side; chin, throat, -inner side of limbs, and under surface of body creamy-white. In the young, -which remains blind for several days after birth, the white nose-streak is -less defined, and the fur is shorter and lighter than that of the parents. - -Orbits approximating; front bones of jaw (the pre-maxillae) projecting -beyond the incisors; upper median pre-molar teeth with enlarged heel, and -with one or two diminutive cusps; upper molars with a small cusp on the -oblique ridge; wrist-bones elongated. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Demidoff's Galago occurs in Senegal, in West Africa, and has -been obtained in Central Africa in the {46}Niam-Niam country by Dr. -Schweinfurth, and in the Monbuttu country by the late Emin Pasha. - -HABITS.--Writing of Demidoff's Galago in a letter from Africa addressed to -Mr. A. Murray, Mr. Thomson says: "It was a most interesting and amusing -pet, not only quite tame, but manifesting strong attachment. It was a very -epitome of zoology, of the size and colour of a large Rat; it had the tail -of a Squirrel, the facial outline of the Fox, the membranous ears of the -Bat, the eyes and somewhat of the manners of the Owl in its cool odd way of -peering at objects, the long slender fingers of a lean old man who -habitually eats down his nails, and all the mirthfulness and agility of a -diminutive Monkey. It hated its cage at night, but delighted to leap among -the bars of the chairs ranged purposely round the table for it. It could -clear a horizontal distance of at least six feet at a bound.... It -possessed a curious power of folding its membranous ears back upon -themselves and somewhat corrugating them at pleasure; and it appeared to me -that the palms of its hands and feet were endowed in some degree with the -power of suction.... I have seen it maintain itself in positions where the -mere lateral pressure of its limbs appeared to be inadequate for the -purpose.... I never saw it muster courage enough to attack either a -Grasshopper or a Mantis."... - - -V. MONTEIRO'S GALAGO. GALAGO MONTEIRI. - - _Galago monteiri_, Bartlett, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 231, pl. xxviii. - - _Callotus monteiri_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 145. - -CHARACTERS.--Fur Mouse-grey at base, with white tips; pupils of eyes oval -and vertical; ears very large and naked; hairs on face and cheeks short; -feet broad, short, and strong; toes {47}broad, with rounded discs; thumb -very broad; tail very long. Entirely pale grey over the head, face, cheeks, -body, and tail; throat nearly white; hands and feet dark brown, nearly -black; nose black; ears nearly black. One of the largest species of the -Sub-family. Length, 12 inches; tail, 16 inches long. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species was discovered by Mr. Monteiro in Cuio Bay on -the West Coast of Africa, to the south of Loanda; and the late Captain -Cameron, R.N., brought a few specimens home with him from Bailunda, on his -return from his celebrated march across the Continent. - -HABITS.--Little is known of this species from observation in the field. A -few specimens have reached Europe, and on one that lived in the Zoological -Gardens in London, Mr. Bartlett made the following observation: "The animal -has the power of turning its ears back by the complex muscles of their -external aspect, and folding them up when at rest. When moving about or in -search of food they spread out and stand upward and forward, reminding one -of those of the Aye-Aye; but when folded back and down, the animal's face -bears a strong resemblance to the Douroucouli (_Nyctipithecus_)." - - -VI. THE GREAT GALAGO. GALAGO CRASSICAUDATA. - - _Galago crassicaudatus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 166 (1812). - - _Otolicnus crassicaudatus_, Peters, Reis, Mossamb. Sauegeth., t. 2, t. 4, - figs. 1-5. - - _Otogale crassicaudata_, var. kirkii, Gray, P. Z. S., 1864, p. 456. - - _? Galago lasiotis_, Peters, S. B. Ges., Nat. Fr. Berl., 1892, p. 224. - -CHARACTERS.--Hair long and woolly. Head round; muzzle more elongated than -in other Galagos; nose-pad with a deep {48}furrow; eyes large; ears large, -the upper half membranaceous and nude; tail long, thick and bushy; fourth -digit of hand and foot longest; fingers and toes not united by a membrane, -but with flat disc-like terminations. - -Hair Mouse-grey at base, silver-grey at tips; the hair on the belly white -tipped, sometimes entirely white; hairs on back longer and with black tips. -General colour yellowish-brown, with a lighter band from the forehead along -the centre of the nose and round the eye-circles, which are darker. Iris -reddish-brown. Top of head rusty-brown; back grey; sides of body, cheeks, -and outer side of limbs grey, faintly washed with rusty-red; whole under -side grey or yellowish-white. Tail ferruginous; hands and feet deep -rufous-brown; short hairs of digits blackish-brown. Length, 13 inches; -tail, 16 inches. The female has the pelage similar to that of the male. - -The coast form, which has been described as Kirk's Galago (_G. kirkii_), is -only a variety of the present species. In it the fur is pale ashy-grey; the -hairs at the base Mouse-grey, tipped with grey, with longer black hairs -distributed over the body; cheeks, inner sides of limbs, and under side -greyish-white; face, crown, and nape washed with reddish-brown, which -extends on the outer side of the limbs; lower back more lightly washed; -tail, dirty grey. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Great Galago is found on the south-east coast of Africa -to 24^o S lat., and extends into the interior for about 140 miles from -Quilimane. Kirk's Galago (_G. crassicaudata_, var. _kirkii_) is confined to -the maritime regions and mangrove forests of the east coast. Sir John Kirk -states that it has been observed at the Luabo mouth of the Zambesi, at -Quilimane, and at Mozambique. It has also been procured at Taveita. - -{49}HABITS.--This species, named by the Portuguese "Rat of the Cocoanut -Palm," nestles by day among the palm fronds, its ears folded up like a -Beetle's wing, and, if disturbed, it performs feats of agility, darting -from one palm to another. "It will spring with great rapidity," says Sir -John Kirk, "adhering to any object as if it were a lump of wet clay. It has -one failing,--should a pot of palm-wine be left on the top of the tree the -creature drinks to excess, comes down and rushes about intoxicated," and -can then be easily caught. "It becomes active just after darkness sets in. -The rapidity and length of its leaps, which were absolutely noiseless, must -give great facilities to its capturing live prey. I never knew it give a -loud call, but it would often make a low chattering noise." - - -THE MOUSE-LEMURS. GENUS CHIROGALE. - - _Cheirogaleus_, Geoffr., Ann. du Mus., xix., p. 171 (1812). - - _Chirogale_, Forsyth Major, Nov. Zool., i., p. 1 (1894). - -In this genus are included a group of Lemurs of very small dimensions, and -of which the following are the more important characters: The rounded head -has a short face covered with fur. The eyes are very large and set close -together, agreeing well with their nocturnal life. The ears are -conspicuous, projecting beyond the fur, thin, and membranaceous. The -hind-limbs are larger than the fore-, the foot being remarkably elongated -by the lengthening of the heel-bone (_Astragalus_). The nail of the second -finger is pointed, but all the rest are flat. The length of the tail -exceeds that of the body. In some the orbits are directed outwards instead -of directly forwards as is generally the case among the members of the -Sub-order. Of the teeth in the upper jaw, the inner incisors are larger -than the outer; the anterior pre-molar is as long {50}vertically as its -median neighbour; while the posterior, which is smaller than the anterior -molar, has one internal and one large external cusp. Of the molars, the -inner hind cusp is either small or wanting. The bony palate is long, its -hind margin extending behind the posterior molar. The pre-maxillary bones, -carrying the incisor teeth, are largely developed. The mastoid portion of -the ear-capsules (periotic) is not inflated as in many species of Lemurs. -Several of the species of this genus remain somnolent and torpid throughout -the dry season, in regions where it is then impossible to obtain the -vegetable food they require. The Mouse-Lemurs are confined to the island of -Madagascar. - - -I. MILIUS' MOUSE-LEMUR. CHIROGALE MILII. - - _Cheirogaleus milii_, Geoffr., Cours de l'Hist. Nat., Mamm., ii^e. lecon, - p. 24 (1829). - - _Cheirogaleus typicus_, A. Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ., ii., p. 56 (1833). - - _Chirogale milii_, Forsyth Major, Nov. Zool., vol. i., p. 21 (1894), Taf. - ii., figs. 1, 8, 9 (with full synonymy). - -CHARACTERS.--Snout pointed; eyes prominent; ears moderately large, oval, -membranaceous, and sparsely-haired externally; tail Rat-like, thick at -base, becoming thinner towards its extremity. Brain-case of skull less -vaulted than in the true Lemurs. Bony palate prolonged behind the posterior -molar, its hind perforations large; mastoid portion of ear-capsule -(periotic) not swollen. No gap in upper jaw between the canines and -anterior pre-molar teeth; anterior upper pre-molar canine-like, and longer -than the median; no gap between the anterior and median pre-molars; -posterior lower molar reduced in size. The anterior milk pre-molar changes -first, the posterior next, and median last. The posterior upper -{51}milk-molar has one inner and two outer cusps. (_Forsyth Major._) -Heel-bone elongated. - -General colour varying considerably; top of head, neck, and upper part of -back, brownish-grey or uniform delicate fawn-brown, sometimes "grizzled -with silvery-grey" or washed with rufous, more especially on the head; rest -of back, sides, outer sides of limbs and tail ashy-brown; under side and -inner side of limbs greyish-white, or white slightly washed with yellowish. -Ring round orbits and side of nose, black; space between the eyes lighter -than the back of the head. Length, 7-8 inches. The young are dark -Mouse-grey. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Milius' Mouse-Lemur, though a rare species, is widely -distributed in Madagascar, being found in the Ankay Forest on the -north-east coast as well as along the west coast as far south as -Mouroundava. - -HABITS.--This beautiful little Lemur, no bigger than a Guinea-pig, is, like -most of the other species of its group, nocturnal and arboreal, feeding on -fruits and probably honey. It runs on all fours, but sits up to eat, -holding its food in its hands. In the winter months it is believed to -hibernate in hollow trees. Having scooped out a cavity big enough to -contain its body, the little animal collects, according to the Rev. G. A. -Shaw, sufficient loose leaves and grass to cover it; it then retires, and, -burying itself in the heap, is sustained during its period of hibernation -by the store of fat which, during the summer months, becomes deposited at -the root of the tail, and swells the latter out to an enormous size. - - -II. THE BLACK-EARED MOUSE-LEMUR. CHIROGALE MELANOTIS. - - _Cheirogaleus typicus_ (nec Smith), Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus. App., - p. 133 (1870); id. P. Z. S., 1872, p. 855 (partim), pl. lxxi., fig. 3. - - {52}_Chirogale melanotis_, Forsyth Major, Nov. Zool., vol. i., p. 25, - Tab. ii., fig. 10 (1894). - - (_Plate V._) - -CHARACTERS.--Very similar to _C. milii_, but distinguished by the far less -woolly and more silky fur; face pointed; ears rounded, somewhat large, the -outside and half the inside haired; lips flesh-colour. Upper side rather -light brownish (almost reddish) grey; upper side of tail darker; tips of -hair silvery, but less so than in _C. milii_. No white stripe between the -eyes as in that species, the space not lighter than the top of the head and -back; ears very dark brown; a dark brown ring round the eyes; a white -stripe along the side of the neck. Under side of body and inner side of -limbs greyish-white. Length, 10-1/2 inches; tail, 9 inches. Skull smaller -in all its dimensions than _C. milii_; the face longer and more tapering; -the nasal bones broader before and behind; the posterior perforations in -the palate large, as in _C. milii_; mandible less spread; the inner cusp of -the anterior upper pre-molar less developed; basal heel of upper and lower -canines stronger; posterior lower molar longer and with a distinct heel. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species is known from a single skin in the collection -of the British Museum, which was obtained at Vohima, on the north-east -coast of Madagascar. - - -III. THE HAIRY-EARED MOUSE-LEMUR. CHIROGALE TRICHOTIS. - - _Chirogaleus trichotis_, Guenther, P. Z. S., 1875, p. 78, pl. xv. - - _Chirogale trichotis_, Forsyth Major, Nov. Zool., vol. i., p. 26 (1894). - -PLATE V. - -[Illustration: THE BLACK-EARED MOUSE-LEMUR.] - - -{53}CHARACTERS.--Brownish-grey above; lower parts grey with the hairs -white-tipped; a spot in front of the eye black; the lips and a line down -the nose, white. Hands and feet grey, the hairs white-tipped. Ears short, -concealed in fur, with tufts of long hair on the lower part and on the -space in front of the ears. Tail shorter than the body, its hair short -except forwards, where it is longer. - -Skull depressed and flattened; cranial portion short. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The only known specimen of this species is the type in the -British Museum, obtained by Crossley during his journey from Tamatave to -Mouroundava. - - -IV. CROSSLEY'S MOUSE-LEMUR. CHIROGALE CROSSLEYI. - - _Chirogaleus crossleyi_, Grandid., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., xxii., p. 49 - (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--Smaller than _C. melanotis_ (Major); tail short and very -hairy. Head very large, rounded; ears small and haired. Hind-limbs longer -than fore. Upper side, especially the head, rufous; under side -greyish-white. Round the eyes a black ring; inner aspect of the ears dark -brown, the upper border black. (_Grandidier._) - -Length, 8 inches; tail, 4-3/4 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Crossley's Mouse-Lemur is known as yet only from the forests -to the east of Antsianak, in Madagascar. - -HABITS.--The two species last described (_Chirogale trichotis_ and _C. -crossleyi_) are very closely related together. They are nocturnal animals, -and very rare; consequently but little is known of their habits. It is, -however, very improbable that they depart widely from those of the better -known Mouse-Lemurs. - - -{54}THE DWARF-LEMURS. GENUS MICROCEBUS. - - _Microcebus_, Geoffr., Cours de l'Hist. Nat., Mamm., lecon vi., p. 24 - (1828). - -Under this genus are arranged five species of very small Lemurs, whose -hind-limbs are longer than their fore-, though less so in proportion than -is the case among the African Galagos. Their snout is also shorter; their -eyes are large, approximated together, very prominent and very bright, and -their ears are elongated. On the ventral surface are situated four mammae, -two on the breast and two on the abdomen. - -Of their bony framework, the brain-case is high, broad, and more vaulted -than that of either the Mouse-Lemurs or the species of the next genus, -_Opolemur_. The facial region is also shorter. The mastoid portion of the -ear-capsules (periotic bones) and the squamosal region is somewhat less -inflated than in _Galago_. With regard to their dentition, the inner upper -incisor is larger than its outer fellow. Between the upper canine and the -anterior pre-molar of its own side there exists no gap, nor is there a -space between the anterior and the median upper pre-molars. The molars have -three-cusped crowns, but these cusps are very sharp, and are weaker than -those in _Galago_; the intermediate cusp between the two main cusps to the -front is wanting. The concavity also of the hinder margin (so marked in -_Galago_) is here very slight, but the basal ring (_cingulum_) is swollen -internally to form an inner hind cusp. The posterior upper molar is smaller -than the anterior, and its inner hind cusp is rudimentary. The hind border -of the bony palate extends to behind the last molar tooth, its posterior -perforations being very large. The angle of the lower jaw is not produced -downwards. - -{55}The foot in the Dwarf-Lemurs is long, on account of the elongation of -two of its ankle-bones (the _cuboid_ and the _naviculare_). - -The species of this genus are confined to the island of Madagascar. They -are entirely nocturnal, as their large eyes and inflated ear-capsules might -suggest. They are chiefly arboreal and frugivorous. - - -I. SMALL DWARF-LEMUR. MICROCEBUS MINOR. - - _Microcebus murinus_, Martin, P. Z. S., 1835, pp. 125. - - _Galago minor_, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H., x., p. 255 (1842). - - _? Chirogalus gliroides_, Grandid., C. R., 14 Dec., 1868. - - _Chirogaleus pusillus_, Flower and Lydekker, Mammalia, p. 690 (1891 - partim). - - _Microcebus minor_, Forsyth Major, Nov. Zool., vol. i., p. 8 (1894), Taf. - i., fig. 2; ii., figs. 5-7, 14, 15 (with full synonymy). - -CHARACTERS.--Head rounded; muzzle short and pointed; eyes large and -brilliant; ears large and naked; tail longer than body. Length of body, 5 -inches; of tail, 6 inches. - -Upper side, either for the most part Mouse-grey, washed with light -rufous-brown, with the stripe down the back more or less distinct and -somewhat darker; or with the rufous-brown colour preponderating. In grey -specimens the upper side of the tail is washed with rufous, the under side -being somewhat lighter. Cheeks, throat, breast, belly, and inner side of -limbs almost pure white, here and there washed with grey. Between the eyes -a white stripe; over the eyes in grey specimens a rusty-brown spot. Base of -the hairs slate-grey; the tips silvery. (_Forsyth Major._) Skull variable; -the brain-case short and high, or long and depressed; the facial region -short; posterior {56}upper pre-molar less than the anterior molar. Length -of intestine, 20 inches; caecum blunt, 1-3/4 inches long; main arteries of -fore- and hind-limbs not broken up into a _rete mirabile_ of small parallel -vessels. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This beautiful little animal, sometimes called the "Rat" of -Madagascar, the smallest of all the Lemurs, is known from Ambulisatra on -the south-west coast of Madagascar, and from Fort Dauphin on the south-east -coast. - - -II. THE DORMOUSE DWARF-LEMUR. MICROCEBUS MYOXINUS. - - _Microcebus myoxinus_, Peters, Reis, Mossamb. Zool., i., Saeugeth., pp. - 14-20, Taf. iii. and iv. (1852); Forsyth Major, Nov. Zool., vol. i., p. - 11 (1894). - -CHARACTERS.--Head Cat-like and round; muzzle pointed and broader than in -_M. minor_. Ears large, one-third shorter than the head and short-haired; -eyes large and round. Fourth digit of hand longest; second and fifth -shortest. Tail longer than the body, its hair stronger and shorter than on -the body, but longer at the tip and on the upper side than it is beneath. -Two pairs of teats, one pair on the breast, and one pair on the abdomen. - -Resembles _M. minor_, but is redder in colour. Back reddish-yellow, washed -with ferruginous, brighter on the forehead and under the eyes; a dark brown -spot on the upper and lower corners of the eyes; sides of body between the -limbs, hands and wrists, feet and ankles, as well as the external margins -of the limbs, and the whole under side, as well as a spot on the brow, a -line down the centre of the nose, and the sides of the head and cheeks, -pure white, washed with yellowish-brown. {57}Tail golden-yellow, washed -with ferruginous on the upper side, the entire distal third darker; rest of -the under side of the tail paler. Naked part of ears flesh-colour. -(_Peters._) Hairs slate-grey at base, the tips ferruginous. - -Mastoid portion of ear-capsules (periotic-bones) not so inflated as in _M. -minor_; hind border of bony palate extending to the posterior border of the -last molar, its posterior foramina being large; pre-maxillary bones very -large and projecting beyond the incisor teeth; angle of lower jaw pointed -and hooked. Upper inner incisors standing in front of the canines, and -nearly twice the size of the outer; no gap between the canines and the -anterior pre-molar; the pre-molars vertically sub-equal, and with one -external cusp; molars with two external cusps, the hinder of the two united -to the large inner front cusp by an oblique ridge, their inner side bounded -by the cingulum; the posterior molar smaller than the two anterior. -Anterior and median lower molars four-cusped; the posterior, the largest of -the cheek-teeth, five-cusped. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Dormouse Dwarf-Lemur inhabits the south-west coast of -Madagascar; it has also been obtained at Bambotoka in St. Augustin's Bay on -the west coast. - - -III. SMITH'S DWARF-LEMUR. MICROCEBUS SMITHI. - - _Microcebus pusillus_, G. R. Waterh., Cat. Mamm. Mus. Zool. Soc., 2nd - ed., p. 12 (1838). - - _Cheirogaleus smithii_, J. E. Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1842, p. 257. - - _Chirogaleus pusillus_, Flower and Lydekker, Introd. Mamm., p. 690 (1891, - pt.) - - {58}_Microcebus smithii_, Mivart, P. Z. S., 1864, p. 641; Forsyth Major, - Nov. Zool., vol. 1., p. 12; Taf. ii., figs. 3, 4, 12, and 13 (1894) (with - full synonymy). - - (_Plate VI._) - -CHARACTERS.--Closely related to the foregoing; the fur in most specimens -less woolly than in the other species; eyes large; snout longer and more -pointed; ears shorter, less than half the length of the head; ankles -proportionally shorter; fingers and toes longer; fur generally darker, the -tail not markedly different from the back, very Rat-like in form; the dark -marks in front of the eye extending to the tip of the nose, inside of the -ears more ferruginous; size about that of a Rat. Muzzle longer and more -pointed than in _M. myoxinus_; pre-maxillae more produced in front, and -nasals more produced above the nostrils; bony palate less prolonged -backwards beyond the posterior molar, the hind perforations of the latter -large; the line of union of the two halves of the lower jaw shorter than in -_M. myoxinus_; upper incisors set anterior to the canines, and distant from -the inner margin of the pre-maxillae, the inner pair larger than the outer -pair; the anterior upper pre-molar less vertically extended than the median -one; median and posterior lower molars having the hind outer cusp lower and -longer than the front outer cusp. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Smith's Dwarf-Lemur is known from Fort Dauphin, on the -south-east coast, from Betsileo in the centre, and from the south coast of -Madagascar. - -PLATE VI. - -[Illustration: SMITH'S DWARF-LEMUR.] - - -{59}HABITS.--Of the habits of both this and of the preceding species little -is known, for they have rarely, if ever, been seen alive by Europeans. -According to the Rev. G. A. Shaw, the present species lives in the belt of -forest-land stretching from the eastern forest into the heart of Betsileo, -a few miles north of Fianarantsoa, where they are tolerably abundant, -frequenting the tops of the highest trees. Among these it moves about on -all fours (its very stout limbs having beautifully perfect hands), using -its tail as a balance by twisting it round a branch. The tail is, however, -not truly prehensile, the animal only employing it to steady itself, or to -hold on slightly by. This species, whose food consists chiefly of fruit and -insects, builds a nest in a fork amid the smallest branches near the top of -some very high tree, the female bringing forth two and sometimes three -young at a birth. - - -IV. THE FORK-MARKED DWARF-LEMUR. MICROCEBUS FURCIFER. - - _Lemur furcifer_, Blainv., Osteogr. Mamm., 1841, p. 35, pl. vii. - - _Cheirogaleus furcifer_, Isid. Geoffr., C. R., xxxi., p. 876 (1850); - Mivart, P. Z. S., 1867, pp. 960-975 (skull and tarsus figured). - - _Lepilemur furcifer_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 145. - - _Phaner furcifer_, J. E. Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus. App., pp. 132, - 135 (1870). - - _Microcebus furcifer_, Forsyth Major, Nov. Zool., vol. i., p. 16 (1894). - -CHARACTERS.--Ears large and long; snout pointed; tail longer than the body, -and equally haired; foot elongate. General colour reddish-grey. -Unmistakably recognisable by the black dorsal streak bifurcating on the -forehead into two branches, extending on the inner side of the ears and -terminating over each eye. - -Facial portion of skull longer than cranial; angle of lower jaw much -produced backwards and downwards; hind margin of palate extending back to -hinder margin of posterior molar; hind perforations of palate large; border -of maxillary swollen {60}in the canines and pre-molars. Upper anterior -incisors much larger than the posterior, and both anterior to canines; -anterior pre-molars canine-like, both vertically and proportionately longer -than the median pre-molars of any other species of the family; median -pre-molar compressed, with a fore and hind heel; the posterior pre-molar -with a large internal talon. Molars comparatively small, but longer and -narrower than in _M. coquereli_; anterior molar much larger than the -posterior pre-molar, its hind inner cusp rudimentary; the posterior molar -longer than the posterior pre-molar, and smaller than the other molars, its -inner cusp wanting. Lower anterior pre-molar lance-shaped, vertically -longer than the two posterior sub-equal grinders; molars sub-equal, much -larger than the posterior pre-molar; posterior molar comparatively short, -five-cusped. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Chiefly found on the west coast of Madagascar. - - -V. COQUEREL'S DWARF-LEMUR. MICROCEBUS COQUERELI. - - _Cheirogalus coquereli_, Grandid., Rev. Mag. de Zool., xix., 1867, p. 85. - - _Microcebus coquereli_, Mivart, P. Z. S., 1867, pp. 966-967; Forsyth - Major, Nov. Zool., vol. i., p. 14 (1894; with full synonymy). - - _Mirza coquerelii_, J. E. Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus. App., pp. 131, - 135, 136 (1870); Schlegel, Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 321 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Similar to _M. furcifer_, but slightly smaller; ears large, -long, and almost naked; tail longer than the body; fur soft and woolly. -Above dark grey, washed with rufous; tail, at base, of the same colour as -the back; remainder of tail dark rufous; throat, breast, and under side of -body yellowish-grey. {61}Length of body, 8-1/2 inches; tail, 13 inches; -skull high and arched; outer and hinder portion of ear-capsules -(periotic-bones) and squamosal swollen; frontal bone longer than in -_Opolemur_ and _Chirogale_; occiput less sloping from behind and above -forwards and outwards. Upper median and posterior molars with one inner and -two outer cusps, united by a curved ridge, cingulate all round, and with a -small cusp or cingulum at the hind inner angle; posterior pre-molars -smaller and shorter than the molars, with strong and vertically longer -outer cusp, and a much more feeble inner cusp; posterior lower molar -lengthened behind by a fifth cusp. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Coquerel's Dwarf-Lemur, or the "Sisiba," as the natives call -it, is found round Passandava Bay, near Mouroundava, on the south-west -coast of Madagascar. - -HABITS.--The Sisiba, like its congeners, is nocturnal and arboreal, -constructing in the trees a nest of twigs. It feeds on fruits and leaves. - - -THE FAT-TAILED LEMURS. GENUS OPOLEMUR. - - _Opolemur_, J. E. Gray, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 853. - -The term _Opolemur_, by which this genus is designated, is not altogether -appropriate, and is, indeed, even somewhat misleading. It was applied in -the first instance to the typical species on account of the thickened base -of its tail, which in the type-specimen was a very conspicuous character. -The deposit of fat by which this thickening was caused was not then known -to be merely transitory--a store of food collected at the base of the tail -and on other parts of the body, to supply the needs of the animal during -the arid and foodless season, when it retires into a state of torpidity. It -is now known that {62}other species of this sub-family (as we have seen -above in the case of the Mouse-Lemurs), which are generically distinct from -_Opolemur_, share this peculiarity. - -The two species included in this genus are intermediate between the -Mouse-Lemurs and the Dwarf-Lemurs, and are really more nearly related to -the former than to the latter. The skull is flat and depressed as in -_Chirogale_, and the brain-case small and almost vertical behind. The -posterior foramina in the palate are small. In respect to their dentition, -the cusps of the upper molars are blunter and shorter than in the -Mouse-Lemurs, but less so than among the Dwarf-Lemurs; the hind inner cusps -of the anterior and median molars are large, and the ridge from the inner -cusp is less intimately joined to the two outer cusps than in the -Dwarf-Lemurs. - - -I. SAMAT'S FAT-TAILED LEMUR. OPOLEMUR SAMATI. - - _Chirogalus samatii_, Grandid., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., xx., p. 49 (1868). - - _Opolemur milii_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1872, pp. 853-4, pl. lxx., fig. i. (in - part). - - _Opolemur samati_, Forsyth Major, Nov. Zool., vol. i., p. 18 (1894). - -CHARACTERS.--Head, Cat-like; hair on body and tail very short, longer at -tip of tail; tail very thick at base, from accumulation of fat, especially -in the month of August. Length, 7-1/2 inches; tail, 6-1/2. - -Fur above dark grey, washed with ferruginous, the tips of the hairs -silvery-grey; tail faded rufous; a white spot on the forehead, becoming a -line down the centre of the nose; a black circle round the eyes; ears -slightly longer; tail shorter {63}and thicker proportionately than in -_Chirogale milii_; under surface and inner side of limbs fulvous. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species, according to M. Grandidier, to whom all our -knowledge of it is due, has been obtained on the River Tsidsibon, but is -reported from other places on the west coast of Madagascar. - - -II. THOMAS' FAT-TAILED LEMUR. OPOLEMUR THOMASI. - - _Opolemur thomasi_, Forsyth Major, Nov. Zool., vol. i., p. 20, Taf. i., - fig. 1 Taf., ii., figs. 2 and 11 (1894). - -CHARACTERS.--Nearly allied to _O. samati_. Head broad, flat; snout short; -ears short. Above grey, with a wash of rusty brown, the tips of the hair -glistening silvery-grey; top of head somewhat darker; under side of tail -lighter; a white band between the eyes extending down to the nose-pad, -which is naked; round the neck a white ring broken by a grey spot; ring -round the eyes, and hair of ears, brownish-black; cheeks, lips, chin, -throat, breast, belly, inner side of limbs, upper side of hands and feet, -yellowish-white, and inclining to greyish-white, where it merges into the -upper side. Length, 9-1/4 inches; tail, 8 inches. - -Skull depressed; brain-case flat and short; facial portion blunt; -inter-parietal bone broad and short. Posterior upper pre-molar broader than -the median, and broader than the same tooth in _O. samati_, the median -pre-molar lacking the inner cusp. Nasal bones sharply keeled in the -mid-line. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Of this species only the three specimens, in the British -Museum, are yet known. They were obtained near Fort Dauphin, on the -south-east coast of Madagascar. - -HABITS.--Nothing is known of the habits of either of these two species of -_Opolemur_. - - - - -{64}THE TRUE LEMURS. SUB-FAMILY III. LEMURINAE. - - -The third sub-family of the _Lemuridae_ contains the True Lemurs, which are -characterised by the possession of a soft, thick, and woolly fur, the head -rounded behind, with a specially elongated muzzle. They have small and oval -ears, with the exterior aspect covered with long hair, but the inside -naked, except round the margin. Their hind-limbs do not show so great a -disproportionate length compared to that of the fore-limbs, as in the next -sub-family, the _Indrisinae_. The ankle-bones (_tarsus_) are only slightly -elongated, and their toes are not united by a membrane. Their long and -bushy tail is sometimes longer and sometimes shorter than the body. The -females produce one or two, nearly naked, young at a birth, the mammae -being either two or four in number. The skull presents a central ridge on -the frontal bone, and its facial portion is much elongated, the -inter-orbital space being depressed and wider, and the orbits also directed -somewhat outward and less straightforwardly than in several of the genera -already noticed. The maxillary bones are generally much reduced, and the -incisor teeth carried by them not unfrequently entirely aborted. The teeth -in this Sub-family vary in number from 32 to 36, the dental formula being -I(0-2)/2, C1/1, P3/3, M3/3. The foot is slightly elongated by the -lengthening of the _naviculare_ bone of the ankle, the others being short. -In the wrist (_carpus_) the central bone (_centrale_) may be present or -absent; its absence, however, is a character which is met with otherwise -only in Man, the Chimpanzees, and the Endrina and some other Lemurs, to be -described later on. The caecum is not markedly developed. - -{65}The external coloration of the species of this Sub-family is remarkably -variable, the variation being chiefly in the upper portion of the hairs, as -their base is generally slate-grey. - -The sub-family _Lemurinae_ embraces four genera: the True Lemurs (_Lemur_), -of which there are now eight recognised species; the Hattock (_Mixocebus_), -with a solitary species; the Gentle-Lemurs (_Hapalemur_), containing two -species, and the Sportive-Lemurs (_Lepidolemur_), with seven species. Some -of the most elegantly coloured species in the Animal Kingdom belong to this -group. They are gregarious, and most of them arboreal, though some are not -so. They form rather an exception to the general rule among Lemurs, in not -being nocturnal. They feed during the morning and evening, emitting loud -cries as they move about, and during the heat of the day, they often lie -stretched out in the sun; at night they rest with their long tails coiled -about them. In their mode of progression they are more quadrupedal than -most of the other Lemuroids; they jump, walk, or run on all fours. Their -food consists of fruits, birds' eggs, birds and insects. Their infants are -carried about close to, and concealed amid, the hair of their mother's -breast; when older they cling to her back. - -The True Lemurs are all inhabitants of Madagascar and of the adjacent -Comoro Islands. They are unknown on the African continent. - - -THE TRUE LEMURS. GENUS LEMUR. - - _Prosimia_, Brisson, Regn. Anim., p. 220 (1756). - - _Lemur_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 44 (1766). - - _Varecia_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 135. - -This genus contains the typical Lemurs, in their most restricted sense. -They are characterised by having a very {66}Fox-like head, and an elongate -and tapering face, shelving on each side of the nose. A long fringe of hair -surrounds their chin and cheeks. They have all large and tufted ears, and -large eyes, with superciliary ridges rising higher than the forehead. Their -tail is always half as long as the body at least. The fore-limbs are -somewhat shorter than the hind-limbs, and both the wrist and ankles are -haired. The ankle is not elongated, nor is the great toe as large as in the -next family--the _Indrisinae_. On the outside of the palm of the hand and -under the base of the fingers are situated fleshy pads, giving them greater -grasping power. The True Lemurs have only one pair of mammae, which are -situated on the breast. - -In the skull the facial region is much elongated, its measurement from the -anterior margin of the orbit forward being greater than the longitudinal -diameter of the orbit, and the space between the eye-sockets is narrow and -depressed. The bony palate is short, extending back only to the posterior -end of the median molar. The posterior portion of the ear-capsules (the -mastoidal and squamosal regions) is not inflated--a character which -separates this genus from _Galago_. The pre-maxillary bones are large and -protrude in front, if the skull be viewed from the side. The angle of the -lower jaw is not produced downwards and backwards. In some species a large -maxillary sinus projects into the anterior part of the orbit; in some also -the _foramen rotundum_ does not coalesce with the sphenoidal fissure (see -page 11), but has a distinct opening. The teeth are of the normal number, -namely thirty-six. In the upper jaw the incisors are small, sub-equal, and -situated anteriorly to the canines and are not in contact with each other, -or with the latter. The canines are very large, tusk-like, and set in an -excavated notch on the jaw. All the pre-molars {67}have one main cusp to -the outside; the anterior pre-molar, however, has a supplementary minute -front cusp, while the median has in addition one large interior cusp; both -it and the posterior pre-molars are vertically taller than their anterior -fellow. The molars have two inner cusps, and two main outer cusps with a -supplementary minute fore cusp, as well as two cusps on the ridge joining -the fore and hind outer cusps; the posterior molar--the smallest of the -three--is, however, larger than the posterior pre-molar, and has only the -front inner cusp and no supplementary external cusp. The lower jaw shows a -gap between the canine and the anterior pre-molar. The anterior pre-molar, -which is vertically taller than the rest, is edged and cutting, taking the -place of a tusk; the anterior and median pre-molars are also separated by a -small space; the latter, which is equal in vertical height to the -posterior, has an inner cusp and a low cusped heel. The molars have two -outer main cusps, of which the front one is more developed than the hind -one, and two inner cusps, often with an intermediate cusp between them; the -pair of fore and the pair of hind cusps are joined by transverse ridges, -and the two outside cusps by a backwardly directed semicircular ridge; the -posterior molar is four-cusped. - -The dorsal and lumbar vertebrae together do not exceed twenty in number. - -The hind portion of the cerebellum is large, which points to intellectual -inferiority in the True Lemurs as compared with the Apes. - -The species of this genus are all confined to the island of Madagascar and -some of the smaller adjacent islands. They are gregarious, living in large -companies in the forests, feeding on fruits, insects, and such small -animals, birds, and lizards {68}as they may capture. Like the Howlers of S. -America and the Gibbons of the East Indies, they are very noisy. Their -agility is wonderfully great, and is displayed chiefly in the evening. -During the brighter hours of the day they sit somnolent, either alone with -their heads buried between their arms, their tail coiled round the neck, or -in twos or threes embracing each other with their arms. In walking they use -their fore-limbs less as hands, and more as feet than do the members of the -next family--the _Indrisinae_--both when on the ground, as well as when -climbing among the trees. - - -I. THE RUFFED LEMUR. LEMUR VARIUS. - - _Lemur macaco_, _var._ Schreber, Saeugeth., p. 142, pl. 40 B (1775). - - _Lemur macaco et L. ruber_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 159 (1812). - - _Lemur varius_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 71, no. 2 (1851); - Schl., Mus. Pays. Bas., vii., p. 301 (1876); Milne-Edwards et Grandid., - H. N. Madag., Mamm., Atlas, pls. 123-129 (1690). - - (_Plate VII._) - -CHARACTERS.--Face and top of head black; a stripe over the eyes, ridge of -nose and tip of nostrils, creamy-white; a patch on the shoulder, the inside -of the fore-legs, the inner surface of body, a patch on the front of the -thighs, the inner side of the limbs, and the feet, black; tail black, -washed with white on the upper surface; rest of body creamy-white. - -PLATE VII. - -[Illustration: THE RED-RUFFED LEMUR.] - - -{69}The Ruffed or Variable Lemur derives its name from the remarkable -variability of its external markings: so much is this the case, indeed, -that not a few of them have been described as distinct species. This -variability appears to be entirely individual, and is by no means constant. -The Black-mantled variety has the back of the neck, the shoulders and -interscapular region entirely black. Another form has the ears, the ruff, -and a bar across the muzzle extending over and in front of the eyes, -joining the ruff, pure white; the fore-arms, legs, a bar across the -buttocks joining the thighs greyish-white; face, legs, and tail black; a -ring encircling the body like a belt between the fore- and hind-limbs, -yellowish-white; rest of body dark reddish-brown. A third variety has the -ears, ruff, and outer side of the arms and legs pure white; the flanks -rusty-red, the rest of the body black. - -THE RED-RUFFED LEMUR (_L. ruber_) is a very well-marked variety of the same -species, and may easily be recognised by the ears, ruff and whole upper -surface of body being dark rusty-red, with the outer surface of thighs and -legs white; or, the ears, ruff and whole upper surface (except a white -patch on the back of the neck) may be dark brown, with a white garter on -each ankle; otherwise it may be entirely black. It is this variety which we -have figured on Plate VII. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Throughout the north-east of Madagascar. - -HABITS.--The Ruffed Lemur, called by the natives "Varikossi," has a loud, -harsh and powerful voice, which can be heard for a long distance. - - -II. THE BLACK LEMUR. LEMUR MACACO. - - _Lemur macaco_, Linn., S. N., i., p. 44 (1766); Schl. Mus. Pays. Bas., - vii., p. 302 (1876); Milne-Edwards et Grandid., H. N. Madag., Mamm., pls. - 131, 132 (1890). - - _Lemur niger_, Schreb., Saeugeth., pl. 40 A (1775). - - _Lemur leucomystax_, Bartlett, P. Z. S., 1862, p. 347, pl. xli. (female). - - _Varecia nigra_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 136. - -{70}CHARACTERS.--Ears tufted, with long hairs continuing down the side of -the neck to the angle of the mouth. - -MALE.--Entirely black. - -FEMALE.--Formerly described as a distinct species, and known as the -White-whiskered Lemur (_L. leucomystax_). Face and lips black, darkest on -the nose, round the eyes and hinder part of the head; forehead -blackish-grey; whiskers and ear-tufts white, almost concealing the ears. -General colour of body rich ferruginous brown, darker on the middle of the -back; arms, legs and neck reddish-yellow; tail whiter; throat, under side -of body and inner side of limbs creamy-white. - -There is a considerable amount of variation in this species. Some -individuals have the lower back and base of tail white; the belly -greyish-white, the feet brown, and the toes black. In others the black -frontal spot is wanting, the back of the head being reddish-white; the -basal half of the tail is dark orange-red, remainder of the body rich -rusty-brown. On the fore-arm is a cluster of stiff hairs, which occurs in -association with a large underlying sweat-gland, whose function is not yet -understood. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The north-west coast of Madagascar. - -HABITS.--The special habits of this species of Lemur are unknown, but in -all probability they agree with those of the group in general, as given -under the heading of the genus. It is said to utter a coarse grunting -call-note. - -The young males are born black like the father, and the young females have -the colour of the mother. Dr. Sclater has observed that in specimens in -confinement in the Zoological Gardens, in London, the female carried her -young one transversely across her belly, its long tail passing round her -back and then round its own neck. - - -{71}III. THE MONGOOSE LEMUR. LEMUR MONGOZ. - - _Lemur mongoz_, Linn., S. N., p. 44, no. 2 (1766); Scl., P. Z. S., 1871, - p. 231, figs, 1, 2; Schl., Mus. Pays. Bas., vii. p. 312 (1876); - Milne-Edw. et Grandid., H. N. Madag., Mamm., pls. 133-153 (1890). - - _Lemur anjuanensis_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 161 (1812). - - _Prosimia melanocephala_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 137, pl. xviii. - - _Prosimia xanthomystax_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 138, pl. xvii. - -CHARACTERS.--Fur woolly and thick; eyelashes long; some long bristles -behind the angle of the mouth; face long; no ear-tufts and whiskers, but a -sub-auricular patch of long hair; some long hairs on the digits; tail -bushy. - -MALE.--Head, face, streak across the crown of head and down the forehead -brownish-black; ears of the same colour, white-fringed; cheeks and a spot -on the sides of the forehead iron-grey; sub-auricular cheek-patch white, -slightly washed with rufous; rest of upper surface reddish-grey; tail -darker; chest and under side rufous-grey. - -FEMALE.--Rufous-brown above; neck and shoulders white; throat white; -frontal spot black; face whitish. - -The colour of the fur in this species varies to an extraordinary degree, -and before this fact was recognised, a number of supposed species, founded -on the colour of the animals alone, were described. In course of time, -however, as specimens were obtained in greater number, it became evident -that the variation was only in the colour of the fur, and that there was -none in their anatomical and osteological structure to warrant their being -considered distinct species. They have, therefore, all been now classified -by Professor Milne-Edwards and M. Grandidier in their great work on the -Natural History {72}of Madagascar, as so many varieties of one species, -_Lemur mongoz_. Of these varieties, the most important are:-- - - -THE RED-FOOTED LEMUR. LEMUR RUFIPES. - -MALE.--Face in front of a line above the eyes, dark reddish-brown; hands -and feet bright rufous-brown; under side of body and inner side of limbs -reddish-grey. - -FEMALE.--Wrist and ankles with adjacent part of limbs above brownish-red. - - -THE RED-FRONTED LEMUR. LEMUR RUFIFRONS. - -MALE.--Grizzly, washed with rufous; fore-arms, hands, feet, haunches, outer -side of legs, and top of the head between the ears, rufous. - -FEMALE.--Grizzly brown; top of head grizzly black; patch over and round the -eyes greyish-white. - - -THE GREY-HEADED LEMUR. LEMUR CINEREICEPS. - -Face and frontal spot black; cheeks, sides, top of head, side of neck, and -outside of ears grey; rest of body orange-red. - - -THE COLLARED LEMUR. LEMUR COLLARIS. - -MALE.--Head blackish-brown; cheeks, sides of throat, mark over eyes, and -base of ears, yellowish-grey, washed with orange-red or rufous; a spot at -the side of the nose, grey; chin, throat, and under side of the body, -blackish-grey. - -FEMALE.--Centre of nose black; sides of nose, chin, cheeks, including the -eyes, ears, sides of throat, iron-grey, slightly flushed at the lower side -of the neck under the ears with reddish-orange. Specimens from the island -of Mayotte (_L. mayottensis_, Schl.) differ from _L. collaris_ in having a -blackish spot over the root of the tail. - - -{73}THE RUFOUS LEMUR. LEMUR RUFUS. - -Has a yellowish-white frontal band and whiskers. - - -THE BLACK-FACED LEMUR. LEMUR NIGRIFRONS. - -Has a brownish-black band over the forehead, including the eyes; muzzle, -patch on top of head including the ears, the side of the head below the -ears, sub-auricular tufts, throat and under surface, grey. - - -THE WHITE-FACED LEMUR. LEMUR ALBIFRONS. - -Forehead, top of head, ears, throat, and chest white. - -Pure albino varieties are also quite common. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Mongoose Lemur with its numerous varieties is found -throughout the island of Madagascar, in Mayotte, and in Anjuan or Johanna -Island, one of the Comoro group. - -HABITS.--Gregarious and diurnal, feeding on fruits, insects, and small -animals. - - -IV. SCLATER'S LEMUR. LEMUR NIGERRIMUS. - - _Lemur nigerrimus_, Scl., P. Z. S., 1880, p. 451, figs. 1 and 2; - Milne-Edw. et Grandid., H. N. Madag., Mamm., pls. 154, 155 (1890). - - _Lemur macaco_ (nec L.), Scl., P. Z. S., 1878, p. 1016. - - _Prosimia rufipes_, Gray, Ann. N. H., 1871, p. 339 (female). - -CHARACTERS.--Face covered with short hair; ears nude and without tufts; -nose-pad and lower lips nude. Similar to _L. macaco_, but larger and more -intensely black, with a raised crest of upstanding hair on the head, formed -by the longer fur of the body terminating arcuately on the forehead. -External ears pinkish flesh-colour. Eyes blue, turning to green. Length, 16 -inches; tail, 20 inches. - -{74}FEMALE.--(_Prosimia rufipes_ of Gray) Brown; eyes brownish-yellow. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Cap d'Ambra, N. Madagascar. - -Nothing is known of the habits of this species. - - -V. THE WHITE-HANDED LEMUR. LEMUR ALBIMANUS. - - _Le Maki aux pieds blancs_, Audebert, H. N. Singes, p. 10, pl. 1 (1797: - male). - - _Lemur albimanus_, Is. Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., pp. 161-169 (1812); - Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm., Atlas, pls. 156, 157, - 162-164, 165, figs, 1 and 2 (1890). - - _Lemur mongoz_ (nec L.), Schl., Mus. Pays. Bas., vii., p. 312 (1876, - pt.). - -CHARACTERS.--Nose sharp and Dog-like; eyes oblique; ears, except the -central portion, haired. - -MALE.--Face, anterior to a line over the forehead, cheeks, snout (except a -greyish wash on its sides and the upper lip) umber-brown; rest of head, -neck, down to the middle of the back, and fore-limbs, grey; margins of -ears, chin, and under surface of body white; rest of back and hind-limbs -umber-brown; tail darker, except for a short distance at the base; upper -surface of hands and feet grey. The nose varies in different species in the -amount of grey colouring, and the forehead and face in depth of brown. Some -specimens also have an arcuate black band over the forehead from one outer -corner of the eye to the other. - -FEMALE.--Greyish-black; nose grey; rest of face washed with brick-red, -deeper on the forehead, cheeks, ears, and sides of neck, fainter in tint on -the upper back; lower back and tail darker, except at the base, where it is -washed with reddish-yellow. Hands and feet greyish-white. The colour of the -face varies much in different specimens, being deeper or lighter rufous. -{75}The arcuate band from the corners of the eyes over the forehead varies -in breadth and depth of colour. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Madagascar; the precise locality unknown. - - -VI. THE CROWNED LEMUR. LEMUR CORONATUS. - - _Lemur coronatus_, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. Hist., x., p. 257 (1842); - Schl., Mus. Pays. Bas., vii., p. 313 (1876); Milne-Edwards et Grandid., - Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm., Atlas, pls. 158-161, 165, 166. - - _Lemur chrysampyx_, Scheurm. Mem. Cour. Acad. Brux., xxii., p. 6 (1848 = - female). - - _Prosimia coronata_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 138. - -CHARACTERS.--Tips of ears naked; tail a little more than the length of the -body. - -MALE.--Face, nose, and region round the eyes greyish-white; cheeks and -forehead rufous or yellowish-red; a conical spot in the centre of the head -between the eyes, dark brown or black, intruding sometimes on the rufous of -the forehead; ears white; inner side of limbs and under side of body -greyish-white; tail rufous at base, the upper side blackish, and the under -side lighter; rest of body sienna-grey. - -FEMALE.--Upper side entirely grey, washed with yellowish cream-colour on -the middle and lower part of the back, and on the upper side of the tail; -long black hairs present in the tail; the under side entirely silvery-grey; -fur at base black, the tips grey or silvery; instead of the black spot on -the forehead there is a golden yellow-hooped, or widely V-shaped, bar above -the eyes, narrower in the centre over the nose. - -Albino specimens are sometimes found, which are entirely white, except for -the golden bar over the eyes. - - -{76}VII. THE RED-BELLIED LEMUR. LEMUR RUBRIVENTER. - - _Lemur rubriventer_, Is. Geoffr., C. R., xxxi., p. 876 (1850); Schl., - Mus. Pays. Bas., vii., p. 311 (1876); Milne-Edw. & Grandid., Hist. Nat. - Madag., Mamm., Atlas, ii., pls. 167-170 (1890). - - _Lemur flaviventer_, Is. Geoffr., _tom. cit._, p. 876 (1850). - -CHARACTERS.--Inner margins and outside of ears haired, the interior nude. - -MALE.--Face, a line down the forehead, and snout dark maroon-brown; a ring -round the eyes cobalt-blue; rest of head and cheeks reddish-brown; upper -side of body speckled reddish-brown, darker on the lower back; tail almost -black, with long white hairs distributed throughout its length; feet -rufous; under side of body pale. - -FEMALE.--Like the male, but having the cheeks whitish; a narrow ring round -the eyes pale blue; upper surface umber-brown, washed with reddish-yellow; -under side and inner sides of limbs yellowish; ruff reddish-chestnut. - -YOUNG.--Head entirely rufous; nose black. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Madagascar. - - -VIII. THE RING-TAILED LEMUR. LEMUR CATTA. - - _Lemur catta_, Linn., S. N., i., p. 45, no. 4 (1766); Schl., Mus. Pays. - Bas., vii., p. 314 (1876); Milne-Edw. et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., - Mamm., Atlas, pls. 171-172 (1890). - -CHARACTERS.--Inside of ears naked; no ruff round the face; top of head -greyish-black; face, rest of head, lower surface of body, and inner side of -the limbs pearl-grey; upper surface sienna-grey. Tail pearl-grey, banded -with from ten to twelve black rings, distinguishing it from all other -Lemurs, which have the tail of one colour. Length of body and tail -together, 40 inches. - -{77}On the fore-arm above the wrist-joint there is, in both sexes, a -comb-like bony outgrowth (becoming in old males a prominent spur) -continuous with the palm of the hand by means of a narrow strip of black, -hairless skin; near it there is a cluster of long stiff hairs over an -underlying sweat-gland, the function of which is still unknown. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species inhabits chiefly the rocky and treeless regions -of the south and south-western borders of the Betsileo province of -Madagascar. It is, however, not entirely confined to these treeless -districts, for it has been recorded as occurring in bands of some numbers -in the neighbouring forest regions. - -HABITS.--The Ring-tailed Lemur--one of the handsomest species of the genus -and the only one in which the tail is not uniformly coloured--is of gentle -manners, active, and graceful. According to the notes of the Rev. G. A. -Shaw, as recorded in a paper in the Zoological Society's "Proceedings," it -lives among the rocks where a few stunted trees occur, and over this rocky -ground it can easily travel, in places where it is impossible for the -natives, although bare-footed, to follow it. The palms of its hands and -feet are smooth and leather-like, enabling the animal to apply them firmly -to the wet rocks. This Lemur feeds on bananas and wild figs. In the winter -its chief sustenance consists of the prickly-pear, peeling off the spiny -skin with its long upper canines. According to the same observer, this -Lemur rarely drinks water; indeed, it is said that the species living in -the west of Madagascar, including two kinds of White Lemur, subsist without -water, while those on the east coast invariably drink water with their -meals. When fighting, the Ring-tailed Lemur scratches vigorously and -strikes out with its hands. - - -{78}THE HATTOCKS. GENUS MIXOCEBUS. - - _Mixocebus_, Peters, M. B. Akad. Berlin, 1874. p. 690. - -This genus contains but one species, whose characters are therefore those -of the genus also. - - -THE HATTOCK. MIXOCEBUS CANICEPS. - - _Mixocebus caniceps_, Peters, M. B. Akad. Berlin, 1874, p. 690, pl. i., - pl. ii. (Skull.) - -CHARACTERS.--Snout sharp, with a naked nose-pad; eyes very large; ears very -short, rounded, higher than broad, scarcely appearing beyond the fur, and -sparsely covered with short hair; limbs long, the digits with unkeeled -nails; tail as long as the body, or slightly longer; inter-maxillary bones -more prominent than in the species of the next genus, and containing a -small incisor tooth on each side; no inter-parietal bone; upper canine not -vertically longer than the grinders; the upper pre-molar and molar series -of teeth arranged to converge but slightly anteriorly, forming, as seen -from the front, a somewhat convex line, differing in this from some species -of _Lepidolemur_, in which these teeth are arranged in a nearly straight -line. - -Top of head grey, the base of the hairs Mouse-grey, with black or white -tips; a triangular patch on the middle of the head, darker; band on the -sides and middle of the nose dark brown, widening out on the forehead and -over the eyes; a dark ring round the eyes, merging into the dark brown -colour of the nose; front border of the ears, a patch behind the latter, -the lips, chin, sides of cheek, and chest a creamy- or yellowish-white; -throat grey; upper side of the body, outside of the limbs, and dorsal end -of the tail, rufous-grey; back portion of {79}the upper part of the thigh, -the hinder part of the belly, and the greater part of the upper side of the -tail yellowish-rufous; the upper side of hands dark brown, of the feet -yellowish-grey; extremity of tail blackish-brown. Length of body, 12-1/2 -inches; tail, 13-1/2 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Confined to Madagascar. - -HABITS.--The habits of the Hattock, as the natives name this animal, are -quite unknown. - - -THE GENTLE-LEMURS. GENUS HAPALEMUR. - - _Hapalemur_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 74 (1851). - -This genus has been constituted for two species of a specialised type of -Lemur, characterised by a globose head, a short muzzle, with a tapering -nose and short hairy ears. The hind-limbs are longer than the fore-limbs, -the feet short and broad, and the tail hairy and equal in length to the -body. The female has four teats, two on the breast, or on the shoulder, and -two on the abdomen. - -In regard to their skeletal characters, the facial portion of the skull is -short and narrow in front--the nasal bones being arched--and the brain-case -rounded. The cranium presents no elevated frontal crests, as among the -members of the next genus (_Lepidolemur_). The pre-maxillary bones are very -small. The hind margin of the bony palate, which dilates posteriorly, does -not extend behind the mid-line of the last molar. The squamosal region of -the skull and the outer and posterior--the mastoidal--portion of the -ear-capsules (periotic bones), is not inflated in the members of this -genus. Their lower jaw is very characteristic, being massive in front and -possessing a very long symphysis (or line of junction of its two halves), -its angle being {80}also very large, and produced downward, inward, and -backward, even more than in the genus _Indris_. The _naviculare_ bone of -the ankle (_tarsus_) is relatively short, thus differing from the same -region in _Microcebus_ and in _Galago_; the _carpus_ (or wrist) has no -central (_os centrale_) bone. - -In _Hapalemur_ the teeth are of the normal Lemurine number, viz., 36; but -the dentition as a whole is peculiar and characteristic. Each series of -teeth is very uniform and equal, and those anterior to the molars are -serrated. In the upper jaw the incisors are very small, sub-equal, and -situated close together; the posterior tooth on each side being (when the -skull is viewed from the side) internal to and touching the canines. The -canines are small, and the gap between them and the anterior pre-molar is -very small. The anterior pre-molar is slightly taller vertically than its -median fellow, and stands close up to it without an interval; it has one -main (and sometimes one rudimentary) outer cusp; the posterior pre-molar, -which closely resembles a molar, and is often the largest tooth in the jaw, -having one inner cusp united by ridges to its two outer cusps. The molar -teeth are sub-equal to the hindmost pre-molar, and have one front inner and -two outer cusps, without an oblique ridge between them, and also a -well-developed cingulum, cusped externally. Of the lower teeth, the -anterior and median pre-molars are set obliquely, the median having three -outer and two inner cusps (the two inner being united to the two hind outer -by ridges). The posterior pre-molar is quite molariform, and, with the -molars, presents three outer and two (or three) inner cusps, of which the -two inner are united by ridges to the outer hind cusps, while transverse -ridges unite the main outer and inner cusps together. The molars are -cingulate towards the outside. - -PLATE VIII. - -[Illustration: THE GREY GENTLE-LEMUR.] - - -{81}The brain is narrower and shallower than that of the genus _Lemur_, and -presents no specially close resemblance to the same organ in the -_Indrisinae_ or the _Lorisinae_. - - -I. THE GREY GENTLE-LEMUR. HAPALEMUR GRISEUS. - - _Lemur griseus_, Geoffr., Mem. sur les Makis. Mag. Enc., i., p. 48 - (1796). - - _Hapalemur griseus_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 74 (1851); - Mivart, P. Z. S., 1864, p. 613 (Skull); Schleg., Mus. P. B., vii., p. 361 - (1876). - - _Hapalemur olivaceus_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 75 (1851); - Schl., Mus. P. B., vii., p. 316 (1876). - - _Cheirogaleus griseus_, Giebel., Saeugeth., p. 1018 (1856); V. der - Hoeven, Tijds. Natuurl. Gesch., p. 38, pl. i., fig. 1 (1844). - - _Hapalolemur griseus_, Scl., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 161; Gray, P. Z. S., - 1863, p. 828, pl. lii. - - (_Plate VIII._) - -CHARACTERS.--Fur long and soft, not woolly; ears short, hairy, with long -black vibrissae between them; tail bushy, and as long as the body; general -shade above greyish Mouse-colour, washed with rufous and speckled with -black on the crown, back and external surface of limbs; shoulders and -fore-limbs bluish-grey; cheeks, throat, breast, and inner side of limbs -ochraceous white; under side of body whitish-yellow; tail and hands grey, -washed with black. Body and tail equal, 15 inches in length. - -Facial portion of skull short; brain-case rounded; lower jaw shorter and -higher than in Lemurs generally; great toe large and broad; on the inner -side of both arms close to the wrist occurs a rough patch (extending down -to the bare skin of the palm) corresponding to a gland beneath, {82}in the -male, spine-like, while in the female hairy processes are present, together -with a tuft of long hairs; external to this patch is a callous pad; mammae -opening on the shoulder; intestine large; caecum small. - -YOUNG.--Reddish-yellow below. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Grey Gentle-Lemur inhabits the eastern side of the -Betsileo province of Madagascar. - -HABITS.--The "Bokombouli," as the natives name this animal, is the smallest -of any of the True Lemurs. It is nocturnal, and lives, according to the -Rev. G. A. Shaw, among the bamboos in the higher-level forests of the -island. Its lower incisors are used as scrapers, and nearly all its teeth -are serrated and very effective in cutting off the bamboo shoots, on which -it feeds. To enable it to grasp smooth surfaces, such as the stems of the -bamboo and other trees it frequents, it possesses a broad pad under each -great toe. - - -II. THE BROAD-NOSED GENTLE-LEMUR. HAPALEMUR SIMUS. - - _Hapalemur (Prolemur) simus_, J. E. Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus. App., - p. 133 (1870); id. P. Z. S., 1870, p. 828, pl. lii., pp. 829, 830, figs. - 1-4 (Skull). - - _Prolemur simus_, J. E. Gray, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 851. - - _Hapalemur simus_, Beddard, P. Z. S., 1884, p. 392; Jentink, Notes Leyd. - Mus., vii., p. 33 (1885). - -CHARACTERS.--Nose broad and truncated; ears short, covered with long hair -on the outside and along the margin inside. - -Very similar to _H. griseus_; head and upper back dark reddish-grey, -faintly washed with rufous; sides of head, neck, and region round the eyes -lighter; sides of nose and region between the eyes black; ears dirty grey; -lower back, sides of {83}body, and outer surface of limbs sooty-grey, with -here and there a wash of rufous; the patch on the end of the rump and upper -part of the base of the tail uniform pale yellowish rust-colour; remainder -of tail sooty-grey; from the chin to the chest yellowish-grey; under side -of body and inner side of arms pale sooty-grey. - -No spines on the fore-arm above the wrist as in _H. griseus_. In the skull, -the nose is broad, square, and truncated; the pre-maxillae very small; the -lower jaw weak and narrow in front. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Only known from Madagascar. - -HABITS.--The habits of the Broad-nosed Lemur are said to differ in no -respect from those of the foregoing species. - - -THE SPORTIVE-LEMURS. GENUS LEPIDOLEMUR. - - _Lepilemur_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 75 (1851). - - _Lepidolemur_, Peters, M. B. Akad. Berlin, 1874, p. 690 (1874). - -This genus contains, according to Dr. Forsyth Major, as many as seven -species. This excellent comparative anatomist has made a very careful -revision of the group, and the present writer has gratefully to acknowledge -from him many valuable notes incorporated under this section, as well as -his kindness in supplying for publication the diagnoses of his new species. - -Dr. Major divides these seven species into two series:--(A) a group of four -larger species, and (B) a group of three smaller species. - -The members of this genus are smaller than the True Lemurs of the genus -_Lemur_. Their head is conical and short, their ears large, round, and -membranaceous, and the tail is shorter than the body. In this latter -character and in their shorter limbs they differ from _Mixocebus_. The -fourth finger and toe are the longest digits of their respective -extremities, the nails of all are keeled, and that of the great toe is very -large and flat. - -{84}In the skull, the muzzle is longer than the longitudinal diameter of -its orbit in the series of larger species (Section A); in the smaller -species (Section B) the muzzle is shorter. - -Their dentition presents several important characters. The series of upper -molars and pre-molars form almost a straight line, both sides being almost -parallel, or only slightly convergent towards the front. In the upper jaw -the incisors are wanting; the canines are very large and grooved -internally, and have a posterior heel. There is no gap between them and the -anterior pre-molar, which last is vertically taller than the rest, and has -one cusp to the outside, whereas the median and posterior have an inner -cusp as well. The anterior and median molars have the inner hind cusp -rudimentary, but the cingulum rises into a minute cusp, both at the fore -and hind edge; the posterior molar is three-cusped. The whole of the -cheek-teeth gradually broaden and decrease in vertical height from before -backward as far as the median molar. In the lower jaw the anterior -pre-molars are large, canine-like, and decumbent, and have a strong process -on their anterior margin (resembling that in the corresponding tooth in -_Indris_); the median and posterior pre-molars have one external cusp, and -the latter tooth one interior cusp in addition. The anterior and median -molars have a rudimentary fifth cusp, which is large in the posterior -molar. - -The pre-maxillae are very much reduced, so that the teeth they usually -carry are generally wanting. The bony palate is short, its hind margin -extending back only to the middle of the median molar; its anterior -foramina are small; and it differs from that of _Microcebus_ and -_Chirogale_ in having its posterior perforations small. The angle of the -lower jaw is produced downwards and backwards. The mastoid portion of the -ear-capsules (periotic bones) as well as the squamosal are markedly -{85}enlarged and swollen, in this respect differing from the skulls of -_Lemur_ and _Hapalemur_. The ridges in the temporal bone unite into a -frontal (sagittal) ridge, and the space between the orbits is depressed; a -depression is also present on the cheek in front of the lachrymal foramen. -The foot is slightly elongated by the lengthening of the _naviculare_ bone -of the ankle (_tarsus_), the thin bones of which are short. In the wrist -(_carpus_) there is no _os centrale_ or central bone, which is otherwise -invariably present in the Primates, except in Man, the Chimpanzees, the -Gentle-Lemurs, and the Endrina. - -The Sportive-Lemurs are confined to Madagascar and are nocturnal and -arboreal creatures, feeding on leaves and fruits. - -In Group A (the larger species) are included: 1, The Weasel-like Lemur (_L. -mustelinus_); 2, the Red-tailed Sportive-Lemur (_L. ruficaudatus_); 3, -Edwards' Sportive-Lemur (_L. edwardsi_); and 4, the Small-toothed -Sportive-Lemur (_L. microdon_). Group B (consisting of the smaller species) -comprises: 1, The Round-headed Sportive-Lemur (_L. globiceps_); 2, -Grandidier's Sportive-Lemur (_L. grandidieri_); and 3, the White-footed -Sportive-Lemur (_L. leucopus_). With the exception of the two first-named -species, all the others are here made known for the first time by Dr. -Forsyth Major. Very little is recorded of the habits of these animals. They -are so rare that at present the various species are known from a few skins -or alcoholic specimens in European museums. They are said to be inhabitants -only of the forest-country, nocturnal in their habits, sleeping coiled up -in some retreat all day, but issuing forth at night, at which time they are -very agile in their movements. - - -{86}SECTION A. (SPECIES MAJORES.) - - -I. THE WEASEL-LIKE SPORTIVE-LEMUR. LEPIDOLEMUR MUSTELINUS. - - _Lepilemur mustelinus_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 76 (1851); - Schl. et Pollen, Faun. Madag., Mammif., p. 10, pls. 4, 6, fig. 3; Schl., - Mus. P. B., vii., p. 317 (1876). - - _Lepilemur dorsalis_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus. App., p. 135 (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--Fur soft and woolly; ears rounded, naked excepting at the base -behind; muzzle elongated. Above, reddish-grey. Face and cheeks grey; throat -white; under side of body and inner side of limbs, pale grey; tail -short-haired, the posterior third dark brown. Length of body, 14 inches; -and tail 10 inches. - -Skull large and massive; the brain-case small and inflated; facial region -long, differing in this character from _L. ruficaudatus_; orbits very -large, thus differing from the three remaining species of the larger group -(A); the process of the maxilla intervening between the nasal and lachrymal -bones; molar teeth large. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species occurs in the north-east of Madagascar, and, -according to Grandidier, in the north-western corner of the island. - -HABITS.--The "Fitili-ki," as the natives have named this animal, is found -in the forests in small companies. It is nocturnal in its habits, feeding -on leaves and fruits. - - -II. THE RED-TAILED SPORTIVE-LEMUR. LEPIDOLEMUR RUFICAUDATUS. - - _Lepilemur ruficaudatus_, Grandidier, Rev. et. Mag. de Zool., 1867, p. - 256. - - {87}_Lepilemur pallidicauda_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 850. - - _Lepilemur mustelinus_ (nec. Is. Geoffr.), Schl., Mus. P. B., vii., p. - 317 (in part). - -CHARACTERS.--Smaller than the last species; head much broader than it is -long; snout short and conical; ears ovate, exposed, short-haired; tail -long, thicker at the end, and covered with softer and longer hairs. Fur -pale or reddish-grey; head dark brown; the shoulders and outer side of the -arms grey, washed with brown; chin, breast, and inner side of limbs and -under side of body whitish; upper side of the base of the tail rather dark -brown, this colour extending further down in the tail of the female; rest -of the tail uniform pale brownish or greyish-red. - -Skull very broad compared with its length, more massive, and showing a -shorter muzzle than in _L. mustelinus_; orbits smaller than in any of the -other species in Group A. - -DISTRIBUTION.--South-western Madagascar. - - -III. MILNE-EDWARDS' SPORTIVE-LEMUR. LEPIDOLEMUR EDWARDSI. - - _Lepidolemur edwardsi_, Forsyth Major.[5] - -CHARACTERS.--"Similar to _L. ruficaudatus_; upper part of head grey; ears -membranaceous, but encircled on the inner and posterior side by an -incomplete belt of dark brown colour, which distinguishes the species from -_L. ruficaudatus_; shoulders and outer side of the fore-limbs -reddish-brown. Back greyish-brown, lighter on the outer side of the -hind-limbs; an uninterrupted dark dorsal streak from the middle of the back -to the centre of {88}the forehead is very conspicuous between the -shoulders. Breast, inner sides of the fore- and hind-limbs, and lower -surface of the body greyish-white. - -"The skull long and narrow; molars and pre-molars large, especially -transversely; orbits small, yet larger than in _L. ruficaudatus_; the -mastoidal portion of the ear-capsules and squamosal region of the skull -conspicuously inflated. Bony palate more elongate than in _L. mustelinus_; -par-occipital process present." - -DISTRIBUTION.--Betsako, north-west of Madagascar. - - -IV. THE SMALL-TOOTHED SPORTIVE-LEMUR. LEPIDOLEMUR MICRODON. - - _Lepidolemur microdon_, Forsyth Major. - -CHARACTERS.--"Somewhat similar to the Weasel-like Lemur (_L. mustelinus_) -in coloration, but having the back and the outer portion of the shoulder -and fore-limbs bright chestnut, passing into russet on the back (darker -between the shoulders), on the outer parts of the hind-limbs and tail, as -well as on the top of the head, where it is washed with greyish. A dark, -dorsal stripe from the centre of the forehead to the middle of the back, -where it is darkest. Breast and under surface of body yellowish-grey. - -"Skull markedly distinguished from that of the other species by the small -size of the molars; pre-molars not diminished in size; a depression at the -base of the nasals; the bony palate more elongated than in _L. -mustelinus_." - -DISTRIBUTION.--The eastern districts of the Betsileo province, Central -Madagascar. - -PLATE IX. - -[Illustration: THE WHITE-FOOTED SPORTIVE-LEMUR.] - - - -{89}SECTION B. (SPECIES MINORES.) - - -V. THE ROUND-HEADED SPORTIVE-LEMUR. LEPIDOLEMUR GLOBICEPS. - - _Lepidolemur globiceps_, Forsyth Major. - -CHARACTERS.--"The smallest of the Sportive-Lemurs. Similar to _Lepidolemur -ruficaudatus_, but less rufous down the fore-limbs; the tail drab colour. - -"Skull very characteristic; the brain-case broad, high, and globose, the -facial region short; the premaxillae more reduced than in any other -species; the external auditory channel very large; the occipital region -less vertical than in the species of Section A." - -DISTRIBUTION.--Ambulisatra, south-west Madagascar. - - -VI. GRANDIDIER'S SPORTIVE-LEMUR. LEPIDOLEMUR GRANDIDIERI. - - _Lepilemur mustelinus_, Gray (nec Geoffr.), P. Z. S., 1863, p. 144. - - _Lepidolemur grandidieri_, Forsyth Major. - -CHARACTERS.--"General colour cinnamon; head greyish; an indistinct median -dorsal streak from the forehead along the back; inner side of the limbs and -under side of the body yellowish-grey. - -"Skull remarkable for the large size of its orbits, and for the anterior -convergence of its upper dental cheek-series being greater than in the -other members of the group." - -DISTRIBUTION.--North-west Madagascar. - - -VII. WHITE-FOOTED SPORTIVE-LEMUR. LEPIDOLEMUR LEUCOPUS. - - _Lepidolemur leucopus_, Forsyth Major, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xiii., - p. 211 (1894). - - (_Plate IX._) - -{90}CHARACTERS.--Ears large, long, membranaceous; tail shorter than the -body. Upper side Chinchilla-grey, with an indistinct median brownish stripe -from the neck to the root of the tail. Top of head brownish-grey, with a -darker median stripe; cheeks and chin whitish. Ears encircled by a broad -ring of whitish hair. Neck, shoulders, and upper parts of the fore-arm pale -rufous. Breast and belly greyish-white; inner surfaces of the hind-limbs -and the heels pure white.[6] Tail greyish, with a rusty tinge. Length, 12 -inches; tail, 10-1/2 inches. - -The skull is longer and broader than that of _L. grandidieri_; the -mastoidal portion of the ear-capsules and the adjacent squamosal region -very largely inflated; bony palate elongated; dental cheek-series short; -molar teeth small and slender, distinguishing this species from _L. -grandidieri_, their small size also separating it from _L. globiceps_. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species is at present known only from Fort Dauphin in -the south-east of Madagascar. [Type in British Museum.] - - - - -THE ENDRINAS. SUB-FAMILY INDRISINAE. - - -This, the last sub-family of the _Lemuridae_, is considered to contain the -highest members of the whole Sub-order. They are distinguished by having -their fur abundant, longer and woolly above, shorter beneath, with the -hands and feet haired to the tips of the digits. Their head, set at right -angles to the spinal column, is rounded, the face elongated and naked, with -a deep furrow separating the nostrils. The eyes are large, and have a third -eyelid, or nictitating membrane, to draw across the pupil during the day. -The ears, which are naked inside and fringed {91}on the outside, are -moderately long and buried in the fur, but are less movable at will than is -the case with the Galagos. Their fore-limbs are much shorter than the hind -ones. The arms, which are united to the body by a parachute-like fold of -integument, have long, narrow, and strong hands, of which the thumb is -short, set far back, and but little opposable. The rest of the fingers, -except the index, which is short, are long and slender, and terminate in a -round disc. The feet are elongate, and the great toe, which is freely -opposable to the other toes, is very large and broad, being, indeed, nearly -as wide as the rest of the digits together; the remaining toes are united -by a membrane as far as the second segment. The females have the mammae -situated on the breast. - -In the skull the facial region is relatively small, and the cranial region -relatively large. The external nostrils communicate with a cavity on the -underlying bone; the pre-maxillary bones are deeply excavated in front, and -the anterior perforations in the bony palate, behind the incisor teeth, are -large. The lower jaw has its angle large, produced backwards, the line of -union of its two halves being long, and its lateral movements very limited. -In regard to their dentition, the number of the milk-teeth in the young -individual is greater than that of the permanent set in the adult, the -formula of the former being I2/2, C1/1, P2/3 [M3/3], while that of the -latter is I2/2, C1/0, P2/2, M3/3, the lower canine and one lower pre-molar -having disappeared. In the upper jaw the incisors are very small, the outer -one standing behind the inner one, with a space between the former and the -canine; the canines are long, curved behind, and set close up to the -anterior pre-molar. The pre-molars are longer than they are broad, -laterally compressed, and present to the outside one main triangular cusp -with a small accessory cusp on each {92}side, the posterior tooth of the -series having a hind inner cusp. The anterior and median molars are -four-cusped, of which the outer and inner pairs are separated by a -longitudinal groove; to the outside they have one supernumerary cusp on -each main cusp, and one between them. The median molar is the largest tooth -of the jaw, and the posterior is small, triangular and three-cusped. Of the -lower jaw, the outer pair of the long, and almost horizontally protruding -incisors, is larger than the inner pair, and is separated by a space from -the anterior pre-molar. Of the elongate laterally compressed pre-molars, -the anterior is the larger, and is vertically taller than its fellows, -being slightly depressed forward and curved behind; the posterior pre-molar -has one cusp. The molars have four cusps, of which the inner ones alternate -with the outer cusps. - -The intestinal canal in the _Indrisinae_ is very long, the caecum, or blind -diverticulum at the junction of its two portions, being extremely long and -large, occupying, indeed, a great part of the abdominal cavity. The main -arteries of the fore- and hind-limbs do not break up into a _rete -mirabile_, or series of small parallel vessels, as in many other Lemuroids. - -In this group, while the sense of smell is very perfect, that of hearing is -less acute than in the other Sub-families; and that of touch conspicuously -blunt, both in the fingers and toes, which are chiefly climbing and not -tactile and prehensile organs, as they are in the corresponding limbs of -the Anthropoids. The female never produces more than one young at a birth. - -The convolutions of the brain are few, but they are more complicated than -in many of the South American Monkeys. In very young individuals the -cerebellum is more covered by the cerebrum than it is in the adult. - -{93}The species of this Sub-family are confined to the island of -Madagascar. Our knowledge of their general characters, anatomical structure -and habits, is very complete, through the researches, both in the field, of -M. Grandidier, and in the study, of Prof. Alphonse Milne-Edwards. These -results are published in their magnificent "Histoire de Madagascar," to -which the reader is referred for fuller information. - -The _Indrisinae_, on account of their superior organisation, and especially -their relatively large brain, are considered to be the highest of all the -Lemuroids. They are essentially arboreal. If they come to the ground they -sit upright on their hind-legs, and progress by jumps, holding their arms -above their heads. They are easily tamed, and become gentle in confinement; -but they are not very intelligent. The Endrinas "never manifest in any very -marked manner," so MM. Milne-Edwards and Grandidier tell us, "the passions -that affect the Apes so vividly; their countenance, almost as immobile as -that of an herbivorous or carnivorous animal, exhibits neither anger nor -pleasure. In captivity they do not seek to be caressed; they appear neither -to become attached to their master, nor to take interest in anything about -them." Many of their actions, however, and the peculiar sounds they often -utter, recall those of Monkeys. - -Some of the species are diurnal and others nocturnal. - -The Sub-family has been divided into three genera, _Avahis_ with one -species; _Propithecus_, with three species, and _Indris_ with a single -species. All its members are remarkable for the extraordinary amount of -variation in the coloration of their fur. - - -{94}THE AVAHI LEMURS. GENUS AVAHIS. - - _Avahi_, Jourdan, C. R., Journal l'Inst., ii., no. 62, p. 231 (1834). - - _Avahis_, Milne-Edwards and Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm., i., p. - 320 (with full synonymy). - -This genus is monotypic, containing but a single species, whose characters -include necessarily those of the genus. - - -I. THE WOOLLY AVAHI. AVAHIS LANIGER. - - _Lemur laniger_, Gm., Syst. Nat., i., p. 44, no. 10 (1788). - - _Microrhynchus laniger_, Jourdan, These inaug. Soc. Phys., Grenoble, - 1834; Mivart, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 151, pi. xv. - - _Avahis laniger_, Milne-Edwards and Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm., - p. 325 (with full synonymy), Atlas, pls. 9, 10. - - (_Plate X._) - -CHARACTERS.--Fur woolly; the head nearly round; the face short in -proportion to the head; muzzle short, covered with hair; the nose and -region of the chin hairy; nose-pad on lip large; nostrils opening into a -cavity on the upper lip below the skin. Eyes large, the pupil vertical; -ears small, concealed in fur. Tail a little longer than the body; body -short, stumpy. Third, fourth and fifth fingers flattened; third and fourth -toes united by a membrane as far as the first joint. - - -PLATE X. - -[Illustration: THE WOOLLY AVAHI.] - - -{95}Cranium more vaulted and the muzzle remarkably shorter than in the -genera _Indris_ and _Propithecus_; eye-sockets very large; the space -between the eyes hollow. Temporal ridges not uniting into a single median -ridge. Nasal bones projecting as far as the front end of the very small -pre-maxillary bone. Lower jaw remarkably deep and broad behind; line of -union of its two halves nearly half the length of the jaw, and in a -straight line with the incisor teeth. Toothless space in front of upper jaw -greater than in the other two genera. Dentition of the upper jaw: -_incisors_ small, the outer larger than the inner, set close to the canines -and not at the inner edge of the toothless space; _canines_ vertically -short; _pre-molars_, with no inner cusp, but having a prominent outer -cingulum (a character seen in no other species of Lemur); _molars_, -four-cusped. Lower jaw: _incisors_ larger than in the two other genera, and -less horizontal, the inner ones more slender than the outer. Anterior and -posterior _molars_, five-cusped. Hind margin of palate reaching to the -middle of the median molar. Central bone of wrist wanting (of all Primates -agreeing in this character only with Man, the Chimpanzees, the Gentle- and -Sportive-Lemurs and the Endrina); fourth digit of the hands and feet -longest. Tail long. The small intestine not spirally coiled upon itself, -but folded many times transversely. - -Hair long, woolly, dark Mouse-grey at base, reddish-brown in the middle, -black at the tips. Face broad, entirely covered with short greyish-brown -hairs; nose-pad alone nude. Ears concealed and covered by rufous hair; -pupil of eye very contractile, very narrow and linear during the day; -across the forehead and over the eyes a transverse lunulate whitish band, -margined anteriorly by a black band. Back greyish-brown, the nape darker; a -patch over the rump, and the base of the tail and buttocks white, washed -with rufous; back and inner side of thighs and round the arms whitish; a -narrow fringe on the lower margin of arms and legs ashy-grey, washed with -rufous; fore-arm, hands and feet rusty-brown; tail bright dark red, deepest -at its extremity. Under side and inner surface of limbs grey, washed with -rufous. Length of body, 12-1/2 inches; tail, 15-3/4 inches. - -{96}Of this species there are two forms, an _eastern_ and a _northern_, the -latter being always smaller in size, with the fur lighter and less rusty. -In some varieties the upper surface is dark rusty-red all over, and the -inner sides of the limbs pure white. Examples from the north-west coast are -constantly smaller; the head rounder, and the facial hairs grey; no white -band on the forehead; upper surface bright yellowish-brown; tail -rusty-grey; under side of hind-limbs pure white, the under surface and -inner side of the arms whitish. The variation in coloration is due to the -middle part of the hairs, which in typical specimens is rusty-red, but is -yellow in the above-mentioned form. Hands and feet grey. - -YOUNG.--Ashy-grey, slightly washed with red. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Woolly Avahi seems to inhabit only the forests of the -parallel ranges of the mountains which face the whole eastern coast of -Madagascar; it extends round the bay of Passandava on the west coast, -opposite to the northern termination of this eastern range of mountains. - -HABITS.--This species--the smallest of the _Indrisinae_--being essentially -nocturnal, is torpid during the day, and is the wildest and least docile of -the family. The first specimen of the "Avahi," the name by which this -animal is known among the Anatala tribe, was brought to Europe by Sonnerat, -the French traveller, in 1781, and nearly half a century elapsed before a -second one was obtained. Since then several specimens have been kept in -captivity in the different zoological gardens of Europe. - - -THE SIFAKAS. GENUS PROPITHECUS. - - _Propithecus_, Bennett, P. Z. S., 1832, p. 20; Milne-Edwards and - Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm., i., p. 288 (with full synonymy). - -{97}The characters which distinguish this genus from _Avahis_ and _Indris_ -are the following: The fur with which they are covered is more silky than -woolly, and in general appearance is white, more or less washed with -yellow, varying to red or black. The head is very slightly longer than it -is broad, with a black and almost naked muzzle; the ears, half buried in -the fur, are flatter and wider than in _Indris_, the inner surface being -naked and black, and the outer haired. The nostrils are large and semilunar -in shape. The tail is long. The index-finger is not united by a membrane to -the others; their hands and feet are in a much less degree organs of -prehension than in most of the other Lemurs. - -The skull in proportionate length is intermediate between that of _Avahis_ -and _Indris_. Compared with _Avahis_ it is less vaulted, its muzzle is -longer, and the orbits are smaller. The space between the eyes is high, and -not depressed, on account of the presence of a large air-cavity in the -underlying bone. Their nasal bones do not reach as far forward in front as -the level of the incisor teeth. In the dentition of the upper jaw, the -incisors protrude somewhat in front, and are dilated laterally in a regular -series--thus distinguishing the genus _Propithecus_ from _Lemur_,--the -inner incisors being larger than the outer ones, with their tips -approximating. Between the canine and the anterior pre-molar there is a -short gap. The anterior and median molars have the cusps of the crown -alternate; the posterior has them opposite. In the lower jaw the incisors -are shorter and stronger than in _Avahis_, and the molars are four-cusped. - -The genus _Propithecus_ contains three species; (1) The Diademed Sifaka -(_P. diadema_), (2) Verreaux's Sifaka (_P. {98}verreauxi_), both having -numerous very marked varieties; and (3) the Crowned Sifaka (_P. -coronatus_). - -These species are found all round the coasts of Madagascar; as well in the -luxuriant forests on the east side as in the arid deserts and the -sparsely-wooded plains of the south-western and western coasts. Of the -three species of the genus, one (_P. diadema_) is confined to the eastern -and southern coasts, the other two (_P. verreauxi_ and _P. coronatus_) are -found only on the west coast. More or less distinctly coloured varieties or -races of these three species occur, and it is very remarkable that each of -them is rigorously restricted to localities distinct from that of the -typical species. - - -I. THE DIADEMED SIFAKA. PROPITHECUS DIADEMA. - - _Propithecus diadema_, Bennett, P. Z. S., 1832, p. 20; Milne-Edwards and - Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm., p. 296 (with full synonymy), Atlas, - pl. 1-3. - -CHARACTERS.--Fur long, silky, the muzzle naked. Head shorter and rounder -than in the other species of the genus; thumb slender, like the toes, set -far back, free; great toe very strong, and in the same plane with the other -digits; a marked depression exists in the skull behind the orbits. Body, 21 -inches; tail, 19 inches in length. - -Forehead crossed by a broad white bar; cheeks in front of the ears, and the -under side of the chin, white or fulvous white; face black, with a few -short black hairs. Back of head, neck, shoulders, sides of body, outer -sides of arms, sometimes grey, but generally very dark brown, merging into -dark grey on the lower back. Tail at its root washed with orange-yellow, -paler in the middle, greyish-white at its extremity. Fore-arm, lower part -of arm, sacral region, and external face of hind-limbs, bright -{99}orange-yellow. Hands black-haired to the ends of the fingers, but with -long and yellow tufts of hair at the tips. Feet pale orange and haired to -the nails. Chest dark brown. Under surface white, or white tinged with -yellow, or dark brownish-grey. Internal face of the fore-limbs grey, from -the intermixture of black hairs; that of the hind-limbs pale yellow. - -YOUNG.--Similar in colour to the adults, but lighter; the frontal band -yellow, not white; limbs light yellow. - -VARIETIES.--Several varieties of this species--the "Simpona" of the -natives--have been described, of which the following deserve special -notice:-- - - -THE SILKY SIFAKA. PROPITHECUS SERICEUS. - -Face black, with flesh-coloured spots; the body entirely white, faintly -washed with yellow; the base of the tail washed with rust-red. It is of the -same size as the type-form, and appears to be only an albino variety. -Specimens showing every gradation in coloration between that of the type -and the absolute albino are now well known. This form, however, is more or -less restricted to the narrow belts of forest on the eastern side of the -mountains in the north-east of Madagascar, between the rivers Lokoi and -Bemarivo, a region conterminous with that inhabited by the typical species. - - -MILNE-EDWARDS' SIFAKA. PROPITHECUS EDWARDSI. - -Differs from the true _P. diadema_ in having the face slightly haired -between the eyes and on the chin; a patch on each flank rufous-white or -orange-yellow, separated by a reddish-black band; a spot at the root of the -tail bright rusty-red, and all the rest of body black, washed slightly with -rufous. The young are like the parents. This form is also of the {100}same -size as the type, but is a melanistic variety, for a series of specimens -show every intermediate shade between that here described and the BLACK -SIFAKA (_P. holomelas_), which is of an entirely black colour, and -inhabits, as has been shown by MM. Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, the same -region as _P. edwardsi_. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The typical form of the species is confined to the extended -region on the east coast of Madagascar lying between the Bay of Antongil on -the north, and the River Masora in the south, in the forest-belts on the -eastern aspect of the mountains, where rain falls abundantly and the whole -region is covered with luxuriant vegetation. Its melanistic variety (_P. -edwardsi_) extends south from the Masora as far as the Faraouny river, but -it ranges to higher and colder altitudes on the mountains; while its -albinistic variety (_P. sericeus_) lives in the somewhat warmer region to -the north of Antongil Bay, each being, to south and north respectively, -conterminous with the central habitat of the typical form. - - -II. VERREAUX'S SIFAKA. PROPITHECUS VERREAUXI. - - _Propithecus verreauxi_, Grandid., Album de l'ile de la Reunion, iv., pp. - 153-162, pls. 1, 2 (1867); Milne-Edwards and Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., - Mamm., i., p. 305 (with full synonymy), Atlas, pls. 4, 6, 8. - -CHARACTERS.--Fur short and woolly; face entirely naked; head longer than -broad; a well-marked swelling of the skull between the eyes; the upper -incisors sub-equal. Smaller and more robust than _P. diadema_, the head -longer, the hair on the limbs shorter, the tail longer. - -{101}Body yellowish-white; a spot on the top of the head dark brown, -sometimes washed with rufous, separated from the face by a white frontal -bar. Face black; eyes brownish-yellow; interior of ears black, and naked; a -grey patch on the middle of the back; outer aspect of the fore-arms, and -hind-legs, ashy-grey; rest of the body white. Hands and feet white. Tail -yellowish-white. Length of body, 18 inches; of tail, 22 inches. - -YOUNG.--Entirely white, with a dark brown spot on the head; the under -surface of the body washed with rufous. - -VARIETIES.--Two well-marked varieties of this species are known, both of -which were for many years considered to be distinct species. Continued -exploration has, however, now resulted in the accumulation in various -museums of a large amount of material from many localities, and this proves -that the two forms really belong to but one species. - - -VON DER DECKEN'S SIFAKA. PROPITHECUS DECKENI. - -Differs from the true _P. verreauxi_ in having the face and ears black, and -the body otherwise entirely grey, or white, washed more or less with yellow -(sometimes rufous on the limbs); or of an ashy-grey colour on the loins, -neck, and outer aspect of the limbs; the under side bright rufous; chest -and inner sides of the limbs rusty-white, with a fulvous spot at the base -of the tail. Specimens from the forests of the interior have a grey spot on -the back of the neck expanding into a collar, which is absent in those from -the coast. An albino variety comes, so far as is at present known, only -from the wooded belts on the extensive plains between the rivers Manambolo -and Manjaray, on the west coast. - - -{102}COQUEREL'S SIFAKA. PROPITHECUS COQUERELI. - -(_Plate XI._) - -Has the face naked and black, but the centre of the nose white; the ears -showing as black points amid the white hair; head and back of neck white, -slightly washed with yellow; outer side of arm and fore-arm dark -maroon-red, the lower border fringed with long white hair; a maroon patch -on the upper and outer surface of the thighs, lighter on the chest and -central part of the belly. Loins dark rusty-grey; hands white; tail -rusty-grey. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Verreaux's Sifaka, with its two varieties, is confined to -the small thin woods on the sandy and almost rain-less plains along the -western and southern coasts of Madagascar. The type-form is found, alone, -and unassociated, in the extensive plains of Mesozoic geological -formation--between the southern base of the eastern range of mountains and -the River Tsidsubon, which flows into the sea on the west coast. Von der -Decken's Sifaka inhabits the middle of the west coast, while Coquerel's -Sifaka has its home further to the north. It occupies the area between the -south side of Narendry Bay and the north side of Bembatoka Bay, the -Betsiboka River being its extreme southern limit. - -Though first observed by Flacourt, and described by him in 1661, Verreaux's -Sifaka remained practically unknown from that time till re-discovered by M. -Grandidier in 1867. - - -III. THE CROWNED SIFAKA. PROPITHECUS CORONATUS. - - _Propithecus coronatus_, Milne-Edwards, Rev. Scient., 1871, p. 224; id. - et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm., i., p. 316 (with full synonymy), - Atlas, pl. 7. - -PLATE XI. - -[Illustration: COQUEREL'S SIFAKA.] - - -{103}CHARACTERS.--Muzzle very broad and naked; nose-pad wide; inside of -ears naked. Face, top of head, sides of neck, and throat, deep -brownish-black; muzzle black; a band across the temples, and a streak down -the nose, white. Ears black inside, fringed externally with white; neck and -upper surface white, washed with rust-colour on the limbs and root of the -tail. Tail, hands, and feet, pure white. Under side rich orange-red, darker -across the chest; inside of limbs white, washed with rufous. Of the same -size as _P. verreauxi_. - -Cranium larger in all its parts than in other species. Nasal bones -elongated beyond the incisor teeth; nose very flat, this being due to the -large air-cavity (called false nose) in the jaw-bone below, connected with -the nose. The length and breadth of the muzzle gives a peculiar expression -to the face of _P. coronatus_. - -This species, like the preceding, is subject to considerable variation. - -The whole head is sometimes grey, washed with rufous; the upper surface and -root of the tail white, flushed with rust-colour. - -In examples living further in the interior than the habitat of the type -(Bay of Bembatoka), the back is more rufous, the neck has a large grey or -brown patch, and the chest is very dark brownish rust-colour. The abdomen -and the inner sides of the limbs are bright red. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species occurs on the north-west coast of Madagascar, -between the Bay of Mozamba to the north and the River Manjaray on the -south, ranging over the country to a considerable distance into the -interior. The lighter-coloured specimens come from the more northern range -of the species, while the more brightly-marked varieties have been obtained -{104}in the interior more to the south. It is curious, remarks M. -Grandidier, to find races and species of the same genus so exactly -restricted, that one has only to cross a river, not necessarily large, in -order to obtain on one bank certain species of _Propithecus_, whereas those -occurring on the opposite bank may be of a very distinct species or race. -To what influence in their surroundings can all these variations be -ascribed? One can understand that species inhabiting a wooded and humid -country, or living among granitic mountains (as _P. diadema_ does), would -differ in size and fur from other members of the same genus which live in -dry and arid plains (as in the case of _P. verreauxi_); but how can the -great variations that occur in members of the same species living a few -miles, and perhaps only a few metres, apart, be explained, when the -external conditions are almost the same? - -HABITS.--The habits of the different species of Sifaka are very similar. -They live in companies of six or eight, and are very gentle and inoffensive -animals, wearing always a most melancholy expression, and, as a rule, being -morose, inactive, and more silent than other Lemurs. They rarely live long -in captivity. In their native state they are most alert in the morning and -evening, as during the heat of the day they conceal themselves amid the -foliage of the trees. When asleep or in repose, the head is dropped on the -chest and buried between the arms, the tail rolled up on itself and -disposed between the hind-legs. The Sifakas live exclusively on vegetable -substances--leaves, fruits and flowers--their diet not being varied, as in -the other groups, by small birds, eggs, or insects. Their life is almost -entirely arboreal, for which the muscles of their hands and feet, as well -as the parachute-like fold of skin between their arms and body, and their -peculiarly hook-like fingers, are most fitted. The young one is carried -about by its mother on her back, its hands grasping her arm-pits tightly. -The Sifakas are held in great veneration or fear by the natives of -Madagascar, and are never intentionally killed by them. - -PLATE XII. - -[Illustration: THE ENDRINA.] - - - -{105}THE ENDRINAS. GENUS INDRIS. - - _Indris_, Cuv. et Geoffr., Mag. Encycl., 2 ed. Ann. i., p. 46 (1796); - Milne-Edwards and Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm., i., p. 330 (with - full synonymy). - -This genus is, like the first of the sub-family, monotypic, no second -species having rewarded the many explorers of Madagascar in the long period -that has elapsed since its solitary species was discovered. This species is -known as - - -I. THE ENDRINA. INDRIS BREVICAUDATUS. - - _Indris brevicaudatus_, Geoffr., Mag. Encycl., 2 ed. Ann., p. 46 (1796). - - _Indris variegatus_, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (4), x., p., 474 (1872). - - _Indris brevicaudatus_, Milne-Edwards and Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., - Mamm., i., p. 336 (with full synonymy), Atlas, pls. xi.-xii. - - (_Plate XII._) - -CHARACTERS.--The peculiar features of the species, as given below, are -necessarily those of the genus also. - -Fur long and woolly, extremely variable in its coloration. Head rounded, -longer than it is broad; muzzle moderately long, covered with very short -hairs; fingers and toes haired to the finger-tips; external ears rounded, -exserted, and more developed than in _Avahis_ or _Propithecus_, with long -and tufted {106}hair forming a fringe all round. Median nose-pad high and -narrow; pupil of eye circular; body elongated; arms about one quarter of -the length of the legs; hands very long, the four outer fingers united by a -membrane as far as the first joint, and the toes to the centre of their -middle segments; hands and feet haired to the tips. Tail rudimentary. - -Skull longer and less vaulted; brain-case proportionately more compressed -from side to side; the muzzle longer, and the orbit smaller, than in -_Avahis_; floor of orbit higher than the bony margin of the jaw; -inter-orbital space flat; nasal bones, though long, not extending in front -as far as the end of the pre-maxillary bone; mandible elongated, narrower, -and less deep than in _Avahis_. Bony palate short, posterior margin -thickened, and with a foramen behind the posterior molar; line of union of -the two halves of the lower jaw shorter than in _Avahis_; its angle very -large. No central bone in the wrist (or _carpus_); hind-limb (with or -without the foot), compared with the fore-limb (with or without the hand), -longer than in any other of the Primates, except _Galago_. _Upper teeth_: -Incisors, sub-equal, set close together and subject to variation in size; -canine, vertically taller than, and not separated by a gap from, the -pre-molar; pre-molars compressed, and having an inner cusp; anterior -molars, four-cusped, with the supplementary cusps weak, and with no oblique -ridge; anterior and median, with their outer and inner cusps opposite; -posterior molar, which is the smallest grinder of the jaw--four-cusped, -with transverse, but no oblique ridges. _Lower teeth_: Incisors, with -marked longitudinal ridges to the outside (peculiar to this genus); -pre-molars sub-equal; molars all four-cusped, and the posterior ones -expanded behind. - -Brain highly organised. A large laryngeal pouch (present {107}also in the -foetus), but differing from that of the Apes, is placed between the gullet -and windpipe, communicating with the latter by an orifice: main arteries of -the fore- and hind-limbs not broken up into a _rete mirabile_ of small -parallel vessels, as in many species of Lemurs. - -Face naked, sometimes blackish, generally dark grey; lips downy; head, -neck, back, shoulders, arms, and hands, deep black; fore-arms faintly -washed with rufous; a large patch, widening from the middle of the back -downwards to the lower back, rump, and root of the tail pure white, washed -with orange or red; a patch on each flank, pale, becoming rufous or -greyish-white, separated from the rump-spot by black bands continuing down -the outer side of the inner face of the thighs, and the front and inner -sides of the legs; thighs ashy-grey, their upper two-thirds greyish, -becoming black on the front, and ashy-grey on the hinder surface, of the -leg. Feet black; tail stumpy, fawn-colour, brownish-grey at the tip; under -side rusty brown; abdomen grey; heel rufous. - -Many varieties of this species have been met with. Of these, some have the -top of the head and between the eyes greyish-white, mixed here and there -with black; jaws and throat, grey; ears, neck, back and upper part of arms, -black; the fore-arms grey; the hands black; a patch on the lower back -ashy-grey; flanks bright rufous; legs grey; band on front of the thighs -black; heel bright rufous. - -Other examples have a mark over each eyebrow, the fore-limbs nearly to the -hands, the hinder part of the thighs, the legs from the knee to the ankle, -and the whole under side iron-grey; the ankles and hind part of the heels -white, yellow below. (_Indris variegatus_, Gray.) - -All stages between the forms here described and complete {108}albinos are -known; so that the various differences observed prove them to be only -individual variations of the same species. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Endrina is confined to the woods looking eastward, on -the two high ranges along the eastern coast, between the Bay of Antongil on -the north and the River Masora on the south. - -HABITS.--The "Endrina," "Babakoto," or "Amboanala" (Dog of the Forest), as -the natives variously name this species, has the same habits as the -Sifakas. It is the largest of the Lemurs, and is diurnal. It derives its -appellation of "Dog of the Forest" from the doleful, dog-like howls which -it utters. In this habit it differs, therefore, from most of the other -groups (except the True Lemurs), which are, as a rule, rather silent. Its -powerful voice is due to the distensible resonator which it possesses in -its laryngeal pouch, described above. Essentially diurnal, the Endrinas -live in small companies, and feed only on vegetable diet. The hook-like -fingers of their hands are better adapted for climbing than for prehension, -and much of their food is, indeed, seized by the mouth. They are entirely -arboreal, and move about the trees in an erect position, rarely coming to -the ground. The "Babakoto" is held in great veneration by most of the -native tribes. - -M. Pollen gives several other particulars of these Lemurs, and of the -curious notions of the Malagasy respecting them. Their native name is -"Babakoto," literally "Father-child" (or "boy"), not "Indri," as stated by -Sonnerat, who discovered the species. _Indri_, or _Indry_, is a Malagasy -word meaning "lo!" or "behold!" and was probably mistaken by him and other -Europeans for the vernacular name of the animal when the {109}natives -exclaimed, "Indry izy!" ("There he is!"). Dr. A. Vinson says that, in -passing through the great Eastern forest, he was assailed for two days by -the incessant clamour of these Lemurs, which seem to keep together in large -companies, but are invisible in the dense foliage. The natives have a -superstitious veneration for these animals, and consider them as sacred. -They believe that their ancestors change after death into _Babakoto_, and -that the trees where these animals live supply infallible remedies against -otherwise incurable diseases. The people say that it is very dangerous to -kill these Lemurs with spears, because if a spear is hurled against one of -them it seizes the spear in its flight without being itself hurt, and in -its turn stabs with certain aim those attacking it. They also relate that -when the female has borne a young one, she takes the little creature in her -arms and tosses it to her mate, who is seated on a neighbouring tree, and -that he throws it back to the female. If the little one does not fall to -the ground after being subjected to this exercise for a dozen times, the -parents bring it up with the greatest care; but, if the contrary event -happens, they abandon it, not even troubling to pick it up. In certain -parts of Madagascar, says M. Pollen, the people employ the _Babakoto_ in -chasing birds, and they say that it renders as good service as a Dog. These -animals, although principally fruit-eaters, do not disdain small birds, -which they catch with much skill, in order to eat their brains. - -This Lemuroid is probably the best known to travellers in Madagascar, at -least by ear, as no one can travel along the most frequented route in the -island, that from Tamatave to Antananarivo, without often hearing the cries -of these animals as he passes through the great forest. They are not often -seen, but their long drawn-out melancholy cries are frequently heard, a -{110}strange wailing sound, as if of people in distress, or children -crying. Dr. Vinson says that the Betanimena tribe let these animals at -liberty if they find them in captivity, and give them burial should they -find them dead. They relate that a certain tribe, at war with its -neighbours, took refuge in the forests; their enemies, in pursuing them, -led by the sound of human voices, as they supposed, found before them a -troop of _Babakoto_, at whose appearance they were struck with terror. They -fled, persuaded that the fugitives had been changed into beasts. These, on -the other hand, vowed eternal gratitude to the Lemurs who had saved them, -and have ever since religiously refrained from injuring them in any way. - - - - -EXTINCT LEMUROIDEA. - - -On a former page (_antea_, p. 13), attention was drawn to the interrupted -distribution of the Lemurs, and to their present restricted range to the -tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa, of Madagascar, and of part of -the mainland and of the islands of the Asiatic continent. In times -geologically not very remote, they were inhabitants of both worlds. - -The earliest appearance of the Primates in time is at the beginning of the -Tertiary period. Lemuroids, some of them of a more or less primitive type, -then lived in Europe in the Lower Eocene period. In the higher beds of the -same epoch (to which the fresh-water deposits of the London clay of -England, the Plastic clay of France, and the prolific Wasatch beds of -Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado of America belong) undoubted Lemurs are -represented by many genera, which in the Middle Eocene attained to a great -development. - -In the Upper Eocene of Europe many distinctively {111}Lemuroid genera -(_Adapis_, _Microchaerus_, &c.) "formed," as Zittel remarks, "a very -characteristic element of the fauna; they are connected with old Tertiary -fore-runners, and combine features of the existing Lemurs and true Apes." -The presence of these heat-loving animals in such northern latitudes -undoubtedly indicates the existence there of a climate more genial at that -epoch than now. In the corresponding period in North America remains have -been less plentifully found; but for the most part the genera are -representatives of those of the European beds. - -In strata of Oligocene and older Miocene age no Lemuroid remains have come -to light in Europe, and they are represented by only one or two doubtful -forms in America. After that date they apparently vanished from the New -World and from the northern portions of the Old. - -Many of these extinct Lemuroids so combine the characters of the -_Insectivora_ and the _Ungulata_ (or hoofed animals), with those of their -own Sub-order, that it is often extremely difficult, even impossible, -sometimes, to determine to which Order they really belong, owing to a -blending of characters due to their common origin. The Upper Eocene forms -present many affinities with the South American Capuchin Monkeys -(_Cebidae_). Dr. Forsyth Major is of opinion, however, that they are more -highly, and not (as is generally believed) less specialised than those now -living, which appear to have been the subject of retrogressive development. - -The species to be noticed below are some of the more important of those -which have been ascertained to belong to the present Sub-order. - -No remains assignable with certainty to the families _Chiromyidae_ or -_Tarsiidae_, have as yet been discovered. The first form {112}to be -mentioned belongs to a family which has now no living representatives. - - - - -FAMILY MEGALADAPIDAE. - - -This family has recently been established by Dr. Forsyth Major, for a -fossil species represented by the greater portion of a large cranium and -part of its lower jaw, found in a marsh at Amboulisatra, on the south-west -coast of Madagascar. This species is the only representative of the single -genus of the family. - - -GENUS MEGALADAPIS. - - _Megaladapis_, Forsyth Major, Phil. Trans., vol. 185 B, p. 15 (1894). - -The cranium, about 10 inches long, indicates an aged animal three or four -times as long as the common Cat, which is an enormous size as compared with -any living Lemur. Brain-case straight, narrow, short, low, and situated at -a higher level than the facial region; an enormous lateral development of -the region between the eyes; orbits small in diameter, communicating freely -with the temporal fossa, protruding outwards and forwards, and surrounded -by a thickened ring; facial region elongate and bent upward; palate convex -downwards from front to back; ridges for attachment of the temporal muscles -uniting in a great central crest; frontal bones constricted behind the -orbits; maxillary bones behind the molar teeth greatly inflated by -air-cavities; the two halves of the lower jaw ossified together. In the -upper jaw the pre-molars have one outer and one inner cusp, and the molars -one internal and two external cusps, the former being deeply separated from -the hind outer cusp, and joined by a ridge to the front outer cusp. In the -lower {113}jaw, the posterior pre-molar has one outer cusp, a fore and hind -inner cusp (each joined by a crescent to the outer cusp), and a central -inner cusp; the three molars have two outer and three alternating inner -cusps, and to the outer side a basal cingulum; the posterior molar has a -strongly cusped heel. - -MEGALADAPIS MADAGASCARIENSIS, Forsyth Major, the only species of the genus, -presents many marsupial and insectivorous characters and features which -show some approach towards the South-American Howlers (_Alouatta_), a -specialisation "not in the least," according to Dr. Major, "implying a near -relationship, but probably only an adaptation to a corresponding function" -implied in the "vocal organs of unusual size," which, he believes, -_Megaladapis_ to have possessed. Lemurine characters, however, predominate. -In the shape of its molars it is related to _Lepidolemur_, and still more -closely to _Microcebus_ and _Chirogale_, while by the characters of its -inter-orbital region it approaches to the Sifakas (_Propithecus_) and the -extinct _Adapis_. - -The small diameter of its orbits suggests, according to Dr. Major, that in -habits this extinct giant Lemur was diurnal; and from the conformation of -its lower jaw "there exists," continues the same distinguished -investigator, "a strong assumption that, as in _Alouatta_, it was provided -with vocal organs of unusual size." - -The age of this Howling Lemur, estimated either geologically or by years, -cannot be of very great antiquity. Its remains were found associated with -those of the giant Moa-like bird, the _Aepyornis_, of Tortoises and -Hippopotami, all now extinct, and of Crocodiles still living in the -interior lakes of the island. Some of these animals were certainly -{114}contemporaneous with the now vanished Dodo and the large flightless -Rail (_Aphanapteryx_), both of which were seen alive by Europeans little -more than two centuries ago, and it is not improbable that Megaladapis may -have been living in the Madagascar forests at the same period. - - - - -FAMILY LEMURIDAE (_antea_, p. 22). - - -In this family, and in its sub-family _Lemurinae_ (because of its -affinities with _Hapalemur_), has to be included a large extinct species -from Nossi Vey, in North-west Madagascar. Its fossil remains were recently -described (P. Z. S., 1893, p. 532), but not named by Dr. Forsyth Major. -They will prove, he believes, when more fully known, to be the type of a -new genus. At present, however, owing to their incomplete state, it is not -possible to describe the species fully. "The Lemuroid nature of the -specimen is at once demonstrated by the great elevation and downward -bending of the post-orbital processes ... showing that the osseous ring of -the orbit was complete." Unusual for a Lemuroid is the very strong -post-orbital constriction of the frontals, a character, however, seen in -_Adapis_, an Eocene European form, and in _Hapalemur_. With the latter it -agrees in the voluminous cranial and very short facial portion, and the -"cuttingly sharp" inferior margin of its post-orbital process. Seen from -the side, this fossil cranium is almost vertically truncated behind, as in -the skull of _Alouatta_. The region between the eyes is vaulted by -underlying air-chambers. - - - - -FAMILY ANAPTOMORPHIDAE. - - -This family includes certain fossil forms of Lower Eocene age from the -phosphatic deposits of Quercy in France, the {115}Wasatch strata of -Wyoming, and the Puerco beds in New Mexico. Their dental formula is the -same as that of existing Lemurs, namely I2/(2-1), C1/(1-0), P(2-3)/(2-3), -M3/3. In some of the genera there is a tendency to develop, as Cope has -pointed out, large cutting teeth in the position of incisors, "thus -approaching the Aye-Aye." The posterior pre-molars are more simple than the -anterior true molar, a character which indicates some relationship to the -Mouse-Lemurs (_Chirogale_). The mastoidal or posterior portion of the -ear-capsules, and the neighbouring squamosal region of the cranium are -swollen, as among the Galagos. - - -GENUS MICROCHAERUS. - - _Microchaerus_, Wood, Lond. Geol. Journ., i., p. 5 (1846). - - _Heterohyus_, Gerv., Zool. et Pal. Fr., p. 202, pl. 35, fig. 14. - - _Necrolemur_, Filhol, C. R., lxxxvii., p. 1112 (1873); id. Ann. Sc. - Geol., viii., p. 55, pl. iv., figs. 213-217 (1877). - -This genus is distinguished from all other Lemurs by "the angle of the -mandible being produced into a large hook-like flange." (Flower and -Lydekker.) The orbits are large, indicating a nocturnal animal; the -inter-orbital space is wide, and distinguishes it from _Loris_. The dental -formula is I2/1, C1/1, P3/3, M3/3. The canine teeth are not prominent; the -anterior lower pre-molar is only slightly developed; a gap separates the -anterior and the median upper pre-molars. - -This genus is represented by five species. MICROCHAERUS ANTIQUUS (Filhol) -is of very small size, and has many affinities with _Galago_, as exhibited -in the well-preserved cranium that has been recovered from the Phosphorites -of Central France. The two lower molars have only one root. M. ERINACEUS, -{116}Wood, from the Upper Eocene of Hampshire; M. EDWARDSI (Filhol), from -Central France, a species larger than _M. antiquus_, presents dental -characters similar to the Galagos and the Mouse-Lemurs; M. PARVULUS -(Filhol), and M. ZITTELI (Schlosser), are both from the Quercy Phosphorites -of France; while M. ARMATUS is from the Eocene of Alsace, and M. -(CRYPTOPITHECUS) SIDEROLITHICUS from the Bonerg of Frohnstellen. - - -GENUS MIXODECTES. - - _Mixodectes_, Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., p. 447 (1883); id., Rep. U. - S. Geol. Surv., iii., p. 240, pl. xxiv. f, figs. 1 and 2. - -The members of this genus, founded on fragmentary mandibles from the Puerco -(Lower Eocene) strata of New Mexico, have a large front tooth "issuing from -the ramus at the symphysis like a rodent incisor, the second tooth being -similar but smaller and posterior and external to the first." The genus is -represented by two species, M. PUNGENS, Cope, and M. CRASSIUSCULUS, Cope. - - -GENUS CYNODONTOMYS. - - _Cynodontomys_, Cope, Palaeont. Bull., p. 151 (1882); id., Rep. U. S. - Geol. Surv., iii., p. 243, pl. xxiv., fig. 2. - -This genus contains but one species, founded on several lower jaws -disinterred from the Wasatch beds in the Big-Horn Bad-lands, in Northern -Wyoming. The lower incisors, or perhaps, canines, are very large and close -to the line of union of the two halves of the jaw; the molars have three -cusps in front and a heel behind. The dental characters of the genus -"resemble considerably those of _Anaptomorphus_ and _Necrolemur_ -[_Microchaerus_] but the large size of the inferior canine {117}or incisor -tooth distinguishes it from both." (Cope.) C. LATIDENS, Cope, is the only -species. - - -GENUS OMOMYS. - - _Omomys_, Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., vii., p. 408 (1869). - -This genus was established for the first Mammalian fossil--a lower -jaw--described from the Bridger-beds as O. CARTERI. The posterior lower -molar has cusps in opposing pairs; pre-molars, three in number, the two -anterior one-cusped, the posterior two-cusped. The chin was longer and less -rounded than in _Anaptomorphus_. - - -GENUS ANAPTOMORPHUS. - - _Anaptomorphus_, Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 554; id., Rep. U. - S. Geol. Surv., iii., p. 245, pl. xxiv. e, fig. 1; xxv., fig. 10. - -This genus was founded by Cope on an almost entire cranium discovered in -the Bridger (Eocene) beds of the upper Valley of Green river, and on other -remains from what is known as the Wasatch formation of the Big-Horn Basin -in Wyoming Territory, in North America. The external upper incisor is small -and set close to the small canine; the pre-molars have each a large -external and a smaller internal cusp; the true molars are wide and have one -internal and two external cusps. In the lower jaw the two anterior molars -are four-cusped, with a transverse ridge between the anterior pair, and an -oblique ridge between the hind inner, and the front outer, cusp; the -posterior is three-cusped and has a heel. The orbits are enclosed, as in -typical Lemurs. Not less typical characters are the position of the -lachrymal foramen, external to the orbit, and the unossified halves of the -lower jaw. "Its dental formula (I2/2, {118}C1/1, P2/2, M3/3) agrees only -with the _Indrisinae_. But no known _Lemuridae_ possess anterior lobes and -cusps on all the pre-molars, so that in this respect, as in the number of -its teeth, this genus resembles the higher Monkeys, the _Simiidae_ and -_Hominidae_, more than any existing member of the family.... It has ... a -number of resemblances to _Tarsius_, which is, perhaps, its nearest ally -among the Lemurs, although that genus has three pre-molars.... There is no -doubt but that the genus _Anaptomorphus_ is the most Simian Lemur yet -discovered...." (_Cope._) - -The species included in this genus are A. AEMULUS (Cope), which did not -exceed the size of a Marmoset or a Red Squirrel, and had short erect -incisors; A. HOMUNCULUS (Cope), a species founded on a cranium without a -lower jaw, with the orbits not so large as in _Tarsius_, and the skull wide -behind the eyes. "The _A. homunculus_ was nocturnal in its habits," -according to Professor Cope, "and its food was like that of the smaller -Lemurs of Madagascar and the Malayan islands. Its size is a little less -than that of the _Tarsius tarsius_." - -Two other insufficiently characterised genera, both considered to be -primitive Lemuroids, are _Plesiadapis_, Gervais, containing the species P. -REMENSIS, P. GERVAISI, P. TOURNESARTI, and P. DAUBREI, from the Lower -Eocene strata of Rheims, which have five-cusped lower molars, and enlarged -upper and lower incisors; and _Protoadapis_, Lemoine, with one or two high -front cusps, and a low heel to its three pre-molars; the anterior molars -with two pairs of opposite cusps, the posterior molar with a fifth cusp on -the hind border. P. CRASSICUSPIDENS, Lemoine, and P. RECTICUSPIDENS, -Lemoine, are its two species. - - -{119}FAMILY ADAPIDAE. - -The different species associated together under this family are abundantly -known from the Upper Eocene of France, England, and North America. They are -remarkable in having an extra pre-molar in both jaws, the dental formula -being I2/2, C1/1, P4/4, M3/3. - - -GENUS ADAPIS. - - _Adapis_, Cuvier, Ossem. Foss. (2) iii., p. 265 (1822); Flower, Ann. and - Mag. N. H., xvii., (1876), p. 323. - - _Palaeolemur_, Delfort., Act. de la Soc. Linn. Bord., xxix., pp. 87-95, - pl. 5 (1873); id. C. R., lxxvii., p. 64 (1873). - - _Aphelotherium_, Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Franc. (1), ii., Exp. 34 - (1848-52). - - _Caenopithecus_, Ruetim, Denksch. Schw. Ges. Nat., xix., p. 88 (1862). - - _Notharctus_, Leidy, Geol. Surv. Mont., p. 364 (1871). - - _? Thinolestes_, Marsh, Am. Jour. Sci., 1872 (2), p. 205. - - _? Telmalestes_, Marsh, _op. cit._, p. 206. - -"The general form of the cranium," to quote Sir W. Flower, "the large size -and anterior direction of the orbits, the small and narrow muzzle ... show -its affinity to the Lemurine animals, and especially to the African forms. -The whole skull, however, is more depressed than in the slow Lemurs and -Galagos; the orbits are smaller, the brain cavity relatively smaller and -more constricted behind the orbits, and the muscular ridges more -developed."... The lower jaw is deep and stout. The posterior upper -pre-molar is very similar to a true molar. "The upper molar teeth are -nearly equal in size, and have nearly square crowns, with four distinct -cusps, one at each angle, rather obliquely placed"; the hind inner cusp -{120}of the posterior molar inconspicuous. The lower molars have two pairs -of obliquely placed cusps, connected by transverse ridges, anterior and -posterior, with an oblique ridge running forwards and inwards from the -outer hind cusp. The hindmost lower pre-molar has an internal cusp; the -lower incisors have upright spatulate crowns like those of true Apes. - -Several species of this genus have been described. ADAPIS PARISIENSIS (with -the synonyms of _Aphelotherium duvernoyi_, Gervais, and _Palaeolemur -betillei_, Delfortrie) is one of the best known, and its remains have been -found in Upper Eocene strata at Egerkingen, in Switzerland, at Sainte -Neboule de Beduer, and in the Paris Gypsum, in France, as well as in -England. It "more nearly resembles the Indo-African Lemurs, and not those -of the island of Madagascar, or of the extreme east, having no near -relationship with the Tarsius, the Aye-Aye, or the Indris, and not much -with the true Lemurs." (_Flower._) From the Eocene of Switzerland comes A. -LEMUROIDES. ADAPIS MAGNA (Filhol) is larger than the preceding species, has -a larger face, and a greater constriction between the cerebral and facial -regions of the skull. It has been found in the phosphatic deposits at -Raynal, in France. ADAPIS ANGUSTIDENS (Filhol), from the Quercy Phosphates -of France, is distinguished by the structure of its molars, and by the -great size of its two anterior pre-molars. A. TENEBROSUS (Leidy) has a -large lower canine. A. MINOR (Filhol) is an additional species. - - -GENUS TOMITHERIUM. - - _Tomitherium_, Cope, Vert. Bridg. Eoc. Wyom., p. 2, 1872. - - _Limnotherium_, Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci., 1871, ii., p. 43 (in part). - -This genus, which is allied to _Adapis_, is characterised by {121}having -its lower incisors with cutting edges; the first and second lower -pre-molars with one root; the third with one cusp and a posterior heel, and -the fourth an interior lateral cusp in addition. The lower true molars have -two anterior cusps (the inner being double) and two posterior. The thigh is -long and the knee free from the body as in the _Anthropoidea_, the hand -capable of turning freely upwards at the wrist; the hind-limbs longer than -the fore-, and "the details of the lower jaw, which is co-ossified in the -centre, and teeth similar to that of the lower Monkeys." The remains of the -only known species, T. ROSTRATUM (Cope), which was about the size of the -Capuchin Monkey (_Cebus capucinus_) of Brazil, were found in the Bridger -(Eocene) beds in an isolated spot on Blacks' fork, Wyoming. - - -GENUS MENOTHERIUM. - - _Menotherium_, Cope, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Territ., 1874, i., p. 22. - - _Laopithecus_, Marsh, Am. Journ. Sei., 1875, i., p. 240. - -This genus was established on an under jaw from the Lower Miocene -White-river beds of Nebraska. Its molars are successively larger from -anterior to posterior; the two pairs of cusps are obliquely opposite, the -hinder pair longer than the front pair, and presenting a strong cingulum. -Its discovery was the first indication of Lemurs in the Miocene of the -United States. M. ROBUSTUM, Marsh, was as large as a Coati; and M. -LEMURINUM (Cope) about the size of a domestic Cat. - - -GENUS PELYCODUS. - - _Pelycodus_, Cope, Cat. Verteb. Eoc. New Mex., p. 13 (1875). - - _Tomitherium_, Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. W. of 100^o mer., ii., p. 135 - (in part). - - _Lemuravus_, Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., 1875, i., p. 239. - -{122}This genus is characterised by the second pre-molar having always two -roots; the anterior has one root and the third three; the posterior has one -external and one internal cusp. Of the true molars, all have two external -cusps; the anterior and median have two internal cusps and the posterior -has only one; of the lower teeth the posterior pre-molar has an internal -cusp and a heel; the next one has no internal cusp; the molars often have -the fore inner cusps double; the posterior molar has a strong heel. This -genus contains three species, all described by Cope (P. JARROVII, P. TUTUS, -P. FRUGIVORUS), with the hind inner cusp of the upper molars distinct from -the heel; and P. ANGULATUS, in which that cusp is small and is on the heel. -Their remains have been found in the Lower Eocene (Wasatch) beds of New -Mexico. P. HELVETICUS has been described from the Upper Eocene of -Egerkingen. - - -GENUS MICROSYOPS. - - _Microsyops_, Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1872, p. 20. - - _Limnotherium_, Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., 1871, ii., p. 43 (in part). - -This genus is easily distinguished, as Cope points out in his sumptuously -illustrated "Vertebrata of the Tertiary Formations of the West," by the -absence of the first (anterior) inferior pre-molar, and probably of the -superior first pre-molar also. The canine tooth of the lower jaw is very -large. The posterior pre-molar has an internal cusp, and the molars two -front inner cusps. There are three species, distinguished chiefly by size, -M. SPIERIANUS (Cope), very small; M. ELEGANS (Marsh), the largest, with -seven teeth succeeding the canine in the lower jaw; and M. SCOTTIANUS -(Cope); all from the Eocene of Wyoming. - - -{123}GENUS HYOPSODUS. - - _Hyopsodus_, Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1870, p. 109. - -The present genus is recognised by the front inner cusp of the lower molars -being single, and their heel presenting a cusp at its inner hind angle -(except in _H. acolytus_). Of the upper pre-molars, the median and -posterior have an internal cusp; and the molars have two outer and two -inner cusps with two small intermediate tubercles. There are six species -known, from the Wasatch and Bridger beds of Wyoming and New Mexico, of -which H. ACOLYTUS is distinguished by having the heel of the anterior and -median lower molars without an inner hind cusp. Professor Cope remarks that -though the species of this genus are not numerous, individuals of some of -them are exceedingly common in the Eocene beds of Wyoming. H. PAULUS and H. -MINUSCULUS, Leidy, H. VICARIUS and H. POWELLIANUS, Cope, with H. JURENSIS, -Rutimeyer, from the Upper Eocene of Egerkingen, are the best known species. - -The genera INDRODON, Cope, from the Lower Eocene Puerco formation of New -Mexico, with three cusped upper and four cusped lower molars; OPISTHOTOMUS, -APHELISCUS, and SARCOLEMUR, Cope, from the Wasatch of Wyoming; HIPPOSYUS, -Leidy; BATHRODON, MESACODON, and STENACODON, Marsh, from the Middle Eocene -Bridger beds; are of doubtful affinities. - - - - -II. THE MONKEYS AND APES--SUB-ORDER ANTHROPOIDEA. - - -This Sub-order, though containing animals of much higher organisation than -the _Lemuroidea_, embraces species presenting many different grades of -intelligence, and ranging in size from the Pigmy Marmoset, not larger than -a small Kitten, to the {124}ponderous Gorilla and the genus _Homo_. In -external characters the Monkeys and Apes have in general a shorter and less -Dog-like nose than the Lemurs, thin lips and a more distinct face; while -their eyes, situated on the face, are invariably directed forwards, and -never outwards, or to the side. The opening of their nostrils is either -outward (as in those inhabiting the New World), or downwards (as in the -bulk of the Old World species). All of them are covered with hair; the tail -may be long, short, or wanting. The proportions of the fore-limbs to the -hind- vary much in the different groups. The great toe, as well as the -thumb, is (except in a few species) fully opposable, so that in the -majority of members of the Sub-order, the foot is as good a prehensile -organ as the hand. From this circumstance comes the designation, -_Quadrumana_, or "four-handed," so often applied to these animals. In a few -species the thumb is rudimentary or absent, but the fore-finger, the -absence of which characterised some of the Lemurs, is always present and -well developed, and the corresponding digit in the foot (except in the -Marmosets) has a flat nail instead of a claw. The mammae of the -_Anthropoidea_ are always situated on the breast. If we examine the -structures underlying the skin, we find that in the skull the orbits are -entirely shut in by a bony wall, so that the finger cannot be passed into -the temporal depression behind, as could be done in the Lemurine skull, and -that the lachrymal foramen opens within the cavity for the eye. In the -present Sub-order there is no toothless space in the mid-line of the upper -jaw, the incisor teeth being set close together; but there is always a -vacuity, except in Man, between the incisors and the canine tooth. The -lower canine teeth do not resemble in form the incisors, nor do they -protrude horizontally, as in the Lemurs. {125}The two halves of the lower -jaw are always co-ossified together, when the animal is full grown. The -_humerus_, or arm-bone, never has an entepicondylar foramen on the inner -side of its lower portion, and the bones of the fore-arm (the _ulna_ and -_radius_) are never ossified together, nor are those of the lower leg (the -_tibia_ and _fibula_); so that there is perfect freedom for every movement -necessary for grasping and walking, or for rotating the hand or foot on the -wrist and ankle. - -With regard to the brain, the anthropoid cerebrum, or fore-brain, is -greatly convoluted, and differs from that of the Lemurs by its -proportionately larger size, the cerebellum, or hind-brain, being as a rule -entirely covered by it. - -The uterus and structures for the nutrition of the young prior to birth -differ greatly in this Sub-order from the conditions existing in the -_Lemuroidea_. The uterus is a simple and not a two-horned sac, and its -inner layer, in which the foetal and maternal structures intermingle during -the growth of the embryo, is shed after the birth of the young, which is -not the case in the Lemurs. - -"The resemblance of Monkeys to Man," says Mr. Darwin, "is greatly caused by -the relative position of the features of the face. The eyes are arched -over; they are separated by a long nose, the end of which in some is very -human. The mouth is not carried back, but occupies the same general -position as in Man, and the forehead, so often wrinkled, is usually -prominent and like that of a child. The likeness is increased by the fact -that anger, sorrow, pleasure, and satisfaction, are displayed by the Monkey -by nearly similar movements of the muscles and skin, chiefly above the -eyebrows and round the mouth. Some few expressions are indeed almost the -same, as in the weeping of certain kinds of Monkeys, and in the -{126}laughing noise made by others, during which the corners of the mouth -are drawn backward and the eyelids wrinkled. In Man the nose is much more -prominent than in most Monkeys; but we may trace the commencement of an -aquiline curvature in the nose of the Hoolock Gibbon, and this in the -Great-nosed Monkey (_Nasalis larvatus_) is carried to a ridiculous -extreme." - -In regard to the distribution of the _Anthropoidea_, excluding Man -(_Hominidae_), two families (the _Hapalidae_ and _Cebidae_) are known only -from the New World; and two others (the _Cercopithecidae_ and _Simiidae_) -are exclusively confined to the Old World. No fossil remains of Eastern -Hemisphere forms have as yet been found in the Western, or _vice versa_, a -fact which indicates, doubtless, a separation of great antiquity between -the two groups. The various species of these families are to be found -chiefly in the warmer regions on both sides of the equator. In the New -World some species range as far north as to 20^o N. lat. in Mexico; and -South, to 30^o below the equator. In the Eastern Hemisphere, the Old World -species predominate in the tropical and sub-tropical regions; but certain -forms have spread as far north as Thibet and Japan, and others have made -the high altitudes of the Himalaya Mountains their home; while to the -southward they extend in Africa nearly to the Cape of Good Hope. No -indigenous species have ever been found in New Guinea, Australia, New -Zealand, or in the Pacific, or West Indian Islands. - -The Apes of the Old World differ in many important characters from those of -the New. Among the former, as already mentioned, the openings of the -nostrils are directed downwards, as in Man; the nose is narrow, and the -nostrils themselves are set close together, being separated from each other -by a thin septum, or partition, of cartilage. On this account, {127}they -have received the name of Catarrhine Monkeys (_Catarrhini_).[7] The New -World Monkeys, on the other hand, have the nose flat and the opening of -their nostrils directed outwards, and the one nostril widely separated from -the other by a broad cartilaginous septum, and they are therefore -designated Platyrrhine Monkeys (_Platyrrhini_).[8] - -The dental formula of the Old World forms is I2/2, C1/1, P2/2, M3/3, making -a total of thirty-two teeth in all; but those of the Western Hemisphere -differ in having invariably three pre-molars, and sometimes two molars, -instead of three, so that they possess either thirty-two or thirty-six -teeth altogether. There is always a gap, or _diastema_, in the series of -the teeth in front of the upper and behind the lower canines; the latter -teeth being taller than the rest. Many of the Catarrhine Apes have large -cheek-pouches as well as bare patches, or callosities, often brightly -coloured, on the part they apply to the ground when sitting. None of the -Platyrrhine group have cheek-pouches or callosities, but in many of them -the tail is marvellously prehensile, which is not the case in any of the -Old World species. Again, in the Apes of the Eastern Hemisphere, the -ear-capsules of the skull have an external bony channel (or _meatus_) for -conveying the sound vibrations into the ear, which is absent in the -American species. - -As a rule the Platyrrhine Monkeys have the fore-limbs shorter than the -hind-, and are more quadrupedal than those of the Old World. Their thumb is -also more like a finger than the same digit in their Eastern brethren. - -Of the New World Monkeys, the _Hapalidae_, or Marmosets, have thirty-two -teeth, and the _Cebidae_, with several {128}sub-families, have thirty-six -teeth. The former include the Marmosets (_Hapale_) and the Tamarins -(_Midas_). The latter comprise the Capuchins (_Cebus_), which may be taken -as the representative genus of American Monkeys, the Woolly Monkeys -(_Lagothrix_), the Spider-Monkeys (_Ateles_ and the allied _Eriodes_), the -Howlers (_Mycetes_), the Sakis (_Pithecia_ and _Brachyurus_), the -Night-Monkeys or Douroucolis (_Nyctipithecus_), and the Squirrel Monkeys or -Saimiris (_Chrysothrix_), with the allied _Callithrix_. - -"The extensive equatorial forests of the Amazon and Orinoco, and their -tributaries, constitute _par excellence_ the home of the American Monkeys, -but the majority of the genera have a very extended range, appearing in one -or more species throughout the greater portion of the tract covered by the -entire family. This is more particularly the case with the Sapajous -(_Cebus_), Spider-Monkeys, Howlers, and the species of _Callithrix_. The -range of the species, on the other hand, is not unfrequently very sharply -defined, as, for example, when a natural barrier, offering insurmountable -obstacles to further migration, suddenly interposes itself. Examples of -such limitation, as brought about by the dominant water-courses of the -equatorial forests," are numerous. Mr. Wallace cites the case of certain -species of Saki Monkey (_Pithecia_), found on either side of the Amazon -river, whose range, either southward or northward, appears to be limited by -that river. "The number of species of these American Apes found in, and -north of, the Isthmus of Panama is ten, of which only one (_Ateles -vellerosus_) extends into Mexico; _Mycetes villosus_, the Guatemalan -Howler, or 'Mono,' has thus far been found only in Guatemala and Honduras. -It is a little surprising that the range of only two of the species--the -Black-faced Spider-Monkey (_Ateles ater_) {129}and one of the Night-Apes -(_Nyctipithecus vociferans_)--extends beyond Colombia, in South America." - -"None of the South American Monkeys appear to pass west of the Andean chain -of mountains south of Ecuador, and even north of the Peruvian boundary the -number of such transgressional forms is very limited. Indeed, even among -the wooded slopes, a habitation along the basal line of the mountain axis -seems to be much preferred. The greatest altitude at which Monkeys were -observed by Tschudi in Peru was 3,000 feet (_Lagothrix humboldti_); _Ateles -ater_ and _Cebus robustus_ were found at 2,500 feet. On the other hand, -Salvin and Godman state that in the district of Vera Paz, in Guatemala, the -'Mono' or Howler is most abundant at an elevation of 6,000 feet; and on the -Volcano of Atitlan, in the same country, Mr. Salvin found troops of the -Mexican Spider-Monkey (_Ateles vellerosus_) in the forest region of 7,000 -feet elevation. - -"The range of the Marmosets and Oustitis (_Hapalidae_) is nearly -co-extensive with that of the Monkeys proper." (_Heilbrin._) The Pigmy and -the Silky Marmoset range as far north as Mexico. - - - - -THE MARMOSETS AND TAMARINS. FAMILY HAPALIDAE. - - -Of the New World, or Platyrrhine, Apes, the Marmosets come to be described -first, as they have many characters which mark them out as the lowest of -the _Anthropoidea_, and rank them nearer to the _Lemuroidea_ than any of -the others. They are specially characterised by having only thirty-two -teeth, their dental formula being I2/2, C1/1, P3/3, M2/2. In the actual -number of their teeth they agree with their Eastern relations, but with -this {130}difference, that in the latter the pre-molars are two, and the -molars three, above and below on each side. Their flattened nose, with its -wide partition between the nostrils, and their non-prehensile bushy tails, -are also distinguishing characters. The face is nude, the ears large and -sometimes fringed. Their hind-limbs are proportionately larger and longer -than their fore-limbs, while the nails of their fingers and toes are not -flattened as in the Old World Apes, but all form sharp curved claws, except -on the much shortened great toe. The thumb is elongated and lies parallel, -but quite unopposable to, nor indeed is it separable at will from, the rest -of the digits. The fore-foot, consequently, "is a mere paw, and the term -'hand' is not applicable to it."... The plantar surface of the hind-foot -"is very long, and the digits are very short. It follows from these facts -that the term 'quadrumanous' is not applicable in any sense to the -Marmosets." (_Huxley._) These animals have no callosities over the ischial -(or buttock) bones, and no cheek-pouches. In their smooth and rounded skull -superciliary ridges are conspicuously absent; and the ear-capsules have, as -has been already observed, no external bony canal for conducting sound -vibrations to the inner ear. The hyoid bone resembles that of the Lemurs. - -This family has been divided into two genera, distinguished from each other -only by a variation in the relative length of their incisor and canine -teeth, which is so slight as to render it doubtful whether these -differences really warrant the generic separation of the two groups. As, -however, the distinction has been maintained by nearly all writers upon -these animals, the arrangement has been followed here, and the various -species of the family will be described as true Marmosets (_Hapale_) and -{131}Tamarins (_Midas_). They are most numerous in the equatorial forests -of South America. - - -THE MARMOSETS. GENUS HAPALE. - - _Hapale_, Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm., p. 71 (1811). - -The members of this genus, which are often kept in captivity as pets, are -very small animals, covered with thick and silky fur, and having bushy -tails, equal to or even exceeding the length of their body. The head is -round, the eyes large and watchful, the face short and nude, and often -abundantly whiskered. The mouth is large; the ears also large and often -fringed, and the neck sometimes clothed, with long hair. They are -distinguished from the Tamarins (_Midas_) by having their upper incisor -teeth long, narrow, and protruding outwards and forwards; the incisors of -the lower jaw are also very long, and its canines small and shorter than -the incisors, both being protrusive, as among the Lemurs. The cranial -region of the smooth skull is conspicuously large in comparison with its -facial portion, but the cerebrum shows a low type of organisation, and -indicates a small degree of intelligence in its possessor; it is smooth and -almost devoid of convolutions; the cerebrum, too, unlike that of the -_Lemuroidea_, completely covers the cerebellum. The orbits are large, and -almost completely walled in from the temporal depression behind. The -stomach in form resembles that found in the higher groups, but its orifices -for the entrance and exit of food are nearer to each other than in any of -the other American Monkeys. - -The female produces two or three young at a birth, instead of one, as is -the general rule among the _Anthropoidea_. The species vary much in -coloration, and some of them resemble the Lemurs in being ring-tailed. - -{132}The Marmosets are all gentle and playful in disposition, and are, on -this account, very largely brought to Europe as pets; but they are very -delicate, and rarely survive long in confinement after the advent of the -Northern winter. They are arboreal, living in troops, and feeding on -insects and fruit, and not disdaining flesh, especially of fishes, when -they can obtain it. They emit a characteristic chirping noise. - - -I. THE COMMON MARMOSET. HAPALE JACCHUS. - - _Simia jacchus_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 40 (1766). - - _Jacchus pencillatus_, Geoffr. Ann. Mus., xix., p. 119 (1812); Spix, t. - c. p. 34, pl. 26 (1823). - - _Jacchus leucocephalus_, Geoffr., t. c. p. 119. - - _Jacchus vulgaris_, Geoffr., t. c. p. 119; Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., - p. 63 (1870, in part). - - _Hapale jacchus_, Kuhl, Beitr., Zool., p. 46 (1820); Schleg., Mus. Pays - Bas, vii., p. 271 (1876). - - _Hapale albicollis_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., p. 33, pl. 25 (1823); - Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 59 (1851). - -CHARACTERS.--Head small; eyes gentle; nose flat; face black, with a white -spot in front; ears naked, with a tuft of long hairs on the front edge of -its opening, either black, white, or grey; hair of the sides of the head -elongated; back cross-banded with black and grey, the hair at the base -dusky, reddish-brown in the middle, grey at the top. Tail banded with black -or grey. - -Several species have been described under the names of the White-necked -Marmoset (_H. albicollis_, Spix), the Black-eared Marmoset (_H. -penicillata_, Kuhl), and the White-headed Marmoset (_H. leucocephala_, -Kuhl), but Dr. Gray considered these to be only varieties of the common -species, which has {133}sometimes the head and neck greyish-white, or the -head, neck and ear-tufts black, or the head alone white. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Island of Marajo, at the mouth of the Amazon. - -HABITS.--The Common Marmoset is an inhabitant of the forests, feeding -chiefly on fruits and insects. It is very susceptible to cold, and lives -but a short time when removed from the tropics, unless extreme care be -taken. Mr. Bates, the author of "The Naturalist on the River Amazons," -states that when in Para, he counted in a short time thirteen different -species of Monkey in semi-domestication in the city, either at the doors or -windows of houses, or in the native canoes. Two of them he did not meet -with afterwards in any other part of the country. One of these was the -well-known _Hapale jacchus_, a little creature resembling a Kitten, banded -with black and grey all over the body and tail, and having a fringe of long -white hairs surrounding the ears. It was seated on the shoulder of a young -mulatto girl as she was walking about the street, and he was told that it -had been captured in the island of Marajo. - - -II. THE WHITE-SHOULDERED MARMOSET. HAPALE HUMERALIFER. - - _Hapale humeralifer_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 120 (1812); Bates, - Nat. Amaz., ii., p. 55 (1863). - -CHARACTERS.--Face partly naked, flesh-coloured; ears fringed with long -white hairs. Fore-part of body white; hands grey; hind part black, with the -rump and under side reddish-tawny; tail banded with grey and black; long -white hair on the shoulders. Length about 8 inches, exclusive of the tail. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Mr. Bates says that this species seems to occur {134}only in -the dry woods bordering the Campos in the interior of Brazil. - -HABITS.--"One would mistake it," writes Mr. Bates in reference to this rare -little Marmoset--the prettiest species of its family--"at first sight for a -Kitten, from its small size, varied colours, and the softness of its fur. -It was a most timid creature, screaming and biting when anyone attempted to -handle it. It became familiar, however, with the people of the house, a few -days after it came into their possession. When hungry or uneasy, it uttered -a weak querulous cry, a shrill note which was sometimes prolonged so as to -resemble the stridulation of a grasshopper." - - -III. THE WHITE-EARED MARMOSET. HAPALE AURITA. - - _Jacchus auritus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 19 (1812). - - _Hapale aurita_, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 48 (1820); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, - vii., p. 276 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Larger than _Hapale jacchus_; ears naked, external, exposed, -with a band of long hairs across the inner surface of the conch, forming a -short grey tuft; tail ringed, blackish, the hair minutely punctulated with -yellow or red; sides of the head, limbs, and hinder part of body -blackish-brown; face more or less white; back blackish, without indication -of cross-bands. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Brazil. - - -IV. THE WHITE-FOOTED MARMOSET. HAPALE LEUCOPUS. - - _Hapale leucopus_, Guenth., P. Z. S., 1876, p. 743, pl. lxxii. - -CHARACTERS.--Hair of back and sides moderately long, silky, brownish-grey; -nape and occiput darker; face and head covered with short sparse white -hair; ears large, naked, and without tufts; throat greyish-brown; under -side of body and {135}inside of legs rusty-red; fore-arm, hands, and feet -white--the hairs short, blackish or black, with white tips. Head and body, -11-1/2 inches long; tail, 14-1/2 inches. Dorsal and lumbar vertebrae -together, 19. - -FEMALE.--Similar to the male, but with the hairs of the upper parts -silver-tipped. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Medellin, in the province of Antioquia, United States of -Colombia. - -HABITS.--Unknown. - - -V. THE GOLDEN MARMOSET. HAPALE CHRYSOLEUCA. - - _Hapale chrysoleucos_, Wagner in Wiegm. Arch., 1842, i., p. 357; id. in - Schreb. Saeugeth., Suppl., v., p. 125 (1855); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1869, p. - 594. - - _Mico sericeus_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 256, pl. xxiv. - - _Miocella chrysoleucos_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 131 (1870). - - _Miocella sericeus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus. App., p. 131 (1870). - - _Hapale chrysoleuca_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 227 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Ears large, naked, exposed, margined with long white hairs. -General colour white; limbs, under surface, and tail, uniform -greyish-yellow, or reddish-brown in some varieties. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Forests of Brazil; vicinity of Borba, on the Rio Madeira. - - -VI. THE PIGMY MARMOSET. HAPALE PYGMAEA. - - _Jacchus pygmaeus_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., pl. xxiv., fig. 2 - (1823). - - _Hapale pygmaea_, Wagner in Schreber, Saeugeth., v., p. 126 (1855). - Castelnau, Voy. Amer. Sud, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2; Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., - p. 277 (1876). - - {136}_Cibuella pygmaea_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 64 (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--Face with long brown whiskers, naturally brushed back over the -ears; ears small, with a few scattered hairs over them, but no ear-tufts, -sunk in the long fur of the head. General colour brownish-tawny; tail -ringed with black. The young resemble the adults from their earliest days. - -This is the most diminutive Monkey known, and measures only six inches in -length. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Forests of Brazil, extending north into Mexico. Mr. Bates -remarks in reference to this species: "I was surprised on my return to -England to learn that the Pigmy Marmoset was found also in Mexico, no other -Amazonian Monkey being known to wander far from the great river plain. Thus -the smallest, and apparently the feeblest, species of the whole order is -one which has by some means become the most widely dispersed." - -HABITS.--Little or nothing is known of the habits of this individual -species, but there is very little doubt that they agree closely with those -of the Common Marmoset. - - -VII. THE BLACK-TAILED MARMOSET. HAPALE MELANURA. - - _Simia argentata_, Linn., Syst. Nat., p. 40 (1766), albino var. - - _Jacchus melanura_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 120 (1812); Gray, P. Z. - S., 1865, p. 734. - - _Jacchus argentatus_, Geoffr., t. c. p. 120. - - _Hapale melanura_ (nec Kuhl); Wagner in Schreb., Saeugeth., i., p. 127, - fig. 36 (1840), and Suppl. v., p. 15, fig. 13 (1855); Scl., P. Z. S., - 1875, p. 419, pl. l.; Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 267 (1876). - - _Midas argentatus_, Bates, Nat. Amaz., i., p. 162 (1863). - - {137}_Mico melanurus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 64 (1870). - - _Hapale argentata_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 268 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Face naked, flesh-coloured; ears naked, flesh-coloured, -exposed; no ear-pencils, as in _H. chrysoleuca_; tail uniform black; head -and fore-limbs pale brown; front of the body paler; front edges of the -thighs, and a band across the loins, white. Length, 7 inches, without the -tail. Some varieties have the body entirely covered with long, white, silky -hairs. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Bolivia and Brazil. Mr. Bates says that the Black-tailed -Marmoset is one of the rarest of the American Monkeys. He did not hear of -its being found anywhere in Amazonia except near Cameta, on the River -Tocantins. - -HABITS.--Little is known of the habits of this species, few naturalists -having had the good fortune to observe it in its native state. Mr. Bates, -however, once saw three individuals together, running along a branch, and -looking like white Kittens. "I afterwards saw a pet animal," he says in his -book, "of this species, and heard that there were many so kept, and that -they were esteemed as choice treasures.... It was a most timid and -sensitive thing. The woman who owned it carried it constantly in her bosom, -and no money would induce her to part with her pet.... The nervous little -creature would not permit strangers to touch it. If anyone attempted to do -so, it shrank back, the whole body trembling with fear, and its teeth -chattered, whilst it uttered its tremulous, frightened tones. The -expression of its features was like that of its more robust brother, _Midas -ursulus_; the eyes, which were black, were full of curiosity and mistrust, -and it always kept them fixed on the person who attempted to advance -towards it." - - -{138}THE TAMARINS. GENUS MIDAS. - - _Midas_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 120 (1812). - -This genus differs from the preceding only in the characters of some of the -teeth. The canine teeth in the lower jaw are longer than their neighbouring -incisors; but, as has been pointed out by Prof. St. George Mivart, it is a -question whether this generic distinction can be maintained, as an -intermediate condition exists in some forms. - -For the convenience of description the species of this genus have been -divided into two groups--(_a_) those with long hair on the head and neck, -and (_b_) those with short hairs on the back of the head. The number of -species in the latter group is greater than in the former; and they are -further divided into those with, and those without, white lips. - - -I. THE SILKY TAMARIN. MIDAS ROSALIA. - - _Simia rosalia_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 41, pl. i. (1766). - - _Midas rosalia_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 121 (1812). - - _Leontopithecus rosalia_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 65 (1870). - - _Hapale rosalia_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 250 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--This is the first species of the long-whiskered and maned -group; fur soft and silky; tail equal in length to the body, bushy at the -tip; hair round the face and on the back of the neck very long, forming a -conspicuous ruff. Face, hands, and feet purple; general colour of the hair -golden yellow, more or less red, and glossy. - -These animals are said to possess an air-sac in the throat, at the back of -the _trachea_ (or windpipe), as in _Ateles_. Length, 11 inches; tail, 12 -inches. - -{139}DISTRIBUTION.--The Silky Tamarin is found in the forests of -South-eastern Brazil, in the coastal forests of New Granada, and as far -north as the Isthmus of Panama. - -HABITS.--The "Marakina," as this exceedingly beautiful species is often -called, lives in small troops, ascending to the slender branches at the -tops of the highest trees in the forest. The species is very playful and -intelligent. - -Closely related to the Silky Tamarin, if indeed it is really distinct from -it, is the Maned Tamarin (_M. leoninus_, of Humboldt), which inhabits the -same region, and is only seven inches in length, exclusive of the tail. "It -is named _leoninus_," remarks Mr. Bates, "on account of the long brown mane -which depends from the neck, and which gives it very much the appearance of -a diminutive Lion." In referring to their intelligence, the same writer -continues, "Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire relates of a species of this -genus, that it distinguished between different objects depicted on an -engraving. M. Audouin showed it the portraits of a cat and a wasp; at these -it became much terrified, whereas at the sight of a figure of a grasshopper -or beetle it precipitated itself on the picture as if to seize the objects -there represented." - -Another species, the Golden-headed Tamarin (_M. chrysomelas_, of Kuhl), -which is in general colour black, with the head, fore-arms, hands, and a -line beneath the tail, golden-yellow, is, according to Dr. Gray, "very like -a melanism of _Leontopithecus_ (= _Midas_) _rosalia_; but the hands and -feet, which are sometimes blackish in that species, are yellow--that is to -say, not changed." - - -II. GEOFFROY'S TAMARIN. MIDAS GEOFFROYI. - - _Midas oedipus_, var. Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., p. 30, pl. 23 (1823). - - {140}_Hapale geoffroyi_, Pucher., Rev. Zool., 1845, p. 336; Schl., Mus. - Pays Bas, vii., p. 258 (1876). - - _Midas geoffroyi_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 63 (1851); - Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 478, pl. xxxviii. - - _Midas ursulus_ (nec Geoffr.), Rep. Council Zool. Soc., 1858, p. 16. - - _Oedipus geoffroyi_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 65 (1870). - - (_Plate XIII._) - -CHARACTERS.--Face black; a patch on the top of the head white; back of neck -and shoulders, lower part of back, and upper side of base of tail -rusty-brown; ears, back, outer side of arms and thighs, and outer side of -upper part of leg, brownish-grey; throat, under surface of body, outer and -inner surface of fore-arms and legs, white; remainder of tail black. - -Hair on the crown of the head short, forming a narrow oblong patch; that on -the nape of the neck elongated. - -DISTRIBUTION.--At present only known from Panama. - -HABITS.--Unknown. - - -III. THE PINCHE MONKEY. MIDAS OEDIPUS. - - _Simia oedipus_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 41 (1766); Audeb. Singes, Fam. - vi., Sect, ii., pl. iv fig. 2. (1727). - - _Midas oedipus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 122 (1812). - - _Oedipus titi_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 65 (1870). - - _Hapale oedipus_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 258 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Face and sides of head nearly naked; top of head with large, -erect, crest; hair of neck elongated; tail not ringed. - -General colour greyish-brown; outside of limbs and base of tail, washed -with rusty-red; crest, throat, and lower surface of body, fore-limbs and -front edge of hind-limbs white; extremity of the tail black. - -PLATE XIII. - -[Illustration: GEOFFROY'S TAMARIN.] - - -{141}Differs from the preceding species, _M. geoffroyi_, in having a crest. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Pinche Monkey is found in the forests of New Granada, -near the coast. - -With the succeeding species we commence the description of the Tamarins -which have no conspicuous mane on the back of the neck, and that section -whose members have a patch of white hairs around the mouth, each looking at -a short distance, as Mr. Bates remarks, "as though it held a ball of -snow-white cotton in its teeth." - - -IV. THE WHITE-LIPPED TAMARIN. MIDAS LABIATUS. - - _Midas labiatus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 121 (1812); Gray, Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 66 (1870). - - _Jacchus labiatus_, Desmarest, Mammalog., p. 95 (1820); Humb., Rec. - d'Obs. Zool., Prod. sp. 44 (1811). - - _Hapale labiata_, Wagner in Schreb., Saeugeth., i., p. 246 (1840); Mus. - Pays Bas, vii., p. 260 (1876, part). - -CHARACTERS.--General colour black; under side reddish, the black -terminating on the front of the chest in a straight line, the hinder part -of the back washed with grey; the hinder part of the chest, belly, inside -of the limbs, and the under side of the root of the tail, rust-colour; tip -of nose and edges of upper and lower lips white. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The forests on the north side of the Amazon. - - -{142}V. THE RED-BELLIED TAMARIN. MIDAS RUFIVENTER. - - _Midas rufiventer_, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H., xii., p. 398 (1843); id. - P. Z. S., 1865, p. 735; id. Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 66 (1870). - - _Midas elegantulus_, Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1861, p. 463. - - _Hapale labiata_ (nec Geoffr.), Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 260 - (part). - -CHARACTERS.--Head, throat, fore-limbs, tail, and hands deep glossy black; -hairs of back, sides, and posterior limbs black, broadly tipped with white, -not regularly ringed; belly, breast and inner surface of limbs bright -brick-red, separated by a distinct line from the black of the back and -outer surface of the limbs. On the back of the head a small patch of the -same colour as the back; on the top of the head a golden-yellow triangular -patch. Lips and tip of the nose, white. - -This species is distinguished from the White-lipped Tamarin (_M. labiatus_) -by the spot on the crown and nape; and by the rufous of the under side -extending forward nearer to the throat. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Banks of the Upper Amazon. Mr. Bates shot a specimen at -Tunantins in 69^o W. long., and 4^o S. lat. - -HABITS.--Nothing is known of the habits of this species. - -Closely allied to the Red-bellied Tamarin is the so-called MOUSTACHED -TAMARIN (_Midas mystax_, Spix), in which the head, shoulders, and tail are -black; the body above brown, sometimes ringed with white, and the belly -bright rust-coloured. It can be distinguished, as Dr. Slack points out, -from _M. rufiventer_, by the want of the ashy tips to the hairs of the back -{143}and posterior limbs, and the triangular golden spot on the vertex. The -hairs of this spot are golden throughout their entire length, in this -respect resembling another closely related Upper Amazonian species, the -so-called BONNETED TAMARIN (_M. pileatus_, Is. Geoffr.), from which it can -readily be distinguished by the black colour of the under surface. The back -of the Bonneted Tamarin is also varied, black and grey, the limbs and tail -are blackish, and the lips white. - - -VI. DEVILLE'S TAMARIN. MIDAS WEDDELLI. - - _Midas weddellii_, Deville, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1849, p. 55. - - _Midas devillii_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 64 (1851); - Castelnau, Exped. Amer. Sud, Mamm., pl. vi., fig. 2 (1855); Gray, Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 67 (1870). - - _Midas leucogenys_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 735; id. Cat. Monkeys Brit. - Mus., p. 67 (1870). - - _Hapale devillei_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 262 (1876). - - _Hapale weddelii_, Schl., t. c. p. 262. - -CHARACTERS.--Fur of back ringed with grey; that of the head, neck, and -front of the fore- and hind-limbs, tail, hands, and feet black; loins, -thighs, legs, and base of tail bright maroon. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Obtained by MM. Castelnau and Deville, at Sarayacu, in the -Peruvian Amazons. - - -VII. THE BLACK-FRONTED TAMARIN. MIDAS NIGRIFRONS. - - _Midas nigrifrons_, Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 64 (1851). - - _Midas flavifrons_, var. c. _Midas nigrifrons_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. - Mus., p. 67 (1870). - - _Hapale nigrifrons_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 263 (1876). - -{144}CHARACTERS.--Differs from _M. weddelli_ in having the fur washed with -rufous, and the hairs finely ringed. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Unknown. - - -VIII. THE BROWN-HEADED TAMARIN. MIDAS FUSCICOLLIS. - - _Midas fuscicollis_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., p. 27, pl. 20 (1823). - - _Midas flavifrons_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 64 (1851); - Castelnau, Exped. Amer. Sud, Mamm., pl. vi., fig. 1 (1855); Gray, Cat. - Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 67 (1870). - - _Midas devillii_ (nec Is. Geoffr.), Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., - 1861, p. 464. - - _Hapale fuscicollis_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 264 (1876). - - _Hapale chrysomelas_ (nec Kuhl), Schl., t. c. p. 254. - -CHARACTERS.--Pelage mostly black; head and face brown or reddish-brown, -with some grey hairs; lips white, but the nose black; top of the head -yellow, or yellowish-red; back yellow and black; hands and feet black; -outside of the limbs and base of the tail reddish; under side of the body -and inside of the limbs brownish-red. - -The female differs in having the outside of the limbs and the underpart of -the body blackish. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Brazil. - -HABITS.--Nothing is known of the individual habits of this species. - - -IX. THE YELLOW-TAILED TAMARIN. MIDAS CHRYSOPYGUS. - - _Hapale chrysopyga_, Wagner, in Schreb. Saeugeth., i., Simiae, p. 249 - (1840); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 254 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Similar to _M. fuscicollis_. Black, with the thighs, legs, and -base of tail rusty-red. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Brazil, near Ypanema, Province of St. Paulo. - - -{145}X. THE BLACK AND RED TAMARIN. MIDAS NIGRICOLLIS. - - _Midas nigricollis_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., p. 28, pl. 21 (1823). - - _Midas rufoniger_, I. Geoffr. et Deville, C. R., xxvii., p. 499 (1848); - Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 64 (1851); Castelnau, Exped. Amer. - Sud, pl. v., fig. 3 (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 67 (1870). - - _Hapale nigricollis_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 264 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Differs from _M. fuscicollis_ in having the back, loins, -thighs, and legs bright reddish-chestnut. (_Gray._) Mouth bordered with -longish white hairs. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Upper Amazon Region. (_Bates._) The Black and Red -Tamarin is considered by Mr. Bates to be a form or race of the same stock -as _M. ursulus_, modified to suit the altered local conditions of its home, -for in the Upper Amazon Region, as Mr. Wallace has pointed out, the -seasons, as well as the nature of the country, differ very considerably. - -HABITS.--Mr. Bates states that in its habits the present species is similar -to _Midas ursulus_. "One day," he says, "whilst walking along a forest -pathway, I saw one of these lively little fellows miss his grasp as he was -passing from one tree to another along with his troop. He fell head -foremost from a height of at least fifty feet; but managed cleverly to -alight on his legs on the pathway; quickly turning round, he gave me a good -stare for a few minutes, and then bounded off gaily to climb another tree." - - -XI. ILLIGER'S TAMARIN. MIDAS ILLIGERI. - - _Hapale illigeri_, Pucher., Rev. Zool., 1845, p. 336. - - {146}_Midas illigeri_, Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 65 (1851); Schl., - Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 65 (1876). - - _Midas flavifrons_, var. _d._ Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 67 - (1870). - - _Midas devillii_ (nec Geoffr.), Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 220, pl. - xiii. - -CHARACTERS.--Head black; back black, washed with grey; back of head, nape -of neck, shoulders and humeral region black, washed with reddish-brown; -under side and the outer and inner surface of both limbs red; tail at base -and tip red, intermediate portion black. - -The sexes hardly differ; the male being merely rather larger and darker, -especially on the head and nape, where the hair is longer. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Mr. E. Bartlett says that this was the only _Midas_ met with -by him in Eastern Peru. It was plentiful everywhere in the Peruvian -Amazons; and he obtained specimens both on the Huallaga and Ucayali rivers. - -HABITS.--This species is extremely delicate, and will not bear the least -cold. "I have had them alive," writes Mr. Edward Bartlett, "for two or -three weeks; but they appear to suffer from cold and die. They are kept, -however, by the Indian women, who make pets of them and put them into the -long hair on their heads. With this protection they are able to live for a -long time. Having become tame, they frequently hop out and feed, or, having -captured a spider or two, scamper back again, and hide under the luxuriant -crop of their owners, who are generally unwilling to part with them." - - em00With the succeeding species commences the group of Tamarins with no - mane and without white lips. - - -{147}XII. THE PIED TAMARIN. MIDAS BICOLOR. - - _Midas bicolor_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras, p. 31, pl. 24, fig. 1 - (1823). - - _Hapale bicolor_, Wagner in Schreb., Saeugeth., v., p. 135, pl. 12 - (1855); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 257 (1876). - - _Seniocebus bicolor_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 68 (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--Head naked in front of the ears in the adult; hind-part of the -head covered with long white hairs; ears exposed, naked; tail not ringed, -the upper side black; nose and lips black; neck, chest and arms white; -face, body, and hind-limbs brown; under side of tail, inner side of limbs, -and the abdomen ferruginous. - -In the young animal, the face is rather hairy and the forehead naked. -(_Gray._) - -DISTRIBUTION.--The eastern bank of the Rio Negro, a northern tributary of -the Amazon. Mr. Bates obtained a specimen at Barra, where it was rather -common in the forest; and, he adds: "This place, a waterfall near Barra, -which its citizens consider as the chief natural curiosity of their -neighbourhood, is classic ground to the naturalist, from having been a -favourite spot with the celebrated travellers Spix and Martius, during -their stay at Barra in 1820. Von Martius was so much impressed by its -magical beauty, that he commemorated the visit by making a sketch of the -scenery, to serve as background in one of the plates of his great work on -the Palms." - -HABITS.--Keeping together in small troops, running along the main boughs of -the loftier trees, climbing perpendicular trunks, but never taking flying -leaps. - - -{148}XIII. LACEPEDE'S TAMARIN. MIDAS MIDAS. - - _Simia midas_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 42 (1766). - - _Simia lacepedii_, Fischer, Bull. Soc. Mosc., 1806, p. 23. - - _Midas rufimanus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 121 (1812). - - _Midas ursulus_, var. Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 68 (1870). - - _Hapale midas_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 266 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--General colour black; hands and feet golden-yellow or bright -rusty-red; ears short, haired. The young males resemble the adults. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Surinam. - - -XIV. THE NEGRO TAMARIN. MIDAS URSULUS. - - _Midas ursulus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 121 (1812); Gray, Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 68 (1870). - - _Midas tamarin_, Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1861, p. 464. - - _Hapale ursula_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 265 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Body long, slender, covered with soft thick fur; ears large, -naked; the face haired. General colour black; nose and lips black; hinder -part of the body rather mottled or banded with reddish-brown or -greyish-white; the hands sometimes black and sometimes yellow. Length, 9 -inches; tail, 15 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Found on the Lower Amazon, near Para. Mr. Bates says it is -not met with in the Upper Amazon Region, but in its stead a closely allied -species (_Midas nigricollis_), presents itself.[9] - -{149}HABITS.--"The _Midas ursulus_ is never seen," writes Mr. Bates, "in -large flocks; three or four is the greatest number observed together. It -seems to be less afraid of the neighbourhood of Man than any other Monkey. -I sometimes saw it in the woods which border the suburban streets, and once -I espied two individuals in a thicket behind the English Consul's house at -Nazareth. Its mode of progression along the main boughs of the lofty trees -is like that of the Squirrels; it does not ascend to the slender branches, -or take wonderful flying leaps like those Monkeys whose prehensile tails -and flexible hands fit them for such headlong travelling. It confines -itself to the larger boughs and trunks of trees, its long nails being of -great assistance to the creature, enabling it to cling securely to the -bark; and it is often seen passing rapidly round the perpendicular -cylindrical trunks. It is a quick, restless, timid little creature, and has -a great share of curiosity, for when a person passes by under the trees -along which a flock is running, they always stop for a few moments to have -a stare at the intruder." In Para, the Negro Tamarin "is often seen in a -tame state in the houses of the inhabitants.... When first taken, or when -kept tied up, it is very timid and irritable. It will not allow itself to -be approached, but keeps retreating backwards when anyone attempts to coax -it. It is always in a querulous humour, uttering a twittering, complaining -noise; its dark, watchful eyes, expressive of distrust, are observant of -every movement which takes place near it. When treated kindly, however, as -it generally is in the houses of the natives, it becomes very tame and -familiar.... It is generally fed on sweet fruits, such as the banana; but -it is also fond of insects, especially soft-bodied spiders and -grasshoppers, which it will snap up with eagerness when within {150}reach. -The expression of countenance in these small Monkeys is intelligent and -pleasing. This is partly owing to the open facial angle, which is given as -one of 60^o, but the quick movements of the head, and the way they have of -inclining it on one side, when their curiosity is excited, contribute very -much to give them a knowing expression.... In mobility of expression of -countenance, intelligence and general manners, these small Monkeys resemble -the higher Apes far more than they do any rodent animal with which I am -acquainted, notwithstanding their apparently low organisation in many -points." - -This description of the habits of the Negro Tamarin may be taken as -representative of those of the various species of the genus, of whom only -glimpses can be caught in their homes, which are the safe altitudes of the -giants of the virgin forests of Brazil. - - - - -THE CAPUCHINS, HOWLERS, AND SPIDER-MONKEYS, &c. FAMILY CEBIDAE. - - -This family embraces the typical Platyrrhine Monkeys, and to it belongs the -great majority of the American species. As already pointed out (p. 127) -their nose is flat, and the partition between the nostrils, which open -sideways, is very broad, and separates them widely. They are essentially -quadrupedal, and walk with the soles of both pairs of limbs flat to the -ground. The Spider-Monkeys occasionally, however, assume an erect posture. -"They all possess tails, and in some genera (_e.g._, _Ateles_) this organ -becomes very flexible and muscular, and the under surface of its curled -extremity is devoid of hair and highly sensitive. The tail thus modified is -a powerful prehensile organ and serves for a fifth hand." (_Huxley._) In -these {151}Monkeys there are no cheek-pouches, nor ischial callosities. -Except in the Spider-Monkeys the hind-limbs are longer than the fore-; -"while the thumb, even where it is best developed, is capable of but a -partial opposition to the other fingers, bending almost in the same plane -with the latter, so as to be more like a fifth finger." (_Mivart._) -Nevertheless, all its muscles, except the long flexor, are present. The -great-toe is large and can be moved from and to the side of the other -digits, but is not opposable to them. - -The skull is smooth and has no muscular crests; the external bony tube to -the ear is not ossified. The two extremes in its form are presented by the -Howling Monkeys (_Alouatta_) and the Squirrel-Monkeys (_Chrysothrix_), as -pointed out by Professor Huxley in his "Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals": -"In the former the face is very large and prominent, with a low facial -angle. The roof of the brain-case is depressed; the plane of the _occipital -foramen_ [for the passage of the spinal cord] is almost perpendicular" to -the axis of the base of the skull. "In _Chrysothrix_, on the contrary, the -face is relatively small, with a high facial angle; the brain-case is -moderately arched;" and the plane of the _occipital foramen_ is horizontal. - -The dentition of the _Cebidae_ is very characteristic of the family. The -dental formula is I2/2, C1/1, P3/3, M3/3 and the teeth thirty-six in all--a -larger number than is found in any of the Old World forms, or in the -species of the last family (the _Hapalidae_); for they possess an extra -pre-molar tooth above and below on each side. Their molar teeth are -four-cusped; and in the upper molars of the Spider-Monkeys (_Ateles_) and -of the Howlers (_Alouatta_) there is an oblique cusp, such as is found in -the molars of the _Lemuroidea_, joining the hind inner to the front outer -cusp. Among the _Cebidae_ the brain varies {152}very much; the posterior -lobes of the main brain (or cerebral hemispheres, which are almost always -convoluted) are also almost always so large as to entirely cover over the -cerebellum (or hind brain), a relation which does not exist between these -two regions of the brain in the _Lemuroidea_. The cerebellum, however, in -the Howlers is slightly uncovered. The absolute size of the brain never, in -any Ape, approaches that of Man. None of the _Cebidae_ attain the size of -even the medium-sized Old World Apes. - -The _Cebidae_ are all arboreal, and strictly confined to the forest regions -of Tropical America, from the southern part of Mexico to about the parallel -of 30^o S. lat. They are divided into four sub-families, namely: The -Douroucolis, or Night-Monkeys (_Nyctipithecinae_); the Saki Monkeys -(_Pitheciinae_); the Howlers (_Mycetinae_); and the Capuchin Monkeys -(_Cebinae_). - - - - -THE NIGHT-MONKEYS. SUB-FAMILY NYCTIPITHECINAE. - - -The Night-Monkeys are small and elegant animals covered with long hair, and -having long bushy tails, which are not prehensile, although they can be -curled round a branch of a tree. The caudal vertebrae in these creatures -are consequently not flattened from above downward, as is the case in the -prehensile-tailed groups, but rounded. Their lower incisor teeth are set -vertically and their thumb is fairly well developed. - -This sub-family contains three genera, the Squirrel-Monkeys -(_Chrysothrix_); the Whaiapu-Sais, or Titis (_Callithrix_); and the typical -Night-Monkeys, or Douroucolis (_Nyctipithecus_). - - -THE SQUIRREL-MONKEYS. GENUS CHRYSOTHRIX. - - _Chrysothrix_, Kaup., Thierreich., i., p. 51 (1835). - -{153}The Saimiris, or Squirrel-Monkeys, are very beautiful and active -little animals, characterised by their soft, close, and erect fur, and -especially in having the head produced posteriorly. The face is relatively -small and has a high facial angle. The eyes are large, directed forwards, -and set very close together. The ears are large; and the nose has a very -broad partition between its nostrils. The tail is long, round, and covered -with short hair; but tufted at the extremity and non-prehensile. - -As regards the skeleton, the skull is elongated, and the arched cranial -portion prolonged backwards, the length of the base of the skull being -shorter than the cerebral cavity. The facial portion of the skull is -relatively smaller and the cranial larger even than in Man; this character -being, however, common to all the smaller representatives of particular -groups, and "obviously necessary to provide the requisite amount of -brain-space." (_Mivart._) The angle of the lower jaw is narrow behind. The -bony partition between the nostrils is very thin and membranaceous; and -that between the large orbits is also thin and imperfect. The lower incisor -teeth are vertical, and in regular series with the canines, and the latter -are well developed. No Primate has the teeth placed in one uninterrupted -series except Man; but there is always a small interval between each upper -canine and the adjacent incisor, and between each lower canine and the -adjacent pre-molar. - -The skeleton of the hand is one-fifth of the length of the spinal column. -The wrist-bones are nine in number, the central--_os centrale_--being -present as in the majority of Monkeys. In _Chrysothrix_ and in -_Nyctipithecus_ also, the thumb is proportionately shorter than in any -other genus, except among the Spider-Monkeys (_Ateles_), and the Old World -{154}Guerezas (_Colobus_). In the length of their foot the members of this -genus approximate to the proportion existing in Man; and its length, -compared with that of the hand, is greater in _Chrysothrix_ than in any -other group of Monkeys. - -The cerebral hemispheres project beyond the hind brain (_cerebellum_) to a -greater relative extent than in any other mammal, namely, to one-fifth of -their total length. (_Huxley._) The external surface of the cerebral -hemispheres is almost as little convoluted as in the Marmosets and -Tamarins, in which it is almost quite smooth, yet on the inner faces of the -hemispheres the more important grooves (_sulci_) are present. The opening -for the passage of the spinal cord lies nearly in the middle of the base of -the skull, whereas in other genera it is situated closer to the hinder -region. - -The Squirrel-Monkeys are entirely arboreal, and found in most of the -tropical regions from Costa Rica to Brazil and Bolivia, being among the -commonest of the Anthropoids of the American forests. They are diurnal, and -feed chiefly on insects; but they will also often attack and devour small -birds. - - -I. THE SHORT-TAILED SQUIRREL-MONKEY. CHRYSOTHRIX USTA. - - _Saimiris usta_, Is. Geoffr., Arch. Mus., iv., p. 15, pl. 1 (1844). - - _Saimiris ustus_, Bartlett, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 219; Sclater, P. Z. S., - 1872, p. 688, fig. of head. - - _Chrysothrix ustus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 53 (1870). - - _Saimiri sciureus_ (nec L.), Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 242 (1876, - pt.) - -CHARACTERS.--Face white; head grizzled grey, minutely punctulated with -black, the hairs grey with black tips; outer side of fore-arm grizzled -grey, but in some species golden; back {155}grizzled grey, washed with -golden, the tips of the hairs black; tail short, thick and grey, but with -the tip black. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The forests of Bolivia and Brazil. This is a common species, -inhabiting the whole of the Peruvian Amazons, and may be met with on every -stream. (_E. Bartlett._) - -HABITS.--Arboreal and gregarious, moving about in large numbers through the -forest, feeding on insects--chiefly orthoptera and spiders--small birds, -and fruits. - - -II. THE BLACK-HEADED SQUIRREL-MONKEY. CHRYSOTHRIX ENTOMOPHAGA. - - _Callithrix entomophagus_, d'Orb., Voy. Amer. Mer., iv., Mamm. pl. 4 - (1836). - - _Callithrix boliviensis_, d'Orb., Nouv. Ann. Mus., iii., p. 89 (1834). - - _Saimiris entomophagus_, d'Orb., Voy. Amer. Mer., iv., Mamm., text, p. 10 - (1847); Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 38 (1851). - - _Saimiri entomophagus_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 246 (1876). - - _Chrysothrix sciurea_ (nec L.), Frantz. in Wiegm. Arch. f. Nat., xxxix., - p. 260 (1869). - - _Chrysothrix entomophagus_, Wagn., Ann. Nat. Hist., xii., p. 42 (1843); - Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 53 (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--Face grey, washed with yellow; ears haired; head black; hairs -of back black, with long yellow tips, or yellow with black tips, producing -a shade of brown washed with golden; outer side of upper part of arms and -legs yellow, peppered with black; throat, under surface of body and inside -of limbs yellowish-grey; tail long, black. - -{156}In some species the upper part of the head has a shade of yellow, -caused by the colour of the lower half of the hairs showing through the -black tips. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Bolivia; Veragua, Central America; and the warmer regions of -Costa Rica, where it inhabits the humid forests. - - -III. THE COMMON SQUIRREL-MONKEY. CHRYSOTHRIX SCIUREA. - - _Simia sciurea_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 43 (1766); Humb., Obs. Zool., - p. 334 (var. _cassiquiarensis_). - - _Callithrix sciureus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 113 (1812). - - _Saimiri sciureus_, Cuv., Reg. An., p. 103, pl. 1 (1829); Schl., Mus. - Pays Bas, vii., p. 242 (1876). - - _Chrysothrix lunulata_, Geoffr., Arch. Mus., iv., p. 18 (1844). - - _Chrysothrix sciurea_, Wagner in Schreb., Saeugth. Suppl., v., p. 120, - pl. 9, (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 53 (1870); Sclater, P. - Z. S., 1880, p. 395. - - _Chrysothrix nigrivittata_, Wagn., Abh. bay. Ak. Muenchen, v., p. 461. - -CHARACTERS.--Smaller than the two preceding species; face greyish-white; -chin round and prominent; head blackish-grey; back grey, or grey washed -with gold, the basal part of the hairs golden and the tips black; outer -side of the fore-arm yellow; tail long, slender, grizzled grey, with the -tip black. Length of the body, 10 inches; of the tail, 14 inches. - -Certain females, examined by Dr. Sclater, had a distinct black line along -the side of the crown above each ear and extending in front, down the side -of the face, nearly to a level {157}with the angle of the mouth; but Mr. -Buckley says the Indians consider the black lines to be merely a sign of -age. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species has an extensive range, being found on both -banks of the Amazon, Rio Negro, and on the Copataza river; also in Guiana, -Surinam, and Colombia, near Bogota. - -HABITS.--Like its congeners, the Common Squirrel-Monkey is arboreal, going -about in large flocks. Their food consists of insects and fruits. Mr. Bates -observes that the "pretty little _Chrysothrix sciureus_ contents itself -with devouring what fruit it can on the spot," thus differing from certain -species of _Cebus_, which destroy more than they eat, and when about to -return to the forest, carry away all they can in their hands or under their -arms. - -Mr. Darwin has remarked in his "Expression of the Emotions in Man and -Animals," that "with Monkeys the expression of any painful emotion is not -easily distinguished from that of anger." "Humboldt," he adds, "also -asserts that the eyes of the _Callithrix sciureus_ 'instantly fill with -tears when it is seized with fear'; but when this pretty little Monkey in -the Zoological Gardens was teased, so as to cry out loudly, this did not -occur. I do not, however, wish to throw the least doubt on the accuracy of -Humboldt's statement." - -This species is a great favourite wherever it has been kept in captivity. -It is very bright coloured, has a baby-like face, large and bright eyes, -and most gentle manners. These Monkeys are very sensitive to cold, and when -a sudden fall in the temperature takes place, they huddle close together, -clasping each other with their arms, and embracing their neighbours and -themselves with their long tails. - - -{158}IV. THE RED-BACKED TITI. CHRYSOTHRIX OERSTEDI. - - _Saimaris sciurea ?_ (nec Linn.), Sclater, P. Z. S., 1856, p. 139. - - _Chrysothrix sciurea_ (nec Linn.), Scl., N. H. Rev., 1861, p. 510; - Frantz. Arch. f. Naturg., xxxv. (1), p. 260. - - _Chrysothrix oerstedi_, Reinh. Vidensk. Medd. Nat. For. Kjoebenh., p. - 157, pl. iii. (1872); Alston, in Godm. et Salv., Biol. Centr. Am. Mamm., - p. 16, pl. ii. (1879). - - _Saimiris entomophaga_, Sclater, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 3 (nec d'Orb.). - - _Saimiri oerstedii_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 245 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Differs from _C. sciurea_ in having the top of the head black, -the back and sides shining red, and the limbs olive. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Panama, Guatemala, Costa Rica, especially their hotter -districts,--being particularly abundant in the Valley of Terraba and on the -plain of Piris. - - -THE TITI MONKEYS. GENUS CALLITHRIX. - - _Callithrix_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 112 (1812). - -This genus is intermediate between the Squirrel-Monkeys and the typical -Night-Monkeys. In the Titis, sometimes known by the name also of -Whaiapu-Sai Monkeys, the fur is soft, the head small, depressed, and not -produced backward as in _Chrysothrix_; the tail is long and bushy; the eyes -are small, and the orbits intermediate in size between those of the last -and the next genus; the nasal partition is broad, and the ears large. The -canine teeth are small, and the angle of the lower jaw expanded, somewhat -as in the Howlers (_Mycetes_), though to a less extent. - -{159}The Titi Monkeys are diurnal animals, arboreal and gregarious, very -lively in disposition, noisy and agile, living on fruit, insects, birds' -eggs, and even small birds. They range all over South America, from Panama -to the southern limits of the forest regions. - - -I. THE WHITE-COLLARED TITI. CALLITHRIX TORQUATA. - - _Cebus torquatus_, Hoffm., Mag. Ges. Nat. Freund. Berlin, x., p. 86 - (1807). - - _Simia lugens_, Humb., Obs. Zool., i., p. 319 (1811). - - _Callithrix lugens_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 113 (1812). - - _Saguinus vidua_, Lesson, Species Mamm. Bimanes et Quadrum., p. 165 - (1840). - - _Callithrix torquatus_, Geoffr., t. c. p. 114; Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. - Mus., p. 55 (1870). - - _Callithrix torquata_, Schleg., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 235 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Head round; face short; ears short, nearly naked; nose flat. -Fur soft and woolly, intermixed with many long, stiff, dark reddish-brown -hairs,--the hairs red at the base, and black at the tips; forehead black; -crown of head dark brown; a narrow band round the face, white; a narrow -collar round the neck, reddish-white; hands white; hair of feet red at the -base, but black at the tips. Length of the body, about 12 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Confined to the upper reaches of the Rio Negro, Brazil. - -HABITS.--This species, often known under the name of the Widow Monkey, is -said to be very gentle in disposition. {160}When approaching to capture -insects or small birds, which form its prey, it becomes keen and excited, -but at other times it appears to be dull and listless. They roam about in -flocks of about half a dozen individuals, on the large branches of the -great forest trees. They are noisy animals, and in the early morning they -make the forest resound with their yelping cries. - - -II. THE RED TITI. CALLITHRIX CUPREA. - - _Callithrix cuprea_, Spix, Sim. et Vesper. Bras., p. 23, pl. 17, (1823); - Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 54 (1870); Schleg., Mus. Pays Bas, - vii., p. 236 (1876); Thomas, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 394. - - _Callithrix discolor_, Is. Geoffr., C.R., xxvii., p. 498 (1848); id. Cat. - Meth. Primates, p. 41 (1851); id. Arch. Mus., v., p. 551, pl. 28; Wagner - in Schreb., Saeugeth. Suppl., v., p. 114 (1855). - - (_Plate XIV._) - -CHARACTERS.--Fur soft and woolly, mixed with numerous long stiff hairs; -face black; back grizzly blackish-grey in colour; tail the same but darker; -the basal part and tips of the hairs grey, with an intermediate band below -the tips, black; tip of the tail sometimes white; the cheeks, throat, -hands, feet, legs, and the under side of the body, dark reddish bay; the -ears coppery-red. - -PLATE XIV. - -[Illustration: THE RED TITI.] - - -{161}DISTRIBUTION.--This species is found throughout the whole of the -Peruvian Amazons, though not in very large numbers--indeed, it is said to -be rare. It has been recorded from Cashiboya on the Ucayali, and Santa Cruz -on the Huallaga. Mr. O. Thomas mentions his having examined twelve -specimens from the Copataza river, and one from Andoas in Ecuador. Of these -he says: "The Andoas specimen, which is a male, differs from the rest in -having the fur on the back of a dirty orange-grey colour, without -annulations, instead of being of a bright annulated black and white. One of -the others, a female, shows a tendency to this condition of the hair, which -is, therefore, probably a seasonal change, as the Andoan specimen was shot -in September, while the others were obtained between December and -February." - - -III. THE WHITE-CHESTED TITI. CALLITHRIX AMICTA. - - _Simia amicta_, Humboldt, Obs. Zool., i., p. 357 (1811). - - _Callithrix amicta_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., p. 19, pl. xiii. - (1833). - - _Callithrix amictus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 114 (1812); Gray, Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 54 (1870). - - _Callithrix torquata_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 235 (part, 1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Agrees with the last species in the character of the fur; but -the general colour is black, washed with rufous; the forehead is black; the -chest has a pure white spot; the hands are white, but the feet black; the -tail has the hairs entirely black throughout. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Guiana. - - -IV. THE REED TITI. CALLITHRIX CINERASCENS. - - _Callithrix cinerascens_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., p. 20, pl. 14 - (1823). - - _Callithrix donacophilus_, d'Orb., Voy. Amer. Sud, iv., p. 10, pl. 5 - (1826); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 55 (1870). - - _Callithrix donacophila_, Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 41 (1851); - Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 240 (1876). - -{162}CHARACTERS.--Fur long and similar in character to that of _C. -torquata_; chest and under side of body pale grey or dark reddish-grey; -hands and feet grey; back of the same colour; tail mottled grey,--the hairs -being grey, with black tips. - -In some species the fur varies from dark grey washed with rufous, to almost -white, the red wash, where it occurs, sometimes deepening, or almost -vanishing. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Mr. Bates observed this species at Serra dos Parentins, in -the Lower Amazon Region above the confluence of the Tapajos with the -Amazon. It also extends to Bolivia and Peru. - - -V. THE ORABASSU TITI. CALLITHRIX MOLOCH. - - _Cebus moloch_, Hoffman, Mag. Gesell. Berlin, x., p. 97 (1807). - - _Callithrix moloch_, Geoffr., Arch. Museum, iv., p. 33, pl. 3(1844), id., - Ann. Mus., xix., p. 114 (1812); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 55 - (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--Differs from the Reed Titi in having the cheeks, chest, and -belly red. Hands and feet of the same colour as the back, grey. - -The cerebral convolutions of this animal are, according to M. C. Dareste, -exactly those of a "Maki," or _Lemur_. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Throughout Brazil. - - -VI. THE ORNATE TITI. CALLITHRIX ORNATA. - - _Callithrix discolor_, Verreaux, M.S. (nec Geoffr.). - - _Callithrix ornata_, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xvii., p. 57 (1866). - - _Callithrix ornatus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 55 (1870). - -{163}CHARACTERS.--General colour black and grey, grizzled; forehead and -ears white, instead of black as in _C. caligata_, or coppery-red as in _C. -cuprea_; temples, cheeks, throat, under side of body, and inner side of -legs, bright chestnut; hands and feet grey; tail black, with a grey -tinge,--the hairs being grey, with a dark ring near the tip of each; hands -and feet the colour of the back. - -DISTRIBUTION.--U. S. Colombia; vicinity of Bogota. - -HABITS.--This species is arboreal, like the other members of its genus, and -it is said to be nocturnal. It spends the day rolled up very much as many -of the Lemurs do. - - -VII. THE MASKED TITI. CALLITHRIX PERSONATA. - - _Callithrix personatus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 113 (1812); Spix, - Sim. et Vespert. Bras., p. 18, pl. 12 (1823); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. - Mus., p. 56 (1870). - - _Callithrix brunnea_, Wagner, Arch. f. Naturg., 1842, i., p. 357 (ex - Natterer, MSS.). - - _Pithecia melanops_, Vigors, Cat. Coll. Zool. Soc., p. 6. - - _Callithrix personata_, Schl., Mus. Pays. Bas, vii., p. 231 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Size larger than that of the other Titis. Style of fur the -same as in the previous species, but longer, and the long stiff hairs more -bristly; general colour black, mottled with grey rings on the hairs; back -grizzled grey; entire head, hands, feet, and lower part of limbs, black; -chest, under side of the body, and tail dark ashy-grey, the latter washed -at the base, sometimes extensively, with rufous, and grey towards the tip -below. - -FEMALE.--Body strongly washed with whitish-yellow, and the tail with -rufous; forehead between the ears, black. - -{164}DISTRIBUTION.--Upper Amazon. Of all the species of the genus, this -ranges furthest to the south--to 14^o S. lat. - - -VIII. THE BLACK-FRONTED TITI. CALLITHRIX NIGRIFRONS. - - _Callithrix nigrifrons_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., p. 21, pl. 15 - (1823); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 56 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays - Bas, vii., p. 232 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Nearly allied to the Masked Titi (_C. personata_), but -distinguished by the nearly white back of the head and nape of the neck, -and by the hairs at the base of the tail being entirely red. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Upper Amazonia. - - -IX. THE RED-BELLIED TITI. CALLITHRIX CASTANEIVENTRIS. - - _Callithrix castaneoventris_, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H., xvii., p. 58 - (1866); id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 56 (1870). - - _Callithrix caligata_, Wagner, Arch. f. Naturg., 1842, i., p. 454 (ex - Natterer, MSS.); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 237 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Fur of the same nature as in _C. cuprea_, black, ringed with -grey; face grizzled, whiskers, throat, chest, under side of the body, and -inner surface of the limbs reddish-chestnut; outside of the limbs grizzled, -washed with rufous; forehead, hands, feet and tail black; tip of the tail -paler. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Paraguay and Brazil; Borba, Rio Madeira. - -The two following species may be distinguished from those already described -by having their soft woolly fur entirely free from the long bristly hairs, -which were dispersed through the fur of the others. - - -{165}X. THE BLACK-HANDED TITI. CALLITHRIX MELANOCHIR. - - _Callithrix melanochir_, Neuwied, Beitr., ii., p. 114, et Abbild., iv.; - Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 57 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., - p. 233 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--General colour red, but the crown of the head, the throat, and -inner side of the limbs, mixed black and grey; the hands and feet black. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species has been recorded from Bahia, on the east coast -of Brazil. - - -XI. THE GREY TITI. CALLITHRIX GIGOT. - - _Callithrix gigot_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., p. 22, pl. 16 (1823); - Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 234 (1876); Weldon, P. Z. S., 1884, p. 6. - - _Callithrix gigo_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 57 (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--Hair about two inches long, soft and slightly woolly over the -trunk; hair on the forehead shorter and more thickly set; that over the -limbs short and loose. General colour of the back reddish-grey behind, more -ashy over the forehead and limbs; the hair black at the base, -cream-coloured further up, the tips ringed with chestnut and black. Muzzle -and chin black, with a few short, strong, white hairs; a black line along -the nose and round the eyes; the eyelids white; the eye-lashes and long -eye-brows black; forehead thickly covered with loose grey hairs, slightly -tipped with black; a faint ridge across the brow between the ears; the ears -black, covered with soft black hairs, except for a small grey tuft at their -hind outer angle. In front of the ears a light grey band over the cheeks, -continued above on to the forehead, below to the chest; throat naked, light -pink; under surface {166}of the limbs pale grey; the hands and feet black; -tail red, the hair bushy at its base. Length of the body, 14 inches; of the -tail, 13-1/2 inches. (_Weldon._) - -Caecum with dilated end; liver more divided than in _C. moloch_; the two -halves (_rami_) of the lower jaw enormously deep, resembling those of the -Howlers (_Mycetes_). - -DISTRIBUTION.--Brazil; Bahia, and the country between the Parahyba and the -mountains to the north of the Bay of Rio de Janeiro. - -HABITS.--This species is very rare, and nothing is known of its habits. - -Professor Weldon writes, in his paper in the "Proceedings of the Zoological -Society," referred to above: "Sir W. Flower has suggested to me that the -enormous depth of the _ramus_ of the mandibles in this _Callithrix_ pointed -to the existence of some arrangement resembling that of _Mycetes_. It was -difficult to determine this point in a young female; but the swollen -condition of the thyroid, together with the existence of a patch of -ossification on each side, seem to show the possible existence of a howling -apparatus in the male." - - -THE DOUROUCOLIS. GENUS NYCTIPITHECUS. - - _Nyctipithecus_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., p. 24 (1823). - -The members of this genus, usually called "Douroucolis," are small animals, -somewhat Lemurine in appearance, possessing a short, thick body, a rounded -head produced behind, and a short, round face, encircled by a ruff of -whitish fur. The muzzle is not prominent; the mouth and chin are small; the -{167}ears are very short, scarcely appearing above the hair of the head; -the eyes are enormous and yellowish in colour, imparting to them the -staring expression of nocturnal animals of prey. Their tail is bushy, -moderately long and non-prehensile; and the nostrils are separated by a -narrower partition than in the other genera of the sub-family. Their -physiognomy reminds one of an Owl or Tiger-cat (_Bates_). They are covered -with close, soft, woolly fur. - -In the skull the orbits are enormously large and closely approximated, but -yet separated by a complete bony wall; the nostrils, on the other hand, -though separated in the living animal by a wide, fleshy partition, have -only a thin plate of bone between them. The upper incisors are broad; the -canines long; and the lower incisors project forwards, somewhat as in the -Lemurs. The arm-bone has a perforation (the ent-epicondylar foramen) on its -inner side above the articulation of the elbow joint, to give passage and -protection to an important artery and nerve. The thumb is very short; the -claws are small and weak. The dorsal and lumbar vertebrae together number -twenty-two, the greatest number possessed by any American monkey. As in -_Chrysothrix_, the external surface of the cerebral hemispheres is smooth -and almost devoid of convolutions, but their inner faces exhibit several of -the more important grooves seen in the higher Apes. - -All the species are arboreal and nocturnal, hiding away in the daytime and -roaming during the night, giving vent to loud howls, or Cat-like cries, as -they move in quest of the insects, small birds, and fruits, which form -their food. They range from Nicaragua to the Amazon and Eastern Peru, and -are called "Devil monkeys" by the Indians. They are very delicate, and soon -die in captivity. - - -{168}I. THE THREE-BANDED DOUROUCOLI. NYCTIPITHECUS TRIVIRGATUS. - - _Aotus trivirgatus_, Humboldt, Obs. Zool., p. 306, fig. 28 (1811). - - _Nyctipithecus trivirgatus_, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist., x., p. 256 (1842); - id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 58 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., - p. 213 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Fur short, grey and brown, with a silvery lustre; on the crown -of the head three long black linear streaks, distinct from each other; -frontal spot whitish; back greyish-brown with a dark dorsal band and a long -chestnut patch; chest and lower surface of body rusty-red; throat, and -inside of limbs, greyish-ashy; tail long, cylindrical, and with short, -blackish-brown hair, more yellow on the under surface of the base. Length -of the body, 12 inches; of the tail, 14 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The type specimen was obtained by Humboldt on the banks of -the Cassiquiare, near the head waters of the Rio Negro. Mr. Bates found it -at Ega and at other places on the Upper Amazon region. It has been recorded -also from Guiana; and from Chanchamayo in Peru, at 3,000 feet above the -sea. - -HABITS.--The habits of the Three-banded Douroucoli are entirely nocturnal. -They hide in small troops in a hole in the trunk of a tree from morning -till twilight, hunting for food during the night. They have a singularly -loud and far-reaching voice for such small animals. - - -II. THE LEMURINE DOUROUCOLI. NYCTIPITHECUS LEMURINUS. - - _Nyctipithecus lemurinus_, Is. Geoffr., Arch. Mus., iv., p. 24, pl. 21 - (1844); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 58 (1870). - - {169}_Nyctipithecus felinus_, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 14 (1843); - Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., 214 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Fur of body and head long; tail depressed, broad, with the -hair bushy and spreading on the sides as in a Squirrel. Head presenting a -dark frontal area with a round white spot over each eye. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Lemurine Douroucolis are found in Colombia and in Upper -Amazonia; at Macas, on the eastern side of the Andes; and on the upper -branches of the main streams of the Amazon, as far as a congenial habitat -is met with. - - -III. THE RED-FOOTED DOUROUCOLI.[10] NYCTIPITHECUS RUFIPES. - - _Nyctipithecus rufipes_, Sclater, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 3, pl. 1. - - _Nyctipithecus vociferans_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., p. 25, pl. 19 - (1823; part); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 214 (1876; part). - - (_Plate XV._) - -CHARACTERS.--Above grey, slightly washed on the back with rufous; under -side reddish fulvous; three vertical black stripes on the head, similar to -_N. trivirgatus_, but much less distinct, narrower, and showing a prominent -triangular white patch over each eye; ears large and prominent, almost nude -(perhaps the result of captivity). Hands and feet rufous; tail -short-haired, cylindrical; the basal half rufous, the remainder -reddish-black. Length of the body, 11 inches; and of the tail, 16 inches. -The absence of the long chestnut patch on the back distinguishes _N. -rufipes_ from _N. trivirgatus_, and its paler colour and the indistinctness -of its head-stripes, separate it from _N. felinus_. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Nicaragua; San Juan del Norte. - - -{170}IV. AZARA'S DOUROUCOLI. NYCTIPITHECUS AZARAE. - - _Simia azarae_, Humb., Obs. Zool., p. 359 (1811). - - _Pithecia miriquouina_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 117 (1812); Kuhl, - Beitr., p. 43 (1820). - - _Nyctipithecus azarae_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 212 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--A large rhomboidal black patch between the two large -superciliary spots, the two acute angles of which are prolonged, the one -under the base of the nose, the other in the median line to the top of the -head; the inner side of the limbs, the under side of the body, throat, and -chin of a reddish-ochre colour. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The right bank of the River Paraguay, in the north-east of -the Argentine Republic, but not in Paraguay proper. - - -V. THE FELINE DOUROUCOLI. NYCTIPITHECUS FELINUS. - - _Nyctipithecus felinus_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., p. 24, pl. 18 - (1823); Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 39 (1851); Gray, Ann. N. H., - x., p. 256 (1842). - - _Nyctipithecus oseryi_, Is. Geoffr. et Deville, C. R., xxvii., 1848, p. - 498 (juv.); Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 39 (1851). - - _Nyctipithecus commersonii_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 58 (1870). - - _Nyctipithecus vociferans_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 214 (1876; - part). - -CHARACTERS.--Closely related to the last species, but differs in having the -three facial streaks irregular and combining together on the crown, the -middle one broad and lozenge-shaped; the frontal spots short, and white. -Fur longer and more woolly; neck, chest, under surface of body, inner sides -of the limbs, and the base of the tail yellowish; tail round. - -PLATE XV. - -[Illustration: THE RED FOOTED NIGHT-MONKEY.] - - -{171}DISTRIBUTION.--This species is rather rare, but it has been obtained -at Ega and at Tabatinga on the Upper Amazons; on the Ucayali, and near -Yurimaguas on the Huallaga River--in the warm and humid virgin forests--in -fact, generally along the Peruvian Amazons. - -In speaking of his collections made at Ega on the Upper Amazons, which he -describes as a fine field for a Natural History collector, Mr. Bates gives -an interesting account of the Night-Apes, called "Ei-a" by the Indians, -observed by him during his various journeys. "Of these I found two species -(_Nyctipithecus trivirgatus_ and _N. felinus_) closely related to each -other, but nevertheless quite distinct, as both inhabit the same forests, -namely, those of the higher and drier lands, without mingling with each -other or inter-crossing. They sleep all day long in hollow trees, and come -forth to prey on insects and eat fruits only in the night. One cannot help -being struck by this curious modification of the American type of Monkeys, -for the Owl-faced Night-Apes have evidently sprung from the same stock as -the rest of the _Cebidae_, as they do not differ much in all essential -points from the Whaiapu-Sais (_Callithrix_) and the Sai-miris -(_Chrysothrix_). They have nails of the ordinary form on all their fingers, -and semi-opposable thumbs; but the molar teeth (contrary to what is usual -in the _Cebidae_) are studded with sharp points, showing that their -nocturnal food is principally insects. - -"I kept a pet animal of _N. trivirgatus_ for many months, a young one -having been given to me by an Indian compadre as a present from my -newly-baptized godson. These Monkeys, although sleeping by day, are aroused -by the least noise, so that, when a person passes by a tree in which a -number of them are concealed, he is startled by the sudden apparition of -{172}a group of little striped faces crowding a hole in a trunk. It was in -this way that my compadre discovered the colony from which the one given to -me was taken. I was obliged to keep my pet chained up; it, therefore, never -became thoroughly familiar. I once saw, however, an individual of the other -species (_N. felinus_) which was most amusingly tame. It was as lively and -nimble as the _Cebi_, but not so mischievous, and far more confiding in its -disposition, delighting to be caressed by all persons who came into the -house. But its owner, the Municipal Judge of Ega, Dr. Carlos Mariana, had -treated it for many weeks with the greatest kindness, allowing it to keep -with him at night in his hammock, and to nestle in his bosom half the day -as he lay reading. It was a great favourite with everyone, from the -cleanliness of its habits and the prettiness of its features and ways. My -own pet was kept in a box in which was placed a broad-mouthed glass jar; -into this it would dive, head foremost, when anyone entered the room, -turning round inside, and thrusting forth its inquisitive face an instant -afterwards to stare at the intruder. It was very active at night, venting -at frequent intervals a hoarse cry like the suppressed barking of a dog, -and scampering about the room, to the length of its tether, after -cockroaches and spiders. In climbing between the box and the wall it -straddled the space, resting its hands on the palms and tips of the -outstretched fingers with the knuckles bent at an acute angle, and thus -mounted to the top with the greatest facility. Although seeming to prefer -insects, it ate all kinds of fruit, but would not touch raw or cooked meat, -and was very seldom thirsty. I was told by persons who had kept these -Monkeys loose about the house, that they cleared the chambers of bats as -well as insect vermin. When approached gently, my Ei-a allowed {173}itself -to be caressed; but when handled roughly it always took alarm, biting -severely, striking with its little hands, and making a hissing noise like a -Cat. - -"I have mentioned the near relationship of the Night-Apes to the Sai-miris -(_Chrysothrix_), which are among the commonest of the ordinary Monkeys of -the American forests. This near relationship is the more necessary to be -borne in mind, as some Zoologists have drawn a comparison between them and -the nocturnal Apes of the Lemur family, inhabiting Ceylon and Java, and it -might be inferred that our American Ei-as were related more closely to -these Old World forms than they are to the rest of the New World Monkeys. -The large nocturnal eyes and short ears of the Eastern Lemurs are simply -resemblances of analogy, and merely show that a few species, belonging to -utterly dissimilar families, have been made similar by being adapted to -similar modes of life...." - - - - -THE SAKIS. SUB-FAMILY PITHECIINAE. - - -The Sakis are characterised by having their lower incisor teeth inclined -forward at their summits somewhat as among the Lemurs; and separated from -the long canines by an interspace. The molar teeth are small; the tail, -which in some is long, in others short, is non-prehensile. The nostrils -are, as usual, far apart, and the thumb is well developed. The ears are -large. Great differences in the character of the fur exist in the group: -some species having long hair over the whole body, others on the chin and -cheeks; some are well bearded, while others again are quite bald. - -The Sakis are divided into two genera, a short-tailed group (_Brachyurus_), -containing the Uakari Monkeys, and a long-tailed {174}section, the Sakis -(_Pithecia_). Their various species are restricted to the great equatorial -forests of South America. - - -THE UAKARI MONKEYS. GENUS BRACHYURUS. - - _Brachyurus_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., p. 11 (1823); W. A. Forbes, - P. Z. S., 1880, p. 644. - - _Ouakaria_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1849, p. 9. - -The species of this genus are at once recognised by their short tail, being -the only American Monkeys in which this organ is short. The fur is short -and silky; the face short, and often brightly coloured. The mammae are -situated on the breast. In the skull the lower jaw is dilated behind, and -certain bones, the parietal and the malar, are in contact with each other -for a more or less considerable extent on the side walls of the skull. (Cf. -W. A. Forbes, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 639, figs. 5 and 6.) In Old World Monkeys -this contact _never_ (except slightly in _Hylobates_) takes place. This is -a useful mark for discriminating between the skulls of New and Old World -Monkeys. (_Forbes._) The shortness of the tail is due, not to a reduction -in the number of the vertebrae, which may be 15 to 17, but in their size. - -In the brain the cerebrum exhibits the more important grooves -characterising the brain of the higher Apes (_Simiidae_) well developed; -the cerebellum (or hind brain) is also well developed. Thus in its general -characters the brain of the Uakaris approaches most nearly to that of the -genera _Cebus_ and _Pithecia_ (next to be described). By reason of its -greater complication and development, it departs widely from that of the -Titis (_Callithrix_) and the Squirrel-Monkeys (_Chrysothrix_). - -A relationship to the Howlers (_Mycetes_), suggested by the external -appearance of the Uakaris and the form of their lower {175}jaw, is not -borne out by their internal anatomy. The caudate lobe of the liver is very -large. This character distinguishes the whole of the _Cebidae_ from the Old -World families. - -The Uakaris are arboreal Monkeys, very gentle and timid. The distribution -of the various species is singularly restricted, each being confined to a -small and particular district. - - -I. THE BLACK-HEADED UAKARI. BRACHYURUS MELANOCEPHALUS. - - _Simia melanocephala_ (Cacajao), Humboldt, Obs. Zool., p. 317, pl. xxix. - (1811). - - _Pithecia melanocephala_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 117 (1812); Schl., - Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 227 (1876). - - _Brachyurus ouakary_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., p. 12, pl. viii. - (1823). - - _Ouakaria spixii_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1849, p. 10, cum fig. - - _Ouakaria melanocephala_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 62 (1870). - - _Brachyurus melanocephalus_, W. A. Forbes, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 645, pl. - lxiii. - -CHARACTERS.--Head and nude face-black; back, sides, thighs, upper surface -of tail, and outer and inner sides of legs more or less chestnut-brown; -shoulders, arms, hands, feet, and rest of tail, black. Ears large, naked, -and similar in form to those in Man. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Confined, so far as at present known, to the forests -traversed by the Rio Casiquiare, Rio Negro, and Rio Branco. This is the -most northern form of the three species of the genus, and apparently the -most widespread also (see map, p. 180). This is doubtless the "black-faced, -grey-haired" species, neither white nor red, which Mr. Bates was -{176}assured took the place of _B. calvus_, at 180 miles northward from the -mouth of the Japura. - -HABITS.--Living in the high trees of the forest, feeding on fruits; and not -differing in habits from those of the other species of the genus, which are -referred to below. - - -II. THE RED UAKARI. BRACHYURUS RUBICUNDUS. - - _Brachyurus rubicundus_, Is. Geoffr. and Dev., C. R., xxvii., p. 498 - (1848); Is. Geoffr., Arch. Mus., v., p. 564, pl. 30 (1845); Castelnau, - Exped. Amer. Sud, Mamm., p. 19, pl. 4, fig. 2 (1855); W. A. Forbes, P. Z. - S., 1880, p. 646, pls. lxi., lxii. - - _Ouakaria rubicunda_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 62 (1870). - - _Pithecia rubicunda_, Schleg., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 228 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Face, chin, lips, forehead, and sides of face, bare (except -for a few superciliary hairs, and scant representatives of moustache and -beard), all bright vermilion red, deepening with emotion. Eyes brown; ears -square in shape, without a lobule; hair on top of head short, silky, and -grey; that on the side of the lower jaw and throat long and rich -chestnut-red, running forward as far as the symphysis, and forming -whiskers. Hair of upper surface of body entirely rich chestnut-red, more or -less black-tipped and long, especially on the shoulders and limbs; hair of -head, nape, and neck paler than on the rest of the body; tail, haired below -at tip, rich chestnut-red; under surface of body rich chestnut-red, and -less hairy. The fur in general colour and texture resembles that of the -Orang, the red hair, continued on to the limbs and tail, being particularly -long on the arms and shoulders (forming a sort of cape), and {177}along the -hind border of the thigh and leg. (_W. A. Forbes_). Between the thigh and -the lower part of the leg there is a wide expansion of the skin behind the -knee. - -The thumb is in the same plane with the other digits and not opposable; -digits with compressed and rather elongated nails; the nail of the thumb -and the great-toe shorter and more "nail"-like; upper surface of the hands -and feet haired, on to the fingers. The caecum (6 inches) and intestines -(22 inches) are absolutely and relatively longer than in any other New -World Monkey. - -Length of the body, 27-28 inches; of the tail, 6-1/2 - -DISTRIBUTION.--Forests on the north bank of the Amazons, opposite Olivenca, -not passing eastwards of Ica on the Ica river. The exact westward extension -of this species still remains unknown. The young specimen seen at Fonteboa -by Bates, and by him referred to this species, was more probably _B. -calvus_, as we know from the account given by Geoffroy St. Hilaire and -Castelnau, that the young of _B. rubicundus_ resembles in coloration the -adult, and is _not_ paler. - -HABITS.--Gregarious and diurnal; living in the high trees, and feeding on -fruits, probably exclusively, the length of its intestines seeming to -indicate that it is more of a vegetarian than its allies. - - -III. THE BALD UAKARI. BRACHYURUS CALVUS. - - _Brachyurus calvus_, Is. Geoffr., C. R., xxiv., p. 576 (1847); id., Arch. - Mus., v., p. 560 (1845); Castelnau, Exped. Amer. Sud, Mammif., p. 17, pl. - 4, fig. 1 (1855); W. A. Forbes, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 646; Beddard, P. Z. - S., 1887, p. 119, pl. xii. - - {178}_Ouakaria calva_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 62 (1870). - - _Pithecia calva_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 228 (1876). - - _Pithecia alba_, Schl., t. c. p. 229. - - (_Plate XVI._) - -CHARACTERS.--Fur very long, straight, and shining from neck to tail. Face -scarlet; top of head nearly bald, greyish, passing into brown anteriorly -and at the sides, with bushy sandy whiskers meeting below the chin; throat -dark brown, mixed with numerous black hairs, the general tint being rich -chestnut-brown; back whitish-grey, with black hairs mixed with white ones, -which are in greater number. Under surface fulvous brown, darker on the -breast, where brown hairs are numerous; the same brown tinge is visible on -the arms, legs, the hinder region of the thighs, at the wrist, and ankle, -and especially on the tail; eyes reddish-yellow. Length, 18 inches. - -Some species are paler than the above description, being pale sandy-white, -slightly rufous below and on the inside of the limbs. - -Caecum 10 inches long along its greater curvature, and not sacculated. - -According to Mr. Beddard, _B. calvus_ and _B. rubicundus_ agree very -closely in external and in internal characters, while _B. melanocephalus_ -differs more in external characters from the other two than they do from -each other. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Opposite Fonteboa; banks of the Japura river west of its -mouth. This species appears to be confined to the triangle formed by the -union of the Japura river and the Amazon. It does not pass east of Ega, nor -does it cross to the south of the Amazon, but keeps to the forests of the -low lands to the north of that boundary and south of the Japura. - -PLATE XVI. - -[Illustration: THE BALD UAKARI.] - - -{179}HABITS.--"This scarlet-faced monkey," says Mr. Bates, "lives in -forests, which are inundated during the greater part of the year, and is -never known to descend to the ground; the shortness of its tail is, -therefore, no sign of terrestrial habits, as it is in the Macaques and -Baboons of the Old World.... It seems to be found in no other part of -America than the banks of the Japura near its mouth; and even there it is -confined to the western side of the river. It lives in small troops amongst -the crowns of the lofty trees, living on fruits of various kinds. Hunters -say it is very nimble in its motions, but it is not much given to leaping, -preferring to run up and down the larger boughs in travelling from tree to -tree. The mother, as in other species of the Monkey order, carries her -young on her back. Individuals are obtained alive by shooting them with the -blow-pipe and arrows tipped with diluted Urari poison. They run a -considerable distance after being pierced, and it requires an experienced -hunter to track them. He is considered the most expert who can keep pace -with a wounded one and catch it in his arms when it falls exhausted. A -pinch of salt, the antidote to the poison, is then put in its mouth, and -the creature revives.... Adult Uakaris, caught in the way just described, -very rarely become tame. They are peevish and sulky, resisting all attempts -to coax them, and biting anyone who ventures within reach. They have no -particular cry, even when in their native woods; in captivity they are -quite silent. In the course of a few days or weeks, if not carefully -attended to, they fall into a listless condition, refuse food, and die.... -The bright scarlet of its face is, in health, spread over the features up -to the roots of the hair on the forehead and temples, and down to the neck, -including the flabby cheeks, which hang down below the jaws. {180}The -animal, in this condition, looks at a short distance as though someone had -laid a thick coat of red paint on its countenance.... After seeing much of -the morose disposition of the Uakari, I was not a little surprised one day, -at a friend's house, to find an extremely lively and familiar individual of -the species. It ran from an inner chamber straight towards me after I had -sat down on a chair, climbed my legs and nestled in my lap, turning round -and looking up with the usual Monkey's grin after it had made itself -comfortable. It was a young animal, which had been taken when its mother -was shot with a poisoned arrow; its teeth were incomplete, and the face was -pale and mottled, the glowing scarlet hue not supervening in these animals -before mature age; it had also a few long black hairs on the eyebrows and -lips. The {181}frisky little fellow had been reared in the house among the -children, and allowed to run about freely...." This species is rare, even -in the limited district which it inhabits. A Government official sent six -of his most skilful Indians, who were absent hunting for three weeks before -they obtained twelve specimens. - -[Illustration: Fig. 8. - -Map of part of the basin of the Amazons to show the distribution of the -Uakari Monkeys. (Forbes, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 647.) - -Supposed area of ''B. melanocephalus'', ''B. calvus'', and ''B. -rubicundus'' shown by shading.] - -In reference to the singularly restricted range of these Uakaris, Mr. -Wallace's observations in his paper "On the Monkeys of the Amazon," before -the Zoological Society of London, are of great interest. - -"During my residence," he says, "in the Amazon district, I took every -opportunity of determining the limits of species, and I soon found that the -Amazon, the Rio Negro, and the Madeira formed the limits beyond which -certain species never passed. The native hunters are perfectly acquainted -with this fact, and always cross over the river when they want to procure -particular animals, which are found even on the river's bank on one side, -but never by any chance on the other. On approaching the sources of the -rivers, they cease to be a boundary, and most of the species are found on -both sides of them. Thus several Guiana species come up to the Rio Negro -and Amazon, but do not pass them; Brazilian species, on the contrary, reach -but do not pass the Amazon to the north. Several Ecuador species from the -east of the Andes reach down into the tongue of land between the Rio Negro -and Upper Amazon, but pass neither of those rivers, and others from Peru -are bounded on the north by the Upper Amazon, and on the east by the -Madeira. Thus there are four districts whose boundaries on one side are -determined by the rivers I have mentioned. In going up the Rio Negro, the -difference on the two sides of the river is very remarkable. - -{182}"In the lower part of the river you will find on the north the -_Jacchus_ [_Hapale_] _bicolor_, and the _Brachyurus couxui_ [_Pithecia -satanas_], and on the south the red-whiskered Pithecia. Higher up you will -find on the north the _Ateles paniscus_, and on the south a black _Jacchus_ -and the _Lagothrix humboldtii_." - - -THE SAKIS. GENUS PITHECIA. - - _Pithecia_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 115 (1812). - - _Chiropotes_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 60 (1870), in part. - -The Sakis form the second section of the present Sub-family, and are -characterised by their long, thick, and bushy non-prehensile tail. A thick -beard conceals the large chin. Hair on the crown long, divided by a central -line, and hanging over the head, half concealing the pleasing diminutive -face, or confined to the head, cheeks, and chin. The ears are large. The -upper and lower incisor teeth project forward, the upper inner pair being -moderately large, the outer very small; canines strong and conical; first -pre-molar smaller than the others, and one-cusped; molars with square -crowns, grooved in the middle and slightly four-cusped. - -In the brain the whole of the cerebellum and the olfactory lobes are -covered by the cerebrum. In general form the latter resembles that of the -species of _Cebus_. The frontal and occipital regions of the skull -approximate in form to those in Man; the angle of the mandible is expanded, -but less so than among the Howlers (_Mycetes_). The ribs are relatively -broader in this genus than in any other of the American Monkeys. - - -I. THE HAIRY SAKI. PITHECIA MONACHUS. - - _Simia monachus_, Humb. and Bonpl., Obs. Zool., p. 359 (1811). - - {183}_Pithecia monachus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 116 (1812); - Flower, P. Z. S., 1862, p. 326, pl. xxxvii.; Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. - Mus., p. 59 (1870). - - _Pithecia hirsuta_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., p. 14, pl. 9 (1823). - - _Pithecia inusta_, Spix, t. c. p. 15, pl. x. (1823). - - _Pithecia irrorata_, Gray, Voy. Sulphur, Zool., p. 14, pl. 3 (1844). - - _Pithecia albicans_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 231, pl. lxxxi. - - _Pithecia monacha_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 220 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Fur harsh, long and loose, with a hood of forwardly-directed -hairs on the upper part of the head, neck, and shoulders. Face bare, long, -and narrow; nose large and full; nostrils widely separated and lateral. -Face dark purplish-brown, and black on the nose, paler round the eyes, and -sparingly covered with short coarse whitish hairs; a yellowish-white patch -on the cheeks, terminating in front in a distinct line from the inner -corner of the eye to below the angle of the mouth; margin of upper lips -white; ears large, round, naked, and of the same colour as the face; upper -part and back of head, neck, shoulders, back, arms, thighs, and tail, -black, washed with yellowish-white, becoming yellowish-brown on the hinder -part of the body. Throat, breast, under side of body, and inside of thighs, -pale yellowish-brown, sparingly haired. Tail 18 inches long, cylindrical, -and bushy at the end; the hair long, coarse, curled, black, washed with -pale yellowish-brown. Legs black; fore-arm black, washed with white; upper -surface of hands, feet, and digits, white. Hands small, thumbs short, -parallel to the other fingers; nails black, somewhat compressed, pointed, -that of the thumb flatter; great-toe well developed, standing apart from -the other toes, its nail flat {184}and pointed; nails of the other toes -long, curved, and compressed. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Mr. Bates states that the "Parauacu," as this Monkey is -called by the natives of its own country, is found on the "terra firma" -lands of the north shore of the Solimoens, or Upper Amazon, from Tunantins -to Peru. It exists also on the south side of the river on the banks of the -Teffe, but there under a changed form, which differs from its type in -colours, as much as the red differs from the white Uakari. This variety is -Dr. Gray's _Pithecia albicans_. - -HABITS.--The Hairy Saki is a very timid and inoffensive animal, and is -also, as Mr. Bates tells us in his well-known book, "very delicate, rarely -living many weeks in captivity; but anyone who succeeds in keeping it alive -for a month or two, gains by it a most affectionate pet. One of the -specimens now in the British Museum was, when living, the property of a -neighbour of mine at Ega. It became so tame in the course of a few weeks -that it followed him about the streets like a dog. My friend was a tailor, -and the little pet used to spend the greater part of the day seated on his -shoulder whilst he was at work on his board. It showed, nevertheless, great -dislike to strangers, and was not on good terms with any other member of my -friend's household than himself.... The eager and passionate _Cebi_ seem to -take the lead of all the South American Monkeys in intelligence and -docility, and the Coaita, one of the Spider-Monkeys (_Ateles paniscus_), -has, perhaps, the most gentle and impressionable disposition; but the -Parauacu, although a dull, cheerless animal, excels all in this quality of -capability of attachment to individuals of our own species, nor is it -wanting in intelligence." - - -{185}II. THE WHITE-HEADED SAKI. PITHECIA PITHECIA. - - _Simia pithecia_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 40 (1766). - - _Simia leucocephala_, Audeb. Singes., Fam, vi., Sect, i., p. 9, fig. 2 - (1797). - - _Pithecia adusta_, Illig., Abh. Berl. Ak., 1804-1811, p. 107; Kuhl, - Beitr. Zool., p. 44 (1820). - - _Pithecia nocturna_, Illig., l. c.; Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 217 - (1876; part). - - _Pithecia leucocephala_, Geoffr., Ann. du Mus., xix., p. 117 (1812); - Gray, Voy. Sulphur, Zool., p. 12, pl. 2; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. - 59 (1870; part); Scl., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 228. - - _Pithecia ochrocephala_, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 44 (1820, = young). - - _Pithecia rufibarbata_, Kuhl, t. c. p. 44 (1820). - - _Pithecia capillamentosa_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., p. 16, pl. 11 - (1823). - - _Pithecia rufiventer_, Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 55 (1851); Gray, - Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 60 (part, 1870); Wagner, Abhandl. Akad. - Muench., v., pt. 2, p 436 (1848: = [female]). - - _Pithecia chrysocephala_, Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 55 (1851). - - _Pithecia pogonias_, Gray, Voy. Sulphur, p. 13, pl. 2 (1844). - -CHARACTERS.--MALE.--Hair black, very long over the body, and especially on -the tail. Head with short hair, white, washed with yellow and divided by a -central nude black streak; the white hair becoming yellow on the cheeks. - -FEMALE.--Greyish-black, washed with pale yellow, the hairs being tipped -with the latter colour; moustache yellow; belly red. - -YOUNG MALE.--Belly rufous brown. - -{186}DISTRIBUTION.--Interior of Demerara, Kaicteur Falls; Rio Negro, and -Rio Branco in Amazonia; Cayenne; Surinam. - - -III. THE BLACK SAKI. PITHECIA SATANAS. - - _Saki noir_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mammif., pl. 78. - - _Simia satanas_, Hoffm., Mag. Ges. Berl., x., p. 93 (1807); Humb., Obs. - Zool., i., p. 314, pl. xxvii. (1811). - - _Pithecia satanas_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 115 (1812); Scl., P. Z. - S., 1864, p. 712, pl. xli.; id., t. c. p. 138; Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, - vii., p. 224 (1876). - - _Chiropotes cuxio_, Lesson, Sp. Mamm. Bimanes et Quadrum., p. 179 (1840). - - _Chiropotes ater_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 61 (1870). - - _Chiropotes satanas_, Gray, t. c. p. 61. - -CHARACTERS.--MALE.--Fur soft; tail bushy and as long as the body; crown -with long black hair arranged on each side, divided by a central line. "The -hair of the head sits on it like a cap, and looks as if it had been -carefully brushed." (_Bates._) Long whiskers on each side, and the chin -with a moderate beard. Fur black and shining; back sometimes washed with -grey or ashy-brown. - -FEMALE.--Similar to the male, but having a browner back. - -YOUNG.--Beard absent or rudimentary; hair of crown radiating from centre -and projecting forwards. - -The skull in this species is sometimes ossified into one piece. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Lower Amazonia; Para; British Guiana; the River Orinoco, -towards the Rio Negro. - -HABITS.--Little is known of the habits of the Black Saki, which is also -known under the names of "Cuxio" and "Mono {187}Capuchino." It lives in the -most retired parts of the forest, where the ground below it is not -inundated by the river, and feeds on fruits. - -It is said that this animal--unlike the next species--drinks freely, always -bending down on its hands and putting its mouth to the surface of the -water, heedless of wetting its beard and indifferent to the observation of -onlookers. Sir Robert Porter says that he never saw it take up water in the -hollow of its hand, and convey it to its mouth to drink. Its voice is a -weak and chirping whistle, which becomes shrill and loud when the animal is -angry. - -A young male of this species, which died in the Zoological Society's -Gardens in 1882, presented an abnormal condition. The peculiarity -consisted, as Mr. W. A. Forbes, the late distinguished prosector to the -Society, has pointed out in the "Proceedings," in the completely "webbed" -condition of the third and fourth digits of the manus (hand) on each side, -these two fingers being completely connected together, down to their tips, -by a fold of nude skin, and with their nails closely apposed, though not -connected along their contiguous margins. The other digits of the hands, as -well as those of the feet, were quite normal, the webbing not extending -beyond the middle of the first phalanx. Mr. Forbes remarks: "The case is -interesting, partly as affording an excellent instance of an abnormal -condition affecting homologous parts of opposite sides in an exactly -similar way, and partly as showing that the lower Primates are subject, -occasionally, to a condition of things which, as is well known, also occurs -not at all rarely in Man." - - -IV. THE RED-BACKED SAKI. PITHECIA CHIROPOTES. - - _Simia chiropotes_, Humb., Obs. Zool., i., p. 311 (1811). - - {188}_Simia sagulata_, Traill, Mem. Wern. Soc., iii., p. 167 (1821). - - _Brachyurus israelita_, Spix, Bras., Sim. et Vespert., p. II, pl. 7 - (1823). - - _Pithecia chiropotes_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 116 (1812); Scl., P. - Z. S., 1871, p. 228; Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 223 (1876). - - _Brachyurus satanas_, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 13 (1843). - - _Chiropotes sagulata_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 60 (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--MALE.--Larger than _P. satanas_; black, with a -reddish-chestnut patch on the back, with a coarse brownish beard, longer -than in _P. satanas_; tail very thick, bushy. - -FEMALE.--Similar to the male, but without the beard. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Amazonia, Rio Negro, and Rio Branco; Upper Orinoco; British -Guiana. - -HABITS.--This species is said to be solitary, or to go about only in pairs. -It derives its scientific name from its habit of drinking by lifting the -water to its head with its hands, instead of stooping down and applying its -mouth to the water. It is difficult to tame, being fierce and -ill-dispositioned. - - -V. THE WHITE-NOSED SAKI. PITHECIA ALBINASA. - - _Pithecia albinasa_, Is. Geoffr. et Dev., C. R., xxvii., p. 498 (1848); - id., Arch. Mus., v., p. 559 (1845); Gervais in Castelnau, Exped. Am. Sud, - ii., p. 16, fig. 2 (1855); Scl., P. Z. S., 1881, p. 258, pl. xxix. - - _Chiropotes albinasa_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 61 (1870). - - (_Plate XVII._) - - -PLATE XVII. - -[Illustration: THE WHITE-NOSED SAKI.] - - -{189}CHARACTERS.--Uniformly, but rather sparingly, covered with black -hairs. Face black, naked; nose broad and naked, and with a bright scarlet -line down its bridge, broadening out on the latter and on the upper lip; -tip of nose white, from the presence of a few white hairs. - -Long hairs on the head falling to all sides; tail long and clothed to the -tip with long hairs hanging down from its under side, slightly prehensile. -Length of the body, 15 inches; of the tail, 18 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Amazonia. - -HABITS.--The White-Nosed Saki, which might much more appropriately have -been called the "Red-Nosed Saki," is very rare; its habits are quite -unknown. The type specimen in the Paris Museum remained unique in Europe -from 1848 till 1881, when a living specimen was brought to the Zoological -Gardens in London. - - - - -THE HOWLERS. SUB-FAMILY MYCETINAE. - - -This sub-family embraces only one genus, which is very distinct from all -the others. The Howlers are the largest of the South American Apes, and are -characterised by their thick unwieldy body, their pyramidal head, and small -facial angle, owing to their long, somewhat Dog-faced muzzle. The angle of -the lower jaw is very large and massive, and their chief characteristic is -the conspicuous thickening of the throat, owing to the great enlargement of -the hyoid bones--which are widely inflated and cavernous--to form the -curious vocal organ which the males of these animals possess, and by which -their voice can be so augmented as to be heard at a distance of several -miles.[11] The skull is truncated behind {190}in the male (less so in the -female) for the reception of the vocal apparatus. Their incisor teeth are -small and equal, the canines are prominent and have an oblique ridge across -the crown from the outer front, to the inner hind, cusp, and the upper -molars are large. The tail is powerful and prehensile, naked towards the -tip, where it is tactile and very sensitive. The thumb is movable, the face -is naked, and the chin bearded. Some have short, and some have long, fur -over their bodies, but it is generally more plentiful about the head. In -appearance they are the most unattractive and repulsive of the American -Monkeys. Their intelligence is also of a very low order. - -The roof of the brain-case is depressed; the plane of the opening for the -passage of the spinal-cord from the brain is almost perpendicular to that -of the base of the skull; the condyles for the articulation of the neck are -situated as far back as possible. Sir William Flower, in his valuable -monograph on the brain of _Mycetes_, has shown that the frontal lobes are -small and the cerebral hemispheres only just cover the cerebellum. In -regard to its grooves and convolutions, the main brain (_cerebrum_) of -_Mycetes_ can be distinguished from that of all other Monkeys. The whole -organ is small as compared with the size of the animal; it wants the -roundness and fulness of that of the Spider-Monkeys (_Ateles_) and of the -Capuchins (_Cebus_). Its surface markings are comparatively few and simple, -and depart remarkably from the ordinary type seen in the order. In the Old -World Apes there is a striking similarity in the character of the surface -markings of their cerebral hemispheres. There is a slight ascensive -development from _Cercopithecus_ towards _Hylobates_; and further -complications overlying the same primitive type--such as large -proportionate {191}size, and complexity of convolutions--are observed in -the Chimpanzee and Gorilla, leading up to the brain of Man. Among the New -World genera there is a much greater divergence. Among the Capuchins -(_Cebus_), and among them only, there is a precise repetition of the Old -World type; but in the genus _Mycetes_ we have modifications in which there -is no parallel among the Catarrhine (or Old World) series. There is an -absence in its brain of signs of serial elevation; and it exhibits a great -dissimilarity to all, even the lowest of the Old World forms, and to those -American Monkeys, which in brain-character closely resemble Old World Apes. -It shows an affinity in some of its more striking characters to such low -forms of New World Apes as _Nyctipithecus_. The low type of brain is in -keeping, as Sir William Flower further observes, with their surly and -untameable disposition, and with the observation that their intelligence is -of a very different order from that of their neighbours, the Spider-Monkeys -and Capuchins of higher cerebral organisation. - -"When Howlers are seen in the forest," remarks Mr. Bates, "there are -generally three or four of them mounted on the topmost branches of a tree. -It does not appear that their harrowing roar is emitted from sudden alarm; -at least, it was not so in captive individuals. It is probable, however, -that the noise serves to intimidate their enemies." The muscular power -employed in giving vent to their cavernous roar appears to be small. Their -food consists chiefly of fruits and leaves. - -In colour the Howlers vary very much. The young of both sexes often differ -from their parents, and the females from the males, and there is also great -individual variation. - -The geographical distribution of some of the species is very restricted, -several of them being confined to a special district {192}of the Amazon, -into which no other species intrudes. They are found, however, from Eastern -Guatemala to Paraguay. - - -THE HOWLERS. GENUS ALOUATTA. - - _Alouatta_, Lacep., Mem. Inst., iii., p. 490 (1801). - - _Mycetes_, Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm., p. 70 (1811). - - _Stentor_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 107 (1812). - -The characters of the genus _Mycetes_, which is the only one of the -sub-family, are the same as those given above under the sub-family heading. - -The genus contains six well-recognised species. According to Mr. Wallace -the red and black species of the Amazon have females of the same colour as -the males. Humboldt also remarks, speaking of the thousands of Arguatoes -(_M. seniculus_) which he observed in the provinces of Cumana, Caracas, and -in Guiana, that he never saw any change in the reddish-brown fur of the -back and shoulders, either in isolated individuals or whole troops. Many of -the species, however, do have the sexes of quite different colours. - -The Howlers are semi-nocturnal in their habits, uttering their cries late -in the evening and before sunrise, and also on the approach of rain. -(_Wallace._) - -When a _Mycetes_ is shot it always hangs to the tree, even if quite dead, -and does not fall till the muscles of the feet and tail relax. - -The species of this genus range through Central America, Colombia, and the -Amazonian region, to Southern Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay. - - - -PLATE XVIII. - -[Illustration: THE RED HOWLER.] - - -{193}I. THE RED HOWLER. ALOUATTA SENICULUS. - - _Simia seniculus_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 37 (1766). - - _Alouatta seniculus_, Lacep., Mem. de l'Inst., iii., p. 489 (1800). - - _Stentor ursina_ (nec fig.), Humb. and Bonpl., Obs. Zool., v., p. 354 - (1811). - - _Mycetes seniculus_, Illig., Prod. Syst. Mamm., p. 70 (1811); Geoffr., - Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 52 (1851); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 156 - (1876); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 39 (1870, part.). - - _Stentor seniculus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 108 (1812). - - _Mycetes stramineus_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert., Bras., p. 45, pl. 31 (1823; - nec Geoffr.). - - _Mycetes chrysurus_, Geoffr., Mem. Mus., xvii., p. 66 (1829). - - _Mycetes auratus_, Gray, Ann. N. H., xvi., p. 220 (1845); id. Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 40 (1870). - - _Mycetes laniger_, Gray, Ann. N. H., xvi, p. 219 (1845); id. Cat. Monkeys - Brit. Mus., p. 40. - - _Aluatta senicula_, Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1862, p. 517. - - (_Plate XVIII._) - -CHARACTERS.--Head, neck, limbs and tail, dark chestnut-brown; back and -sides golden-yellow; beard in the full-grown male long, the hair -golden-yellow at the root, otherwise chestnut-brown; face naked, black; -chest naked, the abdomen sparsely covered with long brown hairs. - -The hair of the body is soft. The tail varies in colour in individual -specimens, being sometimes, at its termination, of the same colour as the -back, and sometimes bright golden-yellow. The _mammae_ are occasionally -situated in the _axillae_ (or arm-pits). Length of body, 19-1/2 inches; -tail, 20 inches. - -YOUNG.--Of the same colour as the parents, only a little darker, the hair -hard and rigid. - -{194}DISTRIBUTION.--Brazil; New Granada; Venezuela; Copataza river, -Ecuador; Eastern Peru, along the Ucayali and Huallaga rivers. - -HABITS.--The Red Howlers always travel in large companies, keeping to the -forests of the low lands and shores of the rivers. "We stopped," writes -Humboldt, "to observe the Howling Monkeys, which, to the number of thirty -or forty, crossed the road by passing in a long file from one tree to -another upon the horizontal and intersecting branches." On another occasion -the same celebrated naturalist records that "on approaching a group of -trees, we perceived numerous bands of Arguatoes going as in a procession -from one tree to another with extreme slowness. A male was followed by a -great number of females, several of which carried their young on their -shoulders. The uniformity with which the Arguatoes execute their movements -is extremely striking. Whenever the branches of neighbouring trees do not -touch, the male that leads the band suspends himself by the callous and -prehensile part of his tail; and letting fall the rest of his body, swings -himself till in one of his oscillations he reaches the neighbouring branch. -The whole file performs the same action on the same spot. It is almost -superfluous to add how dubious is the assertion that the Arguatoes and -other Monkeys with prehensile tails form a sort of chain, in order to reach -the opposite side of a river. We had opportunities, during five years, of -observing thousands of these animals, and for this very reason we place no -confidence in these stories." - -"The Arguatoes are sometimes accused of abandoning their young, that they -may be more free for flight when pursued by Indian hunters. It is said that -mothers have been {195}seen taking off their young from their shoulders and -throwing them down to the foot of the tree. I am inclined to believe that a -movement merely accidental has been mistaken for one that was premeditated. -The Arguatoes, on account of their mournful aspect and their uniform -howlings, are at once detested and calumniated by the Indians." - -Mr. Wallace, in a paper "On the Monkeys of the Amazon," in the "Proceedings -of the Zoological Society," says: "Humboldt observes that the tremendous -noise which these Howlers make can only be accounted for by the great -number of individuals that unite in its production. My own observations, -and the unanimous testimony of the Indians, prove this not to be the case, -one individual alone making the howling, which is certainly of a remarkable -depth and volume and curiously modulated; but on closely remarking the -suddenness with which it ceases and again commences, it is evident that it -is produced by one animal, which is generally a full-grown male." - -The flesh of this species is very good to eat, and furnishes the principal -food of the inhabitants of the regions in which it abounds. - - -II. THE BLACK HOWLER. ALOUATTA NIGRA. - - _Stentor caraya_, Humb. and Bonpl., Obs. Zool., i., p. 355 (1811 ex - Azara). - - _Mycetes barbatus_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert., Bras., p. 46, pls. 32, 33 - (1811). - - _Stentor niger_ (male), _S. stramineus_ (female), Geoffr., Ann. Mus., - xix., p. 108 (1812; nec Spix). - - _Mycetes caraya_, Less., Sp. Mamm. Bimanes et Quadrum., p. 122 (1840); - Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 41 (part). - - {196}_Aluatta nigra_, Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1862, p. 518. - - _Mycetes niger_, Thomas, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 394; Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, - vii., p. 149 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--MALE.--Hair rather long and entirely of a deep black; hair on -the back of the head directed forward, meeting at right angles that of the -forehead, which is directed backward, forming a well-marked semi-circular -ridge. Length, 20 inches; tail, 17 inches. - -FEMALE AND YOUNG.--Pale straw-colour washed with black; the tips of the -frontal ridge of hair black; at birth the young are entirely straw-colour. - -Dr. Slack observes that, in the young, about the period of the second -dentition, the hairs upon the mid-line of the back become black at their -bases; soon after, the change takes place upon other parts of the body, the -black gradually taking the place of the straw-colour, until the entire body -in the adult male is of an intense black colour--the adult female having -the coloration of the half-grown male. - -Mr. Oldfield Thomas, who examined a specimen collected by Mr. Buckley, in -Ecuador, points out that it agreed exactly with Humboldt's original -description of the female of his _Simia caraya_, which he describes as -having a black head and back, while the sides and belly are yellow. In all -recent descriptions, however, the male is described as being nearly -uniformly black, and the female uniformly yellow; so that Mr. Buckley's -specimen appears to be just such an intermediate specimen as Humboldt -described. - -According to Prof. Schlegel, adult males sometimes have the black on the -hands and feet mixed with yellow. - -{197}DISTRIBUTION.--This is the species of Howler which ranges furthest to -the south. It occurs most abundantly in Southern Brazil, Paraguay, and -Bolivia, but Mr. Bates records his having obtained a specimen at Villa -Nova, on the Upper Amazons, which had come from above Borba, on the Rio -Madeira. He did not, however, meet with it on any other part of the Amazon -region. Mr. Graham Kerr saw it in troops on the banks of the Pilcomayo -river. - -HABITS.--Like nearly all the Howlers, the present species is of a sulky -disposition, in captivity slinking away out of sight when approached. The -members of this genus are the only Monkeys which the Indians have not -succeeded in taming. They rarely survive their captivity many weeks. - - -III. THE YELLOW-HANDED HOWLER. ALOUATTA BEELZEBUL. - - _Simia beelzebul_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 37 (1766). - - _Mycetes rufimanus_, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 31 (1820). - - _Mycetes discolor_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert., Bras., p. 48, pi. xxxiv. - (1823). - - _? Colobus chrysurus_, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist., xvii., p. 77 (1866). - - _Mycetes beelzebul_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 41 (1870); Schl., - Mus. Pays Bas, p. 150 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Black, slightly washed with yellow on the under side of the -body and inner side of the limbs; hairs of the body soft, brown at the -roots, black at the tips; hands and feet variable, reddish-yellow or -reddish-brown, or grey, or black. Upper surface and tip of the tail, spot -in front of the ears, and on the knees, reddish-yellow. Length of the body, -17-1/2 inches; tail, 18-1/2 inches. - -This species differs from the Black Howler (_A. nigra_) by the {198}brown -colour of the roots of the hair; and from the species next to be -described--the Brown Howler (_A. ursina_)--by the length of the fur and the -absence of the reddish-brown tips to the hairs. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Apparently confined to the Lower Amazon, in the vicinity of -Para. - -HABITS.--The same as those of the species already described. - - -IV. THE BROWN HOWLER. ALOUATTA URSINA. - - _Stentor ursina_, Humb. and Bonpl., Obs. Zool., i., pl. 30 (fig. nec - descr.; 1811). - - _Stentor flavicauda_, Id. t. c. p. 355 (1811). - - _Stentor ursinus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 108 (1812). - - _Stentor fuscus_, Geoffr., t. c. p. 108 (1812). - - _Mycetes fuscus_, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 29 (1820); Spix, Sim. et - Vespert., Bras., p. 43, pl. 30 (1823). - - _Mycetes bicolor_, Gray, Ann. N. H., xvi., p. 214 (1845); id. Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 40 (1870). - - _Mycetes ursinus_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 55 (part., 1851); - Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 39 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., - p. 155 (1876). - - _Aluatta ursina_, Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1862, p. 517. - - _Mycetes flavicauda_, Schl., t. c. p. 147 (part., 1876). - -CHARACTERS.--General colour shining yellowish-red, or dark brownish-yellow; -hairs rather rigid, black with yellowish tips; hairs of the shoulder ringed -with black. When half-grown the limbs and tail are very dark brown, nearly -black; tail shorter than the body, olive black, with two yellow lateral -stripes. Length of the body, 23 inches; of the tail, 22 inches. - -{199}YOUNG.--Black, with the tips of the hairs of the body yellowish-brown; -base of the tail and the surrounding region reddish-brown. - -This species is remarkable for great variation in colour. The young at -first sight, as Dr. Slack has pointed out, appear to be of an intense black -colour, but upon a closer examination, the hairs, more especially those of -the back and sides of the head, are found to be tipped with reddish-brown. -As the animal becomes older the black gradually vanishes, a yellowish-brown -colour appearing in its place, until in the adult the only remains of the -black are to be found in a few annulations in the hairs of the shoulders. - -The skins are an article of commerce, for saddle cloths and saddle -coverings. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Rio Negro and Upper Amazonia. Mr. Bates remarks that -this is the only species seen in this region. - - -V. THE GUATEMALAN HOWLER. ALOUATTA VILLOSA. - - _Mycetes villosus_, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist., xvi., p. 220 (1845); id. Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 41 (1870); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 5, figs, 1 - and 2; Alston, in Godm. and Salvin, Biol. Centr. Amer. Mamm., pp. 3 and - 5, pl. i. - -CHARACTERS.--Differs from _M. niger_ by its abundant, long, and soft hairs, -which below, towards their bases, show a rufescent tinge, and by the -frontal hairs being _sometimes_ directed downwards at the base, instead of -upwards; hair on cheeks under the ears, brownish. - -MALE.--Entirely black. - -FEMALE AND YOUNG.--Also quite black, like the adult male, {200}instead of -being pale yellow, like the corresponding age and sex of _A. nigra_, and -having also the hair shorter and not so glossy. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This Howler is known only from the virgin forests of the -eastern and north-eastern portions of Guatemala. Mr. Osbert Salvin has -given the following account of this species. "The _Mycetes_ of Guatemala is -commonly known as the 'Mono.' It is abundant throughout the virgin forests -of the eastern portion of the Republic, but is unknown on the forest-clad -slopes which stretch towards the Pacific Ocean. In the former region it is -found at various altitudes over a wide expanse of country. I have heard its -cry on the shores of the lake of Yzabal; and all through the denser forests -of the valley of the River Polochic it is very common, from the steep -mountain road which lies between the upland village of Purula and S. -Miguel-Tucuru, and especially in the wilderness of uninhabited forest, -which stretches from Teleman to the lake of Yzabal. In the unbroken -forest-country which occupies the whole of the northern portion of Vera -Paz, from Coban and Cahabon to the confines of Peten, it is also abundant; -for seldom an hour passes but the discordant cry of the Mono strikes upon -the ear of the traveller, as he threads the lonely path to Peten. The -elevation of this district varies from 700 to 3,000 feet, and the _Mycetes_ -is found at all elevations. When travelling through the forest in 1862, I -was dependent for the animal food, to supply my party of Indians, entirely -upon my gun, and Monos contributed not a little to the larder. The Indians -eat Monkey without demur, but the meat looks dark and untempting. For my -own part I far preferred the delicate Tinamou or Curassow, a sufficient -supply of which never failed for my own consumption. Perhaps there is no -district in Vera Paz where Monos are more abundant than the mountains of -{201}Chilasco, a cold and damp region, elevated at least 6,000 feet above -the sea, but where the forest-growth is of the densest description and -trees of the largest size abound. It was here that the specimens were -obtained that are now in the British Museum." - -HABITS.--These animals are found in small companies of five or six. They -are usually met with on the upper branches of the highest trees, and when -disturbed crawl sluggishly along the boughs. "The wonderful cry whence -_Mycetes_ gets its trivial name of Howling Monkey is certainly most -striking; and I have sometimes endeavoured to ascertain how far this cry -may be heard. It has taken me an hour or more to thread the forest -undergrowth from the time the cry first struck my ear to when, guided by -the cry alone, I stood under the tree where the animals were. It would -certainly not be over estimating the distance to say two miles. When the -sound came over the lake of Yzabal, unhindered by trees, a league would be -more like the distance at which the Mono's cry may be heard." (_O. -Salvin._) - -To this species, we believe, belongs the following description given by -Captain Dampier: "The Monkeys that are in these parts are the ugliest I -ever saw. They are much bigger than a Hare, and have great Tails about two -Foot and a half long. The under side of their Tails is all bare, with a -black hard Skin; but the upper side and all the Body is covered with -coarse, long black staring Hair. These Creatures keep together, twenty or -thirty in a company, and ramble over the Woods, leaping from Tree to Tree. -If they meet with a single Person they will threaten to devour him. When I -have been alone I have been afraid to shoot them, especially the first Time -I met them. They were a great company, dancing {202}from Tree to Tree over -my Head; chattering and making a terrible Noise; and a great many grim -Faces, and shewing antick Gestures. Some broke down dry Sticks and threw at -me; ... at last one bigger than the rest came to a small Limb just over my -Head; and leaping directly at me made me start back, but the Monkey caught -hold of the Bough with the tip of his tail; and there continued swinging to -and fro, and making mouths at me.... The Tails of these Monkeys are as good -to them as one of their hands; and they will hold as fast by them.... The -Females with their young ones are much troubled to leap after the Males; -for they have commonly two: one she carries under one of her Arms, the -other sits on her Back, and clasps her two Fore-Paws about her Neck. These -Monkeys are the most sullen I ever met with, for all the Art we could use -would never tame them.... These Monkeys are very rarely or (as some say) -never on the Ground." - - -VI. THE MANTLED HOWLER. ALOUATTA PALLIATA. - - _Mycetes palliatus_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1848, p. 138, pl. vi.; Frantz., - Wiegm. Arch., xxxv., p. 254 (1869); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 40 - (1870); Scl., P. Z. S., 1872, p. 7; Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 152 - (1876); Alston, in Godm. and Salvin, Biol. Centr. Am. Mamm., p. 4 (1879). - - _Aluatta palliata_, Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1862, p. 519. - -CHARACTERS.--Face naked; hair of forehead short, reflexed, forming a slight -crest across the middle of the head; hairs of the back of the head rather -longer; those of the cheeks few, short and grey; those of the fore neck -lengthening into a short beard. General colour brownish-black; middle of -back and {203}upper part of sides, yellowish-brown; lower part of sides -brownish-yellow, lengthened into a mantle; arms, legs, and tail black. -Length, 19-1/2 inches; tail, 20-3/4. - -The late Mr. Alston, in describing the Mammals of Central America, in -Messrs. Godman and Salvin's monumental work, "Biologia Centrali-Americana," -observes that "this Howler presents considerable variety in the depth of -the black or brown-black ground-colour, and in the extent of the fulvous -tints of the flanks and loins. Dr. v. Frantzius states that the Howlers -which he saw in Costa Rica were darker than is indicated by Dr. Gray's -description; and in several of the Panama examples the light markings are -much reduced, but in others they are quite as conspicuous as in the -Nicaraguan types." Mr. Alston, therefore, agrees with Prof. Schlegel, that -the variation does not depend on locality. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Shores and islands of the lake of Nicaragua; Costa Rica; -Panama; Islet of Hicaron, at the southern extremity of Quibo Island, off -the Coast of Veragua. South of the Isthmus of Panama, the Red Howler (_A. -senicula_) replaces the Mantled Howler. - -HABITS.--The habits of the Mantled Howler do not differ widely from those -of the species already described. It prefers the highest branches of the -trees of the dense forests; and is harmless to the plantations of the -natives. In disposition it is dull and melancholy, and is rarely kept in -confinement. It is said, however, to reconcile itself to captivity more -than some of the others referred to in previous pages. According to Dr. v. -Frantzius, a tame male individual of this species was observed to howl -whenever rain-clouds gathered, and also regularly at five o'clock every -morning. - - - - -{204}THE CAPUCHINS AND SPIDER-MONKEYS. SUB-FAMILY CEBINAE. - - -We now come to describe the remaining Monkeys of the New World. The -_Cebinae_ are characterised by having the incisors vertical, not -procumbent; they have no inflated hyoid bone as in the foregoing -Sub-family. The tail in all is long and prehensile, although in some -species it is a less perfect grasping organ, being clothed with hair to the -tip, instead of being there naked and highly sensitive. The thumb may be -present or absent. - -This Sub-family contains four genera: the Capuchins (_Cebus_); The Woolly -Monkeys (_Lagothrix_); the Woolly Spider-Monkeys (_Eriodes_); and the -Spider-Monkeys (_Ateles_). The species belonging to these genera are very -numerous, and are found over the whole region from Mexico in the north, to -Paraguay and Bolivia in the south, or from about 25^o N. lat., to 30^o S. -lat. - - -THE CAPUCHINS. GENUS CEBUS. - - _Cebus_, Erxleb., Syst. Regne Anim., p. 44 (1777). - -This is the typical genus of the American Monkeys. They are distinguished -by having a robust body, covered with woolly fur, with a rounded head and a -face which, instead of having a protruding muzzle, is more erect and -Man-like. They are the commonest Monkeys seen in captivity in our streets. -Their tail is long and covered with hair to the tip, and, though -prehensile, it is not the perfect substitute for an additional hand noticed -in several other genera. Their limbs are only moderately long, and are less -slender than in the Spider-Monkeys. The fore-limbs have a well-developed -thumb, which, as compared with the length of the hand, is the most -{205}Man-like of all the Apes; in some species the nails of the digits are -compressed laterally. - -In the skull the cranial portion exceeds the facial. Professor Mivart -observes that in this group the facial part is relatively smaller than in -many of the higher Old-World Apes. The skull has no external bony canal (or -_meatus_) to the ear; and its frontal bones possess large air-cavities. In -the Capuchins the incisor teeth are erect, and are always shorter than the -canines. The molars are four-cusped, and have, on their crowns, two -transverse ridges and the oblique ridge, already described in the -_Lemuroidea_, from the front inner cusp to the hind outer cusp. These -animals have also one milk-molar tooth more than in Man. - -The outer surface of the main brain (_cerebrum_) is almost as much -convoluted as in the Old World Apes. - -The Capuchins range from Costa Rica to Paraguay, and are represented by -about eighteen species. They are very gentle and docile animals. - -F. Cuvier observes in his "Histoire Naturelle des Mammiferes," that of all -the Quadrumana--indeed, of all the Mammals--there are none so difficult to -characterise as the Capuchins of America, whose colours vary almost with -every individual. No two authors agree in the number of species the genus -contains. Brisson recognised three, Linnaeus four, Gmelin six, Buffon two, -and George Cuvier supposed it possible that they all belonged to but one -species. Two causes help to produce this diversity of opinion; one is, as -remarked above, the natural disposition which these animals have to vary, -and to become lighter or darker in colour according to circumstances, and -the other is the extremely close relationship that exists between the -different species of the genus. Observations, {206}however, are not yet -numerous enough, nor exact enough, to enable those who have only studied -the species alive in Europe, or had skins, to decide with such imperfect -data as to their sex, age, and habitat. Not until some naturalist has made -a prolonged study of these animals in their native country, and watched -their conduct and relations in the living state, can we hope to attain to -any certain knowledge of how many species the genus contains; and of the -differences between the old and young of both sexes at different periods -from youth to age. - - -I. THE WHITE-THROATED CAPUCHIN. CEBUS HYPOLEUCUS. - - _Sai a gorge blanche_, Buffon, Hist. Nat. Mamm., p. 64, pl. 15, fig. 9 - (1767); Fr. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., livr. xvi.; Audeb., Hist. Nat. - Singes, fam. v., sect. 2, pl. 5 (1797). - - _Simia hypoleuca_, Humb., Obs. Zool., i., p. 337 (1811); Pucher., Rev. et - Mag. de Zool. (2), 1857, p. 348. - - _Cebus hypoleucus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 111 (1812); Gray, Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 50 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 190 - (1876). - - _Cebus leucocephalus_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 827, fig. 4; Sclater, P. - Z. S., 1872, p. 4; Alston in Godman and Salvin, Biol. Centr. Am. Mamm., - p. 13 (1879). - -CHARACTERS.--Hair very silky, smooth and stiff, and thicker above than -below. Face and forehead nude, flesh-coloured; hands and feet nude, of a -violet hue, as also the thinly-haired skin of the under side of the body. -The tip of the tail for a short distance being naked, distinguishes this -species from all others. Shoulders, arms, and sides of the head behind the -ears pure white; chest and throat yellowish; rest of the body deep black. - -{207}Older individuals have the head longer than the younger ones, and the -shoulders yellowish instead of white. Length of the body, 13-1/2 inches; of -the tail, 17 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species was discovered by Humboldt in the low lands of -Colombia. From Colombia its range extends north to Nicaragua. It has been -obtained in Veragua, in Panama, in Costa Rica, and in the north-east of the -country between the Pacuar and Chirripo rivers, and also on the mountains -of Candalaria. - -HABITS.--The White-throated Capuchin feeds partly on fruit, as Mr. Belt has -narrated in his well-known "Naturalist in Nicaragua." He adds:--"It is -incessantly on the look out for insects, examining the crevices in trees -and withered leaves, seizing the largest beetles and munching them up with -the greatest relish. It is also very fond of eggs and young birds, and must -play havoc amongst the nestlings. Probably owing to its carnivorous habits, -its flesh is not considered so good by Monkey-eaters as that of the -fruit-eating Spider-Monkey; but I never myself tried either." - -Mr. Salvin saw a troop of these Monkeys in company with several -Spider-Monkeys by the margin of a watercourse in Nicaragua, and remarked -that the actions of the latter were bolder and more active than those of -the Capuchins, which were slower and more timid. - -According to Cuvier, the cry of this animal in captivity is a continuous -soft whistle until its wants are satisfied; if it wants nothing this -whistle is intermittent, and very soft. When in terror, its cry is a -veritable bark, broken by silent intervals. - -It is extremely docile and very intelligent; the look in its eyes is -remarkably penetrating, and it appears to read in the {208}eyes of its -observer what is passing within him, and to comprehend every motion and -gesture. - -When pleased it utters a reiterated shrill note, and draws back the corners -of its mouth, producing a smile by contracting the same muscles as in the -human face. - - -II. THE WHITE-CHEEKED CAPUCHIN. CEBUS LUNATUS. - - _Cebus lunatus_ (Sajou cornu), male; F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., pl. 70 - (nec Kuhl). - - _Cebus vellerosus_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 44 (1851, pt.). - - _Cebus leucogenys_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 824, pl. xlv.; id. Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 48 (1870). - - _Cebus frontatus_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 206 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Fur soft, elongate, silky, with thick under-fur. Hair on front -of head elongate and reflexed, forming across the brow a short crest, -higher above each eye; hair on top of head lying flat; that on cheeks short -and adpressed; base of nose large, and corrugated longitudinally; toes -long; tail longer than in other species; under surface of body less haired. - -General colour silky brown, almost black on the head and limbs, paler on -the shoulders and arms; the whiskers forming a white, or sometimes pale -yellow, band, bordering the cheeks from opposite the eyes to the chin. Face -and hands naked, violet; skin below the hair of the same colour. - -The hair of the body is longer in winter than in spring; but the crests, or -"horns," and the white whiskers appear only when the animal is fully adult. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Brazil. - - -III. THE SLENDER CAPUCHIN. CEBUS FLAVUS. - - _Cebus barbatus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 110 (1812); Schl,. Mus. - Pays Bas, vii., p. 197 (1876). - - {209}_Cebus albus_, Geoffr., t. c. p. 112 (albino). - - _Cebus flavus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 112 (1812); Kuhl, Beitr. - Zool., p. 33 (1820); d'Orbig., Voy. Amer. Merid., iv., Mamm., p. 1, pl. 3 - (1847); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 204 (1876). - - _Cebus gracilis_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert., Bras., p. 8, pl. 5 (1823, - young). - - _Cebus libidinosus_, Spix, t. c. p. 5, pl. 2 (1823). - - _Cebus unicolor_, Spix, t. c. p. 7, pl. 4 (1823). - - _Simia flavia_, Schreb., Saeugeth., pl. 31B (1840). - - _Cebus elegans_, Is. Geoffr., C. R., xxxi., p. 875 (1850). - - _Caiarara branca_, Bates, Nat. Amaz., ii., p. 100 (1863). - - _Cebus pallidus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 49 (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--Hairs of crown short and reflexed, forming a small short -crest, separated by a median furrow on each side of the dark crown patch. -Fur soft; the coronal patch on the back of the head small, black or brown; -crest black. - -General colour golden fulvous or greyish fulvous; limbs and tail dark -brown; beard golden-red. - -Varieties of this species are sometimes entirely fulvous, with the forehead -white; others are entirely albino. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Bolivia. - - -IV. THE SMOOTH-HEADED CAPUCHIN. CEBUS MONACHUS. - - _Cebus monachus_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mammif., livr. xix. (1820). - - _Le Sai a grosse tete_, male, F. Cuvier, _loc. cit._ - - _Cebus xanthocephalus_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert., Bras., p. 6, pl. 3 - (1823); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 50 (1870). - - _Cebus cucullatus_, Spix, t. c. p. 9, pl. 6 (1823). - - {210}_Cebus olivaceus_, Wagner in Schreb. Saeugeth., Suppl., v., p, 87, - pl. 8 (1855). - - _Cebus variegatus_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 208 (1876). - - (_Plate XIX._) - -CHARACTERS.--Fur soft and stiff. Head large and round covered with short -recumbent hairs. Face naked, pale round the prominent eyes; muzzle sharp, -and of the same colour as that which surrounds the eyes; forehead, temples, -throat, chest, under surface of body, sides of jaws, and front of arms, -pale orange-yellow; outer side of arms, pale orange, washed with white; -fore-arms, rump, hind-limbs, and tail black; a mixture of black and brown, -expanding irregularly into spots on the yellow, covering the back, -shoulders, and sides of body; a spot on the crown, black; a superciliary -ridge forming a band of whiskers extending down the cheeks, and meeting -under the chin, also black. Hands naked, violet, almost black. - -Varieties occur with the shoulders and loins pale yellow, instead of mixed -black and brown, and the outside of the thighs and the base of the tail, -reddish. In some specimens the pale yellow of the back gives place to a -white ground. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Paraguay (?); Guiana. - -HABITS.--Little is known of the habits of this species; but F. Cuvier, who -had one under his care in the "Menagerie Royale," in Paris, remarks that it -had the confiding disposition characteristic of the Capuchins, although -very timid. It exhibited a great desire to be caressed, was very -affectionate and most intelligent. Its physiognomy, however, he says, was -involuntarily repellent, being one that, among ourselves, would indicate a -person steeped in ignorance and sensuality. - -PLATE XIX. - -[Illustration: SMOOTH-HEADED CAPUCHIN.] - - - -{211}V. THE BROWN CAPUCHIN. CEBUS FATUELLUS. - - _Simia trepida_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 39 (1766). - - _Simia apella_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 42 (1766). - - _Simia fatuellus_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 42 (1766). - - _Cebus fatuellus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 109 (1812). - - _Cebus apella_, Geoffr., t. c. p. 109 (1812); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. - Mus., p. 48 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 199 (1876). - - _Cebus macrocephalus_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert., Bras., p. 3, pl. 1 (1823). - -CHARACTERS.--Fur thick, harsh; hair of crown short, reflexed; on the sides -of the crown a dark spot, elongated and elevated into two longer or shorter -crests, according to the season and the age of the animal. General colour -reddish-brown, darker on the hind-limbs, tail, and middle of the back; -fore-arms, crown-spot, and whiskers, black; front of shoulders greyish or -yellow; Face naked, purplish flesh-colour. - -This species is subject to great individual variation. Its general colour -is sometimes pale yellowish, with the whiskers yellow. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Brazil; Guiana, near the coast; on the mountains of the -Upper Magdalena Valley; Tolima, U.S. Colombia, from 5,000 to 7,000 ft. - -HABITS.--This species, called "Mico Maizero" by the inhabitants of Tolima, -lives as all the _Cebi_ do, in considerable troops in the forests. When -wild, it is restless and destructive, but in captivity it is docile and -affectionate. - - -VI. THE VARIEGATED CAPUCHIN. CEBUS VARIEGATUS. - - _Cebus variegatus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 111 (1812). - -{212}CHARACTERS.--Head round; muzzle protruding. Fur black, ringed with -golden-yellow; under side of body rufous. Hairs of back brown at base, red -higher up, black at the tips. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Brazil. - - -VII. THE TUFTED CAPUCHIN. CEBUS CIRRIFER. - - _Le Sajou negre_, Buffon, Hist. Nat. Mamm. Suppl., p. 109, pl. 28. - - _Cebus cirrifer_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 110 (1812); Gray, Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 49 (1870). - - _Cebus cucullatus_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert., Bras., p. 9, pl. 6 (1823, - juv.). - - _Macaco prego_, Bates, Nat. Amazon., i., p. 323 (1863). - - _Cebus niger_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 202 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Head round; hairs of crown short and reversed, sometimes -elongated into two retrorsal tufts. Fur short, close, and in general colour -maroon, turning to black, darker on the under surface; face, chin, sides of -forehead and a streak above the eyebrows, yellowish-white. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Lower Amazon region. - -HABITS.--Little is known of this Monkey beyond what Mr. Bates has told us, -viz., that it is a great depredator of the fruit trees. "It is a most -impudent thief; it destroys more than it eats by its random, hasty way of -plucking and breaking the fruits, and when about to return to the forest, -carries away all it can in its hands or under its arms." - - -VIII. THE CRESTED CAPUCHIN. CEBUS ROBUSTUS. - - _Cebus robustus_, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 35 (1820, ex Neuwied MSS.); Is. - Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 43 (1851); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. - Mus., p. 51 (1870). - - {213}_Cebus frontatus_, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 34 (1820); Schl., Mus. - Pays Bas, vii., p. 206 (1876, part). - - _Cebus variegatus_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 208 (1876, part). - -CHARACTERS.--Crown with hairs elongated into a conical central crest. Fur -bright red; crown bright red like the back, with a black spot. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Brazil. - - -IX. THE GRIZZLED CAPUCHIN. CEBUS ANNELLATUS. - - _Cebus annellatus_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 827, fig. 3; id. Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 51. - -CHARACTERS.--Hair of crown long and erect, forming a central conical crest. -Fur brown, reddish-washed, especially on the thighs, the hairs with several -pale rings; a streak on the sides of the neck bent down on the front of the -shoulders, yellow; belly reddish; crown, temples, whiskers, outer and inner -side of the limbs and tail, black; hair of face deep black; crown-spot -broad, with a broad line to the forehead and another, on each side, to the -whiskers. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Brazil. - - -X. THE WHITE-FRONTED CAPUCHIN. CEBUS ALBIFRONS. - - _Simia albifrons_, Humb., Obs. Zool., p. 323 (1811). - - _Cebus chrysopes_ (Le Sajou a pieds dores), Fr. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mammif., - pl. 51 (part.). - - _Cebus albifrons_, Is. Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 111 (1812); Gray, - Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 50 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 195 - (1876, part.) - - _Cebus leucocephalus_, Gray, t. c. p. 50. - - _Cebus versicolor_, Pucher., Rev. Zool., 1845, p. 335 (part). - -{214}CHARACTERS.--Head large in proportion to the body. Hair of crown -short, reflexed, without crest or "horns." Tail with rather long hair. -Face, forehead, throat, shoulders, and crest white. General colour of body -light or reddish-brown; back and outer side of the limbs, brownish-red. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Generally distributed through the forests of the level -country of the Upper Amazon. - -HABITS.--The Caiarara, as the Tupi Indians name this species, lives in -troops in the forests and feeds on fruits. Mr. Bates, who kept one in -captivity for a considerable period during his stay in the Upper Amazon -region, describes it as "a most restless creature, but not playful like -most of the American Monkeys; the restlessness of its disposition seeming -to arise from great nervous irritability and discontent. The anxious, -painful, and changeable expression of its countenance, and the want of -purpose in its movements, betray this. Its actions are like those of a -wayward child; it does not seem happy even when it has plenty of its -favourite food, bananas; but will leave its own meal to snatch the morsels -out of the hands of its companions. It differs in these mental traits from -its nearest kindred, for another common _Cebus_, found in the same parts of -the forest, the Prego Monkey (_C. cirrifer_), is a much quieter and better -tempered animal.... The Caiarara [called Ouavapavi, by Humboldt] is always -making some noise or other, often screwing up its mouth and uttering a -succession of loud notes resembling a whistle." It is the most wonderful -leaper of the whole tribe. Mr. Bates has also recorded:--"The troops -consist of thirty or more individuals which travel in single file. When the -foremost of the flock reaches the outermost branch of an unusually lofty -tree he springs forth {215}into the air without a moment's hesitation and -alights on the dome of yielding foliage belonging to the neighbouring tree, -maybe fifty feet beneath; all the rest following the example. They grasp, -on falling, with hands and tail, right themselves in a moment, and then -away they go along branch and bough to the next tree." Mr. Belt also -mentions having kept a White-fronted Capuchin in captivity for a long time. -Its actions, he tells us, were very human-like. "He had quite an extensive -vocabulary of sounds, varying from a gruff bark to a shrill whistle; and we -could tell by them, without seeing him, when it was he was hungry, eating, -frightened, or menacing; doubtless one of his own species would have -understood various minor shades of intonation and expression that we, not -entering into his feelings and wants, passed over as unintelligible." - - -XI. THE WEEPER CAPUCHIN. CEBUS CAPUCINUS. - - _Simia capucina_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 42 (1766). - - _Cebus capucinus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 111 (1812); Gray, Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 49 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 19 - (1876). - - _Cebus nigrovittatus_, Wagner, Acad. Muench., v., p. 430 (1847, ex Natt. - MSS.). - - _Cebus olivaceus_, Schomb., Reis. Brit. Guiana, ii., p. 246, et iii., p. - 770 (1848). - - _Cebus castaneus_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 46 (1851). - - _Cebus versicolor_, Pucher., Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1857, p. 346 (part). - -CHARACTERS.--Hairs of crown short, reflexed, but not elevated into a crest. -Fur brown, washed with yellow; crown-spot dark brown, narrow, prolonged -down the nose, and expanded {216}backward on to the nape of the neck; sides -of face, throat, chest, and front part of shoulders, greyish-yellow. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Widely distributed in the great forests from Paraguay to the -United States of Colombia. - -HABITS.--This Capuchin wanders about among the high forest trees in small -companies of from ten to a dozen, the larger number being females. It is -very timid, and keeps well out of sight, so that it is difficult to watch -its habits. Rengger, in his "Saeugethiere von Paraguay," had more than once -an excellent opportunity of observing these interesting Monkeys, and has -given a capital account of them. He specially mentions the great affection -the mother has for her offspring. "The mother's love," he says, "shows -itself by the great care with which every old one handles her young, by -laying them on the breast, by watching them, by searching their fur, and by -the attacks they make on any intruder." In January the female gives birth -to a single young one, and keeps it at her breast for the first week; later -on she carries it partly on her back, partly under her arm. When sleeping -the Weeping Cai curls itself up, covering its face with its arms and tail. - -The leader of a troop shares his feelings with the others by various -motions, and by giving utterance to certain noises, which are taken up by -the others. Their feelings are also exhibited by a kind of laughing and -crying. Rengger kept some of these Monkeys for several years in captivity -in their own country, and says that, when happy, they uttered a peculiar -tittering sound; they express agreeable sensations by drawing back the -corners of the mouth without uttering any sound; this he supposed to be -laughing, but, as Mr. Darwin remarks, it would be more appropriately called -a smile. When {217}crying, their eyes fill with tears, but never flow down -the cheeks. When in pain or terror, the form of the mouth, as observed by -Mr. Darwin at the Zoological Gardens in London, is quite different from -that expressing pleasure or satisfaction; and high shrieks are uttered. - -Specimens of this species have been kept in captivity in Europe for six and -seven years. - - -XII. THE THICK-FURRED CAPUCHIN. CEBUS VELLEROSUS. - - _Cebus vellerosus_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 44 (1851, - part.); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 49 (1870). - - _Cebus frontatus_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 206 (1876, part.). - -CHARACTERS.--Hairs of crown short; those on the side of the dark and narrow -crown-spot, produced on the sides into two horns or crests. Fur thick and -long, mingled with still longer glancing hairs; general colour -blackish-brown; top of head, nape of neck, and whiskers black. (_Gray._) - -DISTRIBUTION.--Brazil. - -The following species has been described by Dr. Gray, but very little, if -anything, is known of its habits or of the exact locality in which it -lives. - - -XIII. THE PALE CAPUCHIN. CEBUS FLAVESCENS. - - _Cebus unicolor_ (nec Spix), Spix, Sim. et Vespert., Bras., p. 7 pl. 4 - (1823, part). - - _Cebus gracilis_ (nec Spix), Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 12 (1843). - - _Cebus flavescens_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 827; id. Cat. Monkeys Brit. - Mus., p. 51 (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--Fur nearly uniform pale yellowish-fulvous; the {218}cheeks, -whiskers, and hair under the throat, greyish; the crown, nape, and middle -part of the back rather darker; outside of the leg somewhat redder; hair on -top of head and nape rather elongate, directed backward, but not forming a -crest. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Brazil. - - -XIV. THE GOLDEN-HANDED CAPUCHIN. CEBUS CHRYSOPUS. - - _Cebus chrysopes_, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm., pl. 51 (part.). - - _Cebus chrysopus_, Fischer, Syn. Mamm., p. 51 (1829); Is. Geoffr., Cat. - Meth. Primates, p. 47 (1851); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 51 - (1870). - - _Cebus albifrons_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 195 (1876, part.). - -CHARACTERS.--Fur soft; hairs of crown of head radiating from a centre, -directed forward in front, forming a transverse crest on the middle of the -crown. Face, throat, chest, and front of shoulders, pale greyish-brown; -back of head and eyebrows blackish. General colour of body pale -sooty-brown, washed with golden; outer side of limbs golden-buff. - -DISTRIBUTION.--United States of Colombia. - - -XV. THE BONNETTED CAPUCHIN. CEBUS SUBCRISTATUS. - - _Cebus subcristatus_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 827; id. Cat. Monkeys - Brit. Mus., p. 52 (1870). - - _? Cebus frontatus_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 206 (1876, part.). - -CHARACTERS.--Hair of crown elongate, divided by a central line diverging to -the eyebrows, forming an erect transverse crest behind them. Fur -blackish-brown; sides of face pale ashy; {219}front of shoulders and of -arms and outer side of legs, yellowish. Digits long and very slender. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Brazil. - - -XVI. THE CAPPED CAPUCHIN. CEBUS CAPILLATUS. - - _Cebus capillatus_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 827, fig. 1; id. Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 52 (1870). - - _? Cebus frontatus_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, viii, p. 206 (1876, part.) - -CHARACTERS.--Hairs of head elongate, diverging in all directions; fur long, -brown, slightly washed with yellow, more markedly on the thighs; sides of -forehead paler; sides of neck, outer sides of shoulders and arms, fulvous; -crown and nape of neck, blackish. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Brazil. - - -XVII. AZARA'S CAPUCHIN. CEBUS AZARAE. - - "_Le Cay_," Azara, Essais Hist. Nat. Quadr. Prov. Paraguay, ii., p. 230 - (1801). - - _Cebus azarae_, Rengger, Naturg. Saeugeth., Paraguay, p. 26 (1830). - -CHARACTERS.--Top of head black, with a band of the same colour passing in -front of the ears, and terminating on the lower jaw; forehead, temples, and -face, white; ear-tufts white; chin, throat, and upper side of feet white; -upper side of tail, anterior part of the fore-feet and ankles, dusky; rest -of body brown, lighter on the sides, becoming yellowish on the rump, the -lower part of the body, and the under side of the tail. Length of the body, -17 inches; of the tail, 19 inches. - -FEMALE.--Paler in colour above than the male; the dark colour of the tail -and of the limbs more extended. - -{220}DISTRIBUTION.--Paraguay. - -HABITS.--This rare Capuchin lives, as Azara relates, in the forests of -Paraguay, and is met with both in single couples and in small troops. They -are very lively little animals, ever in motion, swinging themselves from -tree to tree by means of their tails, the mothers of the company generally -carrying their single young one on their back. When once tamed they become -very affectionate; when angry they can give vent to excruciating screams. -Their ordinary voice resembles that of someone laughing with all their -might, and crying Hu! hu! hu! - -Only once has a specimen of this Capuchin been an inmate of the Zoological -Gardens in London. - - -XVIII. SCHLEGEL'S CAPUCHIN. CEBUS FALLAX. - - _Cebus fallax_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 210 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--In colour closely resembling _C. fatuellus_, but the hair is -longer all over, silky, and of a dusky hue, especially on the hinder part -of the body. The lumbar vertebrae are four in number, and there are also -fourteen pairs of ribs. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Unknown. - - -THE WOOLLY MONKEYS. GENUS LAGOTHRIX. - - _Lagothrix_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 106 (1812). - -The animals grouped under the genus _Lagothrix_ are readily distinguished -by having a heavy body, and a rounded head, with the muzzle much flattened, -and the nostrils nearly circular, but not approximated. More conspicuous -than any other external character is the woolliness of their under-fur. - -The name _Lagothrix_ was given by Humboldt to the first specimen he found, -because of the similarity of its fur to that {221}of the hare, and hence -this name, from [Greek: lagos], a hare, and [Greek: thrix, trichos], hair, -was adopted for the new genus, which was afterwards established by Geoffroy -St. Hilaire. - -The hair of the crown is short and directed backwards; the tail is long and -perfectly prehensile, being naked and sensitive for a considerable distance -back from the tip. The limbs are moderately long, and the thumb and -great-toe are well developed, the nails of the digits being compressed and -pointed. - -In regard to the skeleton, the skull of _Lagothrix_, as Dr. Slack points -out, can be readily distinguished from that of the Capuchins by a broad, -well-marked, articulation taking place between the pre-maxillary and the -nasal bones at right angles to the suture between the latter, while in the -Capuchins no true articulation takes place between these bones. The lower -jaw is larger than in _Cebus_, approaching the size and form of _Mycetes_. -The incisor teeth are small and unequal, the upper inner incisor being the -largest; the canines are very large and grooved in front. - -The Woolly Monkeys are slow in motion, gregarious, diurnal, and arboreal. -The "Barrigudos," as they are called by the Portuguese colonists, live -exclusively on fruits, and are larger and less active than the Capuchins. -They are confined to the forests of the Ecuador district of the Upper -Amazon Valley, and along the slopes of the Andes, north to Venezuela and -south to Bolivia. - -They are of a mild disposition, and, as Mr. Wallace remarks, they are the -species "most frequently seen in confinement, and are great favourites, -from their grave countenances, which resemble the human face more than -those of any other Monkeys, their quiet manners, and the great affection -and docility they exhibit." - - -{222}I. HUMBOLDT'S WOOLLY MONKEY. LAGOTHRIX LAGOTHRIX. - - _Simia lagothrica_, Humb. and Bonpl., Obs. Zool., i., p. 322 (1811). - - _Lagothrix cana_, Id. tom. cit. i., p. 354 (1811). - - _Lagothrix lagotricha_, Id. tom. cit. p. 354. - - _Lagothrix humboldtii_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 107 (1812); Scl., P. - Z. S., 1863, p. 374, pl. xxxi.; Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 162 (1876, - part.). - - _Lagothrix canus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 107 (1812). - - _Gastrimargus olivaceus_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert., Bras., p. 39, pl. 28 - (1823). - - _Lagothrix tschudii_, Pucher., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1857, p. 296. - - _Lagothrix geoffroyi_, Pucher., t. c. p. 297. - - _Lagothrix cana_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 162 (1876; part.). - - _Lagothrix olivaceus_, Spix, ?; Bates, Nat. River Amazon, ii., p. 320 - (1863). - - (_Plate XX._) - -CHARACTERS.--Body large and heavy; face naked, black, and wrinkled; -forehead low, the eyes projecting; a few scattered white hairs on lips. -Hair of under surface hoary, and longer than that of the upper surface. - -ADULT MALE.--General colour blackish, hoary-grey, the hairs being dark -grey, tipped with black. Head, chest, hands, under surface of body, and tip -of tail, black. Length of the body, from 19 or 20 inches to 27 inches in -very large specimens; tail from 24 to 26 inches. - -YOUNG.--Hoary grey, darker on the belly and inner surface of the limbs; -hands and top of head black. - -PLATE XX. - -[Illustration: HUMBOLDT'S WOOLLY MONKEY.] - - -{223}DISTRIBUTION.--This Monkey was discovered by Humboldt on the Guaviare, -a branch of the Orinoco river. It occurs in the Upper Magdalena Valley, -Colombia, where it is known as the "Churuco" river. Its true habitat is the -district south-west of the Rio Negro towards the Andes. It is unknown in -the Lower Amazon Region. - -HABITS.--The "Caparro," as the Orinoco Indians named this species to -Humboldt, or "Macaco barrigudo," as the Portuguese settlers call it, is -entirely an arboreal animal, living exclusively on fruits, on which it is a -most voracious feeder. The name of "big-bellied," which _barrigudo_ means, -is probably obtained from the effects of this habit. Its manners in -captivity are grave, and its temper, according to Mr. Bates, is mild and -confiding, like that of the Coaitas, or Spider-Monkeys. Owing to these -traits, the Barrigudo is much sought after as a pet; but it is not hardy -like the Coaitas, and seldom survives a passage down the river to Para. -Nevertheless, the Zoological Society has had a considerable number of these -Monkeys in confinement during the past twenty years. Mr. Bates also states -that it is much persecuted by the natives on account of the excellence of -its flesh as food. "From information given me," he says, "by a collector of -birds and mammals whom I employed, and who resided a long time among the -Tacuna Indians, near Tabatinga, I calculated that one horde of this tribe, -200 in number, destroyed 1,200 of these Monkeys annually for food. The -species is very numerous in the forests of the higher lands, but, owing to -long persecution, it is now seldom seen in the neighbourhood of the larger -villages." - - -II. THE BROWN LAGOTHRIX. LAGOTHRIX INFUMATUS. - - _Gastrimargus infumatus_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert., Bras., p. 41, pl. 29 - (1823). - - {224}_Lagothrix poeppigii_, Schinz, Synops. Mamm., i., p. 71 (1844); - Pucher., Rev. et Mag de Zool., p. 299 (1857); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., - p. 164 (1876). - - _Lagothrix geoffroyi_, Schinz, Synops. Mamm., i., p. 72 (1844). - - _Lagothrix castelnaui_, Is. Geoffr. et Deville, C.R., xxvii., p. 498 - (1848); Casteln., Voy. Amer. Sud, Zool., p. 5, pl. 1. - - _Lagothrix infumatus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 46 (1870); Scl., - P. Z. S., 1871, p. 219 (Note). - -CHARACTERS.--Large in size; face naked, black; general colour dark -reddish-grey, the hairs being reddish-brown at the base, and tipped with -grey or black; head, face and hind hands darker brown; chest, upper side of -fore-arms, and under surface of body dark brown, or almost black; sides of -body, base of the tail and perineal region brownish-red; hair of chest and -under surface long and rather rigid. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Brown Lagothrix, also called "Capparo" by Humboldt, is -common in the forests of the low country over the whole of the Valley of -the Peruvian Amazons. It has been recorded from the Valley of the Copataza -river, and also from Macas, both in Cis-Andean Ecuador. - -HABITS.--These Monkeys go about in pairs, in troops of about twelve to -fourteen, and frequent the great forest trees. They are often found in -company with species of other genera, such as the Howlers. They are -exclusively fruit-eaters, and are in great request as food; large numbers, -consequently, are destroyed annually for this purpose. - - -THE WOOLLY SPIDER-MONKEYS. GENUS BRACHYTELES. - - _Brachyteles_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Brazil, p. 36 (1823). - - _Eriodes_, Is. Geoffr., Dict. Class., xv., p. 143 (1829). - -The members of this genus resemble in general form the {225}Spider-Monkeys, -to be presently described, and they present also many resemblances to the -foregoing species of the Woolly Monkeys. Their limbs are long and slender, -and their body heavy, and covered with a woolly under-fur. Their head is -rounder than in the Capuchins. The face is flat, and the facial angle -large. The nose has the partition between the nostrils narrower than in the -other species of the family, and the nostrils are themselves more -approximated, circular in form, and directed more downward than outward, -thus showing some approach to the position of the nostrils in the Old World -Apes. Their fore-limbs are long and slender, and the thumb is often -entirely absent (as in the Guerezas of Africa), or there may be a very -rudimentary digit, which sometimes ends in a small nail. The nails of the -digits are, as in _Lagothrix_, very compressed and sharp. The tail is -longer than the body, naked on the under side, and sensitive at its -termination, and therefore prehensile. - -The skull is globular, and the pre-maxillary bones articulate with the -nasal bones by a broad surface. The incisor teeth are equal in size; the -canines are small, and of the same length as the incisors, and the molars, -which are vertically higher than the canines, are thick and quadrangular. -The lower jaw is dilated behind, somewhat less than in _Lagothrix_. - -The Woolly Spider-Monkeys are very rare, and little is known of their -habits. They are confined to the south-eastern coast forests of Brazil, -that region to the south of Cape San Roque, whence, as far as Rio Grande do -Sul, ever-verdant forests, as Mr. Wallace has described, clothe all the -valleys and hills of the lowland region, stretching as far west as the -higher mountain ranges parallel to the coast, and even up the valleys of -the larger rivers a long way into the interior of the country. - - -{226}THE BROWN WOOLLY SPIDER-MONKEY. BRACHYTELES ARACHNOIDES. - - _Ateles arachnoides_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., vii., p. 271 (1806); xiii., p. - 90, pl. 9 (1809); xix., p. 106 (1812); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 184 - (1876, part.). - - _Ateles hypoxanthus_, Desm., Mamm., p. 75 (1820); Neuwied, apud Kuhl, - Beitr. Zool., p. 25 (1820); Schl., t. c. p. 185 (1876, part.). - - _Brachyteles macrotarsus_, Spix, Sim. et Vespert., Bras., p. 36, pl. 17 - (1823). - - _Eriodes hemidactylus_ and _E. tuberifer_, Geoffr., Mem. Mus., xvii., pp. - 161, 163 (1828). - - _Eriodes arachnoides_, Geoffr., Mem. Mus., t. c. p. 160 (1828). - - _Brachyteles arachnoides_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 45 (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--MALE.--Size small; face nude, flesh-coloured; general colour -of body yellowish-brown, darker on the back of the head, with a few long -black hairs on the forehead; hairs of head short and directed backward; -buttocks, vent, base of tail and perineal region dark ferruginous-brown; -the thumb wanting or rudimentary. Length of body, 22 inches; tail, 26 -inches. - -FEMALE.--Ashy-brown, instead of yellowish-brown, in appearance. - -YOUNG.--In some young specimens the general colour is dark brown, with the -sides of the face white. - -Dr. Slack observes, in the "Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences -of Philadelphia" for 1862, in reference to this species: "I had long -suspected that the three species of this genus described by Isidore -Geoffroy St. Hilaire, were in reality one and the same; no specific -characters are manifest in their coloration, or skulls, the supposed -differences being {227}based upon the development of the anterior thumbs, -this member being absent in _B. arachnoides_, replaced by a small nailless -tubercle in _B. tuberifer_, and surmounted by a nail in _B. hemidactylus_. -In the "Magazin" of Messrs. Verreaux, in Paris, I found specimens having -upon one hand the tubercle, and upon the other the nailed thumb, others -with the tubercle on one hand, but absent upon the other. St. Hilaire -himself, in his "Catalogue of the Primates," expresses a doubt as to -whether _B. arachnoides_ and _B. hemidactylus_ are really distinct. In -September and October, 1860, I was unable to find _B. hemidactylus_ in the -Paris Museum, all the _Brachyteles_ being labelled _Eriodes arachnoides_." - -DISTRIBUTION.--Confined to the wooded region of the south-east of Brazil. - -HABITS.--Arboreal, diurnal, and (it is supposed) gregarious, frequenting -the high forest trees, and subsisting on fruits. - - -THE SPIDER-MONKEYS. GENUS ATELES. - - _Ateles_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., vii., p. 262 (1806). - -This is the fourth remaining genus of the _Cebinae_, the last Sub-family of -the _Cebidae_. With the description of the Spider-Monkeys, therefore, we -shall have passed in review all the species of the New World Platyrrhine -section of the _Anthropoidea_. The species of this group derive their -trivial name from their long and slender limbs; the name applied to them, -however, in their native forests by the Indians of Brazil is "Coaita." They -are characterised by their light and slender body, which is narrower across -the loins than across the chest. The head is rounded, the forehead salient, -and the muzzle somewhat projecting. Both pairs of limbs are much elongated, -the {228}hind-limbs being shorter, however, than the fore-, and the thumb -of the fore-limb is sometimes very rudimentary, being only a nailless -tubercle--or, in the majority of the species, entirely absent, rendering -the hand a much less perfect organ for holding or picking up small objects, -such as fruits, &c.; but its absence probably does not affect, if it does -not even benefit, the hand as an organ for climbing and catching hold again -after a long leap. The nails and other digits of both limbs are compressed, -but much less so than in _Brachyteles_ and _Lagothrix_. The tail is very -long, generally exceeding the length of the body and head, and is nude on -the under side, and very sensitive towards its termination. As a prehensile -organ it has reached the summit of strength and perfection. "It even serves -as a fifth hand, as detached objects, otherwise out of reach, can be -grasped by it, and brought towards the hand or mouth." (_Mivart._) The body -is covered with long, rather coarse, generally black, hair, and has no -woolly under-fur, as in _Lagothrix_ and _Brachyteles_. - -With regard to the skeleton of _Ateles_, the lumbar region of the vertebral -column is short, and the dorsal segment attains a greater relative length -than in any other Ape, being over nine-twentieths of the total length of -the spine, without the tail. (_Mivart._) The dorsal and lumbar vertebrae -together number eighteen. In the tail there are twenty-three vertebrae, -flattened on the under side, and exceptionally provided with bony -processes, serving as points for the attachment of muscles for rendering it -as efficient a prehensile organ as possible. The length of the whole arm -and hand in _Ateles_, in proportion to that of the spine, is 174 to 100; -but without the hand it is shorter than the spine, the hand itself being -only slightly shorter than the latter. The proportion of the hind-limb to -the spine is somewhat less, being 169 to 100. The thumb is reduced to a -single metacarpal bone, to {229}which, usually, a single minute nodular -phalanx [finger-bone] is articulated, and is completely hidden beneath the -integument. Although thus rudimentary and functionless, all its -characteristic muscles, except one (the long-flexor) are present. -(_Huxley._) The upper incisors are unequal, the interior being the larger. -There is a space (diastema) between the incisor and the canine teeth (as in -all _Anthropoidea_, except Man); the canines are large and conical; the -upper molars large, and their crowns four-cusped, with transverse ridges -between the outer and inner front cusps and the outer and inner hind cusps, -and also an oblique ridge crossing from the outer front cusp to the inner -hind one. In the larynx of _Ateles_ there is a single median air-sac -opening from the back of the windpipe, but there is no such extension of -the resonating apparatus as is seen in the Howlers (_Alouatta_). In its -brain _Ateles_ exhibits in some respects a higher type than in even the Old -World Apes. - -In regard to this group of Monkeys, the late Mr. H. W. Bates made the -following interesting observations:--"In the Coaitas the tail reaches its -highest perfection as a prehensile organ; and on this account it would -perhaps be correct to consider the Coaitas as the extreme development of -the American type of Apes. As far as we know from living and fossil -species, the New World has progressed no further than the Coaita towards -the production of a higher form of the Quadrumanous order. The tendency of -Nature here has been, to all appearance, simply to perfect these organs, -which adapt the species more and more completely to a purely arboreal life; -and no nearer approach has been made towards the more advanced forms of -Anthropoid Apes, which are the products of the Old World solely. The tail -of the Coaita is endowed with {230}a wonderful degree of flexibility. It is -always in motion, coiling and uncoiling like the trunk of an Elephant, and -grasping whatever comes within reach.... The flesh of the Coaitas is much -esteemed by the natives in this part of the country [Obydos, on the -Amazon].... One day I went on a Coaita hunt. When in the deepest part of a -ravine we heard a rustling sound in the trees overhead, and Manoel [the -guide] pointed out a Coaita to me. There was something human-like in its -appearance [which is very characteristic of them], as the lean, dark, -shaggy creature moved deliberately amongst the branches at a great height. -I fired, but unfortunately only wounded it in the belly. It fell with a -crash headlong about twenty or thirty feet, and then caught a bough with -its tail, which grasped it instantaneously, and then the animal remained -suspended in mid-air. Before I could re-load it recovered itself, and -mounted nimbly to the topmost branches out of the reach of a fowling-piece, -where we could perceive the poor thing, apparently probing the wound with -its fingers. Coaitas are more frequently kept in a tame state than any -other kind of Monkey. The Indians are very fond of them as pets, and the -women often suckle them when young at their breasts.[12] They become -attached to their masters, and will sometimes follow them on the ground to -considerable distances.... The disposition of the Coaita is mild in the -extreme; it has none of the painful, restless vivacity of its kindred, the -_Cebi_, and no trace of the surly, untameable temper of its still nearer -relatives, the _Mycetes_, or Howling-Monkeys. It is, however, an arrant -thief, and shows considerable cunning in pilfering small articles of -clothing, which it conceals in its sleeping place." - -PLATE XXI. - -[Illustration: THE VARIEGATED SPIDER-MONKEY.] - - -{231}The Coaitas are like the rest of the _Cebidae_, essentially -quadrupedal, but they occasionally assume the erect posture. They are -purely arboreal in habit, living in small companies in the very high trees -of the forest. - -Their geographical distribution is very wide. They extend over the whole -area of the _Cebidae_, _i.e._, over two of the sub-regions, the Brazilian -and Mexican, of the Neotropical Region. - - -I. THE VARIEGATED SPIDER-MONKEY. ATELES VARIEGATUS. - - _Ateles marginatus_ (nec Geoffr.), Humb. Obs. Zool., pp. 340, 354 (1811). - - _Ateles variegatus_, Wagner in Schreb., Saeugeth., i., p. 313 (1840); id. - Abhandl. Akad. Muench., v., p. 420 (1847); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1870, p. - 668; 1871, pp. 39, 225; Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. (4), vi. (1870), p. 472. - - _Sapajou geoffroyi_ (nec Kuhl), Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., - 1862, p. 511 [= [male]]. - - _Ateles bartletti_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1867, p. 992, pl. xlvii. - - _Ateles melanochir_, var. Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 43 (1870, in - part). - - _Ateles chuva_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 175 (1876). - - (_Plate XXI._) - -CHARACTERS.--MALE.--Fur of body abundant, long, and soft; hair of back and -top of head long and directed forwards, and projecting over the forehead; -beneath and behind the cheeks a band of longish hairs, directed forwards. -Top of head, back, front aspect of the entire arms, and of the legs to the -knees, hands, feet, and upper side of tail glossy blue-black; a band -{232}across the forehead rufous-yellow; the hairs directed upwardly, -bordered by a narrower streak of deep black over the eyes; the under side -of the fore-limbs, the posterior aspect of the thighs, and the entire leg, -the buttocks, and the whole of the under side of the tail as far as the -nude portion (which is black), rich orange-yellow; under surface of body -paler. Face naked, black, and bordered by a broad white patch of whiskers, -reaching from the temple nearly to the angle of the mouth. The black part -of the limbs and legs near to the yellow colour, varied with more or fewer -yellow hairs. - -FEMALE AND YOUNG MALE.--Similar to the adult male, but less in size, and -the coloration paler than in the adult male. Elbows and feet black; under -side of the body greyish-yellow. The white stripe on the sides of the face -is wanting in the young female. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Chyavetas, Nauta, and Elvira in the Peruvian Amazons; Upper -Rio Negro, Serra de Cocoi; Upper Cauca river, a southern confluent of the -Orinoco; Venezuela. "This species is found on both sides of the Peruvian -Amazon (or Maranon), on both shores of the Huallaga, and in the interior -forest near the town of Chamicuros. I was told by some of the oldest -Indians that these animals are common in the dense forest on the hills near -the latter town, their range extending between the Huallaga river and -Ucayali river to the head-waters of the Huallaga, between the towns of -Lamas and Sarayacu.... Then again on the Rio Tigri ... and over the -head-waters of the Rio Napo, Rio Japura and Rio Negro, where Natterer first -discovered it." (_Bartlett._) - -HABITS.--This Monkey, the "Chuva de Baracamorros" of {233}Humboldt, which -is the most beautifully coloured of its group, is said to go about in small -parties, passing through the forest at a rapid rate, feeding on different -kinds of berries. - - -II. GEOFFROY'S SPIDER-MONKEY, ATELES GEOFFROYI. - - _Ateles geoffroyi_, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 26 (1820); Schl., Mus. Pays - Bas, vii., p. 181 (1876); Alston, in Godman and Salvin, Biol. Centr. - Amer. Mamm., p. 8 (1879). - - _Ateles melanochir_, Desmar., Mamm., p. 76 (1820); Gray, Cat. Monkeys - Brit. Mus., p. 43 (1870); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 226, pl. xv., 1875, - p. 419, pls. xlviii. and xlix. - - _Eriodes frontatus_, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist., x., p. 256 (1842); id. Voy. - H.M.S. "Sulphur," Zool., p. 9, pl. i.; Scl., P. Z. S., 1882, p. 186; Von - Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg., xxxv., 1869, pp. 257, 258. - - _Sapajou geoffroyi_, Slack, Pr. Ac. Sc. Philad., 1862, p. 511 (= female). - - _Ateles variegatus_ (nec Wagn.), Von Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg., xxxv., - 1869, p. 257. - - _Ateles hybridus_, _A. ornatus_ et _A. albifrons_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys - Brit. Mus., pp. 43 and 44 (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--Body light greyish-drab all over; hands, elbows, feet, knees, -and the upper side of the extremity of the tail, black; face black, with -the exception of the lips and a ring round the eyes, broad above and narrow -below, flesh-coloured. Hair of forehead reflexed, meeting that of the crown -above the eyes, forming a triangular patch of erect black hairs. Top of the -head and upper part of the tail buff. Length of body, 17 inches; of tail, -21 inches. Thumb entirely wanting. - -This species is remarkably variable. The description given above belongs to -the form described as _A. melanochir_ by {234}Desmarest from the same -specimen in Paris, which Kuhl described under the name of _A. geoffroyi_. -Every gradation is to be met with between this and the form described by -Dr. Gray as _A. ornatus_, in which the face is entirely black, the whiskers -pale reddish-yellow, the patch of erect black hair on the forehead -yellowish at its base; the top of the head, sides, lower back, rump, upper -part of the arms, outer, inner and posterior portion of the thighs and -legs, and under side of the base of the tail, brownish-red; nape, shoulders -and remainder of the tail reddish-brown, washed with black; lower part of -arms, fore-arms, hands, feet, and anterior aspect of thighs and legs, -black. - -In some specimens the grey, or reddish-black colour, merges on the under -surface, into yellowish-cream, or rufous, and the black wash is more or -less distributed. - -Mr. Alston, in speaking of this species, remarks that the best character by -which the darker (_A. ornatus_) forms may be distinguished from our next -species (_A. rufiventris_) is the want of a distinct line of demarcation -between the colours of the upper and lower parts, the tint of the flanks, -whatever it may be, passing almost insensibly into that of the breast and -belly in all the varieties. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The variation in colour described above is not due to local -causes, every variety occurring between the lightest and darkest, in all -the regions which this species is known to inhabit. The localities from -which it has been recorded are on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of -Nicaragua; Costa Rica, where it occurs in large numbers from the coast -forests up to nearly 7,000 feet on the mountains; Panama, and the U.S. of -Colombia. - -HABITS.--Geoffroy's Spider-Monkey is gregarious and arboreal, -{235}frequenting the highest trees of the forest, both in the low country -and at high elevations, and living on fruits and insects, but chiefly on -the former. Mr. Belt relates that on the banks of the Antigua he saw a -valuable tree, the "Nispera" (_Achras sapota_), growing on the dryer -ridges. "It bears a round fruit about the size of an apple, hard and heavy -when green, and at this time it is much frequented by the large -yellowish-brown Spider-Monkey (_Ateles_), which roams over the tops of the -trees in bands of from ten to twenty. Sometimes they lay quite quiet until -I was passing underneath, when, shaking a branch of the Nispera tree, they -would send down a shower of the hard round fruit; but fortunately I was -never struck by them. As soon as I looked up they would commence yelping -and barking and putting on the most threatening gestures, breaking off -pieces of branches and letting them fall, and shaking off more fruit, but -never throwing anything, simply letting it fall.[13] Often when on lower -trees, they would hang from the branches, two or three together, holding on -to each other and to the branch with their fore-feet and long tail, whilst -their hind-feet hung down, all the time making threatening gestures and -cries. Sometimes a female would be seen carrying a young one on its back, -to which it clung with legs and tail, the mother making its way along the -branches, and leaping from tree to tree, apparently but little encumbered -by its baby. A large black and white Eagle is said to prey upon them, but I -never saw one, although I was constantly falling in with troops of the -Monkeys. Don Francisco Velasquez, one of our officers, told me that one day -he heard a Monkey crying out in the forest for more than two hours, and at -last, going to see what was {236}the matter, he saw a Monkey on a branch -and an Eagle beside it trying to frighten it to turn its back, when it -would have seized it. The Monkey, however, kept its face to its foe.... -Velasquez fired at the Eagle, and frightened it away. I think it likely, -from what I have seen of the habits of this Monkey, that they defend -themselves from the Eagle's attack by keeping two or three together, thus -assisting each other, and that it is only when the bird finds one separated -from its companions that it dares to attack it." - -Mr. Osbert Salvin met with several of these Monkeys near the town of San -Juan del Sur, in Nicaragua. He was walking up the course of a half-dry -stream when he came upon a troop of Monkeys which had come to a pool to -drink, and were climbing about the low trees on the bank of the -watercourse. Most of the troop consisted of _Cebus hypoleucus_, but with -them were several _Ateles_ of the present species, of one of which Mr. -Salvin wrote a description as it sat jabbering at him and throwing down -sticks from a branch above his head. Mr. Salvin also told Mr. Alston that -it was not unusual to see Monkeys kept in confinement in the court-yards of -the Spanish houses in Guatemala. Amongst them were occasionally to be seen -specimens of Geoffroy's Spider-Monkey; but he always found that they had -been brought from Nicaragua or Costa Rica, the species not extending into -Guatemala. - - -III. THE RED-BELLIED SPIDER-MONKEY. ATELES RUFIVENTRIS. - - _Ateles vellerosus_ (_?_) (nec Gray), Scl., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 478. - - _Ateles rufiventris_, Scl., P. Z. S., 1872, p. 688, pl. lvii.; Schlegel, - Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 182 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Fur rough, upstanding less on the tail than on {237}the body, -that on the forehead erect and directed backwards, that on the top of the -head long, projecting forward. Face and muzzle, except a black line from -the side of the nose and inner corners of the eyes to the cheeks, -flesh-coloured. General colour uniform black, but the whole under surface -deep bright rufous, this colour extending but slightly on to the inner -surface of the limbs. Thumbs entirely wanting. - -Differs from _A. geoffroyi_ by its flesh-coloured face and by the two -colours of the upper and under sides being clearly defined. Length of body, -12 inches; of tail, 15-1/2 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species was first discovered on the Atrato river, in -Northern Colombia, and has since been found in Panama. - -HABITS.--The Red-bellied Spider-Monkey is very rare, only one or two -specimens having yet been obtained. Nothing is, therefore, known of its -habits. - - -IV. THE RED-FACED SPIDER-MONKEY. ATELES PANISCUS. - - _Simia paniscus_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 27 (1766). - - _Ateles pentadactylus_, Geoff., Ann. Mus., vii., p. 269 (1806); Schl., - Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 172 (1876, in part). - - _Ateles paniscus_, Geoff., Ann. Mus., vii., p. 270 (1806); Gray, Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 42 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 169 - (1876, part.). - - _Le coaita_, F. Cuv. et Geoffr., Nat. Hist. Mamm., liv., v. (Avril, - 1819). - - _Sapajou paniscus_, Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., p. 509 (1862). - -CHARACTERS.--Very similar to _A. ater_ in its coarse and entirely black -fur, but differing in the naked and flesh-coloured {238}face. Hairs of -forehead long and projecting anteriorly; tail one-quarter longer than the -body; hands generally entirely lacking the thumbs, though sometimes a -rudimentary thumb is present, and that occasionally on one hand only. Naked -portion of tail covered with sensory papillae, rendering it more sensitive, -so it is said, than the hand. Length of body, 24 inches; tail, 30 inches. -The skull in some specimens of the thumbed variety is compressed laterally, -and shows a sagittal crest along the top. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species is spread over Guiana, the forests of the -Ucayali and Huallaga rivers in eastern Peru, and the northern part of -Brazil, where it is known as the "Coaita," taking the place of the more -northern _Ateles ater_. "It occurs," says Mr. Bates, "throughout the -lowlands of the Lower and Upper Amazons, but does not range to the south -beyond the limits of the river plains." In the higher part of the Rio Negro -it comes down to the north bank, but does not cross to the south bank of -the river. - -HABITS.--This species is the best known of all the Spider-Monkeys. It is -captured in large numbers, when young, by the natives of Guiana, and as -they bear captivity well, many of them have been brought to Europe. They -live in larger troops than do some of the other members of its genus; -indeed, these companies are said to number as many as a hundred. They are -very easily tamed, and become very affectionate. They live chiefly on -fruits, principally on a species of palm-nut. Dampier, however, says, -apparently of this species of _Ateles_: "The Monkeys come down by the -Sea-side [at low water] and catch them [the Periwinckles and Muscles]; -digging them out of their Shells with their Claws." Large numbers of this -species {239}are also annually killed for food, their flesh being held in -high esteem by the natives. - - -V. THE WHITE-WHISKERED SPIDER-MONKEY. ATELES MARGINATUS. - - _Ateles marginatus_ (nec Humb.), Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xiii., p. 92, pl. 10 - (1809); Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 24 (1820); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., - p. 43 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 174 (1876). - - _Coaita a front blanc, femelle_, Fr. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., livr. lxii. - (Avril, 1830). - - _Ateles frontalis_, Bennett, P. Z. S., 1831, p. 38. - -CHARACTERS.--Similar in size and coloration to _A. paniscus_. Body lean; -hair moderately long and coarse. Face naked, black, except the skin round -the eyes, which is flesh-coloured; general colour black; under surface of -body and inner sides of limbs, ashy-grey. It differs from _A. paniscus_ by -having the forehead, crown of head, a spot on each side of the nose, and -the whiskers, white. - -A specimen in the British Museum has four pre-molars in each upper jaw, -instead of the normal three of the _Cebidae_. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species was discovered by Humboldt on the banks of the -Santiago river. Mr. Bates says "it is never met with in the alluvial plains -of the Amazons," nor, he believes, on the northern side of the great -river-valley, except towards its head-waters near the Andes. - -HABITS.--According to Von Humboldt, this Spider-Monkey--known as the -"White-Whiskered Coaita"--is very fierce and libidinous. Mr. Bates -encountered this large and handsome species on the Cupari river, a -tributary of the Tapajos, one {240}of the large southern affluents of the -Amazon. Here he could get scarcely anything but fish to eat, and, as this -diet did not agree with him, he was obliged to have recourse to the Coaita -flesh. "I thought," he says, "the meat the best flavoured I have ever -tasted. It resembled beef, but had a richer and sweeter taste.... We -smoke-dried the joints instead of salting them; placing them for several -hours on a framework of sticks arranged over a fire. Nothing but the -hardest necessity could have driven me so near to cannibalism as this, but -we had the greatest difficulty in obtaining here a sufficient supply of -animal food." Von Humboldt has also referred to the cooking of these -Monkeys by the natives of the Upper Orinoko. "The manner of roasting these -anthropomorphous animals," he writes, "contributes singularly to render -their appearance disagreeable in the eyes of civilised Man. A little -grating or lattice of very hard wood is formed, and raised one foot from -the ground. The Monkey is skinned and bent into a sitting posture; the head -generally resting on the arms, which are meagre and long; but sometimes -these are crossed behind the back. When it is tied on the grating a very -clear fire is kindled below.... On seeing the natives devour an arm or leg -of a roasted Monkey, it is difficult not to believe that this habit of -eating animals which so much resemble Man in their physical organisation, -has in a certain degree contributed to diminish the horror of anthropophagy -among savages. Roasted Monkeys, particularly those that have a very round -head, display a hideous resemblance to a child; the Europeans, therefore, -who are obliged to feed on Quadrumanes, prefer separating the head and the -hands, and serve up only the rest of the animal at their tables. The flesh -of Monkeys is so lean and dry that Mr. Bonpland has {241}preserved in his -collections at Paris an arm and hand, which had been boiled over the fire -at Esmeraldas; and no smell arises from them after a great number of -years." - - -VI. THE BLACK-FACED SPIDER-MONKEY. ATELES ATER. - - _Ateles ater_ (Le Caijou), F. Cuvier, Mamm., i., pl. xxxix. (1823); - Sclater, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 5; Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 42 - (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 170 (1876). - - _Sapajou ater_, Slack, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1862, p. 510. - -CHARACTERS.--Entirely black; fur silky, and longer on the head and tail -than on the body; fur on top of head directed from behind forwards, falling -over the forehead, meeting the backwardly directed hairs of the forehead -and forming a tuft. Face black, the upper part naked; chin with stiff black -hairs mixed with a few white ones. Ears oval and human-like in form, the -upper part movable at will. Thumbs entirely wanting. Length of body, 19 -inches; tail, 26 inches. - -Distinguished from _A. paniscus_, which it closely resembles, by the black -colour of its face, and the direction of the hairs on the forehead. - -YOUNG.--Lighter in colour than the adults; sometimes brown on the back and -the outer side of the limbs. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Black-Faced Spider-Monkey ranges from Panama, through -the United States of Colombia to Eastern Peru. - -HABITS.--Entirely arboreal, living in large troops, and feeding on fruits. - - -{242}VII. THE GRIZZLED SPIDER-MONKEY. ATELES GRISESCENS - - _Ateles grisescens_, Scl. MSS.; Gray, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 732; id. Cat. - Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 42 (1870); Scl., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 223; Schl., - Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 168 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Hair of forehead elongate. Fur in general moderately long, -black, with greyish-white hairs intermingled, giving it a grizzled -appearance; under side of tail grey. Similar to _A. ater_ and _A. -paniscus_, but distinguished by the intermixture of grey hairs, and by the -colour of the under side of the tail. Thumbs absent. - -YOUNG MALE.--Rather lighter in colour, especially on the under side of -body; tail black above, grey beneath. Length of body, 14 inches; tail, 16 -inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The habitat of this species is not certainly known. Dr. -Sclater considers it probable that it will turn up in some part of the -Central American or the Colombian coast. - - -VIII. THE BROWN-HEADED SPIDER-MONKEY. ATELES FUSCICEPS. - - _Ateles fusciceps_, Fraser MSS.; Gray, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 733; Sclater, - P. Z. S., 1872, p. 663, pl. lv.; Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 42 - (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 173 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Fur thick. Hairs long, shining, crisp, deep black above, the -hairs of the back with brownish tips; the under side of the body and inside -of the limbs black; crown of head deep coffee-brown. Length of body about -20 inches; of the tail, 26 inches, according to the dimensions taken from -the skin of a young animal by Dr. Sclater. Thumbs entirely wanting. - -{243}DISTRIBUTION.--In 1860, when Mr. L. Fraser returned from Ecuador, he -spoke of a large Monkey he had seen, but had not obtained, in the valleys -of Western Ecuador. It remained unknown until it was shot, and brought to -England by Mr. Buckley some ten years later. It was the only Monkey, he -says, except a _Mycetes_, which he saw in Trans-Andean Ecuador. - -HABITS.--These, doubtless, do not differ from those of other -Spider-Monkeys. - - -IX. THE HOODED SPIDER-MONKEY. ATELES CUCULLATUS. - - _Ateles cucullatus_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 733; id. Cat. Monkeys Brit. - Mus., p. 42 (1870); Murie, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 739; Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, - vii., p. 169 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Hairs of body long, but thin on the head, body, limbs and -tail; hair of crown very long and projecting over the face and the sides of -head, forming what has been called a "hood." Face nude, flesh-coloured; -cheeks and lower jaw nearly nude also, but the skin of a blackish hue. Hair -on back black, intermingled with numerous others which are yellowish-grey -in colour; crown and back of head, hands, and feet black--the hairs black -throughout. Nude part of tail flesh-coloured. The hands have a rudiment of -a thumb in the shape of a small tubercle. Length of body, 14-1/2 inches; of -tail, 27-1/2 inches. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Hooded Spider-Monkey is very rare, and very different -from any other member of its group in regard to the hair of its head. Its -native country is still a matter of uncertainty. Dr. Sclater, however, -remarks in the "Proceedings of the Zoological Society" for 1881: "I have -some reason to suppose {244}it may be from the northern coast of Colombia, -as I am told that a black Spider-Monkey, with long hair over its head, is -occasionally brought for sale into Cartagena." - - -X. THE LONG-HAIRED SPIDER-MONKEY. ATELES VELLEROSUS. - - _Ateles belzebuth_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., vii., p. 27, pl. xvi. (1806); - Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 44 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., - p. 178 (1876). - - _Le marimonda_, Humb. Obs. Zool., p. 325 (1811). - - _Ateles frontatus_ (nec Gray), Sclater, Nat. Hist. Rev., 1861, p. 509. - - _Ateles vellerosus_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 733; Reinh., P. Z. S., - 1872, p. 797; Sclater, P. Z. S., 1873, pp. 5, 798, pl. ii.; Alston, in - Godman and Salvin, Biol. Centr. Amer. Mamm., p. 10 (1879). - - _Ateles fuliginosus_ (nec Kuhl), Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 179 - (1876). - - _Ateles pan_, Schl., t. c. p. 180 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Closely allied to _Ateles geoffroyi_. Hair abundant, long, -soft, and flaccid. Face flesh-coloured, except for a black bar from the -corner of the eye to the cheek; forehead black, its hair short, reflexed, -and uniting, so as to form an erect, crest-like ridge, with the fur on the -top of the head, which is directed forward. General colour above black to -reddish-brown; the head, back, outer side of the entire fore-limb and of -the lower part of the hind-limb, hands, and feet, and upper surface of tail -deep black; sides of body, loins, and thighs yellowish-brown or dull black -washed with rufous; whiskers, throat, whole of under surface of body, -inside of fore- and hind-limbs, and under surface of tail (this sometimes -black) yellowish-cream colour, but very variable, sharply defined from -{245}the dark colour of the upper parts. Thumb entirely wanting. Eyes dark -yellowish-grey. May be distinguished from the dark form of Geoffroy's -Spider-Monkey by the sharp definition of the colours of the upper and under -sides of the body. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species, also spoken of as the Mexican Spider-Monkey, -is known to occur right across Guatemala; it is by no means uncommon, Mr. -Salvin says, in the forest country on the northern part of Vera Paz, and he -also saw a troop at the summit of the ridge of mountains which connects the -Volcan de Fuego with the main Cordillera, at about 8,000 feet above the -sea. - -The late Prof. Liebmann, the Danish botanist, obtained a specimen, -according to Prof. Reinhardt, "in the neighbourhood of the small place -Mirador, situated not far from the volcano of Orizaba, in the State of Vera -Cruz.... He met with it also in the eastern parts of the State of -Oaxaca.... But at the same time he expressly states that he never met with -this _Ateles_, nor, indeed, with any other Monkey, on the Pacific slope of -the Great Cordillera in Oaxaca, and that, as far as he could learn, Monkeys -are to be found on the western coast only south of Tehuantepec." This -species is the only Spider-Monkey certainly known to range as far north as -Mexico. According to M. Salle, the most northern locality for Monkeys with -which he was acquainted, was in the State of San-Louis Potosi, about 23^o -N. latitude, on the upper part of the basin of the Tampico river. -(_Alston._) - -HABITS.--The Mexican Spider-Monkey is, like the foregoing members of the -genus, arboreal, consorting together in small troops, and feeding on -fruits. Prof. Liebmann observed it in small troops in the deep barrancas, -up to an elevation of 2,000 {246}feet above the sea, on the Orizaba -volcano, and in the forests of Oaxaca, to 4,000 feet. Mr. Salvin, on the -volcano of Atitlan, in Guatemala, at a height of between 5,000 and 6,000 -feet, met several troops of this species on the tops of the higher trees of -the forest. These parties of Monkeys were usually about twenty in number -and of all ages. On approaching them they did not evince any alarm, but -kept uttering a constant querulous sort of bark, and moved from time to -time so as to get a better view of the intruder. A few days afterwards, -during an excursion to the same volcano, when the summit, 11,800 feet above -the sea, was reached, numerous troops of _Ateles_ were seen in the forest, -from an elevation of 7,000 feet to as low as 2,500 feet on the outskirts of -the coffee plantations of San Agustin. - -Now that we have passed in review the whole of the Anthropoid species -inhabiting the New World, a short account of the regions to which they are -confined will be of some interest. The most northern limit of Monkeys is, -as mentioned above, the State of San-Louis Potosi, about the latitude of -23^o North. Their most southern limit attains to nearly 25^o of South -latitude. They are now confined to the Mexican and Brazilian sub-regions of -what has been defined as the Neotropical Region, by Dr. A. R. Wallace, in -his great work, "The Geographical Distribution of Animals." The Mexican -sub-region belongs to the Neotropical Region, one of those six great areas -into which the globe has been divided off by Dr. Sclater on the basis of -the geographical distribution of the animals that now inhabit it--the final -product of the slowly-changing features of the earth's surface, and of the -form, structure, and habits of its animal and vegetable life. - -The Mexican sub-region forms the northern part of the {247}Region, and, to -condense Mr. Wallace's account of it, it is of comparatively small extent; -but the whole of its area is mountainous, being, in fact, a continuation of -the great range of the Rocky Mountains. It varies in elevation above the -sea from 6,000 to 18,000 feet. "With the exception of the elevated plateaus -of Mexico and Guatemala, and the extremity of the peninsula of Yucatan, the -whole of Central America is clothed with forests; and as its surface is -much broken up into hill and valley, and the volcanic soil of a large -portion of it is very fertile, it is altogether well adapted to support a -varied fauna, as it does a most luxuriant vegetation." In this region only -species of Spider-Monkeys (_Ateles_), of Howlers (_Alouatta_), of Capuchins -(_Cebus_), of Night-Monkeys (_Nyctipithecus_), and of Squirrel-Monkeys -(_Chrysothrix_) are found. The Spider-Monkeys and the Howlers alone extend -so far North as Mexico, and the Night-Monkeys reach to Nicaragua, while the -Squirrel-Monkeys and Capuchins have penetrated no further than to Costa -Rica. - -The Brazilian Sub-region includes all the open plains and pasture lands, -surrounded by, or intimately associated with, the forests. Its central mass -consists of the great forest plain of the Amazons, from the north-east -coast of Brazil to high up in the Andes on the west, a stretch of more than -2,000 miles; and from the mouth of the Orinoko to near La Paz in the -Bolivian Andes, a distance of 1,900 miles, of continuous forest in both -directions. Within this area are some open "campos" or patches of pasture -lands, along several of the tributaries of the Amazon, and Llanos--open -flat plains generally flooded in the wet season--on the northern bank of -the Orinoko. Unbroken forest also covers the country from Panama southwards -by the Magdalena Valley along the western aspect of the {248}Andes to -Guayaquil. There is a very arid tract on the northeast coast of Brazil; but -south of Cape San Roque the coast forests extend to 30^o south latitude, -"clothing all the valleys and hill-sides as far inland as the higher -mountain ranges, and even penetrating up the great valleys far into the -interior. To the south-west the forest country reappears in Paraguay, and -extends in patches and partly wooded country till it almost reaches the -southern extension of the Amazonian forests. The interior of Brazil is thus -in the position of a great island plateau, rising out of, and surrounded -by, a lowland region of ever-verdant forests." Of its Anthropoid life the -Woolly Monkeys (_Lagothrix_), the Sakis (_Pithecia_), and the Uakaris -(_Brachyurus_) are confined to its Amazonian forests. The Woolly -Spider-Monkeys (_Brachyteles_) keep to the wooded coast-regions of -South-east Brazil, while the Titis (_Callithrix_) do not range out of the -tropics of South America. The Howlers (_Alouatta_), the Spider-Monkeys -(_Ateles_), and the Capuchins (_Cebus_) roam nearly over the whole -region--the first and last ranging from Costa Rica to Paraguay as well. The -Spider-Monkeys indeed extend over to the west side of the Equatorial Andes, -and in Guatemala across to the Pacific coast. No species of Monkey, -however, is known to inhabit the western side of the Andes, to the south of -the Gulf of Guayaquil. - - -THE BABOONS, GUEREZAS AND LANGURS. FAMILY CERCOPITHECIDAE. - -With the following account of the numerous species of the genera of this -family, we come to consider the first section of the Old World, or -Catarrhine[14] Monkeys. These are {249}distinguished from their New World -cousins, described in the previous pages, by many important and obvious -characters. The partition dividing the nostrils is narrow, instead of -broad, and the openings of the nostrils themselves are directed downwards -and outwards. Certain genera possess also sacs formed by distensible folds -of the skin in the cheeks. These "cheek-pouches" serve as a storing-place -by the side of the jaws, for food which they cannot masticate at the -moment. When this store is disposed of, the folds of skin come together -again and give no indication of the presence of the pouch, which, moreover, -when full does not interfere with the mastication of other food in the -mouth, or with the utterance of the animal's usual cries. - -The hind-limbs are never shorter than the fore-; they may be equal in -length, but they are generally somewhat longer, the animal being more or -less quadrupedal, or very partially erect in gait. Their thumb is not -invariably present, but when it is, it is always opposable to its fellow -digits. The great-toe is never rudimentary, and is never, as it is in Man, -the longest, but is the shortest digit of the foot, and it is capable of -free motion to and from the others. All of the digits possess nails. The -length of the foot among this group approximates more to the proportions of -the foot in Man. The hairs on the arms and fore-arms are directed downwards -from the shoulder to the wrist. - -The tail in this family varies very much; it may be long or short, or even -externally absent, but it is never prehensile. All the species, however, -possess "callosities," or hard fleshy pads--often of large size--on the -buttocks or seat, which, like the naked skin of the face, are usually -brilliantly coloured and often of large size. The perineal region and -organs are at certain periods, especially in the females, subject to great -turgescence and brilliant coloration. - -{250}Besides these external characters, we find, on examining their bony -structure, much variation in the skull. Some have a rounded forehead, the -ascending portion of the lower jaw being high, broad, and flat, with a -large facial angle; in others, we have great production of the upper jaw -(the horizontal part of the lower jaw being greater than the ascending -portion), and a low facial angle. The cerebral portion of the skull is long -and flattened, and the palate long and narrow. The dental formula is I2/2, -C1/1, P2/2, M3/3 = 32, that of the milk-teeth I2/2, C1/1, M (the -forerunners of the permanent _pre-molars_) 2/2 = 20, exactly the same as in -a Man. The outer lower incisors are equal to, or sometimes smaller than, -the inner pair. The permanent canines--which are long and sharp--come in -before, or with the posterior molars of both jaws. Between them and the -incisors above, and between the canine and the anterior pre-molar below, -occurs a gap (or diastema). The anterior upper pre-molar has its outer cusp -modified and sharpened; the anterior lower pre-molar has the anterior -margin of its crown so shaped as to work "as a scissors'-blade against the -posterior edge of the upper canines." (_Henley._) The crowns of the molar -teeth are long from before backwards, and their fore and hind cusps are -united by transverse ridges, a third being present in the same genera, on -the posterior lower five-cusped molar. - -The nasal bones are often ossified together to form one bone. The surface -of the skull is in general oval and smooth, but in some of the Baboons -there appear strong ridges over the eyes (hiding the forehead) and along -the top of the head, being stronger, when present, in the male than in the -female. The external orifice to the ear has a considerable bony tube, or -meatus, a distinguishing character which is absent in the New {251}World -Monkeys; their tympanic (or ear) cavity being close to the outer wall of -the skull. The line of junction (or suture) between the upper jaw-bones, -the pre-maxillary and the maxillary, remains unclosed until long after the -permanent teeth have come in. Sometimes it remains unclosed throughout -life. The foramen for the passage of the spinal-cord, and the condyles for -the articulation of the skull with the neck, lie far back. - -In the spinal column there are nineteen dorsal and lumbar vertebrae -together. The number of caudal vertebrae varies greatly; in some there are -as many as thirty-one, in others only three. The posterior ends of the -ischiatic bones of the pelvis are rough, flattened, and broad, for the -attachment of the fleshy callosities mentioned above. - -The bones of the thigh and leg (_femur_ and _tibia_) together, are longer -than those of the arm and fore-arm (_humerus_ and _radius_) together. The -bones of the thumb are modified more for support and progression than for -the actions of a true hand; by these modifications the movements of -rotation (pronation and supination) are much restricted. - -The ankle (_tarsus_) does not exceed one third of the length of the foot. - -The stomach is simple, or but very slightly sacculated, in those genera -which possess cheek-pouches; but is tripartite--the middle compartment -being sacculated--in those that have not store-pockets in their mouths, "a -groove with raised edges leading from the gullet-entrance to this middle -compartment." The intestine has a caecum, or blind diverticulum. "When -laryngeal air-sacs are developed, they are formed by a single sac, with a -median aperture--immediately beneath the epiglottis. This median air-sac is -very large, extending down {252}over the front of the neck, and sending [in -some genera] processes into the _axillae_" or arm-pits. (_Huxley._) - -The main brain (or cerebrum) covers the cerebellum in all the members of -the _Cercopithecidae_; and in them the principal convolutions and fissures -found in the human brain are more or less developed. - -The family _Cercopithecidae_ includes all the Old World Monkeys except the -Anthropoid or true Apes, and Man, these latter constituting the two -remaining families of the _Anthropoidea_, namely _Simiidae_ and -_Hominidae_. The _Cercopithecidae_ have been again divided into two -Sub-families, the _Cercopithecinae_ and the _Semnopithecinae_. The first -contains the Baboons (_Cynocephalus_), the Gelada Baboons -(_Theropithecus_), the Mangabeys (_Cercocebus_) and the Guenons -(_Cercopithecus_), all of which inhabit the African continent; and likewise -the Black Apes (_Cynopithecus_) from Celebes, and the Macaques (_Macacus_), -which are almost exclusively confined to the Asiatic continent. In the -second Sub-family are included the Nosed-Monkeys (_Nasalis_) of Borneo; the -Langurs (_Semnopithecus_) of India, Malaizia, and the Sunda Islands; and -the Guerezas (_Colobus_) of Africa. - - -THE BABOONS, MANGABEYS, AND MACAQUES. SUB-FAMILY CERCOPITHECINAE. - -This Sub-family is characterised by the presence, in all its members, of -cheek-pouches, and a simple stomach. The tail is variable in length, being -long or externally invisible. The callosities on the ischiatic bones are -large; in many species they become very turgescent at certain seasons, the -enlargement extending sometimes to the tail. The hues of the skin on and -round the face also become more vivid periodically. {253}Many of the -species of this Sub-family are arboreal; some, however, are found only in -barren rocky regions; others in low jungle in the neighbourhood of -villages, water-tanks, and cultivated patches. Fruits and insects form -their principal diet. - - -THE BABOONS. GENUS PAPIO. - - _Papio_, Erxleb., Syst. Regne Anim., p. 15 (1777). - - _Cynocephalus_, Lacep., Mem. de l'Inst. iii., p. 490 (1801). Type, _P. - sphinx_ (Geoffr.). - -The members of this genus may easily be recognised by their very Dog-like -face, their muzzle being greatly elongated and truncated at the end, with -the nostrils set in the truncated termination. Their eyes are directed -downwards along the visage. In form and massiveness of body and in length -of tail they vary very much. Their fore- and hind-limbs are nearly equal in -length, and consequently they progress on all fours, with the palms of the -hands and the soles of the feet flat to the ground. Their "fore-paws" are, -however, very efficient _hands_, which some species use very dexterously in -turning over stones in their search for food. Their feet are long. Their -hair is grizzled or ringed with various colours. - -The facial region of the skull is more developed in this genus relatively -to the flattened brain-case, than in other Monkeys. In several of the -species longitudinal osseous ridges are developed on the bones of the upper -jaws, especially in the adult males, adding to the hideousness of the -countenance of these animals. The neck is elongated. The _radius_ is longer -than the _humerus_ (or arm-bone), and the elbow projection of the _ulna_ -(of the fore-arm), named the _olecranon_ process, is prolonged upwards -beyond what occurs in Man. The thumb, though relatively shorter than in -Man, is much {254}longer proportionately than in other Monkeys, reaching to -the middle of the first joint of the forefinger. - -Both halves of the liver are much sub-divided. - -Gestation lasts seven months, and the young are suckled for six months. - -The Baboons are the lowest of the Catarrhine or Old World Monkeys. Most of -them are large, ferocious, dangerous, and gregarious animals, and when -disturbed or alarmed they give utterance to screams, barks, and guttural -murmurs. - -Both Dr. Emil Holub and Sir Richard Burton have spoken of the ferocity of -the Baboons. "The South African farmers," says the first-named naturalist, -"complain of these animals as a great and perpetual nuisance." They were -always on the look-out, and no sooner was a field or a garden left -unguarded than they would be down at once, breaking through the hedges and -devouring the crops. They were likewise very destructive amongst the Sheep. -If a shepherd happened to leave his post for ever so short a time, or even -to fall asleep, the Baboons, who had been watching their chance from the -heights, would be down upon the flock in the valley, and, seizing the Lambs -and ripping up their stomachs with their teeth, would feast upon the milk -they contained, then leaving the poor mangled victim writhing on the -ground. Then they would lose no time in repeating the terrible operation -upon another. "About the middle of the morning," says Dr. Holub, "we -started eastwards in the hope of catching the herd at their -drinking-place.... When we had advanced some distance along the hill we -found ourselves approaching the pool ... and could distinctly hear the -hoarse barking of the Baboons. Looking across to the opposite side, about -300 yards away, we caught sight of a herd of seven, only four of them -full-grown; {255}they seemed to pause and scan us carefully before they -decamped to a glen on the right. With all speed we followed them.... As one -of our party had only small shot, and the other nothing but a stick, I -insisted upon their remaining close at my side, knowing that a full-grown -Baboon, when infuriated, is as dangerous a foe as a Leopard.... Behind one -of the embankments we took our position. Only a few minutes had elapsed -when we could distinctly recognise them as a herd of Baboons. The boy said -he was quite sure that they were on their way to the water; but to our -surprise they did not make any further advance. A quarter of an hour -passed--half an hour--still no symptom of their approach. All at once, as -if they had started from the earth by magic, at the open end of the pond, -not sixty yards from our place of ambush, stood two huge males.... Being -anxious to watch the movements of the animals I refrained from firing, and -determined to see what would follow next. Both Baboons sprang towards the -water, and leaning down, drank till they were satisfied; then, having -gravely stretched themselves, they stalked away solemnly on all fours in -the direction of the herd. There was little doubt, therefore, that they had -been sent forward to reconnoitre; for as soon as they got back, the entire -herd put itself in motion, and made its way towards the pond. There were -mothers taking care of their little ones; there were the half-grown -animals, the boys and girls of the company; but there did not seem to be -more than three or four full-grown males. At first only one Baboon at a -time came to the water's edge, and having taken its draught retired to the -rest; but when about ten of them had thus ventured separately, they began -to come in small groups, leaving the others rolling and jumping on the -sand.... It was not {256}long before two males--the same, I had no doubt, -which we had noticed before--came and squatted themselves one on each side -of the little creek.... Crack went my rifle. But instead of either of them -dropping, the two Baboons started up; by a mutual instinct they both -clutched their noses, gave a ringing bark and scampered off. The whole herd -took the alarm, and joining in the shrieking clamour were soon lost to -sight." - -On another occasion Dr. Holub and his servant had a _rencontre_ with a herd -of Baboons. He writes:--"We caught sight of them in one of the glens. They -were on the further side, and being anxious to obtain a specimen of their -skulls, I fired and killed one Baboon; but unfortunately for me, the -creature fell into the river. At my second shot I wounded two more. This -induced the right wing of the herd to retreat; but the main body kept their -ground, and the left flank, moreover, assumed the aggressive, and commenced -pelting us so vigorously with stones, that, remembering that I had only one -cartridge, I considered it far more prudent to withdraw than to run the -risk of a hand-to-hand encounter." On a still further occasion the same -well-known traveller says: "I was turning to leave the ravine when some -stones came pattering down the rocks in my direction. I soon became aware -that the stones were being designedly aimed at me; and, looking up, I saw a -herd of Baboons." - -"The Nyanyi or Cynocephalus," writes Sir Richard Burton in his "Lake -Regions of Central Africa," "in the jungles of Usukuma attains the size of -a Greyhound, and, according to the natives, there are three varieties of -colour--red, black and yellow. They are the terror of the neighbouring -districts; women never dare to approach their haunts; they set the -{257}Leopard at defiance, and when in a large body, they do not, it is -said, fear the Lion." - -"Baboons often show their passion," as Mr. Darwin has related, "and -threaten their enemies in a very odd manner, namely, by opening their -mouths widely, as in the act of yawning. Mr. Bartlett has often seen two -Baboons, when first placed in the same compartment, sitting opposite to -each other, and then alternately opening their mouths; and this action -seems frequently to end in a real yawn. Mr. Bartlett believes that both -animals wish to show to each other that they are provided with a formidable -set of teeth, as is undoubtedly the case. As I could hardly credit the -reality of this yawning gesture, Mr. Bartlett insulted an old Baboon and -put him into a violent passion; and he almost immediately thus acted.... -Baboons likewise show their anger, as was observed by Brehm with those -which he kept alive in Abyssinia, in another manner, namely, by striking -the ground with one hand, 'like an angry man striking the table with his -fist.' I have seen this movement with the Baboons in the Zoological -Gardens; but sometimes the action seems rather to represent the searching -for a stone or other object in their beds of straw.... With several species -of Baboons, the ridge of the forehead projects much over the eyes, and is -studded with a few long hairs, representing our eyebrows. These animals are -always looking about them, and in order to look upwards they raise their -eyebrows. They have thus, as it would appear, acquired the habit of -frequently moving the latter. However this may be, many kinds of Monkeys, -especially the Baboons, when angered, or in any way excited, rapidly and -incessantly move their eyebrows up and down, as well as the hairy skin of -their foreheads." - -{258}Baboons are confined to the African continent and to Arabia, to the -region, indeed, termed Ethiopian, as defined by Sclater and Wallace. They -live chiefly on the ground, especially in rocky and barren hills, and less -frequently among trees, for which their equally long front and hind limbs -are not so well adapted. Mr. H. H. Johnson, C.B., now H.M. Commissioner in -Nyasa-land, found, however, on his Kilimanjaro Expedition, that Baboons -were singularly abundant in the big trees at Taveita, on the rise to that -mountain. Their food consists of fruits and Lizards, but principally of -insects, which they search for under stones, turning these over with their -hands. They are, indeed, nearly omnivorous, as the reader will have -gathered from Dr. Holub's observations. - - -I. THE MANDRILL. PAPIO MAIMON. - - _Simia maimon_, Linn., Syst. Nat., p. 35 (1766). - - _Simia mormon_, Altstr., Acta. Noem., p. 144, pl. 3 (1766). - - _Papio maimon_, Erxl., Syst. Regne Anim., p. 17 (1777); Schl., Mus. Pays - Bas, vii., p. 130 (1876). - - _Cynocephalus mormon_, Fr. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammif., pp. 143, 146, pls. - 52, 53 (1807). - - _Papio mormon_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 104 (1812). - - _Mormon maimon_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 36 (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--MALE.--Body massive and strong; trunk declining backwards; -head disproportionately large; muzzle much elongated and protruding, with -large longitudinal rugose swellings along each side when full grown; mouth -large, and with very animal-like lips; brows strongly projecting over the -base of the nose and the small, approximated, deep-set eyes; {259}ears -black, naked, and pointed; under-jaw heavy; tail carried erect, very short, -two inches long, and naked beneath; limbs short and powerful; the Dog-like -nose shorter than the upper lip; nostrils large. Hair rising from the ridge -on the lower edge of the brow to a crest on the top of the head, descending -into a mane on the back of the head and neck; hair of the body bristly; -chin bearded; whiskers proceeding from over the cheek-bones and from under -the outer corner of the eyes, long, and directed from the face; the very -large callosities, parts of the rump in their neighbourhood, and the inside -of the thighs naked. Hands and feet naked. - -Skull very massive, having numerous strong muscular crests; the jaws and -teeth very powerful, especially the canines, which are huge; the forehead -flat and the brain-case small, and further reduced by the great projection -backward of the orbits. The cheek-bones enormously swollen along the side -of the nose; in the neck a large air-sac. The back-bone has to some extent -the peculiar double curve characteristic of the human vertebral column but -in the conformation of certain of their vertebrae a similarity to the lower -quadrupeds, especially to the Carnivora, is seen in the Mandrill, in -accordance with their quadrupedal mode of progression. The metacarpal -bones, except that of the thumb, are all of the same length, while in the -Man-like Apes they are unequal. The thumb is much restricted in its motions -on account of the disposition of certain of the muscles of the hand. The -pectoral and pelvic muscles are strongly developed. - -Face-ridges bright blue, with purple in the intervening furrows. The bridge -of the nose (after the development of the permanent teeth) red, the tip -scarlet; lips greyish-black. {260}General colour of fur black, fringed with -yellow; centre of the crown of head, crest, nape (extending down the back), -and sides of the body black; beard citron-yellow; callosities and -surrounding naked skin violet; genital and anal regions scarlet. - -FEMALE AND YOUNG MALE.--Facial rugosities less marked outwardly, as well as -on the skull, than in the adult male, and the purple colour of the grooves -wanting. The nose is black, not scarlet. - -A hybrid between a female of this species and a male Macaque (_M. -cynomologus_) was born in the Zoological Gardens of London in October, -1878. - -DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa, from Senegambia to the Congo. - -HABITS.--These hideous and extraordinary animals live together in large -companies, and are a terror to the natives. They are less ill-dispositioned -when young, but when adult, they are very savage. They are nearly -omnivorous, but fruits and insects form their chief food. When the Mandrill -is in any way excited, the brilliantly-coloured naked parts of the skin are -said to become still more vividly coloured. - - -II. THE DRILL. PAPIO LEUCOPHAEUS. - - _Simia leucophaea_, F. Cuvier, Ann. Mus., ix., p. 477, pl. 37 (1807); id. - Hist. Nat. Mamm., livr. iv., p. 637 (1807). - - _Papio leucophaea_, Gray, List Mamm., Brit. Mus., p. 10 (1843). - - _Chaeropithecus leucophaeus_, Gray, Cat. Mamm., Brit. Mus., p. 35 (1870). - - _Papio leucophaeus_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 131 (1876). - - (_Plate XXII._) - -PLATE XXII. - -[Illustration: THE DRILL.] - - -{261}CHARACTERS.--Somewhat similar to _C. maimon_, but body less robust, -the limbs more slender. Face-swellings with only two furrows; crest and -mane less prominent; whiskers encroaching on the face less than in the -Mandrill; beard slightly shorter; ears naked, pointed; tail very short, -erect, covered with hair all round; the hair round the head, shoulders and -sides of body, in a band below the chin, on the under surface of the body, -and the outer surface of the limbs, long and fine; muzzle long and -truncated, the nostrils placed at its extremity, and somewhat tubular; -fingers and toes naked. - -Face entirely black, without bright coloration; general colour of fur -brown, approaching that of the Mandrill, but washed with greenish on the -upper parts, and the shoulders darker. The hairs on the top of the head, on -the back, and wherever the greenish colour appears, are grey at the base, -alternating with black and yellow, thus producing the greenish coloration; -a band from the throat to behind the ear greyish; the whole of the under -surface and inner side of the limbs greyish-white; beard and whiskers -greyish-white, washed with greenish; hands and feet reddish-purple; -callosities bright scarlet. - -YOUNG MALE.--Smaller; face-swellings less marked; fur and beard more washed -with greenish; neck-band paler grey; whiskers paler; callosities not -scarlet. - -FEMALE.--Like the young male, but the head shorter, and the callosities -scarlet; the head and shoulders less haired; the grey neck-band absent; fur -in general paler; the greenish hue less marked except on the head and -limbs; the fur predominating on the lower part of the back and flanks. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Drill is confined to West Africa. - -HABITS.--Little is known of the habits of the Drill. It has {262}the -reputation of being good-tempered when young, and of being, when old, -ferocious, like the Mandrill. - - -III. THE DOGUERA BABOON. PAPIO DOGUERA. - - _Cynocephalus babouin_, Ruepp., Neue Wirb. Saeugeth., i., p. 7 (1835, in - part). - - _Cynocephalus doguera_, Pucher. et Schimp., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, - p. 96, 1857, p. 57. - - _Cynocephalus porcarius_, Fitz. et Heugl., Syst. Uebers., 1866, p. 6; - var. Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 64 (1870). - - _Papio doguera_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 126 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Face naked; tail moderately long, terminating in a tuft of -hairs. General colour of fur olive-brown, or yellowish-olive, the hairs -being ringed alternately with black and orange, or brownish-yellow, bars, -for their outer third; body and outer surface of hind-limbs and tail -olive-brown, the brown predominating; sides of head, under surface of body, -and inner surface of limbs pale yellow; hands and feet dark brown or -black--Length of body, 38 inches; of tail, 20 inches. - -The canine teeth are very large, and the lower jaw very heavy. -Distinguished from _C. porcarius_ by its much lighter colour. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The interior of Abyssinia. - -HABITS.--This very rare Baboon, of which only a very few specimens are -known, was brought by Schimper from Central Abyssinia. He states, according -to Dr. Slack, that these animals are gregarious, as he met with them in -troops of from one to two thousand individuals. They hunt their prey, which -consists mainly of small Ruminants, in a manner similar to that of a pack -of Hounds, following the quarry till it is exhausted by fatigue, and then -capturing and devouring it. It {263}is also stated that the Lion and the -Leopard are unknown in the region inhabited by this Baboon. A glance at the -animal under consideration would convince anyone that it is of a most -ferocious disposition. Mr. Schimper also informs us that it wages continual -war against the Gelada Baboon (_Theropithecus gelada_) which inhabits the -same locality. - - -IV. THE CHACMA BABOON. PAPIO PORCARIUS. - - _Simia porcaria_, Bodd., Naturf., xxii., p. 17, figs. 1, 2 (1787). - - _Cynocephalus porcarius_ (Le Chacma), F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., p. 132, - pl. 47 (? 1807); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 34 (1870). - - _Papio comatus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 103 (1812). - - _Papio porcarius_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 102 (1812); Schl., Mus. - Pays Bas, vii., p. 124 (1876). - - _Cynocephalus ursinus_, Schinz, Synops. Mamm., i., p. 64 (1844). - -CHARACTERS.--Face and ears naked; muzzle protruding, the nose extending -beyond the upper lip; the hair of the body long and shaggy, lengthening on -the shoulders and the neck, but not forming a conspicuous mane; whiskers -small and directed backwards; tail slightly exceeding half the length of -the body, elevated at its base, and then descending perpendicularly; -callosities small; hands and feet naked. Sense of smell acute. - -Skull flattened, the cranial portion smaller than the facial; ridges above -and at the sides of the close-set orbits very large; nasal bones long and -prominent; canine teeth very large and triangular. - -General colour dark brown or nearly black, washed with green, especially on -the forehead, the hairs being grey at the base, then ringed alternately -with black and green; some of {264}them, however, lighter. Head, arms, and -legs black; face, hands, feet, and ears dark blue; a white ring encircling -each eye; upper eyelids white; whiskers grey. - -FEMALE AND YOUNG MALE.--Similar to the adult male in wanting a conspicuous -mane; head rounder; nose less protuberant; cranial portion of skull less -conspicuously disproportionate to the facial portion. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species inhabits South Africa; and in the Cape Colony -it is found in large troops. - -HABITS.--The Chacma, which is the largest of all the Baboons, lives, like -the others, in troops, consisting of nearly a hundred individuals. They -inhabit rocky places, and apparently prefer country broken into steep -cliffs and rocky crags, very often in the neighbourhood of the sea. The -Chacmas are very ferocious and dangerous, and in captivity, when fully -adult, extremely jealous, but when young they are said to be playful and -well-dispositioned. They are, moreover, very intelligent. Their sense of -smell, especially for hidden water-springs in dry and arid districts, is -said to be remarkable. "An animal," says Le Vaillant, in his "Travels in -Africa," "that rendered me more effectual services; which, by its useful -presence, suspended and even dissipated certain bitter and disagreeable -reflections that occurred to my mind; which, by its simple and striking -instinct, seemed to anticipate my efforts; and which comforted me in my -languor--was an Ape, of that kind so common at the Cape, under the name of -_Cawiars_. As it was extremely familiar, and attached itself to me in a -particular manner, I made it my taster. When we found any fruit or roots -unknown to my Hottentots, we never touched them until my dear Kees [the -Chacma] had first tasted them; if it refused them, we {265}judged them to -be either disagreeable or dangerous, and threw them away." The food of the -"Chacma," an Anglicised form of the Hottentot name for this Baboon, -consists of Lizards, Scorpions, Centipedes, and all manner of insects; -birds' eggs, gum, and honey are particularly relished by it. When these are -difficult to find, it searches for the bulbous roots of certain liliaceous -plants, of which it is very fond, and which it very ingeniously disinters. -As Le Vaillant has recorded of the same individual to which we have just -referred: "He laid hold of the tuft of leaves with his teeth, and pressing -his four paws firmly against the earth, and drawing his head backwards, the -root generally followed; when this method did not succeed, he seized the -tuft as before, as close to the earth as he could, then throwing his heels -over his head, the root always yielded to the jerk he gave it." - - -V. THE YELLOW BABOON. PAPIO BABUIN. - - _Le petit papion_, Buffon, Hist. Nat. Mamm., xiv., pl. 14 (1766). - - _Papio cynocephalus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 102 (1812); Schl., - Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 127 (1876). - - _Cynocephalus babouin_, Desm., Mamm., p. 68 (1820); (Le babouin), F. - Cuvier, Mem. du Mus., iv., p. 419, pl. 19 (1818); id. Hist. Nat. Mamm., - livr. iv. (1819); Is. Geoffr., Arch. Mus., ii., p. 579, pl. 34 (1841); - Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 35 (1870). - - _Simia cynocephala_, Fischer, Synop. Mamm., p. 33 (1829). - - _Cynocephalus anubis_, var. Wagner in Schreb., Saeugeth., Suppl., v., p. - 63 (1855). - -CHARACTERS.--ADULT MALE.--Snout elongate, not surpassing the upper lip; -nostrils large, round, separated by a longitudinal furrow above; tail -shorter than the body, haired throughout its {266}length; curved upwards at -the root, and then descending straightly; no mane; hair of crown elongated, -a large tuft directed backwards on each cheek, forming large whiskers. - -General colour of fur brownish-yellow; ears nude, coloured like the face; -face livid flesh-colour, deeper round the eyes; upper side of body uniform -brownish-yellow, the hairs being ringed alternately with broader yellow and -narrower black bars; sides of body somewhat darker; throat and under side -paler yellow than above; whisker-tufts pale citron-yellow; hands and feet -like the back in colour, their naked parts like the face. - -YOUNG MALE.--Coloration of upper parts similar to that of the adult male, -but paler underneath; the snout less protuberant. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species inhabits Western Abyssinia, Nubia (Dongola), -and the Soudan (Sennaar), at elevations of from 2,000 to 5,000 feet. It -also occurs on the West Coast of Africa--having been brought from the -Coanza river by the late Captain Cameron, R.N.; in East Africa Mr. H. H. -Johnston has observed it on Mount Kilimanjaro; while from the remarks of -Sir John Kirk given below it would seem to extend also as far south as the -Zambesi (Tete). - -HABITS.--Very little is known of the habits of the Baboons in a state of -nature; but it is probable that this species does not differ materially in -its ways and manners of life from those of its near relations described in -the preceding pages. Sir John Kirk says that in some parts of Africa, such -as Tete, Batoko, and Rovuma it is considered to be a sacred animal by the -natives, and is thus unmolested. - - -VI. THE ANUBIS BABOON. PAPIO ANUBIS. - - _Cynocephalus anubis_, F. Cuvier et Geoffr., Hist. Nat. Mammif., vol. - iii., livr. 50 (1825). - - {267}_Cynocephalus anubis_, Waterh., Mamm., Zool. Soc. Lond. (2), p. 8 - (1838); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 34 (1870). - - _Cynocephalus olivaceus_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Meth. Primates, p. 34 (1851); - id. Arch. Mus., v., p. 543, note (1848). - - _Papio anubis_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 125 (1876). - -CHARACTERS.--Snout very elongated; nape of the neck crested. Face black; -general colour uniform olive-green; the hairs being grey at the base and -ringed higher up with bars of black and yellow; arms and legs like the -back; the naked hands and feet flesh-colour. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Interior of West Africa. Lagos, in the Bight of Benin, is -the port from which this species is generally shipped to Europe. - -HABITS.--The Anubis Baboon is not a common species in captivity, as the -natives are terribly afraid of its strength and ferocity. The animals -wander about in companies, inhabiting chiefly the dry, rocky, mountainous -regions in the interior of West Africa, feeding on the peculiar vegetation -that they find there; digging up the roots of grasses, and gnawing with -their strong jaws the roots and stems of an extraordinary short, woody, -top-shaped plant, known as _Welwitschia_, which produces in its youth two -leaves, and never more in its lifetime, though attaining to a great age. -They feed also on the _Scytonema_, a moisture-storing plant, which grows -only on rocks. Though affecting dry, rocky regions from choice, the Anubis -Baboons often descend in large hordes to the cultivated country, and ravage -the gardens of the natives. - -Mr. Darwin, in describing the expression of pleasure, joy, and affection in -Monkeys, observed that, when they were pleased, the form of the lips -differed a little from that when they were angered. In the case of an -Anubis Baboon which was first {268}insulted and put into a furious rage by -his keeper, who afterwards made friends with him, Mr. Darwin relates that, -"as the reconciliation was effected, the Baboon rapidly moved up and down -his jaws and lips, and looked pleased. When we laugh heartily, a similar -movement or quiver may be observed more or less distinctly in our jaws; but -with Man the muscles of the chest are more particularly acted on; whilst -with this Baboon, and with some other Monkeys, it is the muscles of the -jaws and lips which are spasmodically affected." - - -VII. THE THOTH BABOON. PAPIO THOTH. - - _Cynocephalus thoth_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1843, p. 11; Frazer, Zool. - Typica, pl. 5; Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 35 (1870). - - _Cynocephalus babuin_ (nec Desm.), Ruepp., Neue Wirbelth. Saeugeth., p. 7 - (1835-1840). - - _? Papio hamadryas_, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 129, 1876, in part. - -CHARACTERS.--MALE.--Body massive, thick-set; face broad; cheekbones -protuberant; the nostrils placed at the extremity of the truncated snout; -nose as long as, but not exceeding, the upper lip. Hair of head and neck -longer and thicker than on the rest of the body, but not forming a -mantle-like mane as in _C. hamadryas_; the hair of the legs and outer -portion of the thighs and of the toes long; whiskers not intruding far on -the face, and directed backwards, less copious than in the Arabian Baboon; -ears naked, pointed; soles and palms also naked; callosities large, hips -naked. Tail nearly the length of the body, not tufted at the termination. - -In colour somewhat similar to _C. sphinx_, and closely allied to _C. -babuin_. Face livid flesh-colour, lighter on the ridge of {269}the nose. -General colour of fur on back, sides of body, and outer side of limbs -olive-green; on the under side of the body and inner side of the limbs -light yellowish-green; breast, throat, and under part of chin silvery-grey; -whiskers silvery-grey; ears, palms of hands, and soles of feet dark brown; -callosities flesh-coloured; the surrounding naked parts purple-brown. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Abyssinia. - -HABITS.--Little or nothing is known of this species. It was obtained in -Abyssinia by Dr. Rueppell. A specimen was exhibited alive, however, in the -Zoological Gardens of London in 1843. - - -VIII. THE EAST AFRICAN BABOON. PAPIO IBEANUS. - - _Papio thoth ibeanus_, Oldfield Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xi., p. - 46 (1893). - -DISTRIBUTION.--Lamu, East Africa. - -Mr. Oldfield Thomas has described this sub-species, which has remarkably -coarse and shaggy fur all over the body, longer than in the typical form, -and of a blackish and dull tawny white, without any of its brighter yellow; -the hairs on the crown of the head broadly ringed with black; the chin and -throat whitish; hairs of the chest ringed with black and white; the belly -black and dull fawn; the inner side of the fore-limbs like the chest, and -of the hind-limbs clearer and less ringed fawn-colour. Length of the body, -33-1/2 inches; of the tail 24 inches. - - -IX. THE GUINEA BABOON. PAPIO SPHINX. - - _Le papion_, F. Cuvier, Mamm., vol. i., livr. 6 ([male]); livr. 7 - ([female]), Hist. Nat. (1819). - - _Papio sphinx_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 103 (1812); Schl., Mus. Pays - Bas, vii., p. 127 (1876). - - {270}_Cynocephalus papio_, Desmar., Mamm., p. 69 (1820). - - _Cynocephalus choras_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1843, p. 12. - - _Papio rubescens_, Temm., Esquisses Zool., p. 39 (1853); Schl., t. c. p. - 28. - - _Cynocephalus sphinx_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 35 (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--MALE.--Snout tapering, longer than the upper lip; face, ears, -palms and soles of feet naked; whiskers bushy, directed backwards, nearly -hiding the quadrangular ears; tail of the form usual in this genus, shorter -than the body. Hair on back of the neck longer than on the body; facial -ridges present, but not very prominent; hinder part of belly, inside of -limbs, and chin, throat, and breast very scantily haired. - -Face, ears, naked parts of hands and feet, black; upper eyelids white; fur -of head, back, and limbs in general brownish-yellow--the hairs being ringed -with alternate bars of black and light-brown; cheeks and whiskers -fawn-coloured; throat and under side of body paler. Scrotum, callosities, -and naked parts of buttocks bright flesh-coloured, but not so bright as in -_C. hamadryas_. Length of body (in young male), 27 inches; of tail, 20 -inches. - -FEMALE AND YOUNG MALE.--Similar to adult males in coloration; but less -thick-set, and with a shorter muzzle. - -DISTRIBUTION.--The Guinea Baboon inhabits West Africa from Senegal and the -Niger to Central Africa. In East Africa, Mr. H. H. Johnston observed it in -the inhabited region of Kilimanjaro. - -HABITS.--Little is known of the habits of this species; but it is -improbable that it departs widely from those of the other {271}members of -the genus. In regard to the bright coloration of the callosities and -posterior parts of this and other Baboons, Mr. Darwin remarks: "In the -discussion on sexual selection in my 'Descent of Man,' no case interested -and perplexed me so much as the highly-coloured hinder ends and adjoining -parts of certain Monkeys. As these parts are more brightly coloured in one -sex than the other, and as they become more brilliant during the season of -love, I concluded that the colours had been gained as a sexual -attraction.... I had, however, at that time no evidence of Monkeys -exhibiting this part of their bodies during their courtship.... I have -lately read [in an article by J. von Fischer, of Gotha, published in April, -1876] an account of the behaviour of a young male Mandrill when he first -beheld himself in a looking-glass, and it is added, that after a time he -turned round and presented his red hinder end to the glass. Accordingly I -wrote to Herr J. von Fischer to ask what he supposed was the meaning of -this strange action. He says that he was himself at first perplexed ... and -was thus led carefully to observe several individuals of various other -species of Monkeys, which he has long kept in his house. He finds that not -only the Mandrill (_C. mormon_) but the Drill (_C. leucophaeus_) and three -other kinds of Baboons (_C. hamadryas_, _C. sphinx_, and _C. babuin_) ... -turn this part of their bodies, which in all these species is more or less -brightly coloured, to him when they are pleased, and to other persons as a -sort of greeting.... From these facts von Fischer concludes that the -Monkeys which behaved in this manner before a looking-glass ... acted as if -their reflection were a new acquaintance.... It deserves especial attention -that von Fischer has never seen any species purposely exhibit the hinder -part of its body, if not at all {272}coloured.... With respect to the -origin of the habit, it seems to me probable that the bright colours, -whether on the face or hinder end, or as in the Mandrill, on both, serve as -a sexual ornament and attraction.... The fact that it is only the Monkeys -(with those parts brightly coloured), which as far as at present known, act -in this manner as a greeting towards other Monkeys, renders it doubtful -whether the habit was first acquired from some independent cause, and that -afterwards the parts in question were coloured as a sexual ornament; or -whether the colouring and the habit of turning round were first acquired -through variation and sexual selection, and that afterwards the habit was -retained as a sign of pleasure, or as a greeting, through the principle of -inherited association." - - -X. THE ARABIAN BABOON. PAPIO HAMADRYAS. - - _Simia hamadryas_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 36 (1766). - - _Le tartarin_, F. Cuvier and Geoffr., Mamm., vol. i., livr. 5 (1819). - - _Cynocephalus hamadryas_, Fr. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammif., p. 129, pl. 46 - ([male]). - - _Papio hamadryas_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 103 (1812); Schl., Mus. - Pays Bas, vii., p. 129 (1876, in part). - - _Hamadryas aegyptiaca_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 34 (1870). - -CHARACTERS.--MALE.--Size of a large Pointer Dog; muzzle long; nose slightly -longer than the upper lip; nostrils terminal, separated by a furrow above -and in front; face naked, the ridges parallel to the nose, and far less -prominent than in the Mandrill or Drill; eyes deep-set; brows overhanging; -ears naked; a large mane, mantle-like, on the throat, neck, {273}shoulders -and middle of the back; whiskers long, directed backwards, almost -concealing the ears; hair on the lower back, arms, thighs and legs short; -callosities large, and the surrounding part of the buttocks nude; tail -slightly shorter than the body, arched at the basal third, then descending -perpendicularly to its termination, which is tufted; under surface of body -and inner aspect of limbs thinly haired; fourth finger and second toe -strongly clawed. - -Face flesh-coloured, darker round the margins of the mouth, lighter round -the eyes; snout, chin, eyebrows, ears, and naked parts of the hands and -feet, dark flesh-colour; general colour of the fur over the body ashy-grey, -lightly washed with greenish--the hairs being ringed with alternate bars of -black and greyish-green; the head, the mane on neck and shoulders, and the -front part of the body ashy-grey, washed with greenish; whiskers -greyish-white; hind part of body paler than the fore; forearms and legs -greyish-black or almost black; under side of body greyish-white; tip of -tail darker; callosities and neighbouring nude parts bright scarlet. Length -of body, 26 inches; of tail, 15 inches; height, when standing erect, 4 -feet; when sitting, 2-1/2 feet. - -FEMALES AND YOUNG MALES.--Similar to adult males in coloration, but having -no mane; the females of the same size as the males. - -Both sexes possess laryngeal pouches or air-sacs, extending down the neck -nearly to the arm-pits, and connecting with the windpipe by a single -opening above the larynx. - -Facial portion of skull proportionately larger than the cranial. Top of -skull and forehead flattened; brain-case and front of cerebrum small and -intruded on by the orbits; the latter directed forwards and outwards. - -{274}DISTRIBUTION.--Arabia, from the plains up to 9,000 feet; Abyssinia, -and the Soudan. - -HABITS.--The Arabian Baboon, or "Tartarin," as it is often called, is -gregarious like its allies, occurring in troops of from two hundred and -fifty to three hundred individuals. When full-grown, they are very bold and -ferocious. They feed on fruits, berries, and the tubers of an edible grass; -but their chief food consists of insects, and such small animals as they -find under stones, or among the rocky cliffs and ravines, where they -usually dwell, for they seem to avoid the wooded country. - -They have a loud voice, uttered as a grunting bark. They are said to be -extremely intelligent, "astonishingly clever fellows," as one traveller -records:--having chiefs whom they obey implicitly, and possessing a regular -system of tactics in war, with the posting of sentinels on pillaging -expeditions. They have variously modulated cries, to warn, to indicate -safety or false alarm, or to direct the general movements or conduct of the -troop. "The old males," as Mr. Blanford narrates, "are always most -conspicuous animals, all the fore part of their body being covered with -long hair. They usually take the lead when the troop is moving; some of -them also bringing up the rear; others placing themselves on high rocks or -bushes and keeping a sharp look-out after enemies. A troop collected on a -rocky crag presents a most singular appearance. I several times saw large -numbers assembled around springs in the evening in the thirsty Shoho -country.... On such occasions every jutting rock, every little stone more -prominent than the rest, was occupied by a patriarch of the herd, with the -gravity and watchfulness befitting his grizzled hair, waiting patiently -until the last of his human rivals had slaked his thirst and that of his -cattle. Around, the females were mainly occupied in taking {275}care of the -young, the smaller Monkeys amusing themselves by gambolling about." The -Arabian Baboon climbs heavily, but when moving quickly on the ground has a -regular steady gallop. - -This is the Sacred Monkey of the ancient Egyptians, and its likeness is -often found engraved on their various temples and monoliths. "The -Cynocephalus Ape," as Sir Gardner Wilkinson writes, "which was particularly -sacred to Thoth, held a conspicuous place among the sacred animals of -Egypt, being worshipped as the type of the God of Letters, and of the Moon, -which was one of the characters of Thoth.... Sometimes a Cynocephalus -placed on a throne as a god, holds a sacred Ibis in his hand; and in the -judgment-scenes of the dead it frequently occurs, seated on the summit of a -balance, as the emblem of Thoth, who had an important office on that -occasion, and registered the account of the actions of the deceased. The -place where this animal was particularly sacred was Hermopolis, the city of -Thoth. In the necropolis of the capital of Upper Egypt, a particular spot -was set apart as the cemetery of the Sacred Apes." - - -XI. LANGHELD'S BABOON. PAPIO LANGHELDI. - - _Cynocephalus langheldi_, Matschie, S. B. Ges. Nat. Freunde, Berlin, - 1892, p. 233. - -CHARACTERS.--Hair of back long and coarse; that of the hinder quarters -shorter. Length of body, 29-1/2 inches; of tail, 18 inches. - -General colour, dirty olive-grey--the hairs brown at the base, then -yellowish-grey, ringed further up with black and yellowish-grey and tipped -with black; the long and coarse hair {276}of the back lighter; chin -greyish-white; the hind-limbs externally washed with brownish-yellow; the -upper side of the hands and feet olive-yellow; tail brownish-grey; under -side of body and inside of limbs silvery-grey. - -The bright olive-grey of the upper side and the silver-grey under side -distinguish this species from all others; it is most nearly related to _C. -babuin_. - -DISTRIBUTION.--East Africa, from the Rovuma river to the Pangani, and -extending to the Victoria Nyanza. - - -THE GELADA BABOONS. GENUS THEROPITHECUS. - - _Theropithecus_, Is. Geoffr., Arch. Mus., ii., p. 576 (1841). - -This genus has been established for the reception of two species which -differ from the true Baboons (_Cynocephalus_) in having the nostrils placed -on the side of the snout, instead of being terminal and opening, Dog-like, -on the blunt face of the truncated nose. - - -I. THE GELADA BABOON. THEROPITHECUS GELADA. - - _Macacus gelada_, Ruepp., Neue Wirbelth. Saeugeth., p. 5, pl. 2 (1835); - Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 107 (1876). - - _Theropithecus gelada_, Is. Geoffr., Arch. Mus., ii., p. 576 (1841). - - _Theropithecus senex_, Schimp. et Puch., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1857, p. - 51. - - _Gelada rueppellii_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 33 (1870); Garrod, - P. Z. S., 1879, p. 451. - -CHARACTERS.--MALE.--Body large and massive; head oblong; face produced, -rounded, and nude below the superciliary ridge; nose long and depressed in -its middle region, but elevated at {277}the tip upon the deep upper lip; -head crested, with long hair, rising from the superciliary ridge, and -descending to a long and mantle-like mane on the back of the neck and -shoulders, where the hair is longest, down to the loins behind, and as far -as the elbow joints in front; whiskers very long, directed backwards over -the ears, and downwards from the corners of the mouth; no beard; chin nude; -a patch on the chest and one on the throat naked, separated from each other -by a haired bar 1-1/2 inches broad; tail long, round, erect for its basal -third, then falling straight down as in other Baboons, and terminating in a -long thick tuft. - -Face, hands, feet and callosities deep black; nude chest-spaces florid; -hair of whiskers, neck-portion of mane, sides, arms, and lower margins of -the mantle-like mane dark sooty chocolate-brown; breast, chest, shoulders, -fore-arms, hind quarters and tail (except the terminal tuft) black; -tail-tuft brownish-black, with a few white hairs; abdomen paler brown than -the hair generally, though still dark; hair bordering the nude chest-spaces -iron-grey from the presence of numerous short grey and white hairs; nipples -close together on the lower nude chest-space; nails of hands longer than -those of the feet. Length of the body, 29 inches; of tail, 24-3/4 inches; -to tip of terminal tuft, 32 inches. - -Skull shorter than in _Cynocephalus_; canine teeth very large; posterior -lower molars with a large fifth cusp; upper molars with a large front -talon; cranial crests strongly developed; nasal bones high, narrow, -separate, and not fused together. - -The affinities of _T. gelada_ are more with _Cercopithecus_ than with -_Cynocephalus_, and still less with _Macacus_. - -{278}YOUNG MALE.--Similar to the adult, but the mane shorter, and more -curly; and the brown colour, wherever it occurs in the male, is lighter in -colour. - -FEMALE.--Coloured like the young male, but smaller than the adult male, and -with shorter hair, darker at the tips; hair longest between the shoulders; -loins paler than in the male; nude chest and throat-spaces united into one, -which is carunculated along its borders, and without white hairs along the -margins; callosities carunculated. - -DISTRIBUTION.--Southern Abyssinia; in the provinces of Heremat and Godjan. - -HABITS.--The habits of the "Gelada," as it is named by the natives of its -own country, are similar to those of the Baboons (_Cynocephalus_). They -live in large companies, and when full-grown--the males especially--are -very ferocious, pugnacious, and dangerous. It is a common habit of these -animals to roll down stones from the rocky cliffs amid which they live, -upon any approaching animal--the Arabian Baboon being an especial object of -their animosity. Their food consists of all sorts of fruits, as well as -grass, and the cultivated crops of the natives. They are chiefly found in -barren rocky regions, ascending the mountains to an altitude of from 7,000 -to 8,000 feet above the sea. - - -II. THE DUSKY GELADA. THEROPITHECUS OBSCURUS. - - _Theropithecus obscurus_, Heuglin, Act. Acad. Leop., xxx., Nachtrag, p. - 10 (1863); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 107 (1876). - - _? Theropithecus senex_, Schimper et Puch., Rev. Zool., 1857, p. 244. - -{279}CHARACTERS.--Nearly allied to _T. gelada_, but distinguished by its -darker colour, the flesh-coloured ring round the eyes, and the two naked -spots on the chest at the base of the neck, surrounded by white hairs, -extending to the inner side of the arm. - -Face naked, the chin thinly haired, the nose-pad situated behind the blunt -and broad end of the muzzle; eyes small, set close together, deep sunk -beneath the prominent overhanging frontal ridges; ears small; sides of the -head entirely covered with woolly hair; mane long, soft, and thick. Length -of body, 53 inches; tail, 26 inches. - -Face black, but with a broad flesh-coloured ring round each eye; scanty -hairs on the chin white; top of head and back dark brown; mane on fore-neck -and shoulders, arms, and hind part of the hands pure black; sides of head -and neck, rump, and tail dirty ochre; naked spots on breast dark -flesh-coloured, more vivid in passion; breast and inner side of fore-arm, -and middle of chest white; rest of under surface pale brown. Callosities -bluish-grey. - -FEMALE AND YOUNG.--Almost uniform fulvous, but the mane less marked. - -DISTRIBUTION.--North-east Africa; on the eastern boundary of Abyssinia, -near the sources of the Takazze river, on the confines of the Galla -country. Dr. Blanford observed it also near Magdala. - -HABITS.--This large and "stately" Baboon, known to the natives as -"Tokur-Sinjero" (or Black Baboon), lives in large troops in the high -mountains of Abyssinia, at an altitude of from 6,000 to 10,000 feet. It is -seldom seen among trees, but generally in open plains, or in inaccessible -rocky cliffs, from which it hurls stones on anyone who dares to approach. -{280}During the night these Baboons hide together in holes in the rocks, -whence, on the return of the morning sun, they emerge and sit warming -themselves, before starting on their marauding expeditions in the -cultivated fields, or in the vegetation which clothes the sides of the deep -valleys, where they feed largely on the leaves of the trees. Their -disposition is, among themselves, harmless. As a rule two to six year old -males lead with grave strides a herd of twenty to thirty females and young, -the latter now playing with each other, and scampering about the troop, now -carried by their mothers, and sometimes pinched and boxed on the ears by -them. As soon as, but not before, the leader has assured himself of any -danger, he utters a gentle bark, to which the whole troop responds and -retreats back into safety among the rocks. The old males then stand on -their hind-feet barking and displaying to the intruder their long white -teeth. On their marauding expeditions, or when in flight, they do not -usually exhibit great haste, the whole troop generally going in single file -with an old Sultan bringing up the rear. Often several troops mingle -together during the day, but at nightfall each returns to its own -headquarters. - -Their cry is a sharp bark, but that of the old males is very hoarse. One of -their great enemies is the Laemmergeier or Bearded Vulture. - -These observations have been extracted from the account given of this -species by von Heuglin, who discovered it during his Abyssinian expedition -in 1853. - - -THE MALAYAN BABOONS. GENUS CYNOPITHECUS. - - _Cynopithecus_, Is. Geoffr., in Belanger's Voyage, p. 66 (1834). - -This genus has been constituted to include the single species -{281}described below; the characters of the genus being thus, perforce, the -same as those of the species. - - -THE CELEBEAN BLACK BABOON. CYNOPITHECUS NIGER. - - _Cynocephalus niger_, Desm., Mamm., p. 534 (1820). - - _Macacus niger_, Bennett, Gard, and Menag. Zool. Soc., p. 189, with - figure (1830); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 119 (1876). - - _Cynopithecus niger_, Is. Geoffr., in Belanger's Voyage, p. 66 (1834); - Lesson, Quadrum., p. 101 (1840); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 33 - (1870). - - _Papio niger_ et _P. nigrescens_, Temm., Possess. Neerl. Ind., iii., p. - 111 (1847). - - _Cynopithecus niger_, vel _nigrescens_, Wagner in Schreb., Saeugeth. - Suppl., v., p. 61, tab. 6 (1855). - - _Cynopithecus nigrescens_, Wallace, Malay Arch., i., p. 432 (1869). - -CHARACTERS.--About the size of a Spaniel; head oblong; face very elongated, -naked; neck, hands, and feet also naked; nose triangular, the sides erect, -flattened behind nearly to the eyes, not extending to the end of the -muzzle, but leaving a broad upper lip; nostrils, with a long and broad -partition between them, directed downwards and outwards--a character seen -in the genus _Macacus_, and distinguishing this genus from the true Baboons -(_Cynocephalus_); cheek-swellings parallel to the nose, distinct, but not -conspicuously large; supra-orbital ridges very conspicuous; cheek-pouches -large; tail rudimentary, reduced to a fleshy tubercle, one inch long, and -hardly visible. Length, 24 inches. - -Fur long and woolly over the body; especially long on the top of the head, -forming a crest; hair of the limbs shorter. - -{282}Face, neck, hands, and feet black; fur all over the body and limbs -jet-black; callosities bright flesh-colour. - -In the skull the maxillary bones are developed into strong lateral ridges -corresponding in structure to those of the most typical Baboons. - -DISTRIBUTION.--This species is found far away from the habitat of the true -Baboons, whose home is in the Ethiopian Region. The Black Baboon is an -inhabitant of Celebes, one of the islands of the eastern portion of the -Malay Archipelago. It is found, however, also in the neighbouring island of -Batchian, further to the east--indeed the most easterly range of the -Quadrumana--as well as in some of the Philippine Islands to the west. In -both of these regions it is supposed to have been accidentally introduced -by the Malays. In Batchian, Mr. Wallace remarks, "it seems so much out of -place that it is difficult to imagine how it could have reached the island -by any natural means of dispersal, and yet not have passed by the same -means over the narrow strait to Gilolo--so that it seems more likely to -have originated from some individuals which had escaped from confinement, -these and similar animals being often kept as pets by the Malays and -carried about in their praus." Analogous to the distribution of this animal -in the Philippines and Celebes is that of a genus of -Parrots--_Prioniturus_--with racquet-shaped tails. The species of the -latter genus are divided between Celebes and its small adjacent islands and -the Philippines and the small islands adjacent to that archipelago, and -present a curious case of the restricted range of a well-marked group. - -HABITS.--This interesting animal, geographically so isolated, lives in the -luxuriant forests in small companies, and feeds chiefly on the abundant -fruits which these forests provide. In its {283}disposition it appears to -be more amiable and docile than the African Baboons. Some kinds of Monkeys, -as Mr. Darwin observes, which have moveable ears, and fight with their -teeth, draw back their ears when irritated just like Dogs, and then they -have a very spiteful appearance.... Other kinds--and this is a great -anomaly in comparison with most other animals--retract their ears, "and -utter a slight jabbering noise when they are pleased by being caressed. I -observed this in the _Cynopithecus niger_.... With the _Cynopithecus_ the -corners of the mouth are at the same time drawn backwards and upwards, so -that the teeth are exposed. Hence this expression would never be recognised -by a stranger as one of pleasure. The crest of long hairs on the forehead -is depressed, and apparently the whole skin of the head is drawn backwards. -The eyebrows are thus raised a little, and the eyes assume a staring -appearance. The lower eyelids also become slightly wrinkled; but this -wrinkling is not conspicuous, owing to the permanent transverse furrows on -the face." When enraged, the _Cynopithecus niger_ depresses the crest of -hair on its forehead, and shows its teeth; "so that," as Mr. Darwin -continues, "the movements of the features from anger are nearly the same as -those from pleasure; and the two expressions can be distinguished only by -those familiar with the animal." See the figures in Mr. Darwin's "Emotions -in Man," &c., p. 136. - - - - -{285}APPENDIX. - - -While this volume was passing through the press, a valuable paper by -Messrs. Oldfield Thomas and Ernst Hartert has appeared in the Hon. Walter -Rothschild's Journal "Novitates Zoologicae." It deals with the Mammalia -collected in the Natuna Islands by Mr. Alfred Everett, and the following -additional notes must be recorded. - - -p. 20. TARSIUS TARSIUS. - - _Tarsius spectrum_, Oldfield Thomas and Hartert, Nov. Zool., i., p. 655 - (1894). - -Mr. Everett says that on Banguran Island he could hear nothing of the -existence of the Tarsier, but on Sirhassen Island the Malays described it -to him unmistakably under the name of "Imbing." - - -p. 33. NYCTICEBUS TARDIGRADUS. - -Mr. Everett procured specimens of the Javan Slow-Loris on the island of -Banguran, where, he says, it is probably not rare, though not often -captured; the native name is "Kukang." The natives of Banguran did not -appear to know the animal. - - -p. 100 _et sequent._ PROPITHECUS MAJORI. - - _Propithecus majori_, Rothschild, Nov. Zool., i., p. 666, pi. xiv. - (1894). - -{286}ADULT.--Head and neck black. Face, snout, and ears naked, and of a -blackish colour, encircled by a broad band of long white hairs, joining -under the throat, slightly mixed with darker hairs. Rest of fur, including -the tail, white on the upper surface; back and upper rump dark brown. The -large white patch on and between the shoulders much grizzled with brown -hairs. Under side of hind-limbs, to just below the knees, blackish-brown. -Inside of hind-limbs down to the heel also brown, joining the colour of the -upper surface, thus forming a continuous dark stripe along the legs. Inner -and upper surface of arms, thumb, and two following fingers, deep -blackish-brown; throat, chest, and greater part of abdomen, deep brown. -Size perceptibly larger than that of _Propithecus verreauxi_, with the tail -longer. - -This species of _Propithecus_ is nearest to the typical _P. verreauxi_ of -Grandidier, which is white, with the top of the head black, and the lower -back and rump greyish-brown, but is no doubt an entirely different species. -(_Rothschild_, _l.c._) - -DISTRIBUTION.--Antimosy country, S.W. Madagascar. - - -END OF VOL. I. - - - - -PRESS OPINIONS. - - -"The 'Naturalist's Library' has all the signs of earning and keeping a wide -popularity."--_Scotsman._ - -"They are carefully compiled from the most authentic sources of -information, and are embellished with cleverly-executed coloured -plates."--_Daily News._ - -"Admirable in every way, and should be highly popular."--_Public Opinion._ - -"Really good handbooks, well arranged, concise, carefully printed, and -handsomely illustrated with full-page coloured plates."--_Science Gossip._ - -"Eminently readable, the information being given in an interesting -manner."--_Field._ - -"A most valuable feature of these volumes is the plates, which have been -coloured from specimens in the British Museum, and are by far the finest -that have ever appeared in any work at the price, or anything near it. -Altogether the character and general get-up of 'Allen's Naturalist's -Library' leave nothing to be desired. We trust these volumes, and those -that may come after them, will be widely welcomed."--_Westminster Gazette._ - -"Should prove most instructive to every student of natural history."--_Rod -and Gun._ - -"Abounds in interesting matter, and can be read through with -pleasure."--_Saturday Review._ - -"May be heartily recommended."--_St. James's Budget._ - - -LONDON: -W. H. ALLEN & CO., Limited, 13, Waterloo Place, S.W. - - - - -TENTATIVE SCHEME OF VOLUMES. - - - _The following list will give an outline of the General Scheme, but it - may be varied if, in the opinion of the Editor and Publishers, an - alteration would improve the Series._ - - MONKEYS, Vol. I. By HENRY O. FORBES, F.L.S., &c. - " Vol. II. " - CETACEA " - CATS By R. LYDEKKER, B.A., &c. - DOGS " - RUMINANTS " - BRITISH MAMMALS " - MARSUPIALS " Ready. - HORSES " - PACHYDERMS " - BRITISH BIRDS, Vol. I. By R. BOWDLER SHARPE, LL.D. Ready. - " " II. " - " " III. " - " " IV. " - SUN-BIRDS " - HUMMING-BIRDS " - BIRDS OF WEST AFRICA " - PARROTS By HENRY O. FORBES, F.L.S., &c. - PIGEONS " - GAME BIRDS By W. R. OGILVIE GRANT. - BUTTERFLIES (with special } By W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S. - reference to British Species) } - BUTTERFLIES, Vol. II. " - MOTHS (with special reference to } " - British Species) } - BEETLES, CRICKETS, &c. " - BEES " - FISHES, Vol. I. By Professor R. H. TRAQUAIR, F.R.S. - " " II. " - " " III. " - -LONDON: -W. H. ALLEN & CO., LIMITED, 13, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W. - -Notes. - - [1] [Greek: anthropos]--Man. - - [2] [Greek: heteros], different, [Greek: odous], a tooth. - - [3] [Greek: homos], the same, [Greek: odous], a tooth. - - [4] [Greek: diphues], double, [Greek: odous], a tooth. - - [5] N.B.--These descriptions of new species have been kindly supplied by - Dr. Forsyth Major from his MSS., and I am much indebted to him for - allowing them to be first published in the present work. - - [6] N.B.--The white feet should have been more pronounced in the plate. - - [7] [Greek: Kata], down; [Greek: rhis, rhinos], nose. - - [8] [Greek: platys], flat; [Greek: rhis, rhinos], nose. - - [9] Vide antea, p. 145. - -[10] "Red-footed Night-Monkey," on plate. - -[11] See the figures in Flower and Lydekker, Mammals, p. 711. - -[12] This curious custom, of women suckling animals, was also observed by - the present writer in New Guinea, where the native women suckle - puppies and young pigs. - -[13] Humboldt and Stedman both state that these Monkeys _threw_ pieces of - branches towards them. - -[14] [Greek: kata], down; [Greek: rhis, rhinos], nose or nostril. - - * * * * * - -Corrections made to printed text - -P. 15. 'long vacuity between incisors and pre-molar' corrected from '... -canines and pre-molar' (canines are absent!) - -P. 147 (ears) 'exposed' corrected from 'ex-exposed' (line break). - -P. 182 'Jacchus [Hapale] bicolor' corrected from 'facchus...' - -P. 262 'terminating' (in a tuft of hairs) corrected from 'teminating'. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Hand-book to the Primates, Volume 1 -(of 2), by Henry O. 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