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diff --git a/43991-h/43991-h.htm b/43991-h/43991-h.htm index 8ef2c28..805eb54 100644 --- a/43991-h/43991-h.htm +++ b/43991-h/43991-h.htm @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title> A Hand-Book to the Primates Vol. I. </title> @@ -68,45 +68,7 @@ </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Hand-book to the Primates, Volume 1 (of -2), by Henry O. Forbes - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: A Hand-book to the Primates, Volume 1 (of 2) - -Author: Henry O. Forbes - -Release Date: October 23, 2013 [EBook #43991] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HAND-BOOK TO THE PRIMATES *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43991 ***</div> <table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;" title="Transcriber's note" summary="Transcriber's note" class="sp2"> @@ -191,7 +153,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="larger">INTRODUCTION.</span></p> <p>In the first volume will be found an account of the <i>Lemuroidea</i>, and the - <i>Anthropoidea</i> as far as the group of the Macaques of the family <i>Cercopithecid</i>. The + <i>Anthropoidea</i> as far as the group of the Macaques of the family <i>Cercopithecidæ</i>. The second volume continues with the latter genus, and contains the rest of the Monkeys, and the Apes, as well as a summary of the geographical distribution of the species of the Order Primates.</p> @@ -200,7 +162,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) by some of the older writers, it would be easy to introduce a great deal of confusion into the synonymy. I have, therefore, only attempted to give the principal references.</p> - <p>I must express my obligation to Dr. Gnther, F.R.S., the Keeper of the Zoological Department in + <p>I must express my obligation to Dr. Günther, F.R.S., the Keeper of the Zoological Department in the British Museum, for the facilities of study afforded to me in that institution. To Mr. Oldfield Thomas I am likewise greatly indebted for much assistance, and for many a kindly hint.</p> @@ -235,7 +197,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar pb05"><a href="#page8">8</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pb05">FAMILY I. CHIROMYID</td> + <td class="pb05">FAMILY I. CHIROMYIDÆ</td> <td class="ar pb05"><a href="#page14">14</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -247,7 +209,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page14">14</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pt05 pb05">FAMILY II. TARSIID</td> + <td class="pt05 pb05">FAMILY II. TARSIIDÆ</td> <td class="ar pt05 pb05"><a href="#page18">18</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -263,11 +225,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page21">21</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pt05 pb05">FAMILY III. LEMURID</td> + <td class="pt05 pb05">FAMILY III. LEMURIDÆ</td> <td class="ar pt05 pb05"><a href="#page22">22</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pb05">SUB-FAMILY I. LORISIN</td> + <td class="pb05">SUB-FAMILY I. LORISINÆ</td> <td class="ar pb05"><a href="#page24">24</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -299,7 +261,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page33">33</a>, <a href="#page286">286</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pt05 pb05">SUB-FAMILY II. GALAGIN</td> + <td class="pt05 pb05">SUB-FAMILY II. GALAGINÆ</td> <td class="ar pt05 pb05"><a href="#page37">37</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -343,7 +305,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page51">51</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pl2"><span class="hid">0</span>3. trichotis, Gnth.</td> + <td class="pl2"><span class="hid">0</span>3. trichotis, Günth.</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page52">52</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -389,7 +351,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page63">63</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pt05 pb05">SUB-FAMILY III. LEMURIN</td> + <td class="pt05 pb05">SUB-FAMILY III. LEMURINÆ</td> <td class="ar pt05 pb05"><a href="#page64">64</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -433,7 +395,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page73">73</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td style="padding-left:3.5em"><span title="" class="fsn">η</span>. albifrons</td> + <td style="padding-left:3.5em"><span title="ê" class="fsn">η</span>. albifrons</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page73">73</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -517,7 +479,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page89">89</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pt05 pb05">SUB-FAMILY IV. INDRISIN</td> + <td class="pt05 pb05">SUB-FAMILY IV. INDRISINÆ</td> <td class="ar pt05 pb05"><a href="#page90">90</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -579,7 +541,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar pt05 pb05"><a href="#page110">110</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pb05">FAMILY I. MEGALADAPID</td> + <td class="pb05">FAMILY I. MEGALADAPIDÆ</td> <td class="ar pb05"><a href="#page112">112</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -587,15 +549,15 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page112">112</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pt05 pb05">FAMILY LEMURID</td> + <td class="pt05 pb05">FAMILY LEMURIDÆ</td> <td class="ar pt05 pb05"><a href="#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page114">114</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pb05">FAMILY ANAPTOMORPHID</td> + <td class="pb05">FAMILY ANAPTOMORPHIDÆ</td> <td class="ar pb05"><a href="#page114">114</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pl2"><span class="hid">0</span>1. Microchrus, Wood</td> + <td class="pl2"><span class="hid">0</span>1. Microchærus, Wood</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page115">115</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -615,7 +577,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page117">117</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pt05 pb05">FAMILY ADAPID</td> + <td class="pt05 pb05">FAMILY ADAPIDÆ</td> <td class="ar pt05 pb05"><a href="#page119">119</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -648,7 +610,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar pt05 pb05"><a href="#page123">123</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pb05">FAMILY I. HAPALID</td> + <td class="pb05">FAMILY I. HAPALIDÆ</td> <td class="ar pb05"><a href="#page129">129</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -668,7 +630,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page133">133</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pl2"><span class="hid">0</span>4. leucopus, Gnther</td> + <td class="pl2"><span class="hid">0</span>4. leucopus, Günther</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page134">134</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -676,7 +638,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page135">135</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pl2"><span class="hid">0</span>6. pygma (Spix)</td> + <td class="pl2"><span class="hid">0</span>6. pygmæa (Spix)</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page135">135</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -755,11 +717,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page148">148</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pt05 pb05">FAMILY II. CEBID</td> + <td class="pt05 pb05">FAMILY II. CEBIDÆ</td> <td class="ar pt05 pb05"><a href="#page150">150</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pb05">SUB-FAMILY I. NYCTIPITHECIN</td> + <td class="pb05">SUB-FAMILY I. NYCTIPITHECINÆ</td> <td class="ar pb05"><a href="#page152">152</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -849,7 +811,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page169">169</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pl2"><span class="hid">0</span>4. azar (Humb.)</td> + <td class="pl2"><span class="hid">0</span>4. azaræ (Humb.)</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page170">170</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -857,7 +819,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page170">170</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pt05 pb05">SUB-FAMILY II. PITHECIIN</td> + <td class="pt05 pb05">SUB-FAMILY II. PITHECIINÆ</td> <td class="ar pt05 pb05"><a href="#page173">173</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -901,11 +863,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page188">188</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pt05 pb05">SUB-FAMILY MYCETIN</td> + <td class="pt05 pb05">SUB-FAMILY MYCETINÆ</td> <td class="ar pt05 pb05"><a href="#page189">189</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td>I. <span class="sc">Alouatta</span>, Lacp.</td> + <td>I. <span class="sc">Alouatta</span>, Lacép.</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page192">192</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -933,7 +895,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page202">202</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pt05 pb05">SUB-FAMILY CEBIN</td> + <td class="pt05 pb05">SUB-FAMILY CEBINÆ</td> <td class="ar pt05 pb05"><a href="#page204">204</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -1007,7 +969,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page219">219</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pl2">17. azar, Rennger</td> + <td class="pl2">17. azaræ, Rennger</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page219">219</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -1079,11 +1041,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page244">244</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pt05 pb05">FAMILY CERCOPITHECID</td> + <td class="pt05 pb05">FAMILY CERCOPITHECIDÆ</td> <td class="ar pt05 pb05"><a href="#page249">249</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pb05">SUB-FAMILY CERCOPITHECIN</td> + <td class="pb05">SUB-FAMILY CERCOPITHECINÆ</td> <td class="ar pb05"><a href="#page252">252</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -1095,7 +1057,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page258">258</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pl2"><span class="hid">0</span>2. leucophus (F. Cuv.)</td> + <td class="pl2"><span class="hid">0</span>2. leucophæus (F. Cuv.)</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page260">260</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -1139,7 +1101,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <td class="ar"><a href="#page276">276</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="pl2"><span class="hid">0</span>1. gelada (Rpp.)</td> + <td class="pl2"><span class="hid">0</span>1. gelada (Rüpp.)</td> <td class="ar"><a href="#page276">276</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -1269,7 +1231,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <tr> <td class="ar pr0"><a href="#plateXXII">XXII.</a></td> <td class="pl0">—Drill</td> - <td><i>Papio leucophus.</i></td> + <td><i>Papio leucophæus.</i></td> </tr> </table> @@ -1326,7 +1288,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page3">{3}</span></div> <p>The Lemurs have, by many distinguished naturalists, been relegated to a distinct Order quite - separate from the latter; but by such pre-eminent authorities as Linnus, Lesson, Huxley, Broca + separate from the latter; but by such pre-eminent authorities as Linnæus, Lesson, Huxley, Broca and Flower, they have been assigned a subordinate position within that great Order, on which has been conferred the rank of the Primates of the Animal Kingdom.</p> @@ -1350,8 +1312,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>The <i>cranium</i>, formed of many bones firmly united together, consists of a cerebral region, or box, containing and guarding the brain, and a facial region, in which are situated, besides the mouth, the organs of sight and smell. The bones connected with the <span class="pagenum" - id="page4">{4}</span>mouth are the two maxill, along the margins of which are placed the - grinding- or cheek-teeth; the two pre-maxill, in which are set the cutting- and the eye-teeth; + id="page4">{4}</span>mouth are the two maxillæ, along the margins of which are placed the + grinding- or cheek-teeth; the two pre-maxillæ, in which are set the cutting- and the eye-teeth; and lastly, the palatine bones which form the roof of the mouth. Hinged on to the sides of the cranium is the toothed mandible, or lower jaw, composed of two halves, which may be solidly or loosely joined together in the mid-line, or symphysis. Along the under surface of the skull, there @@ -1367,15 +1329,15 @@ by The Internet Archive) a smooth kidney-shaped surface, called a "condyle." These two condyles serve for the articulation of the first segment of the back-bone to the cranium, and by the possession of this pair of condyles the Mammalian skull can always be distinguished from that of Birds and Reptiles. The - pieces of which the back-bone are composed are named the <i>vertebr</i>. Those of the neck, the - "cervical" vertebr, are recognised by having no true ribs attached to them, and are, in all - Primates, seven in number. Those of the back, or "dorsal" vertebr, may be distinguished by having + pieces of which the back-bone are composed are named the <i>vertebræ</i>. Those of the neck, the + "cervical" vertebræ, are recognised by having no true ribs attached to them, and are, in all + Primates, seven in number. Those of the back, or "dorsal" vertebræ, may be distinguished by having articulated to them, on each side, <span class="pagenum" id="page5">{5}</span>a movable rib, the - other end of which is attached to the breast-bone; they follow next to the cervical vertebr, - while to them succeed the "lumbar" vertebr which carry no complete ribs. The dorsal and lumbar + other end of which is attached to the breast-bone; they follow next to the cervical vertebræ, + while to them succeed the "lumbar" vertebræ which carry no complete ribs. The dorsal and lumbar segments vary in number, but together they rarely exceed seventeen. Behind these extend the - "sacral" vertebr—completely ossified together, and lastly, the bones of the tail or - "caudal" vertebr, which may be many or few, according to the length of that appendage.</p> + "sacral" vertebræ—completely ossified together, and lastly, the bones of the tail or + "caudal" vertebræ, which may be many or few, according to the length of that appendage.</p> <p>The fore-limb is composed of three segments, the arm, fore-arm, and hand, together with a block by which it is attached to the side of the body. To this block—the blade-bone or @@ -1416,7 +1378,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) muscular contractions of its walls to the simple, sac-like, stomach, and thence to the intestines. These latter consist of two portions, one smaller and narrower, nearer to the stomach, and a second portion further down, larger and wider; the junction of the two portions being marked by a - process of varying length, the <i>ccum</i>. The stomach and intestines, with other important + process of varying length, the <i>cæcum</i>. The stomach and intestines, with other important structures, such as the liver, kidneys and generative organs, are contained in a lower cavity, separated by a muscular midriff, the diaphragm, from the upper part or thorax, containing the blood-purifying and pumping organs, the lungs and the heart.</p> @@ -1435,13 +1397,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) vary in number and complexity, evidently in relation to the intelligence of the animal. The brain within the skull gives origin to the nerves for the chief organs of sense; while from its posterior part it is continued along the back—within a canal formed by the neural arches of - the vertebr—as the spinal column, from which arise the rest of the nerves for the body.</p> + the vertebræ—as the spinal column, from which arise the rest of the nerves for the body.</p> <p>The young of all the Primates are nourished in the mother's womb by the passage of material from the blood-vessels of the parent through an organ known as the <i>placenta</i>. They are all born in a helpless condition, and remain unable to look after themselves for a considerable period, during which they are dependent on the milk secreted on the ventral surface of the mother - by two or four glands, the teats or <i>mamm</i>—those characteristic organs from which the + by two or four glands, the teats or <i>mammæ</i>—those characteristic organs from which the "Mammalia" have derived their name. These glands are present in both sexes, but are functional only in the female.</p> @@ -1499,7 +1461,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <a href="images/fig3.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/fig3.png" alt="Fig. 3." title="Fig. 3."/></a> <div class="smaller ac"> - <p class="sp0">Fig. 3. Foot of <i>Chirogale trichotis</i>, Gnther.<br/> + <p class="sp0">Fig. 3. Foot of <i>Chirogale trichotis</i>, Günther.<br/> (P. Z. S., 1875, p. 79.)</p> </div> </div> @@ -1509,7 +1471,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) class="ifracd">2</span></span>, C<span class="ifrac"><span class="ifracn">1</span><span class="ifracd">1</span></span>, P<span class="ifrac"><span class="ifracn">3</span><span class="ifracd">3</span></span>, M<span class="ifrac"><span class="ifracn">3</span><span - class="ifracd">3</span></span> = 36 (<i>vide</i> ante, p. <a href="#page6">6</a>), and the upper + class="ifracd">3</span></span> = 36 (<i>vide</i> anteà, p. <a href="#page6">6</a>), and the upper jaw has a toothless space in the centre (except in the Aye-Aye). Of the upper teeth, the <i>incisors</i> are sometimes absent, but generally present; if unequal in size the inner one is the larger of the two. The canines are prominent; the pre-molars all have a <i>cingulum</i>, or @@ -1588,7 +1550,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) and the sphenoidal fissure, which gives exit to the third, fourth and sixth cranial nerves, have but one aperture, as in the Rabbit, which belongs to the <i>Rodentia</i>.</p> - <p>The sacral vertebr are generally three in number, and the lumbar and dorsal together vary from + <p>The sacral vertebræ are generally three in number, and the lumbar and dorsal together vary from nineteen to twenty-three.</p> <p>The brain, as Sir William Flower has observed, departs considerably from the form of what may @@ -1605,7 +1567,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>The tongue has a horny supplementary under-tongue (<i>sublingua</i>) attached beneath it. The stomach is simple, not formed of several compartments. The transverse portion of the great - intestine is convoluted in a remarkable manner upon itself, the ccum also being very large. The + intestine is convoluted in a remarkable manner upon itself, the cæcum also being very large. The main arteries of the arm and leg break up (as in the Sloths) into an immense number of small vessels (called <i>retia mirabilia</i>) parallel to one another instead of being simple branching trunks.</p> @@ -1644,10 +1606,10 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp5">The Lemurs now living are divided into three families. The Aye-Aye and the Tarsiers, on account of their very special characters, constitute each a distinct - family—named <i>Chiromyid</i> and <i>Tarsiid</i> respectively—while the True Lemurs - form the third, the <i>Lemurid</i>, to which all the remaining forms belong.</p> + family—named <i>Chiromyidæ</i> and <i>Tarsiidæ</i> respectively—while the True Lemurs + form the third, the <i>Lemuridæ</i>, to which all the remaining forms belong.</p> - <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">THE AYE-AYES. FAMILY CHIROMYID.</p> + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">THE AYE-AYES. FAMILY CHIROMYIDÆ.</p> <p class="sp3">This very aberrant family contains only one species; the characters of the family and of the genus <i>Chiromys</i> are, therefore, necessarily those of the single species @@ -1658,9 +1620,9 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Sciurus madagascariensis</i>, Gmel., S. N., i., p. 152 (1788).</p> - <p><i>Daubentonia madagascariensis</i>, Geoffr., Dcad. Philos., iv., p. 193 (1795); Dahlbom, + <p><i>Daubentonia madagascariensis</i>, Geoffr., Décad. Philos., iv., p. 193 (1795); Dahlbom, Studia, p. 326, t. 12.</p> - <p><i>Chiromys madagascariensis</i>, Cuv., Leons d'Anat. Comp., Tabl. de Class., 1 (1800); + <p><i>Chiromys madagascariensis</i>, Cuv., Leçons d'Anat. Comp., Tabl. de Class., 1 (1800); Owen, Tr. Z. S., vol. v., p. 33; Peters, Abhandl. K. Akad. Berlin, 1865, p. 79.</p> <p class="sp0 ac">(<i>Plate I.</i>)</p> </div> @@ -1689,8 +1651,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) proportionately much longer than the toes; the middle or third digit slender and very remarkable, being extremely attenuated and wire-like; thumb opposable, and placed at an acute angle to the short index; great toe opposable, set at an open angle to the other digits, its nail flat; the - remaining toes with pointed compressed claws (like the second toe of <i>Lemurid</i> and second - and third of <i>Tarsiid</i>). Teats, two, placed low down on the abdomen. Length of body and tail + remaining toes with pointed compressed claws (like the second toe of <i>Lemuridæ</i> and second + and third of <i>Tarsiidæ</i>). Teats, two, placed low down on the abdomen. Length of body and tail together 36 inches. Skull highly arched, convex transversely; muzzle short and deep; bony palate not extending behind the middle of the posterior molar tooth; lower jaw with condyle elongated from before backwards and on a level with the cheek-teeth, its two halves united at an acute angle @@ -1705,7 +1667,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) smaller than molars; molars with flat crowns and very indistinct tubercules; milk-teeth agreeing more in number and form with those seen among Lemurs than with the permanent set; the upper jaw having its full set of two incisors, one canine, and a pre-molar tooth present; the lower jaw - having one incisor, no canine, and one pre-molar tooth on each side. Dorsal and lumbar vertebr + having one incisor, no canine, and one pre-molar tooth on each side. Dorsal and lumbar vertebræ together 18, sacral 3, and caudal 22-27.</p> <div><span class="pagenum" id="page16">{16}</span></div> @@ -1727,8 +1689,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><b>Distribution.</b>—The Aye-Aye is confined to the island of Madagascar. It makes its home in the dense parts of the great forest that runs along the eastern border of its central - plateau, but only in that part of it which separates the Sihnaka Province from that of the - Betsimisraka, which is about 25 miles from the east coast, in latitude 17 22′ S. It is + plateau, but only in that part of it which separates the Sihànaka Province from that of the + Betsimisàraka, which is about 25 miles from the east coast, in latitude 17° 22′ S. It is more common than has been supposed, its noctural habits and the superstitious awe with which it is regarded accounting for its apparent rarity, and for the contradictory reports given of its habits.</p> @@ -1763,13 +1725,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) up leaves of the Travellers'-tree, and lining it with small twigs and dry leaves. (<i>Baron.</i>)</p> - <p class="sp3 ac">THE TARSIERS. FAMILY TARSIID.</p> + <p class="sp3 ac">THE TARSIERS. FAMILY TARSIIDÆ.</p> <p class="sp3">This family, like the preceding, has been constituted for the reception of two animals which are so remarkably distinct from all the other species of Lemurs, as to necessitate their being thus segregated. Between these two forms however, so close a relationship exists, that they have often been considered as only varieties of the same species. The family, therefore, - consists, as in the <i>Chiromyid</i>, of a single genus, the characters of which constitute also + consists, as in the <i>Chiromyidæ</i>, of a single genus, the characters of which constitute also those of the family.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">THE TARSIERS. GENUS @@ -1813,14 +1775,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page20">{20}</span></div> - <p class="sp3">The Tarsiers have nineteen dorsal and lumbar vertebr together, and twenty-seven in + <p class="sp3">The Tarsiers have nineteen dorsal and lumbar vertebræ together, and twenty-seven in the tail. The humerus presents a perforation (the entepicondylar foramen) at its lower inner side, and another nearly in the centre above the hinge. The femur is more than twice the length of the arm-bone; the lower half of the slender fibula is co-ossified with the tibia, while two of the tarsal, or ankle-bones (the <i>calcaneum</i> and <i>naviculare</i>), are remarkably elongated, thus giving to the hind-limb of these animals the singular conformation from which they derive their name. The large intestine is not convoluted upon itself as in so many of the Lemurs, nor is - there a ccum at the junction of its smaller and larger portions.</p> + there a cæcum at the junction of its smaller and larger portions.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">I. THE SPECTRAL TARSIER. TARSIUS TARSIUS.</span></p> @@ -1834,7 +1796,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) </div> <p><b>Characters.</b>—On the upper lip, sides of nostrils, and over the eyes long, delicate - black hairs (<i>vibriss</i>); hair on nose very short, longer in front of ears and at angles of + black hairs (<i>vibrissæ</i>); hair on nose very short, longer in front of ears and at angles of mouth. Fur of body generally thick, woolly, the basal two thirds slate-grey, the terminal third brownish-yellow. Face to forehead fawn-brown, somewhat darker around and between the enormous liquid brown eyes. Top and back of head and shoulders of a more uniform and darker shade; rest of @@ -1905,7 +1867,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp5">Their elongated ankle-bones, and their leaping habits, seem to indicate that the Galagos and the Chirogales, or Mouse-Lemurs, are the nearest relatives of the Tarsiers.</p> - <p class="sp3 ac">THE TYPICAL LEMURS. FAMILY LEMURID.</p> + <p class="sp3 ac">THE TYPICAL LEMURS. FAMILY LEMURIDÆ.</p> <p>Under this family heading are included the whole of the remaining members of the Sub-order. They all possess certain main characters in common; but on account of the presence or <span @@ -1932,17 +1894,17 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>In some genera (e.g., <i>Propithecus</i>), Milne-Edwards has observed that in the young animal the cerebellum is more overlapped by the cerebrum (or main brain) than it is later in life; and - Dr. Major believes that the <i>Lemurid</i> are highly specialised members of the Sub-order, + Dr. Major believes that the <i>Lemuridæ</i> are highly specialised members of the Sub-order, developed from ancient types which were not unlike the American Monkeys of the family - <i>Cebid</i>.</p> + <i>Cebidæ</i>.</p> <p class="sp5">The Typical Lemurs are arranged in the following four sub-divisions: The Pottos and - Slow-paced Lemurs (<i>Lorisin</i>); the Galagos and Mouse-Lemurs (<i>Galagin</i>); the True - Lemurs (<i>Lemurin</i>); and the Endrinas (<i>Indrisin</i>).</p> + Slow-paced Lemurs (<i>Lorisinæ</i>); the Galagos and Mouse-Lemurs (<i>Galaginæ</i>); the True + Lemurs (<i>Lemurinæ</i>); and the Endrinas (<i>Indrisinæ</i>).</p> <div><span class="pagenum" id="page24">{24}</span></div> - <p class="sp3 ac">THE SLOW-LEMURS. SUB-FAMILY I. LORISIN.</p> + <p class="sp3 ac">THE SLOW-LEMURS. SUB-FAMILY I. LORISINÆ.</p> <p>This Sub-family has been constituted to receive a small number of Lemurs, which, although occupying limited areas in two widely separated continents—one genus being African and the @@ -1982,8 +1944,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) front, the posterior being five-cusped, while all have their front cusps vertically taller than the hind ones.</p> - <p>Among the <i>Lorisin</i> the dorsal and lumbar vertebr together number from twenty-one to - twenty-three. The ccum, at the junction of the larger and smaller intestine, is long. The main + <p>Among the <i>Lorisinæ</i> the dorsal and lumbar vertebræ together number from twenty-one to + twenty-three. The cæcum, at the junction of the larger and smaller intestine, is long. The main artery of the fore- and hind-limbs breaks up into a <i>rete mirabile</i> of numerous small parallel branches.</p> @@ -1992,7 +1954,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) this group should be confined to one portion of Africa and be entirely absent from Madagascar, the country where the Lemurs form so characteristic a feature in the fauna.</p> - <p class="sp3">The <i>Lorisin</i> embrace three genera, the Pottos (<i>Perodicticus</i>) from the + <p class="sp3">The <i>Lorisinæ</i> embrace three genera, the Pottos (<i>Perodicticus</i>) from the African continent; the Slender Loris (<i>Loris</i>), and the Slow-Loris (<i>Nycticebus</i>), both of which inhabit the Oriental region.</p> @@ -2009,14 +1971,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>This genus contains two species, both confined to the West Coast of Africa. The Pottos are slender-bodied animals, with oval heads and blunt Dog-shaped muzzles. Their eyes are large and - full, and their external ears erect, with shelf-like lamell inside. They have slender and + full, and their external ears erect, with shelf-like lamellæ inside. They have slender and sub-equal limbs. The second digit of the fore-limb is rudimentary and nail-less; it is supported on one wrist-bone, and has two phalanges or finger-bones. The great toe is opposable, and the fourth and fifth digits of both limbs are united together by membrane as far as the first joint. - The processes of the vertebr in the neck and back are long and protruding. The tail is very + The processes of the vertebræ in the neck and back are long and protruding. The tail is very short.</p> - <p class="sp3">The pre-maxill (which carry the incisor teeth) do not project in front, nor does + <p class="sp3">The pre-maxillæ (which carry the incisor teeth) do not project in front, nor does the bony palate extend farther back than the end of the posterior molar teeth. Of the upper teeth the incisors are equal in size (Fig. 6); the median and posterior pre-molars have on their crowns three cusps, of which the two outer are the larger; the anterior and median molars are cingulate, @@ -2049,24 +2011,24 @@ by The Internet Archive) </div> </div> - <p><b>Characters.</b>—Hair long, wool-like; face, hands, and feet thinly haired. Head 2 + <p><b>Characters.</b>—Hair long, wool-like; face, hands, and feet thinly haired. Head 2½ inches long, tapering in front; muzzle prominent and blunt; ears large, pointed, and projecting - above the level of the head, with short hairs, two lamell inside, and marginal tufts; neck short; + above the level of the head, with short hairs, two lamellæ inside, and marginal tufts; neck short; hind-limbs slightly larger and <span class="pagenum" id="page28">{28}</span>longer than the fore-limbs; hands smaller than the feet; thumb thick, with a tubercle at base; the wrist-bone of the very rudimentary index-finger supporting two rudimentary finger-bones; third finger not parallel to fourth and fifth; the fourth longest (Fig. 7). Great toe with a tubercle at its base, - opposable. Tail inch long, hidden in the fur of the body.</p> + opposable. Tail ¼ inch long, hidden in the fur of the body.</p> <p>Fur grey at base of hairs, fawn-coloured farther up, and tipped with dark brown, uniform over the body and limbs; face darker; sides of head lighter; line from brow down the nose white. No - vibriss on face and no eyebrows; chin, throat, inner surface of limbs, and under side of body, + vibrissæ on face and no eyebrows; chin, throat, inner surface of limbs, and under side of body, greyish-white.</p> <p>Posterior upper molar nearly equal to posterior pre-molar, with the hind inner cusp of the crown rudimentary. Lower incisors not visible beyond the lip, cingulate; posterior molar five-cusped and relatively larger than in the next species (<i>P. potto</i>). Bony palate with - large perforations behind the incisors. Intestines, 40 inches long; ccum, 2 inches.</p> + large perforations behind the incisors. Intestines, 40 inches long; cæcum, 2½ inches.</p> <p class="sp3"><b>Distribution.</b>—The "Angwantibo," as this species is called, is known only from Old Calabar, on the west coast of Africa.</p> @@ -2080,7 +2042,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) vii., p. 287 (1876).</p> <p><i>Perodicticus geoffroyi</i>, Bennett, P. Z. S., 1830, p. 109.</p> <p><i>Perodicticus potto</i>, V. der Hoeven, Tijdschr. v. Natuurl. Gesch., xi., p. 41 (1844); - Wagner, in Schreber's Sugeth. Suppl., v., p. 183 (1855).</p> + Wagner, in Schreber's Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 183 (1855).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Stenops potto</i>, Pel, Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 1852, p. 41.</p> </div> @@ -2156,7 +2118,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Loris gracilis</i>, Geoffr., Magas. Encycl. Ann. 4, i., p. 48 (1796); id. Catal., p. 37, - no. 1 (1803); id. Ann. Mus., xix., p. 163 (1812); Is. Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 79 + no. 1 (1803); id. Ann. Mus., xix., p. 163 (1812); Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 79 (1851); Blyth, Cat. Mamm. As. Soc., p. 19 (1863); Anderson, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus., p. 97 (1881); Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind. Mamm., p. 47 (1888).</p> <p><i>Nycticebus gracilis</i>, Fischer, Syn. Mamm., p. 70 (1829); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. @@ -2178,8 +2140,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) class="pagenum" id="page32">{32}</span>posterior molar tooth. In the upper jaw the incisors are small and equal (Fig. 6); posterior pre-molar similar to, but smaller than the anterior molar; anterior molar with the oblique ridge on crown well developed; crown of posterior molar - four-cusped, that of the posterior lower molar five-cusped. Dorsal and lumbar vertebr together, - 23; caudal vertebr, 6-8.</p> + four-cusped, that of the posterior lower molar five-cusped. Dorsal and lumbar vertebræ together, + 23; caudal vertebræ, 6-8.</p> <p>The alimentary canal is four times the length of the body.</p> @@ -2224,7 +2186,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Nycticebus</i>, Geoffr., Ann. du Mus., xix., p. 162 (1812).</p> <p><i>Stenops</i> (nec Illiger), Van der Hoeven, Tijdsch. Nat. Ges., xi., p. 39 (1844).</p> - <p class="sp0"><i>Bradycebus</i>, Cuv. et Geoffr., Mm. Class. Mamm. (1795).</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Bradycebus</i>, Cuv. et Geoffr., Mém. Class. Mamm. (1795).</p> </div> <p class="sp3">This genus, like the last, is represented by a single species, and its characters, @@ -2239,11 +2201,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><i>Nycticebus javanicus</i>, Geoffr., t. c. p. 164 (1812); id. Cat. Primates, p. 78 (1851); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 286 (1876).</p> <p><i>Nycticebus tardigradus</i>, Fischer, Syn. Mamm., p. 71, no. 2 (1829); Is. Geoffr., Cat. - Mth. Primates, p. 78 (1851); Blyth, Cat. Mam. As. Soc., p. 18 (1863); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, + Méth. Primates, p. 78 (1851); Blyth, Cat. Mam. As. Soc., p. 18 (1863); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 285 (1876); Anderson, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus., p. 94 (1881); Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind. Mamm., p. 44 (1888).</p> <p><i>Stenops tardigradus</i>, Van der Hoeven, Tijdschr. Nat. Ges., xi., p. 39 (1844); Wagner in - Schreb., Sug. Suppl., v., p. 151 (1855).</p> + Schreb., Säug. Suppl., v., p. 151 (1855).</p> <p><i>Stenops javanicus</i>, Van der Hoeven, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 40 (1844); Wagner, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 152 (1855).</p> <p><i>Nycticebus cinereus</i>, Milne-Edw., Ann. Mus., vii., p. 161 (1867); id. N. Arch. Mus., @@ -2260,13 +2222,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) short; tail invisible externally. Limbs short; index-finger small, containing three bones; toes remaining spontaneously contracted after death. Top of skull with prominent crests, globular behind; facial bones conspicuously projecting in front; orbits large, their inner margins - separated from each other by a narrow flat space. Pre-maxill not produced far in front; hind + separated from each other by a narrow flat space. Pre-maxillæ not produced far in front; hind border of bony palate not extending backwards beyond the median molar. Of the upper teeth, the inner incisor larger than the outer, one often absent on each side; canine vertically very long, with a gap between it and the anterior pre-molar; anterior pre-molar elongate, the posterior differing considerably from the anterior molar, and having a short cusped heel behind; posterior molar with a three-cusped crown. Teeth of lower jaw agreeing with those in the diagnosis of the - family (<i>supr</i>, p. <a href="#page24">24</a>). Vertebr in dorsal and lumbar regions together + family (<i>suprà</i>, p. <a href="#page24">24</a>). Vertebræ in dorsal and lumbar regions together 23 or 24. The long flexor muscle of the thumb, so characteristic of the Anthropoid Apes, is present in <i>Nycticebus</i>. The interlacement of the tendons of the muscles of its foot (according to Huxley and Murie) closely resembles the arrangement in the higher Primates. The long @@ -2288,7 +2250,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) not, on the crown of the head, arms, and cheeks, bifurcating to the orbital rings and ear-patches, or to one or other only. Sometimes the dorsal stripe and face-markings are wanting altogether. Under side varying from pale rufescent grey to light rufous or dull grey. Length of head and body - varying from 12 to 16 inches.</p> + varying from 12¾ to 16 inches.</p> <p>"It is an interesting fact," observes St. George Mivart, "that as far as concerns the skull and dentition, the Asiatic <i>Nycticebus</i> far more resembles the African <i>Perodicticus</i> than @@ -2334,7 +2296,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) Slow-Loris, when newly-born, is about four inches long, and covered with fur; it holds on by its four hands to the mother's fur, and in that attitude sucks the milk from its parent's breast."</p> - <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">THE GALAGOS. SUB-FAMILY II. GALAGIN.</p> + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">THE GALAGOS. SUB-FAMILY II. GALAGINÆ.</p> <p>The Lemurs comprised in the present Sub-family are divisible into two groups—those inhabiting the mainland of Africa and those confined to the island of Madagascar. The exclusively @@ -2346,11 +2308,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) hearing very acute. The eyes are large and the tail always elongated. In the skull the length of the muzzle is less that the greatest longitudinal diameter of the orbit (except in the genus <i>Galago</i>). <span class="pagenum" id="page38">{38}</span>Their teeth number 36—18 above - and 18 below—as in the bulk of the <i>Lemurid</i>; the upper molars present on their crown + and 18 below—as in the bulk of the <i>Lemuridæ</i>; the upper molars present on their crown an oblique ridge from the outer hind cusp to the inner front cusp. The ankle region (<i>tarsus</i>) of the hind-limb is much elongated, through the lengthening of two of its bones (the <i>calcaneum</i> and <i>naviculare</i>): this feature occurring to a greater extent among the - African than among the Malagasy species. The mamm are four in number, two on the breast and two + African than among the Malagasy species. The mammæ are four in number, two on the breast and two on the abdomen.</p> <p class="sp3">Many of the species hibernate during the dry winter season, and to enable them to @@ -2402,7 +2364,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) hind cusps. The posterior molar, though smaller than the others, is five-cusped. The oblique ridge is not present in the lower molars.</p> - <p>The brain of the Galagos is narrower and shallower than that in the <i>Lemurin</i>.</p> + <p>The brain of the Galagos is narrower and shallower than that in the <i>Lemurinæ</i>.</p> <p>The female gives birth to two or three young at a time.</p> @@ -2439,7 +2401,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) of head and neck dark pepper-grey; rest of upper side yellowish-grey, with longer black hairs distributed over the body; outside of arms and legs washed faintly with faded rufous. Under side and inner side of arms and legs greyish-white. Tail brownish-red at base, darker at tip. Length, 8 - inches; tail, 8 inches.</p> + inches; tail, 8¾ inches.</p> <p><b>Distribution.</b>—East coast of Africa.</p> @@ -2453,16 +2415,16 @@ by The Internet Archive) SENEGALENSIS.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p><i>Galago du Sngal</i>, Geoffr., Mag. Encycl. Ann. 4<sup>e</sup>, p. 1 (1796).</p> - <p><i>Galago senegalensis</i>, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 166 (1812); Is. Geoffr., Cat. Mth. + <p><i>Galago du Sénégal</i>, Geoffr., Mag. Encycl. Ann. 4<sup>e</sup>, p. 1 (1796).</p> + <p><i>Galago senegalensis</i>, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 166 (1812); Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 81 (1851); Schlegel, Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 329 (1876).</p> <p><i>Galagoides senegalensis</i>, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ., ii., pt. 1, p. 32 (1833).</p> <p><i>Galago moholi</i>, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. Mamm., pls. 8, 8 <i>bis</i> (1839); Gray, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 147.</p> <div><span class="pagenum" id="page42">{42}</span></div> - <p><i>Otolicnus galago</i>, Wagner in Schreber's Sug. Suppl., i., p. 292 (1840); Van der + <p><i>Otolicnus galago</i>, Wagner in Schreber's Säug. Suppl., i., p. 292 (1840); Van der Hoeven, Tijdschr. Nat. Ges., xi., p. 41 (1844).</p> - <p><i>Otolicnus senegalensis</i>, Peters, Reis Mozamb. Sug., p. 11 (1852).</p> + <p><i>Otolicnus senegalensis</i>, Peters, Reis Mozamb. Säug., p. 11 (1852).</p> <p><i>Galago senaariensis</i>, J. E. Gray, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 147, Mivart, P. Z. S., 1864, p. 647.</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Galago (Otolicnus) moholi</i>, Mivart, P. Z. S., 1864, p. 647.</p> @@ -2475,7 +2437,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) sometimes a dark ring round the eyes; a streak down the nose white or yellowish-white; ears flesh-coloured, sprinkled with pure white down; head, face, whole of under sides and inner sides of limbs white, yellowish, or whitish-buff; tail yellowish or reddish brown, darker at tip, - lighter beneath; upper surface of hands and feet white, washed with yellow. Length of body, 7-8 + lighter beneath; upper surface of hands and feet white, washed with yellow. Length of body, 7-8½ inches; tail of about the same length. The male and female are of the same size and of the same colour, but the male is somewhat more washed with yellow. Muzzle shorter than the diameter of the eye-socket; the bony palate not extending past the hinder end of the median molar. Anterior and @@ -2483,7 +2445,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) anterior molars with a small cusp between the two front cusps.</p> <p><b>Distribution.</b>—This beautiful little Lemur was first recorded from Senegal, in West - Africa. It occurs, however, from about 25 S. lat. in South Africa northwards to Tete on the + Africa. It occurs, however, from about 25° S. lat. in South Africa northwards to Tete on the Zambesi, through the mountainous regions of East Africa, on the shores of Lake Nyasa, to as far north as Senaar.</p> @@ -2534,7 +2496,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><b>Characters.</b>—Head round; muzzle pointed; eyes very large; ears also very large, long, nude, and membranaceous; fingers and toes very long, slender, and fine. Tail thick, round, - and longer than the body; ankle-bones elongated. Length of body, 8 inches; tail, 10 inches. Head + and longer than the body; ankle-bones elongated. Length of body, 8¼ inches; tail, 10 inches. Head brownish-grey; a narrow black ring round the eyes; a streak from the forehead down the nose whitish; back greyish-brown, washed (sometimes markedly) with rufous on the upper back, fading out towards the root of the tail; the latter black or greyish-black. Outside of arms and legs washed @@ -2560,7 +2522,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) P. Z. S., 1863, p. 380, pl. xxxv.; Mivart, P. Z. S., 1864, p. 648.</p> <div><span class="pagenum" id="page45">{45}</span></div> <p><i>Otolicnus peli</i>, Temm., Esquis. Zool. Mamm., p. 42 (1853).</p> - <p><i>Otolicnus demidoffi</i>, Wagner in Schreb., Sugeth. Suppl., v., p. 160 (1855).</p> + <p><i>Otolicnus demidoffi</i>, Wagner in Schreb., Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 160 (1855).</p> <p><i>Hemigalago demidoffi</i>, Dahlb., Stud. Zool., p. 230 (1856).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Galago murinus</i>, Murray, Edinb. Phil. Journ. (n.s.), x., pp. 243-251, pl. 11 (1859).</p> @@ -2579,7 +2541,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) blind for several days after birth, the white nose-streak is less defined, and the fur is shorter and lighter than that of the parents.</p> - <p>Orbits approximating; front bones of jaw (the pre-maxill) projecting beyond the incisors; + <p>Orbits approximating; front bones of jaw (the pre-maxillæ) projecting beyond the incisors; upper median pre-molar teeth with enlarged heel, and with one or two diminutive cusps; upper molars with a small cusp on the oblique ridge; wrist-bones elongated.</p> @@ -2635,7 +2597,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Galago crassicaudatus</i>, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 166 (1812).</p> - <p><i>Otolicnus crassicaudatus</i>, Peters, Reis, Mossamb. Sageth., t. 2, t. 4, figs. 1-5.</p> + <p><i>Otolicnus crassicaudatus</i>, Peters, Reis, Mossamb. Saügeth., t. 2, t. 4, figs. 1-5.</p> <p><i>Otogale crassicaudata</i>, var. kirkii, Gray, P. Z. S., 1864, p. 456.</p> <p class="sp0"><i>? Galago lasiotis</i>, Peters, S. B. Ges., Nat. Fr. Berl., 1892, p. 224.</p> </div> @@ -2660,7 +2622,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) under side greyish-white; face, crown, and nape washed with reddish-brown, which extends on the outer side of the limbs; lower back more lightly washed; tail, dirty grey.</p> - <p><b>Distribution.</b>—The Great Galago is found on the south-east coast of Africa to 24 S + <p><b>Distribution.</b>—The Great Galago is found on the south-east coast of Africa to 24° S lat., and extends into the interior for about 140 miles from Quilimane. Kirk's Galago (<i>G. crassicaudata</i>, var. <i>kirkii</i>) is confined to the maritime regions and mangrove forests of the east coast. Sir John Kirk states that it has been observed at the Luabo mouth of the Zambesi, @@ -2708,7 +2670,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) CHIROGALE MILII.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p><i>Cheirogaleus milii</i>, Geoffr., Cours de l'Hist. Nat., Mamm., ii<sup>e</sup>. leon, p. + <p><i>Cheirogaleus milii</i>, Geoffr., Cours de l'Hist. Nat., Mamm., ii<sup>e</sup>. leçon, p. 24 (1829).</p> <p><i>Cheirogaleus typicus</i>, A. Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ., ii., p. 56 (1833).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Chirogale milii</i>, Forsyth Major, Nov. Zool., vol. i., p. 21 (1894), Taf. @@ -2764,7 +2726,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) side of tail darker; tips of hair silvery, but less so than in <i>C. milii</i>. No white stripe between the eyes as in that species, the space not lighter than the top of the head and back; ears very dark brown; a dark brown ring round the eyes; a white stripe along the side of the neck. - Under side of body and inner side of limbs greyish-white. Length, 10 inches; tail, 9 inches. + Under side of body and inner side of limbs greyish-white. Length, 10½ inches; tail, 9 inches. Skull smaller in all its dimensions than <i>C. milii</i>; the face longer and more tapering; the nasal bones broader before and behind; the posterior perforations in the palate large, as in <i>C. milii</i>; mandible less spread; the inner cusp of the anterior upper pre-molar less developed; @@ -2779,7 +2741,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) MOUSE-LEMUR. CHIROGALE TRICHOTIS.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p><i>Chirogaleus trichotis</i>, Gnther, P. Z. S., 1875, p. 78, pl. xv.</p> + <p><i>Chirogaleus trichotis</i>, Günther, P. Z. S., 1875, p. 78, pl. xv.</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Chirogale trichotis</i>, Forsyth Major, Nov. Zool., vol. i., p. 26 (1894).</p> </div> @@ -2821,7 +2783,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) especially the head, rufous; under side greyish-white. Round the eyes a black ring; inner aspect of the ears dark brown, the upper border black. (<i>Grandidier.</i>)</p> - <p>Length, 8 inches; tail, 4 inches.</p> + <p>Length, 8 inches; tail, 4¾ inches.</p> <p><b>Distribution.</b>—Crossley's Mouse-Lemur is known as yet only from the forests to the east of Antsianak, in Madagascar.</p> @@ -2837,14 +2799,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) MICROCEBUS.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p class="sp0"><i>Microcebus</i>, Geoffr., Cours de l'Hist. Nat., Mamm., leon vi., p. 24 + <p class="sp0"><i>Microcebus</i>, Geoffr., Cours de l'Hist. Nat., Mamm., leçon vi., p. 24 (1828).</p> </div> <p>Under this genus are arranged five species of very small Lemurs, whose hind-limbs are longer than their fore-, though less so in proportion than is the case among the African Galagos. Their snout is also shorter; their eyes are large, approximated together, very prominent and very - bright, and their ears are elongated. On the ventral surface are situated four mamm, two on the + bright, and their ears are elongated. On the ventral surface are situated four mammæ, two on the breast and two on the abdomen.</p> <p>Of their bony framework, the brain-case is high, broad, and more vaulted than that of either @@ -2893,7 +2855,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) a rusty-brown spot. Base of the hairs slate-grey; the tips silvery. (<i>Forsyth Major.</i>) Skull variable; the brain-case short and high, or long and depressed; the facial region short; posterior <span class="pagenum" id="page56">{56}</span>upper pre-molar less than the anterior molar. Length - of intestine, 20 inches; ccum blunt, 1 inches long; main arteries of fore- and hind-limbs not + of intestine, 20 inches; cæcum blunt, 1¾ inches long; main arteries of fore- and hind-limbs not broken up into a <i>rete mirabile</i> of small parallel vessels.</p> <p class="sp3"><b>Distribution.</b>—This beautiful little animal, sometimes called the "Rat" @@ -2904,7 +2866,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) MICROCEBUS MYOXINUS.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p class="sp0"><i>Microcebus myoxinus</i>, Peters, Reis, Mossamb. Zool., i., Sugeth., pp. + <p class="sp0"><i>Microcebus myoxinus</i>, Peters, Reis, Mossamb. Zool., i., Säugeth., pp. 14-20, Taf. iii. and iv. (1852); Forsyth Major, Nov. Zool., vol. i., p. 11 (1894).</p> </div> @@ -2956,11 +2918,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) than half the length of the head; ankles proportionally shorter; fingers and toes longer; fur generally darker, the tail not markedly different from the back, very Rat-like in form; the dark marks in front of the eye extending to the tip of the nose, inside of the ears more ferruginous; - size about that of a Rat. Muzzle longer and more pointed than in <i>M. myoxinus</i>; pre-maxill + size about that of a Rat. Muzzle longer and more pointed than in <i>M. myoxinus</i>; pre-maxillæ more produced in front, and nasals more produced above the nostrils; bony palate less prolonged backwards beyond the posterior molar, the hind perforations of the latter large; the line of union of the two halves of the lower jaw shorter than in <i>M. myoxinus</i>; upper incisors set anterior - to the canines, and distant from the inner margin of the pre-maxill, the inner pair larger than + to the canines, and distant from the inner margin of the pre-maxillæ, the inner pair larger than the outer pair; the anterior upper pre-molar less vertically extended than the median one; median and posterior lower molars having the hind outer cusp lower and longer than the front outer cusp.</p> @@ -2997,7 +2959,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) DWARF-LEMUR. MICROCEBUS FURCIFER.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p><i>Lemur furcifer</i>, Blainv., Ostogr. Mamm., 1841, p. 35, pl. vii.</p> + <p><i>Lemur furcifer</i>, Blainv., Ostéogr. Mamm., 1841, p. 35, pl. vii.</p> <p><i>Cheirogaleus furcifer</i>, Isid. Geoffr., C. R., xxxi., p. 876 (1850); Mivart, P. Z. S., 1867, pp. 960-975 (skull and tarsus figured).</p> <p><i>Lepilemur furcifer</i>, Gray, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 145.</p> @@ -3041,7 +3003,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) and almost naked; tail longer than the body; fur soft and woolly. Above dark grey, washed with rufous; tail, at base, of the same colour as the back; remainder of tail dark rufous; throat, breast, and under side of body yellowish-grey. <span class="pagenum" id="page61">{61}</span>Length - of body, 8 inches; tail, 13 inches; skull high and arched; outer and hinder portion of + of body, 8½ inches; tail, 13 inches; skull high and arched; outer and hinder portion of ear-capsules (periotic-bones) and squamosal swollen; frontal bone longer than in <i>Opolemur</i> and <i>Chirogale</i>; occiput less sloping from behind and above forwards and outwards. Upper median and posterior molars with one inner and two outer cusps, united by a curved ridge, @@ -3091,7 +3053,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><b>Characters.</b>—Head, Cat-like; hair on body and tail very short, longer at tip of tail; tail very thick at base, from accumulation of fat, especially in the month of August. - Length, 7 inches; tail, 6.</p> + Length, 7½ inches; tail, 6½.</p> <p>Fur above dark grey, washed with ferruginous, the tips of the hairs silvery-grey; tail faded rufous; a white spot on the forehead, becoming a line down the centre of the nose; a black circle @@ -3117,7 +3079,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) to the nose-pad, which is naked; round the neck a white ring broken by a grey spot; ring round the eyes, and hair of ears, brownish-black; cheeks, lips, chin, throat, breast, belly, inner side of limbs, upper side of hands and feet, yellowish-white, and inclining to greyish-white, where it - merges into the upper side. Length, 9 inches; tail, 8 inches.</p> + merges into the upper side. Length, 9¼ inches; tail, 8 inches.</p> <p>Skull depressed; brain-case flat and short; facial portion blunt; inter-parietal bone broad and short. Posterior upper pre-molar broader than the median, and broader than the same tooth in <i>O. @@ -3132,16 +3094,16 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page64">{64}</span></div> - <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">THE TRUE LEMURS. SUB-FAMILY III. LEMURIN.</p> + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">THE TRUE LEMURS. SUB-FAMILY III. LEMURINÆ.</p> - <p>The third sub-family of the <i>Lemurid</i> contains the True Lemurs, which are characterised + <p>The third sub-family of the <i>Lemuridæ</i> contains the True Lemurs, which are characterised by the possession of a soft, thick, and woolly fur, the head rounded behind, with a specially elongated muzzle. They have small and oval ears, with the exterior aspect covered with long hair, but the inside naked, except round the margin. Their hind-limbs do not show so great a disproportionate length compared to that of the fore-limbs, as in the next sub-family, the - <i>Indrisin</i>. The ankle-bones (<i>tarsus</i>) are only slightly elongated, and their toes are + <i>Indrisinæ</i>. The ankle-bones (<i>tarsus</i>) are only slightly elongated, and their toes are not united by a membrane. Their long and bushy tail is sometimes longer and sometimes shorter than - the body. The females produce one or two, nearly naked, young at a birth, the mamm being either + the body. The females produce one or two, nearly naked, young at a birth, the mammæ being either two or four in number. The skull presents a central ridge on the frontal bone, and its facial portion is much elongated, the inter-orbital space being depressed and wider, and the orbits also directed somewhat outward and less straightforwardly than in several of the genera already @@ -3155,14 +3117,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) <i>naviculare</i> bone of the ankle, the others being short. In the wrist (<i>carpus</i>) the central bone (<i>centrale</i>) may be present or absent; its absence, however, is a character which is met with otherwise only in Man, the Chimpanzees, and the Endrina and some other Lemurs, - to be described later on. The ccum is not markedly developed.</p> + to be described later on. The cæcum is not markedly developed.</p> <div><span class="pagenum" id="page65">{65}</span></div> <p>The external coloration of the species of this Sub-family is remarkably variable, the variation being chiefly in the upper portion of the hairs, as their base is generally slate-grey.</p> - <p>The sub-family <i>Lemurin</i> embraces four genera: the True Lemurs (<i>Lemur</i>), of which + <p>The sub-family <i>Lemurinæ</i> embraces four genera: the True Lemurs (<i>Lemur</i>), of which there are now eight recognised species; the Hattock (<i>Mixocebus</i>), with a solitary species; the Gentle-Lemurs (<i>Hapalemur</i>), containing two species, and the Sportive-Lemurs (<i>Lepidolemur</i>), with seven species. Some of the most elegantly coloured species in the @@ -3193,9 +3155,9 @@ by The Internet Archive) cheeks. They have all large and tufted ears, and large eyes, with superciliary ridges rising higher than the forehead. Their tail is always half as long as the body at least. The fore-limbs are somewhat shorter than the hind-limbs, and both the wrist and ankles are haired. The ankle is - not elongated, nor is the great toe as large as in the next family—the <i>Indrisin</i>. On + not elongated, nor is the great toe as large as in the next family—the <i>Indrisinæ</i>. On the outside of the palm of the hand and under the base of the fingers are situated fleshy pads, - giving them greater grasping power. The True Lemurs have only one pair of mamm, which are + giving them greater grasping power. The True Lemurs have only one pair of mammæ, which are situated on the breast.</p> <p>In the skull the facial region is much elongated, its measurement from the anterior margin of @@ -3226,7 +3188,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) and the pair of hind cusps are joined by transverse ridges, and the two outside cusps by a backwardly directed semicircular ridge; the posterior molar is four-cusped.</p> - <p>The dorsal and lumbar vertebr together do not exceed twenty in number.</p> + <p>The dorsal and lumbar vertebræ together do not exceed twenty in number.</p> <p>The hind portion of the cerebellum is large, which points to intellectual inferiority in the True Lemurs as compared with the Apes.</p> @@ -3239,16 +3201,16 @@ by The Internet Archive) the evening. During the brighter hours of the day they sit somnolent, either alone with their heads buried between their arms, their tail coiled round the neck, or in twos or threes embracing each other with their arms. In walking they use their fore-limbs less as hands, and more as feet - than do the members of the next family—the <i>Indrisin</i>—both when on the ground, + than do the members of the next family—the <i>Indrisinæ</i>—both when on the ground, as well as when climbing among the trees.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">I. THE RUFFED LEMUR. LEMUR VARIUS.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p><i>Lemur macaco</i>, <i>var.</i> Schreber, Sugeth., p. 142, pl. 40 B (1775).</p> + <p><i>Lemur macaco</i>, <i>var.</i> Schreber, Säugeth., p. 142, pl. 40 B (1775).</p> <p><i>Lemur macaco et L. ruber</i>, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 159 (1812).</p> - <p><i>Lemur varius</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 71, no. 2 (1851); Schl., Mus. Pays. + <p><i>Lemur varius</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 71, no. 2 (1851); Schl., Mus. Pays. Bas., vii., p. 301 (1876); Milne-Edwards et Grandid., H. N. Madag., Mamm., Atlas, pls. 123-129 (1690).</p> <p class="sp0 ac">(<i>Plate VII.</i>)</p> @@ -3302,7 +3264,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Lemur macaco</i>, Linn., S. N., i., p. 44 (1766); Schl. Mus. Pays. Bas., vii., p. 302 (1876); Milne-Edwards et Grandid., H. N. Madag., Mamm., pls. 131, 132 (1890).</p> - <p><i>Lemur niger</i>, Schreb., Sugeth., pl. 40 A (1775).</p> + <p><i>Lemur niger</i>, Schreb., Säugeth., pl. 40 A (1775).</p> <p><i>Lemur leucomystax</i>, Bartlett, P. Z. S., 1862, p. 347, pl. xli. (female).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Varecia nigra</i>, Gray, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 136.</p> </div> @@ -3502,7 +3464,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><i>Lemur coronatus</i>, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. Hist., x., p. 257 (1842); Schl., Mus. Pays. Bas., vii., p. 313 (1876); Milne-Edwards et Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm., Atlas, pls. 158-161, 165, 166.</p> - <p><i>Lemur chrysampyx</i>, Scheurm. Mm. Cour. Acad. Brux., xxii., p. 6 (1848 = female).</p> + <p><i>Lemur chrysampyx</i>, Scheurm. Mém. Cour. Acad. Brux., xxii., p. 6 (1848 = female).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Prosimia coronata</i>, Gray, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 138.</p> </div> @@ -3629,8 +3591,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) outside of the limbs, and dorsal end of the tail, rufous-grey; back portion of <span class="pagenum" id="page79">{79}</span>the upper part of the thigh, the hinder part of the belly, and the greater part of the upper side of the tail yellowish-rufous; the upper side of hands dark - brown, of the feet yellowish-grey; extremity of tail blackish-brown. Length of body, 12 inches; - tail, 13 inches.</p> + brown, of the feet yellowish-grey; extremity of tail blackish-brown. Length of body, 12½ inches; + tail, 13½ inches.</p> <p><b>Distribution.</b>—Confined to Madagascar.</p> @@ -3641,7 +3603,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) HAPALEMUR.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p class="sp0"><i>Hapalemur</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 74 (1851).</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Hapalemur</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 74 (1851).</p> </div> <p>This genus has been constituted for two species of a specialised type of Lemur, characterised @@ -3696,19 +3658,19 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page81">{81}</span></div> <p class="sp3">The brain is narrower and shallower than that of the genus <i>Lemur</i>, and - presents no specially close resemblance to the same organ in the <i>Indrisin</i> or the - <i>Lorisin</i>.</p> + presents no specially close resemblance to the same organ in the <i>Indrisinæ</i> or the + <i>Lorisinæ</i>.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">I. THE GREY GENTLE-LEMUR. HAPALEMUR GRISEUS.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p><i>Lemur griseus</i>, Geoffr., Mm. sur les Makis. Mag. Enc., i., p. 48 (1796).</p> - <p><i>Hapalemur griseus</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 74 (1851); Mivart, P. Z. S., + <p><i>Lemur griseus</i>, Geoffr., Mém. sur les Makis. Mag. Enc., i., p. 48 (1796).</p> + <p><i>Hapalemur griseus</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 74 (1851); Mivart, P. Z. S., 1864, p. 613 (Skull); Schleg., Mus. P. B., vii., p. 361 (1876).</p> - <p><i>Hapalemur olivaceus</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 75 (1851); Schl., Mus. P. + <p><i>Hapalemur olivaceus</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 75 (1851); Schl., Mus. P. B., vii., p. 316 (1876).</p> - <p><i>Cheirogaleus griseus</i>, Giebel., Sugeth., p. 1018 (1856); V. der Hoeven, Tijds. + <p><i>Cheirogaleus griseus</i>, Giebel., Säugeth., p. 1018 (1856); V. der Hoeven, Tijds. Natuurl. Gesch., p. 38, pl. i., fig. 1 (1844).</p> <p><i>Hapalolemur griseus</i>, Scl., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 161; Gray, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 828, pl. lii.</p> @@ -3716,7 +3678,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) </div> <p><b>Characters.</b>—Fur long and soft, not woolly; ears short, hairy, with long black - vibriss between them; tail bushy, and as long as the body; general shade above greyish + vibrissæ between them; tail bushy, and as long as the body; general shade above greyish Mouse-colour, washed with rufous and speckled with black on the crown, back and external surface of limbs; shoulders and fore-limbs bluish-grey; cheeks, throat, breast, and inner side of limbs ochraceous white; under side of body whitish-yellow; tail and hands grey, washed with black. Body @@ -3727,7 +3689,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) rough patch (extending down to the bare skin of the palm) corresponding to a gland beneath, <span class="pagenum" id="page82">{82}</span>in the male, spine-like, while in the female hairy processes are present, together with a tuft of long hairs; external to this patch is a callous - pad; mamm opening on the shoulder; intestine large; ccum small.</p> + pad; mammæ opening on the shoulder; intestine large; cæcum small.</p> <p><b>Young.</b>—Reddish-yellow below.</p> @@ -3764,7 +3726,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) under side of body and inner side of arms pale sooty-grey.</p> <p>No spines on the fore-arm above the wrist as in <i>H. griseus</i>. In the skull, the nose is - broad, square, and truncated; the pre-maxill very small; the lower jaw weak and narrow in + broad, square, and truncated; the pre-maxillæ very small; the lower jaw weak and narrow in front.</p> <p><b>Distribution.</b>—Only known from Madagascar.</p> @@ -3776,7 +3738,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) LEPIDOLEMUR.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p><i>Lepilemur</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 75 (1851).</p> + <p><i>Lepilemur</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 75 (1851).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Lepidolemur</i>, Peters, M. B. Akad. Berlin, 1874, p. 690 (1874).</p> </div> @@ -3814,7 +3776,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) in addition. The anterior and median molars have a rudimentary fifth cusp, which is large in the posterior molar.</p> - <p>The pre-maxill are very much reduced, so that the teeth they usually carry are generally + <p>The pre-maxillæ are very much reduced, so that the teeth they usually carry are generally wanting. The bony palate is short, its hind margin extending back only to the middle of the median molar; its anterior foramina are small; and it differs from that of <i>Microcebus</i> and <i>Chirogale</i> in having its posterior perforations small. The angle of the lower jaw is @@ -3852,7 +3814,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) SPORTIVE-LEMUR. LEPIDOLEMUR MUSTELINUS.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p><i>Lepilemur mustelinus</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 76 (1851); Schl. et Pollen, + <p><i>Lepilemur mustelinus</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 76 (1851); Schl. et Pollen, Faun. Madag., Mammif., p. 10, pls. 4, 6, fig. 3; Schl., Mus. P. B., vii., p. 317 (1876).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Lepilemur dorsalis</i>, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus. App., p. 135 (1870).</p> @@ -3970,7 +3932,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) ruficaudatus</i>, but less rufous down the fore-limbs; the tail drab colour.</p> <p>"Skull very characteristic; the brain-case broad, high, and globose, the facial region short; - the premaxill more reduced than in any other species; the external auditory channel very large; + the premaxillæ more reduced than in any other species; the external auditory channel very large; the occipital region less vertical than in the species of Section A."</p> <p class="sp3"><b>Distribution.</b>—Ambulisatra, south-west Madagascar.</p> @@ -4009,7 +3971,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) encircled by a broad ring of whitish hair. Neck, shoulders, and upper parts of the fore-arm pale rufous. Breast and belly greyish-white; inner surfaces of the hind-limbs and the heels pure white.<a id="NtA_6" href="#Nt_6"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Tail greyish, with a rusty tinge. Length, 12 - inches; tail, 10 inches.</p> + inches; tail, 10½ inches.</p> <p>The skull is longer and broader than that of <i>L. grandidieri</i>; the mastoidal portion of the ear-capsules and the adjacent squamosal region very largely inflated; bony palate elongated; @@ -4019,9 +3981,9 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp5"><b>Distribution.</b>—This species is at present known only from Fort Dauphin in the south-east of Madagascar. [Type in British Museum.]</p> - <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">THE ENDRINAS. SUB-FAMILY INDRISIN.</p> + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">THE ENDRINAS. SUB-FAMILY INDRISINÆ.</p> - <p>This, the last sub-family of the <i>Lemurid</i>, is considered to contain the highest members + <p>This, the last sub-family of the <i>Lemuridæ</i>, is considered to contain the highest members of the whole Sub-order. They are distinguished by having their fur abundant, longer and woolly above, shorter beneath, with the hands and feet haired to the tips of the digits. Their head, set at right angles to the spinal column, is rounded, the face elongated and naked, with a deep furrow @@ -4035,7 +3997,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) terminate in a round disc. The feet are elongate, and the great toe, which is freely opposable to the other toes, is very large and broad, being, indeed, nearly as wide as the rest of the digits together; the remaining toes are united by a membrane as far as the second segment. The females - have the mamm situated on the breast.</p> + have the mammæ situated on the breast.</p> <p>In the skull the facial region is relatively small, and the cranial region relatively large. The external nostrils communicate with a cavity on the underlying bone; the pre-maxillary bones @@ -4067,7 +4029,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) being slightly depressed forward and curved behind; the posterior pre-molar has one cusp. The molars have four cusps, of which the inner ones alternate with the outer cusps.</p> - <p>The intestinal canal in the <i>Indrisin</i> is very long, the ccum, or blind diverticulum at + <p>The intestinal canal in the <i>Indrisinæ</i> is very long, the cæcum, or blind diverticulum at the junction of its two portions, being extremely long and large, occupying, indeed, a great part of the abdominal cavity. The main arteries of the fore- and hind-limbs do not break up into a <i>rete mirabile</i>, or series of small parallel vessels, as in many other Lemuroids.</p> @@ -4089,7 +4051,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) results are published in their magnificent "Histoire de Madagascar," to which the reader is referred for fuller information.</p> - <p>The <i>Indrisin</i>, on account of their superior organisation, and especially their + <p>The <i>Indrisinæ</i>, on account of their superior organisation, and especially their relatively large brain, are considered to be the highest of all the Lemuroids. They are essentially arboreal. If they come to the ground they sit upright on their hind-legs, and progress by jumps, holding their arms above their heads. They are easily tamed, and become gentle in @@ -4125,7 +4087,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Lemur laniger</i>, Gm., Syst. Nat., i., p. 44, no. 10 (1788).</p> - <p><i>Microrhynchus laniger</i>, Jourdan, Thse inaug. Soc. Phys., Grenoble, 1834; Mivart, P. Z. + <p><i>Microrhynchus laniger</i>, Jourdan, Thèse inaug. Soc. Phys., Grenoble, 1834; Mivart, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 151, pi. xv.</p> <p><i>Avahis laniger</i>, Milne-Edwards and Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm., p. 325 (with full synonymy), Atlas, pls. 9, 10.</p> @@ -4177,7 +4139,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) and buttocks white, washed with rufous; back and inner side of thighs and round the arms whitish; a narrow fringe on the lower margin of arms and legs ashy-grey, washed with rufous; fore-arm, hands and feet rusty-brown; tail bright dark red, deepest at its extremity. Under side and inner - surface of limbs grey, washed with rufous. Length of body, 12 inches; tail, 15 inches.</p> + surface of limbs grey, washed with rufous. Length of body, 12½ inches; tail, 15¾ inches.</p> <div><span class="pagenum" id="page96">{96}</span></div> @@ -4198,7 +4160,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) mountains.</p> <p class="sp3"><b>Habits.</b>—This species—the smallest of the - <i>Indrisin</i>—being essentially nocturnal, is torpid during the day, and is the wildest + <i>Indrisinæ</i>—being essentially nocturnal, is torpid during the day, and is the wildest and least docile of the family. The first specimen of the "Avahi," the name by which this animal is known among the Anatala tribe, was brought to Europe by Sonnerat, the French traveller, in 1781, and nearly half a century elapsed before a second one was obtained. Since then several @@ -4316,7 +4278,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) PROPITHECUS VERREAUXI.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p class="sp0"><i>Propithecus verreauxi</i>, Grandid., Album de l'le de la Runion, iv., pp. + <p class="sp0"><i>Propithecus verreauxi</i>, Grandid., Album de l'île de la Réunion, iv., pp. 153-162, pls. 1, 2 (1867); Milne-Edwards and Grandid., Hist. Nat. Madag., Mamm., i., p. 305 (with full synonymy), Atlas, pls. 4, 6, 8.</p> </div> @@ -4550,7 +4512,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) high ranges along the eastern coast, between the Bay of Antongil on the north and the River Masora on the south.</p> - <p><b>Habits.</b>—The "Endrina," "Bbakto," or "Amboanala" (Dog of the Forest), as the + <p><b>Habits.</b>—The "Endrina," "Bàbakòto," or "Amboanala" (Dog of the Forest), as the natives variously name this species, has the same habits as the Sifakas. It is the largest of the Lemurs, and is diurnal. It derives its appellation of "Dog of the Forest" from the doleful, dog-like howls which it utters. In this habit it differs, therefore, from most of the other groups @@ -4559,11 +4521,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) diurnal, the Endrinas live in small companies, and feed only on vegetable diet. The hook-like fingers of their hands are better adapted for climbing than for prehension, and much of their food is, indeed, seized by the mouth. They are entirely arboreal, and move about the trees in an erect - position, rarely coming to the ground. The "Bbakto" is held in great veneration by most of the + position, rarely coming to the ground. The "Bàbakòto" is held in great veneration by most of the native tribes.</p> <p>M. Pollen gives several other particulars of these Lemurs, and of the curious notions of the - Malagasy respecting them. Their native name is "Bbakto," literally "Father-child" (or "boy"), + Malagasy respecting them. Their native name is "Bàbakòto," literally "Father-child" (or "boy"), not "Indri," as stated by Sonnerat, who discovered the species. <i>Indri</i>, or <i>Indry</i>, is a Malagasy word meaning "lo!" or "behold!" and was probably mistaken by him and other Europeans for the vernacular name of the animal when the <span class="pagenum" @@ -4571,7 +4533,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) that, in passing through the great Eastern forest, he was assailed for two days by the incessant clamour of these Lemurs, which seem to keep together in large companies, but are invisible in the dense foliage. The natives have a superstitious veneration for these animals, and consider them as - sacred. They believe that their ancestors change after death into <i>Bbakto</i>, and that the + sacred. They believe that their ancestors change after death into <i>Bàbakòto</i>, and that the trees where these animals live supply infallible remedies against otherwise incurable diseases. The people say that it is very dangerous to kill these Lemurs with spears, because if a spear is hurled against one of them it seizes the spear in its flight without being itself hurt, and in its @@ -4580,7 +4542,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) neighbouring tree, and that he throws it back to the female. If the little one does not fall to the ground after being subjected to this exercise for a dozen times, the parents bring it up with the greatest care; but, if the contrary event happens, they abandon it, not even troubling to pick - it up. In certain parts of Madagascar, says M. Pollen, the people employ the <i>Bbakto</i> in + it up. In certain parts of Madagascar, says M. Pollen, the people employ the <i>Bàbakòto</i> in chasing birds, and they say that it renders as good service as a Dog. These animals, although principally fruit-eaters, do not disdain small birds, which they catch with much skill, in order to eat their brains.</p> @@ -4590,18 +4552,18 @@ by The Internet Archive) Antananarivo, without often hearing the cries of these animals as he passes through the great forest. They are not often seen, but their long drawn-out melancholy cries are frequently heard, a <span class="pagenum" id="page110">{110}</span>strange wailing sound, as if of people in distress, - or children crying. Dr. Vinson says that the Btnimna tribe let these animals at liberty if they + or children crying. Dr. Vinson says that the Bètànimèna tribe let these animals at liberty if they find them in captivity, and give them burial should they find them dead. They relate that a certain tribe, at war with its neighbours, took refuge in the forests; their enemies, in pursuing them, led by the sound of human voices, as they supposed, found before them a troop of - <i>Bbakto</i>, at whose appearance they were struck with terror. They fled, persuaded that the + <i>Bàbakòto</i>, at whose appearance they were struck with terror. They fled, persuaded that the fugitives had been changed into beasts. These, on the other hand, vowed eternal gratitude to the Lemurs who had saved them, and have ever since religiously refrained from injuring them in any way.</p> <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><b>EXTINCT LEMUROIDEA.</b></p> - <p>On a former page (<i>ante</i>, p. <a href="#page13">13</a>), attention was drawn to the + <p>On a former page (<i>anteà</i>, p. <a href="#page13">13</a>), attention was drawn to the interrupted distribution of the Lemurs, and to their present restricted range to the tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa, of Madagascar, and of part of the mainland and of the islands of the Asiatic continent. In times geologically not very remote, they were inhabitants of both @@ -4615,7 +4577,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) Eocene attained to a great development.</p> <p>In the Upper Eocene of Europe many distinctively <span class="pagenum" - id="page111">{111}</span>Lemuroid genera (<i>Adapis</i>, <i>Microchrus</i>, &c.) "formed," as + id="page111">{111}</span>Lemuroid genera (<i>Adapis</i>, <i>Microchærus</i>, &c.) "formed," as Zittel remarks, "a very characteristic element of the fauna; they are connected with old Tertiary fore-runners, and combine features of the existing Lemurs and true Apes." The presence of these heat-loving animals in such northern latitudes undoubtedly indicates the existence there of a @@ -4631,19 +4593,19 @@ by The Internet Archive) <i>Ungulata</i> (or hoofed animals), with those of their own Sub-order, that it is often extremely difficult, even impossible, sometimes, to determine to which Order they really belong, owing to a blending of characters due to their common origin. The Upper Eocene forms present many affinities - with the South American Capuchin Monkeys (<i>Cebid</i>). Dr. Forsyth Major is of opinion, + with the South American Capuchin Monkeys (<i>Cebidæ</i>). Dr. Forsyth Major is of opinion, however, that they are more highly, and not (as is generally believed) less specialised than those now living, which appear to have been the subject of retrogressive development.</p> <p>The species to be noticed below are some of the more important of those which have been ascertained to belong to the present Sub-order.</p> - <p class="sp5">No remains assignable with certainty to the families <i>Chiromyid</i> or - <i>Tarsiid</i>, have as yet been discovered. The first form <span class="pagenum" + <p class="sp5">No remains assignable with certainty to the families <i>Chiromyidæ</i> or + <i>Tarsiidæ</i>, have as yet been discovered. The first form <span class="pagenum" id="page112">{112}</span>to be mentioned belongs to a family which has now no living representatives.</p> - <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">FAMILY MEGALADAPID.</p> + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">FAMILY MEGALADAPIDÆ.</p> <p class="sp3">This family has recently been established by Dr. Forsyth Major, for a fossil species represented by the greater portion of a large cranium and part of its lower jaw, found in @@ -4689,17 +4651,17 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp5">The age of this Howling Lemur, estimated either geologically or by years, cannot be of very great antiquity. Its remains were found associated with those of the giant Moa-like bird, - the <i>pyornis</i>, of Tortoises and Hippopotami, all now extinct, and of Crocodiles still living + the <i>Æpyornis</i>, of Tortoises and Hippopotami, all now extinct, and of Crocodiles still living in the interior lakes of the island. Some of these animals were certainly <span class="pagenum" id="page114">{114}</span>contemporaneous with the now vanished Dodo and the large flightless Rail (<i>Aphanapteryx</i>), both of which were seen alive by Europeans little more than two centuries ago, and it is not improbable that Megaladapis may have been living in the Madagascar forests at the same period.</p> - <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">FAMILY LEMURID (<i>ante</i>, p. <a + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">FAMILY LEMURIDÆ (<i>anteà</i>, p. <a href="#page22">22</a>).</p> - <p class="sp5">In this family, and in its sub-family <i>Lemurin</i> (because of its affinities + <p class="sp5">In this family, and in its sub-family <i>Lemurinæ</i> (because of its affinities with <i>Hapalemur</i>), has to be included a large extinct species from Nossi Vey, in North-west Madagascar. Its fossil remains were recently described (P. Z. S., 1893, p. 532), but not named by Dr. Forsyth Major. They will prove, he believes, when more fully known, to be the type of a new @@ -4713,7 +4675,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) side, this fossil cranium is almost vertically truncated behind, as in the skull of <i>Alouatta</i>. The region between the eyes is vaulted by underlying air-chambers.</p> - <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">FAMILY ANAPTOMORPHID.</p> + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">FAMILY ANAPTOMORPHIDÆ.</p> <p class="sp3">This family includes certain fossil forms of Lower Eocene age from the phosphatic deposits of Quercy in France, the <span class="pagenum" id="page115">{115}</span>Wasatch strata of @@ -4729,10 +4691,10 @@ by The Internet Archive) the ear-capsules, and the neighbouring squamosal region of the cranium are swollen, as among the Galagos.</p> - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">GENUS MICROCHRUS.</span></p> + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">GENUS MICROCHÆRUS.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p><i>Microchrus</i>, Wood, Lond. Geol. Journ., i., p. 5 (1846).</p> + <p><i>Microchærus</i>, Wood, Lond. Geol. Journ., i., p. 5 (1846).</p> <p><i>Heterohyus</i>, Gerv., Zool. et Pal. Fr., p. 202, pl. 35, fig. 14.</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Necrolemur</i>, Filhol, C. R., lxxxvii., p. 1112 (1873); id. Ann. Sc. Geol., viii., p. 55, pl. iv., figs. 213-217 (1877).</p> @@ -4748,7 +4710,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) class="ifracd">3</span></span>. The canine teeth are not prominent; the anterior lower pre-molar is only slightly developed; a gap separates the anterior and the median upper pre-molars.</p> - <p class="sp3">This genus is represented by five species. <span class="sc">Microchrus + <p class="sp3">This genus is represented by five species. <span class="sc">Microchærus antiquus</span> (Filhol) is of very small size, and has many affinities with <i>Galago</i>, as exhibited in the well-preserved cranium that has been recovered from the Phosphorites of Central France. The two lower molars have only one root. <span class="sc">M. erinaceus</span>, <span @@ -4776,7 +4738,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">GENUS CYNODONTOMYS.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p class="sp0"><i>Cynodontomys</i>, Cope, Palont. Bull., p. 151 (1882); id., Rep. U. S. Geol. + <p class="sp0"><i>Cynodontomys</i>, Cope, Palæont. Bull., p. 151 (1882); id., Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., iii., p. 243, pl. xxiv., fig. 2.</p> </div> @@ -4784,7 +4746,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) the Wasatch beds in the Big-Horn Bad-lands, in Northern Wyoming. The lower incisors, or perhaps, canines, are very large and close to the line of union of the two halves of the jaw; the molars have three cusps in front and a heel behind. The dental characters of the genus "resemble - considerably those of <i>Anaptomorphus</i> and <i>Necrolemur</i> [<i>Microchrus</i>] but the + considerably those of <i>Anaptomorphus</i> and <i>Necrolemur</i> [<i>Microchærus</i>] but the large size of the inferior canine <span class="pagenum" id="page117">{117}</span>or incisor tooth distinguishes it from both." (Cope.) <span class="sc">C. latidens</span>, Cope, is the only species.</p> @@ -4821,15 +4783,15 @@ by The Internet Archive) id="page118">{118}</span>C<span class="ifrac"><span class="ifracn">1</span><span class="ifracd">1</span></span>, P<span class="ifrac"><span class="ifracn">2</span><span class="ifracd">2</span></span>, M<span class="ifrac"><span class="ifracn">3</span><span - class="ifracd">3</span></span>) agrees only with the <i>Indrisin</i>. But no known - <i>Lemurid</i> possess anterior lobes and cusps on all the pre-molars, so that in this respect, - as in the number of its teeth, this genus resembles the higher Monkeys, the <i>Simiid</i> and - <i>Hominid</i>, more than any existing member of the family.... It has ... a number of + class="ifracd">3</span></span>) agrees only with the <i>Indrisinæ</i>. But no known + <i>Lemuridæ</i> possess anterior lobes and cusps on all the pre-molars, so that in this respect, + as in the number of its teeth, this genus resembles the higher Monkeys, the <i>Simiidæ</i> and + <i>Hominidæ</i>, more than any existing member of the family.... It has ... a number of resemblances to <i>Tarsius</i>, which is, perhaps, its nearest ally among the Lemurs, although that genus has three pre-molars.... There is no doubt but that the genus <i>Anaptomorphus</i> is the most Simian Lemur yet discovered...." (<i>Cope.</i>)</p> - <p>The species included in this genus are <span class="sc">A. mulus</span> (Cope), which did not + <p>The species included in this genus are <span class="sc">A. æmulus</span> (Cope), which did not exceed the size of a Marmoset or a Red Squirrel, and had short erect incisors; <span class="sc">A. homunculus</span> (Cope), a species founded on a cranium without a lower jaw, with the orbits not so large as in <i>Tarsius</i>, and the skull wide behind the eyes. "The <i>A. homunculus</i> was @@ -4849,7 +4811,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page119">{119}</span></div> - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">FAMILY ADAPID.</p> + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">FAMILY ADAPIDÆ.</p> <p class="sp3">The different species associated together under this family are abundantly known from the Upper Eocene of France, England, and North America. They are remarkable in having an @@ -4864,10 +4826,10 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Adapis</i>, Cuvier, Ossem. Foss. (2) iii., p. 265 (1822); Flower, Ann. and Mag. N. H., xvii., (1876), p. 323.</p> - <p><i>Palolemur</i>, Delfort., Act. de la Soc. Linn. Bord., xxix., pp. 87-95, pl. 5 (1873); id. + <p><i>Palæolemur</i>, Delfort., Act. de la Soc. Linn. Bord., xxix., pp. 87-95, pl. 5 (1873); id. C. R., lxxvii., p. 64 (1873).</p> - <p><i>Aphelotherium</i>, Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Fran. (1), ii., Exp. 34 (1848-52).</p> - <p><i>Cnopithecus</i>, Rtim, Denksch. Schw. Ges. Nat., xix., p. 88 (1862).</p> + <p><i>Aphelotherium</i>, Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Franç. (1), ii., Exp. 34 (1848-52).</p> + <p><i>Cænopithecus</i>, Rütim, Denksch. Schw. Ges. Nat., xix., p. 88 (1862).</p> <p><i>Notharctus</i>, Leidy, Geol. Surv. Mont., p. 364 (1871).</p> <p><i>? Thinolestes</i>, Marsh, Am. Jour. Sci., 1872 (2), p. 205.</p> <p class="sp0"><i>? Telmalestes</i>, Marsh, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 206.</p> @@ -4888,8 +4850,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp3">Several species of this genus have been described. <span class="sc">Adapis Parisiensis</span> (with the synonyms of <i>Aphelotherium duvernoyi</i>, Gervais, and - <i>Palolemur betillei</i>, Delfortrie) is one of the best known, and its remains have been found - in Upper Eocene strata at Egerkingen, in Switzerland, at Sainte Nboule de Bduer, and in the + <i>Palæolemur betillei</i>, Delfortrie) is one of the best known, and its remains have been found + in Upper Eocene strata at Egerkingen, in Switzerland, at Sainte Néboule de Béduer, and in the Paris Gypsum, in France, as well as in England. It "more nearly resembles the Indo-African Lemurs, and not those of the island of Madagascar, or of the extreme east, having no near relationship with the Tarsius, the Aye-Aye, or the Indris, and not much with the true Lemurs." (<i>Flower.</i>) @@ -4939,7 +4901,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Pelycodus</i>, Cope, Cat. Verteb. Eoc. New Mex., p. 13 (1875).</p> - <p><i>Tomitherium</i>, Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. W. of 100 mer., ii., p. 135 (in part).</p> + <p><i>Tomitherium</i>, Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. W. of 100° mer., ii., p. 135 (in part).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Lemuravus</i>, Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., 1875, i., p. 239.</p> </div> @@ -5019,7 +4981,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <i>Quadrumana</i>, or "four-handed," so often applied to these animals. In a few species the thumb is rudimentary or absent, but the fore-finger, the absence of which characterised some of the Lemurs, is always present and well developed, and the corresponding digit in the foot (except in - the Marmosets) has a flat nail instead of a claw. The mamm of the <i>Anthropoidea</i> are always + the Marmosets) has a flat nail instead of a claw. The mammæ of the <i>Anthropoidea</i> are always situated on the breast. If we examine the structures underlying the skin, we find that in the skull the orbits are entirely shut in by a bony wall, so that the finger cannot be passed into the temporal depression behind, as could be done in the Lemurine skull, and that the lachrymal foramen @@ -5058,14 +5020,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) Gibbon, and this in the Great-nosed Monkey (<i>Nasalis larvatus</i>) is carried to a ridiculous extreme."</p> - <p>In regard to the distribution of the <i>Anthropoidea</i>, excluding Man (<i>Hominid</i>), two - families (the <i>Hapalid</i> and <i>Cebid</i>) are known only from the New World; and two others - (the <i>Cercopithecid</i> and <i>Simiid</i>) are exclusively confined to the Old World. No + <p>In regard to the distribution of the <i>Anthropoidea</i>, excluding Man (<i>Hominidæ</i>), two + families (the <i>Hapalidæ</i> and <i>Cebidæ</i>) are known only from the New World; and two others + (the <i>Cercopithecidæ</i> and <i>Simiidæ</i>) are exclusively confined to the Old World. No fossil remains of Eastern Hemisphere forms have as yet been found in the Western, or <i>vice - vers</i>, a fact which indicates, doubtless, a separation of great antiquity between the two + versâ</i>, a fact which indicates, doubtless, a separation of great antiquity between the two groups. The various species of these families are to be found chiefly in the warmer regions on - both sides of the equator. In the New World some species range as far north as to 20 N. lat. in - Mexico; and South, to 30 below the equator. In the Eastern Hemisphere, the Old World species + both sides of the equator. In the New World some species range as far north as to 20° N. lat. in + Mexico; and South, to 30° below the equator. In the Eastern Hemisphere, the Old World species predominate in the tropical and sub-tropical regions; but certain forms have spread as far north as Thibet and Japan, and others have made the high altitudes of the Himalaya Mountains their home; while to the southward they extend in Africa nearly to the Cape of Good Hope. No indigenous @@ -5102,8 +5064,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) quadrupedal than those of the Old World. Their thumb is also more like a finger than the same digit in their Eastern brethren.</p> - <p>Of the New World Monkeys, the <i>Hapalid</i>, or Marmosets, have thirty-two teeth, and the - <i>Cebid</i>, with several <span class="pagenum" id="page128">{128}</span>sub-families, have + <p>Of the New World Monkeys, the <i>Hapalidæ</i>, or Marmosets, have thirty-two teeth, and the + <i>Cebidæ</i>, with several <span class="pagenum" id="page128">{128}</span>sub-families, have thirty-six teeth. The former include the Marmosets (<i>Hapale</i>) and the Tamarins (<i>Midas</i>). The latter comprise the Capuchins (<i>Cebus</i>), which may be taken as the representative genus of American Monkeys, the Woolly Monkeys (<i>Lagothrix</i>), the @@ -5140,11 +5102,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) feet; and on the Volcano of Atitlan, in the same country, Mr. Salvin found troops of the Mexican Spider-Monkey (<i>Ateles vellerosus</i>) in the forest region of 7,000 feet elevation.</p> - <p class="sp5">"The range of the Marmosets and Oustitis (<i>Hapalid</i>) is nearly co-extensive + <p class="sp5">"The range of the Marmosets and Oustitis (<i>Hapalidæ</i>) is nearly co-extensive with that of the Monkeys proper." (<i>Heilbrin.</i>) The Pigmy and the Silky Marmoset range as far north as Mexico.</p> - <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">THE MARMOSETS AND TAMARINS. FAMILY HAPALID.</p> + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">THE MARMOSETS AND TAMARINS. FAMILY HAPALIDÆ.</p> <p>Of the New World, or Platyrrhine, Apes, the Marmosets come to be described first, as they have many characters which mark them out as the lowest of the <i>Anthropoidea</i>, and rank them nearer @@ -5226,7 +5188,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><i>Hapale jacchus</i>, Kuhl, Beitr., Zool., p. 46 (1820); Schleg., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 271 (1876).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Hapale albicollis</i>, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., p. 33, pl. 25 (1823); - Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 59 (1851).</p> + Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 59 (1851).</p> </div> <p><b>Characters.</b>—Head small; eyes gentle; nose flat; face black, with a white spot in @@ -5301,15 +5263,15 @@ by The Internet Archive) HAPALE LEUCOPUS.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p class="sp0"><i>Hapale leucopus</i>, Gnth., P. Z. S., 1876, p. 743, pl. lxxii.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Hapale leucopus</i>, Günth., P. Z. S., 1876, p. 743, pl. lxxii.</p> </div> <p><b>Characters.</b>—Hair of back and sides moderately long, silky, brownish-grey; nape and occiput darker; face and head covered with short sparse white hair; ears large, naked, and without tufts; throat greyish-brown; under side of body and <span class="pagenum" id="page135">{135}</span>inside of legs rusty-red; fore-arm, hands, and feet white—the hairs - short, blackish or black, with white tips. Head and body, 11 inches long; tail, 14 inches. - Dorsal and lumbar vertebr together, 19.</p> + short, blackish or black, with white tips. Head and body, 11½ inches long; tail, 14½ inches. + Dorsal and lumbar vertebræ together, 19.</p> <p><b>Female.</b>—Similar to the male, but with the hairs of the upper parts silver-tipped.</p> @@ -5324,7 +5286,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Hapale chrysoleucos</i>, Wagner in Wiegm. Arch., 1842, i., p. 357; id. in Schreb. - Sugeth., Suppl., v., p. 125 (1855); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 594.</p> + Säugeth., Suppl., v., p. 125 (1855); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 594.</p> <p><i>Mico sericeus</i>, Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 256, pl. xxiv.</p> <p><i>Miocella chrysoleucos</i>, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 131 (1870).</p> <p><i>Miocella sericeus</i>, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus. App., p. 131 (1870).</p> @@ -5339,14 +5301,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) Madeira.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">VI. THE PIGMY MARMOSET. HAPALE - PYGMA.</span></p> + PYGMÆA.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p><i>Jacchus pygmus</i>, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., pl. xxiv., fig. 2 (1823).</p> - <p><i>Hapale pygma</i>, Wagner in Schreber, Sugeth., v., p. 126 (1855). Castelnau, Voy. Amr. + <p><i>Jacchus pygmæus</i>, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., pl. xxiv., fig. 2 (1823).</p> + <p><i>Hapale pygmæa</i>, Wagner in Schreber, Säugeth., v., p. 126 (1855). Castelnau, Voy. Amér. Sud, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2; Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 277 (1876).</p> <div><span class="pagenum" id="page136">{136}</span></div> - <p class="sp0"><i>Cibuella pygma</i>, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 64 (1870).</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cibuella pygmæa</i>, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 64 (1870).</p> </div> <p><b>Characters.</b>—Face with long brown whiskers, naturally brushed back over the ears; @@ -5374,7 +5336,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><i>Jacchus melanura</i>, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 120 (1812); Gray, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 734.</p> <p><i>Jacchus argentatus</i>, Geoffr., t. c. p. 120.</p> - <p><i>Hapale melanura</i> (nec Kuhl); Wagner in Schreb., Sugeth., i., p. 127, fig. 36 (1840), + <p><i>Hapale melanura</i> (nec Kuhl); Wagner in Schreb., Säugeth., i., p. 127, fig. 36 (1840), and Suppl. v., p. 15, fig. 13 (1855); Scl., P. Z. S., 1875, p. 419, pl. l.; Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 267 (1876).</p> <p><i>Midas argentatus</i>, Bates, Nat. Amaz., i., p. 162 (1863).</p> @@ -5391,7 +5353,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><b>Distribution.</b>—Bolivia and Brazil. Mr. Bates says that the Black-tailed Marmoset is one of the rarest of the American Monkeys. He did not hear of its being found anywhere in Amazonia - except near Camet, on the River Tocantins.</p> + except near Cametá, on the River Tocantins.</p> <p class="sp3"><b>Habits.</b>—Little is known of the habits of this species, few naturalists having had the good fortune to observe it in its native state. Mr. Bates, however, once saw three @@ -5475,7 +5437,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page140">{140}</span></div> <p><i>Hapale geoffroyi</i>, Pucher., Rev. Zool., 1845, p. 336; Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 258 (1876).</p> - <p><i>Midas geoffroyi</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 63 (1851); Sclater, P. Z. S., + <p><i>Midas geoffroyi</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 63 (1851); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 478, pl. xxxviii.</p> <p><i>Midas ursulus</i> (nec Geoffr.), Rep. Council Zool. Soc., 1858, p. 16.</p> <p><i>Œdipus geoffroyi</i>, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 65 (1870).</p> @@ -5494,7 +5456,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp3"><b>Habits.</b>—Unknown.</p> - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">III. THE PINCH MONKEY. MIDAS + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">III. THE PINCHÉ MONKEY. MIDAS ŒDIPUS.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> @@ -5528,7 +5490,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>Differs from the preceding species, <i>M. geoffroyi</i>, in having a crest.</p> - <p><b>Distribution.</b>—The Pinch Monkey is found in the forests of New Granada, near the + <p><b>Distribution.</b>—The Pinché Monkey is found in the forests of New Granada, near the coast.</p> <p class="sp3">With the succeeding species we commence the description of the Tamarins which have @@ -5544,7 +5506,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) Mus., p. 66 (1870).</p> <p><i>Jacchus labiatus</i>, Desmarest, Mammalog., p. 95 (1820); Humb., Rec. d'Obs. Zool., Prod. sp. 44 (1811).</p> - <p class="sp0"><i>Hapale labiata</i>, Wagner in Schreb., Sugeth., i., p. 246 (1840); Mus. Pays + <p class="sp0"><i>Hapale labiata</i>, Wagner in Schreb., Säugeth., i., p. 246 (1840); Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 260 (1876, part).</p> </div> @@ -5580,7 +5542,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) throat.</p> <p><b>Distribution.</b>—Banks of the Upper Amazon. Mr. Bates shot a specimen at Tunantins in - 69 W. long., and 4 S. lat.</p> + 69° W. long., and 4° S. lat.</p> <p><b>Habits.</b>—Nothing is known of the habits of this species.</p> @@ -5601,8 +5563,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Midas weddellii</i>, Deville, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1849, p. 55.</p> - <p><i>Midas devillii</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 64 (1851); Castelnau, Expd. - Amr. Sud, Mamm., pl. vi., fig. 2 (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 67 (1870).</p> + <p><i>Midas devillii</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 64 (1851); Castelnau, Expéd. + Amér. Sud, Mamm., pl. vi., fig. 2 (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 67 (1870).</p> <p><i>Midas leucogenys</i>, Gray, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 735; id. Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 67 (1870).</p> <p><i>Hapale devillei</i>, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 262 (1876).</p> @@ -5620,7 +5582,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) MIDAS NIGRIFRONS.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p><i>Midas nigrifrons</i>, Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 64 (1851).</p> + <p><i>Midas nigrifrons</i>, Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 64 (1851).</p> <p><i>Midas flavifrons</i>, var. c. <i>Midas nigrifrons</i>, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 67 (1870).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Hapale nigrifrons</i>, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 263 (1876).</p> @@ -5638,8 +5600,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Midas fuscicollis</i>, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., p. 27, pl. 20 (1823).</p> - <p><i>Midas flavifrons</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 64 (1851); Castelnau, Expd. - Amr. Sud, Mamm., pl. vi., fig. 1 (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 67 (1870).</p> + <p><i>Midas flavifrons</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 64 (1851); Castelnau, Expéd. + Amér. Sud, Mamm., pl. vi., fig. 1 (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 67 (1870).</p> <p><i>Midas devillii</i> (nec Is. Geoffr.), Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1861, p. 464.</p> <p><i>Hapale fuscicollis</i>, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 264 (1876).</p> @@ -5662,14 +5624,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) MIDAS CHRYSOPYGUS.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p class="sp0"><i>Hapale chrysopyga</i>, Wagner, in Schreb. Sugeth., i., Simi, p. 249 (1840); + <p class="sp0"><i>Hapale chrysopyga</i>, Wagner, in Schreb. Säugeth., i., Simiæ, p. 249 (1840); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 254 (1876).</p> </div> <p><b>Characters.</b>—Similar to <i>M. fuscicollis</i>. Black, with the thighs, legs, and base of tail rusty-red.</p> - <p class="sp3"><b>Distribution.</b>—Brazil, near Ypanma, Province of St. Paulo.</p> + <p class="sp3"><b>Distribution.</b>—Brazil, near Ypanéma, Province of St. Paulo.</p> <div><span class="pagenum" id="page145">{145}</span></div> @@ -5679,7 +5641,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Midas nigricollis</i>, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., p. 28, pl. 21 (1823).</p> <p><i>Midas rufoniger</i>, I. Geoffr. et Deville, C. R., xxvii., p. 499 (1848); Is. Geoffr., - Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 64 (1851); Castelnau, Expd. Amr. Sud, pl. v., fig. 3 (1855); Gray, + Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 64 (1851); Castelnau, Expéd. Amér. Sud, pl. v., fig. 3 (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 67 (1870).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Hapale nigricollis</i>, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 264 (1876).</p> </div> @@ -5705,7 +5667,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Hapale illigeri</i>, Pucher., Rev. Zool., 1845, p. 336.</p> <div><span class="pagenum" id="page146">{146}</span></div> - <p><i>Midas illigeri</i>, Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 65 (1851); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, + <p><i>Midas illigeri</i>, Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 65 (1851); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 65 (1876).</p> <p><i>Midas flavifrons</i>, var. <i>d.</i> Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 67 (1870).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Midas devillii</i> (nec Geoffr.), Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 220, pl. @@ -5741,7 +5703,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Midas bicolor</i>, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras, p. 31, pl. 24, fig. 1 (1823).</p> - <p><i>Hapale bicolor</i>, Wagner in Schreb., Sugeth., v., p. 135, pl. 12 (1855); Schl., Mus. + <p><i>Hapale bicolor</i>, Wagner in Schreb., Säugeth., v., p. 135, pl. 12 (1855); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 257 (1876).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Seniocebus bicolor</i>, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 68 (1870).</p> </div> @@ -5768,7 +5730,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page148">{148}</span></div> - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">XIII. LACPEDE'S TAMARIN. MIDAS + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">XIII. LACÉPEDE'S TAMARIN. MIDAS MIDAS.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> @@ -5827,7 +5789,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) spiders and grasshoppers, which it will snap up with eagerness when within <span class="pagenum" id="page150">{150}</span>reach. The expression of countenance in these small Monkeys is intelligent and pleasing. This is partly owing to the open facial angle, which is given as one of - 60, but the quick movements of the head, and the way they have of inclining it on one side, when + 60°, but the quick movements of the head, and the way they have of inclining it on one side, when their curiosity is excited, contribute very much to give them a knowing expression.... In mobility of expression of countenance, intelligence and general manners, these small Monkeys resemble the higher Apes far more than they do any rodent animal with which I am acquainted, notwithstanding @@ -5838,7 +5800,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) which are the safe altitudes of the giants of the virgin forests of Brazil.</p> <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">THE CAPUCHINS, HOWLERS, AND SPIDER-MONKEYS, &c. - FAMILY CEBID.</p> + FAMILY CEBIDÆ.</p> <p>This family embraces the typical Platyrrhine Monkeys, and to it belongs the great majority of the American species. As already pointed out (p. <a href="#page127">127</a>) their nose is flat, @@ -5865,35 +5827,35 @@ by The Internet Archive) <i>Chrysothrix</i>, on the contrary, the face is relatively small, with a high facial angle; the brain-case is moderately arched;" and the plane of the <i>occipital foramen</i> is horizontal.</p> - <p>The dentition of the <i>Cebid</i> is very characteristic of the family. The dental formula is + <p>The dentition of the <i>Cebidæ</i> is very characteristic of the family. The dental formula is I<span class="ifrac"><span class="ifracn">2</span><span class="ifracd">2</span></span>, C<span class="ifrac"><span class="ifracn">1</span><span class="ifracd">1</span></span>, P<span class="ifrac"><span class="ifracn">3</span><span class="ifracd">3</span></span>, M<span class="ifrac"><span class="ifracn">3</span><span class="ifracd">3</span></span> and the teeth thirty-six in all—a larger number than is found in any of the Old World forms, or in the - species of the last family (the <i>Hapalid</i>); for they possess an extra pre-molar tooth above + species of the last family (the <i>Hapalidæ</i>); for they possess an extra pre-molar tooth above and below on each side. Their molar teeth are four-cusped; and in the upper molars of the Spider-Monkeys (<i>Ateles</i>) and of the Howlers (<i>Alouatta</i>) there is an oblique cusp, such as is found in the molars of the <i>Lemuroidea</i>, joining the hind inner to the front outer - cusp. Among the <i>Cebid</i> the brain varies <span class="pagenum" id="page152">{152}</span>very + cusp. Among the <i>Cebidæ</i> the brain varies <span class="pagenum" id="page152">{152}</span>very much; the posterior lobes of the main brain (or cerebral hemispheres, which are almost always convoluted) are also almost always so large as to entirely cover over the cerebellum (or hind brain), a relation which does not exist between these two regions of the brain in the <i>Lemuroidea</i>. The cerebellum, however, in the Howlers is slightly uncovered. The absolute - size of the brain never, in any Ape, approaches that of Man. None of the <i>Cebid</i> attain the + size of the brain never, in any Ape, approaches that of Man. None of the <i>Cebidæ</i> attain the size of even the medium-sized Old World Apes.</p> - <p class="sp5">The <i>Cebid</i> are all arboreal, and strictly confined to the forest regions of - Tropical America, from the southern part of Mexico to about the parallel of 30 S. lat. They are - divided into four sub-families, namely: The Douroucolis, or Night-Monkeys (<i>Nyctipithecin</i>); - the Saki Monkeys (<i>Pitheciin</i>); the Howlers (<i>Mycetin</i>); and the Capuchin Monkeys - (<i>Cebin</i>).</p> + <p class="sp5">The <i>Cebidæ</i> are all arboreal, and strictly confined to the forest regions of + Tropical America, from the southern part of Mexico to about the parallel of 30° S. lat. They are + divided into four sub-families, namely: The Douroucolis, or Night-Monkeys (<i>Nyctipithecinæ</i>); + the Saki Monkeys (<i>Pitheciinæ</i>); the Howlers (<i>Mycetinæ</i>); and the Capuchin Monkeys + (<i>Cebinæ</i>).</p> - <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">THE NIGHT-MONKEYS. SUB-FAMILY NYCTIPITHECIN.</p> + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">THE NIGHT-MONKEYS. SUB-FAMILY NYCTIPITHECINÆ.</p> <p>The Night-Monkeys are small and elegant animals covered with long hair, and having long bushy tails, which are not prehensile, although they can be curled round a branch of a tree. The caudal - vertebr in these creatures are consequently not flattened from above downward, as is the case in + vertebræ in these creatures are consequently not flattened from above downward, as is the case in the prehensile-tailed groups, but rounded. Their lower incisor teeth are set vertically and their thumb is fairly well developed.</p> @@ -5980,10 +5942,10 @@ by The Internet Archive) SQUIRREL-MONKEY. CHRYSOTHRIX ENTOMOPHAGA.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p><i>Callithrix entomophagus</i>, d'Orb., Voy. Amr. Mr., iv., Mamm. pl. 4 (1836).</p> + <p><i>Callithrix entomophagus</i>, d'Orb., Voy. Amér. Mér., iv., Mamm. pl. 4 (1836).</p> <p><i>Callithrix boliviensis</i>, d'Orb., Nouv. Ann. Mus., iii., p. 89 (1834).</p> - <p><i>Saimiris entomophagus</i>, d'Orb., Voy. Amr. Mr., iv., Mamm., text, p. 10 (1847); Is. - Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 38 (1851).</p> + <p><i>Saimiris entomophagus</i>, d'Orb., Voy. Amér. Mér., iv., Mamm., text, p. 10 (1847); Is. + Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 38 (1851).</p> <p><i>Saimiri entomophagus</i>, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 246 (1876).</p> <p><i>Chrysothrix sciurea</i> (nec L.), Frantz. in Wiegm. Arch. f. Nat., xxxix., p. 260 (1869).</p> @@ -6014,9 +5976,9 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><i>Saimiri sciureus</i>, Cuv., Reg. An., p. 103, pl. 1 (1829); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 242 (1876).</p> <p><i>Chrysothrix lunulata</i>, Geoffr., Arch. Mus., iv., p. 18 (1844).</p> - <p><i>Chrysothrix sciurea</i>, Wagner in Schreb., Sugth. Suppl., v., p. 120, pl. 9, (1855); + <p><i>Chrysothrix sciurea</i>, Wagner in Schreb., Säugth. Suppl., v., p. 120, pl. 9, (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 53 (1870); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 395.</p> - <p class="sp0"><i>Chrysothrix nigrivittata</i>, Wagn., Abh. bay. Ak. Mnchen, v., p. 461.</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Chrysothrix nigrivittata</i>, Wagn., Abh. bay. Ak. München, v., p. 461.</p> </div> <p><b>Characters.</b>—Smaller than the two preceding species; face greyish-white; chin round @@ -6031,7 +5993,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><b>Distribution.</b>—This species has an extensive range, being found on both banks of the Amazon, Rio Negro, and on the Copataza river; also in Guiana, Surinam, and Colombia, near - Bogot.</p> + Bogotá.</p> <p><b>Habits.</b>—Like its congeners, the Common Squirrel-Monkey is arboreal, going about in large flocks. Their food consists of insects and fruits. Mr. Bates observes that the "pretty @@ -6061,10 +6023,10 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><i>Saimaris sciurea ?</i> (nec Linn.), Sclater, P. Z. S., 1856, p. 139.</p> <p><i>Chrysothrix sciurea</i> (nec Linn.), Scl., N. H. Rev., 1861, p. 510; Frantz. Arch. f. Naturg., xxxv. (1), p. 260.</p> - <p><i>Chrysothrix œrstedi</i>, Reinh. Vidensk. Medd. Nat. For. Kjbenh., p. 157, pl. iii. + <p><i>Chrysothrix œrstedi</i>, Reinh. Vidensk. Medd. Nat. For. Kjöbenh., p. 157, pl. iii. (1872); Alston, in Godm. et Salv., Biol. Centr. Am. Mamm., p. 16, pl. ii. (1879).</p> <p><i>Saimiris entomophaga</i>, Sclater, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 3 (nec d'Orb.).</p> - <p class="sp0"><i>Saimiri rstedii</i>, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 245 (1876).</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Saimiri örstedii</i>, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 245 (1876).</p> </div> <p><b>Characters.</b>—Differs from <i>C. sciurea</i> in having the top of the head black, @@ -6129,8 +6091,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><i>Callithrix cuprea</i>, Spix, Sim. et Vesper. Bras., p. 23, pl. 17, (1823); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 54 (1870); Schleg., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 236 (1876); Thomas, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 394.</p> - <p><i>Callithrix discolor</i>, Is. Geoffr., C.R., xxvii., p. 498 (1848); id. Cat. Mth. - Primates, p. 41 (1851); id. Arch. Mus., v., p. 551, pl. 28; Wagner in Schreb., Sugeth. Suppl., + <p><i>Callithrix discolor</i>, Is. Geoffr., C.R., xxvii., p. 498 (1848); id. Cat. Méth. + Primates, p. 41 (1851); id. Arch. Mus., v., p. 551, pl. 28; Wagner in Schreb., Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 114 (1855).</p> <p class="sp0 ac">(<i>Plate XIV.</i>)</p> </div> @@ -6188,9 +6150,9 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Callithrix cinerascens</i>, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., p. 20, pl. 14 (1823).</p> - <p><i>Callithrix donacophilus</i>, d'Orb., Voy. Amr. Sud, iv., p. 10, pl. 5 (1826); Gray, Cat. + <p><i>Callithrix donacophilus</i>, d'Orb., Voy. Amér. Sud, iv., p. 10, pl. 5 (1826); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 55 (1870).</p> - <p class="sp0"><i>Callithrix donacophila</i>, Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 41 (1851); Schl., + <p class="sp0"><i>Callithrix donacophila</i>, Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 41 (1851); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 240 (1876).</p> </div> @@ -6241,7 +6203,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) black, with a grey tinge,—the hairs being grey, with a dark ring near the tip of each; hands and feet the colour of the back.</p> - <p><b>Distribution.</b>—U. S. Colombia; vicinity of Bogot.</p> + <p><b>Distribution.</b>—U. S. Colombia; vicinity of Bogotá.</p> <p class="sp3"><b>Habits.</b>—This species is arboreal, like the other members of its genus, and it is said to be nocturnal. It spends the day rolled up very much as many of the Lemurs @@ -6271,7 +6233,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page164">{164}</span></div> <p class="sp3"><b>Distribution.</b>—Upper Amazon. Of all the species of the genus, this - ranges furthest to the south—to 14 S. lat.</p> + ranges furthest to the south—to 14° S. lat.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">VIII. THE BLACK-FRONTED TITI. CALLITHRIX NIGRIFRONS.</span></p> @@ -6344,9 +6306,9 @@ by The Internet Archive) the ears a light grey band over the cheeks, continued above on to the forehead, below to the chest; throat naked, light pink; under surface <span class="pagenum" id="page166">{166}</span>of the limbs pale grey; the hands and feet black; tail red, the hair bushy at its base. Length of the - body, 14 inches; of the tail, 13 inches. (<i>Weldon.</i>)</p> + body, 14 inches; of the tail, 13½ inches. (<i>Weldon.</i>)</p> - <p>Ccum with dilated end; liver more divided than in <i>C. moloch</i>; the two halves + <p>Cæcum with dilated end; liver more divided than in <i>C. moloch</i>; the two halves (<i>rami</i>) of the lower jaw enormously deep, resembling those of the Howlers (<i>Mycetes</i>).</p> @@ -6386,7 +6348,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) the canines long; and the lower incisors project forwards, somewhat as in the Lemurs. The arm-bone has a perforation (the ent-epicondylar foramen) on its inner side above the articulation of the elbow joint, to give passage and protection to an important artery and nerve. The thumb is very - short; the claws are small and weak. The dorsal and lumbar vertebr together number twenty-two, + short; the claws are small and weak. The dorsal and lumbar vertebræ together number twenty-two, the greatest number possessed by any American monkey. As in <i>Chrysothrix</i>, the external surface of the cerebral hemispheres is smooth and almost devoid of convolutions, but their inner faces exhibit several of the more important grooves seen in the higher Apes.</p> @@ -6468,13 +6430,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page170">{170}</span></div> <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">IV. AZARA'S DOUROUCOLI. - NYCTIPITHECUS AZAR.</span></p> + NYCTIPITHECUS AZARÆ.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p><i>Simia azar</i>, Humb., Obs. Zool., p. 359 (1811).</p> + <p><i>Simia azaræ</i>, Humb., Obs. Zool., p. 359 (1811).</p> <p><i>Pithecia miriquouina</i>, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 117 (1812); Kuhl, Beitr., p. 43 (1820).</p> - <p class="sp0"><i>Nyctipithecus azar</i>, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 212 (1876).</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Nyctipithecus azaræ</i>, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 212 (1876).</p> </div> <p><b>Characters.</b>—A large rhomboidal black patch between the two large superciliary @@ -6490,9 +6452,9 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Nyctipithecus felinus</i>, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., p. 24, pl. 18 (1823); Is. - Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 39 (1851); Gray, Ann. N. H., x., p. 256 (1842).</p> + Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 39 (1851); Gray, Ann. N. H., x., p. 256 (1842).</p> <p><i>Nyctipithecus oseryi</i>, Is. Geoffr. et Deville, C. R., xxvii., 1848, p. 498 (juv.); - Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 39 (1851).</p> + Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 39 (1851).</p> <p><i>Nyctipithecus commersonii</i>, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 58 (1870).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Nyctipithecus vociferans</i>, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 214 (1876; part).</p> @@ -6523,16 +6485,16 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>In speaking of his collections made at Ega on the Upper Amazons, which he describes as a fine field for a Natural History collector, Mr. Bates gives an interesting account of the Night-Apes, - called "Ei-" by the Indians, observed by him during his various journeys. "Of these I found two + called "Ei-á" by the Indians, observed by him during his various journeys. "Of these I found two species (<i>Nyctipithecus trivirgatus</i> and <i>N. felinus</i>) closely related to each other, but nevertheless quite distinct, as both inhabit the same forests, namely, those of the higher and drier lands, without mingling with each other or inter-crossing. They sleep all day long in hollow trees, and come forth to prey on insects and eat fruits only in the night. One cannot help being struck by this curious modification of the American type of Monkeys, for the Owl-faced Night-Apes - have evidently sprung from the same stock as the rest of the <i>Cebid</i>, as they do not differ + have evidently sprung from the same stock as the rest of the <i>Cebidæ</i>, as they do not differ much in all essential points from the Whaiapu-Sais (<i>Callithrix</i>) and the Sai-miris (<i>Chrysothrix</i>). They have nails of the ordinary form on all their fingers, and - semi-opposable thumbs; but the molar teeth (contrary to what is usual in the <i>Cebid</i>) are + semi-opposable thumbs; but the molar teeth (contrary to what is usual in the <i>Cebidæ</i>) are studded with sharp points, showing that their nocturnal food is principally insects.</p> <p>"I kept a pet animal of <i>N. trivirgatus</i> for many months, a young one having been given to @@ -6558,7 +6520,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) acute angle, and thus mounted to the top with the greatest facility. Although seeming to prefer insects, it ate all kinds of fruit, but would not touch raw or cooked meat, and was very seldom thirsty. I was told by persons who had kept these Monkeys loose about the house, that they cleared - the chambers of bats as well as insect vermin. When approached gently, my Ei- allowed <span + the chambers of bats as well as insect vermin. When approached gently, my Ei-á allowed <span class="pagenum" id="page173">{173}</span>itself to be caressed; but when handled roughly it always took alarm, biting severely, striking with its little hands, and making a hissing noise like a Cat.</p> @@ -6567,13 +6529,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) (<i>Chrysothrix</i>), which are among the commonest of the ordinary Monkeys of the American forests. This near relationship is the more necessary to be borne in mind, as some Zoologists have drawn a comparison between them and the nocturnal Apes of the Lemur family, inhabiting Ceylon and - Java, and it might be inferred that our American Ei-s were related more closely to these Old + Java, and it might be inferred that our American Ei-ás were related more closely to these Old World forms than they are to the rest of the New World Monkeys. The large nocturnal eyes and short ears of the Eastern Lemurs are simply resemblances of analogy, and merely show that a few species, belonging to utterly dissimilar families, have been made similar by being adapted to similar modes of life...."</p> - <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">THE SAKIS. SUB-FAMILY PITHECIIN.</p> + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">THE SAKIS. SUB-FAMILY PITHECIINÆ.</p> <p>The Sakis are characterised by having their lower incisor teeth inclined forward at their summits somewhat as among the Lemurs; and separated from the long canines by an interspace. The @@ -6584,11 +6546,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) bald.</p> <p class="sp3">The Sakis are divided into two genera, a short-tailed group (<i>Brachyurus</i>), - containing the Uakar Monkeys, and a long-tailed <span class="pagenum" + containing the Uakarí Monkeys, and a long-tailed <span class="pagenum" id="page174">{174}</span>section, the Sakis (<i>Pithecia</i>). Their various species are restricted to the great equatorial forests of South America.</p> - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">THE UAKAR MONKEYS. GENUS + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">THE UAKARÍ MONKEYS. GENUS BRACHYURUS.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> @@ -6599,31 +6561,31 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>The species of this genus are at once recognised by their short tail, being the only American Monkeys in which this organ is short. The fur is short and silky; the face short, and often - brightly coloured. The mamm are situated on the breast. In the skull the lower jaw is dilated + brightly coloured. The mammæ are situated on the breast. In the skull the lower jaw is dilated behind, and certain bones, the parietal and the malar, are in contact with each other for a more or less considerable extent on the side walls of the skull. (Cf. W. A. Forbes, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 639, figs. 5 and 6.) In Old World Monkeys this contact <i>never</i> (except slightly in <i>Hylobates</i>) takes place. This is a useful mark for discriminating between the skulls of New and Old World Monkeys. (<i>Forbes.</i>) The shortness of the tail is due, not to a reduction in - the number of the vertebr, which may be 15 to 17, but in their size.</p> + the number of the vertebræ, which may be 15 to 17, but in their size.</p> <p>In the brain the cerebrum exhibits the more important grooves characterising the brain of the - higher Apes (<i>Simiid</i>) well developed; the cerebellum (or hind brain) is also well - developed. Thus in its general characters the brain of the Uakars approaches most nearly to that + higher Apes (<i>Simiidæ</i>) well developed; the cerebellum (or hind brain) is also well + developed. Thus in its general characters the brain of the Uakarís approaches most nearly to that of the genera <i>Cebus</i> and <i>Pithecia</i> (next to be described). By reason of its greater complication and development, it departs widely from that of the Titis (<i>Callithrix</i>) and the Squirrel-Monkeys (<i>Chrysothrix</i>).</p> <p>A relationship to the Howlers (<i>Mycetes</i>), suggested by the external appearance of the - Uakars and the form of their lower <span class="pagenum" id="page175">{175}</span>jaw, is not + Uakarís and the form of their lower <span class="pagenum" id="page175">{175}</span>jaw, is not borne out by their internal anatomy. The caudate lobe of the liver is very large. This character - distinguishes the whole of the <i>Cebid</i> from the Old World families.</p> + distinguishes the whole of the <i>Cebidæ</i> from the Old World families.</p> - <p class="sp3">The Uakars are arboreal Monkeys, very gentle and timid. The distribution of the + <p class="sp3">The Uakarís are arboreal Monkeys, very gentle and timid. The distribution of the various species is singularly restricted, each being confined to a small and particular district.</p> - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">I. THE BLACK-HEADED UAKAR. + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">I. THE BLACK-HEADED UAKARÍ. BRACHYURUS MELANOCEPHALUS.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> @@ -6646,18 +6608,18 @@ by The Internet Archive) of the genus, and apparently the most widespread also (see map, p. 180). This is doubtless the "black-faced, grey-haired" species, neither white nor red, which Mr. Bates was <span class="pagenum" id="page176">{176}</span>assured took the place of <i>B. calvus</i>, at 180 miles - northward from the mouth of the Japur.</p> + northward from the mouth of the Japurá.</p> <p class="sp3"><b>Habits.</b>—Living in the high trees of the forest, feeding on fruits; and not differing in habits from those of the other species of the genus, which are referred to below.</p> - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">II. THE RED UAKAR. BRACHYURUS + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">II. THE RED UAKARÍ. BRACHYURUS RUBICUNDUS.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Brachyurus rubicundus</i>, Is. Geoffr. and Dev., C. R., xxvii., p. 498 (1848); Is. - Geoffr., Arch. Mus., v., p. 564, pl. 30 (1845); Castelnau, Expd. Amr. Sud, Mamm., p. 19, pl. + Geoffr., Arch. Mus., v., p. 564, pl. 30 (1845); Castelnau, Expéd. Amér. Sud, Mamm., p. 19, pl. 4, fig. 2 (1855); W. A. Forbes, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 646, pls. lxi., lxii.</p> <p><i>Ouakaria rubicunda</i>, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 62 (1870).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Pithecia rubicunda</i>, Schleg., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 228 (1876).</p> @@ -6679,13 +6641,13 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>The thumb is in the same plane with the other digits and not opposable; digits with compressed and rather elongated nails; the nail of the thumb and the great-toe shorter and more "nail"-like; - upper surface of the hands and feet haired, on to the fingers. The ccum (6 inches) and intestines + upper surface of the hands and feet haired, on to the fingers. The cæcum (6 inches) and intestines (22 inches) are absolutely and relatively longer than in any other New World Monkey.</p> - <p>Length of the body, 27-28 inches; of the tail, 6</p> + <p>Length of the body, 27-28 inches; of the tail, 6½</p> - <p><b>Distribution.</b>—Forests on the north bank of the Amazons, opposite Olivena, not - passing eastwards of Ia on the Ia river. The exact westward extension of this species still + <p><b>Distribution.</b>—Forests on the north bank of the Amazons, opposite Olivença, not + passing eastwards of Iça on the Iça river. The exact westward extension of this species still remains unknown. The young specimen seen at Fonteboa by Bates, and by him referred to this species, was more probably <i>B. calvus</i>, as we know from the account given by Geoffroy St. Hilaire and Castelnau, that the young of <i>B. rubicundus</i> resembles in coloration the adult, @@ -6695,12 +6657,12 @@ by The Internet Archive) on fruits, probably exclusively, the length of its intestines seeming to indicate that it is more of a vegetarian than its allies.</p> - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">III. THE BALD UAKAR. + <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">III. THE BALD UAKARÍ. BRACHYURUS CALVUS.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Brachyurus calvus</i>, Is. Geoffr., C. R., xxiv., p. 576 (1847); id., Arch. Mus., v., p. - 560 (1845); Castelnau, Expd. Amr. Sud, Mammif., p. 17, pl. 4, fig. 1 (1855); W. A. Forbes, P. + 560 (1845); Castelnau, Expéd. Amér. Sud, Mammif., p. 17, pl. 4, fig. 1 (1855); W. A. Forbes, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 646; Beddard, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 119, pl. xii.</p> <div><span class="pagenum" id="page178">{178}</span></div> <p><i>Ouakaria calva</i>, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 62 (1870).</p> @@ -6720,16 +6682,16 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>Some species are paler than the above description, being pale sandy-white, slightly rufous below and on the inside of the limbs.</p> - <p>Ccum 10 inches long along its greater curvature, and not sacculated.</p> + <p>Cæcum 10 inches long along its greater curvature, and not sacculated.</p> <p>According to Mr. Beddard, <i>B. calvus</i> and <i>B. rubicundus</i> agree very closely in external and in internal characters, while <i>B. melanocephalus</i> differs more in external characters from the other two than they do from each other.</p> - <p><b>Distribution.</b>—Opposite Fonteboa; banks of the Japur river west of its mouth. This - species appears to be confined to the triangle formed by the union of the Japur river and the + <p><b>Distribution.</b>—Opposite Fonteboa; banks of the Japurá river west of its mouth. This + species appears to be confined to the triangle formed by the union of the Japurá river and the Amazon. It does not pass east of Ega, nor does it cross to the south of the Amazon, but keeps to - the forests of the low lands to the north of that boundary and south of the Japur.</p> + the forests of the low lands to the north of that boundary and south of the Japurá.</p> <div id="plateXVI"></div> @@ -6749,7 +6711,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) inundated during the greater part of the year, and is never known to descend to the ground; the shortness of its tail is, therefore, no sign of terrestrial habits, as it is in the Macaques and Baboons of the Old World.... It seems to be found in no other part of America than the banks of - the Japur near its mouth; and even there it is confined to the western side of the river. It + the Japurá near its mouth; and even there it is confined to the western side of the river. It lives in small troops amongst the crowns of the lofty trees, living on fruits of various kinds. Hunters say it is very nimble in its motions, but it is not much given to leaping, preferring to run up and down the larger boughs in travelling from tree to tree. The mother, as in other species @@ -6758,7 +6720,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) distance after being pierced, and it requires an experienced hunter to track them. He is considered the most expert who can keep pace with a wounded one and catch it in his arms when it falls exhausted. A pinch of salt, the antidote to the poison, is then put in its mouth, and the - creature revives.... Adult Uakars, caught in the way just described, very rarely become tame. + creature revives.... Adult Uakarís, caught in the way just described, very rarely become tame. They are peevish and sulky, resisting all attempts to coax them, and biting anyone who ventures within reach. They have no particular cry, even when in their native woods; in captivity they are quite silent. In the course of a few days or weeks, if not carefully attended to, they fall into a @@ -6767,7 +6729,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) including the flabby cheeks, which hang down below the jaws. <span class="pagenum" id="page180">{180}</span>The animal, in this condition, looks at a short distance as though someone had laid a thick coat of red paint on its countenance.... After seeing much of the morose - disposition of the Uakar, I was not a little surprised one day, at a friend's house, to find an + disposition of the Uakarí, I was not a little surprised one day, at a friend's house, to find an extremely lively and familiar individual of the species. It ran from an inner chamber straight towards me after I had sat down on a chair, climbed my legs and nestled in my lap, turning round and looking up with the usual Monkey's grin after it had made itself comfortable. It was a young @@ -6784,7 +6746,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) title="Fig. 8."/></a> <div class="smaller ac"> <p>Fig. 8.</p> - <p>Map of part of the basin of the Amazons to show the distribution of the Uakar Monkeys. + <p>Map of part of the basin of the Amazons to show the distribution of the Uakarí Monkeys. (Forbes, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 647.)</p> <table class="mc w67" title="Meaning of shading" summary="Meaning of shading"> <tr> @@ -6806,7 +6768,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) </div> </div> - <p>In reference to the singularly restricted range of these Uakars, Mr. Wallace's observations in + <p>In reference to the singularly restricted range of these Uakarís, Mr. Wallace's observations in his paper "On the Monkeys of the Amazon," before the Zoological Society of London, are of great interest.</p> @@ -6885,11 +6847,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) other toes, its nail flat <span class="pagenum" id="page184">{184}</span>and pointed; nails of the other toes long, curved, and compressed.</p> - <p><b>Distribution.</b>—Mr. Bates states that the "Parauac," as this Monkey is called by + <p><b>Distribution.</b>—Mr. Bates states that the "Parauacú," as this Monkey is called by the natives of its own country, is found on the "terra firma" lands of the north shore of the Solimoens, or Upper Amazon, from Tunantins to Peru. It exists also on the south side of the river - on the banks of the Teff, but there under a changed form, which differs from its type in colours, - as much as the red differs from the white Uakar. This variety is Dr. Gray's <i>Pithecia + on the banks of the Teffé, but there under a changed form, which differs from its type in colours, + as much as the red differs from the white Uakarí. This variety is Dr. Gray's <i>Pithecia albicans</i>.</p> <p class="sp3"><b>Habits.</b>—The Hairy Saki is a very timid and inoffensive animal, and is @@ -6903,7 +6865,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) friend's household than himself.... The eager and passionate <i>Cebi</i> seem to take the lead of all the South American Monkeys in intelligence and docility, and the Coaita, one of the Spider-Monkeys (<i>Ateles paniscus</i>), has, perhaps, the most gentle and impressionable - disposition; but the Parauac, although a dull, cheerless animal, excels all in this quality of + disposition; but the Parauacú, although a dull, cheerless animal, excels all in this quality of capability of attachment to individuals of our own species, nor is it wanting in intelligence."</p> @@ -6924,10 +6886,10 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><i>Pithecia ochrocephala</i>, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 44 (1820, = young).</p> <p><i>Pithecia rufibarbata</i>, Kuhl, t. c. p. 44 (1820).</p> <p><i>Pithecia capillamentosa</i>, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras., p. 16, pl. 11 (1823).</p> - <p><i>Pithecia rufiventer</i>, Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 55 (1851); Gray, Cat. Monkeys - Brit. Mus., p. 60 (part, 1870); Wagner, Abhandl. Akad. Mnch., v., pt. 2, p 436 (1848: = + <p><i>Pithecia rufiventer</i>, Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 55 (1851); Gray, Cat. Monkeys + Brit. Mus., p. 60 (part, 1870); Wagner, Abhandl. Akad. Münch., v., pt. 2, p 436 (1848: = ♀).</p> - <p><i>Pithecia chrysocephala</i>, Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 55 (1851).</p> + <p><i>Pithecia chrysocephala</i>, Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 55 (1851).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Pithecia pogonias</i>, Gray, Voy. Sulphur, p. 13, pl. 2 (1844).</p> </div> @@ -7031,7 +6993,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp3"> <p><i>Pithecia albinasa</i>, Is. Geoffr. et Dev., C. R., xxvii., p. 498 (1848); id., Arch. Mus., - v., p. 559 (1845); Gervais in Castelnau, Expd. Am. Sud, ii., p. 16, fig. 2 (1855); Scl., P. Z. + v., p. 559 (1845); Gervais in Castelnau, Expéd. Am. Sud, ii., p. 16, fig. 2 (1855); Scl., P. Z. S., 1881, p. 258, pl. xxix.</p> <p><i>Chiropotes albinasa</i>, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 61 (1870).</p> <p class="sp0 ac">(<i>Plate XVII.</i>)</p> @@ -7066,7 +7028,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) the Paris Museum remained unique in Europe from 1848 till 1881, when a living specimen was brought to the Zoological Gardens in London.</p> - <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">THE HOWLERS. SUB-FAMILY MYCETIN.</p> + <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">THE HOWLERS. SUB-FAMILY MYCETINÆ.</p> <p>This sub-family embraces only one genus, which is very distinct from all the others. The Howlers are the largest of the South American Apes, and are characterised by their thick unwieldy @@ -7130,7 +7092,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) ALOUATTA.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p><i>Alouatta</i>, Lacp., Mm. Inst., iii., p. 490 (1801).</p> + <p><i>Alouatta</i>, Lacép., Mém. Inst., iii., p. 490 (1801).</p> <p><i>Mycetes</i>, Illig., Prodr. Syst. Mamm., p. 70 (1811).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Stentor</i>, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 107 (1812).</p> </div> @@ -7173,15 +7135,15 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Simia seniculus</i>, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 37 (1766).</p> - <p><i>Alouatta seniculus</i>, Lacp., Mm. de l'Inst., iii., p. 489 (1800).</p> + <p><i>Alouatta seniculus</i>, Lacép., Mém. de l'Inst., iii., p. 489 (1800).</p> <p><i>Stentor ursina</i> (nec fig.), Humb. and Bonpl., Obs. Zool., v., p. 354 (1811).</p> - <p><i>Mycetes seniculus</i>, Illig., Prod. Syst. Mamm., p. 70 (1811); Geoffr., Cat. Mth. + <p><i>Mycetes seniculus</i>, Illig., Prod. Syst. Mamm., p. 70 (1811); Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 52 (1851); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 156 (1876); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 39 (1870, part.).</p> <p><i>Stentor seniculus</i>, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 108 (1812).</p> <p><i>Mycetes stramineus</i>, Spix, Sim. et Vespert., Bras., p. 45, pl. 31 (1823; nec Geoffr.).</p> - <p><i>Mycetes chrysurus</i>, Geoffr., Mm. Mus., xvii., p. 66 (1829).</p> + <p><i>Mycetes chrysurus</i>, Geoffr., Mém. Mus., xvii., p. 66 (1829).</p> <p><i>Mycetes auratus</i>, Gray, Ann. N. H., xvi., p. 220 (1845); id. Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 40 (1870).</p> <p><i>Mycetes laniger</i>, Gray, Ann. N. H., xvi, p. 219 (1845); id. Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. @@ -7197,7 +7159,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>The hair of the body is soft. The tail varies in colour in individual specimens, being sometimes, at its termination, of the same colour as the back, and sometimes bright golden-yellow. - The <i>mamm</i> are occasionally situated in the <i>axill</i> (or arm-pits). Length of body, 19 + The <i>mammæ</i> are occasionally situated in the <i>axillæ</i> (or arm-pits). Length of body, 19½ inches; tail, 20 inches.</p> <p><b>Young.</b>—Of the same colour as the parents, only a little darker, the hair hard and @@ -7310,8 +7272,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><b>Characters.</b>—Black, slightly washed with yellow on the under side of the body and inner side of the limbs; hairs of the body soft, brown at the roots, black at the tips; hands and feet variable, reddish-yellow or reddish-brown, or grey, or black. Upper surface and tip of the - tail, spot in front of the ears, and on the knees, reddish-yellow. Length of the body, 17 inches; - tail, 18 inches.</p> + tail, spot in front of the ears, and on the knees, reddish-yellow. Length of the body, 17½ inches; + tail, 18½ inches.</p> <p>This species differs from the Black Howler (<i>A. nigra</i>) by the <span class="pagenum" id="page198">{198}</span>brown colour of the roots of the hair; and from the species next to be @@ -7335,7 +7297,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) 43, pl. 30 (1823).</p> <p><i>Mycetes bicolor</i>, Gray, Ann. N. H., xvi., p. 214 (1845); id. Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 40 (1870).</p> - <p><i>Mycetes ursinus</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 55 (part., 1851); Gray, Cat. + <p><i>Mycetes ursinus</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 55 (part., 1851); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 39 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 155 (1876).</p> <p><i>Aluatta ursina</i>, Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1862, p. 517.</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Mycetes flavicauda</i>, Schl., t. c. p. 147 (part., 1876).</p> @@ -7390,7 +7352,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) forest-clad slopes which stretch towards the Pacific Ocean. In the former region it is found at various altitudes over a wide expanse of country. I have heard its cry on the shores of the lake of Yzabal; and all through the denser forests of the valley of the River Polochic it is very - common, from the steep mountain road which lies between the upland village of Purul and S. + common, from the steep mountain road which lies between the upland village of Purulá and S. Miguel-Tucuru, and especially in the wilderness of uninhabited forest, which stretches from Teleman to the lake of Yzabal. In the unbroken forest-country which occupies the whole of the northern portion of Vera Paz, from Coban and Cahabon to the confines of Peten, it is also @@ -7451,7 +7413,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) few, short and grey; those of the fore neck lengthening into a short beard. General colour brownish-black; middle of back and <span class="pagenum" id="page203">{203}</span>upper part of sides, yellowish-brown; lower part of sides brownish-yellow, lengthened into a mantle; arms, legs, - and tail black. Length, 19 inches; tail, 20.</p> + and tail black. Length, 19½ inches; tail, 20¾.</p> <p>The late Mr. Alston, in describing the Mammals of Central America, in Messrs. Godman and Salvin's monumental work, "Biologia Centrali-Americana," observes that "this Howler presents @@ -7477,9 +7439,9 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page204">{204}</span></div> <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">THE CAPUCHINS AND SPIDER-MONKEYS. SUB-FAMILY - CEBIN.</p> + CEBINÆ.</p> - <p>We now come to describe the remaining Monkeys of the New World. The <i>Cebin</i> are + <p>We now come to describe the remaining Monkeys of the New World. The <i>Cebinæ</i> are characterised by having the incisors vertical, not procumbent; they have no inflated hyoid bone as in the foregoing Sub-family. The tail in all is long and prehensile, although in some species it is a less perfect grasping organ, being clothed with hair to the tip, instead of being there naked @@ -7488,8 +7450,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp3">This Sub-family contains four genera: the Capuchins (<i>Cebus</i>); The Woolly Monkeys (<i>Lagothrix</i>); the Woolly Spider-Monkeys (<i>Eriodes</i>); and the Spider-Monkeys (<i>Ateles</i>). The species belonging to these genera are very numerous, and are found over the - whole region from Mexico in the north, to Paraguay and Bolivia in the south, or from about 25 N. - lat., to 30 S. lat.</p> + whole region from Mexico in the north, to Paraguay and Bolivia in the south, or from about 25° N. + lat., to 30° S. lat.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="smaller">THE CAPUCHINS. GENUS CEBUS.</span></p> @@ -7525,7 +7487,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp3">F. Cuvier observes in his "Histoire Naturelle des Mammiferes," that of all the Quadrumana—indeed, of all the Mammals—there are none so difficult to characterise as the Capuchins of America, whose colours vary almost with every individual. No two authors agree in - the number of species the genus contains. Brisson recognised three, Linnus four, Gmelin six, + the number of species the genus contains. Brisson recognised three, Linnæus four, Gmelin six, Buffon two, and George Cuvier supposed it possible that they all belonged to but one species. Two causes help to produce this diversity of opinion; one is, as remarked above, the natural disposition which these animals have to vary, and to become lighter or darker in colour according @@ -7543,7 +7505,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) CEBUS HYPOLEUCUS.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p><i>Sa gorge blanche</i>, Buffon, Hist. Nat. Mamm., p. 64, pl. 15, fig. 9 (1767); Fr. Cuv., + <p><i>Saï á gorge blanche</i>, Buffon, Hist. Nat. Mamm., p. 64, pl. 15, fig. 9 (1767); Fr. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., livr. xvi.; Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes, fam. v., sect. 2, pl. 5 (1797).</p> <p><i>Simia hypoleuca</i>, Humb., Obs. Zool., i., p. 337 (1811); Pucher., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. (2), 1857, p. 348.</p> @@ -7562,7 +7524,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page207">{207}</span></div> <p>Older individuals have the head longer than the younger ones, and the shoulders yellowish - instead of white. Length of the body, 13 inches; of the tail, 17 inches.</p> + instead of white. Length of the body, 13½ inches; of the tail, 17 inches.</p> <p><b>Distribution.</b>—This species was discovered by Humboldt in the low lands of Colombia. From Colombia its range extends north to Nicaragua. It has been obtained in Veragua, in @@ -7597,7 +7559,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Cebus lunatus</i> (Sajou cornu), male; F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., pl. 70 (nec Kuhl).</p> - <p><i>Cebus vellerosus</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 44 (1851, pt.).</p> + <p><i>Cebus vellerosus</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 44 (1851, pt.).</p> <p><i>Cebus leucogenys</i>, Gray, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 824, pl. xlv.; id. Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 48 (1870).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Cebus frontatus</i>, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 206 (1876).</p> @@ -7628,14 +7590,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page209">{209}</span></div> <p><i>Cebus albus</i>, Geoffr., t. c. p. 112 (albino).</p> <p><i>Cebus flavus</i>, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 112 (1812); Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 33 - (1820); d'Orbig., Voy. Amr. Mrid., iv., Mamm., p. 1, pl. 3 (1847); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., + (1820); d'Orbig., Voy. Amér. Mérid., iv., Mamm., p. 1, pl. 3 (1847); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 204 (1876).</p> <p><i>Cebus gracilis</i>, Spix, Sim. et Vespert., Bras., p. 8, pl. 5 (1823, young).</p> <p><i>Cebus libidinosus</i>, Spix, t. c. p. 5, pl. 2 (1823).</p> <p><i>Cebus unicolor</i>, Spix, t. c. p. 7, pl. 4 (1823).</p> - <p><i>Simia flavia</i>, Schreb., Sugeth., pl. 31<span class="smaller">B</span> (1840).</p> + <p><i>Simia flavia</i>, Schreb., Säugeth., pl. 31<span class="smaller">B</span> (1840).</p> <p><i>Cebus elegans</i>, Is. Geoffr., C. R., xxxi., p. 875 (1850).</p> - <p><i>Caiarra branca</i>, Bates, Nat. Amaz., ii., p. 100 (1863).</p> + <p><i>Caiarára branca</i>, Bates, Nat. Amaz., ii., p. 100 (1863).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Cebus pallidus</i>, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 49 (1870).</p> </div> @@ -7656,12 +7618,12 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Cebus monachus</i>, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mammif., livr. xix. (1820).</p> - <p><i>Le Sa a grosse tte</i>, male, F. Cuvier, <i>loc. cit.</i></p> + <p><i>Le Saï a grosse tête</i>, male, F. Cuvier, <i>loc. cit.</i></p> <p><i>Cebus xanthocephalus</i>, Spix, Sim. et Vespert., Bras., p. 6, pl. 3 (1823); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 50 (1870).</p> <p><i>Cebus cucullatus</i>, Spix, t. c. p. 9, pl. 6 (1823).</p> <div><span class="pagenum" id="page210">{210}</span></div> - <p><i>Cebus olivaceus</i>, Wagner in Schreb. Sugeth., Suppl., v., p, 87, pl. 8 (1855).</p> + <p><i>Cebus olivaceus</i>, Wagner in Schreb. Säugeth., Suppl., v., p, 87, pl. 8 (1855).</p> <p><i>Cebus variegatus</i>, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 208 (1876).</p> <p class="sp0 ac">(<i>Plate XIX.</i>)</p> </div> @@ -7682,7 +7644,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><b>Distribution.</b>—Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Paraguay (?); Guiana.</p> <p><b>Habits.</b>—Little is known of the habits of this species; but F. Cuvier, who had one - under his care in the "Mnagerie Royale," in Paris, remarks that it had the confiding disposition + under his care in the "Ménagerie Royale," in Paris, remarks that it had the confiding disposition characteristic of the Capuchins, although very timid. It exhibited a great desire to be caressed, was very affectionate and most intelligent. Its physiognomy, however, he says, was involuntarily repellent, being one that, among ourselves, would indicate a person steeped in ignorance and @@ -7775,7 +7737,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Cebus robustus</i>, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 35 (1820, ex Neuwied MSS.); Is. Geoffr., Cat. - Mth. Primates, p. 43 (1851); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 51 (1870).</p> + Méth. Primates, p. 43 (1851); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 51 (1870).</p> <div><span class="pagenum" id="page213">{213}</span></div> <p><i>Cebus frontatus</i>, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 34 (1820); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 206 (1876, part).</p> @@ -7809,7 +7771,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Simia albifrons</i>, Humb., Obs. Zool., p. 323 (1811).</p> - <p><i>Cebus chrysopes</i> (Le Sajou pieds dors), Fr. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mammif., pl. 51 + <p><i>Cebus chrysopes</i> (Le Sajou à pieds dorés), Fr. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mammif., pl. 51 (part.).</p> <p><i>Cebus albifrons</i>, Is. Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 111 (1812); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 50 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 195 (1876, part.)</p> @@ -7860,9 +7822,9 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><i>Simia capucina</i>, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 42 (1766).</p> <p><i>Cebus capucinus</i>, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 111 (1812); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 49 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 19 (1876).</p> - <p><i>Cebus nigrovittatus</i>, Wagner, Acad. Mnch., v., p. 430 (1847, ex Natt. MSS.).</p> + <p><i>Cebus nigrovittatus</i>, Wagner, Acad. Münch., v., p. 430 (1847, ex Natt. MSS.).</p> <p><i>Cebus olivaceus</i>, Schomb., Reis. Brit. Guiana, ii., p. 246, et iii., p. 770 (1848).</p> - <p><i>Cebus castaneus</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 46 (1851).</p> + <p><i>Cebus castaneus</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 46 (1851).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Cebus versicolor</i>, Pucher., Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1857, p. 346 (part).</p> </div> @@ -7876,14 +7838,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><b>Habits.</b>—This Capuchin wanders about among the high forest trees in small companies of from ten to a dozen, the larger number being females. It is very timid, and keeps well out of - sight, so that it is difficult to watch its habits. Rengger, in his "Sugethiere von Paraguay," + sight, so that it is difficult to watch its habits. Rengger, in his "Säugethiere von Paraguay," had more than once an excellent opportunity of observing these interesting Monkeys, and has given a capital account of them. He specially mentions the great affection the mother has for her offspring. "The mother's love," he says, "shows itself by the great care with which every old one handles her young, by laying them on the breast, by watching them, by searching their fur, and by the attacks they make on any intruder." In January the female gives birth to a single young one, and keeps it at her breast for the first week; later on she carries it partly on her back, partly - under her arm. When sleeping the Weeping ai curls itself up, covering its face with its arms and + under her arm. When sleeping the Weeping Çai curls itself up, covering its face with its arms and tail.</p> <p>The leader of a troop shares his feelings with the others by various motions, and by giving @@ -7904,7 +7866,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) CEBUS VELLEROSUS.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p><i>Cebus vellerosus</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 44 (1851, part.); Gray, Cat. + <p><i>Cebus vellerosus</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 44 (1851, part.); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 49 (1870).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Cebus frontatus</i>, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 206 (1876, part.).</p> </div> @@ -7941,7 +7903,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Cebus chrysopes</i>, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm., pl. 51 (part.).</p> - <p><i>Cebus chrysopus</i>, Fischer, Syn. Mamm., p. 51 (1829); Is. Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, + <p><i>Cebus chrysopus</i>, Fischer, Syn. Mamm., p. 51 (1829); Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 47 (1851); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 51 (1870).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Cebus albifrons</i>, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 195 (1876, part.).</p> </div> @@ -7985,11 +7947,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp3"><b>Distribution.</b>—Brazil.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">XVII. AZARA'S CAPUCHIN. CEBUS - AZAR.</span></p> + AZARÆ.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p>"<i>Le Cay</i>," Azara, Essais Hist. Nat. Quadr. Prov. Paraguay, ii., p. 230 (1801).</p> - <p class="sp0"><i>Cebus azar</i>, Rengger, Naturg. Sugeth., Paraguay, p. 26 (1830).</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Cebus azaræ</i>, Rengger, Naturg. Säugeth., Paraguay, p. 26 (1830).</p> </div> <p><b>Characters.</b>—Top of head black, with a band of the same colour passing in front of @@ -8025,7 +7987,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><b>Characters.</b>—In colour closely resembling <i>C. fatuellus</i>, but the hair is longer all over, silky, and of a dusky hue, especially on the hinder part of the body. The lumbar - vertebr are four in number, and there are also fourteen pairs of ribs.</p> + vertebræ are four in number, and there are also fourteen pairs of ribs.</p> <p class="sp3"><b>Distribution.</b>—Unknown.</p> @@ -8043,7 +8005,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>The name <i>Lagothrix</i> was given by Humboldt to the first specimen he found, because of the similarity of its fur to that <span class="pagenum" id="page221">{221}</span>of the hare, and - hence this name, from <span title="lags" class="fsn">λαγώς</span>, + hence this name, from <span title="lagôs" class="fsn">λαγώς</span>, a hare, and <span title="thrix, trichos" class="fsn">θρίξ, τρῐχὸς</span>, hair, was adopted for the new genus, which was afterwards established by Geoffroy St. Hilaire.</p> @@ -8116,7 +8078,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page223">{223}</span></div> - <p><b>Distribution.</b>—This Monkey was discovered by Humboldt on the Guaviar, a branch of + <p><b>Distribution.</b>—This Monkey was discovered by Humboldt on the Guaviaré, a branch of the Orinoco river. It occurs in the Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia, where it is known as the "Churuco" river. Its true habitat is the district south-west of the Rio Negro towards the Andes. It is unknown in the Lower Amazon Region.</p> @@ -8128,7 +8090,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) Its manners in captivity are grave, and its temper, according to Mr. Bates, is mild and confiding, like that of the Coaitas, or Spider-Monkeys. Owing to these traits, the Barrigudo is much sought after as a pet; but it is not hardy like the Coaitas, and seldom survives a passage down the river - to Par. Nevertheless, the Zoological Society has had a considerable number of these Monkeys in + to Pará. Nevertheless, the Zoological Society has had a considerable number of these Monkeys in confinement during the past twenty years. Mr. Bates also states that it is much persecuted by the natives on account of the excellence of its flesh as food. "From information given me," he says, "by a collector of birds and mammals whom I employed, and who resided a long time among the Tacuna @@ -8147,7 +8109,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) Zool., p. 299 (1857); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 164 (1876).</p> <p><i>Lagothrix geoffroyi</i>, Schinz, Synops. Mamm., i., p. 72 (1844).</p> <p><i>Lagothrix castelnaui</i>, Is. Geoffr. et Deville, C.R., xxvii., p. 498 (1848); Casteln., - Voy. Amr. Sud, Zool., p. 5, pl. 1.</p> + Voy. Amér. Sud, Zool., p. 5, pl. 1.</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Lagothrix infumatus</i>, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 46 (1870); Scl., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 219 (Note).</p> </div> @@ -8212,9 +8174,9 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><i>Ateles hypoxanthus</i>, Desm., Mamm., p. 75 (1820); Neuwied, apud Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 25 (1820); Schl., t. c. p. 185 (1876, part.).</p> <p><i>Brachyteles macrotarsus</i>, Spix, Sim. et Vespert., Bras., p. 36, pl. 17 (1823).</p> - <p><i>Eriodes hemidactylus</i> and <i>E. tuberifer</i>, Geoffr., Mm. Mus., xvii., pp. 161, 163 + <p><i>Eriodes hemidactylus</i> and <i>E. tuberifer</i>, Geoffr., Mém. Mus., xvii., pp. 161, 163 (1828).</p> - <p><i>Eriodes arachnoides</i>, Geoffr., Mm. Mus., t. c. p. 160 (1828).</p> + <p><i>Eriodes arachnoides</i>, Geoffr., Mém. Mus., t. c. p. 160 (1828).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Brachyteles arachnoides</i>, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 45 (1870).</p> </div> @@ -8255,8 +8217,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp0"><i>Ateles</i>, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., vii., p. 262 (1806).</p> </div> - <p>This is the fourth remaining genus of the <i>Cebin</i>, the last Sub-family of the - <i>Cebid</i>. With the description of the Spider-Monkeys, therefore, we shall have passed in + <p>This is the fourth remaining genus of the <i>Cebinæ</i>, the last Sub-family of the + <i>Cebidæ</i>. With the description of the Spider-Monkeys, therefore, we shall have passed in review all the species of the New World Platyrrhine section of the <i>Anthropoidea</i>. The species of this group derive their trivial name from their long and slender limbs; the name applied to them, however, in their native forests by the Indians of Brazil is "Coaita." They are @@ -8279,7 +8241,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>With regard to the skeleton of <i>Ateles</i>, the lumbar region of the vertebral column is short, and the dorsal segment attains a greater relative length than in any other Ape, being over nine-twentieths of the total length of the spine, without the tail. (<i>Mivart.</i>) The dorsal - and lumbar vertebr together number eighteen. In the tail there are twenty-three vertebr, + and lumbar vertebræ together number eighteen. In the tail there are twenty-three vertebræ, flattened on the under side, and exceptionally provided with bony processes, serving as points for the attachment of muscles for rendering it as efficient a prehensile organ as possible. The length of the whole arm and hand in <i>Ateles</i>, in proportion to that of the spine, is 174 to 100; but @@ -8342,12 +8304,12 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page231">{231}</span></div> - <p>The Coaitas are like the rest of the <i>Cebid</i>, essentially quadrupedal, but they + <p>The Coaitas are like the rest of the <i>Cebidæ</i>, essentially quadrupedal, but they occasionally assume the erect posture. They are purely arboreal in habit, living in small companies in the very high trees of the forest.</p> <p class="sp3">Their geographical distribution is very wide. They extend over the whole area of - the <i>Cebid</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, over two of the sub-regions, the Brazilian and Mexican, of the + the <i>Cebidæ</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, over two of the sub-regions, the Brazilian and Mexican, of the Neotropical Region.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">I. THE VARIEGATED @@ -8355,8 +8317,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Ateles marginatus</i> (nec Geoffr.), Humb. Obs. Zool., pp. 340, 354 (1811).</p> - <p><i>Ateles variegatus</i>, Wagner in Schreb., Sugeth., i., p. 313 (1840); id. Abhandl. Akad. - Mnch., v., p. 420 (1847); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1870, p. 668; 1871, pp. 39, 225; Gray, Ann. Nat. + <p><i>Ateles variegatus</i>, Wagner in Schreb., Säugeth., i., p. 313 (1840); id. Abhandl. Akad. + Münch., v., p. 420 (1847); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1870, p. 668; 1871, pp. 39, 225; Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. (4), vi. (1870), p. 472.</p> <p><i>Sapajou geoffroyi</i> (nec Kuhl), Slack, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1862, p. 511 [= ♂].</p> @@ -8384,12 +8346,12 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><b>Distribution.</b>—Chyavetas, Nauta, and Elvira in the Peruvian Amazons; Upper Rio Negro, Serra de Cocoi; Upper Cauca river, a southern confluent of the Orinoco; Venezuela. "This - species is found on both sides of the Peruvian Amazon (or Maraon), on both shores of the + species is found on both sides of the Peruvian Amazon (or Marañon), on both shores of the Huallaga, and in the interior forest near the town of Chamicuros. I was told by some of the oldest Indians that these animals are common in the dense forest on the hills near the latter town, their range extending between the Huallaga river and Ucayali river to the head-waters of the Huallaga, - between the towns of Lamas and Sarayau.... Then again on the Rio Tigri ... and over the - head-waters of the Rio Napo, Rio Japur and Rio Negro, where Natterer first discovered it." + between the towns of Lamas and Sarayaçu.... Then again on the Rio Tigri ... and over the + head-waters of the Rio Napo, Rio Japurâ and Rio Negro, where Natterer first discovered it." (<i>Bartlett.</i>)</p> <p class="sp3"><b>Habits.</b>—This Monkey, the "Chuva de Baracamorros" of <span @@ -8503,7 +8465,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) the inner surface of the limbs. Thumbs entirely wanting.</p> <p>Differs from <i>A. geoffroyi</i> by its flesh-coloured face and by the two colours of the upper - and under sides being clearly defined. Length of body, 12 inches; of tail, 15 inches.</p> + and under sides being clearly defined. Length of body, 12 inches; of tail, 15½ inches.</p> <p><b>Distribution.</b>—This species was first discovered on the Atrato river, in Northern Colombia, and has since been found in Panama.</p> @@ -8528,7 +8490,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) but differing in the naked and flesh-coloured <span class="pagenum" id="page238">{238}</span>face. Hairs of forehead long and projecting anteriorly; tail one-quarter longer than the body; hands generally entirely lacking the thumbs, though sometimes a rudimentary thumb is present, and that - occasionally on one hand only. Naked portion of tail covered with sensory papill, rendering it + occasionally on one hand only. Naked portion of tail covered with sensory papillæ, rendering it more sensitive, so it is said, than the hand. Length of body, 24 inches; tail, 30 inches. The skull in some specimens of the thumbed variety is compressed laterally, and shows a sagittal crest along the top.</p> @@ -8558,7 +8520,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><i>Ateles marginatus</i> (nec Humb.), Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xiii., p. 92, pl. 10 (1809); Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., p. 24 (1820); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 43 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 174 (1876).</p> - <p><i>Coaita front blanc, femelle</i>, Fr. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., livr. lxii. (Avril, + <p><i>Coaita à front blanc, femelle</i>, Fr. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mamm., livr. lxii. (Avril, 1830).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Ateles frontalis</i>, Bennett, P. Z. S., 1831, p. 38.</p> </div> @@ -8570,7 +8532,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) the nose, and the whiskers, white.</p> <p>A specimen in the British Museum has four pre-molars in each upper jaw, instead of the normal - three of the <i>Cebid</i>.</p> + three of the <i>Cebidæ</i>.</p> <p><b>Distribution.</b>—This species was discovered by Humboldt on the banks of the Santiago river. Mr. Bates says "it is never met with in the alluvial plains of the Amazons," nor, he @@ -8694,7 +8656,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) a blackish hue. Hair on back black, intermingled with numerous others which are yellowish-grey in colour; crown and back of head, hands, and feet black—the hairs black throughout. Nude part of tail flesh-coloured. The hands have a rudiment of a thumb in the shape of a small tubercle. - Length of body, 14 inches; of tail, 27 inches.</p> + Length of body, 14½ inches; of tail, 27½ inches.</p> <p class="sp3"><b>Distribution.</b>—The Hooded Spider-Monkey is very rare, and very different from any other member of its group in regard to the hair of its head. Its native country @@ -8744,8 +8706,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) nor, indeed, with any other Monkey, on the Pacific slope of the Great Cordillera in Oaxaca, and that, as far as he could learn, Monkeys are to be found on the western coast only south of Tehuantepec." This species is the only Spider-Monkey certainly known to range as far north as - Mexico. According to M. Sall, the most northern locality for Monkeys with which he was - acquainted, was in the State of San-Louis Potosi, about 23 N. latitude, on the upper part of the + Mexico. According to M. Sallé, the most northern locality for Monkeys with which he was + acquainted, was in the State of San-Louis Potosi, about 23° N. latitude, on the upper part of the basin of the Tampico river. (<i>Alston.</i>)</p> <p><b>Habits.</b>—The Mexican Spider-Monkey is, like the foregoing members of the genus, @@ -8764,7 +8726,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>Now that we have passed in review the whole of the Anthropoid species inhabiting the New World, a short account of the regions to which they are confined will be of some interest. The most northern limit of Monkeys is, as mentioned above, the State of San-Louis Potosi, about the - latitude of 23 North. Their most southern limit attains to nearly 25 of South latitude. They are + latitude of 23° North. Their most southern limit attains to nearly 25° of South latitude. They are now confined to the Mexican and Brazilian sub-regions of what has been defined as the Neotropical Region, by Dr. A. R. Wallace, in his great work, "The Geographical Distribution of Animals." The Mexican sub-region belongs to the Neotropical Region, one of those six great areas into which the @@ -8796,7 +8758,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) of the Orinoko. Unbroken forest also covers the country from Panama southwards by the Magdalena Valley along the western aspect of the <span class="pagenum" id="page248">{248}</span>Andes to Guayaquil. There is a very arid tract on the northeast coast of Brazil; but south of Cape San - Roque the coast forests extend to 30 south latitude, "clothing all the valleys and hill-sides as + Roque the coast forests extend to 30° south latitude, "clothing all the valleys and hill-sides as far inland as the higher mountain ranges, and even penetrating up the great valleys far into the interior. To the south-west the forest country reappears in Paraguay, and extends in patches and partly wooded country till it almost reaches the southern extension of the Amazonian forests. The @@ -8813,7 +8775,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) Guayaquil.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">THE BABOONS, GUEREZAS AND LANGURS. FAMILY - CERCOPITHECID.</p> + CERCOPITHECIDÆ.</p> <p>With the following account of the numerous species of the genera of this family, we come to consider the first section of the Old World, or Catarrhine<a id="NtA_14" @@ -8880,8 +8842,8 @@ by The Internet Archive) it remains unclosed throughout life. The foramen for the passage of the spinal-cord, and the condyles for the articulation of the skull with the neck, lie far back.</p> - <p>In the spinal column there are nineteen dorsal and lumbar vertebr together. The number of - caudal vertebr varies greatly; in some there are as many as thirty-one, in others only three. The + <p>In the spinal column there are nineteen dorsal and lumbar vertebræ together. The number of + caudal vertebræ varies greatly; in some there are as many as thirty-one, in others only three. The posterior ends of the ischiatic bones of the pelvis are rough, flattened, and broad, for the attachment of the fleshy callosities mentioned above.</p> @@ -8895,20 +8857,20 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p>The stomach is simple, or but very slightly sacculated, in those genera which possess cheek-pouches; but is tripartite—the middle compartment being sacculated—in those that have not store-pockets in their mouths, "a groove with raised edges leading from the - gullet-entrance to this middle compartment." The intestine has a ccum, or blind diverticulum. + gullet-entrance to this middle compartment." The intestine has a cæcum, or blind diverticulum. "When laryngeal air-sacs are developed, they are formed by a single sac, with a median aperture—immediately beneath the epiglottis. This median air-sac is very large, extending down <span class="pagenum" id="page252">{252}</span>over the front of the neck, and sending [in - some genera] processes into the <i>axill</i>" or arm-pits. (<i>Huxley.</i>)</p> + some genera] processes into the <i>axillæ</i>" or arm-pits. (<i>Huxley.</i>)</p> <p>The main brain (or cerebrum) covers the cerebellum in all the members of the - <i>Cercopithecid</i>; and in them the principal convolutions and fissures found in the human + <i>Cercopithecidæ</i>; and in them the principal convolutions and fissures found in the human brain are more or less developed.</p> - <p class="sp3">The family <i>Cercopithecid</i> includes all the Old World Monkeys except the + <p class="sp3">The family <i>Cercopithecidæ</i> includes all the Old World Monkeys except the Anthropoid or true Apes, and Man, these latter constituting the two remaining families of the - <i>Anthropoidea</i>, namely <i>Simiid</i> and <i>Hominid</i>. The <i>Cercopithecid</i> have - been again divided into two Sub-families, the <i>Cercopithecin</i> and the <i>Semnopithecin</i>. + <i>Anthropoidea</i>, namely <i>Simiidæ</i> and <i>Hominidæ</i>. The <i>Cercopithecidæ</i> have + been again divided into two Sub-families, the <i>Cercopithecinæ</i> and the <i>Semnopithecinæ</i>. The first contains the Baboons (<i>Cynocephalus</i>), the Gelada Baboons (<i>Theropithecus</i>), the Mangabeys (<i>Cercocebus</i>) and the Guenons (<i>Cercopithecus</i>), all of which inhabit the African continent; and likewise the Black Apes (<i>Cynopithecus</i>) from Celebes, and the @@ -8918,7 +8880,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) (<i>Colobus</i>) of Africa.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;">THE BABOONS, MANGABEYS, AND MACAQUES. SUB-FAMILY - CERCOPITHECIN.</p> + CERCOPITHECINÆ.</p> <p class="sp3">This Sub-family is characterised by the presence, in all its members, of cheek-pouches, and a simple stomach. The tail is variable in length, being long or externally @@ -8934,7 +8896,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Papio</i>, Erxleb., Syst. Regne Anim., p. 15 (1777).</p> - <p class="sp0"><i>Cynocephalus</i>, Lacp., Mem. de l'Inst. iii., p. 490 (1801). Type, <i>P. + <p class="sp0"><i>Cynocephalus</i>, Lacép., Mem. de l'Inst. iii., p. 490 (1801). Type, <i>P. sphinx</i> (Geoffr.).</p> </div> @@ -9087,7 +9049,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) reduced by the great projection backward of the orbits. The cheek-bones enormously swollen along the side of the nose; in the neck a large air-sac. The back-bone has to some extent the peculiar double curve characteristic of the human vertebral column but in the conformation of certain of - their vertebr a similarity to the lower quadrupeds, especially to the Carnivora, is seen in the + their vertebræ a similarity to the lower quadrupeds, especially to the Carnivora, is seen in the Mandrill, in accordance with their quadrupedal mode of progression. The metacarpal bones, except that of the thumb, are all of the same length, while in the Man-like Apes they are unequal. The thumb is much restricted in its motions on account of the disposition of certain of the muscles of @@ -9116,14 +9078,14 @@ by The Internet Archive) are said to become still more vividly coloured.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">II. THE DRILL. PAPIO - LEUCOPHUS.</span></p> + LEUCOPHÆUS.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p><i>Simia leucopha</i>, F. Cuvier, Ann. Mus., ix., p. 477, pl. 37 (1807); id. Hist. Nat. + <p><i>Simia leucophæa</i>, F. Cuvier, Ann. Mus., ix., p. 477, pl. 37 (1807); id. Hist. Nat. Mamm., livr. iv., p. 637 (1807).</p> - <p><i>Papio leucopha</i>, Gray, List Mamm., Brit. Mus., p. 10 (1843).</p> - <p><i>Chropithecus leucophus</i>, Gray, Cat. Mamm., Brit. Mus., p. 35 (1870).</p> - <p><i>Papio leucophus</i>, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 131 (1876).</p> + <p><i>Papio leucophæa</i>, Gray, List Mamm., Brit. Mus., p. 10 (1843).</p> + <p><i>Chæropithecus leucophæus</i>, Gray, Cat. Mamm., Brit. Mus., p. 35 (1870).</p> + <p><i>Papio leucophæus</i>, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 131 (1876).</p> <p class="sp0 ac">(<i>Plate XXII.</i>)</p> </div> @@ -9175,7 +9137,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) DOGUERA.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p><i>Cynocephalus babouin</i>, Rpp., Neue Wirb. Sugeth., i., p. 7 (1835, in part).</p> + <p><i>Cynocephalus babouin</i>, Rüpp., Neue Wirb. Säugeth., i., p. 7 (1835, in part).</p> <p><i>Cynocephalus doguera</i>, Pucher. et Schimp., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, p. 96, 1857, p. 57.</p> <p><i>Cynocephalus porcarius</i>, Fitz. et Heugl., Syst. Uebers., 1866, p. 6; var. Gray, Cat. @@ -9279,7 +9241,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) Mus., iv., p. 419, pl. 19 (1818); id. Hist. Nat. Mamm., livr. iv. (1819); Is. Geoffr., Arch. Mus., ii., p. 579, pl. 34 (1841); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 35 (1870).</p> <p><i>Simia cynocephala</i>, Fischer, Synop. Mamm., p. 33 (1829).</p> - <p class="sp0"><i>Cynocephalus anubis</i>, var. Wagner in Schreb., Sugeth., Suppl., v., p. 63 + <p class="sp0"><i>Cynocephalus anubis</i>, var. Wagner in Schreb., Säugeth., Suppl., v., p. 63 (1855).</p> </div> @@ -9319,7 +9281,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div><span class="pagenum" id="page267">{267}</span></div> <p><i>Cynocephalus anubis</i>, Waterh., Mamm., Zool. Soc. Lond. (2), p. 8 (1838); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 34 (1870).</p> - <p><i>Cynocephalus olivaceus</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Mth. Primates, p. 34 (1851); id. Arch. + <p><i>Cynocephalus olivaceus</i>, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 34 (1851); id. Arch. Mus., v., p. 543, note (1848).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Papio anubis</i>, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 125 (1876).</p> </div> @@ -9357,7 +9319,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> <p><i>Cynocephalus thoth</i>, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1843, p. 11; Frazer, Zool. Typica, pl. 5; Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 35 (1870).</p> - <p><i>Cynocephalus babuin</i> (nec Desm.), Rpp., Neue Wirbelth. Sugeth., p. 7 (1835-1840).</p> + <p><i>Cynocephalus babuin</i> (nec Desm.), Rüpp., Neue Wirbelth. Säugeth., p. 7 (1835-1840).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>? Papio hamadryas</i>, Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 129, 1876, in part.</p> </div> @@ -9380,7 +9342,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><b>Distribution.</b>—Abyssinia.</p> <p class="sp3"><b>Habits.</b>—Little or nothing is known of this species. It was obtained in - Abyssinia by Dr. Rppell. A specimen was exhibited alive, however, in the Zoological Gardens of + Abyssinia by Dr. Rüppell. A specimen was exhibited alive, however, in the Zoological Gardens of London in 1843.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">VIII. THE EAST AFRICAN BABOON. @@ -9398,7 +9360,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) white, without any of its brighter yellow; the hairs on the crown of the head broadly ringed with black; the chin and throat whitish; hairs of the chest ringed with black and white; the belly black and dull fawn; the inner side of the fore-limbs like the chest, and of the hind-limbs - clearer and less ringed fawn-colour. Length of the body, 33 inches; of the tail 24 inches.</p> + clearer and less ringed fawn-colour. Length of the body, 33½ inches; of the tail 24 inches.</p> <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="x-smaller">IX. THE GUINEA BABOON. PAPIO SPHINX.</span></p> @@ -9450,7 +9412,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) of this strange action. He says that he was himself at first perplexed ... and was thus led carefully to observe several individuals of various other species of Monkeys, which he has long kept in his house. He finds that not only the Mandrill (<i>C. mormon</i>) but the Drill (<i>C. - leucophus</i>) and three other kinds of Baboons (<i>C. hamadryas</i>, <i>C. sphinx</i>, and <i>C. + leucophæus</i>) and three other kinds of Baboons (<i>C. hamadryas</i>, <i>C. sphinx</i>, and <i>C. babuin</i>) ... turn this part of their bodies, which in all these species is more or less brightly coloured, to him when they are pleased, and to other persons as a sort of greeting.... From these facts von Fischer concludes that the Monkeys which behaved in this manner before a @@ -9475,7 +9437,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><i>Cynocephalus hamadryas</i>, Fr. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammif., p. 129, pl. 46 (♂).</p> <p><i>Papio hamadryas</i>, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 103 (1812); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 129 (1876, in part).</p> - <p class="sp0"><i>Hamadryas gyptiaca</i>, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 34 (1870).</p> + <p class="sp0"><i>Hamadryas ægyptiaca</i>, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 34 (1870).</p> </div> <p><b>Characters.—Male.</b>—Size of a large Pointer Dog; muzzle long; nose slightly @@ -9496,7 +9458,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) part of the body ashy-grey, washed with greenish; whiskers greyish-white; hind part of body paler than the fore; forearms and legs greyish-black or almost black; under side of body greyish-white; tip of tail darker; callosities and neighbouring nude parts bright scarlet. Length of body, 26 - inches; of tail, 15 inches; height, when standing erect, 4 feet; when sitting, 2 feet.</p> + inches; of tail, 15 inches; height, when standing erect, 4 feet; when sitting, 2½ feet.</p> <p><b>Females and Young Males.</b>—Similar to adult males in coloration, but having no mane; the females of the same size as the males.</p> @@ -9558,7 +9520,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) </div> <p><b>Characters.</b>—Hair of back long and coarse; that of the hinder quarters shorter. - Length of body, 29 inches; of tail, 18 inches.</p> + Length of body, 29½ inches; of tail, 18 inches.</p> <p>General colour, dirty olive-grey—the hairs brown at the base, then yellowish-grey, ringed further up with black and yellowish-grey and tipped with black; the long and coarse hair <span @@ -9587,11 +9549,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) THEROPITHECUS GELADA.</span></p> <div class="bq1 sp0 it1 sp2"> - <p><i>Macacus gelada</i>, Rpp., Neue Wirbelth. Sugeth., p. 5, pl. 2 (1835); Schl., Mus. Pays + <p><i>Macacus gelada</i>, Rüpp., Neue Wirbelth. Säugeth., p. 5, pl. 2 (1835); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 107 (1876).</p> <p><i>Theropithecus gelada</i>, Is. Geoffr., Arch. Mus., ii., p. 576 (1841).</p> <p><i>Theropithecus senex</i>, Schimp. et Puch., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1857, p. 51.</p> - <p class="sp0"><i>Gelada rppellii</i>, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 33 (1870); Garrod, P. + <p class="sp0"><i>Gelada rüppellii</i>, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 33 (1870); Garrod, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 451.</p> </div> @@ -9602,7 +9564,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) mantle-like mane on the back of the neck and shoulders, where the hair is longest, down to the loins behind, and as far as the elbow joints in front; whiskers very long, directed backwards over the ears, and downwards from the corners of the mouth; no beard; chin nude; a patch on the chest - and one on the throat naked, separated from each other by a haired bar 1 inches broad; tail long, + and one on the throat naked, separated from each other by a haired bar 1½ inches broad; tail long, round, erect for its basal third, then falling straight down as in other Baboons, and terminating in a long thick tuft.</p> @@ -9612,7 +9574,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) tuft) black; tail-tuft brownish-black, with a few white hairs; abdomen paler brown than the hair generally, though still dark; hair bordering the nude chest-spaces iron-grey from the presence of numerous short grey and white hairs; nipples close together on the lower nude chest-space; nails - of hands longer than those of the feet. Length of the body, 29 inches; of tail, 24 inches; to tip + of hands longer than those of the feet. Length of the body, 29 inches; of tail, 24¾ inches; to tip of terminal tuft, 32 inches.</p> <p>Skull shorter than in <i>Cynocephalus</i>; canine teeth very large; posterior lower molars with @@ -9695,7 +9657,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) returns to its own headquarters.</p> <p>Their cry is a sharp bark, but that of the old males is very hoarse. One of their great enemies - is the Lmmergeier or Bearded Vulture.</p> + is the Lämmergeier or Bearded Vulture.</p> <p class="sp3">These observations have been extracted from the account given of this species by von Heuglin, who discovered it during his Abyssinian expedition in 1853.</p> @@ -9718,11 +9680,11 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p><i>Cynocephalus niger</i>, Desm., Mamm., p. 534 (1820).</p> <p><i>Macacus niger</i>, Bennett, Gard, and Menag. Zool. Soc., p. 189, with figure (1830); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 119 (1876).</p> - <p><i>Cynopithecus niger</i>, Is. Geoffr., in Blanger's Voyage, p. 66 (1834); Lesson, Quadrum., + <p><i>Cynopithecus niger</i>, Is. Geoffr., in Bélanger's Voyage, p. 66 (1834); Lesson, Quadrum., p. 101 (1840); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 33 (1870).</p> - <p><i>Papio niger</i> et <i>P. nigrescens</i>, Temm., Possess. Nerl. Ind., iii., p. 111 + <p><i>Papio niger</i> et <i>P. nigrescens</i>, Temm., Possess. Néerl. Ind., iii., p. 111 (1847).</p> - <p><i>Cynopithecus niger</i>, vel <i>nigrescens</i>, Wagner in Schreb., Sugeth. Suppl., v., p. + <p><i>Cynopithecus niger</i>, vel <i>nigrescens</i>, Wagner in Schreb., Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 61, tab. 6 (1855).</p> <p class="sp0"><i>Cynopithecus nigrescens</i>, Wallace, Malay Arch., i., p. 432 (1869).</p> </div> @@ -9789,7 +9751,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="sp3">While this volume was passing through the press, a valuable paper by Messrs. Oldfield Thomas and Ernst Hartert has appeared in the Hon. Walter Rothschild's Journal "Novitates - Zoologic." It deals with the Mammalia collected in the Natuna Islands by Mr. Alfred Everett, and + Zoologicæ." It deals with the Mammalia collected in the Natuna Islands by Mr. Alfred Everett, and the following additional notes must be recorded.</p> <p class="ac">p. <a href="#page20">20</a>. TARSIUS TARSIUS.</p> @@ -9806,7 +9768,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <p class="ac">p. <a href="#page33">33</a>. NYCTICEBUS TARDIGRADUS.</p> <p class="sp3">Mr. Everett procured specimens of the Javan Slow-Loris on the island of Banguran, - where, he says, it is probably not rare, though not often captured; the native name is "Kukng." + where, he says, it is probably not rare, though not often captured; the native name is "Kukáng." The natives of Banguran did not appear to know the animal.</p> <p class="ac">p. <a href="#page100">100</a> <i>et sequent.</i> PROPITHECUS MAJORI.</p> @@ -10027,7 +9989,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="foot"> <a class="fnote" id="Nt_1" href="#NtA_1">[1]</a> - <p><span title="anthrpos" class="fsn">ἄνθρωπος</span>—Man.</p> + <p><span title="anthrôpos" class="fsn">ἄνθρωπος</span>—Man.</p> </div> <div class="foot"> @@ -10045,7 +10007,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="foot"> <a class="fnote" id="Nt_4" href="#NtA_4">[4]</a> - <p><span title="diphus" class="fsn">διφυής</span>, double, + <p><span title="diphuês" class="fsn">διφυής</span>, double, <span title="odous" class="fsn">ὀδούς</span>, a tooth.</p> </div> @@ -10077,7 +10039,7 @@ by The Internet Archive) <div class="foot"> <a class="fnote" id="Nt_9" href="#NtA_9">[9]</a> - <p>Vide ante, p. <a href="#page145">145</a>.</p> + <p>Vide anteà, p. <a href="#page145">145</a>.</p> </div> <div class="foot"> @@ -10109,384 +10071,6 @@ by The Internet Archive) ῥινος</span>, nose or nostril.</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Hand-book to the Primates, Volume 1 -(of 2), by Henry O. 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