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diff --git a/43970-8.txt b/43970-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 66c8e19..0000000 --- a/43970-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16058 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Every Day Life in the Massachusetts Bay -Colony, by George Francis Dow - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Every Day Life in the Massachusetts Bay Colony - -Author: George Francis Dow - -Release Date: November 4, 2013 [EBook #43970] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY *** - - - - -Produced by Mark C. Orton, Julia Neufeld and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - -Transcriber's note: - -Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - -Small capital text has been replaced with all capitals. - -Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=). - -The carat character (^) indicates that the following letter is -superscripted (example: y^e). - -The per symbol is represented by [per], ounce by [oz], dram -by [dr] and scruple by [sc]. - - * * * * * - - EVERY DAY LIFE IN THE - MASSACHUSETTS BAY - COLONY - - - - - EVERY DAY LIFE - IN THE - MASSACHUSETTS BAY - COLONY - - BY - - GEORGE FRANCIS DOW - - [Illustration: Massachusetts Bay Colony Seal, 1675] - - ARNO PRESS - - A New York Times Company - New York / 1977 - - - - - First Published in Boston, 1935 - Reissued in 1967, by Benjamin Blom, Inc. - Reprint Edition 1977 by Arno Press Inc. - - LC# 77-82079 - ISBN 0-405-09125-7 - - Manufactured in the United States of America - - - - -PREFACE - - -A picture of some phases of life in the early days of the -Massachusetts Bay Colony is presented in the following pages; -lightly sketched, as much of the detail has become dim or has -disappeared with the passage of years, it never having been placed -on record even among the traditions. For why keep an exact record of -doings with which every one is familiar? It follows that many of the -every day happenings, the manners and customs of daily life--much of -the intimate detail of existence in the Colony, in the seventeenth -century, have been lost forever. - -Few realize how modern are the furnishings and comforts of our -present-day houses and how different was the home life of our -ancestors. Chairs were unknown in ordinary English households until -a generation or so before the sailing of the _Mayflower_. Hats were -worn at meals and the use of table forks did not become general -until the last of the 1600s. Food was placed in the mouth with the -knife or the fingers. Washing the hands and face was not considered -essential on rising from bed in the morning and few of the laboring -classes in any country in Europe washed their faces every day. - -This is a collection of source materials, somewhat digested, rather -than a comprehensive, well-balanced narrative of daily life in the -Colony--an impossible task at this late day. Moreover, the exact -limitations of the Colonial Period have not been observed too -closely as it has seemed desirable to include some material from -newspapers and other later sources. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - I. THE VOYAGE TO NEW ENGLAND 3 - - II. THEIR EARLY SHELTERS AND LATER DWELLINGS 13 - - III. HOW THEY FURNISHED THEIR HOUSES 28 - - IV. COUNTERPANES AND COVERLETS 53 - - V. CONCERNING THEIR APPAREL 60 - - VI. PEWTER IN THE EARLY DAYS 84 - - VII. THE FARMHOUSE AND THE FARMER 91 - - VIII. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS 101 - - IX. SPORTS AND GAMES 110 - - X. TRADES AND MANUFACTURES 120 - - XI. CONCERNING SHIPPING AND TRADE 143 - - XII. FROM WAMPUM TO PAPER MONEY 166 - - XIII. HERB TEA AND THE DOCTOR 174 - - XIV. CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS 199 - - APPENDIX - - A. SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY BUILDING AGREEMENTS (1658-1688) 227 - - B. REV. SAMUEL SKELTON'S ACCOMPTE (1629-1630) 239 - - C. AN ABSTRACT OF THE INVENTORY OF THE CONTENTS OF - THE SHOP OF CAPT. JOSEPH WELD OF ROXBURY, - 1646-7 242 - - D. INVENTORY OF GOODS IN THE SHOP OF CAPT. BOZONE - ALLEN OF BOSTON, 1652 244 - - E. MANUFACTURES AND OTHER PRODUCTS LISTED IN THE - RATES ON IMPORTS AND EXPORTS ESTABLISHED BY THE - HOUSE OF PARLIAMENT, JUNE 24, 1660 246 - - F. INVENTORY OF GOODS IN THE WAREHOUSE OF WILLIAM - PAINE OF BOSTON, MERCHANT, 1660 258 - - G. INVENTORY OF GOODS IN THE SHOP OF EDWARD WHARTON - OF SALEM, 1678 262 - - H. INVENTORY OF THE CONTENTS OF THE SHOP AND HOUSE - OF CAPT. GEORGE CORWIN OF SALEM, 1685 270 - - INDEX 284 - - - - - EVERY DAY LIFE IN THE - MASSACHUSETTS BAY - COLONY - - - - -Every Day Life in the Massachusetts Bay Colony - - - - -CHAPTER I - -THE VOYAGE TO MASSACHUSETTS - - -"Before you come," wrote Rev. Francis Higginson, the first minister -at Salem, "be careful to be strongly instructed what things are -fittest to bring with you for your more comfortable passage at sea, -as also for your husbandry occasions when you come to the land. -For when you are once parted with England you shall meete neither -markets nor fayres to buy what you want. Therefore be sure to -furnish yourselves with things fitting to be had before you come: -as meale for bread, malt for drinke, woolen and linnen cloath, and -leather for shoes, and all manner of carpenters tools, and a great -deale of iron and steele to make nails, and locks for houses, and -furniture for ploughs and carts, and glasse for windows, and many -other things which were better for you to think of there than to -want them here."[1] Elsewhere the good pastor set down "A catalogue -of such needfull things as every Planter doth or ought to provide to -go to New England" in which he enumerated the necessary victuals per -person for the first year, viz.: - - [1] Rev. Francis Higginson, _New-Englands Plantation_, London, 1630. - -"8 Bushels of meale, 2 Bushels of pease, 2 Bushels of Otemeale, -1 Gallon of Aquavitae, 1 Gallon of Oyle, 2 Gallons of Vinegar, 1 -Firkin of Butter; also Cheese, Bacon, Sugar, Pepper, Cloves, Mace, -Cinnamon, Nutmegs and Fruit." - -The household implements listed were: "1 Iron pot, 1 Kettel, 1 -Frying pan, 1 Gridiron, 2 Skellets, 1 Spit, Wooden Platters, Dishes, -Spoons and Trenchers." - -Mr. Higginson listed in detail the food supplies required per -person for a year, including a good variety of spices; and also the -clothing for a man, which included a Monmouth cap, a suit of canvas, -a suit of freize, a suit of cloth, four pairs of shoes, three shirts -and three falling bands, a pair of blankets, a coarse rug and seven -ells of canvas with which to make a bed and bolster. The settler -must also bring with him a complete armor, with a long piece, sword, -bandoleer and ammunition, tools for cultivating the soil and for -working wood, and also household implements--a limited equipment, -comparable with the kit packed by the scout or mining prospector of -more recent times. - -On looking backward over the span of three centuries, Time lends -an enchantment to these Puritan forefathers of present-day -Massachusetts. Worshiping descendants have placed halos about their -heads and the hardships of life during the early years have been -magnified to the extent that these independent-minded Englishmen -have become types of suffering fortitude--martyrs to the noble cause -of free religion and self-government. That is a long tale, however, -carrying with it many qualifications, and cannot be enlarged upon -here. In what follows, it should always be borne in mind that aside -from the Dutch at New Amsterdam and the small colony of Swedes -on the Delaware, it was English stock that settled the American -colonies and that these men and women brought with them a background -of generations of English life. Their standards of living, manner of -working their trades and natural aptitude for barter and commerce -were all modeled upon English life and customs. It was only -natural that this should be so. The ships crossed the Atlantic at -comparatively frequent intervals and their holds came filled with -all kinds of necessities and luxuries required by English standards -of living--foodstuffs, fabrics and implements which the shops of -London, Plymouth or Bristol could supply and which could not be -produced by the American settlements. To obtain these refinements of -life the colonists required only money or merchandise. Lumber, raw -or manufactured, salted fish, beaver and peltry, plantation-built -vessels and other products of the colonies, could be easily -converted into the comforts of English life for sale in the shops -across the Atlantic. - -The Rev. Francis Higginson came over in the _Talbot_, a ship of -three hundred tons burden, which was armed with nineteen guns -and carried a crew of thirty men. She brought over one hundred -passengers. Sailing with her was the ship _George_ of three hundred -tons, in which came fifty-two passengers and a stock of cattle, -twelve mares, thirty cows and some goats. From the original records -of the Massachusetts Bay Company in New England we learn what -food supplies were shipped on board the _Talbot_ for the American -voyage. The amount was supposed to be sufficient for one hundred and -thirty-five men for three months. As a matter of fact, the voyage -from Gravesend to the anchorage in Salem harbor occupied sixty-eight -days. - -The ship carried 22 hogsheads of salted beef, 12,000 of bread -(biscuits), 40 bushels of peas, 20 barrels of oatmeal, 450 pounds -of salt fish, 10 firkins of butter and 1,200 pounds of cheese. To -wash down this food they took on board 6 tons of water, 45 tons of -beer, 20 gallons of brandy, 20 gallons of Spanish wine (Malaga and -Canary), 2 tierces of beer vinegar and 20 gallons of olive oil.[2] -During the voyage two died of smallpox, including a blasphemous -seaman. A child died of consumption and a dog fell overboard and -could not be recovered. The rest came through and reached Salem -harbor in a good state of health. - - [2] _Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society_, Vol. III, p. - 12. - -The Massachusetts Bay Company seems to have maintained a "company -store," in the modern phrase, at which the colonists might obtain -clothing, fabrics, foodstuffs and supplies of all sorts. When -Governor Endecott came over in 1628, the Company sent extra clothing -sufficient for one hundred men including three hundred suits of -clothes, four hundred shirts and four hundred pairs of shoes. Two -hundred of the suits of clothes consisted of doublet and hose made -up of leather, lined with oiled skin leather, and fastened with -hooks and eyes. The other suits were made up of Hampshire kerseys, -the doublets lined with linen and the hose with skins. There were -a hundred waistcoats of green cotton bound about with red tape, a -hundred Monmouth caps, at two shillings each, five hundred red knit -caps, milled, at five pence each, and one hundred black hats, lined -in the brows with leather. This store supplied the natural wear and -tear of headgear among the hundred men. The stock contained four -hundred pairs of knit stockings, ten dozen pairs of Norwich garters, -three hundred plain falling bands, two hundred handkerchiefs and -a stock of sheer linen with which to made up other handkerchiefs. -Scotch ticking was supplied for beds and bolsters, with wool to put -therein. The blankets were of Welsh cotton and fifty rugs were sent -over to place over the blankets, while mats were supplied "to lye -vnder 50 bedds aboard shippe."[3] - - [3] _Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society_, Vol. III, p. - 6. - -During the ten years that followed the settlement of the -Massachusetts Bay, a continuous flow of emigration from England -crossed the Atlantic in all kinds of available sailing craft.[4] -The passage usually cost £5 per person and this included provisions -provided by the ship such as "salt Beefe, Porke, salt Fish, Butter, -Cheese, Pease, Pottage, Water-grewell, and such kinde of Victualls, -with good Biskets, and sixe-shilling Beere; yet it will be necessary -to carry some comfortable refreshing of fresh victuall. As first, -for such as have ability, some Conserves, and good Clarret Wine -to burne at Sea; Or you may have it by some of your Vintners or -Wine-Coopers burned here, & put into Vessels, which will keepe much -better than other burnt Wine, it is a very comfortable thing for the -stomacke; or such as are Sea-sicke: Sallat-oyle likewise, Prunes are -good to be stewed: Sugar for many things: White Biskets, and Egs, -and Bacon, Rice, Poultry, and some weather-sheepe to Kill aboard -the Ship: and fine flowre-baked meates, will keepe about a weeke or -nine days at Sea. Iuyce of Lemons well put up, is good either to -prevent or curre the Scurvy.[5] Here it must not be forgotten to -carry small Skillets or Pipkins, and small frying-panns, to dresse -their victualls in at Sea. For bedding, so it be easie, and cleanly, -and warme, it is no matter how old or coarse it be for the use of -the Sea: and so likewise for Apparrell, the oldest cloathes be the -fittest, with a long coarse coate to keepe better things from the -pitched ropes and plankes. Whosoever shall put to Sea in a stoute -and well-conditioned ship, having an honest Master, and loving -Seamen, shall not neede to feare, but he shall finde as good content -at Sea, as at Land.[6] - - [4] Between 1630 and 1643,198 ships brought over 21,200 - passengers.--Edward Johnson, _Wonder Working Providence_, London, - 1654. - - John Josselyn, coming to New England in 1638, mentions in his - journal of the voyage sighting or speaking thirteen vessels between - the Scilly Isles and the New England coast. - - [5] Anti-scorbutics were very necessary for the long voyage. John - Josselyn during his first voyage (1638) writes that a young man, a - servant to one of the passengers, "was whipt naked at the Cap-stern, - with a Cat with Nine tails, for filching 9 great Lemmons out of the - Chirurgeons Cabbin, which he eat rinds and all in less than an hours - time." - - [6] William Wood, _New-Englands Prospect_, London, 1634. - -The _Mayflower_ shipped 15,000 brown biscuit and 5,000 white, that -is, hard bread, i.e. crackers; also smoked or half-cooked bacon, as -it came from the smokehouse, which was much liked with the biscuit -and when fried was considered a delicacy. Haberdyne (dried salted -codfish) was also a staple article of diet; also smoked herring. -Potatoes were practically unknown at that time and the store of -cabbages, turnips, onions, parsnips, etc., soon ran short and gave -way to boiled mush, oatmeal, pease puddings, etc. Their beer was -carried in iron-bound casks. - -When passengers came aboard vessels bound for New England in those -early days, how did they stow themselves and their possessions? -The _Mayflower_ had a length of about 110 feet and measured about -244 tons. It was originally intended that she should carry ninety -passengers, men, women and children, but when the _Speedwell_ put -back, twelve of her passengers were taken aboard, and two boys were -born during the voyage. The ship also carried a crew of twenty to -twenty-five men, and officers and petty officers, about sixteen -in number, would bring the total of those aboard to one hundred -and forty or more. Goats, pigs, and poultry occupied pens on the -upper or spar deck and in the boats carried there. Small sleeping -cabins were provided for the ship's officers and the more important -passengers; most of the company slept in narrow bunks, in hammocks, -and on pallet beds of canvas filled with straw, placed on the deck -beneath the hammocks. The crew bunked in the forecastle. The chests -and personal possessions of the passengers were stowed below on the -lower deck where the food, water and ship's stores were kept. On the -_Arbella_, Governor Winthrop's ship, the male passengers lodged on -the gundeck and four men were "ordered to keep that room clean." - -The ship _Whale_, in 1632, brought thirty passengers, including -Mr. Wilson and Mr. Dummer, all in good health, and seventy cows -of which they lost but two. The ship _Regard_ of Barnstaple, 200 -tons, arrived in 1634, brought twenty passengers and about fifty -cattle. The ship _Society_ of Boston, N. E., 220 tons, with a crew -of thirty-three men, arrived in 1663, with seventy-seven passengers. -A notable example of fortitude is found in the voyage of the sloop -_Sparrow Hawk_, that sailed from London in 1626 for Virginia and -having been blown off her course was wrecked on Cape Cod. - -She was only forty feet in length, had a breadth of beam of twelve -feet and ten inches, and a depth of nine feet, seven and one-half -inches. Bradford in his _History_ records that she carried "many -passengers in her and sundrie goods ... the cheefe amongst these -people was one Mr. Fells and Mr. Sibsie, which had many servants -belonging unto them, many of them being Irish. Some others ther were -y^t had a servante or 2 a piece; but y^e most were servants, and -such as were ingaged to the former persons, who also had y^e most -goods ... they had been 6 weeks at sea, and had no water, nor beere, -nor any woode left, but had burnt up all their emptie caske."[7] And -this happened in the month of December! - - [7] William Bradford, _History of Plymouth Plantation_, Boston, - 1856. - -In those days cooking on shore was done in an open fireplace. On -shipboard, the larger vessels were provided with an open "hearth" -made of cast iron sometimes weighing five hundred pounds and over. -More commonly a hearth of bricks was laid on deck, over which stood -an iron tripod from which the kettles hung. More crudely still a -bed of sand filled a wooden frame and on this the fire was built, -commonly of charcoal. On the ship _Arbella_, in which came Governor -John Winthrop and his company, in 1630, the "cookroom" was near a -hatchway opening into the hold. The captain, his officers and the -principal men among the passengers dined in the "round house," -a cabin in the stern over the high quarter-deck. Lady Arbella -Johnson and the gentlewomen aboard dined in the great cabin on the -quarter-deck. The passengers ate their food wherever convenient on -the main deck or in good weather, on the spar deck above. Years -later, a new ship lying at anchor in Boston harbor was struck by -lightning which "melted the top of the iron spindle of the vane of -the mainmast" and passing through the long boat, which lay on the -deck, killed two men and injured two others as "they were eating -together off the Hen-Coop, near the Main Mast." - -The ship supplied each passenger with a simple ration of food -distributed by the quartermasters, which each family or self -arranged group of passengers cooked at a common hearth as -opportunity and the weather permitted. Of necessity much food was -served cold and beer was the principal drink. John Josselyn, Gent., -who visited New England in 1638, records "the common proportion of -Victualls for the Sea to a Mess, being 4 men, is as followeth: - -"Two pieces of Beef, of 3 pound and 1/4 _per_ piece. - -"Four pound of _Bread_. - -"One pint 1/4 of _Pease_. - -"Four Gallons of _Bear_, with _Mustard_ and _Vinegar_ for three -flesh dayes in the week. - -"For four fish dayes, to each Mess _per_ day, two pieces of _Codd_ -or _Habberdine_, making three pieces of fish. - -"One quarter of a pound of _Butter_. - -"Four pound of _Bread_. - -"Three quarters of a pound of _Cheese_. - -"_Bear_ is before. - -"_Oatmeal per_ day, for 50 men, Gallon 1. and so proportionable for -more or fewer. - -"Thus you see the ship's provision, is _Beef_ or _Porke_, _Fish_, -_Butter_, _Cheese_, _Pease_, _Pottage_, _Water gruel_, _Bisket_, and -six-shilling _Bear_. - -"For private fresh provision, you may carry with you (in case -you, or any of yours should be sick at Sea) Conserves of _Roses_, -_Clove-Gilliflowers_, _Wormwood_, _Green-Ginger_, _Burnt-Wine_, -_English Spirits_, _Prunes_ to stew, _Raisons_ of the _Sun_, -_Currence_, _Sugar_, _Nutmeg_, _Mace_, _Cinnamon_, _Pepper_ and -_Ginger_, _White Bisket_, or _Spanish Rusk_, Eggs, Rice, _Juice_ -of _Lemmons_, well put up to cure, or prevent the Scurvy. Small -_Skillets_, _Pipkins_, _Porrengers_, and small _Frying pans_. - -"To prevent or take away Sea sickness, Conserve of _Wormwood_ is -very proper."[8] - - [8] John Josselyn, _Two Voyages to New England_, London, 1675. - -The settler also must take with him a supply of food to answer his -needs on reaching Massachusetts, and it was advised that enough for -the space of a year might be required in which case each person -should be certain to have in store 8 bushels of meal, 2 bushels -pease, 2 bushels oatmeal, 1 gallon brandy, 1 gallon oil and 2 -gallons vinegar. Sugar could be had in New England as the Colonial -vessels were bringing it from the West Indies in the way of trade, -but spices, necessary to the English diet, must be brought from -England. - -John Josselyn, writing in 1638, listed the following articles as -necessary equipment for every family coming to New England, viz.: - - Bellows £0 2 0 - Scoop 0 9 - Great pail 0 10 - Casting shovel 0 10 - A sack 2 4 - Lanthorn 1 3 - Tobacco pipes - 5 broad howes 10 0 - 5 narrow howes 6 8 - 5 felling axes 7 6 - 2 hand saws 10 0 - 1 whip saw 10 0 - 1 file and wrest 10 - 2 hammers 2 0 - 2 augers 1 0 - Wheels for a cart 14 0 - Wheel barrow 6 0 - Canoe 3 0 0 - Short oak ladder 0 10 - Plough 3 9 - Axle tree 0 8 - Cart 10 0 - 3 shovels 4 6 - 2 spades 3 0 - 2 broad axes 7 4 - 6 chisels 3 0 - 3 gimblets 0 6 - 2 hatchets 3 6 - 2 frows 3 0 - 2 hand bills 3 4 - - Nails of all sorts 2 0 0 - 3 locks and 3 pr. fetters 5 10 - 2 curry combs 0 11 - Brand for beasts 0 6 - Hand vise 2 6 - 100 wt. spikes nails and - pins (120) 2 5 0 - 2 pick axes 0 3 0 - Chain and lock for - a boat 2 2 - Coulter (10 pound) 3 4 - Pitch fork 1 4 - -Household implements for a family of six persons, viz.: - - Plough share 2 11 - - 1 iron pot 0 7 0 - 1 great copper kettle 2 0 0 - 1 small kettle 10 0 - 1 lesser kettle 6 0 - 1 large frying pan 2 6 - 1 small frying pan 1 8 - 1 brass mortar 0 3 0 - 1 spit 2 0 - 1 grid iron 1 0 - 2 skillets 5 0 - Platters, dishes and - spoons of wood 4 0 - -The above prices are estimated costs in England and the freight on -the same would be reckoned at the rate of half a ton per person. - -The vessels which carried the great emigration to New England -between 1630 and 1640 were of small tonnage and the passenger -accommodations on board were limited in space and barren of creature -comforts. Small wonder that the health of many of the first -settlers, shaken by the passage at sea, paid toll to the severity of -the New England climate--the biting cold of the winter and the heat -of the summer days to which they were unaccustomed. - -"It was not because the Country was unhealthful, but because their -bodies were corrupted with sea-diet, which was naught, their Beefe -and Porke being tainted, their Butter and Cheese corrupted, their -Fish rotten, and voyage long, by reason of crosse Windes, so -that winter approaching before they could get warme houses, and -the searching sharpnes of that purer Climate, creeping in at the -crannies of their crazed bodies, caused death and sickness."[9] - - [9] Wood, _New-Englands Prospect_, London, 1634. - -The ship _Talbot_, on which Mr. Higginson sailed, brought over -one hundred passengers and thirty seamen. She measured nearly -eighty-six feet in length and had a depth of hold of eleven feet. -By present-day measurement she was about two hundred tons burden. -The space between decks, where the passengers slept and spent much -time during the dreary voyage, was so low that a tall man could not -stand erect, and whenever a severe storm arose, so that the ports -and hatches must be kept closed, the air below deck in time must -have become intolerable. Such a storm arose when the _Talbot_ was -thirty-three days out and "ye wind blew mightily, ye sea roared and -ye waves tossed us horribly; besides it was fearfull darke and ye -mariners made us afraid with their running here and there and lowd -crying one to another to pull at this and y^t rope." - -These small emigrant ships of the seventeenth century, besides men, -women and children, brought over much livestock housed in temporary -pens and shelters built amidships. The long boat or pinnace was also -carried on board, all of which left little room for movement about -the deck. But these three hundred tons ships were traveling palaces -when compared with some of the smaller craft that boldly ventured -across the Atlantic. Barks, ketches, pinks and other small vessels -of less than fifty tons burden were common. In 1635, a "small -Norsey bark" of twenty-five tons reached Boston. She was bound for -Connecticut, but a stormy voyage had forced her to seek safety in -Boston harbor. This vessel, little over thirty feet in length, -brought over fourteen passengers, including two women, with their -household goods. - - - - -CHAPTER II - -THEIR EARLY SHELTERS AND LATER DWELLINGS - - -There is a widespread misconception that the colonists on reaching -Massachusetts proceeded immediately to build log houses in which -to live. Historians have described these log houses as chinked -with moss and clay and as having earth floors, precisely the type -of house built on the frontier and in the logging camps at a much -later period. A well-known picture of Leyden Street, at Plymouth, -shows a double row of log houses reaching up the hillside, which -the Pilgrims are supposed to have constructed. In point of fact, no -contemporary evidence has been found that supports the present-day -theory. The early accounts of what took place in the days following -the settlement along the coast are full of interesting details -relating to day-by-day happenings but nowhere do we find allusion -to a log house such as modern historians assume existed at that -time. This unique form of construction, however, had been used in -Scandinavia since the Middle Ages and also in parts of Germany, but -never did it appear in England. It also is well established that the -North American Indians knew nothing of this method of construction, -even the Iroquois tribe who built a "long house," so-called. - -The Swedes and Finns who settled in Delaware in 1638 introduced the -log house built of logs with notched ends, with which they were -familiar in their homeland. What more natural? Jasper Dankers and -Peter Sluyter, Dutch travelers, made a tour of the American colonies -in 1679-1680, and while passing through New Jersey, describe the -house of Jacob Hendricks, near the town of Burlington, as follows: - -"The house, although not much larger than where we were the last -night, was somewhat better and tighter, being made according to -the Swedish mode, and as they usually build their houses here, -which are block-houses, being nothing less than entire trees, split -through the middle, or squared out of the rough, and placed in the -form of a square, upon each other, as high as they wish to have the -house; the ends of these timbers are let into each other, about a -foot from the ends, half of one into half of the other, the whole -structure is thus made without a nail or a spike. The ceiling -and roof do not exhibit much finer work, except amongst the most -careful people, who have the ceiling planked and a glass window. -The doors are wide enough, but very low, so that you have to stoop -in entering. These houses are quite tight and warm: but the chimney -is placed in a corner. My comrade and myself had some deer skins, -spread upon the floor to lie on, and we were, therefore, quite well -off and could get some rest."[10] - - [10] _Memoirs of the Long Island Historical Society_, Vol. I. - -These travelers also spent a night at a Quaker's house near where a -gristmill had been erected on a creek above the falls at what is now -Trenton. - -"Here we had to lodge: and although we were too tired to eat, we had -to remain sitting upright the whole night, not being able to find -room enough to lie upon the ground. We had a fire, however, but the -dwellings are so wretchedly constructed, that if you are not close -to the fire, as almost to burn yourself, you cannot keep warm, for -the wind blows through them everywhere. Most of the English and many -others, have their houses made of nothing but clapboards, as they -call them there, in this manner: they first make a wooden frame, the -same as they do in Westphalia, but not so strong, they then split -the boards of clapboard, so that they are like cooper's pipe-staves, -except they are not bent. These are made very thin, with a large -knife, so that the thickest edge is about a little finger thick, and -the other is made sharp, like the edge of a knife. They are about -five or six feet long, and are nailed on the outside of the frame, -with the ends lapped over each other. They are not usually laid so -close together, as to prevent you from sticking a finger between -them, in consequence either of their not being well joined, or the -boards being crooked. When it is cold and windy, the best people -plaster them with clay. Such are most all the English houses in the -country."[11] - - [11] _Memoirs of the Long Island Historical Society_, Vol. I. - -The only type of log construction in use in New England in the early -days existed in garrison houses built as a protection against the -Indians. In every instance the logs were carefully hewed square, -to make a close fit against each other, and never notched at the -ends, sometimes halved at the corners of the structure, but usually -dove-tailed into each other at the ends in medieval military manner. -Several of these garrison houses still exist and although afterwards -used as dwellings, at first they were built as forts. - -What happened at the Plymouth Colony after the _Mayflower_ came -to anchor? The wind blew very hard for two days and the next day, -Saturday, December 23, 1620, as many as could went ashore: "felled -and carried timber, to provide themselves stuff for building," -and the following Monday "we went on shore, some to fell timber, -some to saw, some to rive, and some to carry; so no man rested all -that day."[12] Bradford writes "that they builte a forte with good -timber" which Isaac de Rasieres described in 1627 as "a large square -house, made of thick sawn planks, stayed with oak beams." The oldest -existing houses in the Plymouth Colony are built in the same manner -and some half dozen or more seventeenth-century plank houses may yet -be seen north of Boston. Moreover, when the ship _Fortune_ sailed -from Plymouth in the summer of 1621, the larger part of her lading -consisted of "clapboards and wainscott," showing clearly that the -colonists soon after landing had dug saw pits and produced boards in -quantity suitable for the construction of houses and for exportation. - - [12] _Mourt's Relation_, Boston, 1841. - -The first settlers in the Massachusetts Bay brought with them -mechanics of all kinds, well equipped with tools, and it is -altogether probable that these workmen plied their trades on this -side of the Atlantic exactly as they had been taught through long -centuries of apprenticeship in England. The houses of that early -period, still remaining, all resemble similar English structures. -Upon arrival, however, the need for shelter was imperative, and -all sorts of rude expedients were adopted. Deacon Bartholomew -Green, the printer of the _Boston News-Letter_, related that when -his father arrived at Boston in 1630, "for lack of housing he was -wont to find shelter at night in an empty cask," and during the -following winter many of the poorer sort still continued to live in -tents through lack of better housing. When Roger Clap arrived at -Charlestown in 1630 he "found some Wigwams and one House ... in the -meantime before they could build at Boston, they lived many of them -in tents and Wigwams." - -John Winthrop, in his _Journal_, writes that "the poorer sort of -people (who lay long in tents) were much afflicted with scurvy and -many died, especially at Boston and Charlestown." He also makes -several references to English wigwams. In September, 1630, one -Fitch, of Watertown, had his wigwam burned down with all his goods -and two months later John Firman, also of Watertown, lost his -English wigwam. - -Edward Johnson, in his _Wonder-Working Providence_, mentions the -rude shelters of the first settlers. "They kept off the short -showers from their lodgings, but the long rains penetrated through -to their disturbance in the night season, yet in those poor wigwams -they sang Psalms, praise and pray their God till they can provide -them homes which ordinarily was not wont to be with many till the -earth by the Lord's blessing brought forth bread to feed them, their -wives and little ones." - -The Rev. Francis Higginson, in his _New-Englands Plantation_, -printed in 1630, describes the wigwams built by the Indians living -at Salem as "verie little and homely, but made with small poles -prick't into the ground and so bended and fastened at the tops and -on the side, they are matted with boughes and covered with sedge and -old mats." It seems likely that when the English built themselves -"English wigwams," they copied the small structures built by the -Indians, especially as mats suitable for covering might be obtained -from the Indians by barter, and old pieces of sailcloth doubtless -might be obtained from the shipping stores. It seems unlikely that -an Englishman living in one of these structures during the winter -season would be content to allow the smoke from his fire to find -its way out through a hole in the roof in the Indian fashion. It -is more likely that a fireplace, built of stones or bricks, would -be constructed at one end of an "English wigwam." A door in hewed -frame, with wooden hinges, probably was installed as a suitable -substitute for the Indian mat lifted upon entering. The floors in -these English wigwams undoubtedly would be covered with rushes or -straw, following the custom in English cottages at that time. - -Edward Johnson, the town clerk of Woburn, writing in 1652, relates -of the first settlers that "after they have thus found out a place -of aboad, they burrow themselves in the Earth for their first -shelter under some Hill-side, casting the Earth aloft up on Timber: -they make a smoaky fire against the Earth at the highest side, and -thus these poore servants of Christ provide shelter for themselves, -their Wives and little ones." - -Alonzo Lewis, the historian of Lynn, writing a century ago, states -that some of the first settlers in that town made shelters for -themselves and families by digging caves into the hillsides. On -the bank of the Connecticut River above Hartford, is the Loomis -Institute, on the grounds of which is the site where the men from -Dorchester, Mass., in 1635, constructed their first dwellings, which -were dug into the river bank. The bank itself composed three walls -of the shelter and the front was a framing of boards with a door and -a window. The roof was thatched with river sedge. The last of these -long abandoned dugouts was filled in as recently as 1926. - -At Concord, Mass., the early settlers dug cellars in the earth which -they spanned with wooden spars and then covered with turf. A more -detailed description of such shelters is found in a report made in -1650, by the Secretary of the Province of New Netherlands: - -"Those in New Netherlands and especially in New England who have no -means to build farmhouses at first, according to their wishes, dig -a square pit in the ground, cellar fashion, 6 or 7 feet deep, as -long and as broad as they think proper, case the earth inside with -wood all round the wall, and line the wood with bark of trees or -something else to prevent the caving in of the earth, floor this -cellar with plank and wainscott it overhead for a ceiling, raise a -roof of spars clear up and cover the spars with the bark or green -sods, so that they can live dry and warm in these houses with their -entire families for two, three or four years, it being understood -that partitions are run through those cellars which are adapted -to the size of the family. The wealthy and principal men of New -England, in the beginning of the Colonies, commenced their first -dwelling houses in this fashion."[13] - - [13] _Documentary History of New York_ (_1850_), Vol. I. - -The frequent references to the English wigwam seem to indicate -that some such temporary construction was usual among many of the -colonists at the outset. Settlers were living at Salem as early -as 1626 and Endecott, with a considerable immigration, arrived in -1628. Marblehead, just across the harbor, was settled early and yet -when John Goyt came there in 1637, he "first built a wigwam and -lived thar till he got a house."[14] The rude buildings also put -up by planters at Salem must have been looked upon at the time as -temporary structures for they had all disappeared before 1661.[15] - - [14] _Essex Co. (Mass.) Quarterly Court Records_, Vol. VI, p. 363. - - [15] _Essex County Deeds_, Book V, leaf 107. - -When Governor Winthrop arrived at Charlestown in 1630 with the first -great emigration, he found a house or two and several wigwams--rude -shelters patterned after the huts built by the Indians--and until -houses could be erected in Boston many lived in tents and wigwams, -"their meeting-place being abroad under a Tree." - -In the summer of 1623, Bradford mentions the "building of great -houses in pleasant situations," and when a fire broke out in -November of the following year it began in "a shed yt was joyned to -ye end of ye storehouse, which was wattled up with bowes." It will -be seen that this shed was not crudely built of logs or slabs but -that its walls were wattled and perhaps also daubed with clay, in -precisely the same manner with which these colonists were familiar -in their former homes across the sea. An original outer wall in the -old Fairbanks house at Dedham, Massachusetts, still has its "wattle -and daub" constructed in 1637. - -Thomas Dudley writing to the Countess of Lincoln, in March, 1631, -relates: "Wee have ordered that noe man shall build his chimney -with wood nor cover his house with thatch, which was readily -assented unto, for that divers houses have been burned since our -arrival (the fire always beginning in the wooden chimneys) and some -English wigwams which have taken fire in the roofes with thatch or -boughs."[16] It was Dudley who was taken to task by the Governor in -May, 1632, "for bestowing so much cost on wainscotting his house and -otherwise adorning it," as it was not a good example for others in -the beginning of a plantation. Dudley replied that he had done it -for warmth and that it was but clapboards nailed to the walls. A few -months later this house caught fire "the hearth of the Hall chimney -burning all night upon the principal beam." - - [16] _Force's Tracts_, Washington, 1838. - -In 1631, John Winthrop entered in his _Journal_ that the chimney -of Mr. Sharp's house in Boston took fire "the splinters being not -clayed at the top" and from it the thatch caught fire and the house -was burnt down. - -The first meetinghouse built in Salem had a "catted" chimney, that -is, the chimney was built with sticks laid cobhouse fashion and the -whole daubed with clay inside and out. - -Thatch as a roof covering was in common use in the early days. -Notwithstanding the Great and General Court forbade its use, it -still persisted as necessity arose. At the outset, towns along the -coastline set aside certain parts of thatch banks in the marshes, -as a supply for thatching houses. Rye straw also was much used. The -roofs of these thatched houses were not boarded as the thatch was -fastened to slats. Dorchester built a meetinghouse in 1632 with a -thatched roof. - -The earliest frame houses were covered with weather-boarding and -this before long was covered with clapboards. The walls inside were -sheathed up with boards moulded at the edges in an ornamental manner -and the intervening space was filled with clay and chopped straw, -and later with imperfect bricks. This was done for warmth, and was -known as "nogging," following the English practice. When roofs were -not thatched, they were covered with shingles split from the log by -means of a "frow" and afterwards hand-shaved. The window openings -were small and were closed by hinged casements, just as the houses -in England were equipped at that time. Generally, the casement sash -was wood, but sometimes iron was used, as was common in England. - -The glass was usually diamond-shaped, set in lead "cames." Emigrants -to Massachusetts were instructed by the Company to bring ample -supplies of glass for windows, but the supply ran short and in the -poorer cottages and wigwams, oiled paper was in common use. This was -an excellent substitute and supplied a surprisingly large amount of -light. - -A brickyard was in operation in Salem as early as 1629, and -everywhere along the coast clay was found and made up into bricks. -Chimneys were built upon a huge stone foundation. The brick work -began at the first floor level and the bricks were laid in puddled -clay up to about the ridge line where lime was used as the chimney -top became exposed to the weather. - -It has been claimed and denied that bricks used in the construction -of certain old houses were brought from overseas. In general -the claims may be disregarded. It is certain, however, that the -Massachusetts Company at the outset sent over ten thousand bricks, -stowed in the ballast with five chauldrons of sea coals for the use -of the blacksmiths. At the same time came iron and steel, nails, red -lead, salt and sailcloth. Even fourteen hundred weight of plaster of -paris, appears in the list, priced at eighteen shillings per hundred -weight. - -The home of the average New Englander in the late seventeenth -century was a wooden dwelling of two stories built around a brick -chimney containing large fireplaces. In Rhode Island and in parts -of Connecticut, where shale abounded, the chimney was built of -stone and not infrequently the house, in whole or at one end, was -also so constructed. The roofs of these houses were covered with -wooden shingles usually split from pine logs and shaved smooth by -hand on a shingle horse. The outside walls of the well made house -were covered with clapboards, also smoothed on the shingle horse. -For many years these clapboards were made from oak, but as this -wood has a tendency to warp and pull itself free from fastenings, -by the year 1700, its use for that purpose had very generally been -replaced by pine. Outbuildings and the poorer class of dwellings -were not covered with clapboards or only the part next the road, for -the New Englander believes in "putting his best foot forward." Such -buildings were covered with "weatherboards" or plain boarding that -lapped at the lower edge. - -The windows in these houses were filled by casement sash containing -glass set in lead cames. The glass was usually diamond shaped, but -sometimes four by six inch lights were used. This glass was imported -from England and came packed in cribs, but much of it came in sheets -already leaded and was cut to size by "glaziers" upon demand. Early -in the eighteenth century sliding-sash windows were introduced, -probably about 1710, but it was a long time before existing -casements were entirely given up. One Saturday afternoon in July, -1714, lightning struck the house of Colonel Vetch in Boston. He had -bought the dwelling not long before and Judge Sewall records in his -diary that at the time of the storm "the Work of Transformation was -not finished" to make the building fit for the occupancy of Madam -Vetch. The lightning played various tricks with the house, doing -considerable damage, and among other details the Judge mentions -that it "lifted up the Sash Window and broke one of the squares" of -glass.[17] Colonel Vetch was presumably a man of substance for he -afterwards became Governor of Nova Scotia, and he is likely to have -"transformed" his recently purchased house into the latest fashion -of lighting. - - [17] _Mass. Historical Society Colls._ (5th ser.), Vol. 7, p. 10. - -On the other hand, Judge Sewall, the Chief Justice of the highest -court in the Province, had casements in his Boston house at a time, -ten years later, when his daughter Hannah died, for he records in -his _Diary_ that "Boston will not have her put into the Cellar [it -was in August when she died]; so she is only remov'd into the best -Room. And because the Casements were opened for Coolness, Boston -would watch all night." This entry in the ancient diary not only -preserves the fact that the Judge's house had casement windows, -but it also makes allusion to the old-time custom of watching with -the dead body and the interest that the town of Boston had in the -bereavement of the Judge. - -In 1722, Benjamin Franklin in his Boston newspaper, was satirizing -the extravagancies of New England housewives in "new Glazing their -Houses with new fashion'd square Glass." Diamond glass had seen its -day, however, and forty years later "Windows set in lead, suitable -for Hot-Beds" were advertised in the newspapers, a sure sign of -discarded sash. On the other hand, a hardware shop was advertising -"sheet and diamond glass" as late as 1766, probably to meet the -demands for repairing old casements. - -The exterior of these early houses was seldom painted, in fact it -was well into the nineteenth century before the outside of houses in -country towns were usually painted. A diarist who rode into Boston -in 1804 comments on the dingy appearance of the houses and the -general lack of paint and about the same time a Salem man met with -success in business, whereupon he painted his house with the result -that his associates rather sneeringly remarked: "Sam is feeling his -oats; he's begun to paint his house." - -The paint first used on the exteriors of New England houses was -usually of a dark red color called, both then and now, "Indian red." -Red ochre was used and commonly was mixed with fish oil. The Indians -had "paint mines" where they had found red earth and doubtless these -"mines" were utilized, particularly in adjacent locations. One of -these paint mines was located near what is now Augusta, Maine, and -in that part of New England formerly existed, long before the coming -of the European, an Indian race that used this red earth so freely -that by ethnologists it has been termed the "red paint culture." - -So runs the present-day tradition of Indian red in New England. In -point of fact, however, red earth was brought from the East Indies -long before the settlement of the American Colonies, hence the name -"India red," by which it was advertised in the Boston newspapers in -the mid-eighteenth century. In 1766, John Gore, "at his Shop at the -Sign of the Painter's Arms in Queen Street," Boston, advertised a -stock of oils, paints, brushes, etc., just imported from London. He -had linseed oil by the barrel or smaller quantity, boiled oil, nut -oil, turpentine oil and turpentine varnish. Among his white colors, -were Spanish white and French halk,--whatever that may be. Red was -a color that was in demand for he carried red head, Spanish brown, -India red, purple red, Venetian red, Vermillian, drop hake, carmine, -umber and rose pink. Under yellows, he listed King's yellow, -Princess yellow, Naples yellow, spruce yellow, stone yellow, English -ochre, Orpiment-pale and deep, Dutch pink and brown pink. The blues -were ultramarine, ultramarine ashes, Prussian blue of various sorts, -calcined smalt, strowing ditto, verditer blue and powder blue. - -Gore also sold crayons in sets and canvas for portrait painting in -half-length cloths, kit-kat and three-quarters length. He carried -"Colours prepared for House and Ship Painting," best London crown -glass for pictures and "Water Colours ready prepared in Shells."[18] - - [18] _Boston News-Letter_, Jan. 23, 1766. - -Two years later he advertised chariot glasses, genteel -looking-glasses and Wilton carpets and also announced that he did -coach and carpet painting in the best and cheapest manner. - -At how early a date was paint used on the exterior of a New England -house? Who can solve the problem? Undoubtedly it was on a house -owned by some merchant having a direct contact with England. It is -an established fact that the Andrews house, built in 1707-1710, in -the country town of Topsfield, Mass., was painted Indian red at the -time it was built, or soon after, but only on the trim--the window -frames, corner boards, etc. The clapboards and weather-boarding at -the easterly end, remained unpainted until long years after. - -The inside finish of town houses owned by well-to-do people, -probably was painted at a comparatively early date, at least, one -or two rooms in a house. "A large Fashionable Dwelling-House" in -Boston, "about 1-1/4 miles from Charlestown ferry" was advertised to -be sold in 1734. It had eight "fire rooms"--that is, rooms with -fireplaces. The entries and two of the rooms were "beautifully -Wainscotted and laid in oil" and four were "handsomely Painted." - -In 1753, George Tilley, a Boston shop keeper, advertised his house -for sale. It contained "eight rooms, seven of them fire-rooms, -with a Number of convenient Closets and a good Cellar, four of -the said Rooms is cornish'd, and the House is handsomely painted -throughout; one of the Rooms is painted Green, another Blue, one -Cedar and one Marble; the other four a Lead colour, the Garrets are -handsomely plaistered; the House has twenty Sash-Windows to it and -is pleasantly situated on Pleasant Street, near the Hay-Market."[19] - - [19] _Boston News-Letter_, Sept. 13, 1753. - -But such glory did not exist in other parts of the same town and -certainly not in the country. Rufus Choate, the lawyer, was born -in a house in Essex, Mass., built in 1725 by an ancestor who was -popularly called "Governor Choate." He was a man in comfortable -circumstances and built for himself a house of ten rooms having -good panelling in four of them. None of the finish on this house -was painted until well after 1825 or a century after it was built. -This paint has now been removed and the old white pine finish is -revealed in all its natural beauty of varying shades of reddish -brown, effectively contrasting with the whitewashed walls. Natural -wood finish, laid in oil, was quite the common thing in the ordinary -New England dwelling, until after the people had recovered from the -financial exhaustion of the Revolution. - -The plastered walls were usually whitewashed which was quite in -keeping with the Puritan character that covered with limewash -the beautiful mural decorations of the English churches at the -time of the Commonwealth. Families of wealth covered their walls -with hangings brought from England. Peter Sergeant died in 1714, -possessed of a "suit of Imagery Tapestry hangings" in his cedar -room. This house was one of the finest in the town of Boston -and afterwards became the Province House,--the residence of the -Governors of the Province. Another room in this house was also -furnished with hangings. Arras hangings were advertised from time -to time in the Boston newspapers and in 1736, Boydell, the printer -of the _Boston Gazette_, advertised a house in which one chamber in -the first story was "hung with Scotch Tapestry, the other with Green -cheny." The large brick house of the late Isaac Gridley, situated -near Fort Hill, in Boston, was sold in 1771. It contained thirteen -rooms and three of the lower rooms were "genteelly furnished with -Tapestry Hangings." - -A three-story house was built in Boston about 1715 by William -Clark, a wealthy merchant and member of the governor's council. -His death in 1742, was attributed by some, to the loss of forty -sail of vessels in the French War. In this house afterwards lived -Sir Henry Frankland, Collector of the Port, who fell in love with -Agnes Surriage, the beautiful sixteen-year-old maid-of-all-work at -the Fountain Inn in Marblehead. Her romantic story is well-known. -This house differed but little from the dozen or so of its type -to be found in Boston at the time, save in its rich and elaborate -decoration of the north parlor, at the right of the entrance hall. -Here, the walls were divided into panels by fluted pilasters -supporting an elaborate cornice, the whole heavily gilded, and each -of the panels was embellished with a landscape or other decoration -painted in oils. Painted arabesques and heraldic devices covered all -other flat surfaces and the floor was laid in a mosaic of various -colored woods. Every inch of the surface of this parlor was the -product of the imagination and skill of the painter, gilder or -carver. But while this magnificence actually existed in New England, -by no means was it typically representative of its culture or -artistic development. It merely exhibited the pride of wealth and -was largely the product of European craftsmen. - -The heavy strap hinges on the doors of the earlier houses and -buildings were probably wrought by hand at the forge of the nearest -blacksmith, but most of the hardware and iron work was imported -from England. Before 1650 there was a slitting mill at the Saugus -Iron Works, but the principal product of this forge was cast iron -manufactures, such as pots and kettles. At a later date, Parliament, -at the instigation of the English manufacturers, prohibited by law -the setting up of slitting mills and trip hammers, and it naturally -followed that the manufactured iron and brass required by the -Colonies was brought overseas from Birmingham and Sheffield. - -A word or two as to the varying types of house hardware may not be -amiss at this time. At the outset wooden hinges and heavy strap -hinges of wrought iron were in common use. These hinges were hung -on gudgeons and their points varied in design but the spear-shaped -point was most common. In the best houses, at an early date and -continuing until the beginning of the eighteenth century, might be -found the so-called "cock's head" hinge, an ornamental survival -from Roman times. The butterfly hinge was also in use at that -time--usually on cupboards and furniture doors. The =H= and =HL= -hinges came into use in New England in the early 1700's and lasted -until after the Revolution. These hinges were cut out of heavy sheet -iron and were made in factories in England. This type of hinge was -superseded by the cast-iron butt, still in use, which was invented -in England in 1775, and adopted very generally in the United States -at the close of the Revolution. - -In some old houses that have been restored and in many modern -constructions done in the manner of the seventeenth and eighteenth -centuries, the door hinges in painted rooms have been picked out in -black making them most conspicuous. This is a modern conceit--an -invention of the modern architect. It was not done in the old days, -a fact easily established by carefully scraping through the various -coats of paint on an old house. Our great-great-grandmothers had -no itching desire for contrasts of that sort. They knew nothing of -highboys, grandfather's clocks, low daddys, Lady Washington chairs, -courting mirrors, fiddle back chairs or donkey-eared spindle backs. -These names are inventions of collectors or antique dealers striving -for the picturesque. The highboy, it is true, antedates the others, -but in the early days this piece of furniture was called a high -chest of drawers and the lowboy was called a low chest. Recently -the common =HL= hinge has been described as the "Holy Land" hinge; -certainly not referring to the English colonies where there were -fully as many sinners as saints. - -Wooden latches were used on both outside and inside doors in early -days and the wooden latch persisted in the back country until -comparatively recent times. The iron thumb latch was made by the -country blacksmith but more and more it came to be imported from -England. The earliest type has spear-point handles. The rounded end -comes in after 1700 and is common about 1750. The Norfolk latch, -in brass and iron, comes in after the Revolution and was replaced -by the common cast-iron thumb latch, invented by Blake in 1840. In -examining old hinges and all kinds of hardware always have in mind -that the machine-made pointed screw was not invented until 1846. - -A feature of this hardware trade with England, which is of much -interest, is the catalogues that were sent over by the manufacturers -in Birmingham. About the year 1770 they began to send out drawings -of different pieces of hardware, tools, etc., and this soon -developed into sheets of engravings on copper which were bound into -books and sent to customers at a distance who then could visualize -the goods and order accordingly; size, list price and discount were -indicated. Seldom was there a title-page or even a label to indicate -a source, but the handmade paper bears its watermark and generally -the date when it was made. These catalogues are now difficult to -find and the Victoria and Albert Museum at South Kensington, esteems -them so highly that a descriptive catalogue of its collection has -been published. Probably the largest collection of these catalogues -in America is in the library of the Essex Institute at Salem. - - - - -CHAPTER III - -HOW THEY FURNISHED THEIR HOUSES - - -It is a lamentable fact that the present generation possesses -little accurate information on the every day life and surroundings -of the early settlers in Massachusetts. Some of the finer pieces -of furniture have been preserved together with a few portraits and -pieces of silver and here and there an article of costume of special -beauty or unusual association. The newly settled country had no -artists to paint pictures of household interiors in the manner of -the Dutch painters and the diarists and letter writers of that time -when they used a quill pen, devoted little thought to the homely -happenings of the household or to the costume and furniture with -which every one was familiar. Judge Samuel Sewall's diary[20] throws -much light on New England life two centuries and more ago, but many -are the questions we would like to ask. In August, 1702, he rode to -Newbury to attend the funeral of his sister Mehitable and returned -home by way of Andover where he found that the keeper of the -ordinary was sick and so went to Mr. Woodman's daughters "and there -din'd on Pork and Beans; afterward had Fowls rosted and dress'd very -well." It would be interesting if we could know more about that -dinner. Did the Judge eat in the same room in which the fowls were -"rosted" and was the table furnished with woodenware or pewter, -or both? Had the Woodmans begun to use two-tined forks or did the -Judge hold the meat in one hand while he cut it up and conveyed it -to his mouth with the knife? Was a roasting jack fastened over the -fireplace? Was the dinner served on a table-board? Did all stand -while "a blessing" was asked? What was served for dessert? Did the -Judge wash his hands at the washbench in the kitchen and if not, -where did he find the washbasin? What pictures were on the parlor -walls and was there a bedstead in the corner and if so, how was it -furnished and how made? A bedstead known to have been used in a -New England house of 1702 is almost unknown today. If the Judge had -only devoted five minutes, while writing up his diary, to a close -description of that bedstead and its furnishings he would have -settled many existing doubts. - - [20] _Mass. Historical Society Colls._ (5th ser.), Vols. 5-7. - -It seems entirely reasonable that a distinguished guest in the house -would not be required in the morning to go to the washbench in the -kitchen and use the family basin. The dignity of Judge Sewall and -the delicacy of Madam Belcher would rebel at the thought of an -exhibition of disheveled attire before the serving maid and the -numerous children of the family. In the humblest home, on occasion, -it would be a simple matter to place in the chamber of a guest, on a -table or even on a chair, a basin and a jug of water with a towel. - -In the journal of the travels of Dr. Alexander Hamilton of -Annapolis, Md., who rode through New England in 1744, may be found -the description of the furnishings of a chamber in an inn. Doctor -Hamilton was accompanied by a negro servant and on a Sunday morning -at Marblehead he asked for his portmanteau. "I was told by my man -Dromo that it was in his room. I had the curiosity to go and see -what kind of a room his room was, and upon a reconnoitre found it a -most spacious one, furnished _a la mode de Cabaret_, with tables, -chairs, a fine feather-bed with quilted counterpane, white calico -canopy, or tester, and curtains, every way adapted for a gentleman -of his degree and complexion." - -Of course 1744 is many years after the period when oak furniture was -commonly in use; yet Reid's tavern, "at the sign of the Dragon," in -the fishing village of Marblehead, could not have been the resort of -fashion or wealth and if a negro slave was given so well furnished a -chamber what may have been the furnishings of the chamber occupied -by Doctor Hamilton? - -In a farmer's family, in the early days, it was undoubtedly the -habit to wash faces and hands in a small tub or keeler on the -washbench in the kitchen. In suitable weather it is altogether -likely the men of the family may have washed out of doors, beside -the back door, in a bucket of water freshly drawn from the well -or brought from the spring. The farm hands, on coming in from the -fields, for dinner, or at night, always "washed up" at a bench out -of doors and this custom persisted until well into the nineteenth -century. My mother, when young, for a time lived on a farm (about -1850) and several times I have heard her describe the farm hand who -came to the back door one noon, and looking at his hands remarked, -"I guess they are clean enough," and so went into his dinner, -without washing. - -Henry W. Erving of Hartford, Conn., writes: "A couple of years ago I -made a pilgrimage to my great-grandfather's former home in Westford, -Conn., in company with a kinsman over eighty years old--the last of -his generation. It was a very comfortable house, with four rooms and -a leanto, with a stone chimney. My great-grandfather lived there as -early as 1750. My cousin called my attention to the old well near -the door where, by the curb, there was a large stone hollowed out -like a trough. He said the 'men folks' as they came from the field, -would fill that trough with a bucket or two of water from which -they would 'souse' themselves thoroughly, thus not disturbing the -goodwife. And of course in the rustic neighborhoods the old customs -existed long after they were abandoned in the larger villages and -towns. - -"You will hardly believe, when I say it, but I distinctly remember -as a very small boy, going to a house in this same primitive town of -Westford where we were invited to dinner. The only drinking vessel -on the table was one of the quart Staffordshire mugs (would that I -had that mug in my collection today) which was filled with water, -milk or cider, I have really forgotten which, and passed around the -table at the demand of any thirsty one. The family consisted of -a man and his wife, an ancient grandmother, and several children -with not too clean faces. I couldn't refuse the mug when urged upon -me and selecting a place on the brim at the right of the handle, -I drank, when one of the children exclaimed, 'See, mar! He's got -granny's place.' Of course that practice in this instance was -possibly nearly a century out of period." - -One of the standard examples of American humor is the picture of the -_Mayflower_ loaded to the cross-trees with the chairs, chests and -cradles that devout New Englanders now own and claim were brought -over on that memorable voyage. It is so easy to attribute age and -romantic history to a treasured family relic that it has become -possible for a museum in the city of New York to exhibit a punch -bowl of Staffordshire ware, as a veritable relic of the _Mayflower_. -The bowl could not possibly have been made before 1780-1790. There -is another piece of Staffordshire treasured in the china closet -of a New England family, which the owner is certain was formerly -possessed by an ancestress who died years before the Revolution. -Well authenticated family tradition vouches for the fact which -cannot be disputed. Yet, the observer will soon discover a steamboat -pictured on one side of the pitcher and what is more interesting, -the stars and stripes are flying from the masthead and the canton of -the flag contains fifteen stars. - -It is undoubtedly true that some pieces of furniture were brought -over from England by the first settlers and the tradition connected -with such pieces can be authenticated by an examination of the -chair or chest showing that it is made of English and not American -oak. While most family possessions, for convenience in shipment, -came over in bales or bundles, covered with canvas in the true -European manner, a custom followed by emigrants of a later day, -yet, many articles of fine clothing and the treasured belongings of -the better-equipped families came over neatly stowed in chests and -cupboards and some of those chests have survived. - -It is all a matter of common sense reasoning which can be backed -up by an examination of early records and also the furniture -itself. Why pay a considerable value in money to transport, in an -overcrowded ship, utilitarian pieces of furniture, that could be -made in the newly settled colony, by workmen who were going over in -the same ship? Timber could be had here for the cutting and until -sufficient time had elapsed to permit the making of chairs, beds and -other required furniture, one could sit on rudely made stools and -boxes and sleep on pallet beds made up on the floor just as many of -them would be obliged to sleep while on board ship. - -Some estimate of the culture of the New England people during the -seventeenth century and of their appreciation of the refinements of -life may be reached with a degree of accuracy through a study of -the carefully itemized inventories of their estates made at time of -death. During that period the Royal Governor from overseas, with -his little court of officials and followers, had not introduced -London fashions and furnishings to the extent that existed in the -eighteenth century. Moreover, the wealth of the colonies had not -grown to the point where the refinements of life were not only -esteemed but demanded by loving spouses and by those who had taken -ship for England or the Continent and there had observed how other -people lived. - -Among the early settlements made in the Colony of the Massachusetts -Bay was one at Agawam, now the town of Ipswich. The news had reached -Boston that the French were pushing their settlements westward along -the coast, bringing with them "divers priests and Jesuits," which -so alarmed the Governor and the Assistants that it was decided to -forestall the French and hasten the planting of new towns north -of Boston. The first move was to send the Governor's son John, -with twelve others, to establish themselves at Agawam. There were -no roads and so they sailed along the coast in a shallop and took -possession of the town site in March, 1633. Their families and other -settlers soon followed and the increase of population was such that -in August, 1634, the Court of Assistants decreed that the place be -called Ipswich, after old Ipswich in England, "in acknowledgment of -the great honor and kindness done to our people, who took shipping -there." - -Three months later, in November, 1634, one John Dillingham arrived -in Ipswich and the selectmen granted him six acres of land on which -to build a house. He was from Leicestershire and with his wife and -daughter had come over in the fleet with Winthrop in 1630, and -remained in Boston until he removed to Ipswich. Life in the frontier -settlement was too severe for him and he died during the next -winter. On July 14, 1636, his widow, Sarah, made her "last will and -testament" being in "perfect memory though my body be weake & sick" -and a few days later she too was dead, leaving her orphaned daughter -to be cared for by Richard Saltonstall and John Appleton, under the -direction of the Quarterly Court. And this was not at all difficult -for John Dillingham had left a "goodly estate," for the times. This -Dillingham home has been selected for analysis because it is one -of the earliest estates in the Colony of which we have exact and -detailed information, a number of documents relating to it having -been preserved among the miscellaneous papers in the Massachusetts -State Archives.[21] Moreover, it shows the furnishings and equipment -of a settler living in a town of only two years growth from the -wilderness. - - [21] _Mass. Historical Society Colls._ (5th ser.), Vols. 5-7. - -The Dillingham homestead consisted of a house of two rooms and -outbuildings with thirty acres of upland, sixty acres of meadow, -i.e., grass land, and six acres of planting ground near the house, -of which four acres were planted with corn. Apple trees and other -fruits were fenced off in the garden. For livestock there was -a mare, three cows, two steers, two heifers, four calves, and -four pigs. There was an indentured servant, Thomas Downs, to -help cultivate the land and care for the stock, and a maid, Ann -Towle, who not only helped with the housework but also worked in -the fields. "She hath been a faithful servant," wrote Richard -Saltonstall, executor of the estate, "and though she was discharged -by her mistress a little before her time was out, yet it may be -borne by the estate, considering her diligence." Ann had come over -in the ship _Susan and Ellen_, which arrived in April, 1635. Her -passage cost £5. - -The Dillinghams occupied a good social position in the youthful -settlement but their two-room house did not contain any really -fine furniture. The parlor was also used as a bedroom, a practice -which was common everywhere in the seventeenth century. It had two -bedsteads valued at £1. 6. 8.; a cupboard, 10s.; a sea chest, 10s.; -two "joyned Chaires," 5s.; a round table, 7s.; a deske, 4s.; and -a band box, 2s. There was also a large nest of boxes valued £2. -and a small nest of boxes worth only three shillings. The feather -beds, boulsters, and pillows on each bed were valued at about -twice as much as a bedstead and the coverlets averaged about £1. -a piece. There were flaxen sheets for Mrs. Dillingham's bed and -coarse sheets for the beds of the maid and the indentured servant. A -warming pan bears silent testimony to the cold of the winter season. -Another bedstead valued at only three shillings may have been in -the garret and occupied by Ann Towle, the maid. A chest stood in -the kitchen--more generally spoken of at that time as "the hall," -in accordance with the English usage--and two boxes, probably used -for storage and also for seats. That was all the furniture listed in -the kitchen that was considered of any value. The tables, stools, -benches, shelving, or other furnishings seemingly necessary to -housekeeping at that time either did not exist or were so crude in -construction as to have little or no value in estimating the estate. -We find five cushions, however, valued at fifteen shillings. - -Mrs. Dillingham died possessed of a few really fine -furnishings--possibly treasured ancestral pieces--for she bequeathed -a silver bowl to the wife of Richard Saltonstall, and to the wife -of John Appleton she gave a silver porringer. It would be extremely -interesting today to know what has become of these two pieces of -Colonial silver. No other silver is mentioned but on shelving in the -kitchen rested 40-1/2 pounds of pewter valued at £2. 14. 0. As a pewter -plate of the time weighs nearly two pounds and a platter much more -the supply of pewter for the table was not large. Wooden plates, -trenchers, and bowls are not mentioned, but there were twenty-five -pewter saucers, six porringers, seven spoons, and five shillings -worth of knives. As for table forks, they were practically unknown -in the Colony at that time. Governor Winthrop brought over a fork -in 1630, carefully preserved in a case, which is supposed to be the -first and only table fork in the Colony in the earliest days of the -settlements. Knives, spoons, and fingers, with plenty of napery, met -the demands of table manners in the seventeenth century. - -The large fireplace in the kitchen had its usual equipment of -pot-hooks, fire shovel and tongs, gridiron, trivet, and bellows, -and beside it was an old dark lantern valued at only two shillings. -There were iron pots, kettles, skillets and ladles; a brass pot and -a mortar. There was a frying-pan with a hole in it and in a box were -kept "bullets, hinges and other smale things." Two beer vessels were -listed; a case of bottles, two jugs, three pans, a tray, and two -baskets. Such was the simple equipment of the Dillingham kitchen. -There were plenty of table-cloths and napkins but no curtains at -any of the windows. If a broom were used it probably was made of -birch twigs bound together around a long handle. Candlesticks do -not appear in the inventory and the only store of food mentioned -(aside from twenty-one new cheeses valued at £2. 16. 0.) was seven -bushels of rye, two firkins and a half of butter, a half bushel of -malt, six pounds of raisins, and some spice. Our ancestors had a -highly developed appreciation of the value of condiments. In a Salem -inventory at a somewhat later date appear salt, pepper, ginger, -cloves, mace, cinnamon, nutmegs, and allspice. - -Mrs. Dillingham's wearing apparel unfortunately is not listed item -by item, but given a total value of £5. 8. 4. Her linen amounted -to an almost equal sum. Some of her deceased husband's clothing is -included in the inventory, such as a coat with silver buttons, a -red waistcoat, a suit of serge and a black suit of serge unmade, a -jacket of cloth, and an old suit and cloak. Little Sara Dillingham, -the orphaned child, when sent to school to goodwife Symonds was -supplied with "a stuffe petticoat & waskote" and four "shifts with -shewes"; also a gown that cost £2. 10s. Perhaps after a time she may -have been able to read and fully appreciate the books formerly in -her loving father's chest. They were: "Perkins works in 3 volumes, -Seaven Treatises bound in 2 volumes, the Spowse Royall, the bruised -reade, & a little new testiment." - -Six years later, in 1642, there died in the same town, Richard -Lumpkin, who had emigrated from Boxted, in Essex, and became an -influential citizen in the new town in the new county of Essex. He -was elected a representative to the Great and General Court and was -deacon of the Ipswich church at the time of his death. He left an -estate valued at £300. In the hall of his house stood a long table, -with two forms and a stool beside it, having a total value of only -fifteen shillings. The hall also contained three chairs and six -cushions valued at four shillings. That was all the furniture in the -room that was of any value. There were books, however, valued at £2. -10. 0., a musket and a fowling piece and other small furnishings. -In the parlor was a table with six joined stools, three chairs and -eight cushions, a bedstead, and a trundle bed with curtains, and a -chest, the latter valued at only four shillings. In the chamber over -the parlor was a bedstead with its trundle bed, a table valued at -three shillings, four chests and two boxes; not a chair or stool is -named in connection with the room. The kitchen was in the leanto and -while it contained a good supply of brass and iron pots and kettles -and also pewter dishes, the table, bench, stools and wooden plates, -etc., that must have been in the room were of so little value that -they do not appear in the inventory. - -It is when we meet with joined and wainscot chests and court, -livery, and standing cupboards that we find pieces that may have -been brought from overseas. When Mr. Thomas Millard of Newbury -(note the title of honor), died in 1653, he possessed a wainscot -cupboard, table, chairs and stools. He also left behind him three -silver spoons, a silver cup, and a silver salt seller, and among the -kitchen utensils were tinned pudding pans, a brazen chaffing dish -and a lanthorn and lamp made of latin ware. - -The widow of the Rev. Jose Glover married, in 1641, Henry Dunster, -President of Harvard College. Among the furnishings of her house -were "eleven featherbeds or downe ... one of them haveing philop and -Cheny curtaines in graine with a deep silke fringe on the vallance, -and a smaller on the Curtaines, and a Coverlett sutable to it, made -of Red Kersie, and laced with a greene lace, round the sides and -2 downe the middle, also ... an outlandish quilt, also to another -a blue serdge suite very rich and costly, curtaines and valances -laced, and fringe, and a blue Rug to the bed, also a greene sute in -the same manner, also another red wrought suite, with a sheet and -all things Compleate, also a Canopie bed, with Curtenes, a Chest of -Drawers of part of this Chest was filled with rich lenen a dammeske -suite seuerall diepere suits a fine hollen[d] suit with a stech: -with abundance of flaxen linen for Common use, in another parte of -the chest of drawers tape, tafety for Chaire and Stooles ... also -29 siluer spones a very faire salt with 3 full knops on the top of -it[22] 3 other siluer salts of lesser sorts a great siluer trunke -with 4 knop to stand on the table and with suger: 6 porrengers, one -small one: 3 bere boules 4 wine cups a siluer grate with a Couer on -it: 6 siluer trencher plates: also blankets and Coverletts and Rugs -euery[way] Compleat to furnish so many beds."[23] - - [22] This large salt is now owned by Harvard College. - - [23] _Old-Time New England_, July, 1934. - -By way of contrast let us glance at the inventory of the possessions -of William Googe of Lynn, who died in 1646, ten years after Mrs. -Dillingham had willed that her body be "decently buyried" and her -child "religiously educated if God give it life." Googe left a house -and twelve acres of land and the total value of his possessions -amounted to but £28. 11. 7, with debts of £4. 9. 7. He left a -widow and three small children, and though dying in very lowly -circumstances he may have known better times, for John Mascoll, the -servant of Mr. Googe of Lynn, was fined in 1643, for neglecting the -watch. The title of honor, "Mr.," was used but sparingly in those -early days and usually indicated a degree of social standing in the -community. - -Googe had been a soldier, for among his personal belongings at death -were a sword and belt, a musket and bandoleers, and also gunpowder. -One cow and four hogs comprised his entire livestock, and five -bushels of wheat, ten bushels of Indian corn, and flax in the bundle -lay in the garret of his house, which was frugally furnished with -a chest, a chair, an old chair, a stool, and a trunk. The family -probably slept on pallet beds made up on the floor, for bedding -is listed but no bedsteads. They had a frying pan, a gridiron, a -skillet, a posnet, an earthen pot, six spoons, and the following -woodenware, viz.: "3 wood trayes & 3 wood boules & 3 wood dishes, -1s. 9d.; one runlitt, 1s.; paieles & tubs, 3s." Two bags valued at -two shillings bring to a close the list of the earthly possessions -of William Googe of Lynn. When the inventory was brought into court -it very properly gave the goods to the widow "for the bringing up of -her three small children." So reads the record. - -Doubtless there were many families in the Colony little better -conditioned, judging from the relatively small number of estates -settled through the courts when compared with the deaths and -estimated population. - -Googe's house and twelve acres of land were valued at only £8. This -must have been a very simple, thatch-roofed house of not more than -two rooms, comparable with the outlying farmhouse of Jacob Perkins -that was burned in Ipswich in 1668. And thereby hangs a tale. Master -Perkins and his wife had gone to town one summer afternoon leaving -the house in charge of Mehitable Brabrooke, a sixteen-year-old -serving maid. We will let the ancient document in the court files -relate what happened. - -"About 2 or 3 aclocke in the afternoone she was taking tobacco in a -pipe and went out of the house with her pipe and gott upon the oven -on the outside & backside of the house (to looke if there were any -hogs in the corne) and she layed her right hand upon the thatch of -the house (to stay herselfe) and with her left hand knocked out her -pipe over her right arme upon the thatch on the eaves of the house -(not thinking there had been any fire in the pipe) and imediately -went downe into the corne feild to drive out the hogs she saw in it, -and as she was going toward the railes of the feild ... she looked -back, and saw a smoke upon her Mistress' house in the place where -she had knocked out her pipe at which shee was much frighted."[24] - - [24] _Essex County Quarterly Court Records_, Vol. IV, pp. 56-57. - -The wife of a neighbor came running to the assistance of Mehitable -and afterwards testified that when she reached the house she looked -into both fireplaces and saw no appearance of fire, only a few -brands nearly dead under a great kettle hanging in the chimney. She -also looked up into the chamber through the floor boards that lay -very open on the side where the smoke was. - -Could photographs more vividly picture the scene? The thatch-roofed -farmhouse had two rooms on the ground floor and a chimney with -two fireplaces. An oven was built on the backside probably having -an opening inside the kitchen fireplace in the usual manner. The -house was of but one story judging from the low roof that the maid -was able to reach when standing on the oven, and the floor of the -chamber in the loft had wide cracks between the boards so that it -was possible to look through from below and see the under side of -the roof. In similar homes lived many a family in the early days in -comparative comfort. - -As for the careless Mehitable, she was brought before the Quarterly -Court on suspicion of wilfully setting the house on fire; a serious -offence, which as late as 1821, was the cause of the execution in -Salem of a sixteen-year-old boy. Among those who deposed at her -trial was a young man who said that as he and she were going into -the meadow, before the fire, to make hay, she told him that her -mistress was angry with her, but she had "fitted her now" for she -had put a great toad into her kettle of milk. As it turned out -the Court ordered Mehitable to be severely whipped and to pay £40 -damages to her master Jacob Perkins. It now seems incredible that a -serving maid of 1668 could ever get together so large a sum of money. - -The settlers in the New England Colonies, unless persons of wealth -or possessed of large families, during the early years lived -generally in houses having but one room and an entry-way on the -ground floor. Above would be a chamber--sometimes only a garret. -As the family increased in size and became more prosperous another -room would be added to the house on the other side of the entry and -chimney, making the structure a so-called two-room house. Still -later, with the need for more room, a leanto would be built on the -back of the house, thereby supplying three additional rooms on the -ground floor with a kitchen in the middle. The earlier kitchen -would then become a living-room or "sitting room"--in the New -England phrase. This earlier kitchen was usually called "the hall" -during the seventeenth century and in it centered the life of the -family. It was the room where the food was cooked and eaten. There -the family sat and there the indoor work was carried on. A loom -sometimes occupied considerable space near a window and frequently -a bed was made up in a corner, on which the father of the family -slept, and there sometimes also he died. - -The principal feature of this common room was its huge fireplace -in which hung pots and kettles suspended by means of pot chains -and trammels from the hardwood trammel-bar or lug-pole that rested -on wooden cross bars and so bisected the wide flue in the chimney. -These large fireplaces in the early days were sometimes called -"chimneys" in the vernacular of the time. They were generally as -wide as eight feet and a ten foot opening is not unknown. - -This cavernous opening was spanned by a wooden lintel--a stick of -timber sometimes sixteen inches or more square, and when exposed -to a roaring fire, piled high with logs, this became an element of -danger, the charring wood smoldering all night and setting fire -to the house. The trammel-bar in the flue also caught fire not -infrequently and gave way, allowing the pots and kettles to fall to -the hearth, bringing disaster to the dinner or to the curdling milk -and sometimes to those seated near. A trammel stick in the house of -Captain Denney gave way from this cause and a large kettle filled -with wort[25] fell down and spilt the boiling liquid over four of -his children who were sitting or lying on the hearth, some of them -asleep, "which scalded them in so terrible a manner, that one died -presently after, and another's life is dispaired of" continues the -record. - - [25] Beer in the making. - -"Here is good living for those who love good fires," wrote Higginson -in his _New-Englands Plantation_, and under the spell of the -glowing flames, the bare, whitewashed walls, the brown timbers and -floor boards of the ceiling, the dress of pewter, and the simple -furnishings of the room, enriched by the shadows, became a place -full of cheer--a place where privation and homesickness might be -forgotten in the glow of the bright firelight. On cold nights the -short bench inside the fireplace was a chosen place and the settle, -a long seat made of boards with a high back to keep off the draft, -was drawn before the fire and here sat the older members of the -family. - -The larger kettles hanging in the fireplace, were of brass and -copper and some of them were of prodigious size. Hot water was -always to be had and these kettles also served for the daily -cooking, the cheese-making, soap-boiling, and candle-dipping. - -Much of the food of the average New Englander until comparatively -recent times consisted of corn-meal, boiled meats and vegetables and -stews. Every well-equipped household had its spits for roasting and -many had gridirons, but the usual diet of the average family was -"hasty pudding"--cornmeal mush and milk--varied by boiled meat or -fish served in the center of a large pewter platter and surrounded -by boiled vegetables. Baked beans and stewed beans appeared on the -table several times every week in the year. Indian bannock, made -by mixing corn meal with water and spreading it an inch thick on a -small board placed at an incline before the fire and so baked, was a -common form of bread. When mixed with rye meal it became brown bread -and was baked in the brick oven with the beans and peas. - -The brick oven was a feature of every chimney. Sometimes in early -days it was built partly outside the house but so far as known -the opening was always in the kitchen fireplace. To reach it the -housewife must stoop below the oaken lintel and stand inside the -fireplace, taking care that her woolen skirts did not come near the -flames. To heat it for a baking, a fire was built inside, usually -with specially prepared pine or birch wood that had been split and -seasoned out of doors for a short time and then housed. The fire -and ashes were then taken out by means of a peel--a long-handled, -flat-bladed shovel made for the purpose--and when dusted out with a -broom made of hemlock twigs it was ready for the brown bread, beans, -peas, Indian pudding, pies, and rye drop cakes which were made with -rye meal, eggs and milk and baked directly on the bricks in the -bottom of the oven. - -Between the years of 1635 and 1655, court records and inventories -of estates in the Massachusetts Bay Colony mention the following -articles of food: - -Bacon, beef, butter, cheese, eggs, fowls, lamb, milk, mutton, pork, -suet, veal, wild game, and cod, herring, mackerel, salmon and -sturgeon. - -Barley, beans, Indian beans, bran, cabbages, carrots, chaff, corn, -English corn, Indian corn, hops, Indian meal, rye meal, oatmeal, -oats, parsnips, peas, pumpions, rye, squashes, turnips and wheat. - -Apples, berries, fruit, honey, raisins, sugar and vinegar. - -Biscuit, blewlman, bread, cake, malt, salad oil, porridge, rye malt, -yeast, salt and many kinds of spices. - -Much of this food was raised on the farm and nearly every family -had its garden. Such articles of food as were imported were usually -obtained at the shops in the larger towns by barter, as money was -scarce. In 1651, a farmer came through the woods to Salem in his -cart bringing twelve bushels of rye. He stopped at a shop owned -by George Corwin and from the daybook kept at the time and still -carefully preserved, we learn that among other necessaries he -carried home sugar for the goodwife, and for the children a doll and -a bird whistle. - -In the early years domestic animals were too valuable to be killed -for meat but game was plentiful and was roasted by being trussed on -iron spits resting on curved brackets on the backs of the andirons. -This, of course, required constant turning to expose the roast on -all sides in order to cook it evenly--a task frequently delegated to -a child. A skillet would be placed beneath to catch the drippings. -Sometimes a bird was suspended before the fire by a twisted cord -that would slowly unwind and partly wind again, requiring some -one in frequent attendance to twist the cord. Families of wealth -possessed a "jack" to turn the spit. This was a mechanism fastened -over the fireplace and connected with the spit by means of a pulley -and cord. A heavy weight suspended by a cord which slowly unwound, -supplied the power that turned the spit. - -In "the hall," usually upon open shelves, but sometimes upon a -dresser, was displayed the pride of the housewife--the dress of -pewter and latten ware. "China dishes," imported by the East India -Company or made in Holland, were used sparingly during the early -years of the colonies. There was much earthenware and stoneware -bottles and jugs, but it was wooden ware and pewter that were -commonly used. When Lionel Chute died in 1645 he bequeathed his -silver spoon to his son James.[26] It was the only piece of silver -in the house. Of pewter he died possessed of fourteen dishes "small -and great," eleven pewter salts, saucers and porringers, two pewter -candlesticks and a pewter bottle. The widow Rebecca Bacon who died -in Salem in 1655, left an estate of £195. 8. 6., which included a -well-furnished house. She had brass pots, skillets, candlesticks, -skimmers, a little brass pan, and an excellent supply of pewter -including "3 large pewter platters, 3 a size lesse, 3 more a size -lesse, 3 more a size lesse," having a total value of £1.16. She -also had a pewter basin, six large pewter plates, and six lesser, -nineteen pewter saucers, two fruit dishes, an old basin and a -great plate, two candlesticks, one large salt and a small one, two -porringers, a great flagon, one lesser, one quart, two pints and a -half pint; and an old porringer. She also left "1 silver duble salt, -6 silver spoones, wine cup & a dram cup of silver." - - [26] _Probate Records of Essex County, Mass._, Vol. I, p. 47. - -Giles Badger of Newbury left to his young widow, a glass bowl, -beaker, and jug valued at three shillings; three silver spoons -valued at £1, and a good assortment of pewter, including "a salt -seller, a tunell and a great dowruff." The household was also -furnished with six wooden dishes and two wooden platters. In other -inventories appear unusual items such as a pewter brim basin, -pewter cullenders, pewter beer cups, pans, and mustard pots. Pewter -tankards were common. There were new and old fashioned candlesticks. -Pewter salts came in three sizes and the saucers were both small -and large. In 1693, best London pewter plates cost the Boston -shopkeepers 9-1/2 pence per pound in quantity. - -The seventeenth century "hall" must have had little spare room for -its daily occupants, for in addition to its table and chairs, its -settle, stools and washbench, the long ago inventories disclose -such chattels as powdering tubs in which the salted meats were -kept, the churn, barrels containing a great variety of things, -keelers and buckets, bucking tubs for washing, and the various -implements used in spinning and weaving, washing and ironing, -cooking and brewing, and the making of butter and cheese. In the -chimney hung hams and bacon and suspended from the ceiling were -strings of dried apples and hands of seed corn. - -It is claimed by some that the floors were sanded. That certainly -was true at a later period but there are strong elements of doubt -as to the prevalence of this custom during the seventeenth century. -Sand, however, was used freely with home-made soft soap, to scrub -the floors which were always kept white and clean, and whenever -an early house is restored or taken down sand is always found, -sometimes in considerable quantity, where it has sifted down through -the cracks between the floor boards. The downstairs rooms had -double floors but the chamber floors were made of one thickness of -boards with here and there a knothole and frequently with cracks -between the boards through which the dust and dirt from above -must have sifted down upon the heads of those seated at dinner or -engaged in their daily tasks in the rooms below. Not only does the -structural evidence show this to be true but a number of instances -occur among the papers in Court files, where witnesses have deposed -as to what they had seen and heard through the cracks in chamber -floors. A grandson of Governor Endecott once fell a victim of two -gossiping sixteen-year-old girls who had spent some time on their -knees peeping through the cracks in a chamber floor. Capt. Richard -More, the last survivor of the company on the _Mayflower_, late in -life kept a tavern in Salem. He was spied upon in this manner and -eventually brought before the justices of the Quarterly Court to -answer for his evasion of the law set forth and maintained at that -time. - -The parlor, called "the foreroom" at a later time, was the room -where guests of station were received. The best bed hung with -curtains and valance and covered with a rug, stood in a corner. In -those days rugs were not used on floors but as bed furnishings. -Even the baby's cradle had its rug. Carpets, likewise, were too fine -for wooden floors and were used as table covers. Of bedsteads there -were many kinds--high and low, canopy, close, corded, half-headed, -joined, side, standing, inlaid, and wainscot, and slipped under -the higher bedsteads during the daytime, were trundle or "truckle" -beds in which the children slept at night. Lionel Chute, the -schoolmaster, had an "old darnkell coverlet" on his bed while some -of his neighbors possessed branched and embroidered coverlets and -several had coverlets made of tapestry. - -Among the better families the parlor and chamber windows had -curtains hung from rods or cords. In the parlor stood chests in -which were stored the family clothing and bedding, for closets did -not exist in the seventeenth century house. There were great chests -and small chests, long boarded and great boarded chests, chests -with a drawer, carved chests, wainscot chests, trunks, and boxes. A -few stools and chairs, a looking-glass, a small table, and perhaps -a cupboard completed the furnishings of the well-supplied parlor. -In Capt. George Corwin's best room there were chairs with leather -bottoms and straw bottoms, a clock valued at £2, a screen having -five leaves, a napkin press, and a "Scriture or Spice box." White -calico curtains hung at his chamber windows and the maid had a -"Calico Cuberd cloth" in her room. Parlor walls were whitewashed and -bare of ornament. The first families owned a portrait or two in oils -and here and there a map in unglazed frame decorated a wall. The -Puritan character did not warm to the fine arts and austere living -was the aim if not always the achievement of the time. - -The chambers in the second story must have been curiously furnished -rooms, containing a huddle of stores of all descriptions. Henry -Short, the town clerk of Newbury, died in 1673 leaving a goodly -estate valued at nearly £2,000.[27] He owned a negro slave and his -house was large and well furnished. There was an old parlor and a -new parlor containing beds, chests, chairs, trunks, and boxes. In -the chamber over the new parlor there was a good feather-bed and -bed clothing but no bedstead. Wool and yarn were stored in this -room together with boxes, tubs, some feathers, and miscellaneous -"lumber"--the phrase of the period for odds and ends. The chamber -over the kitchen, a comfortable room of course, in winter, had its -bed and bedding, also "5 hogsheds, 6 barrels, 5 Iron hoopes, a -pair of stockcards, meale trough & other lumber, a parcell of old -Iron, a pike, a bed cord & other cordage." Small wonder in such a -clutter that the rooms frequently had other tenantry than the human -occupants. - - [27] _Probate Records of Essex County, Mass._, Vol. II, p. 348. - -When Jasper Dankers arrived in Boston in 1680, the captain of the -packet took him to his sister's house where he lodged. "We were -taken to a fine large chamber," he writes, "but we were hardly in -bed before we were shockingly bitten. I did not know the cause, -but was not able to sleep.... My comrade who was very sleepy, fell -asleep at first. He tumbled about very much; but I did not sleep -any the whole night. In the morning we saw how it was, and were -astonished we should find such a room with such a lady."[28] - - [28] Dankers, _Journal of a Voyage to New York_, Brooklyn, 1867. - -Early in the eighteenth century the walls of rooms in some -Massachusetts houses began to be covered with "painted paper" -hangings imported from England. These _papier paints_ were first -introduced into England, from France, about 1634, and probably were -brought into New England by Governor Andros and his followers. -Michael Perry, a Boston bookseller, who died in 1700, had in his -stock "7 quires of painted paper and three reams of painted paper." -His successor, Daniel Henchman, dealt in painted papers as appears -from his account books commencing in 1712. In 1713 two quires of -painted paper cost four shillings, and two quires of blue paper, -three shillings. In 1714, Isaac Thomas of Pembroke paid £2. 10. 0 -for "6 Rowls Paint'd Pap'r & 2 Q'r Paper." - -When Peter Sergeant of Boston died in 1714, the inventory of his -estate disclosed "one large gilt looking glass, in the cedar room, -£5. One suit of Imagery Tapestry hanging, £20. One suit of red china -£5." Two years later the house was purchased by the Provincial -Government for a governor's residence and in 1741 we find the -Provincial Treasurer paying Daniel Henchman £5. 8. 0. for four -rolls of painted paper and shortly another bill was presented for -"New Tacking the paper hanging above in the chamber & new papering -one roome below stairs." - -In 1734, John Maverick, shopkeeper, bought of Henchman, four quires -and five sheets of painted paper for £1. 3. 9. In 1736, Colonel -Estes Hatch bought 10 rolls painted paper for £16. 5. 0. which -was probably used in his mansion in Dorchester, bought after the -Revolution by Colonel James Swan. - -The painted paper of the eighteenth century was sold at first in -sheets, 22 by 32 inches, called elephant size. Later these were -pasted together to make 12 yard lengths. In the earlier stages of -manufacture the designs were colored by hand. Stencils of pasteboard -were used, and in the last half of the eighteenth century blocks -of pear and sycamore wood were used, as in calico printing. One -who painted coats of arms and other things pertaining to heraldry, -as well as one who painted or stained linen cloth, was known as a -"painter stainer." So, also, those who stained colored or stamped -paper for hangings were known as "paper stainers." - -When Thomas Hancock built his house on Beacon Hill he desired -painted paper for some of his rooms. Extracts from his letter to -John Rowe, stationer, London, explain his wants: - -"Sir: Inclosed you have the Dimensions of a Room for a shaded -Hanging to be Done after the same Pattern I have sent per Capt. -Tanner. The pattern is all that was left of a Room lately come -over here, and it takes much in ye Town and will be the only -paper-hanging for sale here which am of opinion may Answer well.... -If they can make it more beautiful by adding more Birds flying here -and there, with some Landskips at the Bottom, Should like it well. -Let the Ground be the same colour of the Pattern. At the top and -bottom was a narrow Border of about 2 inches wide which would have -to mine.... - -"A hanging done much handsomer sent over three or four years -previous was made by Dunbar in Aldermanbury.... - -"In other of these Hangings are great variety of different Sorts -of Birds, Peacocks, Macoys, Squirrill, Monkys, Fruit and Flowers, -etc.... I think they are handsomer and better than Painted hangings -done in Oyle so I beg your particular Care in procuring this for -me and that the patterns may be taken care off and Return'd with -my Goods."--_Letter of Thomas Hancock to John Rowe, Stationer, in -London_, Jan. 23, 1737/8. - -In the eighteenth-century Boston newspapers may be found numerous -items showing the use of wall paper and the fact that it frequently -was imported from England. But while it is true that it could be -purchased in the shops in Boston it does not follow that rooms in -every house were papered. Nor is it likely that the rooms of houses -in the country had papered walls save when the owner was a wealthy -man. London fashions would first be found transplanted into the -seaport towns and later would be adopted by the country. Undoubtedly -the home of the Governor, or of some well-to-do sea captain, was -the first house to be so decorated. On September 22, 1762, died -Daniel Starr of Boston, "who has been for many years employed in -Papering Rooms." This item appears in the news items of the _Boston -News-Letter_. Eight years later the same newspaper prints the -following advertisement: - -"George Killcup, jun. Informs the Gentlemen and Ladies in Town and -Country That he Paints Carpets & other Articles, and Paper Rooms in -the neatest manner. He will take English or West India Goods as Pay. - -"Said Killcup is ready to pay those he is indebted to, in Painting -or Papering Rooms."--_Boston News-Letter_, March 17, 1768. - -"Roll Paper for Rooms," with "most sorts of Stationary Ware" were -advertised for sale by John Parker, over against the shop of Mr. -Dolbeare, Brazier, at the Head of the Town Dock, Boston.--_Boston -News-Letter_, June 3-10, 1736. - -J. Boydell, the printer of the _Boston Gazette_, advertised in -November, 1736, a house in Boston, to be sold, in which two chambers -in the first story were "hung with Scotch Tapestry, the other Green -Cheny." - -John Phillips, bookseller, advertised "Stampt Paper in Rolls for to -Paper Rooms," in the October 26, 1730, issue of the _New England -Journal_. - -"Sundry sorts of Painted Paper for Rooms" were to be sold at -public vendue at the Exchange Tavern in King Street, with other -importations.--_New-England Journal_, August 29, 1738. - -"Flowered Paper, or Paper Hangings for Rooms, to be Sold; Inquire of -the Printer."--_Boston Gazette_, February 2, 1742. - -"Beautiful Arras-Hangings for a Room" to be sold at -vendue.[29]--_Boston News-Letter_, August 22, 1745. - - [29] Watkins, "Early Use of Paper Hangings in Boston" (_Old-Time New - England_, Jan., 1922). - -Against the earlier background of whitewashed walls hung few -decorations. Between 1635 and 1681 there were 960 estates probated -in Essex County, Massachusetts. The county had several seaport towns -and its inhabitants were more prosperous than many other parts of -the Colony. In the inventories of these 960 estates, pictures are -listed but eight times and maps were found in but three homes. -William Hollingsworth, the shipbuilder and merchant of Salem, -possessed seven framed pictures. They are the only _framed_ pictures -mentioned. Hilliard Veren of Salem, who died in 1668, had three -pictures in his hall chamber and Robert Gray of the same town had -in his parlor a large looking-glass with some earthen dishes and -a picture, the whole valued at £2. The Rev. Nathaniel Rogers of -Ipswich, had two pictures in his parlor and Thomas Wells of Ipswich, -bequeathed to his son Thomas, the new pictures of the King and Queen -and the one of the "five sencces." He also possessed maps and paper -pictures. - -Fifty years later John Smibert, the portrait painter, had his shop -"at his House in Queen Street, between the Town House and the Orange -Tree, Boston," where he sold "all sorts of Colours, dry or ground -with Oyls and Brushes, Fans of several sorts, the best Mezotints, -Italian, French, Dutch and English Prints, in Frames and Glasses or -without, by Wholesale or Retail, at Reasonable Rates." About the -same time the "Royal Waxwork" was to be seen at the House of Mr. -Thomas Brooks, shopkeeper, near the Draw Bridge, and Thomas White, -the engraver, was living in a house not far away. - -Here are a few advertisements from early newspapers bearing on -furnishing the house: - -BED HANGINGS. To be sold by Mrs. Susanna Condy, near the Old North -Meeting House, a fine Fustian Suit of Curtains, with a Cornish and -Base Mouldings of a beautiful Figure, drawn in London, on Frame full -already worked; as also enough of the same for half a dozen Chairs. -N.B. The Bed may be had by itself.--_Boston Gazette_, May 24-31, -1736. - -BED-SCREWS. Mr. _John Barnard_ of Boston, having some time since -Lent a Pair of large Bed-screws. These are desiring the Borrower -to return them again to the owner, as he desires to Borrow again, -to avoid the Curse due to the Wicked, that Borrow but never -Pay.--_Boston News-Letter_, Oct. 22-29, 1716. - -BEDSTEAD. A Coach-head Bed and Bedstead with its Curtains and -Vallents, &c, as it stands, being a blew China. To be disposed off. -Inquire of the Printer.--_Boston Gazette_, June 16-23, 1735. - -CANOPIE BEDS. A Couple of very good Cannopie Beds lately come from -England to be Sold on reasonable terms, by Rupert Lord Upholsterer -and to be seen at Mr. Ramies House in Corn-Hill the next door to the -Post-office, Boston.--_Boston News-Letter_, Jan. 4-11, 1713-14. - -MOHAIR BED. To be Sold reasonably for ready money, or on good -Security, a yellow Mohair Bed lined with a Persian of the same -Colour, and six Chairs of the same Mohair, little the worse for -wear. Inquire of J. Boydell.--_Boston Gazette_, Oct. 17-24, 1737. - -PRESS BED. A Very good Press-Case for a Bed, to be Sold. Enquire of -the Printer.--_Boston News-Letter_, Oct. 28-Nov. 4, 1736. - -CARPETS. Just imported from London, in the last ships and to be -sold at Mr. Blanchard's in New Boston West End; a large assortment -of fine Carpets for Rooms, very cheap for ready Cash.--_Boston -Gazette_, Jan. 22, 1759. - -PUBLICK VENDUE. At 5'o'Clock in the Afternoon will be sold by T. -Fleet, at the Heart and Crown, in Cornhill,--Bedding, Several Suits -of Curtains and Bedsteads, a fine new Silk Damask Quilt and Quilted -Cushions of the same, Black Walnut Chest of Drawers and Desk, -Brass Candlesticks, Iron Dogs, sundry Suits of wearing apparel for -men, new Castor Hats, China Ware, Rummolds, Druggets....--_Boston -News-Letter_, May 18-25, 1732. - -HOUSEHOLD FURNISHINGS. This Afternoon at 3 o'clock will be Sold -by Publick Vendue, by Daniel Goffe, at the Dwelling House of Mr. -Jonathan Barnard, over against the Town-House in Cornhill, sundry -sorts of Household Goods, consisting of Beds, Bedding, a Couch, -Chairs, handsome Japan'd Tea Tables, Walnut and Mahogany Tables, -Chest of Drawers, Peer Glasses, Sconces, Glass Arms, China Ware, -Metzotinto and other Prints, several valuable large Pieces of -Paintings, one handsome large Carpet 9 Foot 6 Inches by 6 Foot -6 Inches, a fashionable yellow Camblet Bed lin'd with Satten, a -great easy Chair and Window Curtains, suitable for a Room, a Field -Bedstead and Bed, the covering a Blew Harrateen, Kitchen Furniture, -as Pewter of the best sort, Copper, Brass and Iron, a parcel of -Books and some Shop Goods.--_Boston News-Letter_, May 8-15, 1735. - -FURNITURE AT AUCTION. To be sold by Auction, Household Furniture of -the late Mr. Pyam Blowers, including: Fine Sconce Glasses, large -Looking Glasses, Leather Bottom Chairs, sundry Mehogany and other -Tables, a good Couch Squab and Pillow, a very handsome Yellow Damask -Bed, an Easy Chair, a neat case of Drawers, ... two Silver watches, -sundry sorts of good China Ware, etc.--_Boston News-Letter_, May -17-24, 1739. - -FURNITURE AT AUCTION. To be Sold by Publick Vendue on Monday next -at 3 o'Clock, Afternoon, at the House of Charles Paxton, Esq., the -following Goods, viz.: A fashionable crimson Damask Furniture with -Counterpain and two Sets of Window Curtains, and Vallans of the -same Damask. Eight Walnut Tree Chairs, stuft Back and Seats covered -with the same Damask, Eight crimson China Cases for ditto, one easy -Chair and Cushion, same Damask, and Case for ditto. Twelve Walnut -Tree chairs, India Backs, finest Cane, and sundry other valuable -Household Furniture.--_Boston News-Letter_, Jan. 9, 1746. - -FURNITURE. To be Sold, a crimson Harrateen Coach-Bed, Bedstead, and -Feather-bed, six small chairs, and one two-arm Chair, with crimson -Harrateen Seats, a Table, and two small Pictures, Enquire of the -Printer.--_Boston News-Letter_, June 25, 1747. - -HAND BOARDS. Lately arrived from London, & are to be Sold by -Giles Dulake Tidmarsh at his Warehouse No. 4 on the Long Wharfe, -Five Dutch Tea Tables, as Hand Boards and Looking Glasses, new -Fashion.--_Boston Gazette_, Nov. 19-26, 1722. - -[Illustration: LEONARD HOUSE, RAYNHAM, MASS. - -This shows typical front-gabled roof and two-story porch - -Tradition relates that King Philip's head was deposited in this -house in 1676 - -Printed from the original wood block engraved in 1838] - - - - -CHAPTER IV - -COUNTERPANES AND COVERLETS - - -In the early days our forefathers were dependent upon the open -fireplace and during the winter season everyone must wear thick -clothing and provide an ample supply of warm coverings for the beds. -Those were the days of warming pans and heated bricks taken to bed -by both children and grown-ups, and of feather beds, comforters and -patchwork quilts. - -Bed coverings in the olden times, and even in our day, have a -variety of names with distinctions sometimes difficult to classify. -Sometimes they are counterpanes, and again coverlets. A _comforter_ -suggests warmth and comfort not only for the bed but for the neck. -The _bed cover_ is universal as is the _quilt_. - -The patchwork quilt was formerly one of the most familiar and -necessary articles of household furnishing and its origin -reaches backward into the dim and unknown past. It was brought -to the Massachusetts Bay by the first settlers. In cottage and -castle it was known in the days of King John, and down through -the generations its making supplied occupation and amusement to -countless women whose life interests centered in their homes and -household furnishings. Its manufacture may well be styled one of the -household arts, for artistic indeed are the bold conceptions of many -of the designs; while the piecing and the patching provide ample -opportunity for needlework of the finest character. - -In the early days the English spelled quilt with a final -_e_--quilte--as did the French. It is a cover or coverlet made -by stitching together two thicknesses of a fabric with some soft -substance between them. This applies to bed covers and also to -quilted petticoats so commonly worn in the old days. - -What is a coverlet? Originally, any covering for a bed; now, -specifically, the outer covering. The word comes from the French -_couvre-lit_--a bed covering. The handwoven coverlets of many -beautiful designs, in blue and white and red and brown, are well -known and formerly were woven everywhere. - -The _counter-pane_, formerly a bed cover, now describes a light -coverlet woven of cotton with raised figures. The word is a -corruption of _counterpoint_, in allusion to the panes or squares -of which bed covers are often composed. The counterpane was never -quilted. - -The _bedspread_ and the _bed cover_ may be considered as one and -the same--the uppermost covering of a bed and accordingly of an -ornamental character in general. The _comforter_ was a thickly -quilted bed cover made of several thicknesses of sheet cotton or -wool prepared for the purpose. This was too thick to be quilted so -it was knotted at regular intervals to prevent the interlining from -slipping out of place. Frequently it was called a "comfort." - -There is one other name that was applied to a bed covering in the -Colonial times but which is never heard today in that connection. In -the days immediately following the settlement many a New England bed -was covered with a _rug_. When William Clarke of Salem died in 1647, -in the parlor of his house was a bed with a green rug covering it -which was valued by the appraisers at fourteen shillings. The term -was commonly in use at the time, in fact, as commonly as the word -coverlet. In the probate of Essex County, Massachusetts, estates -between the years 1635 and 1674, coverlets are mentioned one hundred -and forty-two times and rugs one hundred and fifty-seven times while -quilts are listed only four times. These early bed rugs were usually -thick woolen coverings with a shaggy nap. - -A never-failing source of accurate information as to the furnishings -and equipment of the New England household in the olden time is the -probate records--specifically, the inventory of the property taken -in connection with the settlement of the estate. For many years -it was the well-nigh universal custom to list, room by room, the -contents of a house and from these painstaking inventories it now -becomes possible to reconstruct in mental picture the interiors -of those homes where lived and died our Puritan ancestors. In -connection with the present subject we learn from these inventories -that it was quite the usual habit to set up a bed in the parlor and -we also learn of the existence of different kinds of rugs used in -the bed furnishings--cotton rugs, English rugs, Irish rugs, cradle -rugs, etc. There were worsted coverlets, tapestry coverlets and -embroidered coverlets. A darnacle coverlet is listed in 1665; but as -darnacle curtains appear in the same inventory it is safe to assume -that darnacle is the name of some long-forgotten fabric. But what is -a "branched coverlet?" Mrs. Thomas Newhall of Lynn possessed in 1674 -a green rug and a branched coverlet. - -Capt. George Corwin of Salem who died in 1684, had a calico -counterpane in the red chamber in his house. In the corner chamber -was a green counterpane and in the kitchen chamber was a sad colored -counterpane, two coverlets, and a quilt of colored and flowered -calico. - -Let us have a look at a few of these wills and inventories. In 1640, -the widow Bethia Cartwright of Salem, bequeathed to her sister, then -living in England, her bed, bolster, blanket and coverlet. It is an -open question if the value of the property equalled the probable -cost of transporting it to that loving sister in distant England. - -Mrs. Joanna Cummings of Salem, at her death in 1644, among many -other items possessed a feather bed, flock bolster and a green rug, -jointly valued at £2. 5. 0. - -In the "hall" of John Goffe's house, in Newbury, in 1641, were found -"3 bedsteeds, £1; 1 pr. curtains with 3 rods, 18s.; 1 green rugg, -£1. 6.; 2 blankets, 15 s.; 1 bed, bolster and 4 pillows, £4. 10.; 1 -coverlet, 10s.; and 1 bed matt, 2s." - -The next year William Howard, afterwards the first town clerk of -Topsfield, was one of the appraisers of the estate of Samuel Smith -of Enon, the name by which Wenham was then known. In one of the -chambers he found a "bed, blancits & coverlet" which he valued at -£7. 8. Rather a valuable bed, or, may it have been the coverlet? -In connection with "cobbard clothes" at £1. he lists a "carpitt" -at 15s; and this carpet, curiously enough, he did not find on the -floor but on a table. Joanna Cummings owned a "carpet & table" that -were valued at 7s. 8d. Joseph Metcalf of Ipswich had "a table & -old carpett" worth £1. In the parlor of Governor Endecott's house -in Boston were found a "Table, Carpet & 3 stools," valued at 50s. -William Bacon's "carpets & qushens" were worth £1. 10s. and in the -inventory of the estate of Rev. Ezekiel Rogers of Rowley, appears -the following: "a presse and a litle Table with ther Carpets, £1. -10s." - -John Whittingham lived in Ipswich and died in 1648. In the parlor -of his house was found a "Joyne Table with Five chairs & one ould -Carpet, 10s.; one cupboard and Cloth, 10s.; 2 paire Cobirons, 15s.; -two window Curtains and curtaine rods, 6s.; one case of Bottles, -5s.; Books, £6. 5s.; Eleven Cushions, £1. 10s.; one Still, 5s.;" -and perhaps most important of all--"one fetherbed, one flockbed, -two boulsters, one pillow, one p. blankets, one Rugge, Curtains -& valients and bedsted, £12." In the chamber over the parlor was -another bedstead well supplied with furnishings, including two -quilts, a blue coverlet and a trundle bed. This upstairs chamber had -wall hangings which were valued at £2. 10s. and in the room were six -trunks, a chest and a box, containing stores of bed linen, table -cloths, napkins, hose yarn, silver plate and eleven spoons. Two -chairs, four stools, a screen, two pairs of cobirons and a pair of -tongs completed the furnishings of the room. It almost stands open -before us. And those wall hangings valued at £2. 10s.! - -Another parlor chamber in a house in Newbury, in which had lived the -minister, the Rev. James Noyes, was more meagerly furnished. Here -the appraisers found "2 boxes, 4 hogsheads, a musket and a gun and -two swords, £2.; a bolster and a quilt & two blankets and a parsell -of Cotton wooll, £3. 10s." - -Just one more inventory--the estate of William Clarke who died in -1647 in Salem. The parlor contained a half-headed bedstead with -curtains and vallance which was furnished with a feather bed and -bolster, a straw bed and flock bolster, white blankets, sheets, -and a green rug. In a corner of this parlor stood another bedstead -having a mat, canvas flock bed, sheets, old blankets and a red rug, -and in the chamber over the kitchen was a low bedstead with a flock -bed and bolster, a blanket, a rug and an old quilt. - -Here are two kinds of bedsteads mentioned in this house, but there -were other kinds in frequent use at the time: high beds and side -beds, canopy bedsteads, half-headed, joined, cabin, corded, close, -press, standing, truckle and trundle bedsteads and what is strange -indeed, not a single example of these early bedsteads has been -preserved. All have been worn out or destroyed--supplanted by a -newer fashion--and we today can only imagine their various forms and -decorations. - -In the New England vernacular, materials for quilts were "skurse" -in the olden times. The settlers, of course, brought all their -furnishings from England and a few years elapsed before wool and -flax were produced here in any quantity. Meanwhile all fabrics were -imported and paid for by shipments of salt fish, furs, lumber, corn, -etc. A brisk trade soon sprang up with the West Indies and Spain and -cotton was brought into the New England ports. Some of the fabrics -in common use before 1650 have names that sound strangely in our -ears. Darnacle has been mentioned. There were baize for jackets, -calico for dresses, linsey woolsey for heavy skirts, serge for -various articles of clothing, coifing stuff for caps, linen for -forehead bands and many other uses, dimity for bed hangings and -petticoats, and a fabric known as "barber's stuff." In time some of -these materials became available for quilt making and at a still -later time the handwoven, home-dyed fabrics were used and some of -these were rudely decorated with tied and dipped patterns or stamped -and stencilled designs. - -It should always be kept in mind, however, that geographical -location largely enters into the production and character of the -quilt, and the family that was "well-off" of course would be -supplied more abundantly with furnishings and be less dependent upon -homely makeshifts and the daily practice of household economy. Those -living in the seaport towns, where most of the shops were found, -would be likely to follow the simplest course of fashion and buy -from the stock just imported from England or Holland. The hand loom -was found everywhere but more generally in the country. Weaving -was a trade for men and so practiced, but many a farmhouse had its -loom and every country home its spinning wheel. In the larger towns -the dame of social position or comfortable means would devote her -spare moments to needlework and embroidery, while in the country the -housewives would make pieced quilts or patch the clothing of their -numerous children. - -It naturally follows, that the handwoven coverlet, should be a -product of the country rather than the town and usually of the -countryside farthest removed from the influences of the shop and -of English goods. Even today it is still woven in the remote -settlements of Eastern Kentucky and Tennessee, and judging from -existing examples the vogue of the handwoven coverlet was greater -in New York, Pennsylvania, Kentucky and the Middle West than in -New England although many fine examples were produced here. The -manufacture of the patchwork quilt as a domestic art also seems to -have reached its highest development in the Middle West during the -first half of the nineteenth century. - -The patchwork quilt of New England is known as the "pieced quilt" -when made in the Middle West and more correctly so, for _to -piece_ means to join together separate pieces of like material -into sections or blocks that in turn are united to form the top -of the quilt. The pieces usually are of uniform shape and size -and contrasting colors are blended to form the design--usually a -geometric pattern. These pieces are sewed "over and over" on the -wrong side. To _patch_ means to mend or adorn by adding a patch or -by laying over a separate piece of cloth. The French word _applique_ -well describes the patched or laid-on work where the design is cut -out and applied or sewed on, in fact, "sewed-on quilts" and "laid -quilts" are old terms. This type of quilt is found in New England -but infrequently as compared with the "pieced quilt," here commonly -known as the "patchwork quilt." - -In early times the pieces were nearly always of a woolen fabric, -the brighter colored cloth being saved for the more central -portions of the design. Every scrap and remnant of material left -from the making of garments was saved and the best pieces of -worn-out garments were carefully cut out and made into quilt pieces. -The historian of the Saco Valley, Maine, relates that a scarlet -broadcloth cloak formerly worn by a Lord Mayor of London and brought -to Massachusetts by a member of the Merritt family of Salisbury, -Mass., after many adventures ended its days as small bits of vivid -color in a patchwork quilt made in Maine. Portions of discarded -military uniforms, of flannel shirts and well-worn petticoats were -utilized and frequently an old blanket would be used for lining. - - - - -CHAPTER V - -CONCERNING THEIR APPAREL - - -In 1630 there were differences in dress even more so than at the -present time. The simple, coarse clothing of the yeoman and the -worker in the various trades was far removed from the dress of the -merchant and the magistrate. Leather clothing was very generally -worn by laborers and servants as deerskins were cheap and leather -had been in common use for jerkins and breeches in Old England, so -naturally it was worn here. Stockings were made of a variety of -materials and most shoes had wooden heels. - -Higher in the social scale men wore doublets and full breeches and -clothed themselves as well as their estates permitted--sometimes -even better than they could well afford. Sleeves were slashed. -Falling bands at the neck were common and a deep linen collar -appears in portraits of the period. A beaver or felt hat with -steeple crown was worn, and gloves, sometimes elegantly embroidered, -were essential. The accepted idea of Puritan dress should be revised -and the Victorian standard of sentimental simplicity be discarded. -There was great variety of fabrics available in the shops of London -and Bristol as will be noted in the list at the end of this chapter, -and as wealth permitted probably much of this material eventually -found its way to the shelves of the shopkeepers in Boston and other -of the larger seaport towns. - -The following list of clothing each man should provide himself with -on sailing for New England in 1629, when the Rev. Francis Higginson -came over, is so specific that we can easily visualize the male -company that arrived at Salem that year. - - NOTE. As several excellent books are available that treat - exclusively of costume in the colonies, it has not seemed - necessary to elaborate on the subject in these pages. The - following notes however, are thought to be of interest. - - 4 peares of shoes. - 4 peares of stockings. - 1 peare Norwich gaiters. - 4 shirts - - 2 suits dublet and hose of leather - lyn'd with oy'd skin leather, ye - hose & dublett with hooks & - eyes. - - 1 suit of Nordon dussens or hampshire - kersies lyn'd the hose with - skins, dublets with lynen of gilford - or gedlyman kerseys. - - 4 bands - - 2 handkerchiefs - - 1 wastecoat of greene cotton bound - about with red tape - - 1 leather girdle - - 1 Monmouth cap - - 1 black hatt lyned in the brows with - lether - - 5 Red Knitt capps mill'd about 5d. - apiece - - 2 peares of gloves - - 1 Mandillion [mantle or great - coat] lyned with cotton - - 1 peare of breeches and waistcoat - - 1 leather sute of Dublett & breeches - of oyled leather - - 1 peare of leather breeches and - drawers to weare with both - there other sutes. - -Fine clothing surrounded itself with fine furnishings, according -to the standards of the period, and as the wealth of the Colony -increased with the successful exportation of fish, lumber, beaver, -and peltry, it supplied them with all kinds of luxuries and -refinements. The ships were crossing frequently and the Colony kept -pace with the mother country much as the country follows the city at -the present time. - -In the town of Ipswich, lived Madam Rebecka Symonds, writing in -her sixtieth year to her son in London to send her a fashionable -"lawn whiske," for her neckwear. In due time he replied that the -"fashionable Lawn whiske is not now worn, either by Gentil or -simple, young or old. Instead where of I have bought a shape and -ruffles, which is now the ware of the gravest as well as the young -ones. Such as goe not with naked necks ware a black wifle over it. -Therefore, I have not only Bought a plaine one y't you sent for, but -also a Luster one, such as are most in fashion." - -The dutiful son also purchased for his mother's wear a feather fan; -but he writes to her "I should also have found in my heart, to have -let it alone, because none but very grave persons (and of them very -few) use it. Now 'tis grown almost as obsolete as Russets, and more -rare to be seen than a yellow Hood." When the feather fan reached -Ipswich it was found to have a silver handle and with it came "two -tortois fans, 200 needles, 5 yds. sky calico, silver gimp, a black -sarindin cloak, damson leather skin, two women's Ivorie Knives, -etc."[30] - - [30] Waters, _Ipswich in the Massachusetts Bay Colony_, Ipswich, - 1905. - -Human nature and human frailities were much the same in the -seventeenth century as at the present time, and before long, the -magistrates considered it desirable to curb the extravagancies -of dress that followed the London mode; and to induce a spirit -of economy more fitting to the poverty of a new settlement. The -ministers controlled the lawmaking body and sumptuary laws were -enacted which are enlightening. Because of "newe and immodest -fashions" the wearing of silver, gold and silk laces, girdles and -hat bands was prohibited. It was the fashion at that time to slash -the sleeves so that a fabric of another color worn beneath would -show in an ornamental manner through the slash. The ministers -decreed that neither man nor woman should wear clothing with more -than one slash on each sleeve and another on the back. "Cutt-works, -inbroidered or needle worke capps, bands & rayles," were -forbidden.[31] Ruffs and beaver hats were prohibited, as was long -hair. Binding or small edging laces might be used, but the making or -selling of bone lace was penalized at the rate of five shillings per -yard. - - [31] _Records of the Mass. Bay Colony_, Vol. I, p. 126. - -But this didn't change human nature and although from time to time -offenders were taken into court and punished, the wearing of fine -clothing fashioned after the London mode continued and a few years -later the ministers tried their hand again. Any kind of lace was -anathema and "no garment shalbee made with short sleeves, whereby -the nakedness of the arme may bee discovered." On the other hand, -large sleeves were forbidden, so the maids and goodwives of the time -must have been somewhat at a loss to know how lawfully to fashion -their clothes. - -The minister at Ipswich grew so ill-tempered over the ungodly state -of the women in his town that he vented his spleen as follows: -"When I hear a nugiperous Gentledame inquire what dress the Queen -is in this week, what the nudius tertian of the Court, I look at -her as the very gizzard of a trifle, the product of a quarter of a -cypher, the epitome of nothing, fitter to be kickt, if she were of a -kickable substance than either honoured or humoured."[32] - - [32] Ward, _The Simple Cobler of Aggawam_, London, 1647. - -The minister in the adjoining town, Rowley, actually cut off his -nephew from his inheritance because he wore his hair long in the -prevailing fashion. Later in the century the offense of wearing -long hair was forgotten in the unspeakable sin of wearing wigs. The -Great and General Court again took a hand and in 1675 condemned -"the practise of men's wearing their own or other's hair made into -periwigs." Judge Sewall in his _Diary_ alludes to the custom. In -1685 three persons were admitted to the Old South Church in Boston. -"Two wore periwigs," comments the Judge. - -"1708, Aug. 20, Mr. Chievar died. The Wellfare of the Province was -much upon his Spirit. He abominated Periwigs."[33] - - [33] _Sewall's Diary_, Vol. II, p. 231. - -The Great and General Court at one time ordered that no person -should smoke tobacco in public under a penalty of two shillings -and six pence, nor in his own house with a relative or friend. But -everybody smoked who wanted to, even the maids, and the repressive -legislation in time met the usual fate of similar efforts to -restrain individual liberty and manners. - -It is sweet to fancy Priscilla at her spinning wheel wearing the -coif and nun-like garb of the Puritan maiden of the poet and the -artist. But the inventories of estate in the early years of the -Colony, as well as at a later time, furnish evidence of a different -character. The variety of fabrics listed is amazing and holds -its own with the modern department store. There are most of the -well-known fabrics of today, such as calico, cambric, challis, -flannel, lawn, linen, plush, serge, silk, velvet, and many others; -and there are also names that sound strangely in modern ears, viz.: -cheney, darnex, dowlas, genting, inckle, lockrum, ossembrike, -pennistone, perpetuana, sempiternum, stammell, and water paragon. - -As for dress--the women wore bonnets, caps, silk hoods, coifs, -forehead cloths, ruffs, and whisks. Gowns, cloaks, mantles, and -muffs are mentioned frequently; as are many kinds of lace and -even fans and veils. Shawls and scarfs were not unknown and there -were gold, silver, and enamelled rings. Women possessed masks, and -stomachers were not uncommon. Tortoise shell combs appear; all -well-to-do persons wore gloves, and as for shoes--there were shoes -with French heels, fall shoes, and those with silver buckles. Even -shoe strings appear in the inventories. There were silver, pewter, -and steel buttons and those of gympe, thread, and silk. - -Laboring men wore leather and coarse fabrics and for others there -were suits, doublets, waistcoats and breeches. Trousers are -mentioned; also a cane and periwigs. Of caps and hats there were a -number of kinds--felt, castor, demi-castor, and even straw. Capt. -George Corwin, a Salem merchant, owned a cloth coat trimmed with -silver lace, a velvet coat, a tabby doublet, an old-fashioned -Dutch satin doublet, four cloaks of various kinds, two pairs of -golden topped gloves, one embroidered pair, and a pair with black -fringe. He also took his walks abroad wearing silk stockings, with -a hat encircled by a silver band and carrying a silver-headed cane -or a plate hilt rapier, according to fashion. He possessed two -silver watches. Who shall say that the men and women of the New -England colonies did not dress well and live well in the early days -according to their means?[34] - - [34] In the inventory of the estate of Henry Landis of Boston, - Shopkeeper, deceased, taken, Dec. 17, 1651, appears his clothing, - viz.: - - 1 suite of fine broad cloth £1.10.0 - 1 French serge suite, 18.0 - 1 Stuffe Cassoke & 1 pr breeches, 16.0 - 1 French serge Cassocke £1. 0.0 - 1 pr red drawers, 5.0 - 1 wascoate 5.0 - 1 pr cotton breeches 2.0 - 5 pr stockings & a hoode 12.0 - 1 hatte 2.6 - - --_Suffolk Co. Probate Rds._, Vol. II, p. 127. - -In the late 1600's, and until comparatively recent times, working -men very generally wore frocks, a custom in dress that dates -back into the centuries. It was an almost universal custom for -farmers and those employed in the mechanic trades to wear a -frock. The farmer generally looked upon the frock as an outer -garment--something to put on in colder weather or to slip on to -protect underclothing or to conceal an untidy appearance. It was a -garment to take off on coming into the house or to put on when going -to the village or to market. - -Carters or truckmen also habitually wore frocks. Drake, in his -"Landmarks of Boston," describes the old-time trucks, not to exceed -eighteen feet in length, with their loads of hogsheads of molasses -and other heavy merchandise balanced on the one axle and the two -horses harnessed tandem, the head horse led by the truckman. With -the disappearance of these ponderous vehicles also went "that -distinctive body of men, the 'Boston Truckmen,' who once formed -a leading and attractive feature of our public processions, with -their white frocks and black hats, mounted with their magnificent -truck-horses. Hardy and athletic, it would be hard to find their -equals on either side of the water. The long jiggers now used are -scarcely less objectionable than the old trucks." Drake wrote this -only seventy-five years ago but the "jiggers" of his time have now -almost entirely disappeared. - -The frock was a loose garment slipped on over the head and in -length usually reached halfway between the knees and the feet. The -opening in front reached from the neckband nearly to the waist and -was closed by buttons, though sometimes a gathering string was -used. The bottom was cut up eight or ten inches, on the sides, to -permit greater freedom in walking. There were long frocks and short -frocks, the latter being generally worn indoors. The frocks worn in -workshops by mechanics were short. - -One early source of information exists in the advertisements of -runaway servants to be found in the eighteenth-century Boston -newspapers. During the quarter-century following 1725, the _Boston -News-Letter_ printed thirty-seven advertisements asking for the -detention of white male servants, twenty-one of whom ran away during -the cold-weather months. Of the latter, six wore frocks or carried -frocks in their bundle of clothing. It is fair to assume that some -of these men may have taken with them only their best clothing and -left working garments behind, hence the small number of frocks -specifically mentioned. This possibly may have been the fact in -the instance of an Irish servant, aged twenty-six, who ran away in -December, 1741, from his master, James Hunt of York, Maine. He wore -a broadcloth coat and jacket of a cinnamon color, a pair of orange -colored plush breeches and a good beaver hat. The reward for his -detention was £3. - -John Davis, a servant of Mr. Okenden of Boston, absented himself -from service in March, 1728, and among other clothing he took with -him a brown fustian frock, and a pair of striped ticking breeches. - -Frocks and "trouzers" were part of the personal effects of William -Davison, a tailor, in King Street, Boston, that were advertised for -sale at public vendue in November, 1729. - -Charles Daly, an Irish boy, who ran away from his master in Boston, -in December, 1732, wore a fustian frock and another Irish servant -who ran away from a brigantine at Boston four years later, wore a -new frock and trowsers. - -An Irish servant of Captain Luce of Boston, a cooper by trade, took -with him when he disappeared in December, 1737, a frock and a pair -of "trowsers." Ten years later a negro servant who ran away from the -North End of Boston, took with him a new ozen-brig frock. - -The settlers came provided with English-made shoes it is likely of -a quality similar to those provided by John Hewsen in 1629, the -contract reading: "To make eight pair of welt-neat's leather shoes, -crossed on the outside with a seam, to be substantial, good over -leather of the best, and two soles, the inner sole of good neat's -leather, and the outer of tallowed backs."[35] In 1651, the stock of -Robert Turner of Boston, shoemaker, was inventoried as follows: 23 -pairs of children's shoes at 9d. per pair; 29 pairs of No. 11, at -4/4; of No. 12, at 4/8; of No. 13, at 4/10 per pair; 20 dozen wooden -heels at 8d. per dozen; 14 pairs boots at 14/ per pair. - - [35] _Records of the Massachusetts Bay Colony_, Boston, 1853, Vol. - I, p. 27. - -In 1672, a committee of the town of Boston, considering that people -in low circumstances "will wear no other shoes or boots generally -but of the newest fashion and highest price" proposed that a law -should be enacted that no shoemaker shall sell to any inhabitant, -shoes of 11 or 12 sizes above five shillings a pair and so in -proportion as to other sizes.[36] - - [36] Felt, _The Customs of New England_, Boston, 1853. - -During the first half century following the arrival of the settlers, -red colored stockings were much worn in New England and russet and -green colored stockings were also in fashion. Stockings made of wash -leather were worn. In 1675 cloth stockings sold at 14/ to 18/ a -dozen pairs. In 1675 John Usher of Boston wrote to his principal in -London: "Your stirrups and turn-down stockings are not salable here." - -The Massachusetts Bay Company sent over in its stock, in 1629, a -hundred black hats made of wool and lined in the brim with leather -and at the same time came one hundred Monmouth caps, so-called from -the place where they were manufactured, and valued at two shillings -each. With them came five hundred red knit caps, milled, at five -pence each. Beaver hats were also worn at that time and in 1634 -prohibited by order of the General Court. In 1651, a shopkeeper in -Boston, sold black hats at 14s. 16s. and 5s.; colored hats brought -10s. and others, 8s.; children's were 3/6; black castors, 14s. and -coarse felt hats, 3s. each. - -In 1675 a Bostonian wrote to a friend in London, that the local -market for sugar-loaf or high-crowned hats was dull. - -The Monmouth or military cocked hat, for men, began to come into -fashion about 1670, with an average width of brim of six inches. -Their inconvenient width led to the practice of having one flap -fastened to the side of the crown, either before or behind, and -then to having two flaps alike secured. During the reign of Queen -Anne, the brim was caught up in three flaps, and so the triangularly -cocked hat became the fashion.[37] - - [37] Felt, _The Customs of New England_, Boston, 1853. - -Doublets were made of leather, usually red in color, and fastened -with hooks and eyes. They were large on the shoulders, having -much cutwork showing the linen shirt beneath. Toward the end of -the century their popularity waned and they were succeeded by the -waistcoat. The jerkin was made of leather and also various kinds -of cloth and sometimes is mentioned in inventories. It was worn by -laboring men. - -SNOW SHOES were used after a great storm; "which our People do much -use now, that never did before."--_Boston News-Letter_, Jan. 29-Feb. -5, 1704/5. - -STOLEN or carried privately away out of the house of Capt. John -Bonner in Cow Lane, near Fort Hill, Boston, sometime before the late -Sickness of his late Wife, or about the time of her decease, which -was the Month of January last: the following Particulars, viz.: Of -his Wife's Wearing apparel three Silk Gowns, one changable colour, -a second flowr'd and the third stript; Three other Gowns, one where -of a double gown, one side silk stuff the other russel, a second -double Gown of silk-stuff and Petticoat of the same, the third a -black Crape Gown and Petticoat of the same; Four other Petticoats, -one changable colour'd silk, a second black flowr'd silk, a third -plain black silk, the fourth a flowr'd Sarge, one Lutstring Hood and -Scarff, three laced Headdresses and one plain, three laced Caps, two -laced Handkerchiefs, three under Caps laced, three white Aprons, -three pair of laced Sleves, two white Muslin Hoods, one Amber -Necklace, one Muff...."--_Boston News-Letter_, Mar. 5-12, 1710/11. - -GLOVES. Mens Topt fine Kid Gloves, and womans at 3s. 6d. per Pair, -fine Glaz'd Lamb and Mittens at 2s. 6d. per Pair, and Rough Lamb -for Men and Women at 2s. 6d. per Pair, and further Incouragement to -any that buys in Quantity: To be Sold by Mr Daniel Stevens lately -come from England, At his House in Pudding-Lane, Boston.--_Boston -News-Letter_, Sept. 3-10, 1711. - -MAN'S MUFF. Any Person that took up a Man's Muffe, dropt on the -Lord's Day between the Old Meeting House & the South, are desired -to bring it to the Post Office in Boston, and they shall be -Rewarded.--_Boston News-Letter_, Jan. 9-16, 1715/16. - -VENETIAN SILKS. Imported from London in the Last Ship, and to be -Sold by Mr. A. Faneuil, Merchant, at his Warehouse in King-Street, -Boston, flowered Venetian Silks of the newest Fashion, in Pieces -that contain enough for a suit for a woman.--_Boston Gazette_, Feb. -8-15, 1719/20. - -WIGG. Taken from the Shop of Powers Marriot, Barber, in Boston, -either on the 2d or 3d of August Instant, a light Flaxen Natural -Wigg; parted from the Forehead to the Crown, the narrow Ribband -is of a Red Pink Colour, the Caul is in Rows of Green, Red and -White. Whoever will give Information of the said Wigg, so as it be -restor'd again, they shall have Twenty Shillings Reward.--_Boston -News-Letter_, July 31-Aug. 7, 1729. - -PUBLIC VENDUE. To be Sold, at Publick Vendue, by William Nichols -at the Royal Exchange Tavern, in King Street, Boston, on This Day, -beginning (if the Company attend) precisely at 4 o'clock Afternoon, -a Variety of Merchandize; which may be seen till the Sale begins, -viz: - -A curious and compleat double Sett of Burnt China, Broad Cloths, -Druggets, Shalloons, Cottons and long Ells, Buckrams, Scots Cloths, -Dowlas, Garlixs, Hollands, Chints, Patches, Qualities, FINE NUNS -THREADS, Garterings, Mens and Womens fine Hose, Mens superfine Silk -Hose, fine Shirt Buttons, Womens superfine Mittens, yellow, blue and -Tabby, a sattin Coverlid, curiously embroidered with Gold Lincey -for Curtains, &c., some Household Goods, such as Case of Draws, -Tables, Paints, Maps, Alabaster Effigies, China, &c. Sundry suits -of Mens Apparel, new and second hand; sundry very good Watches, -Shoes, Boots, Green Tea, Chocolate, and many other Things.--_Boston -News-Letter_, May 18-25, 1738. - -WOMEN'S SHOES. To be Sold, at the House of Joseph Henderson in -Winter-Street, Boston. Women's flower'd Silk, Russell & Mourning -Shoes, Cloggs and Pattoons, Lace & Eagins.--_Boston News-Letter_, -Oct. 15-22, 1741. - -FABRICS, ETC. To be Sold At Robert Jenkins's on the North-Side -of the Town House in King-Street, Boston,--India Damasks, China -Taffeties, fine India Patches, Chinces and Callicoes, fine -Cambricks, Bag and Sheeting Hollands, Huckabuck and Damask Table -Cloths, with other Linnens of all Sorts, fine Plushes of divers -Colours, Scarlet and other Broad Cloths, Shalloons, figured -Fustians, Ratteens, Whitneys, Duffles, Camblets, Callamancoes, -Floretta's, with a Variety of Haberdashery and Millinary Wares; -Gold and Silver Lace, Crapes, and Sundrys for Mourning; Caps, -Stockings and Gloves of all Sorts, Ozenbrigs, English Sole Leather, -Hogsheads of Earthen Ware, Casks of Red Herrings, Cloaths Flaskets, -China Baskets and Voiders, white Lead & Sieve Bottoms, and Sundry -other Goods.--_Boston News-Letter_, Oct. 29-Nov. 5, 1741. - -LEATHER BREECHES. Philip Freeman, lately from London, makes and -sells super-fine black Leather Breeches and Jackets, not to be -discerned from the best super-fine Cloth; likewise makes Buff and -Cloth Colour after the neetest Manner, also makes all sorts of -Gloves by wholesale and retale. The said Freeman lives in Prison -Lane, near the Town House in Boston.--_Boston Gazette_, June 21, -1743. - -EMBROIDERED PETTICOAT. On the 11th of Nov. last, was stolen out -of the yard of Mr. Joseph Coit, Joiner in Boston, living in Cross -street, a Woman's Fustian Petticoat, with a large work'd Embroder'd -Border, being Deer, Sheep, Houses, Forrest, &c., so worked. Whoever -has taken the said Petticoat, and will return it to the owner -thereof, or to the Printer, shall have 40s. old Tenor Reward and no -Question ask'd.--_Boston Gazette_, Dec. 19, 1749. - -LEATHER STOCKINGS. Made and Sold by Philip Freeman, at the Blew -Glove next the Cornfields in Union Street; Leather Stockings of -different Colours, viz. Black, Cloth colour'd, and Yellow made after -the neatest manner.--_Boston Gazette_, June 25, 1754. - - -FABRICS USED IN THE EARLY DAYS - -The fabrics included in the following list all appear in probate -inventories, court records, or in newspaper advertisements. - -_Alamode._ A thin, light, glossy black silk. Used for hoods (1676); -for hat bands and covered with black crape (1702). - -_Alepine_, _Alapeen_, _Allapine_. A mixed stuff either of wool and -silk or mohair and cotton. - -_Algiers Cloth._ Essex Co. (Mass.), Court Records (1680). - -_Attabanies_, Silk. Boston Gazette, June 29, 1729. - -_Baize, Bays._ A coarse woolen stuff, having a long nap, formerly, -when made of finer and lighter texture, used as material for -clothing. Used for a waistcoat (1634). Pepys owned a cloak of -Colchester bayze (1667). Red bays was used for underpetticoats -(1732). First introduced into England about 1561. - -_Barber's Stuff._ 1-3/4 yards, 5/. Essex Co. (Mass.) Probate (1654). - -_Barley Corns, Dresden._ Boston Gazette, Aug. 22, 1757; Boston -News-Letter, July 16, 1761. - -BARRATINE. A woven fabric. A black barratine mantua and petticoat -(1689). Barratees (sic) from Frankfort (1745). - -_Barronet_, Silk, query, Barrantine. - -BEARSKIN. A shaggy kind of woolen cloth used for overcoats. - -_Belgrades_, Silk. Boston News-Letter, Mar. 28, 1723. - -_Bendoarines_, Striped. Boston Gazette, Aug. 22, 1757. - -BENGAL. Piece goods (apparently of different kinds) exported from -Bengal in the seventeenth century. Bengal stripes, striped ginghams, -originally from Bengal were afterwards manufactured at Paisley, -Scotland. "Bengalls and Painted Callicoes used for Hanging of Rooms" -(1680). There are two sorts, fine striped and plain (1696). Thin -slight stuff, made of silk and hair, for women's apparel (1755). - -_Berlins_, Double. Boston Gazette, Aug. 22, 1757. - -_Bezoarines, Tobine._ Boston Gazette, Aug. 22, 1757. - -_Birds' Eyes._ A fabric marked as with birds' eyes. A yellow -birds-eye hood (1665). Olive colored birds' eye silk (1689). - -_Bombasine_, _Bombazeen_, _Bombase_. A twilled or corded dress -material, composed of silk and worsted; sometimes of cotton and -worsted or worsted alone. In black, much used for mourning. A -doublet of white bombasyne (1572). Pepys owned a black bombazin suit -(1666). - -_Bream._ 4 yards 4/. Essex Co. (Mass.) Probate (1674). - -_Bredaws_, Silk. Boston Gazette, Aug. 22, 1757. - -_Broglios_, Changeable. Boston Gazette, Aug. 22, 1757. - -_Buckrum._ At first a fine linen or cotton fabric; later stiffened -with gum or paste. A cross of blue buckrum for the rood (1475). -Vestments of blue buckam (1552). Our gallants wear fine laces upon -buckram (1665). - -_Burdett._ A cotton fabric. A blue burdit mantua and petticoat -(1710). - -_Cabbis._ A coarse cheap serge. A carpet of cadys for the table -(1536). A blue saddlecloth bound with green and white caddis (1691). -The varigated cloaths of the Highlanders (1755). - -_Calamanco_, _Callimancoe_. A woolen stuff of Flanders, glossy on -the surface, and woven with a satin twill and checkered in the -warp, so that the checks are seen on one side only; much used in -the eighteenth century. Calamanco breeches (1605), diamond buttoned -callamanco hose (1639). His waistcoat of striped calamanco (1693). A -gay calamanco waistcoat (1710). A tawny yellow jerkin turned up with -red calamanco (1760). - -_Calico._ Originally a general name for all kinds of cotton cloth -imported from Callicut, India, and from the East. Painted calicuts -they call calmendar (1678). Pepys bought calico for naval flags -(1666). Dressed in white cotton or calico (1740). - -_Cambletteens._ Boston News-Letter, Dec. 18, 1760. - -_Camlet._ Originally made of silk and camel's hair, hence the name, -but later of silk and wool. Red chamlett (1413). His camlet breeches -(1625). Rich gold or silver chamlets (1634). Watering the grograms -and chambletts (1644). Pepy owned a camelott riding coat (1662). -Camlet was also made with a wavy or watered surface. Water Chamolet -of an azure color (1624). A watered camlet gown (1719). - -_Camleteen._ An imitation camlet. Made of fine worsted (1730). - -_Cantaloon._ A woolen stuff manufactured in the eighteenth century -in the west of England. Trusses of cantaloons or serges (1711). -Cantaloons from Bristol (1748). - -_Canvas._ (1) Strong or coarse unbleached cotton cloth made of hemp -or flax, formerly used for clothing. A coverlet lined with canvas -(1537). (2) The thin canvas that serves women for a ground unto -their cushions or purse work (1611). Working canvas for cushions -(1753). St. Peter's Canvas. - -_Carpet._ Originally a thick fabric, commonly of wool, used to cover -tables, beds, etc. Lay carpets about the bed (1513). A carpet of -green cloth for a little folding table (1527). A table wanting a -carpet (1642). A green carpet for the communion table (1702). - -_Carsey_, see _Kersey_. - -_Castor._ Generally a hat, either of beaver fur or resembling it. - -_Challis._ A fine silk and worsted fabric, very pliable and without -gloss, used for dresses, introduced at Norwich, England, about 1632. - -_Checks._ A fabric woven or printed in a pattern forming small -squares, i.e., check Kersey. Hungarian checks. - -_Cheercoones._ Boston Gazette, June 23, 1729. - -_Cheese Cloth._ - -_Chello._ A fabric imported from India in the eighteenth century. - -_Cheney_, _Cheyney_. A worsted or woolen stuff. My red bed of -Phillipp and Cheyney (1650). Colchester cheanyes (1668). - -_Cherry derries._ Boston News-Letter, Dec. 18, 1760. - -_Coifing Stuff._ 3 yards, 3/4. Essex Co. (Mass.) Probate (1661). - -_Copper plate._ A closely woven cotton fabric on which patterns, -landscapes, pictorial representations have been printed from -engraved copper plates; much in fashion during the eighteenth and -early nineteenth centuries. - -_Dakaple_, see _Dornick_. - -_Darnacle_, see _Dornick_. - -_Darnex_, see _Dornick_. - -_Dianetts._ Boston Gazette, Aug. 22, 1757. - -_Diaper._ Since the fifteenth century a linen fabric (sometimes -with cotton) woven with lines crossing diamond-wise with the spaces -variously filled with lines, a dot or a leaf. A boad cloth of dyaper -(1502), a vestment of linen dyoper (1553), a suit of diaper for his -table (1624). - -_Dimity._ A stout cotton fabric, woven with raised stripes or fancy -figures, for bed hangings, etc. A vestment of white demyt (1440), -a hundred camels loaden with silks, dimmeties, etc. (1632). A book -wrapt up in sea green Dimmity (1636). A half bedstead with dimity -and fine shade of worstead works (1710). His waistcoat was white -dimity (1743). - -_Dimothy_, see _Dimity_. - -_Dornick_, _Darnix_, _Darnacle_. A silk, worsted, woolen or partly -woolen fabric, used for hangings, carpets, vestments, etc. Two old -cushions of white and red dornix and a hanging of dornix (1527), -dornicks for the master's bed chamber (1626), a darnock carpet -(1672). - -_Dowlas._ A coarse linen much used in the sixteenth and seventeenth -centuries, originally made in Brittany. Where the said linen cloth -called dowlas and lockrum is made (1536). Dowlas for saffron bags -(1640). Dowlas from Hamborough (1696). - -_Draft._ Silk and worsted. 1 piece orange colored worsted draft, £2. -5. 0. Essex Co. (Mass.) Probate (1678). 24 yards flowered silk draft -at 2/. per yard. Essex Co. (Mass.) Probate (1678). - -_Drugget._ Formerly a fabric of all wool or mixed with silk or -linen, used for wearing apparel. A pair of druggett courtings -(1580). A drugget suit lined with green (1675). In drugget dressed, -of thirteen pence a yard (1721). - -_Ducape._ A plain-wove stout silk fabric of soft texture sometime -woven with a stripe. Its manufacture was introduced into England by -French refugees in 1685. Women's hoods made of ducape (1688). - -_Duffel_, _Duffle_. A coarse woolen cloth having a thick nap or -frieze, originally made at Duffel near Antwerp. This fabric is also -called "shag," and by the early traders "trucking cloth." Indian -goods such as duffels, shirts, etc. (1695). A duffel blanket (1699). -A light duffel cloak with silver frogs (1759). Duffel great coats -(1791). - -_Durant_, _Durance_. A woolen stuff sometimes called "everlasting," -a variety of tammy. Both tammy and durant were hot pressed and -glazed. - -_Duroy._ A coarse woolen fabric formerly manufactured in the west of -England, similar to tammy. Wearing a grey duroy coat and waistcoat -(1722). Curley duroy. - -_Erminettas._ Boston Gazette, May 26, 1755. - -_Everlasting._ Another name for durant, a material used in the -sixteenth and seventeenth centuries for the dress of sergeants and -catchpoles. In later times a strong twilled woolen stuff, also -called "lasting," and much used for women's shoes. - -_Farandine._ A cloth of silk and wool or hair, invented about 1630 -by one Ferrand. Pepys mentions her new ferrandine waistcoat (1663). -I must wear black farandine the whole year (1668). Peach colored -farandine (1685). - -_Frieze._ A coarse woolen cloth, with a nap, usually on one side -only. A gown of green frieze (1418). A home-spun frieze cloth -(1611). His waistcoat of red frieze (1627). An old calash lined with -green frieze (1765). - -_Fugere._ Red satin fuger (1465). Cover of a field bed of fuger -satin yellow and red (1596). A petticoat of fuger satin laid with -silver and gold lace and spangled (1638). - -_Fustian._ A coarse cloth made of cotton and flax. His clothing was -black fustian with bends in the sleeves (1450). White fustian for -socks for the Queen (1502). Blankets of fustian (1558). Then shall -the yeoman take fustian and cast it upon the bed and the sheet -likewise ... then lay on the other sheet ... then lay on the over -fustian above (1494). - -_Galloway._ Essex Co. (Mass.) Court Records (1681). - -_Garlits_, _Garliz_, _Garlix_. Linens made in Gorlitz, Prussian -Silesia. There are several kinds in shades of blue-white and brown. - -_Ghenting._ A kind of linen, originally made in Ghent, Flanders. -Used for handkerchiefs, etc. - -_Grisette_, _Grizet_. An inferior dress fabric, formerly the common -garb of working girls in France. His doublet was a griset-coat -(1700). - -_Grogam_, _Grosgrane_. A coarse fabric of silk, of mohair and wool, -or these mixed with silk; often stiffened with gum. Used for aprons, -cloaks, coats, doublets, gowns and petticoats. My watered grogram -gown (1649). Grograms from Lille (1672). - -_Haircloth._ Cloth made of hair and used for tents, towels, and in -drying malt, hops, etc. Every piece of haircloth (1500). Coal sacks -made of hair-cloth (1764). - -_Hamald_, _Hamel_, _Hammells_. Homemade fabrics. Narrow hammells. -Boston Gazette, June 30, 1735. - -_Harrateen._ A linen fabric used for curtains, bed hangings, etc. -Field bedsteads with crimson harrateen furniture (1711). Harrateen, -Cheney, flowered cotton and checks (1748). For curtains, the best -are linen check harrateen (1825). - -_Holland._ A linen fabric, originally made in Holland. When -unbleached called brown holland. A shift of fine holland (1450). -Women cover their head with a coyfe of fine holland linen cloth -(1617). Fine holland handkerchiefs (1660). - -_Humanes_ at 18 d. per yard. Essex Co. (Mass.) Court Records (1661). - -_Huswives_, _Housewife's Cloth_. A middle grade of linen cloth, -between coarse and fine, for family uses. Howsewife's cloth (1571). -Neither carded wool, flax, or huswives cloth (1625). - -_Inkle_, _Incle_, _Incle Manchester_. A narrow linen tape, used for -shoe ties, apron strings, etc. A parcel of paper bound about with -red incle (1686). - -_Jeans._ A twilled cotton cloth, a kind of fustian. Jean for my -Lady's stockings (1621). White jean (1766). - -_Kenting._ A kind of fine linen cloth originally made in Kent. -Canvas and Kentings (1657). Neckcloths, a sort that come from -Hamborough, made of Kenting thread (1696). - -_Kersey._ A coarse, narrow cloth, woven from long wool and usually -ribbed. His stockings were Kersie to the calf and t'other knit -(1607). Trowsers made of Kersey (1664), black Kersie stockings -(1602). Thy Kersie doublet (1714). Kerseys were originally made in -England. Her stockings were of Kersey green as tight as any silk -(1724). Kerseys were used for petticoats and men's clothing. - -_Lawn_, _Lane_. A kind of fine linen, resembling cambric. Used for -handkerchiefs, aprons, etc. A coyfe made of a plyte of lawne (1483). -A thin vail of calico lawne (1634), a lawn called Nacar (1578). - -_Lemanees._ Boston Gazette, May 26, 1755. - -_Linds._ A linen cloth. Kinds of linne or huswife-cloth brought -about by peddlers (1641). - -_Linsey_, _Lincey_. In early use a coarse linen fabric. In later -use--Linsey-woolsey. Clothes of linsey (1436). Blue linsey (1583). - -_Linsey-woodsey_, _Lindsey-woolsey_. A fabric woven from a mixture -of wool and flax, later a dress material of coarse inferior wool, -woven on a cotton warp. Everyone makes Linsey-woolsey for their -own wearing (New York, 1670). A lindsey-woolsey coat (1749). A -linsey-woolsey petticoat (1777). - -_Lockram_, _Lockrum_. A linen fabric of various qualities, for -wearing apparel and household use. Lockram for sheets and smocks and -shirts (1520). Linings of ten penny lockram (1592). His lockram band -sewed to his Linnen shirt (1616). A lockram coife and a blue gown -(1632). - -_Lutestrings._ A glossy silk fabric. Good black narrow Lute-Strings -and Alamode silks (1686). A flowing Negligee of white Lutestring -(1767). A pale blue lutestring domino (1768). - -_Lungee_, _Lungi_. A cotton fabric from India. Later a richly -colored fabric of silk and cotton. Wrapped a lunge about his middle -(1698). A Bengal lungy or Buggess cloth (1779). Silk lungees. Boston -Gazette, June 23, 1729. - -_Manchester._ Cotton fabrics made in Manchester, England. Manchester -cottons and Manchester rugges otherwise named Frices (1552). Linen, -woolen and other goods called Manchester wares (1704). A very showy -striped pink and white Manchester (1777). - -_Mantua._ A silk fabric made in Italy. Best broad Italian colored -Mantuas at 6/9 per yard (1709). A scarlet-flowered damask Mantua -petticoat (1760). - -_Medrinacks_, _Medrinix_. A coarse canvas used by tailors to stiffen -doublets and collars. A sail cloth, i.e., pole-davie. - -_Missenets._ Boston News-Letter, Dec. 18, 1760. - -_Mockado._ A kind of cloth much used for clothing in the sixteenth -and seventeenth centuries. Tuft mockado was decorated with small -tufts of wool. It was first made in Flanders and at Norwich, -England, by Flemish refugees. A farmer with his russet frock and -mockado sleeves (1596). Crimson mochadoes to make sleeves (1617). A -rich mockado doublet (1638). - -_Molecy._ 2 yards, 12 s. Essex Co. (Mass.) Probate (1672). - -_Nankeen._ A cotton cloth originally made at Nankin, China, from -a yellow variety of cotton and afterwards made at Manchester and -elsewhere of ordinary cotton and dyed yellow. Make his breeches of -nankeen (1755). His nankeen small clothes were tied with 16 strings -at each knee (1774). - -_Niccanee._ A cotton fabric formerly imported from India. Mentioned -in the London Gazette in 1712. - -_Nilla._ A cotton fabric from India. There are two sorts, striped -and plain, by the buyers called Bengals ... used for Gowns and -Pettycoats (1696). - -_Noyals_, _Noyles_, _Nowells_. A canvas fabric made at Noyal, -France. Noyals canvas (1662). Vitry and noyals canvas (1721). - -_Osnaburg Oznabrig_, _Ossembrike_. A coarse linen cloth formerly -made at Osnabruck, Germany. Ossenbrudge for a towell to the Lye -tabyll (1555). A pair of Oznabrigs trowsers (1732). - -_Pack Cloth._ A stout, coarse cloth used for packing. Packed up in a -bundle of pack cloth (1698). - -_Padusoy_, _Padaway_. A strong corded or gross-grain silk fabric, -much worn by both sexes in the eighteenth century. _Padusay_ was a -kind of serge made in Padua and imported into England since 1633 or -earlier. A pink plain poudesoy (1734). A laced paduasoy suit (1672). -A petticoat lined with muddy-colored pattissway (1704). A glossy -paduasoy (1730). A fine laced silk waistcoat of blue paduasoy (1741). - -_Palmeretts._ Boston Gazette, Aug. 22, 1757. - -_Pantolanes._ Essex Co. (Mass.) Court Records (1661). - -_Pantossam._ Essex Co. (Mass.) Court Records (1661). - -_Paragon._ A kind of double camlet used for dress and upholstery -in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. 12 yards of water -paragon at 5/8 and 5 yards of French green paragon at 25/10 (1618). -Hangings for a room of green paragon (1678). Black paragon for a -gown (1678). - -_Parisnet_, Black and White. Boston News-Letter, Dec. 18, 1760. - -_Patch._ A kind of highly glazed printed cotton, usually in -bright-colored floral designs, used for window draperies and bed -hangings. Advertised in Boston News-Letter, June 24, 1742. English -and India patches. Boston News-Letter, Dec. 18, 1760. - -_Pealong_, White English. Boston Gazette, Mar. 30, 1734. - -_Pellony._ Essex Co. (Mass.) Court Records (1680). - -_Penistone_, _Penniston_. A coarse woolen cloth made at Penistone, -Co. Yorkshire, England, used for garments, linings, etc. Clothes -called pennystone or forest whites (1552). Red peniston for -petticoats (1616). - -_Pentado._ Essex Co. (Mass.) Court Records (1680). - -_Perpetuana._ A durable woolen fabric manufactured in England from -the sixteenth century, similar to _everlasting_, _durance_, etc. The -sober perpetuana-suited Puritan (1606). A counterpane for the yellow -perpetuana bed (1648). - -_Philip._ A kind of worsted or woolen stuff of common quality. 12 -yards of philip and cheney for a coat for Mrs. Howard (1633). My red -bed of Phillip and China (1650). - -_Pocking Cloth._ Essex Co. (Mass.) Court Records (1674). - -_Poldavy_, _Poledavis_. A coarse canvas or sacking, originally woven -in Brittany, and formerly much used for sailcloth. A canvas of the -best poldavie (1613). Pole-Davies for sails (1642). - -_Pompeydones._ Boston Gazette, Aug. 22, 1757. - -_Poplin._ A fabric with a silk warp and worsted weft, having a -corded surface. Lined with light colored silk poplin (1737). - -_Porstotana._ Essex Co. (Mass.) Court Records (1680). - -_Prunella_, _Prenella_. A strong stuff, originally silk, afterwards -worsted, used for clergymen's gowns, and later for the uppers of -women's shoes. Plain black skirts of prunella (1670). - -_Rash._ A smooth-surfaced fabric made of silk (_silk rash_) or -worsted (_cloth rash_). A cloak of cloth rash (1592). My silk rash -gown (1597). He had a cloak of rash or else fine cloth (1622). - -_Ratteen_, _Rating_. A thick twilled woolen cloth, usually friezed -or with a curled nap, but sometimes dressed; a friezed or drugget. A -cloak lined with a scarlet Ratteen (1685). A ratteen coat I brought -from Dublin (1755). A brown ratteen much worn (1785). - -_Romal._ A silk or cotton square or handkerchief sometimes with a -pattern. 12 pieces of Romals or Sea Handkerchiefs (1683). There are -three sorts, silk Romals, Romals Garrub and cotton Romals (1696). - -_Russel._ A woolen fabric formerly used for clothing, especially in -the sixteenth century, in various colors; black, green, red, grey, -etc. A woman's kertyl of Russell worsted (1552). A black russel -petticoat (1703). - -_Sagathy_, _Sagatheco_. A slight woolen stuff, a kind of serge -or ratteen, sometimes mixed with a little silk. A brown colored -sagathea waistcoat and breeches (1711). - -_Sarsenet_, _Sarcenet_. (Saracen cloth). A very fine and soft silk -material made both plain and twilled, in various colors. Curtains -of russet sarsenet fringed with silk (1497). A doublet lined with -sarcenet (1542). Some new fashion petticoats of sarcenett (1662). A -scarlet coat lined with green sarcenet (1687). - -_Satinette_, _Satinet_. An imitation of satin woven in silk or silk -and cotton. A cloth-colored silk sattinet gown and petticoat (1703). -A thin satin chiefly used by the ladies for summer nightgowns, &c. -and usually striped (1728). - -_Satinisco._ An inferior quality of satin. His means afford him -mock-velvet or satinisco (1615). Also there were stuffs called -perpetuano, satinisco, bombicino, Italicino, etc. (1661). - -_Say._ Cloth of a fine texture resembling serge; in the sixteenth -century sometimes partly of silk and subsequently entirely of wool. -A kirtle of silky say (1519). A long worn short cloak lined with say -(1659). Say is a very light crossed stuff, all wool, much used for -linings, and by the Quakers for aprons, for which purpose it usually -is dyed green (1728). It was also used for curtains and petticoats. - -_Scotch Cloth._ A texture resembling lawn, but cheaper, said to -have been made of nettle fibre. A sort of sleasey soft cloth ... -much used for linens for beds and for window curtains (1696). - -_Sempiternum._ A woolen cloth made in the seventeenth century and -similar to perpetuana. See _Everlasting_. - -_Shag._ A cloth having a velvet nap on one side, usually of worsted, -but sometimes of silk. Crimson shag for winter clothes (1623). A -cushion of red shag (1725). - -_Shalloon._ A closely woven woolen material used for linings. -Instead of shalloon for lining men's coats, sometimes use a glazed -calico (1678). - -_Sleazy._ An abbreviated form of silesia. A linen that took its name -from Silesia in Hamborough, and not because it wore sleasy (1696). A -piece of Slesey (1706). - -_Soosey._ A mixed, striped fabric of silk and cotton made in India. -Pelongs, ginghams and sooseys (1725). - -_Stammel._ A coarse woolen cloth, or linsey-woolsey, usually -dyed red. In summer, a scarlet petticoat made of stammel or -linsey-woolsey (1542). His table with stammel, or some other carpet -was neatly covered (1665). The shade of red with which this cloth -was usually dyed was called stammel color. - -_Swanskin_, _Swanikins_. A fine, thick flannel, so called on account -of its extraordinary whiteness. The swan-skin coverlet and cambrick -sheets (1610). - -_Tabby._ Named for a quarter of Bagdad where the stuff was woven. A -general term for a silk taffeta, applied originally to the striped -patterns, but afterwards applied also to silks of uniform color -waved or watered. The bride and bridegroom were both clothed in -white tabby (1654). A child's mantle of a sky-colored tabby (1696). -A pale blue watered tabby (1760). Rich Morrello Tabbies. (Boston -Gazette, March 25, 1734). - -_Tabling._ Material for table cloths; table linen, Diaper for -tabling (1640). 12 yards tabling at 2/6 per yard. Essex Co. (Mass.) -Probate (1678). - -_Tamarine._ A kind of woolen cloth. A piece of ash-colored wooley -Tamarine striped with black (1691). - -_Tammy._ A fine worsted cloth of good quality, often with a glazed -finish. All other kersies, bayes, tammies, sayes, rashes, etc. -(1665). A sort of worsted-stuff which lies cockled (1730). Her dress -a light drab lined with blue tammy (1758). A red tammy petticoat -(1678). Strain it off through a tammy (1769). - -_Tandem._ A kind of linen, classed among Silesia linens. Yard wide -tandems for sale (1755). Quadruple tandems (1783). - -_Thick Sets._ A stout, twilled cotton cloth with a short very close -nap: a kind of fustian. A Manchester thickset on his back (1756). - -_Ticklenburg._ Named for a town in Westphalia. A kind of coarse -linen, generally very uneven, almost twice as strong as osnaburgs, -much sold in England. About 1800 the name was always stamped on the -cloth. - -_Tiffany._ A kind of thin transparent silk; also a transparent gauze -muslin, cobweb lawn. Shewed their naked arms through false sleeves -of tiffany (1645). Black tiffany for mourning (1685). - -_Tow Cloth._ A coarse cloth made from tow, i.e., the short fibres of -flax combed out by the hetchell, and made into bags or very coarse -clothing. Ropes also were made of tow. - -_Tobine._ Probably a variant of tabby. With lustre shine in simple -lutestring or tobine (1755). Lutestring tobines which commonly are -striped with flowers in the warp and sometimes between the tobine -stripes, with brocaded sprigs (1799). A stout twilled silk (1858). - -_Trading Cloth_, see _Duffell_. - -_Turynetts._ Boston Gazette, Aug. 22, 1757. - -_Venetians._ A closely woven cloth having a fine twilled surface, -used as a suiting or dress material. - -_Villaranes._ Essex Co. (Mass.) Court Records (1661). - -_Vitry_, _Vittery_. A kind of light durable canvas. Vandolose -[vandelas] or vitrie canvas the ell, 10s. (1612). Narrow vandales or -vittry canvas (1640). - -_Water Paragon_, see _Paragon_. - -_Witney_, _Whitney_. A heavy, loose woolen cloth with a nap made up -into blankets at Witney, Co. Oxford, England. Also, formerly, a -cloth or coating made there. True Witney broadcloth, with its shag -unshorn (1716). Fine Whitneys at 53 s. a yard, coarse Whitneys at 28 -s. (1737). - -In the Inventory of the Estate of Henry Landis of Boston, -shopkeeper, taken Dec. 17, 1651, the following fabrics are listed, -viz.: - - Black Turky tamet, Green Italiano - Turkie mohaire Say - Green English Tamett Red Calico - Cotton cloth Red Serge - Kersey Cheny - Yellow cotton Double Cheny - Linsie woolsey Red satinesco - English mohaire Olive serge - Mixed Italiano Holland - Grey ditto Tufted Holland - Broadcloth Fine Holland - Green cotton cloth Nuns Holland - Course Yorkshire Kersey Broad dowlas - Tamy Cheny Dowlas - Padway serge Broad lining - Adretto Lockrum - Hair Camelion White Calico - Castelano 1 pr dimity drawers - Herico Italiano 1 pr girls bodys - White serge Addevetto - Perpetuano 2 childs waistcoats at 9 d. - Best ditto 9 tawney bonnets at 16 d. - Mixed serge 46 pr ear wiers at 4 d. - Cloth 17 calico neck cloths at 12 d. - Kersey 2 gro tin buttons at 2/6. - Italiano 9 yds silk galoon at 2-1/2 d. - Sad hair coloured Italiano Breeches bottons - Taunton serge Silk breast buttons - Mixed stuff Hair buttons - Green mixed serge Great silk buttons - Herico Kersey A great variety of silk and bone lace - Green Tamy 1 black satin cap, 3/. - - --_Suffolk Co. Probate Records_, Vol. II, p. 127. - - - - -CHAPTER VI - -PEWTER IN THE EARLY DAYS - - -In the spring of 1629, when the Secretary of the Company of the -Massachusetts Bay in New England was preparing a memorandum of -materials to be obtained "to send for Newe England" in the ships -that sailed on April 25th of that year, among the fabrics and food -stuffs, the seed grain, potatoes, tame turkeys, and copper kettles -of French making without bars of iron about them, were listed -brass ladles and spoons and "pewter botles of pyntes & qrts." The -little fleet reached Naumkeck (now Salem) on June 30th, and on its -return voyage, a month later, Master Thomas Graves, the "Engynere," -expert in mines, fortifications, and surveys, who had come over -with Governor Endecott the previous year, sent home a report to -the Company in which he listed "such needefull things as every -Planter doth or ought to provide to go to New-England," including -victuals for a whole year, apparel, arms, tools, spices, and various -household implements, among which appear "wooden platters, dishes, -spoons and trenchers," with no mention of pewter. The records of the -Company make mention of carpenters, shoemakers, plasterers, vine -planters, and men skillful in making pitch, salt, etc., but nowhere -does the trade of the pewterer appear. - -Pewter did not come into general use among the more prosperous -farmers in England until about the middle of the sixteenth century -and then only as a salt--a dish of honor, or three or four pieces -for use on more formal occasions. It was the wooden trencher that -was commonest in use in all middle-class families until well -after the year 1700, and this was true both in New England and -Old England. In homes where the shilling was made to go as far as -possible, the wooden trencher, like the homespun coat, lingered -in use for a century later. At least one family in Essex County, -Massachusetts, was still using its wooden plates of an earlier -period as late as 1876, when the menfolk left home to work for two -or three days in the early fall on the thatch banks beside Plum -Island river. And this happened in a comfortably situated, but -thrifty, family. The rough usage given the common tableware in the -crude camp by the marshes had taught the housewife the desirability -of bringing down from the chest in the attic, at least once a year, -the discarded wooden plates used in her childhood. - -Pewter appears early in the Massachusetts Colony in connection -with the settlement of estates of deceased persons. By means of -the detailed inventories taken at such times, it is possible to -reconstruct with unquestioned accuracy the manner in which the homes -of the early settlers were furnished, and by means of this evidence -it is possible to show that the hardships and crudities of the first -years were soon replaced by the usual comforts of the English home -of similar station at the same time. The ships were crossing the -Atlantic frequently and bringing from London, Plymouth or Bristol, -to the new settlements, all manner of goods required for sale in the -shops that had been set up in Boston, Salem and elsewhere. - -In 1635 the widow Sarah Dillingham died at Ipswich, leaving a -considerable estate. Among the bequests were a silver bowl and a -silver porringer, and the inventory shows 40-1/2 pounds of pewter -valued at £2.14.0. - -In 1640, Bethia Cartwright of Salem bequeathed to her sister, Mary -Norton, three pewter platters and a double saltcellar and to a -nephew she gave six spoons and a porringer. - -In 1643, Joseph, the eldest son of Robert Massey of Ipswich, was -bequeathed by his father, four pewter platters and one silver spoon. -Benjamin, another son, was to receive four pewter platters and two -silver spoons, and Mary, a daughter, received the same number as did -Joseph. - -In 1645, Lionell Chute died in Ipswich. His silver spoon he -bequeathed to his son James. It was the only piece of silver in -the house. Of pewter, he had possessed fourteen dishes, "small and -great," eleven pewter salts, saucers and porringers, two pewter -candlesticks and a pewter bottle. - -The widow, Mary Hersome of Wenham, possessed in 1646 one pewter -platter and two spoons. The same year Michael Carthrick of Ipswich -possessed ten pewter dishes, two quart pots, one pint pot, one -beaker, a little pewter cup, one chamber pot and a salt. In 1647, -William Clarke, a prosperous Salem merchant, died possessed of an -interesting list of furniture; six silver spoons and two small -pieces of plate; and the following pewter which was kept in the -kitchen--twenty platters, two great plates and ten little ones, one -great pewter pot, one flagon, one pottle, one quart, three pints, -four ale quarts, one pint, six beer cups, four wine cups, four -candlesticks, five chamber pots, two lamps, one tunnel, six saucers -and miscellaneous old pewter, the whole valued at £7. The household -also was supplied with "China dishes" valued at twelve shillings. -John Lowell of Newbury, in 1647, possessed three pewter butter -dishes. John Fairfield of Wenham, the same year, had two pewter -fruit dishes and two saucers; also four porringers, a double salt, -one candlestick and six spoons, all of pewter. His fellow-townsman, -Christopher Yongs, a weaver, who died the same year, possessed one -bason, a drinking pot, three platters, three old saucers, a salt and -an old porringer, all of pewter and valued at only ten shillings. -There were also alchemy spoons, trenchers and dishes and a pipkin -valued at one shilling and sixpence. - -When Giles Badger of Newbury died in 1647 he left to his young -widow a glass bowl, beaker and jug, valued at three shillings; -three silver spoons valued at £1, and a good assortment of pewter, -including "a salt seller, a tunnell, a great dowruff" and valued -at one shilling. The household was also furnished with six wooden -dishes and two wooden platters. The inventory of the estate -of Matthew Whipple of Ipswich totalled £287.2.1, and included -eighty-five pieces of pewter, weighing 147 pounds and valued at -£16.9.16. In addition, there were four pewter candlesticks valued -at ten shillings; two pewter salts, five shillings; two pewter -potts, one cup and a bottle, four shillings and sixpence; one pewter -flagon, seven shillings; twenty-one "brass alchimic spoones" at four -shillings and four pence each; and nine pewter spoons at eighteen -pence per dozen. The inventory also discloses one silver bowl and -two silver spoons valued at £3.3.0; six dozen wooden trenchers, -valued at three shillings; also trays, a platter, two bowles, four -dishes, and "one earthen salt." - -The widow Rebecca Bacon died in Salem in 1655, leaving an estate of -£195.8.6 and a well-furnished house. She had brass pots, skillets, -candlesticks, skimmers, a little brass pan, and an excellent supply -of pewter, including "3 large pewter platters, 3 a size lesse, 3 -more a size lesse, 3 more a size lesse, £1.16; 1 pewter bason, -5s; 6 large pewter plates & 6 lesser, 9s; 19 Pewter saucers & 2 -fruite dishes, 11s, 6d; 1 old Pewter bason & great plate, 3s; 2 -pewter candlesticks, 4s; 1 large pewter salt & a smal one; 2 pewter -porringers, 3s.6d; 1 great pewter flagon; 1 lesser, 1 quart, 2 pints -& a halfe pint, 13s; 2 old chamber pots & an old porringer, 3s." She -also died possessed of "1 duble salt silver, 6 silver spones, 1 wine -cup & a dram cup of silver, both £6." - -The Rev. James Noyes of Newbury, when he died in 1656, was possessed -of an unusually well-equipped kitchen, supplied with much brass -and ironware and the following pewter, viz.: "on one shelfe, one -charger, 5 pewter platters and a bason and a salt seller, £1.10.0; -on another shelfe, 9 pewter platters, small & great, 13 shillings; -one old flagon and 4 pewter drinking pots, 10 shillings." No pewter -plates or wooden trenchers are listed. - -In other estates appear some unusual items, such as: a pewter brim -basin, pewter cullenders, pewter beer cups, pewter pans, pewter bed -pans, and a mustard pot. - -The trade of the pewterer does not seem to have been followed by -many men in New England during the seventeenth century. The vessels -were bringing shipments from London and moreover, the bronze moulds -used in making the ware were costly. Pewter melted easily and -frequently required repairing, and it was here that the itinerant -tinker or second-rate pewterer found employment. The handles of -pewter spoons broke easily, and a spoon mould was a part of the -equipment of every tinker. The earliest mention we have noted of -the pewterer practising his trade in New England is one Richard -Graves of Salem. He was presented at a Quarterly Court on February -28, 1642-43 for "opression in his trade of pewtering" and acquitted -of the charge. Then he was accused of neglecting to tend the ferry -carefully, so it would seem that pewtering occupied only part of -his time. This he acknowledged, but said that he had not been put -to it by the Court and also that it was necessary to leave the -ferry when he went to mill, a quite apparent fact. He seems to have -been a somewhat reckless fellow in his dealings with neighbors, for -he was accused of taking fence rails from Christopher Young's lot -and admonished by the Court. At the same session he was fined for -stealing wood from Thomas Edwards and for evil speeches to him, -calling him "a base fellow, & yt one might Runn a half pike in his -bellie & never touch his hart." - -Graves came to Massachusetts in the "Abigail," arriving in July, -1635. He settled at Salem and was a proprietor there in 1637. -Sometimes he is styled "husbandman." He got into trouble with the -authorities very soon, and in December, 1638, was sentenced to sit -in the stocks for beating Peter Busgutt in his own house. Peter made -sport of the Court at the time of the trial, and in consequence was -ordered to be whipped, this time by the constable. In 1641 Graves -was brought into court again and William Allen testified that "he -herd Rich Graves kissed Goody Gent twice." Richard confessed that it -was true, and for this unseemly conduct he was sentenced to be fined -or whipped. The records do not disclose his individual preference -as to the penalty eventually inflicted. In 1645 he was in Boston -in connection with some brazen moulds that were in dispute. A Mr. -Hill and Mr. Knott were concerned in the affair, and very likely -the moulds were for pewterers' use. On another occasion a few years -later, when Graves went to Boston, he got drunk at Charlestown, and -in consequence was mulct by the Quarterly court. Only a month later -he was complained of for playing at shuffleboard, a wicked game of -chance, at the tavern kept by Mr. Gedney in Salem, but this time he -escaped the vengeance of the law, for the case against him was not -proved. He was still pursuing his trade of pewterer in 1655 when -he so styled himself in a deed to John Putnam, and sometime between -that date and 1669 he passed out of reach of the courts to that -bourne from which no pewterers ever return. - -Mention has been made of the fact that London-made pewter was -brought into New England at frequent intervals to supply the natural -demand. An invoice of pewter shipped from London in 1693 has -recently come to light in the Massachusetts Archives, and is here -printed as being of interest not only as showing the market prices -for pewter, but also the kind of utensils in demand at that time. -This particular shipment of pewter was a part of a consignment made -by John Caxy of London to Joseph Mallenson, his agent in Boston. -It consisted of a great variety of clothing, fabrics, hardware, -implements, kitchen utensils and pewter. The part of the invoice -that comprised the shipment of pewter follows, viz.: - - One Drume Fatt No. 2 Containing - 12 Pottle Tankards at 3s 10d ps £2. 6.0 - 12 Quart ditto at 3s 1.16.0 - 24 Midle ditto at 2/6 3. 0.0 - 24 Small ditto at 2/ 2. 8.0 - 12 doz: Large Poringers at 9s 6d p doz 5.14.0 - 12 doz: Small ditto at 8/ 4.16.0 - 3 pr New-fashon'd Candlesticks at 4s 12.0 - 3 pr ditto at 3s 9.0 - 2 pr Round ditto at 2s 10d 5.8 - a Fatt Cost 7.0 - One Drume Fatt No. 3 quantity - 18 Large Chamber Potts at 2/10s ps 2.11.0 - 30 Middle ditto at 2s 8d 3.10.0 - 40 small ditto at 2s 3.10.0 - 12 doz Alcamy Spoons at 2/9 4. 0.0 - 24 doz Powder ditto at 2/3d p doz 2.14.0 - 12 Large Salts at 2s 2 ps 1. 6.0 - 24 Middle ditto at 20d ps 2. 0.0 - 48 Small ditto at 12d ps 2. 8.0 - 18 Basons qt 32 at 12d 1.12.6 - 2 doz: Sawcers at 9s p doz 18.0 - 4 doz Small ditto at 7s p doz 1. 8.0 - 2 Pottle Wine Measure Potts at 5/6 11.0 - 6 Quart ditto Potts at 2/8 16.0 - 6 Pint ditto Potts at 22d ps 11.0 - 6 halfe Pint ditto at 14d 7.0 - 6 Quartern ditto Potts at 9d p ps 4.6 - a Fatt Cost 7s 7.0 - One halfe Barell Fatt No 4 cont more pewter - 78 dishes qt 265 at 9d-1/2 10. 9.91/2 - A Fatt Cost 3s 6 3. 6 - ---------- - £76. 2.5-1/2 - - - - -CHAPTER VII - -THE FARMHOUSE AND THE FARMER - - -The farmers in the early days had few conveniences and comforts -and were largely dependent for the supply of their wants upon the -products of their farms. But little food was purchased. At the -outset domestic animals were too valuable to be killed for food but -deer and other wild game were plentiful. When this no longer became -necessary and an animal was killed by a farmer, it was the custom to -lend pieces of the meat to the neighbors, to be repaid in kind when -animals were killed by them. In this way the fresh meat supply was -kept up for a long time by the killing of one animal. Other parts -of the meat were salted and kept for a number of months before all -was eaten. Nearly every family had a beef and a pork barrel (called -a "powdering tub"), from which most of the meat used in summer was -taken. Meat was not found upon the table every day. - -The chimney in the farmhouse was of great size, occupying relatively -a large amount of the space inside the house. The kitchen fireplace -usually was large enough to accommodate logs four feet in length, -oftentimes even larger. In making a fire a backlog, a foot or -more in diameter, was placed against the back of the fireplace; a -forestick was then placed across the andirons in front, and wood -piled between, producing a hot fire, and giving the kitchen a very -cheerful appearance. Large stones were sometimes used instead of a -backlog, and an iron bar was laid on the andirons in front of the -forestick. Ample ventilation was had by the constant current of air -that passed up the chimney. - -In sitting before an open fire it was often complained that while -one was roasted in front he was frozen in the back and this led to -the use in nearly every family of a long seat made of boards called -a "settle," with a high back to keep off the wind from behind, -which, when placed before the fire, was usually occupied by the -older members of the family. - -At night, any fire that remained was carefully covered with ashes -and was expected to keep until morning to kindle for the next day. -This was called "raking up the fire," and calculation was made to -have enough fire to cover up every night, so it need not be lost. -If the fire didn't keep over, some one would go with a fire pan to -a neighbor, if one lived near, and borrow some fire. But if this -was inconvenient, resort was then had to the tinder box. Tinder -was made by charring cotton or linen rags. The box containing this -was usually kept in a niche made in the side of the fireplace, -by leaving out a couple of bricks. By striking fire with flint -and steel, the tinder was ignited. Homemade matches, which had -been dipped in melted brimstone, were set on fire by touching the -burning tinder and in this way a fire was obtained. Sometimes fire -was kindled by flashing powder in the pan of a flint-lock musket, -thereby setting paper on fire. Friction matches did not come into -use until about 1832. - -The cooking was done over and before the open fire. Boiling was -done by suspending kettles from pot hooks which were upon the crane -and of different lengths to accommodate the height of the fire. An -adjustable hook which was called a "trammel" was not infrequently -used. Meat was roasted by passing through it an iron rod called a -spit and this was rested on brackets on the back of the andirons in -front of the fire and by repeated turning and exposing on all sides, -the meat was evenly cooked. Another method was to suspend the meat -or poultry by a line before the fire. By twisting the line hard -it would slowly unwind. Of course some one had to be in frequent -attendance to twist the cords and usually it was a child. A dish -placed underneath caught the drippings from the roast. Sometimes -the line would burn off, and have to be replaced before the cooking -could be completed. - -Potatoes and eggs were roasted in the ashes by wrapping them in wet -leaves or paper, and then covering with hot coals. In half an hour -or so the potatoes would be well cooked. - -At first bread and other things were baked in a Dutch oven. It was -a shallow cast-iron kettle with long legs and a cover of the same -material, having a raised edge. The cover was filled with live -coals, and then the oven was suspended from a pot hook or stood -in the hot coals. It was used for both baking and frying. Indian -bannock, made from corn meal mixed with water and spread about an -inch thick on a board or wooden trencher, was baked before the fire -by setting it on an incline against a sad-iron or skillet, the top a -couple of inches back from the bottom, and when baked and made into -milk toast it was considered a dish fit to be "set before a king"! - -The brick oven was in the chimney of nearly every well-built house. -The opening was inside the fireplace and was closed by a wooden -door. In heating the oven dry pine wood, which had been spilt and -seasoned out of doors for a short time and then housed, was a -necessity for the best results. The oven was considered hot enough -for a baking when the black was burned off the roof and the whole -inside had assumed a uniform light color. The coals and ashes inside -the oven were then removed with a "peel," a long-handled iron -shovel made for the purpose. The bottom of the oven was then swept -clean with a broom made of hemlock or other boughs. The process of -removing the fire and getting it ready for use was called "clearing -the oven." - -The food to be cooked was then put in the oven: brown bread made -from rye and Indian meal, drop cakes made with milk and eggs and -wheat flour, which were placed directly upon the bricks and when -baked and eaten hot with butter, were considered a great luxury. -Beans, meats, potatoes, pies, and many other things were cooked in -the brick oven at the same time. - -Families in good circumstances, made it a rule to heat the oven -daily, but Saturday was generally reserved for the week's baking. - -The skins of animals killed on the farm were tanned by some local -tanner and a year or more was required by the old process, but it -produced an excellent quality of leather. - -The utmost economy was practiced. Nearly all the young people and -some of the older ones went barefoot during the summer. In going to -meeting on Sunday the girls and young women often walked a number -of miles. They wore heavy shoes or went barefooted, carrying their -light shoes in their hands to save wear until near the meeting house. - -In the early years following the settlement, all clothing or -materials were brought from overseas but in time, flax and wool were -produced on many farms, and the women of the family were capable of -taking the wool as it came from the sheep, cleansing, carding and -spinning it into yarn, and then weaving it into cloth, from which -they cut and made the clothes for the family. The carding was done -with hand cards similar to those used for carding cattle, only a -little larger and of finer mesh. The carded rolls were spun into -yarn upon the hand wheel. Five skeins was considered a good day's -work. - -The yarn was woven into cloth on the hand loom, which was a -ponderous affair and occupied a great deal of room. Not every family -possessed a loom, but there were weavers in every locality. The yarn -which went lengthwise of the cloth had to be drawn into the harness -by hand; that which went the other way came from the shuttle. The -yarn which was in the shuttle was wound upon short quills, which -were pieces of elder three inches in length with the pitch punched -out, and these quills were wound on a wheel called a "quill wheel" -which made a great deal of noise. This work was usually done by -children or some helper, while the woman of the house was weaving. - -Weaving was hard work and five or six yards was considered a good -day's work. Cotton was sometimes bought and worked in about the same -manner as wool. When the yarn was to be knitted, it was generally -colored before using. The dye pot was of earthenware and had its -place in the chimney corner just inside the fireplace. It was -covered with a piece of board or plank on which the children often -sat. The dye was made of indigo dissolved in urine. Into this the -yarn was put and remained until it was colored. When the yarn was -wrung out, or the contents disturbed, the odor that arose had no -resemblance to the balmy breezes from "Araby the blest." - -The cloth for men's wear was called "fulled cloth." After it was -woven it was taken to the clothier, where it was fulled, dyed, -sheared, and pressed. That worn by women was simply dyed and -pressed, and was called pressed cloth. Baize without any filling or -napping was woven for women's use. - -Flax was grown on the farm. It was pulled in the fall and placed -upon the ground, where it remained a number of months until the -woody portion was rotted and the fiber became pliable. When at -the right stage it was broken by a clumsy implement called a -"flax brake," which rid the fiber of the woody parts. It was then -"swingled," which was done by beating it with a wooden paddle called -a "swingling knife," which prepared it for the comb or "hatchel" -made of nail rods. Its teeth were pointed and about six inches -longer, seven rows with twelve in each row. The combing took out the -short and broken pieces which was called tow and spun into wrapping -twine, small ropes and bagging. When the flax had been combed -sufficiently it was put upon the distaff and spun. - -The linen wheel was about twenty inches in diameter and was operated -by the foot resting upon a treadle. The wheel had two grooves in -the circumference, one to receive a band to drive "the fliers," -the other to drive the spool with a quicker motion to take up the -threads. The thread when spun and woven into cloth, was made up -into shirts, sheets, table covers, dresses, handkerchiefs, strainer -cloths, etc. Ropes used about the farm were often home-made of linen -and tow. In the summer men wore tow and linen clothes. A cloth made -of cotton and linen was called fustian. - -Cider mills were found on a great many farms where the apples, which -were mostly natural fruit, were made into cider. This was a common -drink and found a place upon the table three times a day with each -meal, and was carried into the fields to quench thirst forenoon -and afternoon. The men of those days assumed to be unable to labor -without a liberal supply of cider, as water seldom agreed with them. -The drawing and putting the cider upon the table usually fell to -the younger members of the family and was generally considered an -irksome task. In some cases it was made the rule that the one who -got up the latest in the morning should draw the cider for the day. -Cider which had been drawn for a little time and had become warm -was not considered fit to drink. Any that remained in the mug was -emptied into a barrel kept for the purpose in the cellar and was -soon converted into vinegar. In this way the family supply was made -and kept up, and it generally was of the best quality. - -When David Cummings of Topsfield died in 1761, he provided by will -that his wife Sarah should be supplied annually with five barrels of -cider, in fact, it was common among farmers to so provide for their -widows, together with a horse to ride to meeting, and a certain -number of bushels of vegetables, corn, rye, etc., etc. - -The tallow candle was used for light in the evening. When this was -supplemented by a blazing fire in the fireplace it gave the room a -cheerful appearance. Most of the candles were "dips," although a few -were run in moulds made for the purpose. All the tallow that came -from the animals killed on the farm was carefully saved and tried -out and rendered by heating. The liquid thus obtained was put in -pans to cool and when enough had been accumulated it was placed in -a large kettle and melted. The candle wicking was made of cotton, -and was bought at the shops in town. It came in balls. The wicking -was cut twice the length of the candle and doubled over a stick made -for the purpose and then twisted together. These sticks were two -feet in length and half an inch in diameter. Six wicks were placed -upon each stick, and as many used as would hold all the candles to -be made at one time. Two sticks six or eight feet in length, often -old rake handles, were used for supports. These were placed upon -two chairs and about eighteen inches apart. On these the sticks -were placed with the wicks hanging down. By taking a couple of the -sticks in the hands the wicks were placed in the hot tallow until -they were soaked. When all had been thus treated dipping began. Each -time a little tallow adhered, which was allowed to cool, care being -taken not to allow the dips to remain in the hot tallow long enough -to melt off what had already cooled. While the dipping was going on -the candles were suspended where a draft of air would pass over -and cause them to cool quickly. Care was also taken not to have the -candles touch each other. - -The dipping continued until the candles were large enough for use. -If the tallow in the kettle became too cool to work well, some -boiling water was put in which went to the bottom and kept the -tallow above warm enough to work. The tallow candle made a dim, -disagreeable light, as it smoked considerably and required constant -snuffing or cutting off of the burnt portions of the wick. Snuffers -were used for this purpose, in which the portions of the wick cut -off were retained, and this was emptied from time to time as the -receptacle became filled. - -Nearly every family made the soft soap used in washing clothes and -floors. Ashes were carefully saved and stored in a dry place. In -the spring the mash tub, holding sixty or seventy gallons, was set -up, and on the bottom a row of bricks were set on edge. On them a -framework was placed which was covered with hemlock boughs or straw, -over which a porous cloth was placed. The tub was then filled with -ashes. If any doubt existed as to the strength of the lye, thus -produced, a little lime was put in. Boiling water was then poured on -in small quantities, at frequent intervals and this was allowed to -settle. When no more water would be taken it was left to stand an -hour or more, when the first lye was drawn off. If an egg dropped -into the lye floated, all was well and good luck with the soap was -certain. - -Ashes from any wood except pine and beech were considered good -and used with confidence. Grease that had accumulated during the -year and been saved for this purpose was then placed in a kettle -with some of the lye, and when boiled, if it did not separate when -cooled, soft soap was the result. Most farmers' wives dreaded soap -making. It was one of the hardest day's work of the year. Usually it -was made a point to have the soap making precede the spring cleaning. - -Men generally rode horseback to meeting and elsewhere, and when a -woman went along she rode behind on a pillion, which was a small -cushion attached to the rear of the saddle with a narrow board -suspended from the cushion--a support for the women's feet. To -assist in mounting and dismounting horse blocks were used at the -meetinghouse and in other public places. Small articles were carried -in saddle-bags, balanced one on each side of the horse. Grain was -carried to mill laid across the horse's back, half in each end of -the sack. - -In the early days baked pumpkin and milk was a favorite dish. A -hard-shelled pumpkin had a hole cut in the stem end large enough to -admit the hand. The seeds and inside tissue were carefully removed, -the piece cut out was replaced, and the pumpkin was then put in a -hot oven. When cooked it was filled with new milk and the contents -eaten with a spoon. When emptied the shells were often used as -receptacles for balls of yarn, remnants of cloth and other small -articles. - -Bean porridge was another dish that was popular. In cold weather it -was often made in large quantities and considered to grow better -with age. Hence the old saying: - - "Bean porridge hot; - Bean porridge cold; - Bean porridge in the pot, - Nine days old." - -While iron shovels were brought in from England and in a limited way -were made by local blacksmiths, most shovels used by farmers were -made of oak, the edges shod with iron. Hay and manure forks were -made of iron by the blacksmith. They were heavy, had large tines -that bent easily, and were almost always loose in the handle. It -took a great deal of strength to use them. Hoes were made by the -blacksmiths, who also made axes, scythes, knives, etc. - -When help was wanted on the farm, the son of some neighbor who was -not as well off, or who had not enough work to profitably employ -all his sons, could be hired. He became one of the family, took -an active interest in his employer's business, and in not a few -instances married his daughter, and later with his wife succeeded -to the ownership of the farm. If help was wanted in the house, some -girl in the neighborhood was willing to accept the place. She was -strong and ready, capable and honest, and in the absence of her -mistress was able to take the lead. She was not looked upon as a -servant, and often established herself permanently by becoming the -life partner of the son. - -Clocks were seldom found in the farmhouse. Noon marks and sundials -answered the needs of the family and when the day was cloudy, one -must "guess." Because so many had no means of telling the time, it -was customary to make appointments for "early candlelight." - -It was usual with most families to gather roots and herbs to be used -for medicinal purposes. Catnip, pennyroyal, sage, thoroughwort, -spearmint, tansy, elderblows, wormwood, and other plants were saved -to be used in case of sickness. Gold thread or yellow root was saved -and was a remedy for canker in the mouth. Many of the old women who -had reared families of children were skilful in the use of these -remedies, and were sent for in case of sickness, and would prescribe -teas made from some of these herbs, which were cut when in bloom and -tied in small bundles and suspended from the rafters on the garret -to dry, causing a pleasant aromatic smell in the upper part of the -house. - -The well was usually at some distance from the farmhouse and often -located in an exposed and wind-swept position requiring much daily -travel over a snowy and slippery path in winter and through mud and -wet at other times. Convenience in the location of the well was in -too many cases overlooked. From the well all the water used for -domestic purposes was brought into the house in buckets. The water -in the well was usually drawn by means of a well-sweep. - -In some towns the selectmen were chosen by "pricking." A number of -names were written upon a sheet of paper. This was passed around -and each man pricked a hole against the names of his choice. The -one having the most pin holes was chosen first selectman, the next -highest the second, and the next the third. - -When a couple concluded to marry they made known their intention to -the town clerk, who posted a notice of their intended marriage in -the meetinghouse. This was called "being published." By law this -notice must be published three Sabbaths before the ceremony was -performed, so that any one who knew of any reason why such marriage -should not take place might appear and make objection. In addition -to the posting, the town clerk would rise in the meeting and read -the intention to marry. - -Each landowner not only maintained his own fences around cultivated -fields, but also gave of his labor in building long ranges of -fencing about the common pasture lands in proportion to his interest -in the land. A law was enacted as early as 1633 requiring the -fencing of corn fields. - -The earliest fences were usually made of five rails and must be up -by early in April when the cattle and hogs were turned out to roam -at large. The New England farmer, clearing his land for cultivation, -soon devised another form of fence where stones were plentiful and -by piling up these stones into walls divided off his fields and -gave them substantial protection. The well-built stone wall must -have a foundation of small stones laid in a trench to prevent its -being thrown by the frost and when carefully built it would last -for generations. Meanwhile the adjoining field had been cleared -of stones and made useful for cultivation. Hedge fences were also -in frequent use as in parts of England whence the settlers had -emigrated. - -The roads outside the villages were seldom fenced. In fact, the -early roads were little more than ill-defined paths winding their -way across pastures and cultivated fields and whenever a dividing -farm was reached, there would be a gate or bars to be opened and -closed by the traveler. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII - -MANNERS AND CUSTOMS - - -When the first considerable emigration ceased about the year -1640, of the 25,000 settlers then living in the Colony, probably -ninety-five per cent were small farmers or workmen engaged in the -manual trades, together with many indentured servants who had come -over under the terms of a contract whereby they were bonded to -serve their masters for a term of years--usually five or seven. The -remaining five per cent of the population was composed of those -governing the colony--the stockholders in the Company, so to speak; -ministers enough to supply the spiritual needs of each town and -settlement, however small; a few of social position and comparative -wealth; one lawyer; and a sprinkling of shopkeepers and small -merchants living in the seaport towns. Here and there a physician -or chirurgeon might be found, but the physical welfare of the -smaller towns was usually cared for by some ancient housewife with -a knowledge of herbs and simples. Sometimes it was the minister who -practiced two professions and cared for the bodies as well as the -souls of his congregation. - -The founders of the colony in the Massachusetts Bay, and most of -those who immediately followed them, were men who did not conform to -the ritual and government of the Established Church in England. They -were followers of John Calvin whose Geneva Bible was widely read -in England and whose teachings had profoundly influenced English -thought and manners. Calvin taught a great simplicity of life and -a personal application of the teachings found in the Bible. In the -Commonwealth that he set up in Geneva, the daily life and actions -of its citizens were as closely guarded as if in a nursery for -children. All frivolous amusements were forbidden; a curfew was -established; and all were constrained to save souls and to labor for -material development. There was a minute supervision of dress and -personal conduct, and a literal construction of Bible mandates was -carried so far that children were actually put to death for striking -their parents. - -Calvin's theology was based on the belief that all men were born -sinners and since Adam's fall, by the will of God, predestined -from birth to hell and everlasting torment, unless, happily, one -of the elect and so foreordained to be saved. In this belief the -Puritans found life endurable because they considered themselves of -the elect; and in cases of doubt, the individual found comfortable -assurance in the belief that although certain of his neighbors were -going to hell _he_ was one of the elect. It naturally followed that -the imagination of the Puritans was concentrated on questions of -religion. - -The teachings of Calvin spread rapidly in England and among his -followers there came about an austerity of religious life and a -great simplicity in dress and manners. - -It is true that most of the settlers of Massachusetts were poor in -purse and with many of them mere existence was a struggle for a long -time. But the growth of wealth in the Colony, although it brought -with it more luxury in living and better dwellings, did not add much -to the refinement of the people. It was the influence and example -of the royal governors and a more frequent commercial intercourse -with England and the Continental peoples that brought about a desire -for a richer dress and an introduction of some of the refinements -of life. This by no means met the approval of the Puritan ministers -who frequently inveighed against "Professors of Religion who fashion -themselves according to the World." The Rev. Cotton Mather, the -leading minister in Boston and the industrious author of over -four hundred published sermons and similar works, again and again -exhorted against stage plays and infamous games of cards and dice. -"It is a matter of Lamentation that even such things as these should -be heard of in New England," he exclaimed. "And others spend their -time in reading vain Romances," he continued. "It is meer loss of -time." - -With such a background and burdened with such a far-reaching -antagonism toward the finer things of life, that help to lighten the -burden of existence and beautify the way, it is small wonder that -the esthetics found little fertile soil in New England; and much of -this prejudice and state of mind lingered among the old families in -the more remote and orthodox communities, until recent times. - -The New England Puritans only allowed themselves one full holiday -in the course of the year and that was Thanksgiving Day, a time -for feasting. To be sure, there was Fast Day, in the spring, -which gave freedom from work; but that was a day for a sermon -at the meetinghouse, for long faces and a supposed bit of self -denial--somewhere. The celebration of Christmas was not observed -by the true New England Puritan until the middle of the nineteenth -century. - -A number of sermons preached by Rev. Samuel Moodey, an eccentric -minister at York, Maine, for nearly half a century, were printed -and among them: "The Doleful State of the Damned, especially such -as go to hell from under the Gospel." This sermon was followed by -its antidote, entitled: "The Gospel Way of Escaping the Doleful -State of the Damned." Another of his sermons was upon "Judas the -Traitor, Hung up in Chains." Parson Moodey's son, Joseph, followed -him in the pulpit at York. He was known as "Handkerchief Moodey," -as he fell into a melancholy; thought he had sinned greatly; and -after a time wore a handkerchief over his face whenever he appeared -in public. In the pulpit he would turn his back to the congregation -and read the sermon, but whenever he faced his people it would -be with handkerchief-covered features. Think what must have been -the influence of two such men on the life and opinions of a town -covering a period of two generations! - -During the late seventeenth century and well into the eighteenth, -the books usually found in the average New England family were -the Bible, the Psalm Book, an almanac, the New England Primer, a -sermon or two and perhaps a copy of Michael Wigglesworth's terrific -poem--"The Day of Doom." The latter was first printed in 1662 in -an edition of 1800 copies not one of which has survived. Every -copy was read and re-read until nothing remained but fragments of -leaves. Seven editions of this poem were printed between 1662 and -1715 and few copies of any edition now exist. The book expressed -the quintesscence of Calvinism. Here is stanza 205, expressing the -terror of those doomed to hell: - - "They wring their hands, their caitiff-hands, - and gnash their teeth for terrour: - They cry, they roar, for anguish sore - and gnaw their tongues for horrour. - - But get away without delay, - Christ pities not your cry: - Depart to Hell, there may you yell, - and roar Eternally." - -Pastor Higginson of Salem wrote enthusiastically of the natural -abundance of the grass that "groweth verie wildly with a great -stalke" as high as a man's face and as for Indian corn--the planting -of thirteen gallons of seed had produced an increase of fifty-two -hogsheads or three hundred and fifty bushels, London measure, to be -sold or trusted to the Indians in exchange for beaver worth above -£300. Who would not share the hardships and dangers of the frontier -colony for opportunity of such rich gain? - -But the housewives in the far-away English homes were more -interested in the growth of the vegetable gardens in the virgin -soil, and of these he wrote: "Our turnips, parsnips and carrots -are here both bigger and sweeter than is ordinary to be found in -England. Here are stores of pumpions, cucumbers, and other things -of that nature I know not. Plentie of strawberries in their time, -and pennyroyall, winter saverie, carvell and water-cresses, also -leeks and onions are ordinary." Great lobsters abounded weighing -from sixteen to twenty-five pounds and much store of bass, herring, -sturgeon, haddock, eels, and oysters. In the forests were several -kinds of deer; also partridges, turkeys, and great flocks of -pigeons, with wild geese, ducks, and other sea fowl in such -abundance "that a great part of the Planters have eaten nothing but -roast-meate of divers Fowles which they have killed." - -These were some of the attractive natural features of the new colony -in the Massachusetts Bay, as recounted by the Salem minister. Of -the hardships he makes small mention, for his aim was to induce -emigration. There was much sickness, however, and many deaths. -Higginson himself lived only a year after reaching Salem. The -breaking up of virgin soil always brings on malaria and fever. -Dudley wrote "that there is not an house where there is not one -dead, and in some houses many. The naturall causes seem to bee in -the want of warm lodgings, and good dyet to which Englishmen are -habittuated, at home; and in the suddain increase of heate which -they endure that are landed here in somer ... those of Plymouth who -landed in winter dyed of the Scirvy, as did our poorer sort whose -howses and bedding kept them not sufficiently warm, nor their dyet -sufficient in heart." Thomas Dudley wrote this in March, 1631. He -explained that he was writing upon his knee by the fireside in the -living-room, having as yet no table nor other room in which to write -during the sharp winter. In this room his family must resort "though -they break good manners, and make mee many times forget what I would -say, and say what I would not." - -But these hardships and inconveniences of living which the New -England colonists met and overcame differ but little from those -experienced in every new settlement. They have been paralleled -again and again wherever Englishmen or Americans have wandered. -In a few years after the coming of the ships much of the -rawness and discomfort must have disappeared, certainly in the -early settlements, and comparative comfort must have existed -in most homes. If we could now lift the roof of the average -seventeenth-century house in New England it is certain that we -should find disclosed not only comfortable conditions of living but -in many instances a degree of luxury with fine furnishings that is -appreciated by few at the present time. - -Of the early days following the settlement Roger Clap, who lived at -Dorchester, afterwards wrote as follows: - -"It was not accounted a strange thing in those days to drink water, -and to eat Samp or Homine without Butter or Milk. Indeed it would -have been a strang thing to see a piece of Roast Beef, Mutton or -Veal; though it was not long before there was Roast Goat. After the -first Winter, we were very Healthy: though some of us had no great -Store of Corn. The Indians did sometimes bring Corn, and Trade with -us for Clothing and Knives; and once I had a Peck of Corn, or there -abouts, for a little Puppy-Dog. Frostfish, Muscles and Clams were a -Relief to Many." - -When Governor Winthrop landed at Salem in June, 1630, he supped on -a good venison pasty and good beer, while most of those who came -with him went ashore on Cape Anne side (now Beverly) and gathered -strawberries. That was a fine beginning, but when winter set in many -of them were "forced to cut their bread thin for a long season" -and then it was that they fully realized that "the Ditch betweene -England and their now place of abode was so wide.... Those that were -sent over servants, having itching desires for novelties, found a -reddier way to make an end of their Master's provision, then they -could finde means to get more; They that came over their own men -had but little left to feed on, and most began to repent when their -strong Beere and full cups ran as small as water in a large Land.... -They made shift [however] to rub out the Winter's cold by the -Fireside, having fuell enough growing at their very doores, turning -down many a drop from the Bottell, and burning Tobacco with all the -ease they could."[38] - - [38] Edward Johnson, _Wonder Working Providence_, London, 1654. - -Lacking bread they lived on fish, mussels and clams. The rivers -supplied bass, shad, alewives, frost fish and smelts in their -season, also salmon, and corn meal could be bartered for with the -Indians and shortly raised from seed. - -"Let no man make a jest at Pumpkins, for with this fruit the Lord -was pleased to feed his people to their good content, till Corne -and Cattell were increased," wrote Johnson. Later (by 1650) the -goodwives served "apples, pears and quince tarts instead of their -former Pumpkin Pies," and by that time wheat bread was no dainty. - -Society in the Massachusetts Bay in the seventeenth century -was divided into several groups. First came the merchant class -which also included the ministers and those possessed of wealth. -Edward Randolph reported to the Lords of Trade in 1676, that in -Massachusetts there were about thirty merchants worth from £10,000. -to £20,000. "Most have considerable estates and a very great -trade." Next came the freemen and the skilled mechanics. This class -furnished the town officials and constituted the backbone of the -colony. Then came the unskilled laborer and a step lower was the -indentured servant. The merchant lived well and wore fine clothing -forbidden to his more humble neighbors. The status of the servant -may well be shown by the deposition presented in Court at Salem -in 1657 by an apprentice to a stone-mason in the town of Newbury, -Massachusetts, who testified that it was a long while before "he -could eate his master's food, viz. meate and milk, or drink beer, -saying that he did not know that it was good, because he was not -used to eat such victualls, but to eate bread and water porridge and -to drink water."[39] - - [39] _Essex County Quarterly Court Records_, Vol. II, p. 28. - -It has been stated frequently that in the olden times in New -England every one was obliged to go to church. The size of the -meetinghouses, the isolated locations of many of the houses, the -necessary care of the numerous young children, and the interesting -side-lights on the manners of the time which may be found in the -court papers, all go to show that the statement must not be taken -literally. Absence from meeting, breaking the Sabbath, carrying a -burden on the Lord's Day, condemning the church, condemning the -ministry, scandalous falling out on the Lord's Day, slandering the -church, and other misdemeanors of a similar character were frequent. - -Drunkenness was very common in the old days. "We observed it a -common fault in our young people that they gave themselves to drink -hot waters immoderately," wrote Edward Johnson. Every family kept -on hand a supply of liquor and wine, and cider was considered a -necessity of daily living in the country, where it was served with -each meal and also carried into the fields by the workers. It was -stored in barrels in the cellar and the task of drawing the cider -and putting on the table usually fell to the younger members of the -family. A man would often provide in his will for the comfort of -his loving wife by setting aside for occupancy during her life, one -half of his house, with a carefully specified number of bushels of -rye, potatoes, turnips and other vegetables; the use of a horse with -which to ride to meeting or elsewhere; and lastly, the direction -that annually she be provided with a certain number of barrels of -cider--sometimes as many as eight. - -Rev. Edward Holyoke, the President of Harvard College, was in the -habit of laying in each year thirty or more barrels of cider as he -had to provide for much entertaining. Late in the winter he would -draw off part of his stock and into each barrel he would pour a -bottle of spirit and a month later some of this blend would be -bottled for use on special occasions. - -What was their conduct not only in their homes but in their -relations with their neighbors? Did they live peaceably and work -together in building up the settlements? Did they set up in the -wilderness domestic relations exactly like those they had abandoned -overseas? It was a raw frontier country to which they came and it is -apparent that at the outset they felt themselves to be transplanted -Englishmen. So far as possible they lived the lives to which they -had been accustomed and they engrafted in their new homes the -manners and customs of the generations behind them. Most of them -fully recognized, however, that they were not to return; that they -had cut loose from the old home ties and it was not long before -the necessities and limitations of frontier life brought about -changed conditions in every direction. Politically, religiously -and socially, they were in a different relation than formerly in -the English parish life. Many of them, especially those somewhat -removed from the immediate supervision of magistrate and minister, -before long seem to have shown a tendency to follow the natural -bent of the frontiersman toward independent thought and action. -Their political leaders made laws restricting daily life and action -and their religious leaders laid down rules for belief and conduct, -that soon were repellent to many. Civil and clerical records are -filled with instances showing an evasion of and even contempt for -the laws and rules laid down by the leaders of their own choosing. -Some of it doubtless was in the blood of the men who had come in -search of a certain individual freedom of action, but much of it may -be attributed to frontier conditions and primitive living. There -were many indentured servants, and rough fishermen and sailors have -always been unruly. Simple houses of but few rooms accommodating -large families are not conducive to gentle speech or modesty of -manner nor to a strict morality. The craving for landholding and -the poorly defined and easily removed bounds naturally led to ill -feeling, assault, defamation, and slander. - - - - -CHAPTER IX - -SPORTS AND GAMES - - -This is a subject on which there is little recorded information to -be found. Undoubtedly the background of English life, restrained -by Calvinistic severity, was continued by the children and youth -among the settlers. This must have been among the commonplaces of -daily life and of so little importance to the future that no one -considered it worthy of recording. It is impossible to think of -child life without its natural outlet of sports and games--throw -ball, football, running, swimming, etc., and we know that dolls and -toys for children were for sale in the shops of Boston and Salem as -early as 1651. - -The Indians indulged in similar sports and played "hubbub," a game -resembling dice, with much shouting of "hub, hub, hub," accompanied -by slapping of breasts and thighs. - -The innocent games of childhood may be taken for granted and their -English origins may be studied in Strutt's _Sports and Pastimes of -the People of England_. It was gambling, and tavern amusements that -the magistrates endeavored to control. - -In 1646 complaints having been made to the General Court of -disorders occasioned "by the use of Games of Shuffle-board and -Bowling, in and about Houses of Common entertainment, whereby much -precious time is spent unprofitably, and much waste of Wine and Beer -occasioned"; the Court prohibited shuffle-board and bowling, "or -any other Play or Game, in or about any such House" under penalty -of twenty shillings for the Keeper of the house and five shillings -for every person who "played at the said Game." As we now read this -ancient law the waste of precious time and the undue amount of wine -and beer consumed would seem to be the principal occasion for the -anxiety of the Court, for the game of bowls is excellent exercise -and innocent enough; shuffle-board, however, may well be looked upon -with sour eyes. It required a highly polished board, or table, -sometimes a floor thirty feet in length, marked with transverse -lines, on which a coin or weight was driven by a blow with the hand. -It bore some resemblance to tenpins, the object being to score -points attained by sliding the coin to rest on or over a line at -the farther end of the board. The game induced wagers and thereby a -waste of substance and even in Old England was unlawful at various -times, but difficult to suppress. - -Massachusetts magistrates also enacted a law at the 1640 session, -prohibiting any play or game for money or anything of value and -forbade dancing in taverns upon any occasion, under penalty of five -shillings for each offence. The observance of Christmas or any like -day, "either by forbearing labor, feasting, or any other way" was -also prohibited under penalty of five shillings for each person -so offending. This action was occasioned by "disorders arising in -several places within this jurisdiction by reason of some still -observing such Festivals, as were superstitiously kept in other -Countries, to the great dishonour of God and offence of others." - -Strange as it may now seem, the non-observance of Christmas existed -in orthodox communities, especially in the country towns, until well -up to the time of the Civil War. - -The magistrates having learned that it was a "custome too frequent -in many places, to expend time in unlawful Games, as Cards, Dice, -&c." at the same court decreed a fine of five shillings imposed on -all so offending. Twenty-four years later the penalty was mightily -increased to five pounds, one half to go to the Treasurer of the -Colony and the other half to the informer. This was because of the -increase of "the great sin of Gaming within this Jurisdiction, to -the great dishonour of God, the corrupting of youth, and expending -of much precious time and estate."[40] - - [40] _Laws and Liberties of the Massachusetts Colony_, Cambridge, - 1672. - -All this legislation seems to have been directed against indulgence -in gaiety and human weakness in and about a public tavern. What -took place within the home was another matter although the orthodox -Puritan continued to frown upon card playing and dancing until very -recently. But cards and gambling were common at all times among the -merchants and governing class as well as among the laborers and this -was especially true in the seaport towns where sailors congregated -and where there was more or less contact with the Southern colonies -and with foreign lands. In 1720 playing cards cost a shilling a -pack at James Lyndell's shop in Boston and a few years later David -Gardiner was advertising Bibles, Prayer Books, account books, -playing cards, and a great variety of other goods. Card tables -appeared in inventories of estates, and were offered for sale by the -cabinet makers. - -At an early date horses became a prime article of trade with the -West Indies, where they were used in the sugar cane crushing mills, -and wherever horses are bred, questions of speed must naturally -arise and therefore trials of speed and racing in the public eye. - -This was a corrupting influence in the opinion of the -Magistrates--"that variety of Horse racing, for money, or moneys -worth, thereby occasing much misspence of precious time, and the -drawing of many persons from the duty of their particular Callings, -with the hazard of their Limbs and Lives." It therefore became -unlawful "to practice in that Kind, within four miles of any Town, -or in any Highway, the offenders, if caught, to pay twenty shillings -each, the informer to receive one half." - -But public opinion at a later date changed somewhat and here are a -few items gleaned from Boston newspapers that demonstrate the fact -that human nature two centuries ago was much the same as at the -present time. - -HORSE RACE. This is to give Notice that at Cambridge on Wednesday -the 21st day of September next, will be Run for, a Twenty Pound -Plate, by any Horse, Mare or Gelding not exceeding Fourteen and -a half hands high, carrying 11 Stone Weight, and any Person or -Persons shall be welcome to Run his Horse &c. entering the same -with Mr. _Pattoun_ at the Green Dragon in Boston, any of the six -Days preceding the Day of Running, & paying Twenty Shillings -Entrance.--_Boston News-Letter_, Aug. 22-29, 1715. - -A horse race was advertised to take place at Rumley Marsh -(Chelsea), on a £10 wager.--_Boston News-Letter_, Nov. 11-18, 1717. - -HORSE RACE. On the 2d of June next at 4 in the afternoon, A Silver -Punch Bowl Value Ten Pounds will be run for on Cambridge Heath, -Three Miles by any Horse, Mare or Gelding 13 hands 3 inches High, -none to exceed 14, carrying Nine Stone Weight, if any Horse is 14 -hands high to carry Ten stone weight; The Horses that put in for -the Plate are to Enter at the Post-Office in Boston on the 1st -of June between the Hours of 8 & 12 in the morning, and pay down -Twenty Shillings. The winning Horse to pay the charge of this -Advertisement.--_Boston News-Letter_, May 15-22, 1721. - -PIG RUN. On the same day that the silver Punch Bowl is run for on -Cambridge Common by horses, "There will be a Pig Run for by Boys, at -9 in the morning. The Boy who takes the Pig and fairly holds it by -the Tail, wins the Prize."--_Boston Gazette_, May 22-29, 1721. - -HORSE RACE. This is to give Notice to all Gentlemen and others, -that there is to be Thirty Pounds in money Run for on Thursday the -13th of May next at 9 o'clock, by Six Horses, Mares, or Geldings, -Two miles between Menotomy & Cambridge, to carry 9 Stone weight, -the Standard to be 14 hands high, all exceeding to carry weight for -inches. Each one that Runs to have their Number from 1 to 6, to be -drawn, and to run by 2 together only as the Lots are drawn, the 3 -first Horses to run a second heat, and the first of them to have the -Money, allowing the 2d, 5£. if he saves his Distance, which shall be -100 yards from coming in. - -Each Person to enter & pay 5£. to Mr. Philip Musgrave, Postmaster of -Boston, 15 days before they Run.--_Boston Gazette_, Apr. 19-26, 1725. - -HOG RACE. On Monday, the 27th Instant between 2 & 3 a Clock in -the afternoon, a Race will be run (for a considerable Wager) on -the Plains at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, between a Hog and a -Horse.--_Boston Gazette_, Aug. 30-Sept. 6, 1725. - -We hear from New-Hampshire, that on Monday the 27th of Sept. last, -there was a Race Run, for a considerable sum of money, between a Hog -and a Horse, the former of which had the advantage most part of the -way, which the party that were for the Horse, it is thought, caused -the Hog to be frighten'd, so that with much ado the Horse got the -advantage.--_Boston Gazette_, Sept. 27-Oct. 4, 1725. - -BEAR BAITING. On Thursday next the 2d of June, at 3 o'clock P.M., in -Staniford's Street, near the Bowling Green, will be Baited a Bear, -by John Coleson; where all Gentlemen and others that would divert -themselves may repair.--_Boston Gazette_, May 23-30, 1726. - -HORSE FAIR. This is to give Notice of a Horse Fair which is to be -at Mr. John Brown's, Innholder at Hampton Falls, about seven miles -to the Eastward of Newbury Ferry, upon the 20th and 21st days of -April next; at which time 'tis expected that there will be brought -thither some Hundreds of Horses, to be sold or otherwise traded -for.--_Boston News-Letter_, Mar. 23-30, 1732. - -For many years it was necessary for Massachusetts men to defend -their families from marauding Indians and the French, and military -trainings were held at regular intervals. In May, 1639, a thousand -men took part at a training in Boston and in the fall of that year -there were twelve hundred. Such occasions provided opportunity for -feasting and drinking--perhaps we should say drunkenness--but as the -years went by the prayers and singing of psalms gave way to days -of public enjoyment and not infrequently to boisterous license. -Governor Bradford wrote that the water of Plymouth was wholesome -though not, of course, as wholesome as good beer and wine. Even so! - -New England Puritans hated Christmas, a day for Popish revelry. On -Christmas Day in 1621, those who had recently arrived at Plymouth -in the ship _Fortune_ entertained themselves with pitching the bar -and playing stoolball, but at noon Governor Bradford appeared and -ordered them to stop "gameing or revelling in the street."[41] On -Christmas Day, 1685, Judge Sewall wrote in his Diary, "Carts come -to town and shops open as usual. Some somehow observe the day, but -are vexed I believe that the Body of the People Prophane it, and -blessed be God no authority yet to compel them to keep it." - - [41] Bradford, _History of Plymouth Plantation_, Boston, 1853. - -Commencement Day at Harvard was also a day for diversion and vied in -importance in the public eye with election day and training days. - -By the year 1700 billiard tables might be found in many of the -larger taverns and sometimes a ninepin alley. In 1721, Thomas Amory -of Boston was shipping billiard tables to his correspondents in the -Southern ports. - -There was a bowling green in Boston as early as 1700. It was located -at what is now Bowdoin Square and a bronze tablet now marks the -spot. Here are advertisements from Boston newspapers. - -BOWLING GREEN. This is to give Notice, that the Bowling Green, -formerly belonging to _Mr. James Ivers_ in Cambridge Street, Boston, -does now belong to _Mr. Daniel Stevens_ at the British Coffee House -in Queen Street, Boston, which Green will be open'd, on Monday next -the Third Day of this Instant May, where all Gentlemen, Merchants, -and others, that have a mind to Recreate themselves, shall be -accommodated by the said _Stevens_.--_Boston News-Letter_, Apr. -26-May 3, 1714. - -BOWLING GREEN. Hanover Bowling Green, at the Western Part of the -Town of Boston, is now open and in good order for the Reception of -all Gentlemen who are disposed to Recreate themselves with that -Healthful Exercise.--_Boston Gazette_, June 10-17, 1734. - -CHARLESTOWN FROLICK. The Set Company that went upon a Frolick -to Mrs. Whyers at Charlestown, on Tuesday Night being the 12th -of September, is desired to meet at the aforesaid House of Mrs. -Whyers, on the 19th of this Instant, then and there to pay the Just -Reckoning that was then due to the House. And likewise to pay the -honest Fidler for his trouble and wearing out of his strings, for -he gathered but 12 d. among the whole Company that night.--_Boston -Gazette_, Sept. 11-18, 1727. - -CONCERT OF MUSIC. On Thursday the 30th of this instant December, -there will be performed a Concert of Musick on sundry Instruments -at Mr. Pelham's great Room being the House of the late Doctor -Noyes near the Sun Tavern. Tickets to be delivered at the place of -performance at Five Shillings each, the Concert to begin exactly at -six a Clock, and no Tickets will be delivered after Five the Day of -performance. N.B. There will be no admittance after Six.--_Boston -News-Letter_, Dec. 16-23, 1731. - -POPE'S NIGHT, THE 5TH OF NOVEMBER. There being many complaints made -by divers of his Majesty's good subjects in the town of Boston, that -in the night between the 5th and 6th days of November, from year to -year, for some years past, sundry persons with sticks, clubs and -other weapons have assembled themselves together and disfigured -themselves by blacking their faces, dressing themselves in a very -unusual manner, and otherwise disfiguring themselves as well as -insulting the Inhabitants in their houses, by demanding money of -them, and threatening them in Case of Refusal: which Doings being -very disorderly, and contrary to the good and wholesome laws, the -Justices of the Peace in said town have concluded to take effectual -methods to prevent or punish such irregularities for the future, -and would particularly caution and warn all Persons to forbear such -Proceedings hereafter.--_Boston Gazette_, Oct. 28, 1746. - -POPE'S NIGHT CELEBRATION. Friday last was carried about town the -Devil, Pope and Pretender; as also the Effigies of a certain English -Admiral, hung upon a gibbet, with a wooden sword on the right side, -and one of steel run through the body; upon the front of the stage -was written in capitals, - - Come hither brave Boys, be jolly and sing, - Here's Death and Confusion to Admiral B--g. - - --_Boston Gazette_, Nov. 8, 1756. - -FIRE WORKS. On the evening of the day when the Royal Commission -appointing William Shirley, Governor of the Province of -Massachusetts Bay, was published in the Council Chamber, "there was -several fine Fire-Works displayed from the Top of the Town-House -and other Places; but unluckily one of the Serpents fell into the -Town House Lanthorn where all the Fire-Works lay, and set them -all off at once, which made a pretty Diversion; several Gentlemen -were in the Lanthorn, and some of them were a little scorcht, -but no other Damage done, except breaking a few of the Lanthorn -Windows."--_Boston Gazette_, Aug. 10-17, 1741. - -FLYING MAN. This is to give Notice to all Gentlemen and Ladies, that -_John Childs_ has flewn off of most of the highest steeples in Old -England, and off of the monument by the Duke of Cumberlands' Desire, -and does intend this Day, and two Days following, to fly off of Dr. -Cutler's Church, where he hopes to give full Satisfaction to all -spectators.--_Boston Gazette_, Sept. 12, 1757. - -The next issue of the newspaper states that he performed the feat -"to the satisfaction of a great Number of Spectators. It is supposed -from the steeple to the place where the Rope was fix'd was about -700 Feet upon a slope, and that he was about 16 or 18 seconds -performing each Time. As These Performances led many People from -their Business, he is forbid flying any more in the Town." - -CURRANTS. Any Person that has a mind to take a walk in the Garden at -the Bottom of the Common, to eat Currants, shall be Kindly Welcome -for Six Pence a piece.--_Boston News-Letter_, July 10-17, 1735. - -Jacob Bailey, a country boy born in 1731 of humble parentage in -Rowley, Mass., was inspired by the local minister to obtain a -college education, and after graduating at Harvard, he taught -school, eventually obtained a license to preach, and finally went -to England where he took orders in the Anglican Church. Bailey had -a gift for versification and while teaching school in the country -town of Kingston, N.H., his muse led him to describe a corn husking, -a favorite frolic in country towns until very recent times, an -occasion when the finding of an ear of red corn entitled the finder -to kiss the girls. He begins: - - "The season was cheerful, the weather was bright, - When a number assembled to frolic all night." - - * * * * * - -At Aunt Nabby's, "where kisses and drams set the virgins on flame," -horseplay soon developed. Ears of corn were thrown, especially -at loving couples, the girls were tumbled about on the husks and -practical jokes found their victims. When supper was ready - - "Like crows round a carcass each one took his place - - * * * * * - - "The girls in a huddle stand snickering by - Till Jenny and Kate have fingered the pie." - - * * * * * - -And after supper the "scenes of vile lewdness" abashed the country -schoolmaster: - - "The chairs in wild order flew quite round the room: - Some threatened with fire brands, some branished a broom, - While others, resolved to increase the uproar, - Lay tussling the girls in wide heaps on the floor." - - * * * * * - - "Quite sick of confusion, dear Dolly and I - Retired from the hubbub new pleasures to try." - -Bailey's closing comment is illuminating; "from many of these -indecent frolics which I have seen in these parts, I must conclude -that rustics are not more innocent than citizens,"[42] and we may -rest assured that country manners and customs south of the Merrimack -River were no different from those north of it. - - [42] R. P. Baker, "The Poetry of Jacob Bailey" (_The New England - Quarterly_, Jan., 1929). - -In country towns much of the population was thinly distributed and -it was impossible for the housewife to run in next door for a few -moments' idle chat. Frequently the nearest house was a half-mile -or more distant and the feminine desire for social diversion was -sadly curbed by the constant demands of farm labor for horses that -otherwise might have been used in the chaise or wagon. The weekly -gathering at the meetinghouse was always looked forward to with some -anticipation by both old and young and the sacredness of the day -did not prevent discreet conversation on purely secular topics. But -the day when farmer Perkins raised the frame of his barn was made a -social event in the full meaning of the word and when the "raising" -of the meetinghouse took place, it certainly was a gala day, for in -town meeting it was voted to buy a barrel of rum and twelve barrels -of cider, with sugar, beef, pork, and brown and white bread in -proportion with which to refresh the gathering. Eighty-seven pounds -of cheese were eaten and the town paid one shilling and six pence -for the mugs that were broken--let us hope purely by accident. But -"raisings" occurred at infrequent intervals. Each fall, however, -there were corn huskings in various parts of the town and afterwards -always plenty to eat for the jolly workers. The women were invited -to apple bees and sometimes there were spinning parties. Every -winter brought its singing school in the district schoolhouse and -spelling matches sometimes brought together the fathers and mothers -of the district as well as their sons and daughters. But the -quilting party was always welcomed by the women with the keenest -relish. It was their personal affair. They were free for a time from -the noisy interruptions of the children and the men were not in the -way although sometimes invited to a supper. As the quilted pattern -advanced over the surface "the women gossiped of neighborhood -affairs, the minister, the storekeeper's latest purchases, of their -dairies, and webs and linens and wools, keeping time with busy -fingers to the tales they told." - - - - -CHAPTER X - -TRADES AND MANUFACTURES - - -In the new settlements on the Massachusetts Bay, one of the prime -necessities was men skilled in the various trades, "an ingenious -Carpenter, a cunning Joyner, a handie Cooper, such a one as can make -strong ware for the use of the countrie, and a good brickmaker, a -Tyler, and a Smith, a Leather dresser, a Gardner, and a Taylor; one -that hath good skill in the trade of fishing, is of special use, and -so is a good Fowler."[43] The Company had sent over men to govern -and ministers to care for spiritual affairs and many of those who -came were skilled husbandmen. - - [43] Wood, _New Englands Prospect_, London, 1634. - -Many of the smaller towns found themselves without men skilled -in the mechanic trades and this was particularly the case with -blacksmiths, a very essential trade in every community. This led to -grants by towns of land and buildings as inducement for smiths to -settle and work their trade. Carpenters were found everywhere, and -brickmakers naturally gravitated to deposits of clay while the other -craftsmen became distributed in accordance with the law of supply -and demand, each taking on apprentices as had been customary in -their old homes in England. - -The principal productions available for commerce were fish, lumber, -furs and foodstuffs, but the building of shipping and the importance -of the carrying trade must not be overlooked. In the way of domestic -manufactures the sawmill came first. The earliest were built on or -near the Piscataqua River, but wherever water power was available -they soon were set up replacing the laborious saw pits. As the -woodlands were cut off the sawmills moved farther up the stream -or logs were brought to the mill-sites by floating down with the -current. The best of the tall trees were marked with the King's -broad arrow and reserved for masts for the royal navy and mast ships -sailed for England from Portsmouth, N.H., at frequent intervals. - -The shipbuilding industry required iron and shortly an iron works -was set up at Saugus, where bog iron from the neighboring swamps -and meadows was smelted. The enterprise was financed in London -and largely worked by Scotch prisoners sent over after the defeat -at Dunbar, but the quality of the product proved unsatisfactory, -save in the way of casting pots and kettles, and before long the -enterprise got into financial difficulties and was abandoned. - -The high cost of imported iron forced the colonists to fashion wood -to serve their needs not only for agricultural implements but for -nearly all the utensils used in the household. Massachusetts staves -and hoops were important articles of export to the sugar islands in -the West Indies. - -The raising of flax and the manufacture of linen were attempted -early to supply domestic needs in country households. Families in -seaport towns very generally bought their fabrics in the local shops -which imported their stocks from London or Bristol. - -In 1642 it was estimated there were a thousand sheep in -Massachusetts and it was not long before the colony was sending wool -to France and Spain in exchange for wines, fruits and other luxuries. - -The history of early American manufactures has been told in Edward -H. Knight's _American Mechanical Dictionary_, 3 volumes, Boston, -1876, and William B. Weeden's _Economic and Social History of -New England_ (1620-1789), 2 volumes, Boston, 1894, makes easily -available an immense amount of research. In the following pages are -printed gleanings from Boston newspapers and court records that -supplement these works and have the readable flavor of their period. - -ANVILS. Samuel Bissel, anvil smith, lately come from England, -living at New-Port on Rhode Island, makes all sorts of Blacksmiths -and Gold-smiths' anvils, Brick-irons and stakes and new Faces old -ones, at reasonable Rates, and may be spoke with or wrote to, at -his House or Shop near the Topsaile Street in said Town.--_Boston -News-Letter_, Mar. 4-11, 1716-17. - -APOTHECARY. William Woodcocke of Salem, apothecary, was licensed to -still strong water and sell at retail.--_Essex Co. Court Records_, -Mar. 25, 1662. - -AQUÆDUCTS. For the Public Good, aquæducts made & sold by Rowland -Houghton which Instrument being properly applyed to the outside of -a Pump Tree, prevents said Pump from freezing tho' scituate in the -most bleak Place & sharpest Season. - -Said Houghton has lately improv'd on his New Theodolate, by -which the Art of Surveying is rendered more plain & easy than -heretofore.--_Boston Gazette_, Jan. 17-24, 1737. - -ASSAYER. If any Persons desire to know the true value of ores, -minerals or metals, of what kind soever, may have them justly -essay'd on reasonable terms, by Robert Baden, at Mrs. Jackson's, -Founder, at the Brazen Head in Cornhill, Boston.--_Boston Gazette_, -Sept. 27-Oct. 4, 1736. - -BAKER. "John Webster the Baker was admonished for brewing and -tipleinge."--_Essex Co. Court Records_, June 30, 1640. James -Underwood, a baker, was living in Salem in 1655 and Obadiah Wood, -baker, was in Ipswich, before 1649. - -BAKER. Any Persons wanting good brown Bisket fit either for the -Fishery or for Shipping Off, may be supplyed by _Lately Gee_ at the -Sign of the Bakers Arms in Hannover Street, at the following Rates, -_viz._ If Wheat be at 6 _s_, per Bushel, then Bread at 22 _s_ per -Hundred, if at 7 _s_, then 25 _s_, and if at 8 _s_, then Bread at -28 _s_, and so proportionable either for money or Good Wheat at the -Prices above said.--_New England Courant_, Sept. 10-17, 1722. - -Whereas in the Courant of the 17th Instant, an Advertisement was -publish'd by _Lately Gee_ of Boston, Baker, offering brown Bisket at -lower Prices than usual. These are to give Notice, That Bread of the -same Courseness with the said _Gee's_, and with the same Quantity -of Bran remaining in it, may be had for the same Prices at other -Bakers in Town; but they being willing to avoid the Curse of the -Common Sailors, those employ'd in the Fishery, etc., generally make -their Bread better, and sell it for a better Price.--_New England -Courant_, Sept. 17-24, 1722. - -BARBER'S UNION IN 1724. Boston, Dec. 7, on Tuesday the first -of this Instant in the Evening, Thirty-two Principal Barbers -of this Place, assembled at the Golden Ball, with a Trumpeter -attending them, to debate some important Articles relating to their -occupations; where it was propos'd, that they should raise their -Shaving from 8 to 10 _s._ per Quarter, and that they should advance -5 _s_, on the Price of making common Wiggs and 10 _s._ on their Tye -ones. It was also propos'd, that no one of their Faculty should -shave or dress Wiggs, on Sunday Mornings for the future, on Penalty -of forfeiting 10 Pounds for every such Offence: From whence it may -fairly be concluded, that in times past such a Practice has been too -common among them.--_New England Courant_, Nov. 3O-Dec. 7, 1724. - -BARBER'S SHOP. To be Sold by Publick Vendue at the Sun Tavern in -Boston, on Tuesday next the 30th Instant at 4 of the Clock, P.M. -Sundry Goods belonging to the Estate of James Wright, Barber, -deceased, viz: Wiggs, Hair on the Pipes, Sash Lights and Shutters -fitting for a Barber's Shop, and also sundry other Goods.--_Boston -Gazette_, Oct. 20-27, 1729. - -BARBER'S SHOP. To be Let in a pleasant Country Town on the Post Road -to Portsmouth, a Barber's Shop with proper Implements or Utensils -for that Business, where there is enough to keep two Hands employ'd. -Inquire of the Publisher.--_Boston Gazette_, May 7-14, 1739. - -BELLOWS MAKER. Joseph Clough near the Charlestown Ferry in Boston, -makes and mends all sorts of Bellows for Furnaces, Refiners, -Blacksmiths, Braziers and Goldsmiths; and also Makes and Mends all -sorts of House Bellows after the best Manner; where all Gentlemen, -and others, in Town and Country may be served at very reasonable -Rates.--_Boston Gazette_, Dec. 15, 1741. - -BELLS. This is to give notice to all Persons that have occasion for -a Bell or Bells in Churches or Meeting-houses, that in New York they -may be supplyed with New Bells, or if they have any old Bell broke -they may have it new cast at a reasonable Price, and warranted good -for Twelve Months, that if it Crack or Break it shall be new Cast -for nothing: And all New Bells shall be made of better mettal than -any other that comes out of Europe for Churches or Meeting-houses. -All Persons that have Occasion may apply themselves to Joseph -Phillips who is now building a Furnace for that purpose, and hath -already agreed with some Persons, and is ready to do the same with -any that are disposed.--_Boston News-Letter_, June 10-17, 1717. - -BELL FOUNDER. John Whitear, of Fairfield [Conn.], Bell-Founder, -makes and sells all sorts of Bells from the lowest size to Two -Thousand Weight.--_Boston Gazette_, May 29-June 5, 1738. - -BLACKSMITH'S WORK. This is to give Notice, that there is one -William Bryant, Blacksmith, that now keeps a shop adjoining to the -Presbyterian Meeting House in Long Lane, Boston, who makes and -mends Glaziers' Vises, Cloathers' Screws, and worsted Combs, and -makes, grinds and setts Cloathers' Shears; he also makes and mends -Smiths' Vises, Ship Carpenters', Blockmakers', Tanners', Glovers' -and Coopers' Tools, Braziers' and Tinsmens' Shears, and makes House -work, with many other things too tedious to mention here. He will -make and engage his work to any of his Employers according to the -value of them.--_Boston News-Letter_, July 6-13, 1732. - -BLACKSMITH AND LOCKSMITH. Made and Sold by Robert Hendrey, on -Scarlet's Wharff in Boston, Horse Shoeer, Spinning Wheel Irons after -the best Manner, at _Ten Shillings_, old Tenor per sett: Also all -sorts of Locks are made and mended by the said Hendrey, who keeps -a Man that served his Time to the Lock Smith's Business.--_Boston -Gazette_, Dec. 10, 1751. - -Four months later he also advertised "fine White-Smiths Work; -Also Spades and the best sort of Steel Shod Shovels made very -reasonably."--_Boston Gazette_, Apr. 21, 1752. - -BOARDING SCHOOL. Any Gentlemen (Members of the Church of England) -that are desirous of having their Sons Educated after the Method -of Westminster School, may be further inform'd by applying to J. -Boydell. Conditions, To find their own Bed, Bedding, etc. and to -bring as Entrance, one pair of Sheets, six Towels, six Napkins, -one Silver Spoon value 10 s. Sterling, one Knife, Fork, and Pewter -Porringer; which Entrance on their leaving the School is not to be -returned. None to be admitted but such as can read well and write; -nor the Number of six to be exceeded.--_Boston Gazette_, Oct. 24-31, -1737. - -BOOKKEEPER. Mr. _Brown Tymms_ Living at Mr. _Edward Oakes_ -Shopkeeper in Newbury Street, at the South End in Boston, keeps -Merchants & Shopkeepers Books, also writes Bills, Bonds, Leases, -Licenses, Charter-parties, &c., for any Person that may have -Occasion, at reasonable Rates. And likewise teacheth Young Men -Arithmetick and Merchants Accounts.--_Boston News-Letter_, Feb. -17-24, 1717-18. - -BRAZIER AND IRONMONGER. The late Mr. _Edward Jackson's_ Stock in -Trade, consisting of a great variety of Articles in the Braziery and -Ironmongery Way, in larger or smaller Lots as will best accommodate -Customers.--Lead, Shot, bloomery, brittle, refined and Guinea -Iron, Hollow Ware, best heart and clubb German Steel, best London -Steel in half Faggots, Blowers' best Wool Combs, Iron Hearths for -Ships, a Copper Furnace for ditto, Cannon shot, Iron Backs, Deck, -Sheathing and Drawing Nails, Newcastle Coals, &c. &c. Enquire at the -House where the Deceased's Family dwells, or at his Shop.--_Boston -Gazette_, Sept. 12, 1757. - -BRAZIERS AND PEWTERERS. A Good Set of Sundry Sorts of Braziers and -Pewterers' Molds, and other Tools, as good as New, belonging to the -Estate of Mr. Thomas Thacher, deceased, To be sold by Oxenbridge -Thacher at his Shop near the Town Pump, Boston. And also almost all -sorts of Brass, Pewter and Iron Ware, viz. Nails, Locks, Hinges, -Pots, Kettles, &c....--_Boston News-Letter_, Sept. 17-24, 1724. - -BRAZIERS' WARES. William Coffin, at the Ostrich, near the -Draw-Bridge, makes and sells Mill Brasses, Chambers for Pumps, -Brass Cocks of all Sizes, Knockers for Doors, Brasses for Chaises -and Sadlers, Brass Doggs of all Sorts, Candlesticks, Shovels and -Tongs, small Bells, and all sorts of Founders ware. Also, all sorts -of Braziers and Pewterers ware, small Stills and worms, and all -Sorts of Plumbers work; likewise Buys old copper, Brass, Pewter, and -Lead.--_Boston News-Letter_, Feb. 17-24, 1736-7. - -BRAZIERS' SHOP. Thomas Russell, Brazier, near the Draw-Bridge in -Boston, Makes, Mends, and New-Tins, all sorts of Braziery ware, -viz. Kettles, Skillets, Frying-Pans, Kettle-Pots, Sauce Pans, Tea -Kettles, Warming Pans, Wash Basins, Skimmers, Ladles, Copper Pots, -Copper Funnels, Brass Scales, Gun Ladles, &c. makes all sorts of -Lead Work for Ships, Tobacco Cannisters, Ink Stands, &c. and buys -old Brass, Copper, Pewter, Lead and Iron.--_Boston News-Letter_, -Oct. 30-Nov. 6, 1740. - -BRAZIERS' WARES. To be sold by Publick Vendue this Afternoon, at 3 -o'Clock, at the House of the late Mr. Stephen Apthorpe, Brazier, -deceas'd, Codlines, Match, Warming-Pans, Frying-Pans, Kettle-Potts, -Brass-Kettles, Pewter Plates, Dishes, Spoons, &c. Locks of several -Sorts, Jacks, Knives of several sorts, Hinges of several sorts, -Snuff Boxes, Buttons, Trowells, Shod Shovels, Fire Shovel and Tongs, -Lanthorn Leaves, Brass Candlesticks, Chaffin-Dishes, Horn-Combs and -Wire with a great Variety of other Articles.--_Boston News-Letter_, -May 31, 1750. - -Mary Jackson, at the Brazen-Head, Cornhill, Boston, advertised by -Wholesale and Retail, Brass Kettles and Skillets, etc. "N. B., Said -Mary makes and sells Tea-Kettles, and Coffee-Pots, Copper Drinking -Pots, Brass and Copper Sauce-Pans, Stew-Pans, and Baking-Pans, -Kettle-Pots and Fish-Kettles."--_Boston News-Letter_, June 21, 1750. - -BUCKRAM. Any Person that has occasion to have any Linnen Cloth made -into Buckram, or to buy Buckram ready made, or Callendring any Silk, -Watering, Dying or Scouring: they may apply themselves to Samuel -Hall, lately from London, and Thomas Webber near the New North -Brick Meeting House, or at their Work-house near the Bowling-Green, -Boston.--_Boston News-Letter_, June 25-July 2, 1722. - -BUTCHER. Humphrey Griffin, a butcher by trade, was living at Ipswich -as early as 1641.--_Essex Co. Court Records_, Sept., 1658. - -CABINET MAKER. Edward Browne, cabinet maker, was living in -Ipswich as early as 1637 and at his death in 1659 left in his shop -unfinished chairs, spinning wheels, etc.--_Essex Co. Court Records_, -Nov., 1659. - -CABINET MAKER. Mr. John Davis, Cabinet-Maker in Summer-Street, has -for sale extraordinary good English Glew, by Wholesale or Retail, at -the cheapest Rate, for ready Cash.--_Boston News-Letter_, Apr. 8-15, -1736. - -CALICO PRINTER. Francis Gray, Callicoe Printer, from Holland; Prints -all sorts of Callicoes of several Colours to hold Washing, at his -House in Roxbury near the Meeting-House.--_Boston Gazette_, June -16-23, 1735. - -CARD MAKER. Francis Smith of Boston, cardmaker, probably came with -Winthrop in 1630. - -CARD MAKER. Imported in the _Wilmington_, and to be sold in School -street, by Joseph Palmer, cardmaker from London, at his House next -above the French Meeting House viz. Broad cloths, the best steel -Wire, Exeter Fish Hooks, Buckles, Mettal & Horse Hair Buttons, -Tinplate Ware of several sorts, and other Goods; also the best -Wool and Cotton Cards are there made (as good as any brought from -England) by the said Palmer, and sold by Wholesale or Retail. N. -S. The said Palmer wants a servant Maid, and a Negro boy.--_Boston -Gazette_, Nov. 25, 1746. - -CHANDLER AND SOAPBOILER. To be sold by _Edward Langdon_, in Fleet -Street, near the Old North Meeting House, A Quantity of Hard Soap -by the Box, soft Soap by the Barrel, and good old Candles both -Mould and Dipt, fit for Shipping or Families, also Mould Candles of -Bayberry Wax, all by the Box or by Retail.--_Boston Gazette_, July -24, 1750. - -SPERMA-CETI CANDLES. To be sold on Minot's T. by James Clemens, -Sperma Ceti Candles, exceeding all others for Beauty, Sweetness of -Scent when extinguished; Duration, being more than double Tallow -Candles of equal size; Dimensions of Flame, nearly four Times more, -emitting a soft easy expanding Light, bringing the Object close to -the Sight, rather than causing the Eye to trace after them, as all -Tallow-Candles do, from a constant Dimness which they produce.--One -of these Candles serves the Use and Purpose of three Tallow Ones, -and upon the whole are much pleasanter and cheaper.--_Boston -News-Letter_, Mar. 30, 1748. - -CHAPMAN OR PEDDLER. "On Thursday last Dyed at Boston, James Gray, -That used to go up and down the Country selling of Books, who left a -considerable Estate behind him."--_Boston News-Letter_, Apr. 9-16, -1705. - -CHOCOLATE MILL. Salem, Sept. 3. By a Gentleman of this Town is -this Day bro't to perfection, an Engine to Grind Cocoa; it is a -Contrivance that cost much less than any commonly used; and will -effect all that which the Chocolate Grinders do with their Mills and -Stones without any or with very Inconsiderable Labour; and it may -be depended on for Truth, that it will in less than six Hours bring -one Hundred weight of Nuts to a consistance fit for the Mold. And -the Chocolate made by it, is finer and better, the Oyly Spirit of -the Nut being almost altogether preserved, and there is little or no -need of Fire in the making.--_Boston Gazette_, Sept. 5-12, 1737. - -COFFIN FURNITURE. To be sold by Arthur Savage Tomorrow Evening at -his Vendue Room, about 50 Sett of neat Polished Coffin Furniture, -consisting of Breast-plates, Angels, Flowers, Posts, etc.--_Boston -Gazette_, May 29, 1758. - -COOPER. John Henry Dyer, Cooper, lately arriv'd from London, living -on Mr. Henshaw's Wharffe, near the South Market House in Boston; -makes all sorts of Cooper's Ware, after the best manner, as Rum -Hogsheads, Barrels, Caggs, little Tubs and Trays, as cheap and good -as any in the Town.--_Boston Gazette_, July 30, 1751. - -CURRIER. The Trade of a Currier is very much wanted in _Middletown_ -the Metropolis of Connecticut: any Prudent person that is Master -of that Trade may get a pretty Estate in a few Years.--_Boston -Gazette_, Nov. 6, 1758. - -DYER. Alexander Fleming, Dyer, lately from Great Britain, has set -up said Business in Boston, in a House of Mr. Arthen's near Dr. -Gardner's in Marlborough Street, on the same side of the Way, who -can dye all sorts of Colours, after the best Manner and Cheapest -Rate, viz. Scarletts, Crimsons, Pinks, Purples, Straws, Wine -Colours, Sea-Greens, Saxon ditto, common Blues, shearing, dressing -and watering of clothes: Also he can dye linnen Yarn either red, -blue, green, yellow or cloth colours, and all Colours on silks, and -cleaning of Cloths.--_Boston Gazette_, May 14, 1754. - -DUTCH TILES. Several sorts of Neat Dutch Tiles, to be set in -chimneys, to be sold by Mr. Richard Draper; at the lower end of -Cornhill, Boston.--_Boston News-Letter_, May 6-13, 1725. - -DUTCH TILES. To be sold at Capt. Stephen Richard's in Queen Street, -Boston. All sorts of Dutch Tyles, viz. Scripture (round and square), -Landskips of divers sorts, sea monsters, horsemen, soldiers, -diamonds, etc., and sets of brushes; London quart bottles; and a -chest of Delph ware.--_Boston Gazette_, Feb. 6-13, 1738. - -EARTHEN WARE. To be sold by Capt. Arthur Savage at the White -House near Mr. Coleman's Church, Boston, Earthen Ware and Glasses -per the Hogshead, fine Holland Tiles, Earthen and Stone Ware -in Parcels, likewise the long London Tobacco Pipes, all very -Reasonable.--_Boston News-Letter_, Apr. 23-30, 1716. - -FELLMONGER. Edmond Farrington of Lynn, fellmonger [dealer in hides] -arrived in Massachusetts in 1635. - -FIRE ENGINE. To be sold, a Large and extraordinary good Copper -Fire-Engine, newly fixed, that works well, and will be of excellent -Use in Time of Fire, in any populous Place. Enquire of Mr. James -Read, Blockmaker, near Oliver's Bridge in Boston.--_Boston -News-Letter_, Feb. 19-26, 1735-6. - -GLAZIERS' DIAMONDS. To be sold by Gershom Flagg, in Hanover Street -near the Orange Tree, viz. Spanish Whiten, and choice Diamonds fit -for Glazier's use, English Sole Pieces for Shoes and Boots, fine -Jelly Glasses and Crewits of double Flint, all sorts of Coffin Gear, -silvered, plain and lackered, and sundry other Articles.--_Boston -Gazette_, Aug. 6, 1745. - -GLASS was being manufactured in Salem as early as 1639, the main -product being bottles and beads used in barter with the Indians. The -glass made was a dark-colored brownish-black. - -CROWN GLASS. To be sold by Alexander Middleton at Warehouse Number -3, in Butlers' Row, Crown Glass in Cases uncut, Ditto in Chests -cut in Squares, ordinary ditto cut in squares per the Chest, Bar -& Sheet Lead, white & brown Earthen ware, Glass Bottles, Quarts & -Pints, bottled Ale in Hampers, ... Pipes, glaz'd and ordinary ditto. -And best Sunderland Coal on board the ship _Betty_, William Foster, -Commander, lying at the North side of the Long Wharff.--_Boston -Gazette_, June 4-11, 1739. - -GLASS MAKING. Tuesday last a ship arrived here from Holland, with -about 300 Germans, Men, Women & Children, some of whom are going -to settle at Germantown, (a Part of Braintree) and the others in -the Eastern Parts of this Province.--Among the Artificers come -over in this ship, there are Numbers of Men skilled in making -of Glass, of various sorts, and a House proper for carrying on -that useful manufacture, will be erected at Germantown as soon as -possible.--_Boston Gazette_, Sept. 26, 1752. - -GLASS MANUFACTORY AT GERMANTOWN. Notice is hereby given, That -for the future none will be admitted to see the new manufactory -at Germantown [Braintree], unless they pay at least one shilling -lawfull money; and they are desired not to ask above three or four -Questions, and not to be offended if they have not a satisfactory -answer to all or any of them. - -_Note._--The manufactory has received considerable Damage, and -been very much retarded by the great Number of People which are -constantly resorting to the House.--_Boston Gazette_, Sept. 4, 1753. - -KNOT GLASS. To be sold by Arthur Savage, To-morrow Evening, at his -Vendue-Room on the North side of the Town Dock. Twelve Crates of -Knot Glass of various sizes, large and small Looking Glasses, ... -Leather Breeches, Desks, Tables, etc. Also, a Camera Obscura with -Prints.--_Boston Gazette_, Jan. 24, 1757. - -WINDOW GLASS. To be sold by Jonathan Bradish in Charlestown near the -Sign of the Buck, sundry sorts of Window Glass, viz., 8 by 10, 8 by -6, 7 by 9, etc. Also Painters' Colours and Linseed oyl.--_Boston -Gazette_, Nov. 12, 1751. - -GLOVER. To be sold by the Maker, Ph. Freeman, who arrived in the -last Ship from London, at Mr. Irish's in Bridge's Lane near Mr. -Welsteed's Meeting-House, A Large Parcel of Gloves of all Sorts, -viz. Men's and Women's Buck and Doe, Kid and Lamb, for Mourning and -all other Sorts.--_Boston News-Letter_, Sept. 30-Oct. 7, 1742. - -GLOVE MAKER. Just Imported and Sold by Philip Freeman, Norway Doe -Gloves, and Makes and Sells Winter Gloves, for Men and Women: and -lines Gloves with Fur, after the best Manner.--_Boston Gazette_, -Nov. 26, 1754. - -GUNSMITH. To be sold by John Pim of Boston, Gunsmith, at the Sign -of the Cross Guns, in Anne-Street near the Draw Bridge, at very -Reasonable Rates, sundry sorts of choice Arms lately arrived -from London, viz. Handy Muskets, Buccaneer-Guns, Fowling pieces, -Hunting Guns, Carabines, several sorts of Pistols, Brass and Iron, -fashionable Swords, &c.--_Boston News-Letter_, July 4-11, 1720. - -GUNSMITH. Newly imported, and sold by Samuel Miller, Gunsmith, at -the Sign of the cross Guns near the Draw-Bridge, Boston: Neat Fire -Arms of all sorts, Pistols, Swords, Hangers, Cutlasses, Flasks for -Horsemen, Firelocks, &c.--_Boston Gazette_, May 11, 1742. - -HALBERTS. A Set of Halberts for a foot Company to be sold on -reasonable Terms, by Nicholas Boone Bookseller, to be seen at his -House near School-House Lane, Boston.--_Boston News-Letter_, Apr. -22-29, 1706. "A Set of New-Halbards" were offered for sale in the -June 3-10, 1706, issue. - -HAND ENGINES. Hand Engines made after the best manner, fitted -with Brass Clappers, very useful in all Families, convenient for -extinguishing Fire in Chimneys, or in any Room in a House; Also very -proper for Coasters to carry to sea to wet the Sails in small Winds -to preserve them from Mildews; said Engine throws Water with ease 40 -Feet perpendicular. Sold by Rowland Houghton, on the North side of -the Town House at 25s. each.--_Boston Gazette_, June 10-17, 1734. - -HATS. Daniel Jones, at the _Hat & Helmit_, South-End, Boston, ... -makes and sells Beaver, Beaveret, and Castor-Hats: and has also a -good Assortment of English Castor and Beaveret Hats, English and -Felt ditto; Hat Linings and Trimmings of all sorts: Red Wool, Coney -Wool, Camels Hair: Logwood by the 100 Wt. by Wholesale or Retail, -cheap for Cash or Treasurer's Notes.--_Boston Gazette_, Dec. 10, -1759. - -HOUR GLASSES. All sorts of Hour-Glasses to be made or mended on -Reasonable terms, by _James Maxwell_, at his House in Water Street, -near the Town House in Boston.--_Boston News-Letter_, Sept. 17-24, -1716. - -IRON MONGER. To be sold by _John Winslow_, at his Warehouse, in -Newbury-Street, near Summer Street: Best refined and blommery Iron, -Ploughshare Moulds, Anchor Palms, Coohorns, Swivel Guns, Ten Inch -Mortars and Shells, 6, 4, & 3 pound Swivel and Grape Shot.--_Boston -Gazette_, Apr. 25, 1757. - -IRON HEARTH. On the 11th Instant, early in the Morning, a Fire broke -out at _Mr. Pierpont's_ House near the Fortification, occasioned by -the Heat of the Iron Hearth of one of the newly invented Fireplaces, -whereby the Floor was set on Fire; the People being in Bed, -perceived a great Smoke, got up, and happily discover'd and timely -distinguished [_sic_] the Fire.--_Boston Gazette_, Dec. 22, 1747. - -IRON FOUNDRY. Any Person that has occasion for Forge Hammers, -anvils, or Plates, Smiths' Anvils, Clothiers' Plates, Chimney Backs, -Potts, Kettles, Skillets, Cart Boxes, Chaise Boxes, Dog-Irons, or -any other Cast Iron Ware, may be provided with them by Richard -Clarke, at his Furnace in the Gore, giving speedy Notice (of the -Sizes and Quantity they want) to him there, or to Oliver, Clarke, -and Lee, at their Warehouse in King Street, Boston; where they may -be supplied with Swivel Guns.--_Boston Gazette_, July 13-20, 1741. - -JEWELLER. This is to inform the Publick, That Mr. _James Boyer_, -Jeweller, from London, living at Mr. Eustone's, a Dancing Master in -King Street, Boston, setts all manner of Stones in Rings, &c. and -performes every thing belonging to that Trade. N.B. Said Mr. Boyer -is lately recovered of a fit of Sickness.--_New England Courant_, -Dec. 31-Jan. 7, 1722-3. - -JOYNER. Richard Lambert of Salem, the joyner, was living there as -early as 1637, and four years later was fined for drinking and also -sat in the stocks for two hours.--_Essex Co. Court Records_, Feb., -1641. - -LINEN PRINTER. The Printer hereof Prints Linens, Callicoes, Silks, -&c. in good Figures, very lively and durable Colours, and without -the offensive smell which commonly attends the Linens Printed -here.--_Boston Gazette_, Apr. 18-25, 1720. - -LINEN PRINTER AND DYER. John Hickey, linen-printer and dyer, from -Dublin, is now settled in this town, at the linen manufactory, where -he follows the business of blue and white printing, and silk or -cloth dying; and takes all manner of spots out of silk or cloths, -cleans gold and silver lace, and scarlet cloth, dyes linnen and -cotton of a blue or London red, and all manner of country stuffs, -worsteds, camlets, tammies, or leather; he dyes blacks so as they -shall be sound and clean as any other colour; also dyes ribbons -and makes them up again as well as ever, and English thick sets -after they have been worn or faded, and blue yarn for one shilling -a pound. N.B. as there has been several who have imposed upon this -country in telling that they were printers; I engage myself that -if my colours be not as good and as lasting as any that comes from -Europe, to satisfy my employers with all charges or damages that -shall be justly laid against me. - -All the above articles done with expedition at the most reasonable -price, by JOHN HICKEY.--_Boston Gazette_, (sup.) May 7, 1759. - -LINEN MANUFACTORY. The Massachusetts General Court at its session -held in the summer of 1753, passed an "Act for granting the sum of -Fifteen Hundred Pounds To encourage the Manufacture of Linnen," -providing for a tax on every "Coach, Chariot, Chaise, Calash -and Chair" for the term of five years, the Governor, Lieutenant -Governor, the President of Harvard College, and the settled -ministers in the Province, being excepted from its provision, at the -following rates: each Coach, ten shillings annually, Chariot, five -shillings, Chaise, three shillings, Calash, two shillings, Chair, -two shillings. The several sums received from Time to Time were to -be paid to a committee of ten appointed by the Act, "to be applied -to the purchasing a Piece of Land, and building or purchasing a -convenient House within the Town of _Boston_, for carrying on the -Business of Spinning, Weaving, and other necessary Parts of the -Linnen Manufacture." This legislation was instituted because of "the -great Decay of Trade and Business the Number of Poor is greatly -increased, and the Burden of supporting them lies heavy on many of -the Towns within this Province, and many Persons, especially Women -and Children are destitute of Employment."--_Boston Gazette_, Aug. -7, 1753. - -LIME KILN. To be Sold a good Penny-worth; A good Lime-Kiln, a -Lime-House, a good Well, a Wharf, and a piece of Ground, being near -the Bowling-green, Boston; Inquire of Mr. Walter Browne at the Sign -of the Blue Anchor in King-Street, Boston, and know further. - -N. B. There is very good Lime-juice to be sold by the aforesaid -Browne at his House.--_Boston News-Letter_, Mar. 28-Apr. 4, 1723. - -STONE LIME. To be sold by the Hogshead or Bushel, the best -eastward Stone Lime, by John Blowers of Boston, Mason, in School -Street.--_Boston Gazette_, Mar. 31, 1747. - -LINEN MANUFACTURE. Publick Notice is hereby given, That sundry -Looms for Weaving of Linnen, of all Sorts, are set up at the -Linnen-Manufacture House in the Common below Thomas Hancocks' Esq; -where all Persons may have their Yarn wove in the best and Cheapest -Manner, and with the utmost Dispatch. At the same Place, money will -be given for all Sorts of Linnen Yarn. - -And whereas the setting up and establishing the Linnen Manufacture -is undoubtedly of the utmost Importance to this Province: It is -propos'd by a Number of Gentlemen, very soon to open several -Spinning-Schools in this Town, where children may be taught Gratis. -And it is to be hop'd, that all Well-wishers to their Country -will send their children, that are suitable for such Schools, to -learn the useful and necessary Art of Spinning; and that they -will give all other proper Countenance and Encouragement to this -Undertaking.--_Boston News-Letter_, Dec. 13, 1750. - -LOCKSMITH. This is to inform my Customers, that I have remov'd from -Middle-street, to the Bottom of Cross street, where I continue to -mend all sorts of Locks, also to fit Keys to Locks, mend all sorts -of Kettles, as Brass, Copper, Pewter, &c. at a very reasonable Rate, -by _Reuben Cookson_.--_Boston Gazette_, Apr. 23, 1754 (_sup._) - -MAHOGANY AND OTHER WOODS. To be Sold behind Numb. 4, on the Long -Wharffe, Lignumvitee, Box wood, Ebony, Mohogany Plank, Sweet Wood -Bark, and wild Cinnamon Bark.--_Boston Gazette_, Aug. 22-29, 1737. - -MAHOGANY. To be sold at publick Vendue at the Exchange Tavern, on -Thursday, the first of December next, at three o'clock Afternoon; 50 -Pieces of fine Mahogany in 10 Lots, No. 1 to 10, being 5 Pieces in a -Lot, to be seen at the Long Wharffe before the Sale begins.--_Boston -Gazette_, Nov. 21-28, 1737. - -MILITARY EQUIPMENT. On Thursday the 6 of February at three of the -clock Afternoon, will be sold by Publick Vendue at the Exchange -Tavern, about one hundred Canvice & Ticken Tents, Poles, Mallets, -and Pins to them, about five hundred Pick-Axes, fifty Axes and -Hatchets, about eight hundred Tomhawks or small Hatchets, about -three hundred Spades and Bills, a parcell of Shovels, Wheelbarrows, -Handbarrow's, Baskets of Speaks and Nails, all to be put and sold -in Lots, and to be seen at the place of sale the Morning before the -Sale begins: Also a very fine Negro Woman.--_Boston Gazette_, Jan. -27-Feb. 3, 1728-9. - -MILITARY EQUIPMENT. Extract from the _Act for Regulating the -Militia_:--"Every listed Soldier, and other Householder shall be -always provided with a wellfixt Firelock Musket, of Musket or -Bastard-Musket bore, the Barrel not less than three Foot and an half -long, or other good Fire Arms to the satisfaction of the Commission -Officers of the Company; a Cartouch Box: one Pound of good Powder: -Twenty Bullets fit for his Gun, and twelve Flynts; a good Sword or -Cutlass; a Worm, & priming Wire, fit for his Gun, on Penalty of six -Shillings...."--_Boston News-Letter_, Feb. 7-14, 1733-4. - -BREECH-LOADING GUN. Made by John Cookson, and to be Sold by him -at his House in Boston: a handy Gun of 9 Pound and a half Weight; -having a Place convenient to hold 9 Bullets, and Powder for 9 -Charges and 9 Primings; the said Gun will fire 9 Times distinctly, -as quick, or slow as you please, with one turn with the Handle of -the said Gun, it doth charge the Gun with Powder and Bullet, and -doth prime and shut the pan, and cock the Gun. All these Motions are -performed immediately at once, by one turn with the said Handle. -Note, there is Nothing put into the Muzzle of the Gun as we charge -other Guns.--_Boston Gazette_, Apr. 12, 1756. - -MATHEMATICAL BALANCEMAKER. Jonathan Dakin, Mathematical Balance -maker, at the Sign of the Hand & Beam, opposite to Dr. _Colman's_ -Meeting House, makes all sorts of scale Beams, and likewise mends -all that can be mended; where all Gentlemen may be supplied with -Beams ready adjusted and scaled, as the Law directs.--_Boston -Gazette_, Nov. 12, 1745. - -MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS. Stephen Greenleaf, Mathematical -Instrument-Maker, in _Queen Street_, Boston, opposite to the -Prison, Makes and Mends all Sorts of Mathematical Instruments, -as Theodolites, Spirit Levels, Semi circles, Circumferences, and -Protractors, Horizontal and Equinoctial Sun Dials, Azimuth and -Amplitude Compasses, Eliptical and Triangular Compasses, and all -sorts of common Compasses, drawing Pens and Portagraions, Pensil -Cases, and parallel Rulers, Squares and Bevils, Free Masons Jewels, -with sundry other articles too tedious to mention. - -N.B. He sets Load Stones on Silver or Brass, after the best -manner.--_Boston Gazette_, June 18, 1745. - -MUSICIAN. Thomas Androus, "the scholar musician, was there with his -music," at John Androus house in Ipswich, in the summer of 1656, at -a merriment.--_Essex Co. Court Records_, April, 1657. - -MUSTARD MAKER. John Ingram, the Original Flower of Mustard -Maker, from Lisbon, now living at the House of Mrs. Townsend, -near Oliver's-Dock, Boston, Prepares Flower of Mustard to such -Perfection, by a Method unknown to any Person but himself, that it -retains its Strength, Flavour and Colour Seven Years; being mix'd -with hot or cold water, in a Minute's Time it makes the strongest -Mustard ever eat, not in the least Bitter, yet of a delicate and -delightful Flavour, and gives a most surprizing grateful Taste to -Beef, Pork, Lamb, Fish, Sallad, or other Sauces. It is approved of -by divers eminent Physicians as the only Remedy in the Universe -in all nervous Disorders, sweetens all the Juices, and rectifies -the whole Mass of Blood to Admiration. If close stopt it will keep -its Strength and Virtue Seven years in any Climate. Merchants and -Captains of Ships shall have good Allowance to sell again.--_Boston -Gazette_, Sept. 19, 1752. - -NAILMAKING. Any Gentleman that hath a mind to set up the nailing -Business, which may be done to very great Advantage in this Country, -may by inquiring of the Printer be informed of a Man that will carry -it on to Perfection for him.--_Boston Gazette_, Mar. 2, 1742. - -NEEDLE MAKER. Simon Smith, Needle maker from London, is removed from -the Rainbow and Dove in Marlborough Street, now in Union Street -near the Corn fields; continues to make and sell all sorts of white -Chapple Needles, and all other sorts round and square.--_Boston -News-Letter_, Apr. 15-22, 1742. - -_Oil Lamp._ A New England vessel having "30 Tons of Lamp Oyl" on board -was captured by French and Indians in Newfoundland.--_News-Letter_, -Oct. 2-9, 1704. - -OIL LAMP. Best Refin'd Sperma-Ceti Oil for Lamps, to be sold next -Door to the _Salutation_, near the North Battery.--_Boston Gazette_, -July 17, 1758. - -PAPER MILL. Whereas some Gentlemen design to set up a Paper-Mill -in New England, if a supply can be had to carry on that Business: -These are therefore to give Notice, that James Franklin, Printer in -Queen Street, Boston, buys Linen Rags, either coarse or fine, at a -Peny a Pound.--_New England Courant_, June 1-8, 1724. - -PAPER MAKER. This is to give Notice, That Richard Fry, Stationer, -Bookseller, Paper-maker, and Rag Merchant, from the City of London, -keeps at Mr. Thomas Fleet's Printer at the Heart and Crown in -Cornhill, Boston; where the said Fry is ready to accommodate all -Gentlemen, Merchants, and Tradesmen, with sets of Accompt-Books, -after the neatest manner; and whereas, it has been the common Method -of the most curious merchants in Boston, to Procure their Books from -London, this is to acquaint those Gentlemen, that I the said Fry, -will sell all sorts of Accompt-Books, done after the most accurate -manner, for 20 per cent. cheaper than they can have them from London. - -I return the Publick Thanks for following the Directions of my -former advertisement for gathering of Rags, and hope they will -continue the like Method; having received seven thousand weight and -upwards already. - -For the pleasing entertainment of the Polite part of Mankind, I have -Printed the most Beautiful Poems of Mr. Stephen Duck, the famous -Wiltshire Poet; It is a full demonstration to me that the People of -New England, have a fine taste for Good Sense & Polite Learning, -having already sold 1200 of these Poems, Richard Fry.--_Boston -Gazette_, May 1-8, 1732. - -PEWTERER. This is to give notice, that a Journeyman Pewterer, who -is a good workman in Hollow-ware, may have constant work, and good -Wages, if they will go to New York, and apply themselves to Mr. -_David Lyell_, or they may write to him and know further.--_Boston -News-Letter_, Aug. 23-30, 1714. - -POTASH WORK set up at Charlestown Ferry in Boston, at the House of -John Russell, Ferryman, 6d. in money paid per Bushell to any that -have ashes to spare.--_Boston News-Letter_, Nov. 27-Dec. 4, 1704. - -POTTERY. John Pride owned a pottery in Salem as early as 1641. -William Vincent owned a pottery there in 1681. At a later date -several potteries existed at what is now the town of Peabody. - -POTTERY AT CHARLESTOWN. John Webber, a potter, at Charlestown, was -injured by the explosion of a cannon while celebrating the marriage -of the Princess Royal.--_Boston News-Letter_, May 16-23, 1734. - -EARTHEN WARE. To be sold on reasonable Terms, A Dwelling-House -& Land in Charlestown, near the Swing-Bridge, with a House & -Kiln for the making of Earthen Ware; as also a Warehouse and -other Conveniences necessary for that Business, Inquire of the -Printer.--_Boston News-Letter_, Nov. 1, 1744. - -POTTERY. Made and Sold reasonably by _Thomas Symmes_ and Company at -_Charlestown_ near the Swing Bridge, blue and white stone Ware of -forty different sorts; also red and yellow ware of divers sorts, -either by Wholesale or Retale.--_Boston Gazette_, Apr. 16, 1745. - -POTTER'S KILN. To be sold by publick Vendue on Tuesday the 16th -Currant, two o'Clock Afternoon, at the Three Crane Tavern at -Charlestown, a Dwelling House, Potter's Kiln House and Kiln in -Wapping Street in Charlestown aforesaid, any Person minding to -purchase the same before said Time may inquire of Michael Brigden or -Grace Parker.--_Boston Gazette_, Dec. 9, 1746. - -POWDER MAKER. Any Gentlemen, Merchants or others, that have any -damnifyed Powder, or dust of Powder, either to sell, or to be -made of New, They may repair with the same unto Walter Evenden, -Powder-maker, at his House in Dorchester, who will either buy it or -make it of New for them, on reasonable terms.--_Boston News-Letter_, -Nov. 25-Dec. 2, 1706. - -PRINTED FABRICS. The Printer hereof Prints Linens, Callicoes, Silks, -etc., in good Figures, very lively and durable Colours, and without -the offensive Smell which commonly attends the Linens printed -here.--_Boston Gazette_, April 18-25, 1720. - -The Printer hereof having dispers'd advertisements of his Printing -Callicoes, etc. a certain Person in Charlestown, to rob him of the -Benefit of said advertisements and impose upon strangers, calls -himself by the Name of Franklin, having agreed with one in Queen -Street, Boston, to take in his work. These are to desire him to be -satisfyed with his proper Name, or he will be proceeded against -according to Law.--_Boston Gazette_, May 2-9, 1720. - -PUMPS. Pumps erected or altered after a new and Easy Method, whereby -they will deliver more Water, and with less strength, not being -apt to loose water, not at all liable to Freeze, tho' fixed in the -most Bleak Places; by the Directions of Rowland Houghton.--_Boston -News-Letter_, Sept. 14-21, 1732. - -ROASTING JACKS. To be sold by John Jackson, Jack-maker, at his shop, -being the corner shop at the Draw bridge, in Boston, all sorts of -Jacks, reasonably, and makes, mends and Cleans all sorts of Jacks; -also makes & mends Locks, Keys, and Ironing Boxes, at a reasonable -rate.--_Boston Gazette_, May 2-9, 1737. - -SCALES. All Sorts of Weights and Skales of the best sort for -weighing Money or other Merchandize. Made and Sold by Caleb Ray, -Chief Skale-maker of New England; or Skales to be new strung -and mended; at the sign of the Skales and Weights in the Alley -near to Governours Dock in Boston, at reasonable Rates.--_Boston -News-Letter_, Apr. 26-May 3, 1708. - -SCALES AND BALANCES. Jonathan Dakin, Mathematical Balance-maker, -at the sign of the Hand & Beam opposite to Dr. Colman's Meeting -House, Makes all Sorts of Scale Beams, and likewise mends all that -can be mended; where all Gentlemen may be supplied with Beams ready -adjusted and sealed as the Law directs.--_Boston Gazette_, Nov. 26, -1745. - -SHOEMAKER. Francis Dowse, a shoemaker, was in the employ of George -Burden of Boston, in 1640. - -SLITTING MILL AND IRON FORGE. To be Sold a good Penniworth, a -Slitting Mill compleatly finished and furnished, scituated in the -middle of near 20 Forges in the Compass of 12 Miles, with a well -built Forge with Two Fires, and conveniency for a third; together -with a well built and well accustomed Grist Mill, all standing -on one Dam; on as constant a stream as this Land affords; with -accommodations for other Water Works; A good Dwelling House, Coal -House, and above 6 Acres of Land, and a good Orchard upon it, said -Works stand on Namasket River in Middleborough, 13 Miles from -Plymouth, and 10 from Taunton. All finely scituated for a Country -Seat; and now Lets for 379 Pounds per Annum. Any Person or Persons -minded to purchase the same, may inquire of the Rev. Mr. Peter -Thacher of Middleborough aforesaid, or of the Printer hereof, and -know further. - -N.B. The Reason of this Sale is because the Person wants the money -for it, and intending to leave off that Business.--_Boston Gazette_, -May 11, 1742. - -STAMPED LINEN. These are to Inform the Publick, that I the -Subscriber propose to come once more to Boston; if any Person or -Persons have old sheets or Linnen to stamp, they are desired to -leave them at the House of _James Nichol_ in School Street, next -door to the French Meeting House; and if they send them in four -Weeks from this Date, they shall have them in March next without -fail. As Witness my Hand, _Sarah Hunt_.--_Boston Gazette_, Dec. 22, -1747. - -STOVES. New-fashion Fire-Places or Stoves from Philadelphia, to be -sold by _Thomas Wade_.--_Boston News-Letter_, Jan. 31, 1745. - -JUST PUBLISHED. An account of the new-invented Pennsylvania -Fire-Place: Wherein their construction and manner of operation is -particularly explained; their Advantages above every other method -of warming Rooms demonstrated; And all objections that have been -raised against the Use of them, answered and obviated. Sold by -_C. Harrison_, over against The Brazen-Head in Cornhill.--_Boston -News-Letter_, Feb. 7, 1745. - -TAILOR. William Jones, a tailor, had one half of his fine remitted -at Salem Court.--_Essex Co. Court Records_, December, 1642. -Daniel Gaines of Lynn, aged 11 years, was apprenticed for 8 years -to Luke Potter of Concord to learn the "skill and mistery" of a -tailor.--_Essex Co. Court Records_, March, 1649. John Bourne, a -tailor, was making clothes in Gloucester, in 1652. John Annable of -Ipswich, tailor, was living there as early as 1641. - -WATER ENGINE. There is newly erected in the Town of Boston, by -Messieurs John and Thomas Hill, a Water-Engine at their Still-house, -by the Advice and Direction of Mr. Rowland Houghton, drawn by a -Horse, which delivers a large quantity of Water twelve Feet above -the Ground. This being the first of the kind in these Parts, we -thought taking Notice of it might be of Publick Service, inasmuch -as a great deal of Labour is saved thereby.--_Boston Gazette_, Jan. -15-22, 1733. - -WHEELWRIGHT. John Robinson, a wheelwright, was living in Ipswich as -early as 1635, only two years after the settlement of the town. - - - - -CHAPTER XI - -CONCERNING SHIPPING AND TRADE - - -New England, with its many rivers and indented coastline, until -recent years, has been a breeding place for sailors and a location -for shipbuilding. During the first century following the settlement, -the larger part of the population lived near the coast, and as roads -between towns were poor, it naturally followed that craft of small -tonnage were constantly employed for transport on the ocean and the -navigable rivers, and as no extent of rich soil was found awaiting -cultivation, many settlers, of necessity, turned to fishing and to -trade. A ship carpenter was brought over to Plymouth, in 1624, who -"quickly builte them 2 very good and strong shalops ... and a great -and strong lighter, and had ... timber for 2 catches" framed when -he fell sick of a fever and soon died.[44] These shallops were used -in opening a fur trade among the Indians on the Kennebec River that -eventually discharged the indebtedness of the Pilgrims to the London -adventurers. - - [44] William Bradford, _History of Plymouth Plantation_, Boston, - 1912. - -Six shipwrights were sent over by the Company of the Massachusetts -Bay, in the spring of 1629, together with a considerable stock -of ship stores, such as pitch, tar, cordage and sail cloth.[45] -Doubtless these men were employed at the outset in housing the -settlers and in building small fishing boats, as the first vessel -of any size in the Bay, of which there is record, is Governor -Winthrop's trading bark, _The Blessing of the Bay_, of thirty tons, -built mainly of locust, which went to sea, August 31, 1631, on a -voyage to the eastward and afterwards traded with the Dutch at New -Amsterdam.[46] - - [45] _Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society_, Vol. III, - p. 90. - - [46] _Winthrop's Journal_, New York, 1908. - -In January, 1633, Emanuel Downing wrote to the Council for New -England that he had made enquiries of Mr. Winthrop respecting -the ship carpenters employed in New England and found that the -plantation was able to build ships of any burden. Their most -competent shipwright was William Stephens, who had built in England, -the _Royal Merchant_, a ship of six hundred tons. - -The General Court, in 1639, exempted ship carpenters and fishermen -(during the fishing season) from compulsory military training.[47] -Two years later the Court was informed that some shipwrights were -scanting their work and an order was adopted providing for a survey -of all ship construction as was usual in England at that time.[48] - - [47] _Massachusetts Bay Records_, Boston, 1853. - - [48] _Ibid._ - -The coasting trade led to the building of small shallops and sloops -and the need for firewood in Boston and Charlestown brought about -the building of sloops, broad of beam, intended especially for that -trade. Fishing craft and wood sloops were soon being built all -along the coast. As early as 1634, one merchant in Marblehead owned -eight fishing craft, and Portsmouth, N. H., had six great shallops, -five fishing boats, with sails and anchors, and thirteen skiffs, in -the trade as early as 1635. Richard Hollingsworth, in 1637, had a -shipyard at Salem Neck and in 1641, built "a prodigious ship of 300 -Tons." - -The number of New England vessels used in foreign trading during -the seventeenth century was considerable and the mainstay of the -trade was the fishing business. Off-shore fishing in the early -days was carried on in shallops--capacious, open boats carrying -several pairs of oars and also fitted with masts and sails. They -were sometimes decked over, in whole or in part, and usually carried -one mast with a lug sail. Many of these small craft were built in -the winter time by the fishermen and their sons, as a fisherman is -always more or less of a boatbuilder by virtue of his calling. The -lumber for the boat would be cut in the common woods and got out, a -little at a time, and the boat when built would actually cost its -owner little more than the outlay for certain necessary fittings. -These boats might be framed-in anywhere--on the beach in front -of the fisherman's cottage; in his dooryard or in the woods, some -distance from the shore, to which the hull would be dragged by -oxen, on sledges of timber. The first vessels sent to "the banks," -from Massachusetts, for deep-water fishing, were "a ship and other -vessels," rig unknown.[49] That was in 1645. - - [49] _Winthrop's Journal_, New York, 1908. - -By 1665 there were three hundred New England vessels trading with -Barbadoes, Virginia, Madeira, Acadia, etc., and 1,300 smaller -craft were fishing at Cape Sable. Cod and mackerel were caught and -salted. The best fish were sent to Malaga and the Canaries, the -second sort to the Portugal Islands, and the worst to the Barbadoes -there to be used in the diet of the negro slaves. At that time, -the principal commodities produced in the Massachusetts Bay were -fish and pipe-staves, masts, fir-boards, pitch, tar, pork, beef, -and horses and corn which were sent to Virginia, Barbadoes, &c. -Tobacco and sugar were taken in payment and shipped to England. -Excellent masts were shipped from the Piscataqua River, and many -pipe-staves. There were more than twenty sawmills located on that -river and "much good timber was spoilt," reported an agent of Lord -Arlington, the Secretary of State.[50] New England masts, 33 to 35 -inches in diameter, at that time cost the Navy Commissioners from -£95 to £115 per mast. The agent also reported that Boston, the chief -town, was "built on a peninsula in the bottom of a bay, which is a -good harbour and full of fish. The houses are generally wooden, the -streets crooked, and neither days, months, seasons, churches, nor -inns are known by their English names." - - [50] _Calendar of State Papers, Am. and W. I._ (1661-1668), 347. - -During the middle years of the seventeenth century the waters of -the West Indies were covered with privateers commissioned to prey -upon Spanish commerce. Not only did the home government issue -these commissions but every Colonial governor as well, and not -infrequently it was difficult to separate privateering from piracy. -John Quelch, who was hanged in Boston for piracy, in 1704, preyed -upon Portuguese commerce as he supposed in safety and not until he -returned to Marblehead did he learn of the treaty of peace that -made him a pirate. In 1653, Thomas Harding captured a rich prize -sailing from Barbadoes and in consequence was tried in Boston for -piracy, but saved his neck when he was able to prove that the vessel -was Dutch and not Spanish. - -The town of Newport, R. I., frequently profited from the visits -of known pirates, as in 1688, when Peterson, in a "barkalonga" of -ten guns and seventy men, refitted at Newport and no bill could be -obtained against him from the grand jury, as they were neighbors and -friends of many of the men on board. Two Salem ketches also traded -with him and a master of one brought into "Martin's Vineyard," a -prize that Peterson, "the pirate, had taken in the West Indies."[51] -Andrew Belcher, a well-known Boston merchant, and master of the ship -_Swan_, paid Peterson £57, in money and provisions, for hides and -elephants' teeth, taken from his plunder. - - [51] _Massachusetts Archives_, XXXV, folio 61. - -The ill-defined connection between privateering and piracy was fully -recognized in those days and characterized publicly by the clergy. -In 1704 when Rev. Cotton Mather preached his "Brief Discourse -occasioned by a Tragical Spectacle in a Number of Miserables under -Sentence of Death for Piracy," he remarked that "the Privateering -Stroke so easily degenerates into the Piratical; and the -Privateering Trade is usually carried on with an Unchristian Temper, -and proves an Inlet unto so much Debauchery and Iniquity." - -Another strong influence that led to insecurity on the high seas -and eventually to outright piracy was the operation of the English -Navigation Acts. European nations were in agreement that the -possession of colonies meant the exclusive control of their trade -and manufactures. - -In 1696, Col. Charles Lidgett, a New England merchant, in "Some -Considerations Offered to the Board of Trade," wrote that "all -the American Colonies are generally esteemed according to the -Conveniency and benefit they bring to England, their Mother."[52] -Lord Chatham wrote, "The British Colonists in North America have no -right to manufacture so much as a nail for a horse shoe," and Lord -Sheffield went further and said, "The only use of American Colonies, -is the monopoly of their consumption, and the carriage of their -produce."[53] - - [52] _Cal. State Papers, Am. and W. I._ (1696-1697), 84. - - [53] Viscount Bury, _Exodus of the Western Nations_, London, 1865. - -English merchants naturally wished to sell at high prices and to buy -colonial raw materials as low as possible and as they were unable to -provide a market for all that was produced, the Colonies were at a -disadvantage in both buying and selling. By the Acts of Navigation -certain "enumerated articles" could be marketed only in England. -Lumber, salt provisions, grain, rum and other non-enumerated -articles might be sold within certain limits but must be transported -in English or plantation-built vessels of which the owners and -three-fourths of the mariners were British subjects. Freight rates -also advanced, as other nations, notably the Dutch, had previously -enjoyed a good share of the carrying trade. - -The first Navigation Act was passed in 1645. It was renewed and its -provisions enlarged in 1651, 1660, 1663 and later. Before long it -was found that these attempts to monopolize the colonial markets -resulted in a natural resistance and smuggling began and also an -extensive trade with privateers and pirates who brought into all the -smaller ports of New England captured merchandise that was sold at -prices below the usual market values. Matters went from bad to worse -and servants of the Crown frequently combined with the colonists to -evade the obnoxious laws. Even the Royal Governors connived at what -was going on. This was particularly true in the Colonies south of -New England. - -There were pirates and pirates. Some were letters-of-marque and -illegitimate traders and enjoyed the protection of merchants and -officials on shore, while others were outlaws. In 1690, Governor -Bradstreet of the Massachusetts Colony was complaining of the great -damage done to shipping by "French Privateers and Pirates," and -four years later, Frontenac, the Governor of Canada, was asking for -a frigate to cruise about the St. Lawrence against the New England -"_corsaires and filibusters_." There is no doubt these French -privateers were a considerable menace to New England shipping and -that there was need for privately armed vessels to protect the -coast, a task not easy or desirable; so why should one scrutinize -too closely semi-piratical captures made by so useful friends? - -The profits of piracy and the irregular trade practiced at that time -were large, and twenty-nine hundred per cent profit in illicit trade -was not unusual, so there is little wonder that adventurous men took -chances and honest letters-of-marque sometimes seized upon whatever -crossed their course. The pirate, the privateer and the armed -merchantman often blended the one into the other.[54] - - [54] Dow and Edmonds, _Pirates of the New England Coast_, Salem, - 1923. - -Edward Randolph landed in Boston on June 10, 1676, and during the -next week the following vessels arrived: "a Bostoner, 100 tons, -Clutterbuck, master, from Nantes, laden with 50 butts of brandy and -French commodities; a pink, of Boston, from France, of 70 tons, -with 12 tun of brandy, wine, etc.; a Scotsman, 130 tons, from the -Canaries, with 80 pipes of Canary; a Bostoner, 80 tons, from the -Canaries, with 50 pipes of Canary, and a ketch of Southampton, from -Canary, with wine."[55] He reported to Secretary Coventry that the -fishermen had made good voyages notwithstanding the war with the -Indians. He estimated that the fish exported amounted to about -£50,000 yearly with profitable returns in barter on masts and timber -for shipping sent to Barbadoes and other of the Carib Islands. The -Bay of Campeachy supplied about 1,000 tons of logwood annually. -The maritime towns were well stored with sailors, fishermen and -carpenters, and yearly several ships of good burthen were built, -besides ketches and barques. In 1676 thirty vessels had been ordered -set on the stocks by merchants in England, but the Indian War had -prevented building the full number. However, twelve were in process -of construction at Boston, Charlestown, Salisbury and other places, -some of which were upwards of 160 tons burthen. - - [55] _Cal. State Papers, Am. and W. I._ (1675-1676), 408. - -In October he wrote that there were about thirty merchants in -Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Maine estimated worth from £10,000 -to £20,000. Local commodities consisted of naval stores, cattle and -provisions, exported to Virginia, Maryland and the West Indies--(to -the latter were also sent "houses ready framed"), to Spain, -Portugal, the Straits and England. Tobacco, sugar, indigo, cotton, -wool, ginger, logwood, fustic, cocoa and rum were imported and again -exported. "They trade with most parts of Europe from which they -import direct all kinds of merchandise, so that little is left for -English merchants to import," wrote Randolph. "Some ships have been -sent to Guinea, Madagascar, etc., and some to Scanderoon; there are -built in the Colony, 730 ships varying from 6 to 250 tons, by thirty -master shipbuilders." Duties were imposed on provisions and wines -imported, and on ships, but there was no custom on exports, except -on horses.[56] - - [56] _Cal. State Papers, Am. and W. I._ (1675-1676), 466. - -In April, 1675, William Harris wrote from Boston that "The merchants -seem to be rich men, and their houses [are] as handsomely furnished -as most in London. In exchange of fish, pipe-staves, wool and -tobacco, they have from Spain, Portugal, and the islands, the -commodities of those islands; their wool they carry to France and -bring thence linen; to England they bring beaver, moose, and deer -skins, sugar and logwood, and carry hence cloth and ironwares; to -Barbadoes, in exchange for horses, beef, pork, butter, cheese, -flour, peas, biscuit, they have sugar and indigo; when they trade -with Jamaica; as they do sometimes, they bring home pieces of eight, -plate, and pigs of silver.... As to cloth, there are made here -Linsey woolseys, and other of cotton and wool, and some all sheep's -wool, but the better sort of linen is brought from England; they -have many woolcombers, and some make tammeys, but for their private -use. Salt they get from Tortudas, not far from Barbadoes. It is sold -at 10s. the hogshead, and is clear and white as alum, very sharp and -much stronger than ordinary bay salt."[57] - - [57] _Ibid._, 221-222. - -Governor Simon Bradstreet wrote in 1680, in answer to an enquiry -from the Lords of the Privy Council: "There may bee near twenty -English merchants within our Government bred up to that calling, and -neere as many others that do trade and merchandize more or less; -but Foreign merchants of other Nations Wee have none ... there are -two or three [merchants] in our Corporation that may bee worth -sixteen or eighteen thousand pound a piece, some few others worth -eight or ten Thousand pounds a piece, a third sort worth four or -five thousand pounds a piece.... Hee is accounted a rich man in the -Country that is worth one thousand or Fifteen hundred pounds. There -are about one hundred or one hundred and twenty Ships, Sloopes, -Katches and other Vessells that trade to and from hence yearly of -our own or English built, most of them belonging to the Colony, wee -have eight or ten ships of one hundred tons or upwards, three or -four of two hundred tons or more, and about Forty or Fifty Fishing -Katches of betwixt twenty and Forty tons; Six or eight English ships -do usually come hither yearly belonging to the Kingdom of England, -bringing commodities of all sorts from thence. - -"The obstructions wee [encounter] within our trade are the generall -decay of any profitable trade in the places wee mostly trade unto. -Vizt. to all his Majesties plantations in America, where wee send -our horses, beasts, timber, provisions, mackeril, fish, etc. For the -commodities of those places which are spent here or transported into -England wee finde those markets many times so overlaid and clogged -with the like comoditys from England, Ireland and other places, -that many of our commodities are sold at cheaper rates many times -then they were worth at home. 2dly The Algeir men of warr infesting -the seas in Europe have taken some of our Ships and men which is a -discouragement to our trade and Navigation. 3dly the French at Nova -Scotia or Acadia (as they call it) do interrupt our Fishers in those -parts and Sr. Edmond Andros, Governor of New-Yorke for his highness -the Duke of Yorke, doth the like betwixt the French and Pemaquid -requiring duty to bee paid to them by all our Vessells that fish in -those Seas, otherwise threatening to make prizes of them, which hath -been alwaies Formerly free For his Majesties Subjects for Fishing -ever since wee came hither. The double custom which our merchants -pay for Sugar, Indigo, Cotton Wool, Tobacco, etc. First at the -places from whence they fetch these commodities, the greatest part -whereof is transported from hence to England, where they pay the -full custome again. - -"Wee impose no rates or dutys upon Goods exported they being -generally the produce of the Country got with hard labour and sold -at low prices ... and but one penny pr pound upon Goods imported, -when they come into the Merchant's hands, which is the taxe wee -have set upon houses, Lands, cattle and other estate of the Country -yearly."[58] - - [58] _3 Collections_ (_Mass. Hist. Society_), Vol. VIII, pp. 336-339. - -By this time the Colonists were all comfortably housed according to -the standards of the period and were producing all the foodstuffs -needed and more. Wines and spirit were imported in considerable -quantity to give variety to the native beer and cider. Much butter -and cheese were brought from abroad and also luxuries such as -spices, chocolate, raisins of the sun, almonds, figs, oranges, -etc. Our English ancestors were gross eaters and drinkers. Mulled -and spiced wines were drunk in the absence of tea and coffee, and -highly-seasoned dishes were popular. The absence of a variety of -root-crops made it necessary to pickle meat and pepper and spice -were used to a considerable extent. There was a very comfortable and -varied diet among the merchant and governing class but the farmers -and common people lived much on salt pork, beans, fish and boiled -foods. As for clothing--home industry, of course, provided a certain -amount but as yet the loom was not in common use. Between 1665 -and 1675 over three hundred estates were settled in Essex County, -Massachusetts, with only nine looms listed in the inventories. -Eighty-three of these homes, however, possessed spinning -wheels--cotton, linen and wool--for every good wife and child could -knit stockings, mittens and tippets. Among those who died during -this ten years were two tailors, five shoemakers, a cloth worker and -eight weavers.[59] - - [59] _Probate Records Essex Co., Mass._, Salem, 1917. - -Much clothing was brought from overseas, particularly for the town -dwellers. John Hull, the mintmaster, records in his diary in June, -1657, that three ships arrived from London bringing supplies of -clothing, "for, as yet," he writes, "our chief supply, in respect -of clothes, is from England." He owned a number of vessels and -his little ketches were constantly on the go between Boston and -the Barbadoes and thence to Bilboa, London or Bristol. He shipped -salted fish, logwood, tobacco, furs and plantation products and -received iron in bars, salt, wines and fruits from Spain, while from -England came dress goods, lead, shot, etc. His serges he wanted "sad -coloured," none above 42 shillings, nor under 30 shillings. He also -instructed one of his captains to load "dowlass and good nowell -convass [which was used for sails], Dutch duffalls, red penystones -and flanils, no such scalet cloth as you brought me before." He -looked askance at calicoes. Another time he called for duffalls, -white, striped or blue, with red and blue stockings, none above 16 -shillings and under if possible. He wanted no "kersey" that cost -above 46 pence per yard and the black stuff, either of "hair or -wosted," must be cheap. - -A cousin once advised him to ship a cargo of pipe-staves, hoops -and fish to the Canaries, but he declined the venture and wrote in -reply that he "would more and more affect and imbrace opportunity of -getting out rather than running into the businesses of this world -Speacially forraigne trafficque as desirous to be more thoghtfull -of Lanching into that vast ocian of Eternity whither we must all -shortly bee carried yt soe I might bee in a prepared posture for my -Lord's Comeing."[60] - - [60] Hull, _Letter Book_ (American Antiquarian Society). - -His sea captains were carefully instructed "to see to the worship of -God every day in the vessel and to the santification of the Lord's -day and suppression of all prophaness that the Lord may delight to -be with you and his blessing be upon you which is the hearty prayer -of youre frind and own^r." The sailors were not all to this way of -thinking, however, but Mintmaster Hull rode with the ruling party -which saw to it that the Quarterly Courts were kept busy measuring -out the metes and bounds. In the journal of the voyage over kept by -the Reverend Higginson in 1629, he records a visitation of avenging -Providence; a just retribution inflicted upon the ungodly. He -writes, "this day a notorious wicked fellow yt was given to swearing -and boasting of his former wickednes and mocked at y^e daies of -fast, railing & jesting ag^t puritans, this fellow fell sicke of ye -[small] pocks and dyed." - -It is interesting to discover at how early a date it was possible to -purchase in the shops in New England, the manufactured products of -Old England. It is known that George Corwin set up a shop in Salem, -for the sale of fabrics and hardware, as early as 1651, or only -twenty-five years after the first immigration. His shop was well -stocked and at the outset he was selling such luxuries as children's -toys. Undoubtedly stocks of manufactured goods were on sale in the -Colony years before this time. In the matter of house hardware -Corwin sold a considerable variety of locks. He carried stock locks -of several sizes, spring locks with screws, single and double chest -locks, warded outside chest locks, outside box locks, plain cupboard -locks and small and large padlocks--by no means a poor assortment -for a small shop tucked into a corner in the American wilderness. - -This shop, a few years later, was supplying the town with such -articles as combs, white haft knives, barbers' scissors, flour -boxes, carving tools, carpenter's tools of all kinds, door latches, -curry combs and brushes for horses, and a great variety of earthen -and woodenware. Its shelves held broadcloth, red cloth rash, -perpetuana, red cotton, sad colored rugs, green rugs, green Tammy, -blue calico, crape, curley duroy, prunella, silk barronet, peniston, -Persian silk, worsted faradeen, camblet, St. Peter's canvas, hall -cloth, vittery, blue linen, noyles, together with a great variety -of hose, stomachers, ribbons, tape, fileting, silk and gimp laces, -needles, pins, thread, buttons, etc., etc.[61] - - [61] Corwin MSS. (Essex Institute, Salem, Mass.). - -The invoice of an importation made into Boston in 1690, contains -such items as brass curtain rings, dressing glasses, square -monument candlesticks, iron spring candlesticks, brass extinguishers -and save-alls, tin lanterns, pocket nutmeg graters, bread graters, -wooden rat traps with springs and a great variety of woodenware. It -seems strange that New England should import from across seas wooden -plates and bowls, yet here they are: - - 9 doz. best Maple Trenchers @ 30/ per dozen - 1 doz. Porridge Dishes at 11/4. - -Here also are carved spoons, beer taps, hair sieves, sucking bottles -and milk trays.[62] - - [62] John Caxy v. Joseph Mallenson, _Mass. Archives_. - -From the returns of outward and inward entries at the Colonial -ports, the records of which are now preserved in the Public Record -Office in London, much may be learned concerning early shipping -and trade in the Massachusetts Bay. Let us take, for example, the -last six months in the year 1714, covering the outward entries -of shipping at the port of Boston. During that time there were -236 clearances not including, of course, fishermen and coasting -craft. The rig is not stated in the first part of the register but -between Sept. 21st and December 31st there were cleared 49 ships, -18 brigantines, 64 sloops, two barques, one snow, one pink, and a -"ship or snow" of 40 tons. Not a schooner is mentioned. The largest -ship measured 210 tons and the smallest was the _Grayhound_ of -London, a British-built vessel of 33 tons, carrying a crew of five -men and a cargo of dyewood, turpentine, whale oil, barrel staves and -sugar. With the exception of five ships hailing from London, every -vessel cleared was "plantation built," that is, it had been built -in one of the American colonies. Of the 236 entries, 147 of the -vessels hailed from Boston; 18 were owned in London; six in Bristol; -four came from the West Indies; and the rest hailed from New York, -Virginia, Maryland, and other colonies. Most of them were small -craft averaging from thirty to sixty tons burthen.[63] - - [63] Public Record Office, C.O. 5: 848-851 (copies at Essex - Institute). - -The _Hopewell_, of North Carolina, five tons, and a crew of two men, -was loaded with rum and salt. - -The _Swallow_, of Boston, 20 tons, and three men, sailed for -Annapolis Royal with a cargo of tobacco, pitch, molasses, rum, pork, -and English goods for the garrison. - -The sloop _Success_, owned in New York, 20 tons, with four men, -sailed for home carrying four hhds. rum, pewter ware, a cart, -chairs, boxes, etc. - -The sloop _Pelican_ of Boston, 25 tons, with four men, sailed for -Virginia, loaded with 42 bbls. salt, three hhds. rum, iron pots, etc. - -The sloop _Sea Flower_ of Boston, 40 tons, with six men, entered -out, the 3d day of November, carrying bread, butter, beer, onions, -and peas for the logwood cutters in the Bay of Campeachy. - -The brigantine _William and Susanna_, owned in Salem, 40 tons, and -eight men, sailed for Virginia, carrying rum, lime juice, salt, -earthen ware, etc. - -The sloop _Branch_ of Boston, 50 tons, with six men, sailed for -South Carolina, carrying rum, blubber, onions, etc. - -The brigantine _Speedwell_ of Boston, 60 tons, with seven men, -cleared for Surinam, carrying 10 pipes of wine and twenty horses. - -The ship _Brunswick_ of Boston, 65 tons, two guns and ten men, -sailed for Barbadoes, carrying 37 hhds. fish, 50 boxes candles, and -15 boxes of soap. - -The ship _Mary Ann_ of London, 80 tons, with four guns and ten men, -entered out, bound for Lisbon, carrying 240 quintals of salted fish, -"which is the whole cargo," states the register. - -The ship _Bedmunster_ of Bristol, 100 tons, with ten men, returned -home with 18-1/2 tons of logwood, 507 bbls. tar, 307 bbls. pitch, 7 -bbls. whale oil, and 40-1/2 bbls. cranberries. - -The ship _Amity_ of London, 130 tons, six guns and fourteen men, -returned with a cargo of 20 hhds. sugar, 5 bags of cotton, 168 tons, -9 cwt. 1 qr. and 14 lbs. logwood, 10 bbls. pitch, pimento, wines, -furs and staves. - -The largest ship to clear was the _Sophia_ of Boston, 310 tons, -built in New Hampshire, armed with 18 guns and carrying a crew of -twenty men. She sailed for Barbadoes carrying fish, corn, candles -and lumber. - -Among the more unusual articles of merchandise enumerated in the -cargo lists are "2 cases of returned pictures," shipped to London; -pots and frying pans, to Maryland; apples, cider, Indian meal, and -six sheep, shipped to Newfoundland; 230 barrels of cider shipped to -Philadelphia; and rum, cider, iron and brass, saddles and bridles, -etc. to North Carolina. Bricks, shingles, iron and woodenware, hops, -pickled sturgeon, beeswax, rice, furs, washed leather, linens and -calicoes are mentioned. - -The West India trade called for lumber, horses, rum, food, and -luxuries; and supplied sugar and molasses. Salt fish and pickled -sturgeon were sent to Spain, Portugal and the Western Islands--Roman -Catholic countries. The important dyewood trade in the Bay of -Campeachy required foodstuffs; and the coasting trade with the -Southern colonies called for manufactured goods of all sorts and -supplied in return tobacco, pitch, turpentine and tar, which were -used in the New England shipyards and also reshipped to England. -The fisheries in Newfoundland called for foodstuffs and London and -Bristol supplied markets for dyewoods, naval stores, furs, whale -oil, sugar, manufactured lumber, and wines brought from Portugal and -the Western Islands. - -During the months of April, May and June, in the year 1717, there -were twenty-seven inward entries at the Salem customhouse. All -but three were plantation built. Seventeen were owned in Salem; -two hailed from London; two from Liverpool, and one from Bristol. -There were eight ships, four brigantines, twelve sloops and three -schooners. The first of these schooners to enter was the schooner -_Fisher_, 30 tons, Timothy Orne, master, registered at the Salem -customhouse, Oct. 27, 1715. This is the earliest authentic record -of a schooner I have ever found. Those vessels having the largest -tonnage were the ship _Patience and Judith_, 100 tons, owned in -London, England, and carrying six guns and a crew of fourteen men, -entering from the Isle of May, with a cargo of 140 tons of salt; -and, second, the ship _Friendship_, Capt. Samuel Crow, 100 tons, -owned in Salem, carrying two guns and a crew of ten men, also -entering from the Isle of May with 90 tons of salt. Ten out of the -twenty-seven entries brought in salt for the Salem fisheries. -Rum and lignumvitae wood came from the West Indies, and wheat, -corn, beans, flour, flax, hides, pork and lard came from Maryland, -Virginia and North Carolina. The ships from English ports brought -European goods. - -During the last three months of 1754, eighty-seven vessels cleared -outward at the Salem customhouse and sixty-eight were schooners. -The largest tonnage was the snow _Aurora_ of Salem, 130 tons, built -at Newbury that year, sailing for Liverpool with a cargo of 15,000 -staves and 40 tons of pine timber. Of the ten European clearances, -seven were for Bilboa, with salted fish; thirty-three cleared for -ports in the West Indies; forty for southern colonies; and two for -Newfoundland. The principal cargoes were salted fish, manufactured -lumber, rum, sugar, molasses, salt, horses, sheep, and salted meats. -Nearly all clearing for Maryland, Virginia and the Carolinas carried -cargoes of wooden, earthen and iron wares, probably manufactured in -Salem or its immediate vicinity. Twenty-six thousand bricks were -shipped to the West Indies and 20 bales of hay to South Carolina. -The two schooners clearing for Halifax were loaded with "dead meat," -probably intended for the garrison. - -During the first three months of the year 1762, fifty-three vessels -cleared from Salem, bound for foreign ports and the southern -colonies; thirty-four were schooners. The largest vessel was the -ship _Antelope_, 150 tons, a prize, registered at Salem in 1761 and -owned by Richard Derby. She cleared for Guadaloupe with lumber, -fish, train oil, and Fyall wines. There were nineteen clearances -for Guadaloupe during those three winter months. Listed with the -staples were the following curious items, viz.: 7-1/2 tons prize soap, -illegally imported, shipped to Guadaloupe; and 12,000 feet of oars, -shipped to St. Christophers. There is a surprising diversity of -ownership among these fifty-three vessels. No large shipowner had a -considerable interest. Richard Derby of Salem owned three vessels; -Robert Hooper of Marblehead, two; Jeremiah Lee of Marblehead, two; -Nathaniel Ellery of Gloucester, owned two and the rest were owned by -men who cleared only one vessel. - -The ships, that plied between English and American ports, at more -or less regular intervals during the eighteenth century, not only -brought an exchange of merchandise, but also carried passengers. -Officials connected with the government--the customs service and -the military establishment, with a sprinkling of clergymen and -scholars, were crossing on nearly every ship and the New England -merchant sailing to London to buy a new stock of goods for his shop -and the Englishman who came to the colonies bringing adventures of -goods in great variety, all helped to maintain the service. In the -year 1737, the Boston newspapers mention by name eighteen persons -who had arrived by ship or were about departing. On January 31st, -John Banister, late in business with his uncle Samuel Banister, at -Marblehead, advertised in the _Gazette_ that he designed speedily -to embark for Great Britain and requested a settlement of all -accounts. John Jeykill, the collector of the Port of Boston, -arrived from London, April 18th, in Captain Shepardson; early in -May, Thomas Phillips of Boston, merchant, advertised that he would -sell his household furniture by vendue, as he intended speedily -for London, and a week later Major Martin and family arrived from -Antequa, in the West Indies. He proposed to reside in Boston for a -few years. Toward the last of the month, the Lieutenant-Governor of -New Hampshire sailed from Portsmouth, bound for England, and about -the middle of June, the Rev. Doctor McSparrow and lady arrived in -Boston. As late in the year as December 20th, Edmund Quincy, Esq., -the agent of the Province at the Court of Great Britain, was sailing -for London, in Captain Homans, with several other unnamed gentlemen. - -Very little is known at the present time concerning the intimate -details of life on board ship in the early times and especially as -to the accommodations provided for passengers. On the vessels that -brought over emigrants in any number, the living conditions must -have been well-nigh intolerable because of crowding many people into -limited space and also by reason of a meagre equipment and lack of -necessary conveniences. During the period of the German emigration -and that from northern Ireland in the mid-eighteenth century, there -was frequently a high mortality during the voyage and sometimes, -when it was of unusual length, the supply of food and water ran -short and there was terrible suffering. Doubtless some attempt -was made to separate the sexes and the families but from time to -time cases are found in the court records in which depositions or -testimony clearly show that living conditions on board ship in the -early days were decidedly of a miscellaneous character. - -It isn't necessary to delve into the very remote past in order to -discover casual social relations between the sexes on board ship. In -1888, I went the length of Cape Breton and while sailing up the Bras -d'Or lakes on the steamer that plied regularly during the summer, I -came on deck early one morning to see the sun rise and then began an -exploration of the boat. On the lower deck I suddenly came upon some -twenty or more barefooted and half-clothed men and women lying in a -long row, side by side, stretched out on mattresses placed on the -deck. They were probably waitresses, cooks, stewards, and the like, -but may have been second-class passengers. However that may be, they -were unconscious of the presence of any passer-by and slept quietly -together like so many puppies. - -In the olden time it is known that in the more regular passenger -service the main cabin was parted off at night by means of curtains. -Small cabins or staterooms were also built and especially on -the larger ships. It is impossible to imagine that it could be -otherwise, when the official station or wealth of the passenger is -considered. - -The captain's cabin had its steward and there the food and service -were undoubtedly better than that provided forward where all slept -in canvas hammocks slung from hooks in the deck timbers overhead, -or lay upon pallet beds on the deck. Here they served themselves -from the ship's galley. The foul odors below deck and the unsanitary -conditions are part of the lore of the sea. "Ship feaver" was well -known to all physicians practicing in seaport towns. In those days -the cooking was done in an open fireplace. So, too, on shipboard -there was provided an open "hearth" made of cast iron and weighing -from four to eight hundred pounds. This was fastened to the deck -and its "chimney" was screened by a "smoke sail." A smaller "hearth" -was in the captain's cabin and supplied all the heat below. It must -have been bitterly cold on board ship during a winter crossing. -The coals in these "hearths" were a menace to safety and required -constant attention. - -A communication printed in the _Boston News-Letter_ describes -an escape from fire on board one of these English packets. The -writer, a good New England puritan, first declares his suspicion -that a certain military gentleman, a fellow passenger from Boston, -had brought on board a fair lady who was not his wife. The couple -occupied a small cabin, partitioned off from the main cabin, which -had a curtained window looking into it. There were other curtains -about. As the Boston shopkeeper sat near the "hearth," musing over -his suspicions, a sudden lurch of the vessel brought a carelessly -placed curtain swinging into the coals on the "hearth" and in an -instant it was aflame. The shopkeeper shouted "Fire! Fire!" which -brought the major's inamorata to her cabin window and an instant -later she rushed into the main cabin with a certain necessary -receptacle in her hands. One splash and the worst was over. The -charred curtain was soon torn from its fastenings and the fire -stamped out on the cabin floor. - -In 1760, Jacob Bailey, a native of Rowley, Mass., and a graduate -of Harvard College, having prepared for the ministry and been -licensed to preach, determined to obtain orders in the Church of -England and so, through the intervention of friends, took passage -from Boston for London in the ship _Hind_, carrying twenty guns, -which sailed in company with six other vessels. Mr. Bailey kept a -diary of the voyage and his description of the accommodations which -the ship supplied, the life on board, and the men with whom he was -brought in contact, is a surprisingly vivid picture of strange and -uncouth conditions attending passenger service to England in the -mid-eighteenth century. The ship lay at anchor in the harbor and Mr. -Bailey went out to her in a small boat. - -"The wind was blowing strong, and it was some time before we could -get on board ship. At length, with difficulty, I clambered up the -side and found myself in the midst of a most horrid confusion. The -deck was crowded full of men, and the boatswain's shrill whistle, -with the swearing and hallooing of the petty officers, almost -stunned my ears. I could find no retreat from this dismal hubbub, -but was obliged to continue jostling among the crowd above an hour -before I could find anybody at leisure to direct me. At last, Mr. -Letterman, the Captain's steward, an honest Prussian, perceiving -my disorder, introduced me through the steerage to the lieutenant. -I found him sitting in the great cabin. He appeared to be a young -man, scarce twenty years of age, and had in his countenance some -indications of mildness. Upon my entrance he assumed a most -important look and with a big voice demanded to know my request. -I informed him that I was a passenger on board the _Hind_, by -permission of Capt. Bond, and desired that he would be civil enough -to direct me to the place of my destination. He replied in this -laconic style: 'Sir, I will take care to speak to one of my mates.' -This was all the notice, at present. But happily, on my return from -the cabin, I found my chest and bedding carefully stowed away in the -steerage. In the meantime the ship was unmoored and we fell gently -down to Nantasket.... - -"I observed a young gentleman walking at a distance, with a pensive -air in his countenance. Coming near him, in a courteous manner -he invited me down between decks to a place he called his berth. -I thanked him for his kindness and readily followed him down a -ladder into a dark and dismal region, where the fumes of pitch, -bilge water, and other kinds of nastiness almost suffocated me -in a minute. We had not proceeded far before we entered a small -apartment, hung round with damp and greasy canvas, which made, on -every hand, a most gloomy and frightful appearance. In the middle -stood a table of pine, varnished over with nasty slime, furnished -with a bottle of rum and an old tin mug with a hundred and fifty -bruises and several holes, through which the liquor poured in as -many streams. This was quickly filled with toddy and as speedily -emptied by two or three companions who presently joined us in this -doleful retreat. Not all the scenes of horror about us could -afford me much dismay till I received the news that this detestable -apartment was allotted by the captain to be the place of my -habitation during the voyage! - -"Our company continually increased, when the most shocking oaths and -curses resounded from every corner, some loading their neighbors -with bitter execrations, while others uttered imprecations too awful -to be recorded. The persons present were: first, the captain's -clerk, the young fellow who gave me the invitation. I found him a -person of considerable reading and observation who had fled his -native country on account of a young lady to whom he was engaged. -Second, was one John Tuzz, a midshipman and one of my messmates, a -good-natured, honest fellow, apt to blunder in his conversation and -given to extravagant profaneness. Third, one Butler, a minister's -son, who lived near Worcester, in England. He was a descendant from -Butler, the author of _Hudibras_, and appeared to be a man of fine -sense and considerable breeding, yet, upon occasion, was extremely -profane and immodest, yet nobody seemed a greater admirer of -delicacy in women than himself. My fourth companion was one Spear, -one of the mates, a most obliging ingenious young gentleman, who was -most tender of me in my cruel sickness. Fifth: one of our company -this evening was the carpenter of the ship who looked like a country -farmer, drank excessively, swore roundly, and talked extravagantly. -Sixth: was one Shephard, an Irish midshipman, the greatest champion -of profaneness that ever fell under my notice. I scarce ever knew -him to open his mouth without roaring out a tumultuous volley of -stormy oaths and imprecations. After we had passed away an hour -or two together, Mr. Lisle, the lieutenant of marines, joined our -company. He was about fifty years of age, of gigantic stature, and -quickly distinguished himself by the quantities of liquor he poured -down his throat. He also was very profane. - -"About nine o'clock the company began to think of supper, when a -boy was called into the room. Nothing in human shape did I ever see -before so loathsome and nasty. He had on his body a fragment only -of a check shirt, his bosom was all naked and greasy, over his -shoulders hung a bundle of woolen rags which reached in strings -almost down to his feet, and the whole composition was curiously -adorned with little shining animals. The boy no sooner made his -appearance than one of our society accosted him in this gentle -language. 'Go you ---- rascal, and see whether lobscouse is ready.' -Upon this the fellow began to mutter and scratch his head, but -after two or three hearty curses, went for the galley and presently -returned with an elegant dish which he placed on the table. It was -a composition of beef and onions, bread and potatoes, minced and -stewed together, then served up with its broth in a wooden tub, the -half of a quarter cask. The table was furnished with two pewter -plates, the half of one was melted away, and the other, full of -holes, was more weather-beaten than the sides of the ship; one knife -with a bone handle, one fork with a broken tine, half a metal spoon -and another, taken at Quebec, with part of the bowl cut off. When -supper was ended, the company continued their exercise of drinking, -swearing and carousing, till half an hour after two, when some of -these obliging gentlemen made a motion for my taking some repose. -Accordingly, a row of greasy canvas bags, hanging overhead by the -beams, were unlashed. Into one of them it was proposed that I should -get, in order to sleep, but it was with the utmost difficulty I -prevented myself from falling over on the other side.... - -"The next day, towards evening, several passengers came on board, -viz: Mr. Barons, late Collector, Major Grant, Mr. Barons' footman, -and Mrs. Cruthers, the purser's wife, a native of New England. After -some considerable dispute, I had my lodgings fixed in Mr. Pearson's -berth, where Master Robant, Mr. Baron's man, and I, agreed to lie -together in one large hammock."[64] - - [64] Rev. W. A. Bartlett, _The Frontier Missionary_, Boston, 1853. - -Such were the accommodations of the petty officers' mess on board a -twenty-gun ship of 1760 in the New England service. - -In October, 1774, Miss Janet Schaw set sail from the Firth of Forth, -Scotland, in the brig _Jamaica Packet_, of eighty tons burden, built -in Massachusetts two years before. With her sailed a girl friend, -two young nephews, her brother and her maid. They arrived on board -in the evening and turned in at once. In Miss Schaw's journal of the -voyage, now in the British Museum, we read: - -"Our Bed chamber, which is dignified with the title of _state room_, -[there were only two staterooms: the captain occupied the other] is -about five foot wide and six long; on one side is a bed fitted up -for Fanny and on the opposite side one for me. Poor Fanny's is so -very narrow, that she is forced to be tied on, or as the Sea term -is _lashed in_, to prevent her falling over. On the floor below -us lies our Abigail. As she has the breadth of both our Beds and -excellent Bedding, I think she has got a most envyable Berth, but -this is far from her opinion, and she has done nothing but grumble -about her accommodations." The two had been asleep about an hour -when her brother came to the stateroom and let down "the half door" -to enquire after their healths. His "Cott" swung from the ceiling -of the cabin of the brig and the two boys slept on a mattress on -the deck beneath the hammock. The hencoop was located on deck just -over his head and in the morning the rooster and hens kept up such a -pecking that it was impossible for him to sleep. The brig was making -a northerly course in a heavy sea and Fanny and the maid were both -seasick and lying flat on their backs in their five by six foot -cubicle, dimensions probably somewhat underestimated by Miss Schaw, -although later she records that "we sit in bed till we dress, and -get into it whenever we begin to undress." - -In the cabin, in which Schaw hung his "cott," was a small cast-iron -stove and here, too, was the case containing the Captain's gin, -which he frequently opened and the odor of which set their stomachs -topsy-turvy and sent poor Fanny to her bed, and Schaw flying on deck -for fresh air. This cabin was furnished with joint stools, chests, -table, and even an elbow chair which Miss Schaw had lashed to a -mooring near the fireside. - -A few days after sailing the brig ran into a storm and the water -finding its way into the cabin almost reached the beds in the -stateroom--(which was located beside the companion stair)--forcing -the maid to "peg in with the boys who could easily let her share -with them." The gale also washed away most of their private store -of provisions so they were forced to depend upon the ship's stores -which consisted mainly of neck-beef, several barrels of New England -pork, then on its third voyage across the Atlantic, oatmeal, -stinking herrings and excellent potatoes. Lobscouse was a favorite -dish made from salt beef that had been hung by a string over the -side of the ship till tolerably fresh and then cut up in little -pieces and stewed for some time with potatoes, onions and peppers. -They also varied their diet by "chowder, scratch-platter and -stir-about."[65] - - [65] _Journal of a Lady of Quality_, New Haven, 1921. - -Just forward of the cabin was the steerage filled with immigrants -of all ages. Their beds were made up on the deck where they lay -alongside of each other and in this low-studded space they existed -when the hatches were battened down in stormy weather. "They have -only for a grown person per week, one pound neck beef, or spoilt -pork, two pounds oat meal, with a small quantity of bisket, not only -mouldy, but absolutely crumbled down with damp, wet and rottenness. -The half is only allowed a child, so that if they had not potatoes, -it is impossible they could live out the voyage. They have no drink, -but a very small proportion of brakish bad water." - -It is quite plain that eighteenth-century trans-Atlantic voyaging -was full of discomfort to the average traveler, and to the -unfortunate in the steerage a fearful adventure. - - - - -CHAPTER XII - -FROM WAMPUM TO PAPER MONEY - - -The early settlers of New England had little coinage for circulation -and were driven to the necessity of using the produce of the soil -and the live stock from their pastures as their media of exchange. -Peltry also was one of the first and for many years the principal -article of currency. It was offered in great abundance by the -Indians who were very ready to barter it for beads, knives, hatchets -and blankets and especially for powder, shot, guns and "strong -water." - -In most of the Colonies the wampum of the Indians also was -extensively used and frequently was paid into the treasury in -payment of taxes. So, also, were cattle and corn as is shown -by numerous enactments of the Great and General Court of the -Massachusetts Bay. Musket balls were also current and were made -legal tender by order of the Court which decreed "that musket -bullets of a full bore shall pass current for a farthing a piece -provided that no man be compelled to take more than 12 pence at a -time of them." In Virginia, tobacco was used for currency and "from -100 to 150 pounds of it bought many a man a good wife." - -The Indian wampum was perhaps the most convenient currency -available. It is described by Roger Williams who, perhaps, had a -better knowledge of it than most of the early colonists. He says: -"It is of two kinds which the Indians make of the stem or the stock -of the periwinkle after all the shell is broken off. [The periwinkle -is a mollusc, more common south of Cape Cod than along the shores -of Massachusetts Bay.] Of this kind, six of the small beads, which -they make with holes to string upon their bracelet, are current -with the English for a penny. The other kind is black, inclined -to a blue shade, which is made of the shell of a fish [that is, a -mollusc] which some of the English call henspoquahoc [now known as -the hen-clam or quahaug] and of this description three are equal to -an English penny. One fathom of this stringed money is worth five -shillings." - -To show the intimate relation of this Indian money to our early -history, it appears that even Harvard College accepted it for -tuition fees and otherwise; for in 1641 a trading company, chartered -to deal with the Indians in furs and wampum, was required to relieve -the College of its super-abundance of this odd currency and redeem -it, "provided they were not obliged to take more than £25 of it -at any one time." The thrifty Dutch at New Amsterdam, however, -took advantage of the scarcity of legitimate currency and the -corresponding demand for wampum and established factories where they -made it in such vast quantities that the market was broken and the -value of wampum rapidly decreased. - -The great source of metallic currency for New England in those -earliest days was the West India Islands and much silver brought -from there was later coined into "pine tree" shillings and -sixpences. Governor Winthrop, in 1639, tells of a "small bark from -the West Indies, one Capt. Jackson in her, with a commission from -the Westminister Company to take prizes from the Spanish. He brought -much wealth in money, plate, indigo and sugar." But metallic money -became so scarce that by 1640 there was but little in the colonies -and the greatest difficulty existed in making payments for goods or -the wages of servants. In one instance, in Rowley, "the master was -forced to sell a pair of his oxen to pay his servant's wages and so -told the servant he could keep him no longer, not knowing how to pay -him the next year. The servant answered him that he would [continue -to] serve him for more of his cattle. But how shall I do, said the -master, when all my cattle are gone? The servant replied, why, then -you shall serve me and you shall then have your cattle again." - -Various attempts were made to establish values to certain coins, -more or less ficticious, but this failed to relieve the situation -and finally, to obtain a more stable basis the Massachusetts -General Court adopted a currency of its own and the "pine tree" -money appeared, shortly preceded by the more rude and more easily -counterfeited New England shillings and sixpences, that bore on -one side the letters "N. E." within a small circle and on the other -side the denomination in Roman numerals. These primitive coins were -made between 1650 and 1652 and were superseded by the true oak and -pine tree pieces after that date. The simple irregular form of the -"N. E." coins rendered them an easy prey to the counterfeiter and -the clipper, and the design of the newer coins, covering the whole -surface of the planchet, was a protection against both dangers. The -"N. E." shilling is now a rare coin and likewise the sixpence, while -the threepence is rarer still, but two or three genuine examples -being known to exist. - -There are two distinct forms of the so-called "pine tree" currency, -the one bearing on the obverse a representation of a tree resembling -an oak, or as some say, a willow; the other with the true pine-tree. -It is thought that the ruder pieces bearing the oak tree design -were the first coined and that the more perfect pine tree money -was issued later. At any rate both "oak" and "pine tree" pieces, -shillings, sixpences and threepences, all bear the same date, 1652. -But this money was issued continuously until 1686 without a change -of the date, it is said, to avoid interference from the English -government, the coining of money by the colonists being a distinct -violation of the royal prerogative. By the retention of the original -date it was thought to deceive the authorities at home into the -belief that the violation of the laws ceased as it began, in 1652. -In 1652, however, a two-penny piece was minted bearing the oak tree -design and hence it is natural to suppose that the pieces bearing -the true pine tree design were the last coined and not issued until -after 1662. - -One of the traditions connected with the pine or oak tree money -is the story that Sir Thomas Temple, who was a real friend of the -colonists, in 1662, showed some of the pieces to the King at the -council table in London, when King Charles demanded upon what -authority these colonists had coined money anyway and sought to have -orders sent to prohibit any further issues. "But," responded Sir -Thomas, "this tree is the oak which saved your majesty's life and -which your loyal subjects would perpetuate." Sir Thomas of course -referred to the episode of Boscobel in which Charles II escaped -his enemies by hiding in the branches of an oak. This it is said -so pleased the King that he dropped the subject and the coining of -"pine tree" money proceeded merrily, as before, for twenty-five -years longer. - -The master of the mint was John Hull who lived in Boston where -Pemberton Square now opens from Tremont Street and where later was -the famous garden and residence of Gardner Green, Esq. The mint -house, sixteen feet square and ten feet high, was built on land -belonging to Hull in the rear of his house. Robert Sanderson, a -friend of Hull, was associated with him in making the "pine tree" -money. It is not known how they divided their profit, but they -received one shilling sixpence for each twenty shillings coined, -and as it is estimated that "pine tree" money to the amount of five -millions of dollars in value was made during the thirty-four years -it was issued, the commissions received must have been very large -and the statement that the dowry, said to have been £30,000, given -to Hull's daughter at her marriage, appears reasonable. That the -girl, plump as she is reported to have been, actually weighed down -the dowry in shillings, is, of course, absurd as that amount in -silver would weigh over 6,000 pounds rating a silver £ as weighing 4 -oz. at that time. - -Hawthorne's description of what is said to have taken place on that -occasion is too vivid a picture to be overlooked. He relates that -Captain John Hull was appointed to manufacture the pine tree money -and had about one shilling out of every twenty to pay him for the -trouble of making them. Hereupon all the old silver in the colony -was handed over to Captain John Hull. The battered silver cans and -tankards, I suppose, and silver buckles and broken spoons, and -silver hilts of swords that figured at court--all such articles were -doubtless thrown into the melting pot together. - -The magistrates soon began to suspect that the mint-master would -have the best of the bargain and they offered him a large sum of -money if he would but give up that twentieth shilling which he was -continually dropping into his own pocket. But Captain Hull declared -himself perfectly satisfied with the shilling. And well he might be, -for so diligently did he labor that in a few years, his pockets, -his money bags, and his strong box were overflowing with pine tree -shillings. - -Then Samuel Sewall, afterwards the famous Judge Sewall of the days -of witchcraft fame, came a courting to Hull's daughter. Betsy was -a fine and hearty damsel and having always fed heartily on pumpkin -pies, doughnuts, Indian puddings and other Puritan dainties, she was -as round and plump as a pudding herself. - -"Yes, you may take her," said Captain Hull, to her lover, young -Sewall, "and you'll find her a heavy burden enough." Hawthorne -describes the wedding and the costumes of the contracting parties -and their friends, and Captain Hull he "supposes," rather improbably -one would think, however, "dressed in a plum colored coat all the -buttons of which were made of pine tree shillings. The buttons of -his waistcoat were of sixpences and the knees of his small clothes -were buttoned with silver three-pences ... and as to Betsy herself, -she was blushing with all her might, and looked like a full-blown -peony or a great red apple." - -When the marriage ceremony was over, at a whispered word from -Captain Hull, a large pair of scales was lugged into the room, such -as wholesale merchants use for weighing bulky commodities, and -quite a bulky commodity was now to be weighed in them. "Daughter -Betsy," said the mint-master, "get into one side of these scales." -Miss Betsy--or Mrs. Sewall as we must now call her--did as she was -bid and again the servants tugged, this time bringing in a huge -iron-bound oaken chest which being opened proved to be full to the -brim with bright pine tree shillings fresh from the mint. At Captain -Hull's command the servants heaped double handfuls of shillings into -one side of the scales, while Betsy remained in the other. Jingle, -jingle, went the shillings as handful after handful was thrown -in, till, plump and ponderous as she was, they fairly weighed the -young lady from the floor. "There, son Sewall," cried the honest -mint-master, resuming his seat, "take these shillings for my -daughter's portion. Use her kindly and thank Heaven for her. It's -not every wife that's worth her weight in silver." - -However interesting the story may be of the plump girl sitting in -one pan of the scales as shillings were thrown into the other, as -depicted in Hawthorne's version of the affair, we must be permitted -to consider that time has cast a halo around the mint-master's -daughter and increased both her avoirdupois and her dowry. - -Massachusetts was the only New England colony to coin silver but -close upon the date of the issue of the first "pine tree" money -came the Maryland shilling, sixpence, groat and penny, the last in -copper. These bear no date but appeared about 1659, the dies having -been made in England. - -Numerous coins were later made in the colonies, either intended for -regular circulation or as tokens privately issued, among which are -the Granby coppers--rude half-pennies--made in 1737 by one John -Higley, the blacksmith, at Granby, Conn. They were made of soft -copper which was dug at Granby and are never found in very good -condition. - -The word dollar is the English form of the German word thaler, and -the origin of the thaler is as follows: In the year 1519, Count -Schlick of Bohemia issued silver coins weighing one ounce each and -worth 113 cents. They were coined at Joachimsthal, that is, James's -Valley or dale, hence they became known as "Joachimsthalers," soon -shortened to thalers. Through trade with the Dutch these coins came -into England in the sixteenth century and are referred to sometimes -as "dalers." - -But the dollar came to the American continent not through the Dutch -or English but through the Spanish. This was due to the extent of -the Spanish Empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and -also to the great quantities of silver which Spain drew from her -mines in Mexico and South America. The Spanish coin was, strictly -speaking, a peso, better known as a piece of eight, because it was -equal to eight reals (royals). As it was of the same value, the name -dollar was given to the piece of eight about the year 1690. - -The most famous Spanish dollar was known as the pillar dollar, -because it had on one side two pillars, representing the pillars -of Hercules, the classical name for the Straits of Gibralter, and -this Spanish dollar was common in America at the time of the War of -Independence. - -In 1690 the treasury of the colony was so nearly exhausted that the -Great and General Court decided to issue promises to pay, the first -paper money minted by any Colony. The values were ten shillings, one -pound and five pounds. The occasion for this issue was primarily the -expenses of Governor Phips's expedition against Quebec, which was -thriftily expected to more than pay costs. The French and Indians, -however, were too strong for Sir William, and the colonial treasury -was faced with costs to the amount of £50,000, instead of the -anticipated loot. These "Colony" or "Charter bills" obtained a wide -circulation and were called in annually and redeemed and reissued as -need arose, but after a few years, confidence in them decreased and -before long they passed at a discount as great as 30 per cent. - -In 1722, Massachusetts tried to relieve the scarcity of small change -by issuing five hundred pounds worth of tokens of the value of one, -two and three pence. They were printed on parchment to make them -more durable but apparently were not a success as there were no more -printed. - -As the years went by, monetary conditions became more and more -unstable, and in 1740 an attempt was made to establish a bank in -the hope of placing the currency on a firmer basis. The fight lay -between a silver bank with bullion behind its notes and a land bank -issuing notes guaranteed by mortgages and manufactured articles. -These notes were to come due in twenty years and at that time the -holders instead of receiving coin might be forced to take their pay -in cast iron, bayberry wax, leather, cordwood, or other articles -of trade that might be difficult to dispose of. One of these notes -preserved in the cabinets of the Massachusetts Historical Society -has written on its back, in old-time handwriting, "A Land Bank bill -reserved as a specimen of ye mad humour among many of ye people of -ye Province, 1740." - -Money matters now went from bad to worse. The value of silver was -called tenor. In 1740 silver was worth six shillings, eight pence -per ounce and in 1746 seven shillings, sixpence, and the buying -value of bills varied from year to year. - -"Imagine having to keep in mind the relative values of bills of old -tenor, with silver at 6/8, or middle tenor; or new tenor firsts at -6/8, but passing current at 7/8; or new tenor seconds, all of which -were laboring under fluctuating but constantly increasing rates of -depreciation, while there were also to be remembered Connecticut -bills of new tenor at 8/. and Rhode Island bills at 6/9 an ounce, -and also £110,000 worth of private bills of the issue of 1733, which -were worth a third more than the Colony bills, and also £120,000 in -notes issued in 1740, "on a silver basis," to stifle the land bank -and equivalent to cash, and in addition "public bills of the four -promises at 29/. an ounce," whatever that means, and you will not -wonder that there was confusion worse confounded."[66] - - [66] Malcolm Storer, "Pine Tree Shillings and other Colonial Money," - in _Old-Time New England_, October, 1929. - -In 1749 Parliament voted to reimburse Massachusetts to the amount of -nearly one million dollars, for expenses incurred in the expedition -against Louisburg and this money was used to redeem outstanding -paper bills at the rate of ten in paper to one in cash. The next -year old tenor ceased to be lawful money amid general rejoicing and -much doggerel verse. - - "Now old tenor fare you well, - No man such tattered bills will tell, - Now dollars pass and are made free, - It is the year of jubilee." - - - - -CHAPTER XIII - -HERB TEA AND THE DOCTOR - - -At a meeting of the Massachusetts Bay Company held in London on -March 5, 1628-29, it was proposed that the Company "Intertayne a -surgeon for the plantation" and one Abraham Pratt was sent over -soon after. He lived in Roxbury, Charlestown and Cambridge. While -returning to England with his wife in the fall of 1644, their ship -was wrecked on the coast of Spain and both were drowned. At the same -meeting the Company selected a barber-surgeon, Robert Morley, to -go to New England and practice his calling on "aney of the Company -that are planters or there servants." In those days a barber-surgeon -employed himself in pulling teeth, bleeding and cupping. - -Earlier than this, however, Doctor Samuel Fuller had come over -in the _Mayflower_ and was of the greatest service to the sickly -foundation at Plymouth. When John Endecott's wife lay dying at -Naumkeak (Salem), in 1629, Doctor Fuller was hastily sent for, and -the next year he was called to Matapan (Dorchester) where he "let -some twenty of these people blood: [and] had conference with them -till I was weary."[67] A month later he was at Charlestown writing -"I here but lose time and long to be at home, I can do them no good, -for I want drugs, and things fitting to work with." Three years -later he was dead of an infectious fever. - - [67] _Bradford's Letter Book_ (1 Mass. Hist. Colls., Vol. III). - -A large portion of the physicians in the early days of the Colony -were Puritan ministers who had studied medicine in England in -anticipation of removal to New England, as a hasty preparation for -such necessities as might arise. Each practised in his own flock and -Cotton Mather in his _Magnalia_ (Book III, Chap. 26), speaks of this -union of the two professions as an "Angelical Conjunction." When -Rev. Michael Wigglesworth died in 1705, his weeping parishioners in -the town of Malden, erected a stone to mark his grave and on it may -still be read the words - - "Here lies intered in silent grave below - Maulden's physician for soul and body two." - -In colonial times there was little regulation of medical practice, -although an ineffective law was passed in 1649. Any one might come -into a town and announce himself as a physician and if able to -cure patients of their maladies, his success was assured. Several -unfortunate failures, however, would seriously effect his standing. -As a natural result quacks appeared and disappeared in all the -larger towns. - -In the seventeenth century, and later, there were two classes of -medical practitioners of which one prescribed vegetable substances -only, together with a free use of the lancet, and followed the -teachings of Galen, the Greek physician. The other school followed -the doctrines of Paracelsus and prescribed for the most part mineral -preparations, and oftentimes were styled "chemists." Of course there -was bitter rivalry between the two schools, each maintaining so far -as possible, a superstitious mystery concerning their profession. -There were few regular graduates from any recognized medical school. -Until after the Revolution most practitioners gained their scanty -store of medical knowledge by studying with some family physician -and in the homely school of experience. Dr. William Douglas, a young -Scotchman, began to practice in Boston in 1716. In 1721 he wrote "we -abound with Practitioners, though no other graduate than myself. -We have fourteen Apothecary shops in Boston. All our Practitioners -dispense their own medicines.... In general the physical practise in -our colonies is so perniciously bad that excepting in surgery and -in some very acute cases, it is better to let nature under a proper -regimen take her course than to trust to the honesty and sagacity -of the practitioner. Our American practitioners are so rash and -officious that the saying in Ecclesiasticus may with much propriety -be applied to them, 'He that sinneth before his Maker let him fall -into the hands of the physician.'"[68] - - [68] 4 Mass. Hist. Colls., II, 164. - -Governor John Winthrop was versed in medicine and his son, John, -Jr., and his grandson Wait Winthrop, both were proficient in the -profession. With Winthrop came Richard Palgrave and William Gager, -both physicians, and two years later arrived Giles Firman, Jr., -whose father was "a godly man, an apothecary of Sudbury in England." -Giles, Jr., studied at the University of Cambridge and later settled -at Ipswich, Mass., where he practiced medicine, but found it "a -meene helpe" and later studied theology and eventually was ordained -rector of Shalford, co. Essex, England. - -Toward the end of the century there were two physicians practicing -in Boston, Dr. Thomas Oakes and Dr. Benjamin Bullivant, of whom -Dunton, the London bookseller gossiped in his "Letters Written from -New England."[69] - - [69] _Prince Society Publications_, IV, Boston, 1867. - -Of Oakes he wrote that-- - -"His wise and safe Prescriptions have expell'd more Diseases -and rescu'd Languishing Patients from the Jaws of Death, than -Mountebanks and Quack-Salvers have sent to those dark Regions." - -Concerning Dr. Bullivant he commented that-- - -"His Skill in Pharmacy was such, as rendered him the most compleat -Pharmacopean, not only in all Boston, but in all New England ... to -the Poor he always prescribes cheap, but wholesome Medicines, not -curing them of a Consumption in their Bodies, and sending it into -their Purses; nor yet directing them to the East Indies to look for -Drugs, when they may have far better out of their Gardens." - -Doctor John Clarke, said to have been a younger son of a good family -in the north of England, with a collegiate education, and late of -London, was granted a four-hundred acre farm in the town of Newbury, -in January, 1638, and September 28th, following, the town also -granted that - -"Mr. Clarke in respect of his calling should be freed and exempted -from all public rates either for the country or the towne so long as -he shall remayne with us and exercise his calling among us." - -He exercised his calling in Newbury until 1647, when he removed to -Ipswich and two or three years later settled in Boston where he died -in 1664. Soon after removing to Boston he invented a stove "for the -saving of firewood & warming of howses," which the Great and General -Court confirmed for a term of three years. Nothing further is known -of this invention and the fireplace persisted until recent times. - -When Doctor Clark removed from Newbury he was followed by Dr. -William Snelling who seems to have been a merry fellow in times of -drinking healths. On an occasion during the winter of 1651 he drank -to his friends in the following toast,-- - - "I'll pledge my friends, - And for my foes, - A plague for their heels - And a pox for their toes," - -which e'er long led to sorrowful acknowledgment of his weakness -before the Quarterly Court at Salem, and a fine of ten shillings for -cursing. This doubtless helped sustain the dignity of the Court and -strengthened virtue among the good men of the town of Newbury at -times when ribald mirth prevailed. - -Dr. John Perkins who practised in Boston during the first half of -the eighteenth century, is said to have gone to London for two -year's study but his medical notebooks show that in his Boston -practise he prescribed for scrofula, syrup made of sow bugs -drowned in white wine. Castile soap boiled in strong beer he used -as a remedy for a "heavy load at the Stomac." For numb palsy he -prescribed "a bath of absinthe in _urina hominis_, used hot," -and his cure for a nervous weakness of the eyes was "shaving the -head." He noted that "Widow Alcock [died] of a hot bread supper. -Jus. Billings did so of eating Brown Bread for breakfast, a Thing -he never used before," and Reverend McGee's wife died by eating a -supper of roast chickens at 13 days after childbirth and drinking -strong beer flip on it. "Wonderful that in learned and elevated -situations among ye great, should be such ignorance." - -"Samuel Bent, Goldsmith, tender constitution and lax nerves, upon a -change of a linnen for a woolen cap to sleep in was affected with a -running of Bloody Water from ye nose, which staunched when he wore -linnen. - -"Nathaniel Parkman's Daughter, scrophulously affected, had a blow -on the Head, on which the scrophula immediately left her and Chorea -St. Viti succeeded and followed her every Spring till she turned -consumptive and died."[70] - - [70] Sprague, "Some Aspects of Medicine in Boston" (_Old-Time New - England_, Vol. XIII, p. 14.) - -Doctor Perkins was quite modern in some of his theories. He entered -in his notebook-- - -"Exercise is good [for pains in the stomach] in young girls and -others that use a sedentary life. So Sarah Bergers was cured by -learning country dances. - -"Wheat, ye Shoemaker, was cured [of hemorrhoids] by taking to ye -portering with a wheelbarrow." - -Doctor Ball of Northboro had a medicine called, "Receipt for the -Scratches. One Quart fishworms, washed clean; one pound hog's lard -stewed together, filtered through a strainer and add one-half pint -oil of turpentine; one-half pint good brandy. Simmer it well and it -is fit for use."[71] - - [71] _Ibid._ - -Obstetrics at that period was also a jolly pastime, as the doctor -and his volunteer assistants were regaled by a special brew known as -"groaning beer" and by freshly baked "groaning cakes." - -In Salem lived Zerobabel Endecott, son of Governor John Endecott, -who practiced the healing art and who left behind him a remarkable -collection of medical recipes from which we include selections -illustrating the practice of the physician in colonial days. His -brother John, afterwards Governor of Connecticut, also seems to have -had some medical training as appears from a bill preserved in the -Massachusetts Archives, where under date of 1668, he charged five -shillings for "a Vomit and atendans" on one John Clark, "weak and -sike by reason of a scurvy and a dropsy." Doctor Zerobabel died in -1684 and bequeathed to his son John, who also was a physician and -who died in England, "al my Instruments and books both of phisicke -and chirurgery." The inventory of the estate shows "a case of -lances, 2 Rasors, a box of Instruments, 10 bookes in folio, 16 in -quarto, a saw with six Instruments for a chirurgion and a chest of -bookes & writings." - -Other Salem physicians were George Emery who settled in the town in -1636 and sat on the gallows with a rope around his neck, in 1668, -for an unnatural crime; Rev. John Fiske, a graduate of Cambridge, -who had studied divinity and also physic, and came to Salem in -1637; and Daniel Weld, who was chief surgeon during the Narraganset -campaign in King Philip's War; Col. Batholomew Gedney, who left at -his death drugs and instruments inventoried at £60; Dr. John Barton, -who died of yellow fever; Dr. John Swinnerton, made famous by -Hawthorne's romance, and others followed. - -William Salmon, in his "Compendium of Physick," published in -London in 1671, estimates the necessary qualifications of the -seventeenth-century physician as follows: "He that would be an -accomplished physician, ought to be furnished with three things, -1. honesty and a good conscience; 2. a substantial, real, and -well-grounded understanding through the whole Art of Medicine; 3. -with all such Instruments and Necessaries which are ordinarily made -use of in the performance of any medical operation," and these -instruments are listed as follows: - -"The Parascuological Instruments, wherewith medicines are prepared, -whether Galenical or Chymical, are chiefly these: A brass Kettle; an -Alembick; a Circulatory; a Sieve; a Gourd; a Balneum Mariae; Tongs; -a Cauldron; a File; a Hippocras Bag; an Iron Mortar; a Pestle; -a Pitcher; a Marble; a glass Mortar and Pestle; a Seperator; a -Funnel; a Seirce; a Press; a Tile; a pair of Sheers; Vials; Boxes; -Crucibles; Gally-pots; Corks; Spoons; Strainers; Retorts; Receivers; -Bags; Spatulas; Weights and Scales; together with a Pair of -Goldsmiths Bellows; and convenient Furnaces fitted for any operation. - -"The Chyrurgical Instruments with which the Artist ought to be -furnished, are chiefly these: A Plaister Box; an Uvula Spoon; a -Levatory; a Director; a pair of Forceps; a Spatula Lingua; an -Incision Knife; a pair of Scizzors; a Flame; a small Razour; a -stitching Quill; three square Needles; with a Case of good Launcets; -and a Salvatory; letting all be kept very sharp, clean and bright." - - * * * * * - -The following medical recipes are copied from a manuscript left by -Dr. Zerobabel Endecott of Salem and formerly in the possession of -the late Dr. Frederick Lewis Gay of Brookline. - -_For y^e Bloudy Flux_ - -Stone horses Liuers[72] dried in an ouen being heat for houshould -bread, made into powder & giuen a spoonfull at a time in milk. - - [72] "Fox Lungs for the mending of human lungs hardly able to - respire, and Bone of a Stag's Heart" are mentioned in the English - Dispensatory (Quincy), London, 1742. - -_For a Spraine_ - -Take stronge bere este & honye, of equall quantyty & boyle them to -the Consistanty of honye & so apply it hott to ye place greeued. - -_For Extreme Thirst & Vomiting in a Malignant Feauer_ - -Take salt of wormwood [scruple]i and a spoonfull of the Juce of -Lemonds mix them in a spoon & giue it the patient - -_For Stone in the Kidnes and Blader Or To Prouent It_ - -Take wild Carret seeds & boyle in Ale & drinke Dose [dram]ii euery -Night. - -_An Other_ - -Take 3 Drops of oyle of Fenill once a day. - -_For ye Dropsie Often Prou^d & Espetially Vpon One Man, Other Meanes -Vsed By Men of Skill Fayled This Was Affectuall_ - -Tak good store of Elder roots wash them & make them very Cleane then -splitt & steepe them in strong ale wort & Lett them stand together -while ye Ale is working then when it is 2 days old drinke of it -morning Noone & at night till health be obtained Lett there be as -many of ye Roots as Can well be steeped in the Ale The flowers are -of the same vse & more powerfull - -_An Other_ - -Take Rie flower make past with water Role it thin and with ye greene -Leaues of Sage & a Littl Rosemary fill it as pye bake it very dry -beat altogether & take halfe a spoonefull at a time in a wine -Cupfull of your beere - -_For a Sore Throte[73] or Kings Euell_ - - [73] _Quinsey._ First bleed, and purge with _Dincassia_, after vomit - with _Vinum Antimonii_; rub the tongue with the juyce of Crabfish - and Housleek, taking a little inwardly; ... ashes of burnt Crabs, - of Swallows, and Tincture of Corals, are excellent in the bastard - Quinsey; the ashes of an owl (feathers and all) blown into the - throat, opens and breaks the Imposthume wonderfully.--_Compendium of - Physick_ (_Salmon_), London, 1671. - -Take Guaiacom sliced [oz]iij ye Bark of Guaiacom [oz]i infuse in -6 quarts of fair water on hott ashes 24 hours then boyle it ouer -a gentill fire till a third part be wasted then add of Epithimum -Pollepodium ana [oz]ii fumitory borrage & buglose Roots flowers of -Rosmary Prim Rose Cow slips Violets & sweet fenill seeds of Each -[oz]fs boyle it till a quart be wasted then add Sena [oz]iij boyl -it a Litle & straine it & Clarifie it with whits of Eggs sweeten it -with Sugar - -Giue 2 or 3 spoonfulls euery morning to a child more to a groune -Person; enough to give 2 or 3 Lous stooles in a daye for 8 days -together this aLone haue Cured the Kings Euill - -_For Paine in ye Eare_[74] - - [74] _Deafness and Slow Hearing._ The juyce of Radishes, fat of - a mole, eele, or Serpent, juyce of an Onyon soaked in Sperrit of - Wine and roasted, essences of a mans or Bullocks gall, are all - very excellent. In difficulty of hearing, distilled Boyes Urine is - good; but better is the Oyl of Carawayes.--_Compendium of Physick_ - (_Salmon_), London, 1671. - -Take a mithredate & put it in into the eare with a Litle wooll & -Keep it warme - -_For a Cough_[75] - - [75] _Cup Moss._ This with some other Mosses of like kind, have - been mightily in vogue amongst the good Women for their Children's - Coughs; but they have not obtained in official nor extemporaneous - Prescriptions. They are said to be infallible in that which - is commonly called the _Chin-Cough_.--_English Dispensatory_ - (_Quincy_), London, 1742. - -Take eggs boyle them till they bee hard hold them in your hand one -at a time as hott as you Can suffer it & with ye heat & strength -of your hand press out the oyle, take a quantity of this oyle & a -Little powder of Alloes & fine Sugar make it into a surrup take a -Litle of this surrup as often as need Require this is Comended by G: -as if non Could Equall it - -_A Balsam or Liquer That Will Heal Sores as For New in Man or Beast_ - -Tak very strong wort 3 gallons being all ye first of a boushell of -good malt then tak of Comfry roots & Elder roots of each 2 handfuls -the Leaues of Crud tobacko a handful Lett the Roots be brused & -boyled till halfe be wasted Put it into a Vessel & Keep for Vse Put -into it 3 li of hony before you take it of the fire, if it be a -deepe sore tent it, if an open sore wett a Duble Clout & Lay on the -sore Dress it always warme - -_For ye Sciatica or Paine in ye Back or Side_[76] - - [76] Burning "Spunck," an excrescence growing out of black birch, in - two or three places on the thigh of a patient, helps sciatica.--_New - England's Rarities_ (_Josselyn_), London, 1672. - -Tak Fetherfew & steepe it in beer & drink first at morning & Last at -night - -_A Powder for ye Dissines of ye Head Falling Sicknes[77] & Hart -Qualms That Haue Bin Oft Vsed_ - - [77] _Falling-Sickness._ In Children. Ashes of the dung of black - Cow [dram]i. given to a new born Infant, doth not only preserve - from the Epilepsia, but also cure it. In those of ripe Age. The - livers of 40 water-Frogs brought into a powder, and given at five - times (in Spirit of Rosemary or Lavender) morning and evening, will - cure, the sick not eating nor drinking two hours before nor after - it.--_Compendium of Physick_ (_Salmon_), London, 1671. - -_Peacock's Dung_ is reckoned a specific in _Epilepsias_, and its -use is commended in _Vertigo_.--_English Dispensatory_ (_Quincy_), -London, 1742. - -Whit amber [dram]ii Diarrhodian [dram]ii Seeds of Peony [scruple]ii -miselto [dram]i the fillings of a Deadmans skull [scruple]i[78] -mak all into a very fine Powder & tak of it as much as will Ly on a -shilling 2 or 3 nights together befor the new & befor the full moon -take it in Saxony or bettony water - - [78] _Salt of Mans Skull._ The skull of a dead man, calcine it, - and extract the Salts as that of Tartar. It is a real cure for the - Falling-Sickness, Vertigo, Lethargy, Numbness, and all capital - diseases, in which it is a wonderful prevalent.--_Compendium of - Physick_ (_Salmon_), London, 1671. - -It is to be feared that this has obtained a place in medicine, more -from a whimsical Philosophy, than any other account.... _A dead -Man's Hand._ This is supposed, from some superstitious Conceits -amongst Common People, to be of great Efficacy in dispersing -_scrophulous Tumours_. The part, forsooth, is to be rubbed with -the dead Hand for some time. And Report furnishes us with many -Instances of Cures done hereby; some of which may not improbably be -true, both as the Imagination in the Patient contributes much to -such Efficacies, and because the Sensation which stroaking in that -manner gives, is somewhat surprizing, and occasions a shuddering -Chilness upon the Part touched; which may in many cases put the -Fibres in such Contractions, as to loosen, shake off, and dislodge -the obstructed matter; in which consists the Cure.--_English -Dispensatory_ (_Quincy_), London, 1742. - -_Mummy._ This is the Flesh of Carcases which have been embalm'd. But -altho it yet retains a place in medicinal catalogues, it is quite -out of vse in Prescription.--_English Dispensatory_ (_Quincy_), -London, 1742. - -_For Rumatick Paines & To Coole Ye Liuer_ - -Tak the Conserue of the frut of Sweet brier as much as a good -nutmage morning & Evening - -_For Vometing & Looseness in Men Women & Children_ - -Take an Egg break a Little hole in one end of it & put owt ye white -then put in about 1/2 spoonfull of baye salt then fill vp the egg -with strong Rom or spirits of wine & sett it in hott ashes & Lett -it boyle till ye egg be dry then take it & eat it fasting & fast an -hour after it or drink a Litle distilled waters of mint & fenill -which waters mixed together & drank will help in most ordinary Cases - -_For a Person That is Distrated If It Be A Woman_[79] - - [79] _Goose-Dung._ The Excrements of most Birds are accounted hot, - nitrous, and penetrating; for this reason they pass for inciders - and Detergents, and are particularly reckon'd good in Distempers - of the Head; but they are now almost quite laid aside in Practice. - _Elk's Hoof_ is also esteemed of mighty Efficacy in Distempers of - the Head. Naturalists tell us that the Creature itself first gave - to Mankind a Hint of its Medicinal Virtues; for they say, whenever - it ails anything in the Head, it lies in such a Posture as to keep - one of the tips of a Hoof in its Ear; which after some time effects - a Cure. But this I leave to be credited by those of more faith than - myself.--_English Dispensatory_ (_Quincy_), London, 1742. - - _An Hysteric Emulsion._ Take Assafoetida 2 drams, dissolve cold - in a mortar with a pound and half of Black-Cherry-water, and - strain for Vse. This is tolerable, for its stinking Scent, but - to few; yet where it can be got down, it is very prevalent in - checking the inordinate Orgasm of the Spirits, and preventing those - Convulsions and Frenzies of Mind which arise therefrom; it may be - drank in the quantity of 2 ounces, according to the Urgency of the - Symptoms.--_English Dispensatory_ (_Quincy_), London, 1742. - -Tak milk of a Nurce that giues suck to a male Child & also take a -hee Catt & Cut of one of his Ears or a peece of it & Lett it blede -into the milk & then Lett the sick woman Drink it doe this three -Times - -_For a Bruse In Any Part Of The Body_ - -Take of honey a Spoonfull & yest or barme or the emptings of strong -beer twice as much warm them & mix them together & apply it to the -place greeued admireable effects haue bin wroght by this means it -hath seldom fayled in Casses very Difficult in any part of ye boddy -though ye bones haue semed to be brused though it hath ben in head & -in broken bones it easeth paine & vnites the bones sodainly - -_For Ye [J]andis_[80] - - [80] _Hog-Lice Wine. Take Hog-Lice_ (i.e. Wood lice or Sow bugs), - half a pound, put them alive into two pound of White Port Wine, and - after some Days Infusion strain and press out very hard, then put - in Saffron, 2 drams, Salt of Steel, a dram, and Salt of Amber, 2 - scruples, and ater 3 or 4 Days strain and filter for Use. This is an - admirable Medecine against the Jaundice, Dropsy, or any cachectic - Habit.--_English Dispensatory_ (_Quincy_), London, 1742. - -Take ye Juce of Planten and Camomell 3 or 4 spoonfuls in warme -Posset ale morning & Euening it helps in few days - -Mir Turmarik & safron made into fine powder & drank twice or 3 times -a day in Possett ale is Excelent good Dose [scruple]i or Lett the -sik Person drink their own Vrin twice a day or ye Volatile fat of -Vrin [ ] morning & Euening in Posset ale - -_To Eas Paines in Feauers_[81] - - [81] _Plaister of Spinders._ Venice Turpentine [dram]iii, melt it; - then adde live Spiders No. XXX mix them with a Pestle till the - Turpentine be of an Ash colour, and the Spiders appear not; then - heat it, and adde of small Spiders No. XL. Stir them again, adding - powder of Asphaltum, and white Sal Armoniack, [dram]iii. grinde - them till the matter be cold and very black; keep it 14 dayes, then - soften it at the fire, and with your hands dipt in oyl, make it up. - Make Plaisters thereof, and cover them with leaf-silver or gold, and - lay them to the pulses of both wrists an hour before the fit of a - Feaver or Ague comes, leave them on nine days, then at the same hour - cast them into running water; by this means the Pliaster cures all - Feavers or Agues.--_Compendium of Physick_ (_Salmon_), London, 1671. - - _Herring in Pickle_ is often prescribed in a Cataplasm to the Feet - in Feavers; because it is reckoned to draw the Humours downward - and thereby relieve the Head.--_English Dispensatory_ (_Quincy_), - London, 1742. - -Tak Cardamoms or Graines of Paradice [dram]i Nutmegs [dram]ss -Safron [scruple]ij Sugar [dram]ii mak it to fine Pouder & giue -at any time as much as will Ly on a shilling at a time my pill is -better if the boddy be Loos - -_For Ye Colik or Flux in Ye Belly_[82] - - [82] _Flux of the Belly. Burnt Harts' Horn_ is reckoned a Sweetner - and is much used in Decoction against Diarrhoeas; and Fluxes of - the Belly. _Shavings of Hartshorn_ is much more in esteem amongst - _Family Doctresses_, than in the shops; but what most gives it a - Title to this Place, is that _Jelly_ which it is easily boiled into - in common water, and is accounted very nourishing and strengthening. - _Shavings of Ivory_ is much of the same nature as the former, and - boils in the same manner into a _Jelly_. - - _Goat's Blood._ This is in a few Compositions under the same - Intention as the former; but it is not at all known in common - Prescription; and is deservedly almost forgot.--_English - Dispensatory_ (_Quincy_), London, 1742. - - 1 the powder of Wolues guts - 2 the powder of Bores Stones - 3 oyle of Wormwood a drop or 2 into the Nauell - 4 3 drops of oyle of Fenill & 2 drops of oyle of mints in - Conserue of Roses or Conserue of single mallows, if ye Paine be - extream Vse it a gaine, & if need Require aply somthing hott to - the belly - -_For Sharpe & Dificult Trauel in Women with Child By J C_ - -Take a Lock of Vergins haire on any Part of ye head, of half the Age -of ye Woman in trauill Cut it very smale to fine Pouder then take 12 -Ants Eggs dried in an ouen after ye bread is drawne or other wise -make them dry & make them to pouder with the haire, giue this with -a quarter of a pint of Red Cows milk or for want of it giue it in -strong ale wort[83] - - [83] Beaver's cods are much used for wind in the stomach and - belly, particularly of pregnant women.--_New England's Rarities_ - (_Josselyn_), London, 1672. - -_A Wonderfull Balsam For Fistulos & Vlsers_ - -Take Borax [dram]ij put it into a strong stone botle of 2 quarts; -stop it Close with a good Corke & then Couer it with sealing wax -very Close & sett it into the bottom of a well or Cold Spring the -Space of three yeeres then take it out [when it will] al be turned -to a balsam whare with you may dress Sores - -_To Stench Bleeding[84] in a Wound_ - - [84] _Bleeding at Nose._ If the flux be violent, open a vein on the - same side, and cause the sick to smell to a dried Toad, or Spiders - tyed up in a ragg; ... the fumes of Horns and Hair is very good, and - the powder of Toads to be blowed up the Nose; ... in extremity, put - teats made of Swines-dung up the nostrils.--_Compendium of Physick_ - (_Salmon_), London, 1671. - - _Cow's Dung._ This seems to be of a hot penetrating Nature; and is - experienc'd to do good in Erysipelous Swellings. This Cataplasm - is also highly commended by some in the _Gout_. _Pigeon's Dung_ - is sometimes ordered in Cataplasms, to be applied to the soles of - the Feet in malignant Fevers and Deliriums. _Hog's Dung._ Is also - used by the Country People to stop Bleeding at the Nose; by being - externally applied cold to the Nostrils.--_English Dispensatory_ - (_Quincy_), London, 1742. - -Take a peec of Salt Beef & Rost it in the hott Ashes then make it -Cleane & put it into the wound & the blood will stop imediatly - -_For To Make a Man Vomit Presently That Is Sick at His Stomack_ - -Take white Copperes [dram]i in powder in a Litle Beere or Water & it -will Cause one to vomit presently - -_For Ye Plurisie_[85] - - [85] _Pleurisy. Stone-Horse Dung_, seems to owe its present - Credit in medicine to the modern Practice. It is certainly of great - Efficacy in _Pleurisies_, _Inflammations_, and _Obstructions_ - of the _Breast_. In all these Intentions it is now very much - prescribed.--_English Dispensatory_ (_Quincy_), London, 1742. - -Take the Leaues of wild mallows & boyl them in Oyle & being taken -out bray them in a morter & put them into a peece of Lining Cloth -& applie it to the greue and presently it will Cause the paine to -Cease Don Alexis - -_For the Plurisies_ - -Take an Apple that is of a Sweete sente & taste in it a hole taking -out the Core so that the hole goeth not thorow & put into the hole -3 or 4 graines of Frankincense of the male Kind Otherwise Called -olibanum then Couer againe the saide hole with the Little Pece of -Apple that you tooke of first & rost it apon the Embers so that it -burne not but that it may waxe tender then take it from the fire and -breake it into fower parts with all the frankencense in it & so giue -the patient it to eate it will by & by make the Impostume to break & -heale him - -_For the Shingles_ - -Take howse leeke Catts blod[86] and Creame mixed together & oynt the -place warme or take the moss that groweth in a well & Catts blod -mixed & so aply it warme to the plase whare the shingles be - - [86] _Goat's Blood_ is mentioned in the English Dispensatory of 1742 - as "deservedly almost forgot." - -_For the Goute_[87] - - [87] _Quintessence of Vipers._ Fat Snakes, Adders or Vipers in June, - cast away their heads, bowels and gall, cut them into bits, and dry - them in a warm Balneo; then put them into a bolt head with Alcohol - of Wine, so much as may overtop them eight fingers breadth; seal - the glass Hermetically, and digest for twenty days in Balneo, then - decant, etc., etc. - -This quintessence is of wonderfull virtue for purifying the blood, -flesh and skin, and taking away all diseases therein; it cures -the falling-sickness, strengthens the brain, sight and hearing, -preserveth from gray hairs, and renovates the whole body, making it -become youthful and pleasant; it hindereth miscarriage, provokes -sweat, is good against the Plague, and all malign Feavers; it -cureth the Gout, Consumption, and French Pox, and ought to be -esteemed of the Sons of Men as a Jewel. Dose [dram]i. morning and -night.--_Compendium of Physick_ (_Salmon_), London, 1671. - -Take any number of Vipers, open and cleanse them from all Worms and -Excrements, and the Females from their Eggs: Take out their Hearts -and Livers; dry them in the shade separately from their Bodies, -etc., etc.--_English Dispensatory_ (_Quincy_), London, 1742. - -Take Ligmamuita [oz]xvi Sarssaparilla [oz]viii fennel Seeds [oz]vi -Boyle them in 2 Gallonds of water in a Pott Close Stopped till halfe -be Consumed then put it vp in a glasse Botle well Stopped & Every -morning take Sumthing Less than a gill & so in the Euening - -Then take those Jngredients & Boyle it ouer againe in 2 or 3 -Gallonds of water more & So Keepe it for your Continiall Drinking at -any time During the time of your Jllnes Proued Very Affectial apon a -man at Dunkerck - -_Oyl of Roses_[88] - - [88] _Paracelsus His Perfume._ Cow-dung, and distill it in Balneo, - and the water thereof will have the smell of Ambergrease. It is - a most excellent Perfume, abates the Heat of Feavers, and cures - all inward inflammations. Dose [dram]i.--_Compendium of Physick_ - (_Salmon_), London, 1671. - -Take Roses and Jnfuse them in good olliue oyle in a glasse in the -heat of the sun for sartaine Days while the oyl smeles like Roses; -oyl of Hipericon is made after the same manner - -_For a Fractur of the Scull_ - -After the Scull is Layed open + and the Bones taken out By a Leuetur -or Cut By a trapan then fitt a pece of Parchment of the same Bignes -that the fractur is and oynt it with mell Rosarie or huny of Roses -and also the Edges of ye Bone & so put it in gently on apon the Dura -mater that Ciuers the Braines and apon that a good Plegen of tow & -a good bolster on that & so Continue that dressing while it is all -most well & the bone hes Cast of & then finish the Cure with Arseaus -his Linement; your parchment must haue a third fastened in the middle - -_For Cutts or Sores_ - -Take the Scine of Salt Beefe & so Laye it to the Cutt or sore - -_For To Heale or Dry Vp a Sore_ - -Take Sallet oyle and Read Lead and boyle it well together and dipe -peces of Lining Cloath in it Keep them for use - -_For The Ague_ - -Take the Drye shell of a Turtell beat smale & boyled in water while -2 thirds of the water be consumed & drinke of it 2 or 3 times when -the Ague Cometh - -_Probatum Easte January the 10 1681_ - -The Greene Oyntment that m^s Feeld did Vse to make[89] - - [89] _Sympathetick Oyntment._ Boars grease, brains of a Boar, powder - of washed Earth worms, red Sanders, Mummy, Bloodstone, a. [oz]i, - moss of a dead mans Skul not buried [dram]i, make an Oyntment, S.A. - - All wounds are cured by this Oyntment, (provided the nerves and - arteries be not hurt) thus: Anoint the weapon that made the wound - daily once, if there be need, and the wounds be great; otherwise - it will be sufficient to annoint it every other day. Where note. - 1. that the weapon be kept in clean linnen, and in a temperate - heat, lest the Patient be hurt; for if the dust fall, or it be - cold, the sick will be much tormented. 2. that if it be a stab, the - weapon be anointed towards the point descending. 3. if you want the - weapon, take blood from the wound upon a stick, and use as if it - were the weapon; thus the Tooth ach is cured by pricking the Gums, - and anointing the instrument.--_Compendium of Physick_ (_Salmon_), - London, 1671. - - _Earth Worms._ These are often used in Compositions for cooling - and Cleansing the Viscera. They are good in _Inflammations_ and - _Tubercles_ of the Lungs and in Affections of the _Reins_ and - Urinary Passages. _Syrup of Snails._ Take Garden-snails early in the - morning, while the dew is upon them, a pound; take off their shells, - slit them, and with half a pound of fine Sugar put into a Bag hang - them in a Cellar, and the Syrup will melt, and drop through, which - Keep for Use. This is not kept in the shop, but is worth making for - young Children inclining to Hectics and Consumptions. A Syrup of - Earth-worms may be made in the same manner for the like Intentions. - _Frog's Spawn._ This another Cooler, but it is an insipid Phlegm, - and good for nothing more than common Rainwater; and will not - Keep long without mothering and stinking.--_English Dispensatory_ - (_Quincy_), London, 1742. - -Jt Cureth all Spraines and Aches Cramps and Scaldings and Cutts -healeth all wounds it doth suple molyfy Ripen & Disolues all Kind of -tumors hot and Cold and it will heale olde Rotten Sores and bites of -Venemos Beasts itch and mangenes and stench bloud it Easeth Swelling -and paines of the head and throate Eyes and Eares Gout and Seattica -and all outward Greefes - -Take baye Leaues, Wormwood, Sage, Rue, Cammemoyle, mellelote, -groundsell, Violets, Plantaine, oake buds or Leaues [ ] Suckbery -Pursline, Lettuc, Red colworts, Saint Johns wort, mallows, mullin, -Jsop, Sorrell and Comfrye, yarrow, and Dead Nettles, and Mint, -mugwort, Rose leaues, gather them all in the heat of the Daye, pick -them Cleene but wash them not, Beat them well then take Sheepe -Suett three Pound Picke it Cleene and Shrid it Smale Pound them all -well together, then take 2 quarts of Sallet oyle then work them all -together with your hand till it be a Like then put it in an Earthen -Pott and Couer it Close and Lett it Stand 14 Dayes in a Coule Place -then Sett it ouer a Softe fire and Lett it Boyle 14 howers Stiring -it well then put into it 4 ounces of oyle of Spicke then Straine it -through a Corse Cloath & put it into [ ] Pott and Couer it Cloase -and Keepe it for your vse - -_For Ye Toothe Ache_[90] - - [90] _Tooth Ache._ Picking the gums with the bill of an osprey - is good for the tooth-ache. Scarifying the gums with a thorn - from a dog-fish's back is also a cure.--_New Englands Rarities_ - (_Josselyn_), London, 1672. - -Take a Litle Pece of opium as big as a great pinnes head & put it -into the hollow place of the Akeing Tooth & it will giue preasant -Ease, often tryed by me apon many People & neuer fayled - - Zerobabel Endecott - - * * * * * - -Who would know the virtues of the herbs and simples that grew in the -gardens of the Massachusetts Bay? Many herbals have been compiled -and printed, none more enticing than Nicholas Culpepper's "English -Herbals," more truly entitled "The English Physician Enlarged," and -first published in 1653. It had an enormous sale. Since that year -twenty-one different editions have served their day, the last having -been printed at Exeter, N.H., as late as 1824. - -Culpepper, the son of a clergyman, was born in London in 1616 and -died when only thirty-eight years old. In that short time, however, -he gained fame as a writer on astrology and medicine. At first -apprenticed to an apothecary, he later set up for himself as a -physician and acquired a high reputation among his patients. - -In his catalogue of the simples he premises a few words to the -reader, viz.: "Let a due time be observed (cases of necessity -excepted) in gathering all Simples: for which take these few Rules. -All Roots are of most virtue when the Sap is down in them, viz. -towards the latter end of the summer, or beginning of the spring, -for happily in Winter many of them cannot be found: you may hang up -many of them a drying, by drawing a string through them, and so keep -them a whole year. - -"Herbs are to be gathered when they are fullest of juyce, before -they run up to seeds; and if you gather them in a hot sunshine-day, -they will not be so subject to putrifie: the best way to dry them, -is in the Sun, according to Dr. _Reason_, though not according to -Dr. _Tradition_: Such Herbs as remain green all the year, or are -very full of juyce, it were a folly to dry at all, but gather them -only for present use, as Houseleek, Scurvy-grass, etc. - -"Let flowers be gathered when they are in their prime, in a -sunshine-day, and dryed in the sun. Let seeds be perfectly ripe -before they be gathered. - -"Let them be kept in a dry place: for any moysture though it be but -a moist ayr, corrupts them, which if perceived in time, the beames -of the Sun will refresh them again." - - * * * * * - -_Ageratum_ dryes the brain, helps the green sickness, and profit -such as have a cold or weak Liver: outwardly applyed, it takes away -the hardnesse of the matrix, and fills hollow ulcers with flesh. - -_Anemone._ The juyce snuffed up the nose purgeth the head, it -clenseth filthy ulcers, encreaseth milk in Nurses, and outwardly by -oyntments helps Leprosies. - -_Asphodel or Daffodil._ I know no physicall use of the roots, -probably there is: for I do not believe God created anything of no -use. - -_Balm_, outwardly mixed with salt and applied to the neck, helps the -Kings Evil, biting of mad dogs and such as cannot hold their necks -as they should do; inwardly it is an excellent remedy for a cold, -cheers the heart, takes away sorrow, and produces mirth. - -_Basil_ gives speedy deliverance to women in travail. - -_Bedstraw._ Stancheth blood: boyled in oyl is good to annoynt a -weary traveller: inwardly it provokes lust. - -_Borrage_, cheers the heart and drooping spirits, helps swooning and -heart qualms. - -_Briony_, both white and black, they purg the flegm and watry -humors, but they trouble the stomack much, they are very good for -dropsies: the white is most in use, and is admirable good for -the fits of the mother; both of them externally used, take away -Freckles, Sun-burning, and Morphew from the face, and clense filthy -ulcers: It is a churlish purge, and being let alone, can do no harm. - -_Buglosse._ Continual eating of it makes the body invincible against -the poyson of Serpents, Toads, Spiders, etc. The rich may make the -Flowers into a conserve, and the herb into a syrup: the poor may -keep it dry: both may keep it as a Jewell. - -_Burdoc or Clot-bur_, helps such as spit blood and matter, bruised -and mixed with salt and applyed to the place, helps the biting of -mad dogs. It expels wind, easeth paines of the teeth, strengthens -the back ... being taken inwardly. - -_Celondine._ The root is manifestly hot and dry, clensing and -scouring, proper for such as have the yellow Jaundice, it opens the -obstructions of the liver, being boiled in White Wine, and if chewed -in the mouth it helps the tooth-ach. - -_Chamomel_ is as gallant a medicine against the stone in the bladder -as grows upon the earth. It expels wind, belchings, used in bathes -it helps pains in the sides, gripings and gnawings in the belly. - -_Chick-weed_ is cold and moist without any binding, aswages swelling -and comforts the sinews much, and therfore is good for such as are -shrunk up, it helps mangy hands and legs, outwardly applyed in a -pultis. - -_Cinkfoyl or Five-fingered grass._ The root boyled in vinegar is -good against the Shingles, and appeaseth the rage of any fretting -sores. - -_Colts-foot._ Admirable for coughs. It is often used taken in a -Tobacco-pipe, being cut and mixed with a little oyl of annis seeds. - -_Columbines_ help sore throats and are of a drying, binding quality. - -_Comfry_ is excellent for all wounds both internal and externall, -for spitting of blood, Ruptures or Burstness, pains in the Back and -helpeth Hemorrhoyds. The way to use them is to boyle them in water -and drink the decoction. - -_Cottonweed._ Boyled in Ly, it keeps the head from Nits and Lice; -being laid among Cloaths, it Keeps them safe from Moths; taken in a -Tobacco-pipe it helps Coughs of the Lungues, and vehement headaches. - -_Dill._ It breeds milk in Nurses, staies vomiting, easeth hiccoughs, -aswageth swellings, provoks urin, helps such as are troubled with -the fits of the mother, and digests raw humors. - -_Dittany_, brings away dead children, hastens womens travail, the -very smell of it drives away venemous beasts; it's an admirable -remedy against wounds made with poysoned weapons; it draws out -splinters, broken bones, etc. - -_Fennel._ Encreaseth milk in Nurses, provokes urine, easeth pains in -the Reins, breaks wind, provokes the Terms. - -_Fleabane._ Helps the bitings of venemous beasts. It being burnt, -the smoke of it kills all Gnats and Fleas in the chamber. It is -dangerous for women with child. - -_Flower-de-luce_ or _water flag_, binds, strengthens, stops fluxes -of the belly, a drachm being taken in red wine every morning. - -_Fumitory_ helps such as are itchy and scabbed, helps Rickets, -madness, and quartain agues. - -_Gentian_, some call Bald-money, is a notable counter-poyson, it -opens obstructions, helps the bitings of venemous beasts, and mad -dogs, helps digestion, and cleanseth the body of raw humors. - -_Golden Rod_ clenseth the Reins, brings away the Gravel; an -admirable herb for wounded people to take inwardly, stops Blood, etc. - -_Groundsel_ helps the Cholick, and pains and gripings in the belly. -I hold it to be a wholsom and harmless purge. Outwardly it easeth -womens breasts that are swollen & inflamed, (or as themselves say) -have gotten an ague in their breasts. - -_Hellebore._ The root of white Hellebore, or sneezwort, being grated -& snuffed up the nose, causeth sneezing, Kills Rats and Mice, being -mixed with their meat. Doctor Bright commends it for such as are mad -through melancholly. If you use it for sneezing, let your head and -neck be wrapped hot for fear of catching cold. - -_Henbane._ Stupifies the senses and therefore not to be taken -inwardly; outwardly applyed to the temple it provokes sleep. - -_Hops._ The young sprouts clense the Blood and cleer the skin, -helps scabs and itch. They are usually boyled and taken as they eat -Sparagus or they may be made into a conserve. - -_Horehound_ clenseth the breast and lungs, helps old coughs, easeth -hard labour in child-bearing, brings away the after-birth. - -_Hysop._ Helps Coughs, shortness of Breath, Wheezing, Kills worms in -the body, helps sore throats and noise in the ears. - -_Knotgrasse_ helps spitting of blood, stops all fluxes of blood, -gonorrhaea or running of Reins, and is an excellent remedy for hogs -that will not eat their meat. - -_Lavender._ The temples and forehead bathed with the juyce of it, as -also the smell of the herb helps swoonings. - -_Lavender cotton_ resists poyson, kills worms. - -_Lettice._ Cools the inflamation of the stomack commonly called -heart-burning, provokes sleep, resists drunkenesse and takes away -the ill effects of it, cools the blood, and breeds milk. It is far -wholsommer eaten boyled than raw. - -_Liverwort_ is excellent for inflamations of the Liver and yellow -jaundice. - -_Lovage_ cleers the sight, takes away redness and Freckles from the -Face. - -_Lungwort_ helps infirmities of the lungs, coughs and shortness of -breath. - -_Mallows._ They are profitable in the stingings of Bees, Wasps, etc. -Inwardly they resist poyson and provoke to stool.... - -_Man Drakes._ Fit for no vulgar use, but only to be used in cooling -oyntments. - -_Marigolds._ The leaves loosen the belly and the juyce held in the -mouth helps the toothach. - -_Marshmallowes_ are meanly hot, of a digestion softening nature, -ease pains, help bloody fluxes, the stone and gravell; being bruised -and well boiled in milk, and the milk drunk is a gallant remedy for -the gripings of the belly, and the bloddy flux. - -_Mint._ Provokes hunger, is wholesome for the stomack, stays -vomiting, helps sore heads in children. Hinders conception and -is naught for wounded people, they say by reason of an antipathy -between it and Iron. - -_Mugwort_, an herb appropriate to the foeminine sex; it brings down -the terms, brings away birth and afterbirth, easeth pains in the -matrix. - -_Mullin._ Stops fluxes and cures hoarsenesse and such as are -broken winded; the leaves worn in the shooes provokes the Terms, -(especially in such Virgins as never had them) but they must be worn -next their feet. - -_Nettles._ The juyce stops bleeding; they provoke lust exceedingly; -help that troublesome cough that women call Chin-cough. Boyl them in -white wine. - -_Onions_, are extreamly hurtfull for cholerick people, they breed -but little nourishment, and that little is naught; they are bad -meat, yet good physick for flegmatick people, they are opening and -provoke urine, and the terms, if cold be the cause obstructing; -bruised and outwardly applyed they cure the bitings of mad dogs; -roasted and applied they help Boils, and Aposthumes; raw they take -the fire out of burnings; but ordinarily eaten, they cause headach, -spoil the sight, dul the senses and fill the body full of wind. - -_Orpine_ for Quinsie in the throat, for which disease it is inferior -to none. - -_Penyroyal._ Strengthens women's backs, provokes the Terms, staies -vomiting, strengthens the brain (yea the very smell of it), breaks -wind, and helps the Vertigo. - -_Pimpernal_, male and foemale. They are of such drawing quality that -they draw thorns and splinters out of the flesh, amend the sight, -and clense Ulcers. - -_Plantain._ A little bit of the root being eaten, instantly staies -pains in the head, even to admirations. - -_Purslain._ Cools hot stomacks, admirable for one that hath his -teeth on edge by eating sowr apples, helps inward inflamations. - -_Reubarb._ It gently purgeth Choller from the stomack & liver, opens -stoppings, withstands the Dropsie, and Hypocondriack Melancholly. If -your body be any strong you may take two drams of it at a time being -sliced thin and steeped all night in white Wine, in the morning -strain it out and drink the white Wine. - -_Rosemary._ Helps stuffings in the head, helps the memory, expels -wind. - -_Rue, or Herb of Grace._ Consumes the seed and is an enemy to -generation, helps difficulty of breathing. It strengthens the heart -exceedingly. There is no better herb than this in Pestilential times. - -_Sage._ It staies abortion, it causeth fruitfullness, it is singular -good for the brain, helps stitches and pains in the sides. - -_St. Johns Wort._ It is as gallant a wound-herb as any is, either -given inwardly or outwardly applied to the wound. It helps the -Falling sickness. Palsie, Cramps and Aches in the joynts. - -_Savory._ Winter savory and summer savory both expell wind -gallantly, and that (they say) is the reason why they are boyled -with Pease and Beans and other such windy things; 'tis a good -fashion and pitty it should be left. - -_Senna._ It cheers the sences, opens obstructions, takes away -dulness of the sight, preserves youth, helps deafness (if purging -will help it), resists resolution of the Nerves, scabs, itch and -falling sickness. The windiness of it is corrected with a little -Ginger. - -_Solomon's Seal._ Stamped and boyled in Wine it speedily helps -(being drunk, I mean, for it will not do the deed by looking upon -it) all broken bones, it is of an incredible virtue that way; it -quickly takes away the black and blew marks of blows, being bruised -and applyed to the place. - -_Sorrel_ cutteth tough humors, cools the brain, liver and stomack, -and provokes apetite. - -_Southern-wood or Boy's love_, is hot and dry in the third degree, -resists poyson, kills worms, provokes lust; outwardly in plaisters -it dissolves cold swellings, makes hair grow; take not above half a -drachm at a time in powder. - -_Spinage._ I never read any physicall virtues of it. - -_Spleenwort_ is excellent good for melancholy people, helps the -stranguary and breaks the Stone in the bladder. Boyl it and drink -the decoction; but because a little boyling will carry away the -strength of it in vapours, let it boyl but very little, and let it -stand close stopped till it be cold before you strain it out; this -is the generall rule for all Simples of this nature. - -_Spurge._ Better let alone that taken inwardly; hair anoynted -with the juyce of it will fall off: it kills fish, being mixed -with anything they will eat, outwardly it takes away Freckles and -sunburning. - -_Sweet-Majorum_ is an excellent remedy for cold diseases in the -brain, being only smelled to; it helps such as are given to much -sighing, and easeth pains in the belly.... - -_Tansie._ The very smell of it staies abortion or miscarriages in -women. The root eaten, is a singular remedy for the Gout; the rich -may bestow the cost to preserve it. - -_Toad-flax_ clenses the Reins and Bladder, outwardly it takes away -yellowness and deformity of the skin. - -_Toads-stools._ Whether these be roots or not it matters not much; -for my part I know little need of them, either in food or Physick. - -_Tyme._ Helps coughs and shortness of breath, brings away dead -children and the after birth, helps Sciatica, repels wind in any -part of the Body, resisteth fearfullness and melancholy. - -_Valerian_, white and red, comforts the heart and stirs up lust. - -_Vervain._ A great clenser. Made into an oyntment it is a soveraign -remedy for old headache. It clears the skin and causeth a lovely -color. - -_Wake-Robins_ or _Cuckow-pints_. I know no great good they doe -inwardly taken, unlesse to play the rogue withall, or make sport; -outwardly applyed they take off Scurf, Morphew, or Freckles from the -face, cleer the skin, and cease the pain of the Gout. - -_Water-Lilies._ The roots stop lust. I never dived so deep to find -any other virtue. - -_Wood Bettony_ helps the falling sickness, and all headaches comming -of cold, procures apetite, helps sour belchings, helps cramps -and convulsions, helps the Gout, Kills worms, helps bruises, and -cleanseth women after their labor. - -_Wormwood_ helps weakness of the stomack, clenses choller, kills -worms, helps surfets, cleers the sight, clenses the Blood, and -secures cloaths from moths. - -_Yarrow._ An healing herb for wounds. Some say the juice snuffed up -the nose, causeth it to bleed, whence it was called Nose-bleed. - - - - -CHAPTER XIV - -CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS - - -The men who controlled the affairs of the Massachusetts Bay Colony -at the time of its founding, determined not only that the churches, -but that the government of the commonwealth they were creating, -should be based strictly upon the teachings of the Bible. The -charter provided that the Governor, Deputy Governor and Assistants -might hold courts "for the better ordering of affairs," and so for -the first ten years, the Court of Assistants, as it was styled, -exercised the entire judicial powers of the colony. Its members were -known as the magistrates. During this period but few laws or orders -were passed. When complaints were made, the court, upon a hearing, -determined whether the conduct of the accused had been such as in -their opinion to deserve punishment, and if it had been, then what -punishment should be inflicted. This was done without any regard to -English precedents. There was no defined criminal code, and what -constituted a crime and what its punishment, was entirely within the -discretion of the court. If in doubt as to what should be considered -an offence, the Bible was looked to for guidance. The General Court -itself, from time to time, when in doubt, propounded questions to -the ministers or elders, which they answered in writing, much as the -Attorney General or the Supreme Judicial Court at the present day -may advise. - -But the people soon became alarmed at the extent of personal -discretion exercised by the magistrates and so, in 1635, the -freemen demanded a code of written laws and a committee composed -of magistrates and ministers was appointed to draw up the same. It -does not appear that much was accomplished although Winthrop records -that Mr. Cotton of the committee, reported "a copy of Moses his -judicials, compiled in an exact method, which was taken into further -consideration till the next general court." The "judicials," -however, never were adopted. In 1639 another committee was directed -to peruse all the "models" which had been or should be presented, -"draw them up into one body," and send copies to the several towns. -This was done. In October, 1641, action was taken which led to a -definite and acceptable result. Rev. Nathaniel Ward of Ipswich, -who had been educated for the law and had practiced in the courts -of England, was requested to furnish a copy of the liberties, etc. -and nineteen transcriptions were sent to the several towns in the -Colony. Two months later at the session of the General Court, this -body of laws was voted to stand in force. - -This code, known as "the Body of Liberties," comprised about one -hundred laws, civil and criminal. The civil laws were far in -advance of the laws of England at that time, and in substance were -incorporated in every subsequent codification of the laws of the -Colony. Some of them are in force today, and others form the basis -of existing laws. The criminal laws were taken principally from the -Mosaic code and although many of them may seem harsh and cruel yet, -as a whole, they were much milder than the criminal laws of England -at that time. No reference was made to the common law of England. -All legislation in regard to offences was based upon the Bible, and -marginal references to book, chapter and verse were supplied to -guide future action. This Code served its intended purpose well and -remained in force until the arrival of the Province charter in 1692 -save during the short period of the Andros administration. - -The judiciary system of the Colony therefore provided for the -following courts: - -First, the Great and General Court which possessed legislative -powers and limited appellate authority from the Court of Assistants. - -Second, the Court of Assistants--a Supreme Court or Court of Appeals -that had exclusive jurisdiction in all criminal cases extending "to -life, limb, or banishment," jurisdiction in civil cases in which the -damages amounted to more than £100., and appellate jurisdiction from -the County Quarterly Courts. - -Third, County or Inferior Quarterly Courts that had jurisdiction -in all cases and matters not reserved to the Court of Assistants -or conferred upon commissioners of small causes. These courts also -laid out highways, licensed ordinarys, saw that an able ministry was -supported, and had general control of probate matters, and in 1664 -were authorized to admit freemen. - -The juries were made judges of the law and the fact and when upon -a trial there was insufficient evidence to convict, juries were -authorized to find that there were strong grounds of suspicion, and -accordingly sentence afterwards was given by the Court. In order to -facilitate court proceedings an excellent law was passed in 1656 -which authorized the fining of a person 20 shillings an hour for any -time occupied in his plea in excess of one hour. - -John Winthrop with his company arrived at Salem in June, 1630, -and ten weeks later the first court in the Colony was held at -Charlestown. The maintenance of the ministry was the first concern, -to be followed by an order regulating the wages of carpenters, -bricklayers, thatchers and other building trades. Thomas Morton -at "Merry Mount" was not forgotten for he was to be sent for "by -processe," and a memorandum is entered to obtain for the next Court -an estimate "of the charges that the Governor hathe beene att in -entertaineing several publique persons since his landing in Newe -England." - -At the second meeting of the Court of Assistants, three of the -magistrates were fined a noble apiece for being late at Court and -three weeks later Sir Richard Saltonstall, because of absence, was -fined four bushels of malt. It was at this Court that Thomas Morton -was ordered "sett into the bilbowes" and afterwards sent prisoner -into England by the ship called the _Gifte_. His goods were ordered -seized and his house burnt to the ground "in the sight of the -Indians for their satisfaction, for many wrongs he hath done them -from time to time." Several towns were christened the names by which -they are still known, and those who had ventured to plant themselves -at Aggawam, now Ipswich, were commanded "forthwith to come away." - -Aside from Morton's offences at Mount Wollaston, nothing of a -criminal nature seems to have been brought to the attention of the -Court until its third session on September 28th. To be sure the -Governor had been consulted by the magistrates of the Colony at -Plymouth concerning the fate of one John Billington of Plymouth who -had murdered his companion John New-Comin. Billington was hanged, -and "so the land was purged from blood." - -Unless murder may have been committed at an earlier date by a member -of some crew of unruly fishermen along the coast, this was the first -murder committed in the English settlements about the Massachusetts -Bay. But unfortunately it was not the last. Walter Bagnell's murder -in 1632 was followed by that of John Hobbey and Mary Schooley in -1637, and the next year Dorothy, the wife of John Talbie, was hanged -for the "unnatural and untimely death of her daughter Difficult -Talby." The daughter's christian name at once suggests unending -possibilities. - -In the winter of 1646 a case of infanticide was discovered in -Boston. A daughter of Richard Martin had come up from Casco Bay to -enter into service. She concealed her condition well and only when -accused by a prying midwife was search made and the fact discovered. -She was brought before a jury and caused to touch the face of the -murdered infant, whereupon the blood came fresh into it. She then -confessed. Governor Winthrop relates that at her death, one morning -in March, "after she was turned off and had hung a space, she spake, -and asked what they did mean to do. Then some stepped up, and turned -the knot of the rope backward, and then she soon died." - -This curious "ordeal of touch" had also been applied the previous -year at Agamenticus on the Maine Coast when the wife of one Cornish, -whose bruised body had been found in the river, with her suspected -paramour, was subjected to this supreme test. It is recorded that -the body bled freely when they approached which caused her to -confess not only murder but adultery, both of which crimes were -punishable by death. She was hanged. - -Probably the last instance in Massachusetts when this "ordeal of -touch" was inflicted, occurred in a little old meetinghouse in the -parish of West Boxford, in Essex County, one July day in the year -1769. The previous December, Jonathan Ames had married Ruth, the -eldest daughter of the widow Ruth Perley. He took his bride to the -house of his parents, some five miles distant, and lived there. As -in some instances since that time, the mother-in-law soon proved to -be not in full sympathy with the young bride living under her roof. -In May a child was born and a few days after the young mother died -under circumstances which caused suspicion in the neighborhood. The -body was hastily buried, none of the neighbors were invited to be -present, and soon, about the parish, were flying rumors, which a -month later crystalized into a direct accusation and a coroner's -inquest. It was held in the meetinghouse that formerly stood in the -sandy pasture near the old cemetery. The Salem newspaper records -that the building was "much thronged by a promiscuous multitude of -people." - -The court opened with prayer, the coroners then gave the jury -"their solemn charge" and then the entire company proceeded, "with -decency and good order," over the winding roadway up the hill to the -burying ground, where for five weeks had lain the body of the young -bride. During the exhumation the crowd surged around the grave so -eagerly that they were only held in check by the promise that all -should have an opportunity to inspect the remains. The autopsy at -the meetinghouse resulted in a report from the jury that Ruth Ames -"came to her death by Felony (that is to say by poison) given to her -by a Person or Persons to us unknown which murder is against the -Peace of our said Lord the King, his Crown and Dignity." When it was -found that no sufficient evidence could be adduced to hold either -the husband of the murdered girl, or his mother, then was demanded -an exhibition of that almost forgotten "ordeal of touch." The body -was laid upon a table with a sheet over it and Jonathan and his -mother were invited to prove their innocence by this gruesome test. -The superstition required the suspected party to touch the neck of -the deceased with the index finger of the left hand. Blood would -immediately follow the touch of the guilty hand, the whiteness -of the sheet of course making it plainly visible. Both mother and -son refused to accept the ordeal. Whether or no they believed in -the superstition, we never shall learn. Fear may have held them -motionless before the accusing eyes. Certainly the nervous tension -at such a time must have been very great. - -The _Gazette_ states that the examination gave great occasion to -conclude that they were concerned in the poisoning, and a week after -the inquest they were arrested and confined in the ancient jail in -Salem where the persons accused of witchcraft were imprisoned many -years before. They were indicted and brought to trial. John Adams, -afterwards President of the United States, then thirty-four years -of age, was counsel for the accused. Jonathan Ames turned King's -evidence against his mother. It was midnight before the counsel -began their arguments and two of the three judges were explicit in -summing up the evidence, that there was "a violent presumption" -of guilt, but at nine o'clock in the morning the jury came in and -rendered a verdict of "not guilty." May the result be attributed -to John Adams's eloquence and logic or to the vagaries of our jury -system? - -But we are a long way from the third session of the Court of -Assistants held September 28, 1630. Not until this time did the -law begin to reach out for its victims. John Goulworth was ordered -whipped and afterwards set in the stocks for felony, not named. One -other was whipped for a like offence and two Salem men, one of whom -has given us an honored line of descendants, were sentenced to sit -in the stocks for four hours, for being accessory thereunto. Richard -Clough's stock of strong water was ordered seized upon, because of -his selling a great quantity thereof to servants, thereby causing -much disorder. No person was to permit any Indian to use a gun -under a penalty of £10. Indian corn must not be sold or traded with -Indians or sent away without the limits of the Patent. Thomas Gray -was enjoined to remove himself out of the Patent before the end of -March, and the oath was administered to John Woodbury, the newly -elected constable from Salem. - -At the next session William Clark, who had been brought to book -at a previous Court for overcharging Mr. Baker for cloth, now -was prohibited cohabitation and frequent keeping company with -Mrs. Freeman and accordingly was placed under bonds for a future -appearance. Three years later this offender became one of the twelve -who went to Agawam and founded the present town of Ipswich, and ten -years later still another William Clark of Ipswich was sentenced to -be whipped "for spying into the chamber of his master and mistress -and reporting what he saw." - -November 30, 1630, Sir Richard Saltonstall was fined £5, for -whipping two persons without the presence of another assistant, as -required by law; while Bartholomew Hill was whipped for stealing a -loaf of bread, and John Baker suffered the same penalty for shooting -at wild fowl on the Sabbath Day. And so continues the record of -intermingled punishment and legislation. - -The struggling communities that had planted themselves along the -shores of the Massachusetts Bay largely had refused to conform to -the rules and ordinances of the English Church. If the records of -the Quarterly Courts are studied it will be seen that the settlers -also failed to obey the rules and laws laid down by the magistrates -of their own choosing. To be sure there were large numbers of -indentured servants and the rough fishermen along the coastline have -always been unruly. Much also may be attributed to the primitive -and congested life in the new settlements. Simple houses of but few -rooms and accommodating large families, surely are not conducive to -gentle speech or modesty of manners nor to a strict morality. The -craving desire for land holding, and the poorly defined and easily -removed bounds naturally led to frequent actions for trespass, -assault, defamation, slander and debt. The magistrates exercised -unusual care in watching over the religious welfare of the people -and in providing for the ministry. It has been stated frequently -that in the olden times everyone went to church. The size of the -meetinghouses, the isolated location of many of the houses, the -necessary care of the numerous young children, and the interesting -side lights on the manners of the times which appear in the court -papers, all go to prove that the statement must not be taken -literally. Absence from meeting, breaking the Sabbath, carrying a -burden on the Lord's Day, condemning the church, condemning the -ministry, scandalous falling out on the Lord's Day, slandering the -church, and other misdemeanors of a similar character were frequent. -A number of years before the Quakers appeared in the Colony it -was no unusual matter for some one to disturb the congregation by -public speeches either in opposition to the minister or to some one -present. Zaccheus Gould, a very large landholder, in Topsfield, in -the time of the singing the psalm one Sabbath afternoon sat himself -down upon the end of the table about which the minister and the -chief of the people sat, with his hat on his head and his back -toward all the rest of them that sat about the table and although -spoken to altered not his posture; and the following Sabbath after -the congregation was dismissed he haranged the people and ended by -calling goodman Cummings a "proud, probmatical, base, beggarly, pick -thank fellow." Of course the matter was ventilated in the Salem -Court. - -At the February 29, 1648, session of the Salem Court eight cases -were tried. A Gloucester man was fined for cursing, saying, "There -are the brethren, the divil scald them." Four servants were fined -for breaking the Sabbath by hunting and killing a raccoon in the -time of the public exercise to the disturbance of the congregation. -If the animal had taken to the deep woods instead of staying near -the meetinghouse the servants might have had their fun without -paying for it. A Marblehead man was fined for sailing his boat -loaded with hay from Gloucester harbor, on the Lord's Day, when the -people were going to the morning exercise. Nicholas Pinion, who -worked at the Saugus Iron works, was presented for absence from -meeting four Lord's Days together, spending his time drinking, and -profanely; and Nicholas Russell of the same locality was fined for -spending a great part of one Lord's day with Pinion in drinking -strong water and cursing and swearing. He also had been spending -much time with Pinion's wife, causing jealousy in the family; and -the lady in question, having broken her bond for good behavior, was -ordered to be severely whipped. The other cases were for swearing, -in which the above named lady was included; for being disguised with -drink; and for living from his wife. And so the Court ended. - -A curious instance of Sabbath breaking occurred at Hampton in -1646. Aquila Chase and his wife and David Wheeler were presented -at Ipswich Court for gathering peas on the Sabbath. They were -admonished. The family tradition has it that Aquila returned from -sea that morning and his wife, wishing to supply a delicacy for -dinner, fell into grave error in thus pandering to his unsanctified -appetite. - -While we are discussing matters relating to the Sabbath and to -the church it may be well to allude to the ministry. It has been -shown that the first concern of the Court of Assistants was a -provision for the housing and care of the ministry. Much the larger -number were godly men actuated by a sincere desire to serve their -people and to preserve their souls. But many of them were men, not -saints, and so possessed of men's passions and weaknesses. While -all exercised more or less influence over the communities in which -they lived, yet the tangible result must have been negative in some -instances. Take for example the small inland town of Topsfield, -settled about 1639. Rev. William Knight rendered mission service -for a short time early in the 40's and a dozen years later Rev. -William Perkins moved into town from Gloucester. He had been one -of the twelve who settled the town of Ipswich in 1633; afterwards -he lived at Weymouth where he was selectman, representative to the -General Court, captain of the local military company and also a -member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company. He also was -schoolmaster in 1650 and the next year appears at Gloucester as -minister, from which place he soon drifted into Court. Cross suits -for defamation and slander were soon followed by the presentment of -Mrs. Holgrave for unbecoming speeches against Mr. Perkins, saying -"if it were not for the law, shee would never come to the meeting, -the teacher was so dead ... affirming that the teacher was fitter -to be a ladys chamberman, than to be in the pulpit." - -Mr. Perkins removed to Topsfield in 1656. The next year he tried -to collect his salary by legal process and again in 1660. Three -years later a church was organized and their first minister was -settled. He was a Scotchman--Rev. Thomas Gilbert. Soon Mr. Perkins -was summoned to Salem Court where Edward Richards declared in court -before Mr. Perkins' face, that the latter being asked whither he -was going, said, to hell, for aught he knew. Of course Mr. Perkins -denied the testimony. Later in the same year he was fined for -excessive drinking, it appearing that he stopped at the Malden -ordinary and called for sack. But goody Hill told him that he had -had too much already and Master Perkins replied, "If you think I am -drunk let me see if I can not goe," and he went tottering about the -kitchen and said the house was so full of pots and kettles that he -could hardly go. - -But what of Mr. Gilbert. Three years after his settlement Mr. -Perkins appeared in Court and presented a complaint in twenty-seven -particulars "that in public prayers and sermons, at several times -he uttered speeches of a high nature reproachful and scandalous to -the King's majestie & his government." He was summoned into Court -and bound over in £1000 to the next General Court where eventually -he was solemnly admonished publicly in open court by the Honored -Governor. With twenty-seven particulars, could a Scotchman restrain -his tongue? Mr. Gilbert could not, and shortly Mr. Perkins brought -two complaints of defamation of character. Mr. Gilbert also soon -developed a love of wine for it appears by the court papers that one -sacrament day, when the wine had been brought from the meetinghouse -and poured into the golden cup, Mr. Gilbert drank most of it with -the usual result, for he sank down in his chair, forgot to give -thanks, and sang a Psalm with lisping utterance. He was late at -the afternoon service, so that many went away before he came and -Thomas Baker testified "I perceived that he was distempered in his -head, for he did repeat many things many times over; in his prayer -he lisped and when he had done to prayer, he went to singing & -read the Psalm so that it could not be well understood and when he -had done singing he went to prayer again, and when he had done he -was going to sing again, but being desired to forbear used these -expressions: I bless God I find a great deal of comfort in it; and -coming out of the pulpit he said to the people I give you notice I -will preach among you no more." His faithful wife testified that -his conduct was due to a distemper that came upon him sometimes -when fasting and in rainy weather. The following April he was again -before the Court charged with many reproachful and reviling speeches -for which he was found guilty and sharply admonished and plainly -told "that if he shall find himself unable to demean himself more -soberly and christianly, as became his office, they do think it -more convenient for him to surcease from the exercise of any public -employment." The stubborn Scot refused to submit and affixing a -defiant paper to the meetinghouse door he deserted his office for -three successive Sabbaths, when his exasperated people petitioned -the Court to be freed from such "an intollerable burden" and so the -relation ceased but not until further suits and counter suits had -been tried for defamation, slander, and threatened assault. - -His successor was Rev. Jeremiah Hobart, a Harvard graduate, who -preached for a while at Beverly and found difficulty in collecting -his salary. He remained at Topsfield eight years and during that -time became a familiar figure at the County Courts, because of -non-payment of salary, for cursing and swearing, and for a damaging -suit for slander exhibiting much testimony discreditable to him. -Even his brother ministers and the churches were not free from his -reproachful and scandalous speeches so he at last was dismissed and -two years later was followed by a godly man, Rev. Joseph Capen of -Dorchester, who enjoyed a peaceful pastorate of nearly forty years. - -The severe penalties of the English legal code were much modified -in the Bay Colony but public executions continued until the middle -of the nineteenth century and were usually more or less a public -holiday. The condemned was taken in a cart through the streets -to the gallows. Not infrequently a sermon was preached by some -minister on the Sunday previous to the execution and speeches from -the gallows always thrilled the crowd. The execution of pirates drew -many people from some distance. Several Rhode Island murderers were -executed and afterwards hung in chains. The gibbeting of the bodies -of executed persons does not seem to have been general.[91] - - [91] Robert Hunt, a lime seller of Boston, differing with a man, - drew a sword and made two or three passes at him, upon which the man - seized the sword and broke it and went for a warrant to apprehend - Hunt who at once shut himself up in his house with a loaded gun and - two pistols beside him. When the officers appeared he fired out of - the window several times and wounded two boys but at last was taken - and committed to prison where three days later he committed suicide - by hanging "with an old single Garter." The same afternoon his body - "was carried thro' the Town in a Cart, and buried near the Gallows, - having a stake first drove thro' it."--_Boston Gazette_, Apr. 18, - 1749. - -While executions by burning took place in Europe, and Salem is -sometimes accused of having burned witches at the stake, there are -but two instances, so far as known, when this extreme penalty was -inflicted in Massachusetts. The first occurred in 1681 when Maria, -the negro servant of Joshua Lamb of Roxbury willfully set fire to -her master's house, and was sentenced by the Court to be burned -alive. The same year Jack, a negro servant, while searching for -food set fire to the house of Lieut. William Clark of Northampton. -He was condemned to be hanged and then his body was burnt to ashes -in the same fire with Maria, the negress. The second instance of -inflicting the penalty of burning alive occurred at Cambridge in the -fall of 1755, when Phillis, a negro slave of Capt. John Codman of -Charlestown, was so executed. She poisoned her master to death by -using arsenic. A male slave Mark, who was an accomplice was hanged -and the body afterwards suspended in chains beside the Charlestown -highway where it remained for nearly twenty years.[92] Why was -the woman deemed more culpable than the man in such instances of -poisoning? The old English law so provided and at a later date, -under Henry VIII, poisoners were boiled alive in oil. The last -execution in Massachusetts for the crime of arson occurred on Salem -Neck in 1821 when Stephen Merrill Clark, a Newburyport lad, fifteen -years of age, paid the penalty. He had set fire to a barn in the -night time endangering a dwelling house. - - [92] Thursday last, in the Afternoon, _Mark_, a Negro Man, and - _Phillis_, a Negro Woman, both Servants of the late Capt. _John - Codman_, were executed at _Cambridge_, for poisoning their said - Master, as mentioned in this Paper some Weeks ago. The Fellow was - hanged, and the Woman burned at a Stake about Ten Yards distant from - the Gallows. They both confessed themselves guilty of the Crime for - which they suffered, acknowledged the Justice of their Sentence, and - died very penitent. After Execution, the Body of _Mark_ was brought - down to _Charlestown_ Common, and hanged in Chains, on a Gibbet - erected there for that Purpose.--_Boston Evening-Post_, Sept. 22, - 1755. - -Ten years before the adoption of the "Body of Liberties," adultery -became a capital crime in accordance with the Mosaic law. The -first case was one John Dawe, for enticing an Indian woman. He was -severely whipped, and at the next session of the General Court, -the death penalty was ordered for the future. When we consider the -freedom of manners of the time, the clothing worn by the women, the -limited sleeping accommodations and the ignorance of the servants, -it is remarkable that the penalty was inflicted in so few cases. -The records are full of cases of fornication, uncleanness, wanton -dalliance, unseemly behaviour, unchaste words, and living away from -wife, and the more so during the earlier years. Possibly, the juries -may have thought the penalty too severe and found the parties guilty -only, of "adulterous behavior," which happened in Boston in 1645. -This followed a case of the previous year where a young woman had -married an old man out of pique and then received the attentions of -a young man of eighteen. They both were hanged. - -The Court Records of the County of Essex always must have a curious -interest because of the witchcraft cases. But the first execution -in Massachusetts for witchcraft did not take place in Salem, but -in Boston, in 1648, when Margaret Jones of Charlestown was hanged. -It was shown that she had a malignant touch, that she produced -deafness, practiced physic, and that her harmless medicines produced -violent effects. She foretold things which came to pass and lied at -her trial and railed at the jury. The midwives found that mysterious -excrescence upon her, and for all these crimes she was hanged, and -as a proof from Heaven of the justice of her taking off there was a -great tempest in Connecticut on the very hour she was executed. - -But Essex County court records show several witchcraft cases during -the first twenty-five years following the settlement. In September, -1650, Henry Pease of Marblehead, deposed that he heard Peter Pitford -of Marblehead say that goodwife James was a witch and that he saw -her in a boat at sea in the likeness of a cat, and that his garden -fruits did not prosper so long as he lived near that woman, and -that said Pitford often called her "Jesable." Erasmus James, her -husband, promptly brought suit for slander, and at the next Court -another suit for defamation by which he received 50s. damages. The -court records show that this Jane James had previously made her -appearance, for in June, 1639, Mr. Anthony Thatcher complained that -she took things from his house. She and her husband were bound for -her good behavior and "the boys to be whipped by the Governor of -the Family where they had offended." Six years later, in September, -1645, John Bartoll said in open court that he could "prove Jane -James a common lyer, a theif & a false forsworn woman," and a -year later, in September, 1646, Thomas Bowen, and his wife, Mary, -testified that Jane James spoke to William Barber in Bowen's house -in Marblehead and Barber said, "get you out of doors you filthy old -Baud or else I will cuttle your hide, you old filthy baggage," & he -took up a firebrand but did not throw it at her. Peter Pitford's -accusation was not the only one for in the following year John -Gatchell said that Erasmus James's wife was an old witch and that he -had seen her going in a boat on the water toward Boston, when she -was in her yard at home. But Erasmus promptly brought suit in the -Salem court and recovered a verdict in his favor. - -There are several other cases before 1655. In October, 1650, Thomas -Crauly of Hampton sued Ralph Hall for slander, for saying he had -called Robert Sawyer's wife a witch. - -John Bradstreet, a young man of Rowley, was presented at Court in -1652 for having familiarity with the devil, witnesses testifying -that Bradstreet said that he read in a book of magic and that -he heard a voice asking him what work he had for him to do, and -Bradstreet answered "go make a bridge of sand over the sea, go -make a ladder of sand up to Heaven and go to God and come down no -more." There was much palaver but the Court showed common sense and -Bradstreet was ordered to be fined or whipped for telling a lie. - -In 1653 Christopher Collins of Lynn brought suit against Enoch -Coldan for slander, for saying that Collins' wife was a witch and -calling her a witch. The judgment however was for the defendant. -Another accusation was promptly squelched in the fall of the same -year. - -Edmond Marshall of Gloucester unwisely stated publicly that Mistress -Perkins, Goodey Evans, Goodey Dutch and Goodey Vincent were under -suspicion of being witches. Their husbands at once brought suit for -defamation of character and the verdict in each case was, that the -defendant should make public acknowledgment within fourteen days in -the meetinghouses at Salem, Ipswich and Gloucester. - -To sentence a culprit to expiate his crime before the congregation -in the meetinghouse was a common thing. The publicity, in theory, -induced shame and thus served as a future deterrent. To sit in the -stocks and then make public acknowledgment before the congregation -was a favorite penalty. Sometimes the offender was ordered to stand -at the church door with a paper on his hat inscribed with the crime -he had committed. If for lying, a cleft stick might ornament his -tongue. Whipping was the most frequent penalty, closely followed by -the stocks, and after a time imprisonment became more common. The -bilboes were used only in the earliest period. The use of the stocks -and whipping post was discontinued in 1813 and not a single example -seems to have survived in either museum or attic. The pillory was in -use in State Street, Boston, as late as 1803, and two years before, -John Hawkins stood one hour in the pillory in what is now Washington -Street, Salem, and afterwards had one ear cropped--all for the -crime of forgery. Branding the hand or cheek was also inflicted, -and Hawthorne has made famous another form of branding, the wearing -prominently upon the clothing, an initial letter of a contrary -color, symbolizing the crime committed. This penalty was inflicted -upon a man at Springfield, as late as October 7, 1754, and the law -remained in force until February 17, 1785. As early as 1634 a Boston -drunkard was sentenced to wear a red D about his neck for a year.[93] - - [93] At the Court of Assize, at Springfield, the 2d Tuesday of - September last, Daniel Bailey and Mary Rainer, of a Place adjoining - to Sheffield in that county, were convicted of Adultery, and were - sentenced to suffer the Penalty of the Law therefor, viz. to sit - on the Gallows with a Rope about their Necks, for the Space of an - Hour; to be whipt forty Stripes each, and to wear for ever after - a Capital A, two Inches long, and proportionable in bigness, cut - out in Cloth of a contrary Colour to their Cloaths, and sewed upon - their upper Garments, either upon the outside of the arm, or on the - back.--_Boston Evening-Post_, Oct. 9, 1752. - - A case of incest in Deerfield: "the man was set upon the Gallows - with a Rope about his Neck for the space of one Hour, to be whipped - in his Way from thence to the Goal 30 stripes, and to wear a Capital - I of two Inches long, and proportionable Bigness on his upper - Garment for ever. Sentence against the Woman, for special Reasons, - we hear, is respited for the present."--_Boston Evening-Post_, Oct. - 7, 1754. - - At the Superior Court held in Cambridge last week, one Hannah Dudley - of Lincoln was convicted of repeatedly commiting Adultery and - Fornication with her own Mother's husband, an old Man of 76 years of - age. She was sentenced to be set upon the Gallows for the space of - one Hour, with a Rope about her Neck, and the other end cast over - the Gallows, and in the way from thence to the Common Goal, that she - be severely whipped 30 stripes, and that she for ever after wear a - Capital I of two inches long and proportionable bigness cut out in - Cloth of a different Colour to her Cloaths, and sewed upon her upper - Garment on the outside of her arm, or on her Back, in Open View. [No - further mention is made of the step-father.]--_Boston News-Letter_, - Aug. 16, 1759. - -Massachusetts did not purge her laws from these ignominous -punishments until 1813 when whipping, branding, the stocks, the -pillory, cutting off ears, slitting noses, boring tongues, etc., -were done away with. - -There lived in Salem, nearly three centuries ago, a woman whose -story is told by Governor Winthrop and the records of the Quarterly -Courts. She was, in a sense, a forerunner of Anne Hutchinson and we -may fancy at heart a suffragette. Her story gives you an outline -picture of the manners of the times in a few details. Her name -was Mary Oliver and her criminal record begins in June, 1638. -Governor Winthrop relates: "Amongst the rest, there was a woman in -Salem, one Oliver, his wife, who had suffered somewhat in England -by refusing to bow at the name of Jesus, though otherwise she was -conformable to all their orders. She was (for ability of speech, -and appearance of zeal and devotion) far before Mrs. Hutchinson, -and so the fitter instrument to have done hurt, but that she was -poor and had little acquaintance. She took offence at this, that she -might not be admitted to the Lord's supper without giving public -satisfaction to the church of her faith, etc., and covenanting or -professing to walk with them according to the rule of the gospel; so -as upon the sacrament day she openly called for it, stood to plead -her right, though she were denied; and would not forbear, before -the magistrate, Mr. Endecott, did threaten to send the constable to -put her forth. This woman was brought to the Court for disturbing -the peace in the church, etc., and there she gave such premptory -answers, as she was committed till she should find surities for her -good behavior. After she had been in prison three or four days, she -made means to the Governor and submitted herself, and acknowledged -her fault in disturbing the church; whereupon he took her husband's -bond for her good behavior, and discharged her out of prison. But -he found, after, that she still held her former opinions, which -were very dangerous, as, (I) that the church is the head of the -people, both magistrates and ministers, met together and that these -have power to ordain ministers, etc. (II) That all that dwell in -the same town, and will profess their faith in Christ Jesus, ought -to be received to the sacraments there; and that she was persuaded -that, if Paul were at Salem, he would call all the inhabitants there -saints. (III) That excommunication is no other but when Christians -withdraw private communion from one that hath offended." September -24, 1639, this Mary Oliver was sentenced to prison in Boston -indefinitely for her speeches at the arrival of newcomers. She was -to be taken by the constables of Salem and Lynn to the prison in -Boston. Her husband Thomas Oliver was bound in £20 for his wife's -appearance at the next court in Boston. - -Governor Winthrop continues: "About five years after, this woman was -adjudged to be whipped for reproaching the magistrates. She stood -without tying, and bore her punishment with a masculine spirit, -glorying in her suffering. But after (when she came to consider the -reproach, which would stick by her, etc.) she was much dejected -about it. She had a cleft stick put on her tongue half an hour for -reproaching the elders." - -March 2, 1647-8, Mary Oliver was fined for working on the Sabbath -day in time of public exercise; also for abusing Capt. Hathorne, -uttering divers mutinous speeches, and denying the morality of -the Sabbath. She was sentenced to sit in the stocks one hour next -lecture day, if the weather be moderate; also for saying "You in New -England are thieves and Robbers" and for saying to Mr. Gutch that -she hoped to tear his flesh in pieces and all such as he was. For -this she was bound to good behavior, and refusing to give bond was -sent to Boston jail, and if she remained in the court's jurisdiction -was to answer to further complaints at the next Salem Court. - -It appears from depositions that she went to Robert Gutch's house in -such gladness of spirit that he couldn't understand it, and she said -to some there, not members, "Lift up your heads, your redemption -draweth near," and when reminded what she already had been punished -for, she said that she came out of that with a scarf and a ring. - -November 15, 1648, Mary Oliver for living from her husband, was -ordered to go to him before the next court, and in December she -brought suit against John Robinson for false imprisonment, taking -her in a violent manner and putting her in the stocks. She recovered -a judgment of 10s. damages. The following February Mary Oliver was -again presented at Court for living from her husband, and in July, -having been ordered to go to her husband in England by the next -ship, she was further enjoyned to go by the next opportunity on -penalty of 20 li. - -November 13, 1649, Mary Oliver was presented for stealing goats, and -a month later she was presented for speaking against the Governor, -saying that he was unjust, corrupt and a wretch, and that he made -her pay for stealing two goats when there was no proof in the world -of it. She was sentenced to be whipped next lecture day at Salem, if -the weather be moderate, not exceeding twenty stripes. Capt. William -Hathorne and Mr. Emanuel Downing were to see the sentence executed. -At the same court George Ropes complained that Mary Oliver kept away -a spade of his and she was fined 5s. - -February 28, 1649-50, Mary Oliver thus far had escaped the second -whipping, for at her request Mr. Batter asked that her sentence be -respited, which the Court granted "if she doe go into the Bay with -Joseph Hardy this day or when he goeth next into the Bay with his -vessell" otherwise she was to be called forth by Mr. Downing and -Capt. Hathorne and be punished. If she returned, the punishment was -to hold good. - -The next day Mary Oliver's fine was remitted to the end that she use -it in transporting herself and children out of this jurisdiction -within three weeks. And there ended her turbulent career in the town -of Salem, so far as the Court records show. - -Until comparatively recent times New England shipping sailed the -seas in frequent danger of attack by pirate vessels. Before the -town of Boston was settled, Capt. John Smith, "the Admiral of New -England," wrote: "As in all lands where there are many people, -there are some theeves, so in all Seas much frequented, there are -some Pyrats," and as early as the summer of 1632, one Dixey Bull -was plundering small trading vessels on the Maine coast and looting -the settlement at Pemaquid. Shipping, sailing to and from England, -was obliged to run the gauntlet of the Dutch and French privateers -and the so-called pirates sailing out of Flushing and Ostend made -several captures that affected the fortunes of the Boston traders. -In 1644, the Great and General Court sitting in Boston, granted a -commission to Capt. Thomas Bredcake to take Turkish pirates--the -Algerines--who were a constant danger to vessels trading with Spain. -John Hull, the mint-master who made the "pine tree shillings," had a -brother Edward, who went a-pirating in Long Island Sound and after -dividing the plunder made for England. - -It was the treaty of peace between England and Spain, signed at -Aix-la-Chapelle in 1668, that contributed largely to the great -increase of piracy in the West Indies and along the New England -coast. The peace released a great many men who found themselves -unable to obtain employment in merchant ships and this was -particularly true in the West Indies where the colonial governors -had commissioned a large number of privateers. It was but a step -forward to continue that fine work without a commission after -the war was over and to the mind of the needy seaman there was -very little distinction between the lawfulness of one and the -unlawfulness of the other. The suppression of buccaneering in the -West Indies happened not long after and many of these adventurers -raised a black flag and preyed upon the ships of every nation. The -operation of the Navigation Acts also led to insecurity on the high -seas and eventually to outright piracy; and so it came about that -the pirate, the privateer, and the armed merchantman, often blended -the one into the other. - -The first trial and execution of pirates in Boston took place in -1672. Rev. Cotton Mather, the pastor of the North Church, Boston, in -his "History of Some Criminals Executed in this Land," relates the -story of the seizure of the ship _Antonio_, off the Spanish coast. -She was owned in England and her crew quarrelled with the master -and at last rose and turned him adrift in the ship's longboat with -a small quantity of provisions. With him went some of the officers -of the ship. The mutineers, or pirates as they were characterized -at the time, then set sail for New England and on their arrival -in Boston they were sheltered and for a time concealed by Major -Nicholas Shapleigh, a merchant in Charlestown. He was also accused -of aiding them in their attempt to get away. Meanwhile, "by a -surprising providence of God, the Master, with his Afflicted Company -in the Long-boat, also arrived; all, Except one who Dyed of the -Barbarous Usage. - -"The Countenance of the _Master_, who now become Terrible to -the Rebellious _Men_, though they had _Escaped the Sea_, yet -_Vengeance would not suffer them to Live a Shore_. At his Instance -and Complaint, they were Apprehended; and the Ringleaders of this -Murderous Pyracy, had sentence of Death Executed on them, in -_Boston_." - -The three men who were executed were William Forrest, Alexander -Wilson, and John Smith. As for Major Shapleigh; he was fined five -hundred pounds, which amount was afterwards abated to three hundred -pounds because of "his estate not being able to beare it." - -The extraordinary circumstances of this case probably induced the -General Court to draw up the law that was enacted on October 15, -1673. By it piracy became punishable by death according to the local -laws. Before then a kind of common law was in force in the Colony -based upon Biblical law as construed by the leading ministers. -Of course the laws of England were theoretically respected, but -Massachusetts, in the wilderness, separated from England by three -thousand miles of stormy water, in practice actually governed -herself and made her own laws. - -In 1675, the Court of Assistants found John Rhoade and certain -Dutchmen guilty of piracy on the Maine coast and they were sentenced -to be hanged "presently after the lecture." Just then, King Philip -went on the warpath and all else, for the time, was forgotten in the -fearful danger of the emergency. Before long the condemned men were -released, some without conditions and others were banished from the -Colony. It is fair to say, however, that politics and commercial -greed were sadly mixed in this trial. - -A bloody fight occurred at Tarpaulin Cove, near Woods Hole, in -October, 1689, between a pirate sloop and a vessel sent out from -Boston in pursuit. The pirate was taken and after trial the leader, -Capt. Thomas Pound, late pilot of the King's frigate _Rose_, then -at anchor in the harbor, Thomas Hawkins, a well-connected citizen -of Boston, Thomas Johnston of Boston, "a limping privateer," and -one Eleazer Buck, were sentenced to be hanged. When they were on -the gallows Governor Bradstreet reprieved all save Johnston--"Which -gave great disgust to the People; I fear it was ill done," wrote -Judge Sewall. The same day one William Coward was hanged for piracy -committed on the ketch _Elinor_, while at anchor at Nantasket Road. - -The capture in Boston in 1699, of William Kidd, Joseph Bradish, -born in Cambridge; Tee Wetherly, James Gillam, and other men -concerned with the Madagascar pirates, created much excitement, but -these men were tried in England and gibbetted at Hope Point on the -Thames. - -In June, 1704, a trial for piracy was held in the Old State House, -and the testimony and proceedings were afterwards published. -Captain John Quelch had sailed from Marblehead, the previous year, -in command of a brigantine commissioned as a privateer. Instead -of proceeding against the French off Newfoundland he had sailed -south and on the coast of Brazil had captured and plundered several -Portuguese vessels. While he was absent, a treaty of peace between -England and Portugal had been signed and when Quelch returned to -Marblehead harbor he learned that he had piratically taken various -vessels belonging to subjects of "Her Majesty's good Allie," the -King of Portugal. His arrest and trial followed and with six of -his ship's company he was sentenced to be hanged on a gallows set -up between high- and low-water mark off a point of land just below -Copp's hill. The condemned were guarded by forty musketeers and the -constables of the town and were preceded by the Provost Marshal and -his officers. Great crowds gathered to see the execution. Judge -Sewall in his diary comments on the great number of people on -Broughton's hill, as Copp's hill was called at that time. - -"But when I came to see how the River was cover'd with People, I was -amazed: Some say there were 100 Boats. 150 Boats and Canoes, saith -Cousin Moodey of York. Mr. Cotton Mather came with Capt. Quelch -and six others for Execution from the Prison to Scarlet's Wharf, -and from thence in the Boat to the place of Execution about midway -between Hanson's [_sic_] point and Broughton's Warehouse. When the -scaffold was hoisted to a due height, the seven Malefactors went up: -Mr. Mather pray'd for them standing upon the Boat. Ropes were all -fasten'd to the Gallows (save King, who was Repriev'd). When the -scaffold was let to sink, there was such a Screech of the Women that -my wife heard it sitting in our Entry next the Orchard, and was much -surprised at it; yet the wind was sou-west. Our house is a full -mile from the place." - -Capt. Samuel Bellamy, in the pirate ship _Whydah_, was wrecked -on Cape Cod near Wellfleet, the spring of 1717, and 142 men were -drowned. Six pirates who reached shore were tried in Boston and -sentenced to be hanged "at Charlestown Ferry within the flux and -reflux of the Sea." After the condemned were removed from the -courtroom the ministers of the town took them in hand and "bestowed -all possible '_Instructions_ upon the Condemned Criminals; often -_Pray'd_ with them; often _Preached_ to them; often _Examined_ them; -and _Exhorted_ them; and presented them with Books of Piety.'" At -the place of execution, Baker and Hoof appeared penitent and the -latter joined with Van Vorst in singing a Dutch psalm. John Brown, -on the contrary, broke out into furious expressions with many oaths -and then fell to reading prayers, "not very pertinently chosen," -remarks the Rev. Cotton Mather. He then made a short speech, at -which many in the assembled crowd trembled, in which he advised -sailors to beware of wicked living and if they fell into the hands -of pirates, to have a care what countries they came into. Then the -scaffold fell and six twitching bodies, outlined against the sky, -ended the spectacle. - -In 1724 the head of Capt. John Phillips, the pirate, was brought -into Boston in pickle. He had been killed by "forced men" who had -risen and taken the pirate ship. Only two of his company lived to -reach Boston for trial and execution, and one of them, John Rose -Archer, the quartermaster, was sentenced to be "hung up in Irons, to -be a spectacle, and so a Warning to others." The gibbet was erected -on Bird Island which was located about half-way between Governor's -Island and East Boston. In the Marshal's bill for expenses in -connection with the execution appears the following item: - -"To Expenses for Victuals and Drink for the Sherifs, Officers and -Constables after the Executions att Mrs. Mary Gilberts her Bill -£3.15.8." - -The enforcement of the English statute relating to piracy was -variously interpreted in the Colonial courts, and local enactments -sometimes superseded it in actual practice. Previous to 1700, -the statute required that men accused of piracy should be sent -to England to be tried before a High Court of Admiralty. Pound, -Hawkins, Bradish, Kidd, and other known pirates were accordingly -sent in irons to London for trial. But the difficulties and delays, -to say nothing of the expense, induced Parliament by an Act of 11 -and 12 William III, to confer authority by which trials for piracy -might be held by Courts of Admiralty sitting in the Colonies. On the -other hand, the Massachusetts Court of Assistants in 1675 found John -Rhoades and others, guilty of piracy. This was in accordance with an -order adopted by the Great and General Court on October 15, 1673. -When Robert Munday was tried at Newport, R. I., in 1703, it was by a -jury in the ordinary criminal court, in open disregard of the King's -commission. - -The Courts of Admiralty held in the Colonies were composed of -certain officials designated in the Royal commission, including -the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, the Judge of the Vice-Admiralty -for the Province, the Chief Justice, the Secretary, Members of the -Council, and the Collector of Customs. Counsel was assigned to the -accused to advise and to address the Court "upon any matter of -law," but the practice at that time was different from the present. -Accused persons in criminal cases were obliged to conduct their -own defence and their counsel were not permitted to cross-examine -witnesses, the legal theory at the time being that the facts in the -case would appear without the necessity of counsel; that the judge -could be trusted to see this properly done; and the jury would give -the prisoner the benefit of any reasonable doubt. - -Trials occupied but a short time and executions generally took place -within a few days after the sentence of the Court was pronounced. -During the interval the local clergy labored with the condemned to -induce repentance, and all the terrors of hell were pictured early -and late. Usually, the prisoners were made the principal figures in -a Sunday spectacle and taken through the streets to the meetinghouse -of some prominent minister, there to be gazed at by a congregation -that crowded the building, while the reverend divine preached a -sermon suited to the occasion. This discourse was invariably -printed and avidly read by the townsfolk, so that few copies have -survived the wear and tear of the years. From these worn pamphlets -may be learned something of the lives and future of the prisoners as -reflected by the mental attitude of the attending ministers. - -The day of execution having arrived, the condemned prisoners were -marched in procession through the crowded streets safely guarded -by musketeers and constables. The procession included prominent -officials and ministers and was preceded by the Marshal of the -Admiralty Court carrying "the Silver Oar," his emblem of authority. -This was usually about three feet long and during the trial was also -carried by him in the procession of judges to the courtroom where it -was placed on the table before the Court during the proceedings. - -Time-honored custom, and the Act of Parliament as well, required -that the gallows should be erected "in such place upon the sea, -or within the ebbing or flowing thereof, as the President of the -Court ... shall appoint," and this necessitated the construction -of a scaffold or platform suspended from the framework of the -gallows by means of ropes and blocks. When an execution took place -on land, that is to say, on solid ground easily approached, it was -the custom at that time to carry the condemned in a cart under -the crossarm of the gallows and after the hangman's rope had been -adjusted around the neck and the signal had been given, the cart -would be driven away and the condemned person left dangling in the -air. In theory, the proper adjustment of the knot in the rope and -the short fall from the body of the cart when it was driven away, -would be sufficient to break the bones of the neck and also cause -strangulation; but in practice this did not always occur. - -When pirates were executed on a gallows placed between "the ebb and -flow of the tide," the scaffold on which they stood was allowed -to fall by releasing the ropes holding it suspended in mid-air. -This was always the climax of the spectacle for which thousands of -spectators had gathered from far and near. - -Not infrequently the judges of a Court of Admiralty had brought -before them for trial a pirate whose career had been more infamous -than the rest. A cruel and bloody-minded fellow fit only for a -halter,--and then the sentence to be hanged by the neck until dead -would be followed by another judgment, dooming the lifeless body -of the pirate to be hanged in chains from a gibbet placed on some -island or jutting point near a ship channel, there to hang "a sun -drying" as a warning to other sailormen of evil intent. In Boston -harbor there were formerly two islands--Bird Island and Nix's -Mate--on which pirates were gibbeted.[94] Bird Island long since -disappeared and ships now anchor where the gibbet formerly stood. -Nix's Mate was of such size that early in the eighteenth century -the selectmen of Boston advertised its rental for the pasturage of -cattle. Today every foot of its soil has been washed away and the -point of a granite monument alone marks the site of the island where -formerly a pirate hung in chains beside the swiftly flowing tides. - - [94] On Tuesday the 12th Instant, about 3 p.m. were executed for - Piracy, Murder, etc., three of the Condemned Persons mentioned in - our Last viz. _William Fly_, Capt., _Samuel Cole_, Quarter-Master, - and _Henry Greenville_.... _Fly_ behaved himself very unbecoming - even to the last; ... Their Bodies were carried in a Boat to a small - Island call'd Nicks's-Mate, about 2 Leagues from the Town, where - the above said _Fly_ was hung up in Irons, as a spectacle for the - warning of others, especially sea-faring men; the other Two were - buried there.--_Boston News-Letter_, July 7-14, 1726. - -What constitutes a crime? It all depends upon the minds of the -people and oftentimes upon the judges. Manners and crimes vary -with the centuries as do dress and speech. Here are some of the -crimes penalized by Essex County Courts before the year 1655, viz.: -eavesdropping, meddling, neglecting work, taking tobacco, scolding, -naughty speeches, profane dancing, kissing, making love without -consent of friends, uncharitableness to a poor man in distress, bad -grinding at mill, carelessness about fire, wearing great boots, -wearing broad bone lace and ribbons. Between 1656 and 1662 we find -others, viz.: abusing your mother-in-law, wicked speeches against -a son-in-law, confessing himself a Quaker, cruelty to animals, -drinking tobacco, _i.e._, smoking, kicking another in the street, -leaving children alone in the house, opprobrious speeches, pulling -hair, pushing his wife, riding behind two fellows at night (this -was a girl, Lydia by name), selling dear, and sleeping in meeting. -The next five years reveal the following, viz.: breaking the ninth -commandment, dangerous well, digging up the grave of the Sagamore of -Agawam, going naked into the meetinghouse, playing cards, rebellious -speeches to parents, reporting a scandalous lie, reproaching the -minister, selling strong water by small measure, and dissenting from -the rest of the jury. - -With such minute supervision of the daily life of the colonists -it can readily be appreciated that it was an age for gossiping, -meddlesome interference with individual life and liberty and that -in the course of time nearly every one came before the courts as -complainant, defendant or witness. There were few amusements or -intellectual diversions and they could only dwell on the gossip and -small doings of their immediate surroundings. But all the while -there was underlying respect for law, religion and the rights of -others. The fundamental principles of human life were much the same -as at the present day, and men and women lived together then as now -and as they always will--with respect and love. - - -_Are the Times Improving?_ - -Edward Johnson's estimate in his _Wonder-working Providence_ -supposes in 1643, a population in Massachusetts of about 15,000. -There were then 31 towns in the Bay Colony, of which 10 were within -the limits of the present Essex County. The population of these -10 towns was probably about 6,000. They were located for the most -part along the shore line. The same geographical area in 1915 had -a population of about 360,000, or exactly 60 times as great as the -population in 1643, 272 years before. - - _1643_ _1915_ - Population 6,000 360,000 - Increase in 272 years--60 times as great. - In 1643, 1 person in 60 was a criminal. - In 1915, 1 person in 600 was a criminal. - 10 times more crime in 1643 according to population. - Murder (4), manslaughter (6), assault to murder (2) 0 12 - Arson 0 7 - Robbery, breaking and entering, etc. 8 165 - Assault of various kinds 10 86 - Drunkenness 7 70 - Illegal sale of liquor 0 74 - Sexual crimes, including bastardy, streetwalking, etc. 6 71 - Living from wife 14 0 - Non-support and desertion 0 48 - Profanity, reproachful speeches, evil speeches, etc. 13 2 - Extortion, oppression, shortweight, etc. 7 5 - Idle and disorderly 3 22 - Slander and libel 1 3 - Forgery 0 3 - Lying and perjury 2 0 - Breaking the Sabbath 5 1 - Misc. Putting oxen in field, absence from watch, neglect of - a servant, etc. 25 -- - Delinquency, cruelty to horse, adulterating drugs, - automobile cases, junk dealers fines, etc. -- 39 - ---- ---- - Total 101 607 - - In 1643--7 were servants. - In 1915--251 were South European names and a large part - of the remainder were Irish. - - - - -ILLUSTRATIONS - - - Plate No. - - _The Governor's "Fayre House," 1630 Colonial Village, Salem._ 1 - - _English Merchant Vessel of about 1620._ 2 - - _English Merchantman of 1655._ 3 - - _Dutch Ship of about 1620._ 4 - - _Governor John Endecott._ 5 - - _Colonial Village of 1630, at Salem, Mass._ 6 - - _English Wigwams._ 7 - - _Framework of English Wigwams._ 7 - - _Thatch-roofed Cottages._ 8 - - _Interior of an English Wigwam._ 8 - - _Front Entry and Stairs in the Governor's "Fayre House."_ 9 - - _Hall in the Governor's "Fayre House."_ 10 - - _Damme Garrison House, Dover, N. H._ 11 - - _Corner of McIntyre Garrison House, York, Me._ 12 - - _Corner of Bunker Garrison House, Durham, N. H._ 12 - - _Fairbanks House, Dedham, Mass._ 13 - - _Frame of the Fairbanks House, Dedham, Mass._ 14 - - _Frame of the Whipple-Matthews House, Hamilton, Mass._ 15 - - _Wattle and Daub in England._ 16 - - _Corwin-"Witch House," Salem, Mass._ 16 - - _Spencer-Pierce House, Newbury, Mass._ 17 - - _Parson Capen House, Topsfield, Mass._ 18 - - _Front Door of Parson Capen House._ 19 - - _Front Entry and Stairs Parson Capen House._ 20 - - _Overhang and Drops, Parson Capen House._ 21 - - _John Ward House, Salem, Mass._ 22 - - _Kitchen in John Ward House._ 22 - - _Jethro Coffin House, Nantucket, Mass._ 23 - - _Weatherboarding on Saxton House, Deerfield, Mass._ 24 - - _Harvard College in 1726._ 25 - - _Diamond-pane, Leaded Glass Sash._ 26 - - _Crown Glass Window Sash._ 26 - - _Framing Details, Moulthrop House, E. Haven, Conn._ 27 - - _Wooden Latch of about 1710._ 28 - - _Knocker, Latch and Bolt, Indian House, Deerfield._ 28 - - _Wrought-Iron Door Latches._ 29 - - _Parlor in John Ward House, Salem, Mass._ 30 - - _Kitchen in John Ward House, Salem, Mass._ 30 - - _Parlor in Parson Capen House, Topsfield, Mass._ 31 - - _Kitchen in Parson Capen House, Topsfield, Mass._ 31 - - _The Dash Churn._ 32 - - _Court Cupboard of about 1660._ 33 - - _Recessed Court Cupboard of about 1680._ 34 - - _Oaken Chest on Frame of about 1655._ 35 - - _Cane-Back Arm Chair, 1680-1690._ 36 - - _Banister-Back Chair of about 1720._ 37 - - _Leonard House, Raynham, Mass._ Page 52 - - _Quilting Party in the Olden Time._ 38 - - _Counterpane made from a Blanket Sheet._ 39 - - _Quilted Counterpane._ 40 - - _Counterpane with Crewel-Work Decoration._ 41 - - _John Winthrop, the Younger._ 42 - - _Rev. Richard Mather._ 43 - - _Doctor John Clarke._ 44 - - _Mrs. Elizabeth (Paddy) Wensley._ 45 - - _Mrs. Elizabeth (Clarke) Freake and Daughter Mary._ 46 - - _Margaret Gibbs._ 47 - - _Alice Mason._ 48 - - _David, Joanna and Abigail Mason._ 49 - - _Capt. Thomas Smith._ 50 - - _Major Thomas Savage._ 51 - - _Edward Rawson._ 52 - - _Rebecca Rawson._ 53 - - _Chief Justice Samuel Sewall._ 54 - - _Rev. Cotton Mather._ 55 - - _Nathan Fessenden and His Sister Caroline._ 56 - - _Wellcurb at the John Ward House, Salem._ 57 - - _The Sower._ 58 - - _Tracing Seed Corn._ 59 - - _A Farmyard Scene._ 60 - - _Horses and a Rail Fence._ 61 - - _Loading Hay on an Oxcart._ 62 - - _Gundalow Loaded with Salt Hay._ 63 - - _Brushing up the Hearth._ 64 - - _An Old Hand Loom._ 65 - - _Woman Smoking a Pipe._ 66 - - _Title-Page of "The Day of Doom."_ 67 - - _Relief Portrait of Rev. Grindall Rawson._ 68 - - _Gravestone of Mrs. Mary Rous, 1715._ 68 - - _Gravestone of William Dickson, 1692._ 69 - - _Gravestone of Capt. John Carter, 1692._ 69 - - _Fire Back Cast in 1660._ 70 - - _Price Sheet of Joseph Palmer._ 71 - - _Weights and Values of Coins._ 72 - - _Man using a Shingle Horse._ 73 - - _An Old Basket Maker._ 74 - - _Charcoal Burners Preparing a Kiln._ 75 - - _Spinning with the Wool Wheel._ 76 - - _Old-Time Hand Loom._ 77 - - _Prospect of the Harbor and Town of Boston, 1723._ 78 - - _View of Castle William and a Ship of War, 1729._ 79 - - _View of Boston Light and an Armed Sloop, 1729._ 80 - - _Ship "Bethel" of Boston, 1748._ 81 - - _New England Shilling, 1650._ 82 - - _Pine Tree Shilling, 1652._ 82 - - _Willow Tree and Oak Tree Shilling, 1662._ 82 - - _Massachusetts Paper Money of 1690._ 83 - - _Massachusetts Parchment Money of 1722._ 84 - - _Manufactory Bill of 1740._ 85 - - _Massachusetts Paper Money of 1744._ 86 - - _An Execution by Hanging._ 87 - - _Seth Hudson's Speech from the Pillory._ 88 - - _The Trial of Capt. John Quelch._ 89 - - _Sermon on Some Miserable Pirates._ 90 - - _John Bateman's House built in Boston in 1679._ Page 233 - - _Casement Window Frame and Sash._ Page 238 - - - - - SECTION - OF - ILLUSTRATIONS - -[Illustration: THE GOVERNOR'S "FAYRE HOUSE" IN THE 1630 COLONIAL -VILLAGE AT SALEM] - -_Plate 1_ - -[Illustration: ENGLISH MERCHANT VESSEL AT THE BEGINNING OF THE -SEVENTEENTH CENTURY - -From the model of an "English Merchantman of the size and date of -the _Mayflower_", built by R. C. Anderson for the Pilgrim Society, -Plymouth, Mass. Courtesy of the Marine Research Society] - -_Plate 2_ - -[Illustration: AN ENGLISH MERCHANTMAN OF 1655 - -Showing the Rigging Plan. From Miller's _Complete Modellist_. -Courtesy of the Marine Research Society] - -_Plate 3_ - -[Illustration: A DUTCH SHIP OF ABOUT 1620 - -From Furttenbach's _Architectura Navalis_, 1629. Courtesy of the -Marine Research Society] - -_Plate 4_ - -[Illustration: GOVERNOR JOHN ENDECOTT 1558-1665 From the original -painting in the possession of William C. Endicott, jr.] - -_Plate 5_ - -[Illustration: THE COLONIAL VILLAGE ERECTED IN 1930 AT SALEM, -MASSACHUSETTS] - -_Plate 6_ - -[Illustration: ENGLISH WIGWAMS, FIRST TWO COVERED WITH BARK 1630 -Colonial Village, Salem, Massachusetts] - -[Illustration: FRAMEWORK OF THE ENGLISH WIGWAMS 1630 Colonial -Village, Salem, Massachusetts] - -_Plate 7_ - -[Illustration: THATCH-ROOFED, ONE-ROOM COTTAGES; THE SQUARE OF THE -1630 COLONIAL VILLAGE SHOWING THE PILLORY AND STOCKS] - -[Illustration: INTERIOR OF AN ENGLISH WIGWAM 1630 Colonial Village, -Salem, Massachusetts] - -_Plate 8_ - -[Illustration: FRONT ENTRY AND STAIRS IN THE GOVERNOR'S "FAYRE -HOUSE" 1630 Colonial Village, Salem, Massachusetts] - -_Plate 9_ - -[Illustration: THE "HALL" IN THE GOVERNOR'S "FAYRE HOUSE" IN THE -1630 COLONIAL VILLAGE AT SALEM] - -_Plate 10_ - -[Illustration: REAR VIEW OF WILLIAM DAMME GARRISON HOUSE, DOVER, N. -H. - -Built before 1698 and now preserved on the grounds of the Woodman -Institute, Dover] - -_Plate 11_ - -[Illustration: CORNER OF THE MCINTYRE GARRISON HOUSE, NEAR YORK, ME. - -Built in 1640 to 1645, therefore contemporary with the earliest -possible Swedish buildings in the Delaware Valley, and possibly the -oldest log structure standing in the United States. - -Courtesy of the Bucks County Historical Society.] - -[Illustration: DOVETAILED LOGS AT THE CORNER OF THE BUNKER GARRISON -HOUSE DURHAM, N. H. - -Built _ca._ 1690. From a photograph made in 1911] - -_Plate 12_ - -[Illustration: THE FAIRBANKS HOUSE, DEDHAM, MASSACHUSETTS - -Built _ca._ 1637. Courtesy of the Walpole Society] - -_Plate 13_ - -[Illustration: THE FRAME OF THE FAIRBANKS HOUSE - -DEDHAM, MASS. BUILT _CA._ 1637 - -From Isham, _Early American Houses_, 1928. Courtesy of the Walpole -Society] - -_Plate 14_ - -[Illustration: THE FRAME OF AN ORIGINAL LEANTO HOUSE--THE -WHIPPLE-MATTHEWS HOUSE, HAMILTON, MASS. BUILT _CA._ 1690 - -From Isham, _Early American Houses_, 1928. Courtesy of the Walpole -Society] - -_Plate 15_ - -[Illustration: WATTLE AND DAUB IN ENGLAND - -From Oliver, _Old Houses and Villages in East Anglia_. - -Courtesy of the Walpole Society] - -[Illustration: THE CORWIN-"WITCH HOUSE," SALEM. BUILT BEFORE 1678 - -From an old watercolor at the Essex Institute] - -_Plate 16_ - -[Illustration: THE SPENCER-PIERCE HOUSE, NEWBURY, MASS. - -Built about 1651. This house of the smaller English manor house -type, has the only original two-story porch and porch chamber now -existing in New England. Courtesy of the Essex Institute] - -_Plate 17_ - -[Illustration: PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, TOPSFIELD, MASS. - -Built in 1683] - -_Plate 18_ - -[Illustration: PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, TOPSFIELD, MASS. - -Front Door] - -_Plate 19_ - -[Illustration: PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, TOPSFIELD, MASS. - -Front entry and stairs] - -_Plate 20_ - -[Illustration: PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, TOPSFIELD, MASS. - -Overhang and one of the "drops"] - -_Plate 21_ - -[Illustration: THE JOHN WARD HOUSE, SALEM. BUILT IN 1684 - -Showing overhanging second story, gable windows and casement sash] - -[Illustration: JOHN WARD HOUSE, SALEM, MASS. - -The kitchen showing roasting jack, settle, birch broom, hands of -seed corn, etc.] - -_Plate 22_ - -[Illustration: THE JETHRO COFFIN HOUSE, NANTUCKET, MASSACHUSETTS - -Built in 1686. From a photograph made about 1880] - -_Plate 23_ - -[Illustration: REAR OF THE SAXTON HOUSE, DEERFIELD, MASS. - -Showing unpainted weatherboarding] - -_Plate 24_ - -[Illustration: PROSPECT OF THE COLLEGES IN CAMBRIDGE IN 1726 - -From an engraving, after a drawing by William Burgis] - -_Plate 25_ - -[Illustration: DIAMOND-PANE, LEADED GLASS, DOUBLE SASH - -Period of 1675-1700; in museum of the Society for the Preservation -of New England Antiquities, Boston] - -[Illustration: CROWN GLASS WINDOW SASH - -Period of 1725-1750; in museum of the Society for the Preservation -of New England Antiquities, Boston] - -_Plate 26_ - -[Illustration: FRAMING DETAILS OF THE MOULTHROP HOUSE, EAST HAVEN, -CONN. - -Built before 1700. Showing methods of construction to be found -everywhere in New England - -Drawing by J. Frederick Kelley] - -_Plate 27_ - -[Illustration: WOODEN LATCH OF ABOUT 1710 - -Found in the French-Andrews House, Topsfield] - -[Illustration: KNOCKER, LATCH AND BOLT ON THE DOOR OF THE "OLD -INDIAN HOUSE" - -Built in 1698 at Deerfield, Mass.] - -_Plate 28_ - -[Illustration: TYPES OF WROUGHT-IRON DOOR LATCHES - - FIG. A FIG. B FIG. C - -_Figure_ A. An inner door, wrought-iron latch that may have been -made by a local blacksmith. Outer door latches were of similar type -but larger. The lifts were made straight until about 1800 and the -thumb-press was not saucered until about the same time. There is -great individuality in the ornamentation, varying with the fancy of -the smith. - -_Figure_ B. This latch was imported from England. It was cheap -and in common use between 1750 and 1820. The cusp, resembling the -outline of a lima bean, and the grasp, thumb piece and lift are -always flat. - -_Figure_ C. The Norfolk latch appeared about 1800 and until about -1810 was made with a straight lift. The grasp is riveted to the -plate of sheet iron as is the end of the bar and after about 1825, -the catch. This latch was commonly used in the 1830's. After 1840 -the cast-iron latch was generally adopted.] - -_Plate 29_ - -[Illustration: JOHN WARD HOUSE, SALEM, MASS. - -The Parlor] - -[Illustration: JOHN WARD HOUSE, SALEM, MASS. - -Corner of the kitchen showing dresser with its "dress of pewter," -wash bench, meal chest, wooden ware, etc.] - -_Plate 30_ - -[Illustration: PARLOR IN PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, TOPSFIELD, MASS. - -Built 1683] - -[Illustration: DRESSER IN THE KITCHEN OF THE PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, -TOPSFIELD, MASS.] - -_Plate 31_ - -[Illustration: THE DASH CHURN - -From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman] - -_Plate 32_ - -[Illustration: AMERICAN COURT CUPBOARD. ABOUT 1660 - -Owned by Gregory Stone of Watertown and Cambridge Courtesy Concord -Antiquarian Society] - -_Plate 33_ - -[Illustration: RECESSED COURT CUPBOARD OF AMERICAN OAK About 1680. -From the Dwight M. Prouty collection] - -_Plate 34_ - -[Illustration: A SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY OAKEN CHEST ON FRAME - -Probably made about 1651-1655 for Samuel and Hannah Appleton of -Ipswich, Mass.] - -_Plate 35_ - -[Illustration: CANE-BACK ARM CHAIR, 1680-1690 - -From the family of Hon. Peter Bulkley - -Courtesy Concord Antiquarian Society] - -_Plate 36_ - -[Illustration: BANISTER-BACK CHAIR, ABOUT 1720 - -Courtesy Concord Antiquarian Society] - -_Plate 37_ - -[Illustration: A QUILTING BEE IN THE OLDEN TIME - -From a drawing by H. W. Pierce] - -_Plate 38_ - -[Illustration: COUNTERPANE MADE FROM A BLANKET SHEET - -Embroidered in blue, greenish blue, red and yellow] - -_Plate 39_ - -[Illustration: QUILTED COUNTERPANE MADE IN BEVERLY, MASS., BEFORE -THE REVOLUTION] - -_Plate 40_ - -[Illustration: COUNTERPANE WITH PATTERN WORKED IN INDIGO BLUE ON A -HOMESPUN LINEN SHEET] - -_Plate 41_ - -[Illustration: JOHN WINTHROP THE YOUNGER - -1606-1676 - -Founder of Ipswich and Governor of Connecticut - -From the original portrait in possession of Mrs. Robert Winthrop] - -_Plate 42_ - -[Illustration: REV. RICHARD MATHER - -1596-1669 - -From a wood engraving by John Foster made in 1669] - -_Plate 43_ - -[Illustration: DOCTOR JOHN CLARKE - -1601-1664 - -Practiced in Newbury, Ipswich and Boston - -Courtesy of Massachusetts Historical Society] - -_Plate 44_ - -[Illustration: MRS. ELIZABETH (PADDY) WENSLEY - -Painted in Boston about 1670-1675 - -Courtesy of the Pilgrim Society, Plymouth] - -_Plate 45_ - -[Illustration: MRS. ELIZABETH (CLARKE) FREAKE AND DAUGHTER MARY - -Painted in Boston in 1674 - -Courtesy of Mrs. William B. Scofield] - -_Plate 46_ - -[Illustration: MARGARET GIBBS - -Daughter of Robert and Elizabeth (Sheaffe) Gibbs of Boston - -Dated 1670. Courtesy of Mrs. Alexander Quarrier Smith] - -_Plate 47_ - -[Illustration: ALICE MASON - -Painted in 1670, aged two years - -Daughter of Arthur and Joanna (Parker) Mason of Boston - -Courtesy of the Adams Memorial] - -_Plate 48_ - -[Illustration: DAVID, JOANNA AND ABIGAIL MASON - -Children of Arthur and Joanna (Parker) Mason of Boston - -Painted in 1670. Courtesy of Mr. Paul M. Hamlen] - -_Plate 49_ - -[Illustration: CAPTAIN THOMAS SMITH - -A self portrait - -May have painted the portraits of Major Savage and Capt. George -Corwin - -Courtesy of the American Antiquarian Society] - -_Plate 50_ - -[Illustration: MAJOR THOMAS SAVAGE - -1640-1705 - -Born and died in Boston - -Courtesy of Mr. Henry L. Shattuck] - -_Plate 51_ - -[Illustration: EDWARD RAWSON - -1615-1693 - -Secretary of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. From the painting by an -unknown artist, now owned by the New England Historic Genealogical -Society] - -_Plate 52_ - -[Illustration: REBECCA RAWSON - -1656-1692 - -From the painting by an unknown artist, now owned by the New England -Historic Genealogical Society] - -_Plate 53_ - -[Illustration: SAMUEL SEWALL - -1652-1730 - -Chief Justice of the Superior Court in Massachusetts, 1718-1728 - -From an original painting in possession of the Massachusetts -Historical Society] - -_Plate 54_ - -[Illustration: REV. COTTON MATHER - -1663-1728 - -Pastor of the Second (North) Church, Boston, 1685-1728 - -From a mezzotint by Peter Pelham after a portrait painted in 1728] - -_Plate 55_ - -[Illustration: NATHAN FESSENDEN AND HIS SISTER CAROLINE - -From a photograph taken about 1885 in Lexington, Mass. - -Showing costume of a much earlier date] - -_Plate 56_ - -[Illustration: WELLCURB AT THE JOHN WARD HOUSE, SALEM, MASS. - -Showing wellsweep, wooden bucket and girl dressed in the costume of -the late seventeenth century] - -_Plate 57_ - -[Illustration: THE SOWER - -From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman] - -_Plate 58_ - -[Illustration: TRACING SEED CORN IN A FARMER'S BARN - -From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman] - -_Plate 59_ - -[Illustration: A FARMYARD SCENE AT DEERFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS - -From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman] - -_Plate 60_ - -[Illustration: HORSES AND A RAIL FENCE - -From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman] - -_Plate 61_ - -[Illustration: LOADING HAY ON AN OXCART - -From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman] - -_Plate 62_ - -[Illustration: GUNDALOW LOADED WITH SALT HAY - -From a photograph made by Miss Emma L. Coleman, about 1880, on -Parker River, Newbury, Mass. - -Similar craft were early used in Boston harbor and with a stump mast -and lateen sail carried cargo up the Merrimack River] - -_Plate 63_ - -[Illustration: BRUSHING UP THE HEARTH. NIMS HOUSE, DEERFIELD, -MASSACHUSETTS - -From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman] - -_Plate 64_ - -[Illustration: THE OLD HAND LOOM - -Used a hundred years ago by Mrs. Jane Morrill Cummings - -The harness and reeds are modern] - -_Plate 65_ - -[Illustration: A BACK DOOR SCENE - -From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman] - -_Plate 66_ - -[Illustration: TITLE-PAGE OF "THE DAY OF DOOM" - -From the original owned by the late John W. Farwell] - -_Plate 67_ - -[Illustration: REV. GRINDALL RAWSON - -Minister at Mendon, Mass. Born 1659, died 1715 - -Portrait cut on his gravestone] - -[Illustration: GRAVESTONE OF MRS. MARY ROUS - -CHARLESTOWN, MASS., 1715] - -_Plate 68_ - -[Illustration: GRAVESTONE OF WILLIAM DICKSON, CAMBRIDGE, MASS., 1692] - -[Illustration: GRAVESTONE OF CAPT. JOHN CARTER, WOBURN, MASS., 1692] - -_Plate 69_ - -[Illustration: FIRE BACK CAST AT THE SAUGUS IRON WORKS IN 1660 FOR -THE PICKERING HOUSE, SALEM - -The letters I A P stand for John Pickering and Alice his wife] - -_Plate 70_ - -[Illustration: PRICE SHEET OF JOSEPH PALMER & CO., CHANDLERS - -Engraved by Nathaniel Hurd] - -_Plate 71_ - -[Illustration: WEIGHTS AND VALUES OF COINS - -A table engraved by Nathaniel Hurd of Boston - -Original engravings are owned by the American Antiquarian Society, -Worcester, and the Pocumtuck Valley Museum, Deerfield] - -_Plate 72_ - -[Illustration: SHINGLE HORSE ON WHICH WERE SHAVED SHINGLES, -CLAPBOARDS AND BARREL STAVES - -From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman] - -_Plate 73_ - -[Illustration: AN OLD BASKET MAKER - -Dried apples hang on strings against the wall] - -_Plate 74_ - -[Illustration: CHARCOAL BURNERS PREPARING A KILN - -From a photograph made in 1884 by Miss Emma L. Coleman] - -_Plate 75_ - -[Illustration: SPINNING WITH THE WOOL WHEEL - -Photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman] - -_Plate 76_ - -[Illustration: AN OLD-TIME NEW ENGLAND LOOM - -Now in the museum of the Society for the Preservation of New England -Antiquities] - -_Plate 77_ - -[Illustration: PROSPECT OF THE HARBOR AND TOWN OF BOSTON IN 1723 - -From an engraving (central part only) after a drawing by William -Burgis] - -_Plate 78_ - -[Illustration: A VIEW OF CASTLE WILLIAM, BOSTON, ABOUT 1729 - -Showing a ship of war of the period, probably after a drawing by -William Burgis] - -_Plate 79_ - -[Illustration: VIEW OF BOSTON LIGHT IN 1729 AND AN ARMED SLOOP - -From the only known example of a mezzotint engraved in 1729 after a -drawing by William Burgis] - -_Plate 80_ - -[Illustration: SHIP "BETHEL" OF BOSTON - -_Owned by Josiah Quincy and Edward Jackson_ - -From an oil painting made about 1748, showing the vessel in two -positions - -The earliest known painting of a New England ship. Now owned by the -Massachusetts Historical Society] - -_Plate 81_ - -[Illustration: NEW ENGLAND SHILLING - -Minted in 1650-1652. Obverse and reverse. From a coin in the cabinet -of the Massachusetts Historical Society] - -[Illustration: PINE TREE SHILLING - -Minted in 1652. Obverse and reverse. From a coin in the cabinet of -the Massachusetts Historical Society] - -[Illustration: - - WILLOW TREE SHILLING OAK TREE SHILLING - -Minted in 1662 and soon after. From coins in the cabinet of the -Massachusetts Historical Society] - -_Plate 82_ - -[Illustration: MASSACHUSETTS PAPER MONEY OF 1690 - -The first paper money issued by any colony - -From an original in the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical -Society] - -_Plate 83_ - -[Illustration: MASSACHUSETTS PAPER MONEY PRINTED ON PARCHMENT IN 1722 - -From originals in the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical -Society] - -_Plate 84_ - -[Illustration: A MASSACHUSETTS MANUFACTORY BILL OF 1740 - -From an original in the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical -Society] - -_Plate 85_ - -[Illustration: MASSACHUSETTS PAPER MONEY OF 1744 - -From an original in the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical -Society] - -_Plate 86_ - -[Illustration: AN EARLY EXECUTION BY HANGING - -The cart which brought to the gallows the condemned man and his -coffin is in the foreground, and behind it, on horseback, is the -sheriff] - -_Plate 87_ - -[Illustration: SETH HUDSON'S SPEECH FROM THE PILLORY - -Caricature engraved by Nathaniel Hurd] - -_Plate 88_ - -[Illustration: Paper givng condemnation of Quelch and others] - -_Plate 89_ - -[Illustration: ad page] - -_Plate 90_ - - - - -APPENDIX A - -BUILDING AGREEMENTS IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY MASSACHUSETTS - - -Few seventeenth-century agreements to erect buildings in -Massachusetts have been preserved. The following, with two -exceptions, have been gleaned from court records where originally -they were submitted as evidence in suits at law. They are of the -greatest interest in connection with present day restoration work -as they preserve detailed information of indisputable authority -in relation to early building construction in the Bay Colony. The -gable window, the second story jet, the stool window and casement -sash, the catted chimney and the treatment of the inner and outer -walls of the house have much curious interest at the present time. -These architectural features long since fell into disuse and only -here and there has a fragment survived. Two centuries ago the towns -in New England must have presented an appearance most picturesque -to our twentieth-century eyes. The dwellings seem to have been -studies in projecting angles, strangely embellished with pinnacles, -pendants and carved work. The unpainted and time-stained walls, the -small windows and elaborate chimney tops, the narrow and curiously -fenced ways, winding among the irregularly placed buildings, -all contributed to the quaintness of the picture. The following -agreements between builder and owner should help to solve some of -the debated problems of this bygone construction that now confront -those interested in the preservation and restoration of our early -New England dwellings. - - -CONTRACT TO BUILD THE FIRST MEETINGHOUSE IN MALDEN, NOVEMBER 11, 1658 - -Articles of agreement made and concluded ye 11th day of ye ninth -mo., 1658, betweene Job Lane of Malden, on the one partie, -carpenter, and William Brakenbury, Lieut. John Wayte, Ensigne J. -Sprague, and Thomas Green, Senior, Selectmen of Malden, on the -behalf of the towne on the other partie, as followeth: - -Imprimis: The said Job Lane doth hereby covenant, promiss and agree -to build, erect and finish upp a good strong, Artificial meeting -House, of Thirty-three foot Square, sixteen foot stud between -joints, with dores, windows, pullpitt, seats, and all other things -whatsoever in all respects belonging thereto as hereafter is -expressed. - -1. That all the sills, girts, mayne posts, plates, Beames and all -other principal Timbers shall be of good and sound white or Black -oake. - -2. That all the walls be made upp on the outside with good -clapboards, well dressed, lapped and nayled. And the Inside to be -lathed all over and well struck with clay, and uppon it with lime -and hard up to the wall plate, and also the beame fellings as need -shalbe. - -3. The roofe to be covered with boards and short shinglings with a -territt on the topp about six foot squar, to hang the bell in with -rayles about it: the floor to be made tite with planks. - -4. The bell to be fitted upp in all respects and Hanged therein fitt -for use. - -5. Thre dores in such places as the sayd Selectmen shal direct, viz: -east, west and south. - -6. Six windows below the girt on thre sids, namely: east, west and -south; to contayne sixteen foot of glass in a window, with Leaves, -and two windows on the south side above the girt on each side of the -deske, to contayne six foot of glass A piece, and two windows under -each plate on the east, west and north sides fitt [to] conteine -eight foote of glass a peece. - -7. The pullpitt and cover to be of wainscott to conteyne ffive or -six persons. - -8. The deacon's seat allso of wainscott with door, and a table -joyned to it to fall downe, for the Lord's Supper. - -9. The ffloor to be of strong Boards throughout and well nayled. - -10. The House to be fitted with seats throughout, made with good -planks, with rayles on the topps, boards at the Backs, and timbers -at the ends. - -11. The underpining to be of stone or brick, and pointed with lyme -on the outside. - -12. The Allyes to be one from the deacon's seat, through the middle -of the house to the north end, and another cross the house ffrom -east to west sides, and one before the deacon's seat; as is drawne -on the back side of this paper. - -13. And the said Job to provide all boards, Timber, nayles, Iron -work, glass, shingles, lime, hayre, laths, clapboards, bolts, -locks and all other things whatsoever needful and belonging to the -finyshing of the said house and to rayse and finish it up in all -respects before the twentie of September next ensuing, they allowing -help to rayse it. - -And the sd Selectmen for themselves on behalfe of the town in -Consideracon of the said meeting house so finished, doe hereby -covenant, promise and agre to pay unto the sd Job Lane or his -Assigns the sume of one hundred and ffiffty pounds in corne, -cordwood and provisions, sound and merchantable att price currant -and fatt catle, on valuacon by Indifferent men unless themselves -agree the prices. - -In manner following, that is to say, ffifftie pound befor ye first -of ye second mo. next ensuing, And ffifftie pounds befor the first -of ye last mo. which shall be in the year sixteen hundred 59, and -other ffifftie pounds before the first of ye second mo. which shall -be in the year one thousand six hundred and sixtie. And it is -further Agreed that when the sd. house is finished in case the sd. -Job shall find and judgeth to be woth ten pounds more, that it shall -be referred to Indifferent workmen to determine unless the sayd -Selectmen shall se just cause to pay the sd. ten pounds without such -valuacon. - -In witness whereof the partys to these presents have Interchangeably -put their hands the day and year above written. - - WILLIAM BRACKENBURY, - JOHN SPRAGUE, - JOH. WAYTE. - - Witness, - JOSEPH HILLS, - GERSHOM HILLS. - -NOTE. This contract for building the first meetinghouse in Malden is -copied from the _Bi-Centennial Book of Malden_, 1850, pages 123-125. -The original document then in existence has since disappeared. The -contract provides for the construction of a building of the type -almost universal in New England at that time, of which an example -still exists at Hingham--the "Ship Meeting House," so-called. The -square meetinghouse with hip roof surmounted by a "territ," and at -a somewhat later date supplied with "lucomb" (dormer) windows in -the roof, was the type of public building in the Massachusetts Bay -Colony that prevailed well into the eighteenth century, especially -in the country towns. The "territ" or belfry seems to have been -common, but only the larger towns were supplied with a bell. The -bell was rung from the central aisle, the bell rope coming down in -the center of the auditorium. - -In the Malden meetinghouse, the "territ" was built as provided in -the contract, but for some now unknown reason the bell was not -hung in it but placed in a framework erected nearby, below a large -rock which thereby obtained its name--"Bell Rock," a name that has -continued until the present time. - -Malden was able to afford the luxury of plastered walls surfaced -with lime, but the ceiling showed the joists and boarding. In -shingling the roof a distinction was made between long and short -shingles. The lower windows were made up with "leaves," _i.e._, -they were double casements, and each opening contained sixteen -feet of glass, thereby indicating sash about twenty-eight by forty -inches in size. The single casement windows placed high, just -under the coving, also were about the same size and undoubtedly -were fixed sash, _i.e._, were not hinged. Two smaller windows on -the south side, placed just above the girth, supplied additional -light on either side of the pulpit. The deacons' seat at that time -was located in front of the pulpit and faced the congregation. The -possible use of brick for the underpinning is a surprising feature, -especially in a country town. In fact, the use of underpinning at -that time seems to have been uncommon. - - -CONTRACT TO BUILD A MINISTER'S HOUSE AT MARLBOROUGH, MASS., IN 1661 - -This indenture made the fifth day of Aprill one thousand six hundred -and sixty one and between obadias Ward, Christopher Banyster and -Richard Barnes of the Towne of Marlborough on ye one party; And the -Inhabitants and all the Proprietors of the same Towne on ye other -party Witnesseth That ye said obadias Waed, Christopher Banyster and -Rich'd Barnes hath covenanted, promised and bargained to build a -fframe for the minister's house, every way like to ye fframe yt Jno -Ruddock hath built for himselfe in ye afores'd Town of Marlborough, -the house or fframe is to bee a Girt house thirty-seven foote Long, -eighteen foote wide and twelve foote (between Joynts) and a halfe, -the studs standing at such distance that A foure foote and a halfe -Claboard may reach three studs; and two ffloores of juice [_sic_] -and foure windows on the foreside and two windows at the west end -and two Gables on the foreside of ten foote wide; and eight foote -Sparr, with two small windows on the foreside of the Gables and they -are to ffell all the tinber and bring it in place and do all yt -belongs to the fframe only the Towne is to helpe raise the affores'd -fframe and all this worke is to bee done and ye fframe raised within -a ffortnight after Michll tyde; And this being done the Town of -Marlborough doth promise and engage to pay unto them the sd obadias -Ward, Christopher Banyster and Rich'rd Barnes the sume of ffifteene -Pounds in Corne within fourteen daies after the house is raised the -one halfe of it and the other halfe some time in March; the whole -paye is to be one third in Wheat and one third in Rie and the other -third in Indian Corn, the halfe in Wheat and Rie to be paid fourteen -daies after the house is up in Wheat and Rie and the other halfe in -Rie and Indian some time in March; wheat at four shillings and sixe -pence a bushell and is to be pd at Sudbury betweene Petter King's -and Serient Woods house in the streete.--_Marlborough, Mass., Town -Records._ - - -CONTRACT FOR THE FRAME OF A BOSTON HOUSE, AUGUST 20, 1679 - -Articles of Agreement indented made and Concluded the twentieth day -of August Ano Domi One thousand six hundred Seventy and nine. And -in the thirty first yeare of the Reigne of King Charles the Second -over &c Betweene Robert Taft of Brantery, in New England housewright -on the one part and John Bateman of Boston in New England aforesd -shopkeeper on the other part are as followeth-- - -[Illustration: HOUSE BUILT FOR JOHN BATEMAN, IN 1679, AT WHAT IS -NOW THE CORNER OF NORTH AND BLACKSTONE STREETS, BOSTON - -From a drawing by Lawrence Park] - -Imps The sd Robert Taft for himselfe heires Execrs and Admrs doth -hereby covenant promiss and grant to and with the sd John Bateman -his Execr and assignees in manner and forme following (that is to -Say) that the sd Robert Taft his Execror assignees shal and will -erect set up and finish for the sd John Bateman his Execrs or -Assignes the frame of a new Tenemt or dwelling house to contain -thirty foot in length and twenty Seven foot or thereabout in breadth -according to the dimentions of the Cellar frame of the sd house two -Storey high besides the garrett and each roome seven foote high -betweene the Sumer and floare and to make the sd house to jet at -the first storey in the front Eighteen inches and to make and place -frame for the Cellar according to the present dimentions thereof -and place the same and to build three floares of Sumers and joise -and to make and place in the front of the sd house two gable ends -to range even with the Roof of the sd house and also two gable ends -on the backside to range as aforesd and to make and place in the -front of ye Second Storey two large casement windows and two windows -in the garett and in the end next the Mill Creeke three windows -Vizt one large Casement window in the low[er] Roome and one large -Casement window in the Second Storey and one window in the garrett -and on the backside one large Casement window in the low[er] Roome -two large Casement windows in the second Storey and two windows in -the garrett and to make & send to Boston the frame of the Cellar -within Six weeks next after the date hereof and to rayse the same -in place within one week then next following (provided the cills of -the sd Cellar be cleare) and to finish the frame of the sd house -on or before the first day of march next and rayse the same with -all possible Speed after it is brought to Boston. In Consideration -whereof the sd John Bateman for himself his 3 heires execr and Admrs -doth hereby covenant promis and grant to and with the sd Robert Taft -his Execr and assignes to pay for the transportation of the frame -of the sd cellar and house from Brantery the place where it is to -be framed to Boston and also to pay or cause to bee paid unto the -sd Robert Taft his Execr Admrs or Assignes the full and just sum of -thirty pounds Vizt one halfe part thereof in lawfull money of New -England and the other halfe part thereof in English goods at money -price and to pay the same in manner and forme following (that is to -Say) five pounds in money and five pounds in goods at the time of -Ensealing hereof and five pounds in money and five pounds in goods -when the frame of the Cellar is laid down and the floare of the -cellar is laid and five pounds in money and five pounds in goods -when the whole worke is compleated and in every respect finished in -matter and forme aforesd. And for the true performance hereof the sd -partys binde themselves their heires Execr and Admrs each unto the -other his Execr and Assignes in the penall Sume of fifty pounds of -lawfull money of New England well and truly to be paid by virtue of -these presents. In witness whereof the partys above-named to these -present Articles interchangeably have Set their hands and Seals the -day and yeare first above written. - - JOHN BATEMAN. [Seal] - - Signed Sealed & Delivd in presence of - John Hayward scr - Eliezer Moody Servt - - Owned in Court p Bateman 27 April 1680 p Is Addington Cler - Vera Copia Attestd Is Addington Cler - - --_Suffolk County Judicial Court Files, No. 1916._ - -NOTE. This contract provides for the frame of a house and not for -a complete building. But it is of unusual interest for it supplies -proof of the existence in Boston of a house having two gables on -each side of the roof, _i.e._, six gables on a rectangular building -twenty-seven by thirty feet in size. - -Robert Taft, of Braintree, an ancestor of ex-President Taft, -delivered the frame, but before he had completed the work Bateman -entered into possession and set his carpenters at work to finish -the building. Taft brought suit to recover payment for the frame and -the Court gave a verdict in his favor, from which Bateman appealed. -From the testimony it appears that on the ground floor there were -two rooms, one of which was eleven by twenty-four feet, and a space -nine by eight feet had been left in which to build the chimney. The -"articles of agreement" required that Taft provide for fourteen -windows but he put up "six more than my Couanant was." Bateman, on -the other hand, claimed that the frame was "the weakest slenderest -and most dozed timber that hath been Seen ... most of the timber -Wany & on many of the Sumers the Bark left on to make it square and -wch Indeed was the Occasion of all this Trouble." - -This house was built for a "shop keeper" and probably the long front -room on the ground floor was to be used for a shop. It was located -at what is now the southeasterly corner of North and Blackstone -streets, the canal to the mill pond being on the northerly end of -the house and the harbor behind it. - - -CONTRACT TO BUILD THE FIRST KING'S CHAPEL, BOSTON JULY 21, 1688 - -Memorandum it is agreed by and between John Holebrook of Weymouth -in the county of Suffolk, housewright, Stephen French of the same -place, housewright--and Jacob Nash of the same place housewright of -the one part and Anthony Hayward Esq of the other part as followeth -(that is to say) Imprimis the said John Holebrooke, Stephen French & -Jacob Nash doe Covenant pmise and agree to and with the said Anthony -Heywood his heires Admrs and Assins and Also in the consideracion -herein after mencioned that they the said John Holebrooke Stephen -French and Jacob Nash or some or one of them shall & will by or -before the last day of November now next ensueing Erect sett up and -build on such spott of Ground as the sd Anthony Heywood shall for -that end assigne of good sound timber well & workmanlike wrought one -frame of building of the Dimensions following (that is to say) in -length fifty four feet in breadth thirty six feet studd twenty feet -with five windows in the front five windows in the rear and two -windows at each end of such dimensions as are sett downe in a platt -of the same made by Mr. P. Wells Surveyor and the same frame shall -clapboard fill with brick & seale with lime and hair & white washing -and the roofe thereof with board & shingles make tight & stanch and -shall & will on the west end of the sd frame Erect, build & sett up -One Belfry of ten feet square twenty feet above ye roofe of the sd -frame and of sufficient strength for a bell of five hundred weight -and the said entire frame shall finish & complete with Masons and -smiths worke and sufficiently glaze all the sd windows with good -square glasse & iron casemts and the same building see completed and -finished as above is Covenanted & locked with sufficient locks to -the doors thereof shall deliver with the keys thereof in to the sd -Anthony Haywood In Consideracion whereof the said Anthony Haywood -doth cove't pmise & agree to pay or Cause to be paid unto the said -John Holebrooke Stephen French Jacob Nash the sume of two hundred & -Sixty pounds (that is to say) One hundred & thirty pounds thereof in -Goods & merchandize at the price for which same shall be then sold -for money Sixty five pounds in money & sixty five pounds in goods -perform'd as the said frame shall be raised and remaining Sixty five -pounds in money & sixty five pounds in Goods when the sd building -shall be finished as above is Covenanted. In witness whereof all the -sd partyes have hereunto to sett their hands and seales and Consent -that the same shall remaine in the hands ye sd Anthony Haywood this -one & twentieth day of June Anno Dme 1688. - - JOHN HOLEBROOK - STEPH FRENCH - JACOB NASH - ANTHONY HAYWOOD - - Sealed & delivered in the presence of - - Benja Bullivant - Will White - Thaddeus Mackarty - - --_Suffolk County Judicial Court Files, No. 2598._ - -NOTE. The foundations for the first Episcopal Chapel in America -were laid in Boston in October, 1688, following a long controversy -between the local authorities and the representatives of the King -and their followers. Little has been known as to the details of -the construction of this building. Judge Sewell records in his -Diary, under date of Oct. 16, 1688, "The ground-sills of ye Chh -are laid ye stone-foundation being finished." The records of the -Church preserve no information and any contemporaneous documents -seem to have disappeared with the exception of this contract for -the construction of the building which is now printed for the first -time. The exact size of the building heretofore has not been known. -Rev. Henry Wilder Foote in his _Annals of King's Chapel_, Boston, -1882, supplies no information although he states that the Chapel was -built at a cost of £284.16.0, an amount that probably represents -the total cost including furnishings. In the _Annual Report of the -Boston Cemetery Commissioners_ for 1902-3, an attempt is made to -show by a plan, partly based upon grants of land by the town, the -several enlargements of the Chapel made at various times. Here, -the size of the first building is shown to have been forty-six by -sixty-four feet, proportions quite at variance with the correct -size--thirty-six by fifty-four feet, as shown in the contract here -printed. - -The windows, probably of generous proportions for the time, were -to be supplied with iron casements filled with "square glasse." -Iron casement sash probably were rare in Massachusetts at that -time. One is mentioned in the inventory of the estate of Edward -Wharton, of Salem, in 1678, valued at six shillings. Square glass -is most unusual. It probably was cut to size at special order as -diamond-shaped glass was in common use. In January, 1752, and -probably much later, "Diamond Glass, and 6 by 4" were still sold in -the shops in Boston. These glass windows were a source of constant -expense to the church wardens because of the popular dislike of the -townspeople and the antagonism of the Puritan small boy. The first -service was held in the Chapel, June 30, 1689. Four moths later -the church records show a payment of £5.10.0. "for mending church -windows." On November 5, 1691, was taken "A Colecktion for mendin ye -church winders" and a few days later £7.0.0. was paid out for the -work. The next March, six shillings was paid for "24 Squ: glas." - -[Illustration: OLD THREE-LIGHT CASEMENT WINDOW FRAME IN GABLE, _ca._ -1690 From Isham, _Early American Houses_, 1928. Courtesy of the -Walpole Society] - - - - -APPENDIX B - -REV. SAMUEL SKELTON'S ACCOMPTE (1629-1630) - - -Rev. Samuel Skelton, the rector at Sempringham, England, came over -under appointment of the Massachusetts Bay Company to minister to -the spiritual needs of the little colony at Naumkeag, afterwards -named Salem. He sailed in the ship _George_ arriving in the summer -of 1629. During the voyage and until the end of the following year -the minister and his family were furnished with the following -supplies from the Massachusetts Bay Company storehouse. - - Coppie of An Accompte of monies Mr. Skelton is Creditor viz.[95] - - [95] _Suffolk County Court Files_, Vol. I. - - li. s. d. - Ano. 1629 Imprimis p. so much wch. should haue bene} - paid him in England towards fitting him } 20-00-00 - for ye voyadg. } - Item for Charges att Tillbury, Cowes, - & Plimoth, being wind bound 02-10-00 - Item p. Twenty li. p. Annum for 3 years - is ye some of 60-00-00 - Item for on bushell of wheat flower 00-15-00 - Ite. for one bushell of oatmeale 00-10-00 - Ite. for one holland & 2 ordenary Cheess 00-10-00 - Ite. for xx li. of powder sugar att 01-03-09 - Ite. for one Loafe Cont 7li. att 1s. 6d. 00-10-06 - Ite. for one sugar Loafe Cont 5li. att - 1s. 7d. p. li. 00-07-11 - Ite. 6li. of pepper 00-12-00 - Ite. Nutmeggs 4 oz. 00-01-08 - Ite. one oz. of Clovs, & one oz. of mace 00-02-00 - Ite. iij li. of starch 00-01-03 - Ite. xij li. of Rice 00-06-00 - Ite. vj li. of Vntryed suett 00-03-00 - Ite. one gall. of aquavite 00-03-08 - Ite. for one flitch of Bacon 00-14-00 - Ite. Castle soape ix li. att 8d. p. li. 00-06-00 - Ite. frute viz Rasons Corrants & pruens 00-14-00 - Ite. Safron ij oz. 00-05-00 - Ite. five qu. of stronge water 00-08-00 - Ite. Almonds ij li. at 1s. 2d. 00-02-04 - Ite. xv li. of tryed suett at 8d. p. li. 00-10-00 - Ite. one gall. of Sallert oyle 00-06-00 - Ite. vj li. of Candles 00-03-00 - Ite. v geese & ix ducks 00-08-00 - Ano. 1630 Ite. xij li. of Butter att 00-08-00 - Ite. vj potts of Butter Cont. vij li. p. pott 01-08-00 - Ite. ij Cheeses about x li. a pc. 00-11-08 - Ite. half a firkin of butter of Mr. Gibbs 00-17-06 - Ite. one Third prt. of a barrell of - wt. biskett 00-10-00 - Ite. one pott of honey vij li. wat. att 00-07-10 - Ite. one pott of butter att 00-03-00 - Ite. x li. of Corrants att 00-05-00 - Ite. [ ] Bacon 00-10-00 - Ite. one doz. of Candles 00-08-00 - Ite. ij Cheeses att vj d. p. li. 00-11-03 - Ite. iij Cheeses att vij p. li. 00-17-09 - Ite. one porkett 01-05-00 - Ite. xij li. of tryed suett 00-08-00 - Ite. vj. gees & xij ducks 00-14-00 - Ite. vj. po: of powder suger about 20d. 00-10-00 - Ite. v po: of powder suger 18d. 00-07-06 - Ite. x li. of Loaf suger 01-00-00 - Ite. Cloves & mace 00-01-00 - Ite. ij oz. of Nutmeggs j s. & Sinamo. 16d. 00-02-04 - Ite. workmens wadges for Cutting & bringing - home wood against winter about 03-00-00 - --------- - Suma to lis. 105-18-11 - - Mr. Skeltons account wth. the Companie - Mr. Skelton is D. pr. viz. - - li. s. d. - [Per] 14 yards of Dutch serge Reed. att 02-05-09 - It. 17 yards of ffustian att 01-07-00 - It. 11 yards of wt. English ieans 00-13-09 - It. 12 yards of Red p. petuana 01-16-00 - It. 12 yards of Greene say 01-13-00 - It. 12 yards of yellow say 01-13-00 - It. 12 elns of lin [torn] men 00-14-00 - It. 14 elns Nouess [torn] llain 01-17-04 - It. 20 elns o[f loc] krum 01-05-10 - It. 20 elns stript [linsey] woolsye 01-09-04 - It. [ ] yards [torn] buckrum 00-05-03 - It. one peece of Noridg serg 00-15-00 - It. 20 elns of Lockerum 01-05-10 - It. 15 yards of wt. fflannell 00-15-00 - It. 20 elns of Course Canvas 01-04 [torn] - It. one pound of whalbone 0[torn] - --------- - 20-11-00 - Item [per] so much pd. [per] Mr. Renell - prt. of Mr. Pearce his bill, the some of 08-00-00 - Item [per] 9 li. of Iron att 3d. is 00-02-03 - It. [per] one syth 00-03-00 - It. [per] one fishing line 00-03-00 - It. [per] 30 pound ocum 00-07-06 - It. [per] 2000 Nails 6d. p. C. 00-10-00 - It. [per] 600 Nails 10d. p. C. 00-05-05 - It. [per] 1 Reame of paper 00-10-00 - Item. borrowed of Cp. Endicot of ye Comp. 7 - yrds. of bays att 2s. 6d. [per] yd. is 00-17-06 - halfe a elne of ffustian att 00-00-10 - It. 2 yards & half of yellow Carsey 3s. 4d. 00-08-04 - - Suma Totalis St. 031-19-05 - Ite. 2 gall. of Metheglen 00-08-00 - It. one Lether Jack 00-01-06 - It. two Tubbs } - It. one wooden hand boule } 00-03-06 - Ite. vinegar } - It. 3 peuter botles quarts } - It. one pinte peuter botle 00-00-10 - Ite. one hatt 00-10-00 - --------- - 33-03-03 - rec. of Mr. Winthrop Governr. - Ite. 3 yrds. of Cambrick - 6 yrds. & a h: of Loomeworke - 2 Drinking hornes - 8 pr. of shoes for men - 6 pr. of gray stockings for men - 6 pr. of stockings for women - 6 pr. of stockings for children - 10 yrds. of Carsey - Thred - 2000 of pinnes - 6 Alls - one webb of blew gartering - 2 knots of Tape - - - - -APPENDIX C - -AN ABSTRACT OF THE INVENTORY OF CONTENTS OF THE SHOP OF CAPT. JOSEPH -WELD OF ROXBURY, MADE FEBRUARY 4, 1646-7 - - - 48 yds. greene cotton at 22d. - 85 yds. red cotton at 2/1. - 1-3/4 yds. kersey at 5s. - 11 yds. do at 3/2. - 52 yds. yellow cotton at 22d. - 8 yds. white cotton at 20d. - 21 yds. red cloth at 7/9. - 39 yds. broad cloth at 8/8. - 21 yds. broad cloth at 9/7. - 8 yds. do do at 15/4. - 42 yds. greene tamie at 2/1. - 5 yds. red do at 2/1. - 3 yds. flannel at 2/2. - 12 yds. scarlet broad cloth at 16/6. - 41 yds. course at 3/2-1/2. - 24 yds. frize at 4/7. - 31 yds. penniston at 2/7. - 38 yds. do at 2/11. - 44 yds. grey Kersey at 5/6. - 66 yds. fustian at 1s. - 15 yds. Holland at 5/9. - 7 yds. do at 4/1-1/2. - 7 yds. Slezie lawne at 4/. - 8 yds. blue linen at 1/4. - 29 yds. lane at 6/9. - 3 pr. bodies at 3/2. - 11 belts @ 3/2. - 15 do @ 3/. - 23 bandeliers at 2/. - 14 pr. Stockings at 1/6. - 41 pr. do at 1/3. - 15 pr. Jecs at 2/9. - 10 doz. points at 2/. - 61 combs at 3-1/2d. - 14 doz. thimbles at 1/9. - 18 pr. pads at 6d. - 1 spectacle case 1/. - 26 gro. thread buttons at 9d. - 29 primers at 2d. - 8 lb. thread at 12/3. - 10 pces. tape at 1/1. - 5 gro. buttons at 2/. - 5 gro. do at 1/. - 6 doz. great buttons at 1/2. - 17 silk buttons at 2/. - 14 yds. lace at 2d. - 64 yds. lace at 3-1/2d. - 3 pces. binding at 1/2. - 80 yds. ribboning at 2-1/2d. - 21 doz. tape at 1/. - 43 lb. ginger at 1/. - 6 pr. slippers at 2/. - 20 1b. whalebone at 10-3/4d. - 17 1b. pepper at 2/1. - 2 1b. worm seed at 8/. - 5 1b. cinnamon at 8/4. - 7 hat bands at 4d. - 2 1b. nutmegs at 1/9. - 1/2 lb. blue starch at 1/8. - Cloves, 10d. - 3 yds. buckram at 1/2. - Pack needles and tainter hooks, 15/. - 40 lb. sugar at 10d. - 3 lb. powder at 2/2. - 26 lb. raisins at 4d. - A barrell of fruit, £5.11.3. - 4 lb. starch at 4d. - 1 counter, £1. - 4 pr. scales, 8s. - 48 lb. Lead weights, 9s. - 1 file of brass weights, 5s. - 12 lb. yarn, £1.13.0. - A net 24 yards [no value]. - 2 sconces, a melting ladle, a hitchell, 8/. - - --_Suffolk County Probate Records_, Vol. II, p. 52 - -Robert Turner of Boston, shoemaker, died in 1651. In his shop were -children's shoes at 9d. per pair, No. 7 shoes were valued at 3s., -No. 10 at 4s., No. 11 at 4/4, No. 12 at 4/8, No. 13 at 4/10. Boots -were 14s. per pair, and wooden heels were 8d. per doz. He also sold -hats. Black hats were valued from 5 to 14 shillings, each; colored -hats from 5 to 10 shillings; black castors were 14s. each, black -coarse felts, 3s. each, children's colored, 3/6, and children's -black castor with band, 4s.--_Suffolk County Probate Records_, Vol. -II. - - - - -APPENDIX D - -ABSTRACT OF AN INVENTORY OF THE GOODS OF CAPT. BOZONE ALLEN, -SHOPKEEPER, OF BOSTON, DECEASED, MADE SEPT. 22, 1652, BY EDWARD -HUTCHINSON AND JOSEPH ROCK - - - Broadcloth at 18s. per yard. - Red broadcloth at 15s. - Red ditto at 15s. - Tammy at 20d. - Grogram at 3s. - Silk mohair at 3/6. - Blue grogram or cheney at 3s. - Blue paragon at 3s. - Black satinisco (1/2 ell) 2s. - Calico at 15d. - Buckram at 14d. - Bengal tafety at 3s. - Silk grogram at 7/6. - Satinisco at 3/4. - Noridge stuff at 2/10. - Hair color satinisco at 3/3. - Colchester serge at 2/8. - Cotton cloth at 2/10. - 3 Couerlids at 15s. - Packitt Lawn at 6/6. - 4 papers Manchester at 5s. - 1 pr. stockings at 4s. - 10 pr. cotton gloves at 22d. - 5 pr. ditto at 14d. - Tapes white & colored, 11s. - 5 gr. briches clasps at 2/2. - 2 packetts pins at 2s. - Small clasps, 3/8. - Dutch thread (per lb.) at 6s. - Feathers (per doz.) at 3s. - 2 doz. Collars & belly pieces at 2/3 - Stomachers at 12d. - 7 gr. thread buttons at 7s. - 8 masks at 8d. - 7 gr. Chaine & other silk buttons at 34s. - 7-1/2 gr. flatt cassacke at 6s. - 4 gr. small coat at 6/6. - 4 gr. large cloak at 14s. - 3 gr. silver buttons at 9s. - 2 doz. gold cloake buttons at 3s. - 7 doz. Jacks at 2s. - 25 oz. Silver & silver & gold lace at 5/10. - 34 yds. silver lace at 16d. - 37 yds. silk & silver lace at 5d. - 9 doz. silk lace at 20d. - Green ribbon (per doz.) at 9s. - 22 yds. ditto at 3/4. - Silk & gold fringe (per yd.) at 15s. - 344 yds. looped lace at 18d. - Colored silk (per oz.) at 2s. - 30 yds. loom lace at 14d. - 12 yds. ditto at 2/4. - 10 yds. ditto at 22d. - 17 yds. black galloon at 2-1/2d. - Band strings (per lot) £2.0.0. - 2 pr. eastailes (_sic_) at 5d. - 1 doz. side hinges (per doz.) at 7s. - 1 doz. lamb heads (per doz.) at 7s. - 23 sm. Key rings & 10 large 4/10. - Latches (per doz.) at 8s. - 1 smoothing iron, 2/8. - 1 doz. steeles, 2/3. - 8 padlocks at 5d. - Cupboard locks (per doz.) at 12s. - 4 gimletts at 2d. - 2 handsaws at 18d. - 4 files at 6d. - 22 hour glasses (per doz.) at 7/6. - 4 bells at 13-1/2d. - 57 scales (per doz.) at 16d. - 1 doz. wire candlesticks and 5 bigger, 6/4. - 6 doz. taylor's thimbles at 8d. - 5-1/2 doz. waistband clasps at 20d. - 14 pr. snuffers at 11d. - 12 doz. neck buttons at 6/8. - Little glasses & twists & small ribbon, 1.02.06. - 8 doz. sissers at 3/4. - 13 pr. tobacco tongs (per doz.) at 3s. - 4 doz. combs at 2/6. - A parcell paper, 11.0.0. - 10 bush. pease at 4s. - Weights, scales & Counters & the graite, 3.5.0. - - --_Suffolk (Co.) Judicial Court Files, No. 1389._ - - - - -APPENDIX E - -MANUFACTURES AND OTHER PRODUCTS LISTED IN THE RATES ON IMPORTS AND -EXPORTS ESTABLISHED BY THE HOUSE OF PARLIAMENT, JUNE 24, 1660[96] - -[96] The list here printed, is in abstracted form in the order as -printed and does not include the rates imposed, deemed immaterial -for the present purpose. For complete data consult _The Statutes of -the Realm_, London, 1819, Vol. V, pp. 184-202. - - -IMPORTS OF MERCHANDISE - - Andirons or Creepers of Lattin, of Iron - Anvills - Apples, the barrell conteyning 3 bushell - Aquavitæ - Argall, white & red, or powder - Arrows for trunkes - Aule blades - Auglers for carpenters - Axes or hatchets - Babies or Puppets for children - Babyes heads of earth - Toys for children - Baggs, with locks, and with steel rings without locks - Ballances, gold Ballances, ounce Ballances - Balls. Tennis balls, Washing balls - Bands. Flanders bands of bone lace - Cut worke of Flaunders - Barbers aprons of checkes, the piece not above tenn yards - Barlings, the hundred - Baskets, hand baskets or sports - Basons of Lattin - Bast, or straw hats knotted and plain - Bast ropes - Battry Bashrones or Kettles - Bayes of Florence - Beades, of Amber, Bone, Box, Corrall, Christal, Glass & Wood, - Jasper square - Beaupers, the peece conteyning xxv yards - Bells. Hawkes bells French making, Norembrough making, Horse bells, - Doggs bells, Morrice bells, Clapper bells - Bellows - Bitts for Bridles - Blacking or Lamp black - Blankets. Paris mantles coloured, and un-coloured - Boards. Barrell bords, Clapbords, Past boords for books, Pipe bords - or pipe holt, White boords for shoemakers - Bodkins - Boratoes or Bumbazines, narrow, broad, or of Silke - Bookes, unbound, the basket or maund - Bosses for Bridles - Botanoes, per piece - Bottles, of Earth or Stone, of Glass covered with Wicker, of Glass - with vices covered with leather, of Glass uncovered, of Wood, - sucking bottles - Boultell, Raines, and the baile - Bowe staves - Boxes. Fire or Tinder Boxes - Nest Boxes - Pepper Boxes - Spice Boxes - Round Boxes or French Boxes for Marmalade or Jelly - Sand Boxes - Sope Boxes - Touch Boxes covered with leather - do covered with velvet - do of Iron or other Metall guilt - Tobacco Boxes - Braceletts or Necklaces, Red or of Glass - Brass, Laver Cockes, Pile weights, Trumpets, Lamps - Bridles - Brouches, of Lattin or Copper - Brushes. Bearde brushes - of Heath course - of Heath fine or head brushes - of Hair, called head brushes - of Heath, called rubbing brushes - of Hair, called comb brushes - of hayre, called weavers' brushes - of hair, called rubbing brushes - Brimstone - Buckrams, of Germany, fine, of the East countrey, of French making, - Carricke buckrams - Buckles, for Girdles, for Girths - Buffins, Mocadoes & Lille Grograms, narrow and broad - Bugasines or Callico Buckrams - Bugle. Great, small or seed Bugle, Lace - Bullions for purses - Bulrushes - Burr for Milstones - Buskins of Leather - Bustians - Buttons, of Brasse, Steel, Copper, or Lattin, of Crystall, of - Glass, of Thred, of silke, of fine damaske, of Bugle, for - Handkirchers, of Hair Cabinets or Countores, large and small - Caddus or Cruel Ribbon - Camaletto, half silk, half haire - Candles of Tallow - Candle plates or Wallers of Brasse or Lattin - Candlesticks, of Brasse or Lattin or of wyre - Candleweeke - Callicoes, fine or course - Canes of wood - Capers - Capravens - Capp hookes or hooke ends - Capps, double turfed or Cockered Capps - for Children - Night Caps of Sattin, Velvet - Night Caps of Silke Knitt - Night Caps of Woollen - Night Caps of Linnen - Cards. Playing Cards, Wool cards - Carpetts, of Tonny, of Scotland, of Cornix, Brunswicke Carpets, - China of Cotten, course, Gentish, Turkey or Ventice, of Persia - Carrells - Cases for looking glasses guilt - for spectacles guilt - do unguilt - for Needles or Pin cases - for Needles French guilt - Casketts, of Iron, of Steele - Caveare - Cawles of Linnen for women, of Silke - Cesternes of Lattin - Chafing dishes of Brasse, Lattin, or Iron - Chaines for Keys or Purses, for Doggs - Chairs of Walnutt tree - Chamblett, unwatered or Mohaire, watered, half silke halfe haire - Cheese - Cherries - Chesse boards - Chess-men - Chests, of Iron, large & small - of Cipresse wood, the nest of 3 - of Spruce or Danske, the nest of 3 - painted - Chimney backs, small and large - China Pease - Chizells for Joyners - Citternes - Clapboord, the small, the great & the Ring - Claricords, the payre - Clokes of Felt - Cochaneile, Silvester or Campeache - Coles of Scotland - Coffers, covered with gilt Leather - covered with Velvett - with Iron barrs, the nest of 3 - plaine, the nest - painted, the nest - Comashes out of Turkey - Combes, for wool, of bone, of box, lightwood combes, of horne for - Barbers, of Ivory, Horse Combes - Comfetts - Compasses, of Iron for Carpenters, of brasse for Ships - Copper, unwrought brickes or plates, round or square, chaines, - purles or plate - Copras, green - Cordage, tard or untard - Corke tackles, of Iron and Steele - Cork for Shoemakers - Corne, wheat, rye, beanes, barly, mault - Coverlets of Scotland - Counters of Lattin - Crosbows, of Lathes, Thred and Rackes - Cruses of Stone, without covers, & with - Cushons of Scotland - Cushon cloths, course, and of Tapestry - Cuttle bones - Daggs with fire lockes or Snap-lances - Daggers. Blades, for children, of bone for children, blacke with - velvet sheathes, gilt, with velvett sheathes - Deales, Meabro, Norway, Burgendorp, Spruce - Desks or stayes for bookes - for women to worke upon covered with wollen - Dialls of wood and bone - Dimitty - Doggs of earth - Dornix, with caddas, silke, woll, thred, and French making - Dudgeon - Durance or Duretty, with thred or silk - Druggs--a great variety listed including Bezor Stone of the East - India, Holliworsles, white and red Corall, Fox lungs, Guiny - pepper, Hornes of Harts or Staggs, Lapis Lazuli, mummia, Musk - Codds, Nutmegs, oyle of Scorpions, oyle Petrolium, Red Lead, - Sanguis draconis, Scorpions - Earthen Ware, Brickstones, Flaunders Tile to scower with, Gally - Tiles, Paving Tiles, Pann Tiles etc. - Elephants teeth - Emery stones - Fanns, for Corne, of Paper, for Women and Children, French making - Feathers for bedds, also Ostridge Feathers - Felt for Cloakes, French making - Fiddles for Children - Fire shovells - Figuretto, the yard - Files - Fish, Codd, Cole, Eeles, Haddockes, Herrings, Lamprells, Linge, - Newland, Salmon, Scale fish, Stock fish, cropling, lubfish - and titling, Whiting - Flannele - Flaskes, of horne, covered with leather, with velvett - Flax, Spruce Moscovy, undrest and wrought - Fleams to let blood - Flockes - Flutes, course - Freeze of Ireland - Frizado, the yard - Furrs, Armins the Timber, Badger, Bare skins, Beaver, Budge, - Calaber, Catts, Dokerers the Timber, Fitches the Timber, - Foxes, Foynes, Grays, Jennets, Letwis, Leopard, Lewzernes, - Martrones, Miniver, Minkes, Mole skins, Otter, Ounce, Sables, - Weazell, Wolfe, Wolverings - Fustians, Amsterdam Holland or Dutch - Barmillions - Cullen fustians - Holmes and Bevernex - Jeane - Millian - Naples, tript or velure plain - Wrought or Sparta velvett - Osbro or Augusta fustians - with silk - of Weazell - Gadza, without gold or silver, the yard stript with gold or silver - Gally dishes - Gantletts, the pair - Garters of silk, French - Gaules - Gimlets for vinters - Girdles, of cruell, or leather, of silk, of velvett, of woollen, - of counterfeite gold & silver - Glasse for Windows, Burgundy white and coloured - Normandy white and coloured - Renish, the weigh or webb - Muscovy glasse or slude - Drinking Glasses, of Venice, Flanders, Scotch and French, course - drinking glasses, Burning glasses, Balme glasses, Vialls, Water - glasses - Looking Glasses, Halfe penny ware, Penny ware, of Steele, small - and large, of Christall, small and Middle - Hower Glasses, of Flaunders making, course, of Venice making - Glass stone plates for spectacles, rough - Glass plates or sights for looking glasses unfiled - Glass pipes - Glew - Globes, small and large - Gloves, of Bridges or French making, of Canary, Millane or Venice - unwrought, of Vaudon, of silke knit, of Spanish plaine - Gold and Silver thred counterfeite - Bridges, gold & silver - Cap, gold & silver - Copper gold & silver upon quills & rolls or in skaine - Cullen gold & silver - French copper gold & silver - Lyons copper gold & silver double gilt - Gold & Silver thred right - Venice, Florence or Millane gold & silver - French and Paris gold & silver - Gold foile - Gold paper - Granies, French or Guiny - Graines or scarlet powder of Sevill in berries & granies of - Portugall or Rotta - Grindle stones - Grocery wares: Almonds, Anniseeds, Cloves, Currans, Dates, - Ginger, Licoras, Maces, Nutmegs, Pepper, Cinomom, Raisins - (great, and of the Sun), Raisins of Smirna, Figgs, Prunes, - Sugar (candy brown, candy white, Muscovadoes refined double - & single in loves, St. Thome & Panneils, white) - Grogrames, Turkey - Guns. Calervers, Muskets - Gunpowder. Serpentine, Corne powder - Halberds, guilt & unguilt - Hammers, with and without wooden handles, Horsemens hamers - Hankirchirs - Harness Roses - Harness, Corslets complete, Curatts, Morians or headpeeces graven, - ditto plaine - Harp strings or Catlings - Hatbands - Hatts, of beaver, wool or hair, of Bridges, Dutch felts or hatts - made of wool, Spanish or Portugall felts, of silke French making, - of straw, see Bast, of Venice, of wool or worsted trimd - Hawkes, Falcons, Goshawkes, Jerfalcons, Jerkins, Lanners, - Lannarets, Tassels of all Sorts - Hawkes hoods - Hair bottomes for sives - Haire, Camells, Elkes haire for saddles, Goates - Heath for brushes - Hemp, short drest, cullen & steel hemp, Spruce, Muscovia & all - rough hemp - Hides. Buffe hides, Cow hides of Barbary & Muscovia, Cow or horse - hides, India hides, Losh hides, Red or Muscovia tanned, coloured - & uncoloured - Hilts for swords or daggers - Honey - Hoopes of Iron for pipes or hogsheads, for Coopers - Hops - Horses or mares - Hose of Cruel made in Mantua - Jett - Jews Trumps - Inke for Printers - Imperlings blew or red - Ink horns - Incle, unwrought and wrought Rowles (36 yards) - Indico, of Turkey, of the West Indyes or rich Indico - Instruments for Barbers & chirurgeons, Bullet scrues, Incision - sheeres, Setts (the bundle), Paices or Tooth drawers, Plulicanes, - Trepans - Iron, Amis Spanish Spruce and Swedish - Backes for chimneys, small and large, - Bands for Kettles - Fire irons - Hoopes - Stones - Juice of Lemons (the pipe) - Ivory - Key knops - Knives, Almanie, Bohemia & other course knives, Butchers, Carving, - Collen knives, French knives, Glover's knives, Penknives, Sker - knives, Stock knives (gilt and ungilt) - Lace, bone lace of thred, Brittaine lace, Cruell lace, Gold & - Silver, Pomet, Purle or antlet, Silke bone - Ladles, Melting - Lapis magnata - Lattin, black & shaven - Leade oare - Leomons, Pickled - Lemon water - Leather, Bazill, Spanish or Cordivant, Hangings, Spruce or Dansk - leather, Leather for Maskes, Turkey & East India Cordivant - Leaves of Gold - Lewers for Hawkes - Lime for Dyers - Lines of Hambrough for ships - Lin-seed - Linnes blew or red - Linnen Cloth - Callicoes, fine or course - Cambricks, fine or course - Canvas, Dutch Barras & Hessens, - French or Normandy & lyne narrow browne or white, - French & line broad for tabling, Packing canvas guttings & - spruce canvas, poledavies, Spruce Elbing or Quinsbrow, Stript - or tufted canvas with thred, stript tufted or quilted canvas with - silke, stript canvas with copper, Vaudolose or Vittry canvas, - working canvas for cushions (narrow and broad) - Damask, Tabling of Holland, Towelling & napkening of Holland, - Tabling or Silesia - Diaper, Tabling of Holland and Silesia - Lawnes, Callico lawnes, French & Silesia lawnes - Flaunders, Holland cloth:--Flemish, Gentish, Islingham, Overisils, - Rowse, Brabrant, Embden, Freeze, Bag Holland, Browne Holland - Cowsseild cloth or platts - Drilling & pack duck - Elbing or Danske cloth double ploy - Hambrough & Silesia cloth broade & narrow - Hinderlands, Headlake & Muscovia linnen narrow - Irish cloth - Lockrums, Treager (great & narrow) or common dowlace, Broad dowlace - Ministers, the roll - Ozenbrigs, the roll - Soulthwitch - Polonia Ulsters, Hanovers, Lubecke, narrow Silesia, narrow Westphalia, - narrow Harford, plain napkening & narrow cloth from high Dutchland - & the East Countrey (brown and white) - Strawsbrough or Hambrough - Twill & Ticking of Scotland - Lockers or Chapes for Daggers - Lockes, Budgets or hanging lockes, small & large - Lutes, Cullen & Venice making - Lute strings, Catlings & Minikins - Litmus - Madder, Crop and all bale Madder, Fatt & Mull madder - Magnus - Maskes, of velvett & sattin - Match for Gunns - Matts of Russia - Medlers (the baskett) - Mallasses of Rameales - Messelanes (30 yds. to piece) - Metheglin - Methredate - Mocado ends - Morters & Pestells, brass - Muster seed - Mittens of Wadmul - Nailes. Chaire nailes, copper nailes, rose nailes, Sadlers nailes, - Head nailes, Harness nailes, spring nailes, Tenter hookes - Napkins of French making - Neats tongues, of Russia - Neckerchirs of Flanders making - Needles, Pack & sale needles - Nutmegs, pickled - Nutts, small & walnutts - Okeham - Oaker - Oares - Oyle, Rape & Linseed - Sivile, Marjorca, Minorca, Apuglia Province, and Portugall - Sallat oyle - Traine oyle of Greenland - Traine oyle of Newfoundland - Fish oyle - Ollives - Onions - Orchall - Oranges & Lemons (the hogshead) - Orsdew - Packthred - Panns, Dripping & frying pans, warming pans - Paper. Blew, Browne, Cap, Demy - Ordinary printing & copy paper - Painted paper (the ream) - Pressing paper, Rochell paper, Royall paper - Parchment - Past of Jeane - Peares or apples, dryed - Pease - Petticoates of silke - Penners - Percer bitts - Pike heads - Pikes, with and without heads - Pinns (the thousand) - Pincers & plyers - Pintadoes or Callecoe cubbard clothes - Pipe staves - Pipes, for Tabors, and for children - Pitch Pipes, small band, great band - Plaister of Paris - Plaine irons - Plankes of Ireland - Plate, silver white or ungilt, of silver parcell gilt, of silver - gilt - Plates, single & double white or blacke, Harnesse plates or - iron doubles - Playing Tables of walnut tree (the paire) - Pointe, of thread, of Capiton and of fine silke - Pomistones - Pomegarnets - Potatoes (the hundred weight) - Potts, of Earth or Stone, covered and uncovered - Gally pots - Melting potts for Goldsmiths - Of Iron, French, or Flemish making - Pullies, of Iron, of Brasse, of Wood - Punsons & Gravers for Goldsmiths - Quills, Goose - Quilts, of French making, of Callico, of Sattin or other Silke - Rackets - Rape of Grapes - Rape seed - Rashes, Bridges or Leyden Rashes, single & double, Cloth Rashes - Rattles for Children, and with Bells - Razers - Recorders (the set) - Ribbon, of Silke - Rice - Rosen - Rugs, Irish and Polish - Rims for Sives - Rings, for Keyes, for Curtaines, of Wyre, of Brass, Copper or St. - Martins gilt, of Haire - Sackcloth - Saddles of Steele - Safflora - Saffron - Salt, white or Spanish Salt, Bay or French Salt, Salt peter - Saws. Hand sawes, Tenant sawes, Whip sawes, Legg sawes - Says. Double Sayes or Flaunders Serges - Double Say or Serge - Mild sayes - Honnscot say - Scamoty (the yard) - Scissers - Sea holly rootes - Sea morse [horse] teeth - Serge, of Athens, of Florence - Sheares, for Shearmen, for glovers, for Seamesters, for Taylers, - Forceps, - Sheets of Callaber - Shumacke - Shruff or old Brass - Syder - Silke. Bridges silke, Ferret or Floret silke, Fillozell or Paris - silke - Granado. Silke black & colours - Naples. Silke, black & colours - Orgazine, Pole & Spanish, Raw China, Raw Silke, short and long, - Raw Morea, Satin Silke, Sleave Silke, Silke Nubbs or Husks, - Throwne silke - Skins. Buckskins (in the Haire & drest), Calves (of Ireland), - Cordivant (of Turkey, East Indies, or Scotland), Dog fish skins - for Fletchers, Fox skins, Gold skins, Goate skins, of Barbary - or the East Country, of Scotland or Ireland - Husse skins for Fletchers - Kidd skins, Portugall skins, Seale skins, Shamway skins, Sheep - skins, Spanish Civill or Cordivant skins, Spruce skins - Skeets for Whitsters - Slip (the Barrell) - Smalts - Snuffers - Soape, Castle or Venice, also Flemish - Spangles of Copper - Spectacles without cases - Spoones of Horne - Standishes, of wood, Brasse & covered with Leather, also Pocket - Standishes - Steele. Long steel, Wisp steel & gad steele - Stockings of Wadmol - Stone birds or Whistles - Stones. Blood stones, Cane stones, Dogg stones, Mill stones, Querne - stones (small and large), Slick stones - Sturgeon - Stuff of all sorts made or mixed with Wool - Succade wet or dry - Sword blades, of Venice, Turkey or other fine blades, Course - blades of Flaunders - Table bookes, course and fine - Tables, playing Tables of Wainscott - Tackes of Iron - Tallow - Tannets of Cruell - Tapistry, with Haire, Caddas, Silke, Gold or Silver & Wool - Tarras (the Barrell) - Tarr (small & great Band) - Tazells - Thimbles - Thred, Bridges, Crosbow, Lyons or Paris, Outnall, Peecing, Sisters, - whited browne - Thrums, of linnen or Fustian, also of Woolen - Tikes. Brizel Tikes & Turnall Tikes, also of Stoade - Tiking of the East countrey - Tincall - Tinfoyle - Tinglasse - Tinsell, copper, right Gold & silver - Tinshore - Tobacco, Spanish & Brazill in pudding or role - St. Christophers, Barbadoes, Virginia & Somer Islands - Tooles. Carving Tooles - Tow - Trayes of wood (the shocke) - Triacle, of Flaunders, of Jeane - Trenchers, white (commen sort) - and red or painted - Treene nailes - Trunnells - Tweezes of France - Twine of Hambrough - Twist for bandstrings - Vallances of Scotland - Verditer - Verders of Tapistry - Vellum for Table bookes - Violls - Vice harps - Vice tongues or hand vices - Viniger - Vizards - Wadmoll - Wainscott - Wax - Whale fins - Whetstones - Whipcorde - Whistles Cockes or Bellows - Whistles, Cockes or Birds of Stone - Woad, Islands or green woad, also Tholose - Worme seeds - Worsted, St. Omers narrow 1/2 worsted - Russells worsted or broad worsted - Wood. Boxwood for Combs, also Brazill or Farnumbuck wood - Braziletto or Gemeaco wood - Ebony - Fusticke - Lignum vitae - Plankes of Ireland - Red or Guiny wood - Speckled wood - Sweet wood of West India - Wool. Beaver wool, Cotton wool, Estridge wool, Irish wool, Lambs - wool, Polonia wool, Spanish wool, Spanish felt wool, Red wool - Wrests for Virginalls - Wyer. Dagger and quarter wyer, Iron wyer, Lattin wire, Steel wyre, - Strawsbrough wyre, Virginall wyre - Yarne, Cable, Camell or Mohaire, Cotton, Grograine, Irish, Raw - Linnen, Saile, Spruce or Muscovia, Scotch wollen or bay yarne - - -EXPORTS OF MERCHANDISE - - Allabaster - Allom, English - Apothecary and Confectionary wares - Anvills - Apples - Apples called Pippins - Aquavitae - Ashes of English wood - Bacon - Baggs - Bandaleirs - Beefe - Beere - Beere Egar - Bell metall - Bellowes - Billetts - Birding pieces - Bird lime - Bodyes, stitched with Silke, also with Whalebone - Bridles - Brushes, English, of Heath - Buckweed - Buttons of Haire - Bays. Barnstaple course, Manchester or Barnstaple fine and other - single bayes, Double bayes, Minikin bayes - Cambodium - Candles - Canvas, English tufted, also Shropshire - Capps, Monmouth plain and trimmed, buttoned English, of wool blacke - Cards, Stocke, Tow, Woll - Playinge Cards - Cardboard - Carpets, Northern - Catlings or English Hatt makers strings - Cloke baggs - Coaches and Chariots - Coals. Sea Coles, the Chalder, New Castle measure, Sea Coles of - Wales or the West Country - Combes of wood, bone, or horn - Cobwebb Lawnes - Comfets - Cony haire or wool, blacke or white - Cordage, tard or untard - Coverletts, of wool & haire, of Caddice - Curricombes - Cushons of Yorkshire - Cottons, Northerne, Manchester, Tanton and Welch, also Welsh - plaines - Corne, Barley, Mault, Beanes, Oates, Pease, Wheate, Rye, Buck wheate - Darnix, of English making, also Coverlets - Dice - Dimitty - Doublets of Leather - Dust of Cloves and other Spices - Emery stones - Earthen Ware, Brickes & Tiles and also sorts of Earthen & Stone ware - made in England - Fennell seed - Figuretto, with silke or copper, narrow and broade - Filozelles, broad of silke - Fire lockes - Flannell - Flasks of Horne - Flax - Freezes - Fustians - Gartering of cruell - Garters of worsted - Girdles of Leather for men, & for children, of Norwich - Glasse for windowes, and bottles & other sorts - Glew - Gloves, plaine of Sheepe Kidd or Lambes leather - fringed & stitched with silke - furd with Cony wool - of Buckes leather - Goose quills - Grindlestones - Gunpowder - Haberdashers ware--Packthred, Inkle, Tape, Filleting, Buttons, - Hookes & Eyes, etc. - Haire, Harts haire, Horse haire, Oxe or Cowe haire - Hairecloth - Harts horne - Hatbands of Cruel - Hatchets - Hatts, Beavers & Demicasters, Felts, etc. - Hawkes hoods - Hempseed - Herrings - Holsters - Hops - Hornes, Blowing hornes (small), of Buckes, Inkhornes, Hornes with - Lanthornes, Oxe hornes, Powder hornes, of Rames, of Sheepe, - Shooing hornes, Stags hornes, Tips of hornes - Horselitters & Sedans - Horse tailes with haire - Horse collers - Hoopes for barrells - Iron wrought, viz., Axes, Adzes, Hoes, Armour, Bitts, Knives, - Lockes, fowling peeces, Muskets, Pistolls, Cissors, Stirrops, - Carpenters & Gravers tooles, Jack work, clock work, & - Ironmongers wares - Old Iron - Iron Ordnance - Irish Mantles - Knives, Shoemakers, paring knives, Sheffield knives, Cutting knives, - London knives - Lace of gold & silver, of velvet, Statute lace - Letherage or Lead - Lamprills - Loome work - Lime - Linnen, made of Hemp or Flax - Linseed - Linsey woolsey - Lists of cloth - Lead, cast and uncast - Musterd seed - Malasses or Rameales - Nailes - Nutts - Oatmeale - Oyle, Traine oyle - Oysters - Oker, yellow and red - Parchment - Paste board - Pilchers - Points of Leather - Purles of Broadcloth - Rape cakes - Rape seed - Rugs, Irish Ruggs for beds, and by the yard - Russetting for painters - Rashes, silk Rashes, broad and narrow - Ribbon - Saddles, and saddle trees - Sack cloth - Saffron - Salt peter - Sea morse [horse] teeth - Scabbords for swords - Shag, with thred - Shovells, shod and unshod - Shoes, Bootes and Slippers - Skins, Cony, Kid, Lambe, Otter, Sheepe & Lamb, Rabbit, Hare, Cats, - Fox, Swans, Dogs, Elke, Wolfe, Badgers, Squirrell - Soape - Spanish sattins, English making - Starch - Steel, Gad steele - Stockings, Irish, Kersey long & short, Leather, Silk, Wollen men - & children - Stones, Hilling stone, Slate - Stuffs, Perpetuanoes & Serges - Sugars, refined & made into loaves in this kingdom - Tapistry or Dornix Hangings made in England - Thred, Black, Brown, Blew - Thrums - Tiking - Tiffany, made of thred - Tobacco pipes - Tuff Taffates, broad and narrow, with thred - Tynn, unwrought and wrought, i.e. Pewter - Velure, single and double - Vingiger of wine - Virginalls, the payre - Watches - Wadmoll - Wast Coates, of Wadmoll, Cotton, Kerseys of Flannell, Worsted knit - and Wollen knit - Wax - Weld - Whalebone cut or wrought - Whale finns - Woad - Woad nets - Wood, Redwood, Gambray, Boxwood - Worsted, narrow and broade - Yarne, Grograine yarne - Wollen Cloths - Dorset & Somerset dozens rudge washed - Cardinalls, Pinwhites, Strayts, Statutes, Stockbridges, Tavestocks - Tauntons, Bridgewaters & Dunsters, Deven dozens - Ordinary Pennistons or Forrest Whites, Sorting Pennistones - Narrow Yorkshire Kerseys whites & reds, Hampshire ordinary Kersies, - Newbery whites and other Kersies, sorting Hampshire Kersies - Northern Dozens single sorting Pennistons - The new sort of Cloth called Spanish Cloth - Cloth Rashes, alias Cloth Serges - - - - -APPENDIX F - -COPY OF THE INVENTORY OF THE ESTATE OF WM. PAINE OF BOSTON, -MERCHANT, APPRAISED BY HEN. SHRIMPTON, JOSHUA SCOTTOW AND JOHN -RICHARDS, AND ALLOWED IN COURT AT BOSTON, NOV. 14, 1660, UPON OATH -OF MR. JOHN PAINE, HIS SON - - - IN THE WAREHOUSE CHAMBER: - - 4 peeces white Trading cloath, 42li.; - - 39 yrds. blew trading cloath, 9li. 15s.; - - 5-1/4 1/8 yrds. white trading cloath, 1li. 4s. 2d.; - - 4 Bales nowells, 2 Bales pantozells, 1 Bale fine sheeting, 2-1/2 Bales - of broad, 4 peeces Kentings, half Bale napkening, 232li. 16s. 2d.; - - 2 Bales nowells Cont. 6 poanles, 43li. 6s. 8d.; - - 5 ps. villaranes cont., 70-1/2, 35-1/4, 23, 11-1/2 and 21-3/4 yrds. in all - 162 yrds. at 21d. p., 14li. 3s. 6d.; - - 5 peeces Kenting, 44-1/4 yrds. at 2s. 3d. p., 4li. 19s. 6d.; - - 120 yrds. Humains, 123 yrds. Humanes, 123 yrds. Humanes, 99-1/4 - Humanes, 342-1/2 yrds. at 18d., 25li. 13s. 4-1/2d.; - - 3 Ruggs, 6li. 15s.; - - 2 Barrells bate, 12li. powder, 9li.; - - 4 peeces searge, 16li.; - - 1 ps. carsey, 2O-1/2 yrds., 4li. 2s.; - - 1 ps. more, No. 2, 5li.; - - 11 yrds. 5/8 of carsy at 5s. 6d. 3li. 4s.; - - 6-3/4 of carsey at 7s., 2li. 7s. 3d.; - - 6-3/4 of carsey at 4s., 15s.; - - 8 peeces wt. calleco at 14s., 5li. 12s.; - - 50-1/2 yrds. broad dowlas at 2s., 5li. 1s.; - - 23-1/4 dowlas at 21d. 2li. 1s.; - - 3-1/8 of locrum at 16d., 4s. 2d.; - - 12 of blew calleco at 18d., 18s.; - - 1 ps. blew calleco at 20s., 1li.; - - 4-1/2 yrds. searge at 4s., 18s.; - - 4-1/2 yrds. red broad cloth at 8s., 1li. 16s.; - - 3 yrds., 3 nailes broad cloath at 16s., 2li. 11s.; - - 8 yrds. 3/4 red carsey at 6s., 2li. 10s. 3d.; - - 2-1/4 red at 3s. 6d., 7s. 10d.; - - 9-3/4 1/8 peneston at 2s. 10d., 1li. 8s.; - - 12-3/8 Role cotton at 2s. 3d., 1li. 19s.; - - 8 pr. Irish stockens at 18d., 12s.; - - 8-1/2 narrow blew linen at 13d. 9s. 2d.; - - 3-1/4 broade blew linen at 20d., 5s. 5d.; - - 23-1/2 broad blew linen at 2s., 2li., 7s.; - - 2 pr. Stockens, 5s. 6d.; - - 5 pr. bodeys at 4s. 1li.; - - 1 groace of silver coat & other buttens with Riboning & lace, - 30li. 16s. 11d.; - - 2 yrds. holland at 6s., 12s.; - - 17-1/2 of east cloath, 8s.; - - 31 halfe linds at 14d., 1li. 16s. 2d.; - - 5 ham bourough linds at 2s., 10s.; - - 5 knottes of housing at 4d., 1s.; - - 5-1/4 vittery at 14d., 6s. 1d.; - - 10 parchmen skins, 1 trunk, 2O bookes,--of wax candle, 1li. 10s.; - - 58 reame of paper at 7s., 20li. 6s.; - - 4 baggs cotten wooll, 550li. at 5d., 11li. 9s. 2d.; - - 71li. hopps at 4d., 1li. 3s. 8d.; - - 200 hhs. salt at 1ls., 110li.; - - Remant Ratling, 2s.; - - pcell bookes, 2li. - - - IN THE LOWER ROOME: - - 2 Bailes nowells, 43li. 6s. 8d.; - - 1 bagg hopps, 1li. 13s. 4d.; - - 6li. rod Iron at 2s., 8li. 8s.; - - 2 Bushells wheat, 19s. 6d.; - - silkware in 2 boxes, 31li. 14s.; - - 3 bate naile of Turky Gregrum, 10s.; - - 2 yrds. broad cheny & remnant of Satten, 7s.; - - 2li. 11 silk, 3li.; - - 1li. 1/2 fringe & muccado ends, 7s.; - - 2-3/4 soft wax, 2s.; - - 5-1/2 Butts thread, 14s.; - - 13 yrds. old fashion lace, 2s.; - - 20 yrds. wt. callico, 22 laces, 2-1/2 doz. poynts, 1li. 1s.; - - 8 doz. short laces, 2 doz. 3/4 long, 18s.; - - 13 oz. coventry thred, 4s.; - - 1li. cource wt. thred, 6s.; - - 1/2li. whited Browne, 2s.; - - 3li. colloured thred, 9s.; - - 4li. black & browne, 2li. 2s.; - - 12 Hatts, 10 bands, 3li.; - - 20 browne holland, 2li. 10s.; - - 18-1/2 yrds. Humanes, 18d., 1li. 7s. 9d.; - - 83-3/4 pantolanes, 4li. 3s. 9d.; - - 41-1/4 yrds. vittery at 14d., 2li. 10s. 6d.; - - 26-1/2 poledavy at 18d., 1li. 19s. 9d.; - - 30-3/4 nowells at 16d., 2li. 1s.; - - 5-3/4 locrum at 18d., 8s. 7d. - - 36 locrum at 18d., 1li. 19s.; - - 8-3/4 1/8 blew linen at 14d., 10s. 1d.; - - 30 yrds. sacking at 9d., 1li. 2s.; - - 221-1/4 yrds. Cotten cloath at 2s., 4d., 25li. 16s. 3d.; - - 8 yrds. greene Cotten at 14d., 9s. 4d.; - - 18 of wt. cotten at 1s., 18s.; - - 24 Irish, 12s.; - - 3 Remnants boulting, 2s.; - - 3li. suger, 3li. 15s.; - - 1 Tire for wheeles & old Iron, 3li.; - - 13 cart boxes & 3li. in Iron waite, 2li, 10s.; - - Basketts, Rubstones, 15s.; - - pcell of wt. salt, 12s. 6d.; - - pcell of cards & old hops, 15s.; - - a screw & 9 mose skins, 2li. 10s.; - - pll. of old rope & line, 10s.; - - pcell of Cotten wooll, 5s.; - - Barrell of Oatmeale, 1li. 5s.; - - 2 Kettles, 3 spades, 1 pan & nailes, 2li. 5s.; - - 1 cutting saw, 6s. - - - IN THE CELLAR: - - 30 hhds. mallasses at 3li., 90li.; - - 5 barrells macrell, 1 halfe barrell, 7li. 5s.; - - 2 Iron bound hhds., 10s. - - - IN THE OTHER CELLAR: - - 3 hhds. Rum, 30li.; - - pcells of sower wine, 3li.; - - old cask, 10s.; - - beaver, 49li., 22li. 1s.; - - beaver, 160li. at 18d., 12li. - - - IN THE LENTOO HOUSE END: - - 30 tunn salt at 40s., 60li.; - - 4 sawes, 2li.; - - boulting mill, beam board, 2li. - - - IN THE IRON HOUSE: - - 77-1/2li. barr Iron at 20s., 47li. 10s.; - - 5-3/4li. cast backs at 15s., 4li. 6s. 3d.; - - 11-1/2li. Andirons at 15s., 8li. 12s. 6d.; - - 9-3/4li. potts & Kettles, 12li. 3s. 9d.; - - 5 Iron skilletts, 13s. 6d.; - - beames & scales, 1li. 10s.; - - 39-1/2li. cast waites, 29li. 12s. 6d.; - - 857li. cotten wooll at 5d., 17li. 7s. 1d.; - - 377 of hopps at 4d., 6li. 5s. 3d.; - - 7 hhd. 3 butts suger, 65li.; - - 2 qt. fish, 1li. 4s.; - - 1 firkin butter, 1 soape, 2li.; - - 5 li. bate, 8li. barr Iron, 4li. 18s. - - - IN THE YARD: - - 28 tun. pact casks, 9li. 16s.; - - 7-1/2 hhds. lime, 1li. 13s. 9d.; - - 6000 pipestaves at 4li., 24li.; - - 1400 boards, 5s. 6d., 3li. 17s.; - - 12000 Rotlin, 4li. - - - IN THE DWELLING HOUSE: - - 10-1/2 yrds. sacking & canvas, 7s. 10d.; - - 2-1/4 cloth rash at 6, 13s. 6d.; - - 9 bate naile of dowlas at 2s., 17s. 10d.; - - yrd. narrow taffety, 6s.; - - 4-1/2 liver colloured searge, 18s.; - - 1 groace 4-1/2 doz. hookes & eyes, 2s. 6d.; - - 2 yrds. blew Trads cloath, 10s. - - - AT MR. SCOTTOWES: - - 2 Bales nowalls, 43li. 6s. 8d.; - - 1 ps. pantossam, 5li.; - - 1 ps. sheeting, 6li. 2s. 6d. - - - AT MR. BROUGHTON'S: - - 3 butts 1 hhd. suger at 25s., 35li.; - - 140-1/4 hhd. salt at Ils Shoales, 70li. 2s. 6d.; - - 20 hhds. at Mr. Parker's, at 10s., 10li.; - - 1 hhd. Rum at Mr. Handsons, 10li.; - - at Linn workes, 1 horse, 10li.; - - at Capt. Johnsons, leather, 00; - - at Mr. Buttolls, leather, 00; - - at Capt. Clearkes, an Anchor, 1li. 10s.; - - - ADVENTURE in Thrumboll to England, 49 hhds. oyle, 5 M. 8 C. 81li. - - Cotten neate, 12 qt. fish, 289li. 7s. 5d.; - - - TO JAMACO & p left in Jamaco before p Adam Westgage, 52li. 12s. - - - THE HOUSE MORE: - - 3 Satten dobletts, 1 taffety cloak, 4li.; - - money, 5li. 11s. 9d.; - - 2 gold rings, 2li.; - - 1-1/2 C. wt. suger at 4, 6li.; - - 3/4 of cast ware at workes, 100li.; - - 3/4 stock of sow Iron & coals, 450li.; - - 3/4 of ye workes at hamersmith & - Brantree, 800li.; - - - DWELLING HOUSE, warehouses & appurtenances at Bostone, 400li.; - - watertowne mill house, land & apprtenances, 150li.; - - 1/2 mill at exeter & halfe of the prvilidge of mill & land, 40li. - - - HOUSEHOLD STUFF & IS IN THE CELLAR UNDER YE HALL: - - 1 Iron Trivett & Tramell, 1 barr & 2 Cobbe Irons, 1 fire shovell, - 1 Ketle, 2 brass pans, 1 Copper Kettle, 1 brass skillett, 1 - flagon, 20 old dishes, 1 Iron pott, 1 spitt, 1 pr. bellowes, - skimer, 3li. 19s. 6d. - - - IN THE HALL: - - 1 pr. Iron Andirons, 1 pr. tonges, 11s. 6d. more; - - one Cubord, 15s.; - - 1 Tabell & carpett, 2s., 4 leather, 2 other chairs, 1li. 5s., - 1 setle, 4 stooles, a cushion, 14s., 1 clock, 2li., 7li. 5s. 6d. - - - IN THE LITTLE ROOM: - - 1 Bedsteed & curtaine, one bed, one boulster, 1 rugg, 3 blanketts, - 1 pr. sheets, 4 table cloath, 8 naptkins, 1 pewter dish & one - bason, one salt, 2 brass candlestickes, 1 ladle, 1 warming pan, - fire pan, 20s., 1 basket, 1 chaire, 1 cushion, 7li. 4s. - - - IN THE OTHER LITTLE ROOME: - - One bedsteed, curtaines, fether bed, 3 blanketts, 1 coverled, - 2 bolsters, 3 pillowes, a trundle bedsteed, a fether bed, pr. - of sheets, coverled, bolster, Tables & chaires, 8 Cushions, - 1 Joint stoole, 3 pewter dishes, 1 salt, 1 Brass skillett, - 1 skimmer, 1 pan, 1 seive, 1 Bible, 11li. 7s. 6d. - - One silver Candlestick, 1 Tankard, one beere boale, 2 wine cupps, - one dram cupp, 6 spoones, 17li.; - - 1 brass scillett, 1 pewter dish & bason, 2 brass Candlesticks, Joynt - stooles, one Tramell, 1 Ketle, 1 sive, shovell, 1 back, 2 Cob - Irons & dripping pan, 1li. 15s. - - - IN THE CLOSETT: - - 13 pewter platters, 2 py plates, 6 smale plates, 5 saucers, 1 - pewter & 2 brass candlesticks, 1 urin botle & 1 bed pan, 12 - earthern dishes, 2 pudden pans, 5li. 10s. 6d. - - - IN THE HALL CHAMBER: - - One bedsteed, Curtaines & vallens of red searge, 1 fether bed, - 2 bolsters, 2 pillowes, 3 blanketts, 1 tapestry Cuverled, 10li.; - - 2 Cubberts, 2 Cubbert cloathes, 1 table, 4 red stooles, 2 red cloath - chaires with fringe, 3 leather chaires, 2li. 15s.; - - 1 great chaire, 7 pichers, 10s., one pr. brass Andirons, one back, - 3s., 8li. 5s.; - - 6 cushions & 1 pc. of carpeting & old vallens at 1li. 4s.; - - one Trunk, 8s.; - - one chest, 8s., 2li. - - - WITHIN THE TRUNK & CHEST & IN THE HALL CHAMBER: - - 7 pr. sheetes, 4 diapr. table cloathes, 2 plaine, 9 pillow beers, - 4 Cubbert cloathes, 2 napkins, 1 tapestry coverled, 2 darnick - carpetts, 2 pr. sheets, 7 damask naptkins, 2 short diaper table - cloathes, 3 pillow beers, 26 diaper naptkins, 14 plaine naptkins, - one red rugg, 21li. 18s. - - - IN THE GARRETT: - - One Rugg, three blanketts, one flock bed, 1 Coverlett, one bolster, - one blankett, 3li. 7s.; - - money, 123li. 14s.; - - - IN VESSELS, 200li.; - - total, 4,239li. 11s. 5d. - - -DUE TO THE ESTATE: - -In debts accotd. as certaine, 1,500li.; - -as doubtfull, 700li.; - -stand in the book yett acttd. of as utterly lost & desperatt, 836li. -6s. 2d. - - -DEBTS due from the estate, 1500li. - ---_Essex County Quarterly Court Records_, Vol. II, pp. 271-274. - - - - -APPENDIX G - -INVENTORY OF THE ESTATE OF EDWARD WHARTON OF SALEM, DECEASED, AND -WHAT GOODS WERE IN HIS POSSESSION, CONSIGNED TO HIM BY SEVERAL, -TAKEN 12:1:1677-8, BY HILLIARD VEREN, SR., JOHN HATHORNE AND JOHN -HIGGINSON, JR. - - -VALUED IN ENGLAND AS BY INVOYCE,-- - - 1 plaine cloath cloake, 1li. 8s.; - - 1 boyes worsted cloake, 1li. 5s.; - - 1 heare camlett cloake, 2li. 18s.; - - 5 cloath cloakes, 28s. p., 7li.; - - 1 cloath cloake, 1li. 8s.; - - 1 fine cloath cloake, 1li. 15s.; - - 1 cloath cloake, 1li. 12s.; - - 6 cloath cloake, 28s. p., 8li. 8s.; - - 3 childs stuff coates at 9s., 1li. 7s.; - - 1 yeolow Tamy, 10s.; - - 1 ditto, 13s.; - - 1 boyes coate, 13s.; - - 1 doz. home made wooll hose, 1li. 14s.; - - 1 doz. ditto, 1li. 10s.; - - 8 pr. of youths ditto, 14s.; - - 10 pr. of woemens home made wooll stockens, 1li. 2s.; - - 7 pr. of sale wooll hoase, 10s. 6d.; - - 17 pr. of woemens & youths stockens, 14s. 10d.; - - 7 pr. of home made woemens 4 thrid, 3s. 2d. p., 4 pr. ditto sale 4 - thrid, 3s. 4d. p., 1li. 10s. 10d.; - - 4 pr. youthes 4 thrid ditto, 3s. 4d. p., 3 pr. youthes ditto, 3s., - 1li. 2s. 4d.; - - 4 pr. of wooll home made hose, 14s.; - - 1 pr. mens worsted home made stockens 5s.; - - 8 pr. of home made worsted; 4 thrid, 1li. 14s.; - - 6 pr. sale ditto, 18s.; - - 2 pr. of fine home made, 10s.; - - 1 childs coate, 7s.; - - 1 greene say frock, 5s.; - - 9 childs wascoates, 5d. p., 3s. 9d.; - - 6 Ditto, 7d. p., 3s. 6d.; - - 5 Ditto, 9d. p., 3s. 9d.; - - 4 Ditto, 10d. p., 3s. 4d.; - - 2 Keasy ditto, 2s. 6d., 5s.; - - 1 ditto, 2s. 8d.; - - 2 ditto, 3s. p., 6s.; - - 6 childrens, 12d. p., 6s.; - - 4 woemens yeolow wascoate, 22d. p., 7s. 4d.; - - 1 Cloake of lite collrd. haire camlett, 3li. 7s.; - - 4 coates of the same camlett, 36s., p., 7li. 4s.; - - 1 cloath collrd. haire camlett cloake, 35s.; - - 2 worsted camlett cloakes, 34s., 3li., 8s.; - - 1 fine haire camlet cloake, 5li.; - - 2 trunks, 16s.; - - 3 ditto, 1li. 1s.; - - 1 ditto, 6s.; - - 2 dittoes, 5s. p., 10s.; - - 2 boxes or little red trunkes, s. 2d. p., 6s. 4d.; - - 1 ditto, 2s. 8d.; - - 3 silk say under pettecoates lite collrd, at 12s. 6d. p., - 1li. 17s. 6d.; - - 2 Ditto, 1li. 8s.; - - cloath woemans wascoats, 8s.; - - 7 ditto, worth each 8s., 10s., 8s., 10s., 6s., 13s., 15s.; - - 1 cheny sad. Collrd. uper woemans coate, 7s.; - - 1 sad collrd. woemans searge coate, 17s., 6d.; - - 1 black fine searge upper pettecoate, 19s.; - - 1 stuff cloake for woeman, 10s.; - - 1 ditto for a girle, 7s.; - - 1 large worsted Rugg lite collrd, 1li. 14s.; - - 1 large sad collrd. ditto, worsted, 18s.; - - 1 ditto worsted sad colld, 1li.; - - 6 greene & blew plaine Rugge, 8s. p., 2li. 8s.; - - 1 sad callrd thrum Rugg, 11s. 6d.; - - 1 cabbin Rugg, 4s. 8d.; - - 1 Cource 8-4 Rugg, 10s.; - - 3 coverleds, ordinary, 6s., p., 18s.; - - 2 ditto at 5s., 10s.; - - 2 coverleds, large at 7s. 6d., p., 15s.; - - 1 smale one, 6s. 6d.; - - 1 red plaine rugg, 8s.; - - 1 peece wt. cotton, 19s.; - - 1 darnex carpett, 5s. 6d.; - - 1 ditto greene, 6s. 6d.; - - 4 pr. wt. drawers, 10s.; - - 6 peeces of searge at 40s., 12li.; - - 7 peeces narrow searge at 25s., 8li. 15s.; - - 1 peece padaway searge, 2li. 15s.; - - 13 yds. clarett collrd. Tamy at 19d. p., 1li. 1s. 1d.; - - 1 large draft lite collrd, 14s.; - - 1 2d sort, 12s.; - - 1 small ditto, 10s.; - - 1 doble 10 qtr. coverled, 1li. 4s.; - - 1 ditto, 9 qrts. 1li.; - - 2 dittos, 8 qrts., 15s. 6d., p. 1li. 11s.; - - 8 yrds. 3/4 striped Tamarene at 18d. p, 13s. 1-1/2d.; - - 12 yrds. 3/4 Turky mohaire, 2s. 10d. p., 1li. 16s. 1-1/2d.; - - 6 yrds. 1/4 of striped stuffe at 22d. p, 11s. 5-1/2d.; - - 9 yrds. striped camlett, 2s. 4d. p, 1li. 1s.; - - 1 peece oringe collrd worsted draft, 2li. 5s.; - - 4 yrds. Haire camlett, 3s. p, 2li. 2s.; - - 10 yrds. of ash collrd, silk moheare, 4s. p, 2li.; - - 6 yrds. 1/2 of ash collrd silk farrendine, 4s. 6d. p, 1li. 9s. 3d.; - - 12 yrds. ash collrd. haire camlett at 3s. p, 1li, 16s.; - - 1 peece sad collrd. stuff, mixt with Gold collrd, 2li. 10s.; - - 24 yrds. flowered silk draft, 2s. 2li. 8s.; - - 13 yrds. striped vest at 22d. p, 1li. 3s., 10d.; - - 18 yrds. Scotch Tabby at 16d. p, 1li. 4s.; - - 16 yrds., Scotch Tabby at 16s. p, 1li. 1s. 4d.; - - 10 yrds. Tiking at 15d. p, 12s., 6d.; - - 8 yrds. padaway at 2s. 6d. p, 1li.; - - 7 yrds. of Linsy at 12d. 1/2p, 7s. 6d.; - - 2 pr. boyes cotten drawers, at 2s. p, 4s.; - - 3 cotten wascoate at 2s. 10d. p, 8s. 6d.; - - 2 pr. blew drawers, 2s. 5d. p., 4s. 10d.; - - 1 boyes haire sad coll. camlett cloake, 2li. 15s.; - - 1 large flanders tike & bolster, 1li. 9s. 6d.; - - 30 yrds. of upper Tiking, at 18d. p, 2li. 5s.; - - 42 yrds. diaper at 15d. p, 2li. 12s. 6d.; - - 12 yrds. of Tabling, 2s. 6d. p, 1li. 10s.; - - 21 yrds. of diaper for napkins, 18d., p, 1li. 11s. 6d.; - - 2 pillow Tikins, at 2s. 2d., 4s. 4d.; - - 1 light coll. boyes cloake, 1li. 12s.; - - 2 yrds. 1/4 of plush at 8s. p., 6s. 9d.; - - 20 tobaco boxes at 1d. 1/2 p, 2s. 6d.; - - 3 ditto at 20d. p. doz., 3-3/4d.; - - 4 brass roles for chalk lines, 5s. 6d. p. doz., 1s. 10d.; - - 8 ditto large at 6s. 6d., p. doz. 4s. 4d.; - - 8 chalk lines at 18d. p. doz., 1s.; - - tinware, 4 Cullenders, 5s. 4d.; - - 6 ditto, 5s. 6d.; - - 2 doz. wood savealls, 3d. 1/2p, 7d.; - - 1 large kettle, 2s. 3d.; - - 1 next size, 2s.; - - 8 6 qrt. Ketles, 14d. p., 9s. 4d.; - - 3 gallon Kettles, 12d. p, 3s.; - - 5 3 qrt. Kettles, 9d. p., 3s. 9d.; - - 2 3 pt. Kittles, 7d. p. 1s. 9d.; - - 5 best savealls, 2s. 4d. p. doz., 11-1/2d.; - - 11 second sort at 8d. p. doz., 7-1/4d.; - - 3 extinguishers, 8d. per doz., 2-3/4d.; - - 3 doble plate pans, 18d., p., 4s. 6d.; - - a doble puden pan, 9d.; - - 2 midle sised lanthornes, 18d. p., 3s.; - - 4 band candlesticks, 5d. 1/2 p, 1s. 10d.; - - 5 tinder boxes & steele, 7d. p., 2s. 11d.; - - 4 writing candlesticks, 2d 1/2 p, 10d.; - - 2 pt. sace pans, 3s. 8d. p doz., 7d.; - - 3 bread or flower boxes, 3d. 1/2dp., 10-1/2d.; - - 4 Casters, 2d p., 8d.; - - 1 peper box, 2d., 1 fish plate, 8d., 10d.; - - 6 smale bread graters, 8d. p doz., 4d.; - - 2 pts. at 3d. 3/4 p., 1 funell, 4d., 2 covers, 8d. p., 2s. 3-1/2d.; - - 3 brass savealls, 7d. p., 3 larger graters, 3d. 1/2 p., 2s. 7d.; - - 2 egg slices, 2d. 1/2p., 5d.; - - 3 whip sawes & tillers, 5s. 6d. p., 16s. 6d.; - - 2 marking irons, 2s., 1 cloase stoole & pan, 8s. 9d., 10s. 9d.; - - 2 steele handsawes with screws, 3s. p., 6s.; - - 1 large steele hand saw, 2s. 2d.; - - 8 hand sawes at 14d. p., 9s. 4d.; - - 1 handsaw, 10d.; - - 2 faling Axes, 1s. 5d., 2s. 10d.; - - 8 bright smale Hamers, 6d. p. 4s.; - - 9 Rivited hamars at 10d. p., 7s. 6d.; - - 2 hamers, 4d. p, 8d.; - - 5 hamers, steele heads, 10s. p. doz., 4s. 2d.; - - 4 choppers at 15s. p. doz., 3s. 8d.; - - 2 mincing knives, 12d. p., 2s.; - - 7 small ditto, 13s. p doz., 7s. 7d.; - - 9 hatchetts, 12d. p., 9s.; - - 7 smale mincing knives, 9s. p doz., 5s. 9d.; - - 3 steele sawes & screwes, 3s. p., 9s.; - - 5 doz. 8 gimletts at 12d. p doz., 5s. 8d.; - - 27 pensills at 8d. p doz., 1s. 6d.; - - 10 percer bitts at 2d. p. 1s. 8d.; - - 1 large pincers to shooe horses, 1s.; - - 3 curry combs, 10d.; - - 2 large ditto, 6d. p, 1s.; - - 1 pr. spincers for shoomakers, 1s.; - - 5 pr. nippers, 4d. p, 1s. 8d.; - - 2 bundles of files, 20d. p. bundles, 3s. 4d.; - - 12 doz. of straite all blades, 5d. p. doz., 5s.; - - 7 doz. crooked blades at 5d. p doz., 2s. 11d.; - - 14 doz. of fire steeles at 6s. p grosse, 7s.; - - 21 pr. of spurrs at 7s. p doz., 12s. 3d.; - - 8 pr. dove tailes at 2-1/2d. p, 1s. 8d.; - - 22 pr. sid hinges, 3d. p., 5s. 6d.; - - 6 pr. Esses at 8d. p, 4s.; - - 1 smooth Iron, 1s. 4d.; - - 3 doble spring lockes at 20d. p, 5s.; - - 1 single ditto, 9d.; - - 2 doz. trunk lockes at 6s. p doz., 12s.; - - 1 doz. of single ditto, 3s. p, 3s.; - - 1/2 doz. large ditto, 4s.; - - 2 ship scrapers, 2s.; - - 6 pr. Coll. yarne mens hose, 12s.; - - 6 pr. worsted ditto at 3s. 4d., 1li.; - - 12 pr. stockens, 7d. p. 7s.; - - 7 pr. ditto, 9d. p, 5s. 3d.; - - 6 pr. ditto 8d. p., 4s.; - - 6 pr. ditto at 5d. p., 2s., 6d.; - - 10 pr. ditto at 6d. p, 5s.; - - 6 pr. ditto at 13d. p., 6s. 6d., 5 pr. ditto at 18d. p, 7s. 6d.; - - 1 pr. fine woemens red worsted, 3s.; - - 2 pr. mens worsted, 3s.; - - 2 pr. mens worsted black & colld, & 1 pr. white, 7s. 6d. - - - VALUED HEARE AS MONEY IN N. ENGLAND: - - 2 linsy woolsey pettecoates, 6s. p., 12s.; - - 1 little boyes coate of camlett worsted, 6s.; - - 2 linsey woolsey & 1 pr. of fustian draws, 9s.; - - 1 pr. linen drawers, more, 3s.; - - 1 boyes coat, 4s.; - - 2 red childs blanketts bound wth. feret, 4s. p, 8s.; - - 1 smale childs camlet pettecoat, 3s.; - - 9 sashes at 12d., 9s.; - - 50 yrds. of Irish searge at 2s. 2d. p, 5li. 8s. 4d.; - - 10 yrds. 1/2 broad worsted camlett duble, 2s. 6d. p, 1li. 6s. 3d.; - - 16-1/4 yrds. narrow camlett, 1li. 12s. 6d.; - - 20-1/4 yrds. mixt stuff, very bad, 12d. p, 1li. 3d.; - - 14 yrds. new Coll. Stuff at 2s. p, 1li. 8s.; - - 1 ell of farrindine, 2s. 4d. p yd., 2s. 11d.; - - 6 yrds. coll. fustian, 14d. p. 7s.; - - 3 yrds. red perpetuana at 2s. 6d. p, 7s. 6d.; - - 6 yrds. 1/4 greene say at 5s. p, 1li. 11s. 3d.; - - 42 mens & woemens shifts, 4s. 9d. p, 9li. 19s. 6d.; - - 12 youth & girls ditto, 3s. 6d. p. 2li. 2s.; - - 8 finer mens, woemens ditto, 6s. 6d. p, 2li. 12s.; - - 5 white dimity wascoates, 3s. 6d. p, 17s. 6d.; - - 1 yrd. 1/2 cambrick, 4s. 6d. p, 6s. 9d.; - - 2 ends of fine wt. callico, 20s. p, 2li.; - - 2 peeces broade white calico, 40s. p. 4li.; - - 2 peeces cource holland, cont. 69 yrds. 30d. p, 8li. 12s. 6d.; - - 5-1/4 yrds. fine dowlas at 2s. 6d. p, 13s. 1-1/2d.; - - 7 yrds. cource dowlas at 20d. p, 12s. 6d.; - - 1 ell cource holland at 2s. 6d. p, 3s. 1-1/2d.; - - 9 yrds. scimity, 6s., 2 peeces of dimity, 6s. p, 18s.; - - 1 callico table cloath, 7s. 6d.; - - 2 callico shirts, 6s. p, 12s.; - - 2 calico painted table cloathes, 8s. p, 16s.; - - 1 large ditto, 14s.; - - in English money, 2li. 7s.; - - New England money, 99li. 4s; - - Spanish money, 1li. 16s,; - - 1 peece of gold, 20s., 3 rings, about 25s., 2li. 5s.; - - a dram cupp, 6s.; - - 3 yds. fine greene say at 6s. p., 18s.; - - 3 cloath coates at 20s. p, 3li.; - - 1 cource gray youth coats, 10s.; - - 7 yrds. 1/2 of striped linen 16d. p, yrd., 10s.; - - 1 silk thrum Rugg, 2li.; - - 28 pr. plaine shooes, 4li. 4s.; - - 15 pr. fale shoes & 2 pr. woemens, 3s. 6d. p. 2li. 19s. 6d.; - - 9 straw hats, 2s. p, 18s.; - - 2 pr. fishing bootes at 14s. p., 1li. 8s.; - - 6li. of combed worsted at 2s. 6d. p, 15s.; - - knives, 5s., 2 spoones, 6d.; - - 6-1/4li wt. suger at 8d. p, 4s. 4d.; - - 6 brushes, 18d., 1 pr. smale stilliards, 4s., 5s. 6d.; - - 8-1/2 oz. pins, 10d., p. 7s. 1d.; - - 2 peeces 1/2 ferret, black Ribbond, 12d., p. 1li. 10s.; - - 5 gross & 1/2 thrid, buttens, 15d. p, 6s. 10-1/2d.; - - about 2 gross thrid laces at 9s. p, 18s.; - - 1 gross great buttens upon cards, 3s.; - - 2 doz. 1/2 tweezers, 3s. 6d. p doz. 8s. 9d.; - - 3 childs swathes, 8d. p., 2s.; - - tape & filliting, 2s.; - - 10 oz. fine thred, 12d p., 10s.; - - a little pcell of thrid of severall coll., 1s. 6d.; - - 13 pr. scissers, 4s., 1 gross thrid, wt. buttens, 18d., 5s 6d.; - - 19 yds. red Ferrett, 4d. p. yrd., 6s. 4d.; - - blew tape, 4d., green cotten ribbon, 4d., silk, 18d., 1s. 8d.; - - 1 pr. bodies, 3s. 6d., 1 woemens worsted cap, 12d.; - - 6 pr. childs yarne gloves, 3s.; - - 11 yrds. green ferrett, 4d. p., 3s. 8d.; - - 6 doz. pack needles, 5s.; - - soweing needles, 6d.; - - 4 oz. peper, 6d., 3 pr. spectacles, & 5 cases, 22d.; - - 16 yrds. yellow taffaty Ribbond, 3d. p. 4s.; - - 6 boxes of Lockeers pills & papers, 24 yrds. 1/2 silk galoone, 2s. - p. doz. 4s.; - - 16 country Ruggs & 2 cradle ditto waying 223li, at 14s. p. li, - 13li.; - - 8 Bushells of pease at 3s. p, 1li. 4s.; - - 1 old sheete of cource canvas, 2s.; - - 1 old table, 6s., 1 brasse yoare, 20s.; - - 1 perpetuance under pettecoate, 9s.; - - 1 woemans Shamare lined, 16s.; - - a womans Jerkin, 6s.; - - 1 pr. wooll cards, 1s.; - - 8 hand basketts, 12d. p. 8s.; - - 60 li. of sheeps woll., 6d. p bagg, 2s., 1li. 12s.; - - 2 sadles & stirrops, 1li. 4s.; - - 4 Iron plates or fenders, 3s. p., 12s.; - - 125li. of sheeps wooll at 6d. p, 3li. 2s. 6d.; - - 4 baggs, 2s. p, 8s.; - - hops & bagg, 2s.; - - 3 smale skins, 8d. p. 2s.; - - 79 narrow brimd. hats, 2s. p., 7li, 18s.; - - 1 new, 10s.; - - 4 bands, 4s.; - - 1 boyes wt. caster, 3s.; - - a large chest, 7s.; - - 2 tray makers adses, 3s.; - - 1 square & a broaken one, 1s. 6d.; - - 2 coop. axes, 30d. p, 5s.; - - 1 bill, 12d., 3 hollow shaves, 12d., p, 4s.; - - 2 cooper adzes, 2s. p, 1 pr. sheers, 12d.; - - 3 doz. 9 curtaine rings, 1s.; - - 4 large, 6 smale shaves, 6s.; - - 7 shooe punches, 6d. p., 3s. 6d.; - - 9 pr. Hinges, 5d. p, 3s. 9d.; - - 2 gouges, 2 chessell, 4d. p, 1s. 4d.; - - 1 tinder box & pump nailes, 1s. 6d.; - - 1 coopers knife, 10d.; - - 5 staples, 12d.; - - 4 bolts, 2s.; - - 1 auger, 12d.; - - a rasp & smale auger, 1s.; - - 5 pr. sissers, 12d.; - - a pewter salt, 12d.; - - 3 pr. snuffers, 18d.; - - a standish, 2s. 6d.; - - 6 cod hoockes, 12d.; - - 1 bed quilt, 10s.; - - 1 thousand & 1/2 of pins, 1s. 1-1/2d.; - - 21 doz. of wt. thrid buttens, 18d. p. grosse, 2s. 7d.; - - pewter Bottle, 9d.; - - pcell of beaver stones, 2li. 10s.; - - 2 pr. small scalls & some waites, 6s.; - - a glasiers vice & moulds, 4li.; - - a pcell of glass, drawne lead, sodering to mak up about - 200 or 300 foot of glass, 4li.; - - 29 li. cheese at 3-1/2d. p li., 8s. 5d.; - - 1 B. 1/2 wheat, 3s. 6d., p. 3 bagges, 3s., 8s. 3d.; - - 6 old shirts, 7s., 5 very old sheets, 15s., 1li. 2s.; - - 2 old drawers, 2s.; - - 3 wascoates, 8s.; - - 4 pillow beeres, 6s.; - - 1 table cloath & 4 napkins, 6s.; - - 1 chest, 5s.; - - 1 sash, 12d.; - - 1 carpett, 18d.; - - 1 bed pan, 5s.; - - 1 brass chafindish, 3s.; - - a fether bed & bolster, 2 blanketts, 7 pillowes, a rugg - & bedsteed, 7li.; - - a pcell of pack cloath, 7s., a hamer, 18d., 8s. 6d.; - - his woolen wearing apparell, 5li.; - - 1 chest, a smale table & 2 old cushions, 12s.; - - 2 old seives, 10d.; - - 1 bed, bolster, 1 pillow, 2 Ruggs, bedsteed & blankett, 4li. 10s.; - - 1 old trunk marked E. W., 3s.; - - some odd trifling lumber, 2s.; - - 2 tables, 4 Joyn stools, 18s., tinn ware, 14s., 1li. 12s.; - - brasse ware, 1li.; - - pewter, 35s., 2 spitts, 2 fire pans, 8s., 2li. 3s.; - - 2 Iron potts & skillett, 12s.; - - 4 rasors, 1 pr. sissers & a hoand, 9s.; - - some Indian dishes & other lumber, 8s. - - - FURRS: - - 49 Racoone skins, 12d. p, 2li. 9s.; - - 38 fox skins, 2s. 6d. p. 4li. 15s.; - - 2 woolves skins, 12d. p. 2s.; - - a cub beare skin, 1s.; - - 31 Otter skins, 6s. p., 9li. 6s.; - - 4 wood chuck skins, 21d. p, 7s.; - - 21 martins & sables at 15d., 1li. 8s. 3d.; - - 7 muskquash, 6d. p, 3s. 6d.; - - about 50li. beaver, 6s. p., 15li. 13 B. mault, 3s. p, 1li. 19s.; - - 150li. oacum, 25s., 3 pecks wt. salt, 1li. 6s. 9d.; - - 36 gall. Rume, 2s. p. 3li. 12s.; - - 2 new chests with ticks, 6s. p, 12s.; - - 4 new barrells, 8s.; - - 2 shovells, 18d., 301li. sheeps woole, 15s., 16s., 6d.; - - 1 bagg, 18d., 200 foot of board, 8s. 9s. 6d.; - - 2 B. wheate, 3s. 6d. p. 3 b. Ry. 3s. p. B., 9s. 3d.; - - 6 B. pease, 3s. p., 1/2 B. Beanes, 19s. 6d.; - - 11 hides, 5s. p., about 600 foot bord, 3li. 19s.; - - 16 B. Indian corne, 2s. p, 1 barrell, 2s., 1li. 14s.; - - 6 chests, 6s. p, about 13 C. spanish Iron, 2s. p., C, 14li. 16s.; - - 2 barrells of porke, 50s., 5li.; - - almost 2 barrells of tarr, 7s. 6d. p, 15s.; - - 100li. tobbacco at 3d p, 1li. 5s.; - - 11 moose skins, 5li. 8d.; - - 2 Racoones, 12d. p, 2 sealls at 12d. p, 4s.; - - 1 hhd. 1/2 passader wine much decaid, 4li.; - - pt. of 5 barrell very much decaid & pricked madera, ----; - - 2 hhd. mallasses nott full, 5li. 10s.; - - an old small catch exceeding out of repaire almost worne out, both - Hull & all appurtenances, valued by Mr. Bar. Gedney & John - Norman, ship carpenters, 15li.; - - a dwelling house & land neere the meeting house & apprtenances, - 80li.; - - a smale peece of land part of a frame for a warehouse & wharf, not - finished & stones upon the ground, 14li. 10s.; - - a small pcell of timber & old board, 10s.; - - an old smale cannoe, 10s.; - - a horse runing in the woods if alive ----; - - a remant of stuff, 2s.; - - a pcell of land at New Jerzey but doe not know the quantity yett & - some goods at som other places not yett knowne what they are - ----; total, 630li. 6s. 5-3/4d. - - Samll. Shattock's account of the debts: To several in England above, - 300li.; - - to several in New England which cannot yet be known how much, nor - Justly what yt is in England, but as himselfe said when he was - sick & I ptly finde it by Invoys of Goods. - - - APPRAISED SINCE THE FOREGOING, GOODS BROUGHT FROM THE EASTWARD - AS COST PER INVOICE: - - 2 coates, 19s. p. coate, 1li. 18s.; - - 2 coats, 16s., p, 1li. 12s.; - - 3 white childs coates, 1 at 11s. & 2 at 14s., 1li. 19s.; - - 2 coates, 19s. p, 6 or 7 yeare old, 1li. 18s.; - - 1 Coat tamet, 16s.; - - 1 boyes coate, 13s.; - - a flanders Tick & bolster, 1li. 9s. 6d.; - - a draft, 8 qrts., 14s. - - - VALUED AS COST HERE IN NEW ENGLAND: - - 2 silke barateene under coates, 1li. 6s.; - - 1 large silk Rugg, 3li.; - - 1 calico India carpett, 4s.; - - 7 bushell & 1/2 malt, 1li. 2s. 6d.; - - 3 B. & 1/2 of Indian, 7s.; - - 1 B. wheate, 3s. 6d.; - - a speckled pillow beere, 1s.; - - to sugar sold at 5s. 3d.; - - a gold ring, 7s. 6d.; - - an Iron Casement, 5s.; - - 460 feet of board, 3s. p, 13s. 8d.; - - 8 narrow brimed hats, 2s. p, 16s.; - - 3 old rusty curry combs, 1s.; - - 2 old sawes, 2s. 6d.; - - 4 pr. sissers, 1 twissers, 1 gimlet, punch, som ales & - steeles, 4s. 6d; - - 3 firkins of old butter, 3li.; - - decayed wine, 1li. 15s.; - - an old pr. of hand screws, 1li. 10s.; - - debt of 12s.; - - suposed 3 acres of land at merimake, to a silver seale, 2s.; - - bookes, 12s.; - - mincing knife, 6d., 2 curry combes, 2s.; - - Glass redy made & som lead, 1li. 10s.; - - 2 chests & 1 trunke, 15s.; - - 8 & 2 yd. of narrow serge, at 2s. p, 17s.; - - Debts, 40 li.; - - total 69li. 6s. 11d. - - Allowed in Salem court 27: 4: 1678, Samuell Shattuck, sr., - being a Friend affirming, and Samuell Shattock, jr. making - oath to the truth of the inventory. - - --_Essex County Probate Records_, Vol. III, pp. 203-208. - - - - -APPENDIX H - -INVENTORY OF THE ESTATE OF CAPT. GEORGE CORWIN OF SALEM, TAKEN -BY BARTHL. GEDNEY, BENJA. BROWNE, JOHN HIGGINSON JUNR. AND TIMO. -LINDALL ON JAN. 30 AND THE BEGINNING OF FEB., 1684-5 - - Dwelling house & land wheron it stands & adjoyneing to it wth. the - out houseing & fence, &c., 400li.; - - the pastor, qt.[97] about 3 acres 1/2, considering a buriall place - ther apointed, 90li.; - - [97] Quantity. - - the lower warhouse & wharfe, 110li.; - - the upper warhouse & land adjoyning, 50li.; - - about 8 acres Medow & upland by Ely Geoules, 45li.; - - the farme on the plaines goeing to Lin bought of Trask, Pickering, - Adams, &c., qt. about 200 acres, - 25p., 250li.; - - the Farme now Reding bought of Burnap, qt. about 800 acres, - aprized by Tho. Flint & Jos. Pope, 250li.; - - the Farme bought of John Gold, qt. about 500 acres, 50li.; - - 60 acres of Land bought of Goodman Dutton, 20li.; - - 15 acres of medow bought of Lt. Smith, 25li.; - - the houses & Land adjoyneing that was Wm. Godsoes & wharfe, 45li.; - - a pc. of land at the point nere Jer. Neales yt was ----, 10li.; - - the Katch Swallow wth. her apurtenances, 130li.; - - the Katch George with her apurtenances, 65li.; - - 620 oz. 7/8 plate at 6s. 8d. [per], 206li. 19s. 2d.; - - in New England mony, 47li. 1s.; - - in English mony, 37li. 15s., advance, 7li. 11s., 45li. 6s.; - - in peices of Eight, 1519li. 1s. 8d; - - 72oz. 1/4 Gold at 5li. [per] oz., 361li. 5s.; - - 1 Silver hat band & 6 Spones, qt. 4 oz. 9/16, 1li. 10s. 4d.; - - 1 watch wth. a stard case, 1 watch wth. a Silver case, 5li.; - - 1 Silver case & doctors Instruments, 5li.; - - more in New England mony, 2li. 18s. 6d.; - - 1 Plate hilt rapier, 4li. 10s.; - - 1 Two edged Sword, 1li.; - - 1 Silver headed cane, 5s. - - - IN THE SHOPE. - - 2 yd. broadcl[oth] at 8s., 16s.; - - 1 yd. 3/4 ditto at 8s., 14s.; - - 16 yd. 3/8 Redcloth Rash at 6s. 6d., - 5li. 6s. 5-1/4d.; - - 2 yd. 3/4 serge at 3s. 6d.; 9s. 7-1/2d.; - - 6 yd. perpcheana at 18d., 9s.; - - 7 yd. 1/4 perpcheana at 18d., 10s. 10-1/2d.; - - 11 yd. ditto at 18d., 16s. 6d.; - - 20 yd. 1/2 ell french Stufe at 2s., 2li. 1s. 3d.; - - 36 yd. 1/2 ditto at 2s., 3li. 13s.; - - 25 yd. Red Cotten at 2s., 2li. 10s.; - - 1 Sad colerd Ruge, 18s.; - - 1 Grene ditto, 18s.; - - 9 yd. 1/2 Stript Stufe at 18d., 14s. 8d.; - - 1 yd. 1/4 Grene Say, damaged, 2s.; - - 19 yd. 3/4 Grene tamey at 10d., 16s. 25-1/2d.; - - 1 yd. 3/4 bl. calico at 18d., 2s. 7-1/2d.; - - 4 yd. 1/2 crape at 18d., 6s. 9d.; - - 11 yd. 3/4 Crape at 18d., 17s. 7-1/2d.; - - 2 yd. 1/2 Stript Stufe at 18d., 3s. 9d.; - - 2 yd 1/2 ell Curle deroy at 18d., 3s. - 11d.; - - 4 yd. 3/4 prunella at 22d., 8s. 8-1/2d.; - - 10 yd. 1/4 Silk barronet at 2s. 6d., - 1li. 5s. 7-1/2d.; - - 7 yd. buckrom at 18d., 10s. 6d.; - - 10 yd. bla. Cloth rash at 6s., 3li. 4s. 6d.; - - 6 yd. 3/4 Sad colerd ditto at 6s., 2li. 6s.; - - 14 yd. 1/2 Gr. Tamey at 10d., 12s. 1d.; - - 6 yd. flanell at 18d., 9s. 4-1/2d.; - - 2 pr. white blanketts, 14s.; - - [2]1 yd. 3/4 Red cotten at 20d., 1li. 16s. 3d.; - - 14 yd. peniston ----, 1li. 8s.; - - 11 yd. 1/2 Carsy in Remnts. at 4s., 2li; 6s.; - - 1 yd. 1/2 Red buckrom at 18d., 2s. 3d.; - - 2 Sutes Curtains & valients at 4li., 8li.; - - 2 yd. 1/4 Flanell at 18d., 3s. 4-1/2d.; - - 28 yd. 1/2 ell persian Silke at 5s. 6d., 7li. 17s. 5d.; - - 6yd. 3/4 wosted Farenden at 20d., 11s. 3d.; - - 5 yd. 3/4 camlet at 20d., 9s. 7d.; - - 16 yd. 3/4 ticking at 20d., 1li. 7s. 11d.; - - 20 yd. 1/2 ditto, at 20d., 1li. 14s. 2d.; - - 19 yd. 1/4 ditto at 20d., 1li. 12s. 1d.; - - 3 yd. 1/4 ditto at 20d., 5s. 5d.; - - 11 yd. 1/2 ditto at 17d., 16s. 3-1/2d.; - - 17 yd. bengall at 18d., 1li. 5s. 6d.; - - 24 yd. 1/2 St. Petters canvis at 16d., 1li. 12s. 8d.; - - 10 yd. 1/4 hall cloth at 15d., 12s. 9-3/4d.; - - 5 yd. 1/2 canvis at 16d., 7s. 4d.; - - 14 yds. ditto damaged at 14d., 16s. 4d.; - - 29 yds. ditto damaged at 12d., 1li. 9s.; - - 12 yd. 1/2 fugeres at 15d., 15s. 7-1/2d.; - - 22 yd. 3/4 Vittery at 13d., 1li. 4s. 7-3/4d.; - - 19 yd. 3/4 ditto at 13d., 1li. 1s. 4-3/4d.; - - 24 yd. 1/4 fine canvis at 18d., 1li. 16s. 4-1/2d.; - - 3 pcs. broad linon, qt. 309 yd., at 20d., 25li. 15s.; - - 32 yd. 3/4 blu linon at 9d., 1li. 4s. 6-3/4d.; - - 10 yd. 3/4 pillow Ticking at 18d., 16s. 1-2/3d.; - - 5 yd. wte. Fustian at 15d., 6s. 3d.; - - 18 yd. course holland at 2s., 1li. 16s.; - - 7 yd. Slesy holland at 21d., 12s. 3d.; - - 10 yd. 1/2 Scotch cloth at 16d., 14s.; - - 25 yd. 3/4 lockrom at 15d., 1li. 12s. 2-1/4d.; - - 61 yd. 2/3 doulas at 16d., 4li. 2s. 4d.; - - 2 halfe peces of 2/3 doulas, 9li.; - - 26 yd. browne diaper at 14d., 1li. 10s. 4d.; - - 55 yd. Vittery at 12d., 2li. 15s.; - - 12 yd. high Brene at 22d., 1li. 2s.; - - 1 bolt Noyles, qt. 140 yd., at 16d., 9li. 6s. 8d., 2 pcs. Course - ticking at 35d., 3li. 10s.; - - 12 pr. weo. hose, 18s.; - - 12 pr. mixed Stockrs. Smll. & Great, 14s.; - - 13 pr. bodys at 4s., 2li. 12s.; - - 4 pr. parogon bodys & Stomachers at 8s., 1li. 12s.; - - 11 pr. Small bodys at 20d., 18s. 4d.; - - 1 doz. large Combes, 4s. 6d.; - - 3 doz. ditto at 3s. [per] dz., 9s.; - - 5 doz. ditto at 2s. [per] dz., 10s.; - - 8 combes at 3d.1/2, 2s. 4d.; - - 23 wte. haft knives at 8d., 15s. 4d.; - - 3 thousd. pins, 2s. 6d.; - - 17 long bla. haft knives wthout sheaths at 3d., 4s. 3d.; - - 2 dz. bl. haft knives at 2s. 6d., 5s.; - - 3 papers manchrs. & pt. of a peice, 12s., 49 pcs. colerd tapes at - 12d., 2li. 9s.; - - 3 papers colerd Filiting, 9s.; - - 40 pcs. wte. Tape at 12d., 2li.; - - 23 pcs. nar tape at 8d., 17s. 4d.; - - 17 doz. thred laces, 4s. 11d.; - - a percell of broken tape, 5s.; - - 4 pcs. 1/2 diaper Filiting, 6s.; - - 41 Smll. pcs. Colerd tape at 3d.1/2, 11s. 11-1/2d.; - - a percell of broken colerd tape, 1s. 6d.; - - 21 cards old fasioned silke lace & 5 cards Gimp Lace, 4li.; - - 1li. 2 oz. fine thred at 10s., 11s. 3d.; - - 5 pr. Gloves, 2s.; - - 6 doz. 1/2 Sisers at 2s., 13s.; - - 1/2 doz. barbers Sisers at 6d., 3s.; - - a box nedles, qt. about 3 thousand, 1li. 10s.; - - 44 doz. yds. flowerd & Plain Ribin at 12s., 26li. 8s.; - - 20 yd. flowred Ribin at 5d., 8s. 4d.; - - 22 yd. 3/4 ferit Ribin at 4d., 7s. 7d.; - - 1 pc. 1/2 Cotten Ribin, 4s. 6d.; - - 2 yd. 1/4 Ribin at 6d., 1s. 1d.; - - 12li. kniting nedles at 12d., 12s.; - - 1 pr. fishing boots, 12s.; - - 4 pr. fr. held shouse & 2 pr. Galotias, 1li.; - - 6 flower boxes, 4 tin poringers, 1 candle box, 1 Tinder box, - 1 Calender, 4 Candlesticks, 7 driping pans, 4 fish plates, 1li.; - - 1 brase Skilit, 4s.; - - 27 m. 4d. Nayles at 2s. 6d., 3li. 7s. 6d.; - - 4 m. 6d. nayles at 3s. 8d., 14s. 8d.; - - 226 mackerell lines at 9d., 8li. 9s. 6d.; - - Erthen ware & wooden ware 3s.; - - 4 m., 2ct. 12d. Nayles at 10s. [per] m., 2li. 2s.; - - 5ct: 1: 14li. Shot at 20s. [per] ct. 5li. 7s. 6d.; - - 147li. French lines at 10d., 6li. 2s. 6d.; - - 8 yd. 1/2 yellow Ribin at 6d., 4s. 3d.; - - 15 yd. bone lace at 4d., 5s.; - - a percell of hat bands, 1li. 15s.; - - 24m. 1/2 hobs at 21d. [per] m., 2li. 2s. 10-1/2d.; - - 11 Grose buttens at 21d., a percell loose buttons, 1li. 3s. 3d.; - - 1 ct. Suger, 1li.; - - 1li. 1/4 Silke at 22s., 1li. 7s. 6d.; - - 3 Iron morters & 2 Iron pots, qt. 95li. at 3d., 1li. 3s. 9d.; - - a parcell of Ginger in a Caske, 6s.; - - 1 brase morter, 9s.; - - 9 Cow bells at 8d., 2 pr. pattens at 12d., 8s.; - - 10 Chalke lines, 1s. 8d.; - - 7 doz. 1/2 Capl. hooks at 18d., 11s. 3d.; - - 2 Reme paper, 8s.; - - a percell of white beades, 1s.; - - 34li. pouder blue at 14d., 1li. 19s. 8d.; - - 114li. alspice at 21d., 9li. 19s. 6d.; - - 1 pr. cards, 1s. 6d.; - - 33li. shott, 6s.; - - 4 large, 3 Smll. Salt Sellers, 8d.; - - a bundle of Galome, 15s.; - - 3 Combs, 2s.; - - 10 Catticises at 12d., 3s.; - - 2 pr. blu Stockins, 2s. 6d.; - - a percell of Red filit & tape, 2s.; - - 1 qt. pot, 1 pt. pot, 1 Gill pott, 4s.; - - 4 pr. Seales & waites, 37s., 1 pr. Stiliards, 3s., 2li.; - - Cloves, mace, Cinomon & Nutmegs, 10s.; - - 3 black Silk Caps for men, 3s. - - - IN THE SHOP CHAMBER. - - 21 Stock locks at 8d.1/4, 14s. 5-1/4d.; - - 30 ditto at 11d.1/4, 1li. 8s. 1-1/4d.; - - 42 ditto at 15d.3/4, 2li. 15s. 1-1/2d.; - - 9 ditto at 6d.1/2, 14s. 7-1/2d.; - - 11 ditto at 22d.1/2, 1li. 7-1/2d.; - - 14 ditto at 25d.1/2, 1li. 9s. 9d.; - - 6 ditto at 31d.1/2, 15s. 9d.; - - 45 Smll. lines at 6d., 1li. 2s. 6d.; - - 5 M. brase nayles at 9s. 9d., 2li. 8s. 9d.; - - 5 Candlesticks at 10d.1/2, 4s. 4-1/2d.; - - 2 doz. augers at 7s. 6d., 15s.; - - 13 carveing Tooles at 3d., 3s. 3d.; - - 5 paring Chisells at 6d.3/4, 2s. 9-3/4d.; - - 19 Gouges & Chisells at 7d.1/2, 11s. 10-1/2d.; - - 6 doz & 3 plaining Irons at 5s. [per] doz., 1li. 11s. 3d.; - - Oct: 2: 5li. hooks & Twists at 48s., 1li. 6s. 2d.; - - 18 Spring locks at 2s. 3d., 2li. 6d.; - - 3 Spring locks wth. Screws at 2s. 9d., 8s. 3d.; - - 3 best ditto at 3s. 6d., 10s. 6d.; - - 6 Single Spr. Locks at 13d., 6s. 6d.; - - 12 warded outside chist lockes, 15s. 9d.; - - 155li. Frying panes at 6d., 3li. 17s. 6d.; - - 23 outsid box locks at 6d., 11s. 6d.; - - 17 Reape hooks at 9d., 12s. 9d.; - - 10 ward cuberd locks at 9d. 3/4, 8s. 1-1/2d.; - - 1 doz. latches & katches, 6s. 6d.; - - 26 plaine cuberd locks at 6s., 13s.; - - 3 pr. pinchers at 11d., 2s. 9d.; - - 8 pr. nipers at 4d.1/2, 3s.; - - 10 pr. marking Irons at 15d., 12s. 6d.; - - 2 doz. & 3 tacks at 4d. [per] dz., 9d.; - - 1/2 doz. shepe sheres at 19d.1/2, 9s. 9d.; - - 1 doz. shepe sheres, 16s. 6d.; - - 13 doz. 1/2 all Blades at 6d. [per] doz., 6s. 9d.; - - 3 best box Irons at 3s. 6d., 10s. 6d.; - - 2 plaine box Irons at 18d., 3s.; - - 6 Stell Sawes at 3s. 3d., 19s. 6d.; - - 20 Sawes at 18d., 1li. 10s.; - - 7 doz. & 2 wte. haft knives at 8s., 2li. 17s. 4d.; - - 1 pr. Tongs & fire pan, 5s. 6d.; - - 2 doz. 1/2 horne haft knives at 4s., 10s.; - - 5 tilers hamers at 22d.1/2, 9s. 4-1/2d.; - - 7 pr. barbers Sisers at 6d., 3s. 6d.; - - 4 doz. & 5 pr. Large Sisers at 3s., 13s. 3d.; - - 2 doz. 11 Glass bottles at 3s., 8s. 9d.; - - 4 doz. 3 Sorted hamers at 12s., 2li. 11s.; - - 3 doz. Speke Gimlets at 4s. 3d., 12s. 9d.; - - 6 doz. 9 Small Gimlets at 2s., 13s. 6d.; - - 15 pr. buttons at 19d. 1/2, 1li. 4s. 4-1/2d.; - - 4 Stared bridles at 3s. 3d., 13s.; - - 7 chafeing dishes at 12d., 7s.; - - 1 doz. best wte. bridles 14s., 3d.; - - 1/2 doz. ordinary ditto, 6s.; - - 11 bolls, 6d.3/4, 6s. 2-1/2d.; - - 5 bl. plaine bridles at 14d.1/4, 5s. 11-1/4d.; - - 11 dutch bridles at 25d.1/2, 1li. 3s. 4-1/2d.; - - 2 French ditto at 22d.1/2, 3s. 9d.; - - 1 doz. best Stirop leathers at 18s., 18s.; - - 8 Stirop leathers at l0d.1/2, 7s.; - - 1 Grose of diaper Girt web, 1li. 2s. 6d.; - - 1 Grose fine plaine ditto, 1li. 3s. 3d.; - - 1 Grose 1/4 ditto at 15s., 18s. 9d.; - - 7 pr. Swevell Stirop Irons at 16d.1/2, 9s. 7-1/2d.; - - 1 doz. boxhorse combes, 5s.; - - 11 horse combes at 2s. 9d. [per] doz., 2s. 6-1/4d.; - - 3 pr. plaine Stirop Irons at 10d.1/2, 2s, 7-1/2d.; - - 11 horse brushes at 12d.1/2, 11s. 5-1/2d.; - - 2 Grose Girt buckles at 8s. 3d., 16s. 6d.; - - 4 Papers wte. buckles at 18d., 6s.; - - 11 curry combes at 5d.1/2, 5s., 1/2d.; - - 4 best wte. Cury combs at 18d. 6s.; - - 5 wte. ditto at 15d., 6s. 3d.; - - 14 Files at 8d.1/4, 9s. 7-1/2d.; - - 4 horse locks at 14d.1/2, 4s. l0d.; - - 6 Twisted Snafells at 7d.1/2, 3s. 9d.; - - 5 large plaine ditto at 6d., 2s. 6d.; - - 4 small ditto at 4d.1/2, 1s. 6d.; - - 8 Smll. padlocks at 9d., 6s.; - - 3 large ditto at 12d.3/4, 3s. 2-1/4d.; - - 4 tiling trowells at 12d., 4s.; - - 2 pointing trowells at 12d., 2s.; - - 45 pr. plaine Spures at 6d.1/4, 1li. 3s. 5-1/4d.; - - 3 pr. Joynted Spures at 7d.1/2, 1s. 10-1/2d.; - - 287 Curtaine rings at 18d. [per] ct., 4s. 4d.; - - 10 Curr Bitts at 22d.1/2, 18s. 9d.; - - 12 pr. bosses, 8s. 3d.; - - 2 drawing knives at 14d., 2s., 4d.; - - 3 doz. 1 Shoue Spurs at 2s. 6d., 7s. 8-1/2d.; - - 3 shoue knives at 2d.1/2, 7d.1/2; - - 4 wimble bits & 1 Gimlet, 1s.; - - 1 brick Joynter, 4d.; - - 4 outside Chist lock at 10d. [per], 3s. 4d.; - - 1 Chist lock, 10d.; - - 12 li. pack thred at 12d. [per], 14s.; - - 1 Cutting Knife, 6d.; - - 2 X Garnels at 8d., 1s. 4d.; - - 1 cow bell, 8d.; - - 1 halfe pt. pott, 1s.; - - 14 yd. 3/4 Carsy at 3s. 6d., 2li. 11s. 7-1/2d.; - - 8 pcs. blu linon, qt. 233 yd. 3/4, at 9d., 8li. 15s. 3-3/4d.; - - 37 yd. ticking at 2d., 3li. 14s.; - - 25 yd. 3/4 yellow flanell at 18d., 1li. 18s. 7-1/2d.; - - 61 yd. 3/4 fine doulas, and 1/2 pc. fine Doulas, 13li.; - - 1 pc. Course Ticking, qt. 35 yds., at 12d., 1li. 15s.; - - 171 yd. Genting in 20 pls. & Severll. Remnts. at 18d., - 12li. 16s. 6d.; - - 4 yd. 3/4 peniston at 2s., 9s. 6d.; - - 45 yd. 3/4 St. Petters linon at 15d., 2li. 17s. 2-1/4d.; - - 16 yd. 1/4 Red flannell at 20d., 1li. 7s. 1d.; - - 1/2 doz. chusians at 2s., 12s.; - - 35 yd. Small Noyles at 9d., 1li. 6s. 3d.; - - 18 yd. 1/4 medrinix damaged at 4d., 6s. 1d.; - - 1 pc. Red Cotten, qt. 72 yd., at 21d., 6li. 6s.; - - 1 pc. ditto, qt. 76 yd., at 21d., 6li. 13s.; - - 42 yd. medrinix at 9d., 1li. 11s. 6d.; - - 33 yd. St. Petters Linon at 14d., 1li. 18s. 6d.; - - 59 yd. 1/2 medrinix at 9d., 2li. 4s. 7-1/2d.; - - 45 yd. 3/4 broad linon at 18d., 3li. 8s. 7-1/2d.; - - 26 yd. broad Linon at 15d., 1li. 12s. 6d.; - - 94 yd. Narow Brene at 15d., 5li. 17s. 6d.; - - 32 yd. 3/4 Longloses at 16d., 2 li. 3s. 8d.; - - 115 yd. Vittery at 13d., 6li. 4s. 7d.; - - 107 yds. ditto damaged at 8d., 3li. 11s. 4d.; - - 1 Ruge Eaten, 20s., 1li.; - - 1 ditto, 1li. 4s.; - - 1 ditto, 16s.; - - 1 ditto, 1li. 2s.; - - 1 ditto, 1li. 3s.; - - 70 yd. Smll. Noyles at 9d., 2li. 12s. 6d.; - - 35 yd 1/2 Red Cotten at 2s., 3li. 11s.; - - 45 yd 1/2 St. Petters linon at 16d., 3li. 8d.; - - 1 bolt Ranletts, qt. 70 yd., at 12d., 3li. 10s.; - - 62 yd. Lockrom at 12d., 3li. 2s.; - - 1 pc. course Ticking, qt. 35 yd., at 12d., 1li. 15s.; - - 16 yd. 1/2 Medrinix at 9d., 12s. 4-1/2d.; - - 59 yd. Vittery damaged at 6d., 1li. 9s. 6d.; - - 63 yd. fine hall cloth at 16d., 4li. 4s.; - - 13 doz. & 8 pr. large Sisers at 3s., 2li. 1s.; - - 4 doz. Smll. Sisers at 2s., 8s.; - - 4 doz. large Combes at 4s. 6d., 18s.; - - 16 doz. ditto at 3s. 6d., 2li. 16s.; - - 12 doz. ditto at 3s., 1li. 16d.; - - 4 doz. ditto at 2s., 8s.; - - 9 white haft knives at 8d., 6s.; - - 6 bl. haft knives at 4d., 2s.; - - 16 bl. woden haft case knives at 4d., 5s. 4d.; - - 86 hower Glases at 6d., 2li. 3s.; - - 7 papers manchester at 4s., 1li. 8d.; - - 1 pc. filiting, 2s.; - - 1/2 li. fine thred at 10s., 5s.; - - 128 li. Colered & browne thread at 2s. 8d., 17li. 1s. 4d.; - - 25 Grose & 8 doz. Gimp coat buttons at 21d., 2li. 4s. 11d.; - - 2 Grose brest ditto at 16d., 2s. 8d.; - - 1 pc. Slesy holland, 15s.; - - 1 pr. Gerles Gren Stockings, 1s. 2d.; - - a percell of hat bands & linings, 5s.; - - 1 pr. bandelers, 6s.; - - 31 old fashioned high Crowned hats at 18d., 2li. 6s. 6d.; - - 1 low ditto, 1s. 6d.; - - 2 yd. 1/2 Curle at 2s. 5d., 6s. 1/2d.; - - 28 wooden blocks at 4d., 9s. 4d.; - - 1 Ruge, 18s.; - - 2 Red Cushian, 5s.; - - 1 Red Ruge, 10s.; - - old Curtaines, &c. in a Chist, 10s.; - - 1 Silke cradle ruge, 12s.; - - 1 Canvis Sute, 2s. 6d.; - - 1 large wainscot chist, 18d.; - - 1 old Chist & two old Trunks, 8s.; - - 1 Chaire & 1 Table, 6s.; - - 1 pr. weo. black shouse, 3s. 6d.; - - 4 tin pans, 3s.; - - 1 watch Glase, 1s.; - - 3 Sase pans, 2 tunells & 2 peper boxes, 1s. 6d.; - - 1 bed, bolster & pillow, 2li. 15s.; - - 1 bedsted & matt, 10s.; - - 1 pr. Grene Curtains & valients, 1li.; - - 2 Red Fethers, 5s.; - - 1 cod line, 1s. 3d.; - - 1 Cloake bage, 3s.; - - oatmell, 6s. - - - IN THE LOWER WAREHOUSE. - - 120 hh. or thereabouts of salt at 8s., 48li.; - - 17 m. shingle at 5s. [per], 4li. 5s.; - - 2 ct. 1/2 Clabords at 4s., 10s.; - - 20 barells Tarr at 4s. 6d., 4li, 10s.; - - 5 barells Oyle at 25s., 6li. 5s.; - - 3 old hogsheads, 7s. 6d.; - - 1 Cask Nayles, qt. 0: 2: 25, ditto, qt. 1: 1: 24, 1 ditto, - qt. 2: 0: 01, 1 ditto, qt. O: 3: 00, 1 ditto, qt. 1: - 0: 09, 1 ditto, qt. 1: 0: 05, 1 ditto, qt. 1: 3: 15, - total, 8: 3: 23, deduct Tare, 0: 3: 23, Rest, 8: 0: - 00 at 46s. 8d., 18li. 13s. 4d.; - - 1 Caske hobs, 6li.; - - 1 Cable, qt. 3ct: 3: 2li. at 25s., 4li. 14s. 2d.; - - 48ct: 0: 13li. Spa Iron at 20s., 48li. 2s. 4-1/2d.; - - 26: 0: 00 Lead at 2Os., 26li.; - - 2 doz. 3 Rubstones at 18d. [per] doz., 3s. 4-1/2d.; - - 35 doz. Erthen ware, 3li.; - - 1 barll. yelow Oaker, qt. neat 2ct: 0: 17li. at 10s., 1li. 1s. 6d.; - - a percell of old Junke, 10li.; - - 1 Great beame Scales & 1 halfe hundrd., 1li. 15s.; - - 1 Smll. beame & 2 morters, 10s.; - - 2 netts damaged, 10s.; - - old rey in ye Garret, 3s.; - - 5 m. Red Oak hogshead staves at 25s., 6li. 5s.; - - 1 pr. old hand screws, 10s.; - - 2 pr. Stilliards, 1li. 5s.; - - a percell of Rozin, 10s.; - - 1 longe Oare, 5s.; - - shod shoule, 1s. 6d.; - - old cask, 10s.; - - 1 Suger drawer, 1s. 6d.; - - a percell Limestones on the wharfe, 8li. - - - IN THE UPER WAREHOUSE. - - 3 Ketles 95li.1/2, 15 potts 550li. at 25s. [per] ct., 7li. 4s.; - - 9ct: 2: 2li. lead at 20s. [per] 9li. 10s. 4d.; - - 4: 1: 9 Stelle att 50s. [per], 10li. 16s. 6d.; - - 1: 2: 8 of Old Iron at 12s. [per], 19s.; - - 1 hogshed Suger, qt. 6ct: 1: 16li. neat 20s., 6li. 8s.; - - 1 Cask Starch, qt. 150li. neate at 3d., 1li. 17s. 6d.; - - 7 doz. 2/3 Glase botles at 2s. 9d., 1li. 1s. 1d.; - - 2 barll. mattasows at 30s., 3li.; - - 1 pr. Great hand screws, 3li.; - - 12 whip Sawes at 9s., 5li. 8s.; - - beanes, 3s.; - - 1 Chist drawers, 1li. 10s.; - - wheate, 6s.; - - 1 pr. Great Stilliards, li. 5s.; - - 1 pr. Smll. Stilliards defective, 5s.; - - 219 fot Bords, 3s. [per], 2 harpn. Irons 12d. [per], 8s. 7d.; - - old caske, 10s.; - - Graine, the Sweping of the Chamber, 3s.; - - part of an old Clock, 10s. - - - IN THE OLD HALL. - - 9 turkey worke chaires wthout. backs, 5s. [per], 2li. 5s.; - - 4 ditto wth. Backs at 8s. [per], 1li. 12s.; - - 6 low Turky worke ditto wth. Backs, 8s. [per], 2li. 8s.; - - 2 Tables, 20s. [per], 1 ditto, 5s., 2li. 5s.; - - 1 Carpet, 15s.; - - 1 pr. large brase Andirons, 1li. 10s.; - - 1 large looking Glase & brases, 2li. 5s.; - - 3 Curtaine rods & Curtains for windows, 15s.; - - 2 Candlesticks, 5s.; - - 1 Glase Globe, 1s. - - - IN THE RED CHAMBER. - - 8 Red branched chaires wth. Covers, 16s. [per], 6li. 8s.; - - 1 Smll. table, 1 Red carpet, 10s.; - - 2 Curtaine rods & window Curtaines, 7s.; - - 1 Scritore & frame, 1li. 10s.; - - 2 Trunks, 15s.; - - 1 old Cuberd & Red cloth, 6s.; - - 1 pr. brase Andirons, 1 back, 1 pr. Tongs, 13s.; - - 1 looking glase, 6s.; - - 1 large white Quilt, 2li.; - - 1 ditto, 1li. 10s.; - - 1 ditto, 1li.; - - 1 pr. Shetts, 1li.; - - 1 pr. ditto, 1li.; - - 1 pr. ditto, 1li. 2s.; - - 1 pr. ditto, 18s.; - - 1 pr. ditto, 1li. 2s.; - - 1 pr. ditto, 1li. 2s.; - - 1 pr. ditto, 1li. 5s.; - - 1 pr. ditto, 1li. 2s.; - - 1 pr. ditto, 1li. 2s.; - - 1 pr. ditto, 1li. 2s.; - - 1 pr. ditto, 1li.; - - 1 pr. ditto, 1li.; - - 1 pr. ditto, 18s.; - - 1 pr. ditto, 12s.; - - 1 pr. ditto, 18s.; - - 1 pr. ditto, 18s.; - - 1 pr. ditto, 1li. 4s.; - - 1 pr. ditto, 16s.; - - 1/2 pr. ditto, 8s.; - - 1/2 pr. ditto, 18s.; - - 17 Napkins, 1 large table cloth & a Towell all of Damaske, 4li.; - - 9 diaper Napkins & 1 Table Cloth, 15s.; - - 1 doz. ditto & 1 Table Cloth, 1li. 2s.; - - 1 doz. ditto & 1 Table Cloth, 1li. 2s.; - - 1 doz. ditto & 1 Table Cloth, 18s.; - - 1 doz. diaper Napkins & a Table Cloth, 17s.; - - 1 Table Cloth, 8s.; - - 2 pillowbers at 2s. 6d. [per], 5s.; - - 1 Table Cloth, 5s.; - - 1 diaper Table Cloth, 8s.; - - 1 ditto, 8s.; - - 1 Cuberd Cloth, 5s.; - - 1 ditto, 3s.; - - 1 Calico Counter pain, 8s.; - - 18 pilobers & Napkins, 15s.; - - 4 towells & a Cuberd Cloth, 10s.; - - 1 Child's Bed, 1s.; - - 1 Red Cushion, 1s. - - - IN THE TWO CLOSETS ADJOYNING. - - 10 doz. Erth. ware, 15 large, 33 Small tins pans for Suger Cakes, - 16 qt. botles, 3 Erthen pots, 3 long mum Glases, 2li. 10s. - - - IN THE GLASE CHAMBER. - - 1 bed sted & apurtenances, 1li.; - - 1 fether bed, bolster & 2 pillows, 4li. 10s.; - - 1 pr. Curtains & Valients, 2li. 10s.; - - 1 Red Ruge, 8s.; - - 1 large white blanket, 8s.; - - 1 Stript blanket, 3s.; - - 1 Silke blanket, 12s.; - - 1 large Striped blanket, 8s.; - - 1 Smll. blanket, 4s.; - - 1 pr. shettes, 14s.; - - 2 pillowbers, 2s.; - - 6 parogon Chaires at 10s. [per], 3li.; - - 2 longe Stooles, at 10s., [per], 1li.; - - 2 Stands at 4s., 8s.; - - 1 Table, 1 linsy carpet, 10s.; - - 1 Calico Carpet, 3s.; - - 1 looking Glase, 7s.; - - 1 pomader basket, 10s.; - - 1 Ouall fine wicker basket, 3s.; - - 1 painted Couberd Cloth, 3s.; - - 1 Glase frame for Glase worke, 1li.; - - 3 Curtain rods & window Curtains, 10s.; - - 1 pr. Andirons wth. brases, 12s.; - - 1 pr. brasse fire pan & Tongs, 8s. - - - IN THE CORNER CHAMBER. - - 1 bedsted, 10s.; - - 2 Ruges, 1li. 12s.; - - 1 pr. Curtains & Valients & Rods, 2li.; - - 1 Grene Counter paine, 5s.; - - 1 pr. Sheets, 12s.; - - 1 bolster & pillow, 1li.; - - 1 wainscot Chist, 10s.; - - 1 Table & 1 Grene Carpet, 12s.; - - 8 yd. bengall at 9d., 6s.; - - 7 yd. doulas at 20d., 11s. 8d.; - - 4 yd. 1/2 Stript linon at 16d., 6s.; - - 1 yd. 1/2 Serge at 3s., 4s. 6d.; - - 7 yd. Narr. brene at 15d., 8s. 9d.; - - 1 yd. 3/8 Grene Say at 3s. 6d., 4s. 9-3/4d.; - - 8 pcs. Tape at 9d., 6s.; - - 3 yd. Lockrom at 12d., 2s.; - - 1 yd. 3/4 ticking at 20d., 2s. 11d.; - - a Remnant of holland, 1s.; - - 19 yd. high brene at 2s., 1li. 18s.; - - 1 yd. Red Cotten, 1s. 9d.; - - 3 yd. course holland at 18d., 4s. 6d.; - - 3 yd. 1/2 narr Cloth at 8d., 2s. 4d.; - - 7/8 yd. Linon at 18d., 1s. 3-3/4d.; - - 2 yd. 3/4 fustian at 12d., 2s. 9d.; - - a Remt. fine Canvis, 7d.; - - 1 yd. 1/2 Linon at 18d. [per], 2s. 3d.; - - 1 yd. wte. Calico, 1s.; - - 1 yd. 1/2 linon at 18d., 2s. 3d.; - - 1 yd. 1/2 Slesy at 12d., 1s. 6d.; - - 1 yd. colerd Fustian, 1s.; - - 1 pr. Red. weo. stockings, 1s. 6d.; - - 2 old Chaires at 2s., 4s.; - - 1 bundle of Remnants, 1s. - - - IN THE COUNTEING HOUSE & ENTERY. - - 1 dozn. pins, 9s.; - - 1 dozn. ditto, 10s.; - - 2 li. Colerd thread at 2s. 8d., 5s. 4d.; - - 3 li. 1/2 wormesed at 4s. 6d. [per], 15s. 9d.; - - 1/4 Grose Girt web at 22s. [per] Grose, 5s. 6d.; - - 12 books Carell upon Jobe, 1 Grt. bible & 1 Psalme Booke, 3li.; - - 1 booke Markham's Gramer, 2s.; - - 3 pls. Turtle Shell, 1s. 6d.; - - 1 Snafle bitt, 1 pr. Spures, 1s.; - - 2 pr. Stirop Irons, 2s.; - - 1 Inkhorne, 6d.; - - 1 Caine, 3s.; - - 1 Turned Stick, 2s., 5s.; - - 1 Rapier Tipt wth. Silver, 15s., 1 ditto, 5s. 1li.; - - 4 musketts, 2li.; - - 1 pr. pistolls & holsters, 1 plush Sadle layed wth. Silver lace - & Sadle Cloth, 5li.; - - 1 Caduco box, 2s.; - - 1 buff belt wth. Silver buckles, 1li.; - - 2 old bells, 2s. - - - IN THE HALL CHAMBER. - - 1 bed Sted, 5s.; - - 1 pr. Red Curtaines & Valients, 2li. 10s.; - - 2 Ruges, 16s.; - - 1 pr. Shetts, 10s., 1 pillow, 5s., 15s.; - - 1 flock bed & 1 fether bolster, 16s.; - - 2 Ruges, 12s.; - - 1 Trundle bedsted & Curtaine rods, 7s.; - - 4 Trunks, 1li.; - - 1 Chist drawers & 1 Carpet, 10s.; - - 1 Table & 1 Carpet, 8s.; - - 1 looking Glase, 5s.; - - 1 Curtain Rod & window Curtaine, 3s.; - - 2 pr. white Calico Curtaines, Valients, tester Clothes & 6 Covers - for Chaires, 2li. 5s.; - - 14 old Napkins at 9d., 10s. 6d.; - - 19 new diaper small ditto at 9d. 14s. 3d.; - - 2 Calico Side bord Clothes, 6s.; - - 3 Calico ditto, 6s.; - - 12 towells at 6d., 6s.; - - more 35 diaper & other Napkins at 9d., 1li. 6s. 3d.; - - 7 Table Clothes at 5s., 1li. 15s.; - - 8 ditto at 2s. 6d., 1li.; - - 15 ditto, 18s. - - - WAREING CLOTHES. - - 1 Tropeing Scarfe & hat band, 1li. 10s.; - - 1 Cloake, 2li.; - - 1 Cloth Coat wth. Silver lace, 2li.; - - 1 Camlet Coate, 15s.; - - 1 old bla. farendin Sute, 1li.; - - 1 black Cloake, 2li.; - - 1 velvet Coate, 2li. 10s.; - - 1 old Tabey dublet, 5s.; - - 1 old fashioned duch Sattin dublet, 15s.; - - 1 black Grogrin Cloake, 1li. 10s.; - - 3 Quilts, 3s.; - - 1 hatt, 15s.; - - 1 pr. Golden Topt. Gloues, 10s.; - - 1 pr. Imbroidred ditto, 8s.; - - 1 pr. bl. fringed Gloues, 3s.; - - 1 pr. bl. & Gold fringed ditto, 3s.; - - 1 pr. new Gloves, 2s.; - - 2 pr. Gloves, 2s.; - - 3 pr. old Silke Stockings, 8s.; - - 2 belts and 1 Girdle, 2li.; - - 1 Sattin Imbroadred wascot wth. Gold, &c., 3li.; - - 1 yd. 3/4 persian Silke at 5s. 6d., 9s. 7-1/2d. - - - IN THE COUNTING HOUSE & ENTRY MORE. - - 1 Table, 5s.; - - 1 Carpet, 10s.; - - 1 Chaire, 4s.; - - 1 desk & Cuberd, 5s.; - - 1 pr. bandelers, 3s.; - - seling wax, 3s.; - - 1 Cushian, 6d.; - - 3 flasketts & 2 basketts, 5s.; - - 1 Iron bound Chist, 5s. - - - IN THE HALL. - - 1 Lookeing Glase, 7s.; - - 3 tables, 1li. 2s.; - - 1 Turky worke Carpet, 1li. 5s.; - - 8 leather Chaires at 5s., 2li.; - - 5 Stra bottomed Chaires, 5s.; - - 1 old wicker Chaire, 2s.; - - 1 Napkin presse, 1li. 10s.; - - 1 Glase Case, 6s.; - - 1 Clocke, 2li.; - - 1 Scritore or Spice box, 6s.; - - 1 Screne wth. 5 leaves & Covering, 15s.; - - 1 old Smll. Turky worke Carpet, 3s.; - - 1 Armed Chaire, 2s.; - - 1 Stand, 1s. 6d.; - - 1 Great Candlestick, 1li.; - - 1 pr. Grt. Dogs & 1 Iron Back, 2li. 5s.; - - 5 Cushians at 4s. pr, 1li.; - - 1 window Curtaine & rod, 6s.; - - 1 pr. Tongs, Shoule fire & Smll. Tongs & Toster, 7s.; - - Glases in the Glase case, 5s. - - - IN THE MAIDES CHAMBER. - - 1 bed & bolster, 3li.; - - 1 bedsted, 2s.; - - 1 new Bed & Case, 5li.; - - 1 Cushian & 2 Stoole Covers, 3s.; - - 1 pillion & Cloth, 1li.; - - 1 pr. old Shetts, 4s.; - - 3 pr. Shetts at 16s. 2li. 8s.; - - 1 pr. new Shetts, 1li. 2s.; - - 5 Shetts at 8s., 2li.; - - 3 Shetts at 4s., 12s.; - - 1 Table Cloth, 3s.; - - 1 old Sheet, 2s.; - - 1 wainscot chist, 5s.; - - 2 Cotten Ironning Clothes, 3s.; - - 1 Calico Cuberd Cloth, 1s. 6d.; - - Starch & a bage, 2s.; - - 2 boxes, 2s.; - - 1 Rat eaten Carpet, 5s.; - - 1 old Bed Tick, 7s.; - - 1 pr. old Stript Curtaines & Carpets, 8s.; - - 1 Chist, 4s.; - - 1 Smll. brase Ketle tined, 6s.; - - 1 lanthorne, 5s.; - - 1 Calender & 1 plate, 2s.; - - 1 Wooden Voider, 1s. 6d.; - - 1 bird Cage, 2s. - - - IN THE GARRETTS. - - 12 Reame 1/2 paper at 4s., 2li. 10s.; - - 1 bolt Noyles, qt. 89 @ 1/4 is 130 yd. 3/4 at 16d. [per], 8li. - 14s. 4d.; - - 1 Sadle, bridle & brest plate, 1li. 5s.; - - 2 pc. pole daine & a Remnt, qt. 80 yds., 4li.; - - 150li. Fr. lines at 10d. [per], 6li. 5s.; - - 1 pr. large brase Andirons, 1li.; - - 1 Candlebox, &c., 2s.; - - 1 pillion & cloth, 5s.; - - 1 old port mantle, 1s.; - - 2 Childr. blankets, 10s.; - - 1 Carpet, 8s.; - - 1 wainscot chist, 5s.; - - 1 pin Chest, 2s. 6d., 7s. 6d.; - - gloves & Some Lumber, 5s.; - - 2 old Ruge, 3s.; - - 1 hamaker, 5s., 8s.; - - 1 Auger weges, & chisles, 5s.; - - 5 Shetts at 5s., 1li. 5s.; - - 1 fine Shett, 7s.; - - 19 napkins & towells, 12s.; - - about 100li. hogs & beffe Suet at 2d., 16s. 8d.; - - meale Troues, &c., 6s.; - - old Bed steds, 10s.; - - old cask, 5s. - - - IN THE ENTRY BELOW. - - 1 Round table & 1 Gren Carpet, 15s.; - - 2 Great Chaires & 4 high Chaires, 15s.; - - 1 Cuberd & cuberd Cloth, 8s. - - - IN THE CLOSET. - - Erthen ware & a Glase botle, 5s.; - - a parcell of honey, 5s. - - - IN THE PEUTER ROME. - - 4 boles, 1 Tray & Erth. Ware. 10s.; - - 1 limeback & 1 Iron pott, 2li.; - - a percell of old Iron, 5s.; - - 1 large defective driping pan, 2s. 6d.; - - 4 trayes, 1 platter, 2s., Erthen ware, 18d., 3s. 6d.; - - 1 leather Jack. - - - IN THE KITCHIN. - - 7 Spitts, 1li. 5s.; - - 2 Racks, 1li.; - - 1 Jack & waite, 12s.; - - 2 Iron potts & 2 pr. pot hooks, 1li.; - - 4 tramells & 1 Iron barr, 15s.; - - 1 pr. Iron doges, 10s.; - - 2 fenders, 4s.; - - 1 pr. la. Tonges, 4s.; - - 1 Iron driping pan, 3s.; - - 1 Iron back, 1li.; - - 1 Iron Ketle, 6s.; - - 4 box Irons, 8s.; - - 5 old Iron potts, 1li. 4s.; - - 1 pr. Fetters, 3s.; - - 2 Fring pans, 5s.; - - 3 Grid Irons, 1 pr. pot hookes & treuet, 7s.; - - 1 Slut or larance, 1s.; - - 1 Cleuer & a shreding knife, 4s.; - - a hooke & Iron Squers, 2s.; - - 1 Chafeing Dish, 1s. 6d.; - - 1 pr. bellows, 1s. 6d.; - - 1 warmeing pan, 2s.; - - 38 pls. Tin Ware, 1s. 4d.; - - 2 Iron Candlesticks & a toster, 5s.; - - 2 tables, 5s. 4 old Chaires, 6d., 7s.; - - Erthen ware, 6s.; - - 453li. peuter of all Sorts at 12d., 22li. 13s.; - - 24li. brase in Small ware at 20d., 2li.; - - 1 Coper Ketle, qt. 30li. at 2s., 3li.; - - 2 brase Ketles, qt. 57li. at 12d., 2li. 17s.; - - 1 brase Stew pan, 6s.; - - 3 bell mettle Skilets, qt. 25l., 1li. 5s.; - - 1 payle, 1 bole & other wood. lumber, 5s.; 2 Cases & - 7 knives, 12s.; - - 1 Slick Stone, 1s. 6d. - - - IN THE WASH HOUSE. - - 1 Peuter Still, 10s.; - - 1 Coper, 4li.; - - tubes, a Table & lumber, 5s.; - - 1 pr. Andirons & Iron rake, &c., 5s. - - - IN THE STABLE. - - 1 horse, 4li.; - - 1 Cow, 3li., wth. the hay, 7li.; - - 2 forks, 1 Tray, 2 Grain payles, 6s.; - - 1 axe, 3s.; - - 1 Cow at 1s. Williams, 2li. 10s. - - - IN THE SELLER UNDER THE HOUSE. - - Old Caske, 1li.; - - 24 qt. Jugs, 4s.; - - 24 Glase botles, 5s. 6d.; - - 4 Jares, 4s.; - - 1 Erth. pot, 1s.; - - 44li. Castle Sope at 6d., 1li. 2s. - - - IN THE CLOSET OF KITCHIN CHAMBER. - - 43 pls. Erthen ware at 2s. [per] doz., 7s., 2d.; - - 19 Glase cups & Smll. botles, 2s.; - - 1 pr. Shouse, 4s.; - - 5 qt. botles, 15d.; - - 1 Stone Juge, 2s., 3s. 3d.; - - 3 woden boxes, 1s.; - - 1 Tin Candlestick, 1s.; - - 1 Cap for a Clock of belmetle, 2s. - - - IN THE KITCHIN CHAMBER. - - 1 large Scritore, 5li.; - - 1 bedsted & Teaster, 1li.; - - 1 fether bed & bolster cased & 2 pillows, 6li. 10s.; - - 1 pr. Sad Colerd Curtaines & valients & counter paine & rods, 3li.; - - 1 worsted Stript Ruge, 3li.; - - 2 pillobers, 2s.; - - 1 pr. blanketts, 1li.; - - 1 pr. Shetts, 1li.; - - 1 bedsted & Teaster & head peice, 1li.; - - 1 fether bed & bolster cased & 2 pillows, 4li.; - - 1 pr. Red Serge Curtains valients & Rods, 3li. 10s.; - - 1 Quilt of Calico Colerd & flowred, 1li. 10s.; - - 1 Red Ruge, 10s.; - - 3 blanketts, 1li.; - - 1 Pallet bedsted, Teaster & hed peice, 1li.; - - 1 fether bed & bolster, 1 pillow, 3li. 10s; - - 2 Curtaines & Smll. Valients, 15s.; - - 2 Coverleds, 1li. 12s.; - - 1 pr. blanketts, 1li.; - - 1 Shett, 5s.; - - 1 Stoole, 1s.; - - 7 Chaires Sad Colerd & 1 Grt. Chaire, 4s., 1li. 12s.; - - 1 Table wth. a drawer, 8s.; - - 2 Stands, 4s.; - - 1 Close Stoole, 6s.; - - 8 window Curtains & 4 Rods, 16s.; - - 1 looking Glases & brases, 1li. 5s.; - - 1 Chist Drawers, 25s. & Cloth, 4s., 1li. 9s.; - - 2 pr. bla., 1 pr. Speckled Stockings, 12s.; - - 4 pr. old Stockings, 4s.; - - 1 pr. andirons wth. brases, 10s.; - - 1 pr. tongs & fire pan, 4s.; - - 1 back, 12s.; - - 1 Round fender, 5s.; - - 1 pr. bellows, 1s. 6d.; - - 1 Japan Trunke. 8d.; - - 5 neckclothes at 9d., 3s.; - - 4 night caps at 15d., 5s.; - - 17 bands at 6d., 8s. 6d.; - - 2 pocket hanchesters, 1s.; - - 1 pr. Gloves, 1s.; - - 3 fustian wescoats, 6s.; - - 3 pr. dito drawers, 8s.; - - 4 pr. holland drawers at 2s. 6d., 10s.; - - 6 Shirts, 1li. 12s. - - - GOODS THAT CAME FROM ENGLAND FROM MR. JOHN IUES. - - Pr. Capt. Gener. 6 pls. peniston amo. to wth. charges, 18li. 17s. - 7d., wth. advance, 50li. [per] Ct., 28li. 6s. 4d. - - Pr. Capt. Edwards. 20 pls. blue linon & a percell of Spice amounting - to wth. Charges, 48li. 17s. 6d., wth. adva. at 50li. [per] Ct., - 73li. 6s. 3d. - - - IN THE CLOSET IN KITCHIN CHAMBER. - - 18 Glass botles, 4s., 6d.; - - 10 pls. Erthen ware, 2s. 6d.; - - 2 haire bromes, 2s. 6d.; - - 1 knife tipt wth. Silver, 1s. 3d.; - - 1 woden Screne, 3s.; - - 3 yd. bla. broadcloth at 10s., 1li. 10s.; - - 35 Qn.[98] mercht. Fish at 9s., 15li. 15s.; - - [98] Quintal. - - 1/2 Qn. pollock at 5s., 2s. 6d.; - - 22 barlls. Porke at 43s., 47li. 6s.; - - 2 laced bands, 19s.; - - 2 pich potts, 8s.; - - 1 warehouse at Winter Island, 6li.; - - 1 Great beame Scales & 1/2ct. waites, 1li. 10s.; - - 112li. lead & 98li. Spa Iron, 1li. 17s. 6d.; - - 137li. hide, damages at 2d., 1li. 2s. 10d.; - - 1780 fot Bords at 2s. 6d. [per] ct. 2li. 4s. 5d.; - - 1 heffer, 1 Stere & 1 Cow aprized by Edward & Jno. Richards, - 5li. 5s. - - - The house & land yt was Jno. Gatchells wth. the apurtenances, - 115li.; - - the house & land yt was Jno. Gatchells now Wm. Furners, 60li.; - - the dwelling house & land nere Micall Coas, 40li.; - - 2 oxe Yoakes wth. bowes, 4s.; - - 2 hows, 1 peak ax & forks, 5s.; - - 1 barr Iron, 5s.; - - 1 load hay, 20s., 1li. 5s.; - - 1 old house & land formerly Hudsons acording to Towne Grant, - aprized by Jno. Lege & Ambrose Gayle, 3li.; - - total, 219li. 14s. - - - At Boston: The warhouse & Ground, 200li.; - - 1056 ounces 1/2 pcs. of eight, 6s. 8d., 352li. 3s. 4d.; - - 2 Cloakes, 2li.; - - an old Trunke, a hat & wax, &c., 6s. 8d.; - - aprized by Eliak. Hucheson & Jer. Dumer, 554li. 10s.; - - 3 pipes Madara Wine at 11li., not being filled up, 33li.; - - in mony of Petter Millers freight, 2li. 16s. - - - Brought home in Katch Jno. & William: 130 bushells Indian corne, - at 18d., 9li. 15s.; - - 33 bushells Rey at 3s., 4li. 19s.; - - 25 bushells 1/2 wheate at 4s., 5li. 2s.; - - 1 barll. Porke, 2li.; - - 3 barells Beffe at 25s., 3li. 15s.; - - 1 plaine Ruge, 10s.; - - 15 hower Glases, bad, 5s.; - - 4 pr. Stirop Irons & lethers, 7s.; - - 3 locks at 25d., 6s. 4-1/2d.; - - 6 ditto at 11d.1/4, 5s. 1-1/2d.; - - 4 ditto at 8d.1/4, 2s. 9d.; - - 6 hand sawes at 18d., 9s.; - - 11 trunk locks at 10d., 9s. 2d.; - - 6 box outsid locks, 6d., 3s.; - - 4 Cuberd locks at 6d., 2s.; - - 1 doz. combs at 2s., 2s.; - - 1 doz. ditto at 3s., 3s.; - - 1 doz. ditto at 3s. 6d., 3s. 6d.; - - 3 pr. parogon bodys at 8s., 1li. 4s.; - - 2 doz. Reap hooks at 9s., 18s.; - - 12 duble Girts, 9s.; - - 1 pr. Shetts at 16s., 16s.; - - 1 pr. Shetts at 10s., 10s.; - - 1 pr. ditto at 36s. 2 bredths 1/2, 1li. 16s.; - - 1 pr. ditto at 30s., 3 bredths, 1li. 10s.; - - 1 pr. ditto at 30s., 3 bredths, 1li. 10s.; - - - The land whereon the house comonly called Capt. Jno. Corwins - stands, 35li. - - - The Katch John & William wth. her apurtenances, 80li.; - - 1 old Mainsayle of Katch Penelopy, 1li. 10s. - - - This Inventory amounting to five thousand nine hundred Sixty foure - pounds nineten shillgs. & one peny 3/4d. aprized as mony by us. - - Barthl. Gedney - Benja. Browne - John Higginson, Junr. - Timo. Lindall. - - --_Essex County Quarterly Court Files_, Vol. XLIV, leaf 95. - - - - -INDEX - - - Adultery, 211. - - Allen, Capt. Bozone, 244. - - Allen, William, 88. - - Ames, Ruth, 203. - - Amusements, 103. - - Andover, 28. - - Andrews, Thomas, 136. - - Animals (domestic), 5, 7, 8, 33, 37, 38, 42, 91. - - Animals (wild), 14, 91. - - Annable, John, 141. - - Anvils, 121. - - Apothecary, 121. - - Appleton, John, 33. - - Apthorpe, Stephen, 126. - - Assayer, 122. - - Augusta, Me., 22. - - - Bacon, Rebecca, wid., 43, 87. - - Bacon, William, 56. - - Baden, Robert, 122. - - Badger, Giles, 43, 86. - - Bailey, Jacob, 117-119, 160-163. - - Baker, 122. - - Balance maker, 136. - - Barber's union, 122. - - Barnard, John, 50. - - Barnard, Jonathan, 51. - - Barter, 166, 172. - - Bateman, John, 232. - - Bean porridge, 98. - - Bear baiting, 114. - - Bed coverings, 53-59. - - Belcher, Andrew, 146. - - Bellamy, Samuel, 221. - - Bellows maker, 123. - - Bells, 123, 124. - - Bible mandates, 102. - - Billiard tables, 115. - - Bissell, Samuel, 121. - - Blacksmith, 124. - - Block houses, 14, 15. - - Block maker, 129. - - Blowers, John, 134. - - Blowers, Pyam, 51. - - Bonner, Capt. John, 68. - - Bookkeeper, 125. - - Books, 1, 10, 15, 16, 35, 36, 103, 278. - - Boone, Nicholas, 131. - - Boston, 16, 18, 25. - - Boston merchants, 149, 150. - - Bottles, 130. - - Bourne, John, 141. - - Bowling green, 115. - - Boxford, 203. - - Boydell, John, 48, 50, 124. - - Boyer, James, 132. - - Bradford, William, 114. - - Bradish, Jonathan, 130. - - Brabrooke, Mehitable, 38. - - Bradstreet, Gov. Simon, 149. - - Brazier, 125, 126. - - Brick oven, 41, 93. - - Bricks, 20. - - Bridgen, Michael, 139. - - Brooks, Thomas, 49. - - Brown, John, 114. - - Browne, Edward, 126. - - Browne, Walter, 134. - - Bryant, William, 124. - - Buckram, 126. - - Building agreements, 227-238. - - Buildings, construction, etc., 13-27. - - Bullivant, Dr. Benjamin, 176. - - Burlington, N. J., 13, 14. - - Burning at the stake, 210. - - Busgutt, Peter, 88. - - Butcher, 126. - - - Cabinet maker, 126. - - Calico printer, 127. - - Calvin, John, 101. - - Calvin's theology, 102. - - Camera obscura, 130. - - Candles, 96, 97, 127. - - Cannon, 132. - - Cardmaker, 127. - - Cards, playing, 111. - - Carpets, 23, 48, 50, 51, 55. - - Carthrick, Michael, 86. - - Cartright, Bethia, 55, 84. - - Casement sash, 20, 268. - - Caxy, John, 89. - - Chandler, 127. - - Chapman, 127. - - Charlestown, 16, 18. - - Chase, Aquila, 207. - - Childs, John, 117. - - Chimneys, 19, 20, 91. - - Choate, Rufus, 24. - - Chocolate mill, 127. - - Christmas, 111, 114. - - Chute, Lionel, 43, 45, 85. - - Cider, 95, 96, 108. - - Clap, Roger, 16, 106. - - Clapboards, 14. - - Clark, William, 25. - - Clarke, Dr. John, 176. - - Clarke, Richard, 132. - - Clarke, William, 54, 56, 86. - - Clemens, James, 127. - - Clocks, 99. - - Cloth, 5, 6, 24, 25, 36, 45, 48, 50-52, 57, 63, 69-83, 94, 95, 126, - 127, 133, 134, 139, 141, 152, 153, 240, 242, 244, 246-257, - 258, 263, 265, 270. - - Clothing, 2, 5, 6, 35, 57, 59-83, 130-132, 151, 152, 241, 243, - 246-257, 262, 265, 268, 270, 279. - - Clough, Joseph, 123. - - Coffin, William, 125. - - Coffin furniture, 127. - - Concord, 17. - - Cooking, 8. - - Cookson, John, 136. - - Cookson, Robert, 135. - - Cooper, 128. - - Corn husking, 117-119. - - Corn, Indian, 104. - - Corwin, George, 42, 45, 55, 64, 270. - - Costume, _see_ Clothing. - - Counterpanes, 53-59. - - Courts in Massachusetts, 200, 222. - - Coverlets, 53-59. - - Crimes, 39, 88, 107. - - Crimes and punishments, 199-226. - - Culpepper, Nicholas, 190. - - Cummings, David, 96. - - Cummings, Mrs. Joanna, 55. - - Currants, 117. - - Currier, 128. - - Custom house records, 154-157. - - - Dakin, Jonathan, 136, 140. - - Daly, Charles, 66. - - Dancing, 111, 115. - - Dankers, Jasper, 13-15, 46. - - Davis, John, 66, 127. - - Davison, William, 66. - - Dedham, 18. - - Dillingham, John, 32. - - Dillingham, Sara, 35. - - Dillingham, Sarah, 32-35, 85. - - Diseases, 5, 7, 11, 105, 174-198. - - Doctors, 174-191. - - Dorchester, 19. - - Douglas, Dr. William, 175. - - Downing, Emanuel, 143. - - Downs, Thomas, 33. - - Dowse, Francis, 140. - - Drinks, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 30, 95, 96, 108, 118, 119, 151, 155, - 208, 246-257. - - Draper, Richard, 129. - - Drugs, 248. - - Drunkenness, 107. - - Duck, Stephen, 138. - - Dudley, Thomas, 19, 105. - - Dug-outs, 17, 18. - - Dunster, Henry, 36. - - Dye, 94. - - Dyer, 128. - - Dyer, John H., 128. - - - Earthenware, 129, 139. - - Edwards, Thomas, 88. - - Embroidery, 62, 70. - - Endecott, Gov. John, 5, 18, 56. - - Endecott, Dr. Zerobabel, 178-190. - - Erving, Henry W., 30. - - Essex, 24. - - Evenden, Walter, 139. - - Executions, 202, 210, 218, 220-224. - - - Fabrics, _see_ Cloth. - - Fairbanks house, 18. - - Fairfield, John, 86. - - Faneuil, A., 68. - - Farming, 91. - - Farrington, Edmond, 129. - - Fellmonger, 129. - - Fences, 100. - - Fire engine, 129, 131. - - Fireplace, 8, 24, 34, 38, 40, 91, 132, 141. - - Fireworks, 116. - - Firman, John, 16. - - Fish, 145. - - Fitch, ----, 16. - - Flagg, Gershom, 129. - - Flax, 95. - - Fleming, Alexander, 128. - - Flying man, 117. - - Food, 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 28, 37, 41, 42, 91, 93, 98, - 104, 106, 107, 151, 162, 165, 239, 242, 246-257. - - Fort, 15. - - Frankland, Sir Henry, 25. - - Franklin, James, 138, 140. - - Freeman, Philip, 69, 131. - - Frocks, 64-66. - - Fry, Richard, 138. - - Fuller, Dr. Samuel, 174. - - Furnishings, Household, 7, 11, 23, 24, 26, 28-52, 55-57, 84-90, - 154, 163, 241, 242, 246-257, 261, 264, 277, 280. - - Furniture, 26, 29, 31, 33-37, 43-46, 49-52, 56, 57, 126, 246-257, - 261, 276, 279, 281. - - Furs, 249, 257, 267. - - - Gaines, Daniel, 141. - - Games, 110. - - Gardiner, David, 112. - - Gedney, ----, 88. - - Gee, Lately, 122. - - Germantown (Braintree), 130. - - Gilbert, Rev. Thomas, 208. - - Glass, 1, 14, 20-23, 129, 130, 249, 267, 269. - - Glazier's diamonds, 129. - - Glover, Rev. Jose, 36. - - Glover, 131. - - Gloves, 64, 68. - - Goffe, John, 55. - - Googe, William, 37, 38. - - Gore, John, 23. - - Goyt, John, 18. - - Graves, Richard, 88. - - Graves, Thomas, 84. - - Gray, Francis, 127. - - Gray, James, 127. - - Gray, Robert, 49. - - Green, Bartholomew, 16. - - Greenleaf, Stephen, 136. - - Gridley, Isaac, 25. - - Griffin, Henry, 126. - - Grocery wares, 250, 259. - - Gun, 136. - - Gunsmith, 131. - - - Hair, 63. - - Halberts, 131. - - Hall, Samuel, 126. - - Hamilton, Dr. Alexander, 29. - - Hancock, Thomas, 47, 134. - - Harding, Thomas, 146. - - Hardware, 25-27, 153, 244, 264, 272-274, 283. - - Hardware catalogs, 27. - - Harris, William, 149. - - Hartford, 17, 30. - - Harvard College, 115. - - Hatch, Col. Estes, 47. - - Hats, 67, 132, 250. - - Hearth, Iron, 132. - - Henchman, Daniel, 46. - - Henderson, Joseph, 69. - - Hendry, Robert, 124. - - Herbs, 99. - - Herb tea and the doctor, 174-198. - - Hersome, Mary, 86. - - Hewsen, John, 66. - - Hickey, John, 133. - - Higginson, Rev. Francis, 3-5, 11, 16, 60, 104. - - Hill, Thomas, 141. - - Hobart, Rev. Jeremiah, 209. - - Hollingsworth, William, 49. - - Holyoke, Rev. Edward, 108. - - Horse racing, 112-114. - - Houghton, Rowland, 122, 131, 140, 141. - - Hour glasses, 132. - - Houses, 20, 39, 228-237. - - Howard, William, 55. - - Hull, John, 152, 169-171. - - Hunt, James, 65. - - Hunt, Sarah, 141. - - - Ingram, John, 137. - - Indians, 16, 22, 114, 204, 211. - - Ipswich, 32, 35, 38. - - Irish, 8. - - Iron, 25, 26, 98, 121, 256, 259. - - Iron forge, 140. - - Iron foundry, 132. - - Iron monger, 132. - - Ivers, James, 115. - - - Jacks, roasting, 140. - - Jackson, Edward, 125, 126. - - Jackson, John, 140. - - Jenkins, Robert, 69. - - Jeweller, 132. - - Johnson, Edward, 16, 17, 108. - - Jones, Daniel, 132. - - Jones, William, 141. - - Joyner, 133. - - - Killcup, George, jr., 48. - - King's chapel, Boston, 235. - - - Lambert, Richard, 133. - - Landis, Henry, 64, 83. - - Langdon, Edward, 127. - - Laws in Massachusetts, 199-226. - - Leather clothing, 60, 61, 67, 70. - - Lewis, Alonzo, 17. - - Lidgett, Col. Charles, 146. - - Lime kiln, 134. - - Lincoln, Countess of, 19. - - Linen, 141, 251. - - Linen printer, 133, 134. - - Locksmith, 135. - - Log houses, 13-15. - - Lord, Rupert, 50. - - Lowell, John, 86. - - Luce, Capt., 66. - - Lumpkin, Richard, 35. - - Lyell, David, 138. - - Lynn, 17, 37. - - - Mahogany, 135. - - Malden, 227. - - Mallenson, Joseph, 89. - - Manufactures, 4, 14, 15, 25, 91, 94, 120-142, 145, 154-156, - 246-257, 276. - - Manners and customs, 28-30, 101-109. - - Marblehead, 18, 25, 29, 220. - - Marlborough, 231. - - Marriage intentions, 100. - - Marriot, Powers, 68. - - Mascoll, John, 37. - - Massachusetts Bay Company, 5, 20, 239. - - Massey, Robert, 85. - - Matches, 92. - - Mathematical instruments, 136. - - Mather, Rev. Cotton, 102, 146. - - Maverick, John, 47. - - Maxwell, James, 132. - - _Mayflower_ (ship), 7, 15, 31, 44. - - Medicine, 99, 101, 174-198. - - Meetinghouse, 227, 235. - - Metcalf, Joseph, 56. - - Middleborough, 141. - - Middleton, Alexander, 130. - - Military, 2, 114. - - Military equipment, 132, 135. - - Millard, Thomas, 36. - - Miller, Samuel, 131. - - Ministry, The, 207. - - Money, 166-173, 270. - - Moody, Rev. Samuel, 103. - - More, Capt. Richard, 44. - - Morton, Thomas, 201. - - Muff, 68. - - Murder, 202. - - Music, 136. - - Musgrave, Philip, 113. - - Mustard maker, 137. - - - Nailmaking, 137. - - Navigation Acts, 146. - - Needlemaker, 137. - - Newbury, 107. - - Newhall, Mrs. Thomas, 55. - - Newport, R. I., 146. - - Nichol, James, 141. - - Nichols, William, 69. - - Norton, Mary, 85. - - Noyes, Rev. James, 56, 87. - - - Oakes, Edward, 125. - - Oakes, Dr. Thomas, 176. - - Oil, Lamp, 137. - - Oliver, Mary, 214-217. - - Ordeal of touch, 202-204. - - Oven, Brick, 41, 93. - - - Paine, William, 258. - - Paint, 22-25, 49, 130. - - Palmer, Joseph, 127. - - Paper mill, 137, 138. - - Paper money, 172, 173. - - Parker, John, 48. - - Patchwork quilt, 53-59. - - Paxton, Charles, 51. - - Peddler, 127. - - Perkins, Jacob, 38. - - Perkins, Dr. John, 177. - - Perkins, Rev. William, 208. - - Perry, Michael, 46. - - Pewter, 34, 36, 43, 84-90, 125, 138. - - Phillips, John, 48, 221. - - Phillips, Joseph, 124. - - Pictures, 156. - - Pig run, 113. - - Pillion, 97. - - Pim, John, 131. - - Pine tree money, 167-171. - - Piracy, 217-224. - - Pirates, 145-148. - - Plank houses, 15. - - Plymouth, 13, 15. - - Pope's night, 116. - - Population, 101. - - Portraits, 64, 80. - - Potash, 138. - - Potter, Luke, 141. - - Pottery, 138, 139. - - Powder maker, 139. - - Prices of commodities, 239-245, 258-283. - - Pride, John, 138. - - Privateering, 145. - - Pumpkins, 98, 106. - - Pumps, 122, 131, 140, 141. - - Punishments, 7, 39, 44, 88, 110, 133, 199-226. - - Putnam, John, 89. - - - Quakers, 14. - - Quelch, Capt. John, 145, 220. - - Quilting party, 119. - - Quilts, 53-59. - - - Raisings, 119. - - Randolph, Edward, 148. - - de Rasieres, Isaac, 15. - - Ray, Caleb, 140. - - Read, James, 129. - - Richards, Capt. Stephen, 129. - - Religious affairs, 101-104, 107. - - Russell, John, 138. - - Russell, Thomas, 126. - - Robinson, John, 142. - - Rogers, Rev. Ezekiel, 56. - - Rogers, Rev. Nathaniel, 49. - - Rowe, John, 47. - - - Salem, 1, 16, 19, 20, 22, 49. - - Salt trade, 156. - - Saltonstall, Richard, 33, 34, 201, 205. - - Sanded floors, 44. - - Savage, Arthur, 127, 129, 130. - - Scales, 140. - - Scarlet letter, 210, 214. - - Schaw, Janet, 163-165. - - School, Boarding, 124. - - Sergeant, Peter, 24, 46. - - Servants, 8. - - Sewall, Hannah, 21. - - Sewall, Samuel, 21, 28, 63, 114. - - Sharp, ----, 19. - - Shipbuilding, 143, 148, 154. - - Ship owners, 157. - - Shipping and trade, 143-165. - - Ships, Passenger accommodations on, 7, 158-165. - - Shirley, Gov. William, 116. - - Shoemaker, 140. - - Shoes, 64, 66, 69, 94, 243. - - Short, Henry, 45. - - Shuffle-board, 110. - - Silver, 34, 36, 37, 43, 64, 87. - - Skelton, Rev. Samuel, 239. - - Skins, 253, 267. - - Sluyter, Peter, 13-15. - - Smibert, John, 49. - - Smith, Francis, 127. - - Smith, Samuel, 55. - - Smith, Simon, 137. - - Snow shoes, 68. - - Soap, 97. - - Soap boiler, 127. - - Society in Massachusetts, 107. - - Spinning, 94, 95. - - Sports and Games, 110-119. - - Starr, Daniel, 48. - - Stephens, William, 144. - - Stevens, Daniel, 68, 115. - - Stockings, 64, 67, 70. - - Stoves, 141. - - Surriage, Agnes, 25. - - Swan, Col. James, 47. - - Symmes, Thomas, 139. - - Symonds, Mrs. Rebecka, 61. - - - Tailor, 141. - - Taverns, 110-112. - - Thacher, Oxenbridge, 125. - - Thacher, Rev. Peter, 141. - - Thatch, 19, 38. - - Thomas, Isaac, 46. - - Tidmarsh, Giles Dulake, 52. - - Tiles, Dutch, 129. - - Tilley, George, 24. - - Timber, 145. - - Tinware, 127. - - Tobacco, 63. - - Tools, implements, etc., 1, 7, 10, 44, 98, 246-257, 260, - 264, 266, 280. - - Topsfield, 23, 207. - - Towle, Ann, 33, 34. - - Toys, 42. - - Trade, 143-165. - - Trades, 15, 20, 58, 91, 94, 107, 120-142. - - Trenton, N. J., 14. - - Turner, Robert, 66, 243. - - Tymms, Brown, 125. - - - Underwood, James, 122. - - Usher, John, 67. - - - Vegetables, 7. - - Veren, Hilliard, 49. - - Vessels, 2, 4-12, 143-165. - - Vetch, ----, Col., 21. - - Vincent, William, 139. - - - Wall paper, 46-49. - - Wampum, 166. - - Wash bench, 29, 30. - - Water engine, 141. - - Watertown, 16. - - Weapons, 4, 37, 56. - - Weaving, 94, 134, 151. - - Webber, John, 139. - - Webber, Thomas, 126. - - Webster, John, 122. - - Weld, Capt. Joseph, 242. - - Well, 99. - - Westford, Conn., 30. - - Wharton, Edward, 262. - - Wheelwright, 142. - - Whipple, Matthew, 86. - - White, Thomas, 49. - - Whitear, John, 124. - - Whitesmith, 124. - - Whittingham, John, 56. - - Wigglesworth, Rev. Michael, 103, 175. - - Wigs, 68. - - Wigwams, 16-18. - - Windows, 14, 21, 22, 230, 232, 237. - - Winslow, John, 132. - - Winthrop, Gov. John, 9, 16, 18, 34, 106. - - Winthrop, John, jr., 32. - - Witchcraft, 211. - - Woburn, 17. - - Wood, Obadiah, 122. - - Wood, 254. - - Woodcocke, William, 121. - - Woodenware, 84-87, 154. - - Woodman, ----, 28. - - Woolen cloths, 257. - - Wright, James, 123. - - - York, Me., 103. - - Young, Christopher, 86, 88. - - * * * * * - -Transcriber's note: - -Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. -Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as -printed. - -Mismatched quotes are not fixed if it's not sufficiently clear where -the missing quote should be placed. - -The cover for the eBook version of this book was created by the -transcriber and is placed in the public domain. - -Page 48: "Killcup is ready to pay those he in indebted to"--The -transcriber has changed "in" to "is". - -Page 186: "by being exernally applied"--"exernally" has been replaced -with "externally". - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Every Day Life in the Massachusetts -Bay Colony, by George Francis Dow - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY *** - -***** This file should be named 43970-8.txt or 43970-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/9/7/43970/ - -Produced by Mark C. 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