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diff --git a/43970-0.txt b/43970-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4aceadb --- /dev/null +++ b/43970-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15671 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43970 *** + +Transcriber's note: + +Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). + +Small capital text has been replaced with all capitals. + +Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=). + +The carat character (^) indicates that the following letter is +superscripted (example: y^e). + +The per symbol is represented by [per], ounce by [oz], dram +by [dr] and scruple by [sc]. + + * * * * * + + EVERY DAY LIFE IN THE + MASSACHUSETTS BAY + COLONY + + + + + EVERY DAY LIFE + IN THE + MASSACHUSETTS BAY + COLONY + + BY + + GEORGE FRANCIS DOW + + [Illustration: Massachusetts Bay Colony Seal, 1675] + + ARNO PRESS + + A New York Times Company + New York / 1977 + + + + + First Published in Boston, 1935 + Reissued in 1967, by Benjamin Blom, Inc. + Reprint Edition 1977 by Arno Press Inc. + + LC# 77-82079 + ISBN 0-405-09125-7 + + Manufactured in the United States of America + + + + +PREFACE + + +A picture of some phases of life in the early days of the +Massachusetts Bay Colony is presented in the following pages; +lightly sketched, as much of the detail has become dim or has +disappeared with the passage of years, it never having been placed +on record even among the traditions. For why keep an exact record of +doings with which every one is familiar? It follows that many of the +every day happenings, the manners and customs of daily life--much of +the intimate detail of existence in the Colony, in the seventeenth +century, have been lost forever. + +Few realize how modern are the furnishings and comforts of our +present-day houses and how different was the home life of our +ancestors. Chairs were unknown in ordinary English households until +a generation or so before the sailing of the _Mayflower_. Hats were +worn at meals and the use of table forks did not become general +until the last of the 1600s. Food was placed in the mouth with the +knife or the fingers. Washing the hands and face was not considered +essential on rising from bed in the morning and few of the laboring +classes in any country in Europe washed their faces every day. + +This is a collection of source materials, somewhat digested, rather +than a comprehensive, well-balanced narrative of daily life in the +Colony--an impossible task at this late day. Moreover, the exact +limitations of the Colonial Period have not been observed too +closely as it has seemed desirable to include some material from +newspapers and other later sources. + + + + +CONTENTS + + + I. THE VOYAGE TO NEW ENGLAND 3 + + II. THEIR EARLY SHELTERS AND LATER DWELLINGS 13 + + III. HOW THEY FURNISHED THEIR HOUSES 28 + + IV. COUNTERPANES AND COVERLETS 53 + + V. CONCERNING THEIR APPAREL 60 + + VI. PEWTER IN THE EARLY DAYS 84 + + VII. THE FARMHOUSE AND THE FARMER 91 + + VIII. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS 101 + + IX. SPORTS AND GAMES 110 + + X. TRADES AND MANUFACTURES 120 + + XI. CONCERNING SHIPPING AND TRADE 143 + + XII. FROM WAMPUM TO PAPER MONEY 166 + + XIII. HERB TEA AND THE DOCTOR 174 + + XIV. CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS 199 + + APPENDIX + + A. SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY BUILDING AGREEMENTS (1658-1688) 227 + + B. REV. SAMUEL SKELTON'S ACCOMPTE (1629-1630) 239 + + C. AN ABSTRACT OF THE INVENTORY OF THE CONTENTS OF + THE SHOP OF CAPT. JOSEPH WELD OF ROXBURY, + 1646-7 242 + + D. INVENTORY OF GOODS IN THE SHOP OF CAPT. BOZONE + ALLEN OF BOSTON, 1652 244 + + E. MANUFACTURES AND OTHER PRODUCTS LISTED IN THE + RATES ON IMPORTS AND EXPORTS ESTABLISHED BY THE + HOUSE OF PARLIAMENT, JUNE 24, 1660 246 + + F. INVENTORY OF GOODS IN THE WAREHOUSE OF WILLIAM + PAINE OF BOSTON, MERCHANT, 1660 258 + + G. INVENTORY OF GOODS IN THE SHOP OF EDWARD WHARTON + OF SALEM, 1678 262 + + H. INVENTORY OF THE CONTENTS OF THE SHOP AND HOUSE + OF CAPT. GEORGE CORWIN OF SALEM, 1685 270 + + INDEX 284 + + + + + EVERY DAY LIFE IN THE + MASSACHUSETTS BAY + COLONY + + + + +Every Day Life in the Massachusetts Bay Colony + + + + +CHAPTER I + +THE VOYAGE TO MASSACHUSETTS + + +"Before you come," wrote Rev. Francis Higginson, the first minister +at Salem, "be careful to be strongly instructed what things are +fittest to bring with you for your more comfortable passage at sea, +as also for your husbandry occasions when you come to the land. +For when you are once parted with England you shall meete neither +markets nor fayres to buy what you want. Therefore be sure to +furnish yourselves with things fitting to be had before you come: +as meale for bread, malt for drinke, woolen and linnen cloath, and +leather for shoes, and all manner of carpenters tools, and a great +deale of iron and steele to make nails, and locks for houses, and +furniture for ploughs and carts, and glasse for windows, and many +other things which were better for you to think of there than to +want them here."[1] Elsewhere the good pastor set down "A catalogue +of such needfull things as every Planter doth or ought to provide to +go to New England" in which he enumerated the necessary victuals per +person for the first year, viz.: + + [1] Rev. Francis Higginson, _New-Englands Plantation_, London, 1630. + +"8 Bushels of meale, 2 Bushels of pease, 2 Bushels of Otemeale, +1 Gallon of Aquavitae, 1 Gallon of Oyle, 2 Gallons of Vinegar, 1 +Firkin of Butter; also Cheese, Bacon, Sugar, Pepper, Cloves, Mace, +Cinnamon, Nutmegs and Fruit." + +The household implements listed were: "1 Iron pot, 1 Kettel, 1 +Frying pan, 1 Gridiron, 2 Skellets, 1 Spit, Wooden Platters, Dishes, +Spoons and Trenchers." + +Mr. Higginson listed in detail the food supplies required per +person for a year, including a good variety of spices; and also the +clothing for a man, which included a Monmouth cap, a suit of canvas, +a suit of freize, a suit of cloth, four pairs of shoes, three shirts +and three falling bands, a pair of blankets, a coarse rug and seven +ells of canvas with which to make a bed and bolster. The settler +must also bring with him a complete armor, with a long piece, sword, +bandoleer and ammunition, tools for cultivating the soil and for +working wood, and also household implements--a limited equipment, +comparable with the kit packed by the scout or mining prospector of +more recent times. + +On looking backward over the span of three centuries, Time lends +an enchantment to these Puritan forefathers of present-day +Massachusetts. Worshiping descendants have placed halos about their +heads and the hardships of life during the early years have been +magnified to the extent that these independent-minded Englishmen +have become types of suffering fortitude--martyrs to the noble cause +of free religion and self-government. That is a long tale, however, +carrying with it many qualifications, and cannot be enlarged upon +here. In what follows, it should always be borne in mind that aside +from the Dutch at New Amsterdam and the small colony of Swedes +on the Delaware, it was English stock that settled the American +colonies and that these men and women brought with them a background +of generations of English life. Their standards of living, manner of +working their trades and natural aptitude for barter and commerce +were all modeled upon English life and customs. It was only +natural that this should be so. The ships crossed the Atlantic at +comparatively frequent intervals and their holds came filled with +all kinds of necessities and luxuries required by English standards +of living--foodstuffs, fabrics and implements which the shops of +London, Plymouth or Bristol could supply and which could not be +produced by the American settlements. To obtain these refinements of +life the colonists required only money or merchandise. Lumber, raw +or manufactured, salted fish, beaver and peltry, plantation-built +vessels and other products of the colonies, could be easily +converted into the comforts of English life for sale in the shops +across the Atlantic. + +The Rev. Francis Higginson came over in the _Talbot_, a ship of +three hundred tons burden, which was armed with nineteen guns +and carried a crew of thirty men. She brought over one hundred +passengers. Sailing with her was the ship _George_ of three hundred +tons, in which came fifty-two passengers and a stock of cattle, +twelve mares, thirty cows and some goats. From the original records +of the Massachusetts Bay Company in New England we learn what +food supplies were shipped on board the _Talbot_ for the American +voyage. The amount was supposed to be sufficient for one hundred and +thirty-five men for three months. As a matter of fact, the voyage +from Gravesend to the anchorage in Salem harbor occupied sixty-eight +days. + +The ship carried 22 hogsheads of salted beef, 12,000 of bread +(biscuits), 40 bushels of peas, 20 barrels of oatmeal, 450 pounds +of salt fish, 10 firkins of butter and 1,200 pounds of cheese. To +wash down this food they took on board 6 tons of water, 45 tons of +beer, 20 gallons of brandy, 20 gallons of Spanish wine (Malaga and +Canary), 2 tierces of beer vinegar and 20 gallons of olive oil.[2] +During the voyage two died of smallpox, including a blasphemous +seaman. A child died of consumption and a dog fell overboard and +could not be recovered. The rest came through and reached Salem +harbor in a good state of health. + + [2] _Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society_, Vol. III, p. + 12. + +The Massachusetts Bay Company seems to have maintained a "company +store," in the modern phrase, at which the colonists might obtain +clothing, fabrics, foodstuffs and supplies of all sorts. When +Governor Endecott came over in 1628, the Company sent extra clothing +sufficient for one hundred men including three hundred suits of +clothes, four hundred shirts and four hundred pairs of shoes. Two +hundred of the suits of clothes consisted of doublet and hose made +up of leather, lined with oiled skin leather, and fastened with +hooks and eyes. The other suits were made up of Hampshire kerseys, +the doublets lined with linen and the hose with skins. There were +a hundred waistcoats of green cotton bound about with red tape, a +hundred Monmouth caps, at two shillings each, five hundred red knit +caps, milled, at five pence each, and one hundred black hats, lined +in the brows with leather. This store supplied the natural wear and +tear of headgear among the hundred men. The stock contained four +hundred pairs of knit stockings, ten dozen pairs of Norwich garters, +three hundred plain falling bands, two hundred handkerchiefs and +a stock of sheer linen with which to made up other handkerchiefs. +Scotch ticking was supplied for beds and bolsters, with wool to put +therein. The blankets were of Welsh cotton and fifty rugs were sent +over to place over the blankets, while mats were supplied "to lye +vnder 50 bedds aboard shippe."[3] + + [3] _Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society_, Vol. III, p. + 6. + +During the ten years that followed the settlement of the +Massachusetts Bay, a continuous flow of emigration from England +crossed the Atlantic in all kinds of available sailing craft.[4] +The passage usually cost £5 per person and this included provisions +provided by the ship such as "salt Beefe, Porke, salt Fish, Butter, +Cheese, Pease, Pottage, Water-grewell, and such kinde of Victualls, +with good Biskets, and sixe-shilling Beere; yet it will be necessary +to carry some comfortable refreshing of fresh victuall. As first, +for such as have ability, some Conserves, and good Clarret Wine +to burne at Sea; Or you may have it by some of your Vintners or +Wine-Coopers burned here, & put into Vessels, which will keepe much +better than other burnt Wine, it is a very comfortable thing for the +stomacke; or such as are Sea-sicke: Sallat-oyle likewise, Prunes are +good to be stewed: Sugar for many things: White Biskets, and Egs, +and Bacon, Rice, Poultry, and some weather-sheepe to Kill aboard +the Ship: and fine flowre-baked meates, will keepe about a weeke or +nine days at Sea. Iuyce of Lemons well put up, is good either to +prevent or curre the Scurvy.[5] Here it must not be forgotten to +carry small Skillets or Pipkins, and small frying-panns, to dresse +their victualls in at Sea. For bedding, so it be easie, and cleanly, +and warme, it is no matter how old or coarse it be for the use of +the Sea: and so likewise for Apparrell, the oldest cloathes be the +fittest, with a long coarse coate to keepe better things from the +pitched ropes and plankes. Whosoever shall put to Sea in a stoute +and well-conditioned ship, having an honest Master, and loving +Seamen, shall not neede to feare, but he shall finde as good content +at Sea, as at Land.[6] + + [4] Between 1630 and 1643,198 ships brought over 21,200 + passengers.--Edward Johnson, _Wonder Working Providence_, London, + 1654. + + John Josselyn, coming to New England in 1638, mentions in his + journal of the voyage sighting or speaking thirteen vessels between + the Scilly Isles and the New England coast. + + [5] Anti-scorbutics were very necessary for the long voyage. John + Josselyn during his first voyage (1638) writes that a young man, a + servant to one of the passengers, "was whipt naked at the Cap-stern, + with a Cat with Nine tails, for filching 9 great Lemmons out of the + Chirurgeons Cabbin, which he eat rinds and all in less than an hours + time." + + [6] William Wood, _New-Englands Prospect_, London, 1634. + +The _Mayflower_ shipped 15,000 brown biscuit and 5,000 white, that +is, hard bread, i.e. crackers; also smoked or half-cooked bacon, as +it came from the smokehouse, which was much liked with the biscuit +and when fried was considered a delicacy. Haberdyne (dried salted +codfish) was also a staple article of diet; also smoked herring. +Potatoes were practically unknown at that time and the store of +cabbages, turnips, onions, parsnips, etc., soon ran short and gave +way to boiled mush, oatmeal, pease puddings, etc. Their beer was +carried in iron-bound casks. + +When passengers came aboard vessels bound for New England in those +early days, how did they stow themselves and their possessions? +The _Mayflower_ had a length of about 110 feet and measured about +244 tons. It was originally intended that she should carry ninety +passengers, men, women and children, but when the _Speedwell_ put +back, twelve of her passengers were taken aboard, and two boys were +born during the voyage. The ship also carried a crew of twenty to +twenty-five men, and officers and petty officers, about sixteen +in number, would bring the total of those aboard to one hundred +and forty or more. Goats, pigs, and poultry occupied pens on the +upper or spar deck and in the boats carried there. Small sleeping +cabins were provided for the ship's officers and the more important +passengers; most of the company slept in narrow bunks, in hammocks, +and on pallet beds of canvas filled with straw, placed on the deck +beneath the hammocks. The crew bunked in the forecastle. The chests +and personal possessions of the passengers were stowed below on the +lower deck where the food, water and ship's stores were kept. On the +_Arbella_, Governor Winthrop's ship, the male passengers lodged on +the gundeck and four men were "ordered to keep that room clean." + +The ship _Whale_, in 1632, brought thirty passengers, including +Mr. Wilson and Mr. Dummer, all in good health, and seventy cows +of which they lost but two. The ship _Regard_ of Barnstaple, 200 +tons, arrived in 1634, brought twenty passengers and about fifty +cattle. The ship _Society_ of Boston, N. E., 220 tons, with a crew +of thirty-three men, arrived in 1663, with seventy-seven passengers. +A notable example of fortitude is found in the voyage of the sloop +_Sparrow Hawk_, that sailed from London in 1626 for Virginia and +having been blown off her course was wrecked on Cape Cod. + +She was only forty feet in length, had a breadth of beam of twelve +feet and ten inches, and a depth of nine feet, seven and one-half +inches. Bradford in his _History_ records that she carried "many +passengers in her and sundrie goods ... the cheefe amongst these +people was one Mr. Fells and Mr. Sibsie, which had many servants +belonging unto them, many of them being Irish. Some others ther were +y^t had a servante or 2 a piece; but y^e most were servants, and +such as were ingaged to the former persons, who also had y^e most +goods ... they had been 6 weeks at sea, and had no water, nor beere, +nor any woode left, but had burnt up all their emptie caske."[7] And +this happened in the month of December! + + [7] William Bradford, _History of Plymouth Plantation_, Boston, + 1856. + +In those days cooking on shore was done in an open fireplace. On +shipboard, the larger vessels were provided with an open "hearth" +made of cast iron sometimes weighing five hundred pounds and over. +More commonly a hearth of bricks was laid on deck, over which stood +an iron tripod from which the kettles hung. More crudely still a +bed of sand filled a wooden frame and on this the fire was built, +commonly of charcoal. On the ship _Arbella_, in which came Governor +John Winthrop and his company, in 1630, the "cookroom" was near a +hatchway opening into the hold. The captain, his officers and the +principal men among the passengers dined in the "round house," +a cabin in the stern over the high quarter-deck. Lady Arbella +Johnson and the gentlewomen aboard dined in the great cabin on the +quarter-deck. The passengers ate their food wherever convenient on +the main deck or in good weather, on the spar deck above. Years +later, a new ship lying at anchor in Boston harbor was struck by +lightning which "melted the top of the iron spindle of the vane of +the mainmast" and passing through the long boat, which lay on the +deck, killed two men and injured two others as "they were eating +together off the Hen-Coop, near the Main Mast." + +The ship supplied each passenger with a simple ration of food +distributed by the quartermasters, which each family or self +arranged group of passengers cooked at a common hearth as +opportunity and the weather permitted. Of necessity much food was +served cold and beer was the principal drink. John Josselyn, Gent., +who visited New England in 1638, records "the common proportion of +Victualls for the Sea to a Mess, being 4 men, is as followeth: + +"Two pieces of Beef, of 3 pound and 1/4 _per_ piece. + +"Four pound of _Bread_. + +"One pint 1/4 of _Pease_. + +"Four Gallons of _Bear_, with _Mustard_ and _Vinegar_ for three +flesh dayes in the week. + +"For four fish dayes, to each Mess _per_ day, two pieces of _Codd_ +or _Habberdine_, making three pieces of fish. + +"One quarter of a pound of _Butter_. + +"Four pound of _Bread_. + +"Three quarters of a pound of _Cheese_. + +"_Bear_ is before. + +"_Oatmeal per_ day, for 50 men, Gallon 1. and so proportionable for +more or fewer. + +"Thus you see the ship's provision, is _Beef_ or _Porke_, _Fish_, +_Butter_, _Cheese_, _Pease_, _Pottage_, _Water gruel_, _Bisket_, and +six-shilling _Bear_. + +"For private fresh provision, you may carry with you (in case +you, or any of yours should be sick at Sea) Conserves of _Roses_, +_Clove-Gilliflowers_, _Wormwood_, _Green-Ginger_, _Burnt-Wine_, +_English Spirits_, _Prunes_ to stew, _Raisons_ of the _Sun_, +_Currence_, _Sugar_, _Nutmeg_, _Mace_, _Cinnamon_, _Pepper_ and +_Ginger_, _White Bisket_, or _Spanish Rusk_, Eggs, Rice, _Juice_ +of _Lemmons_, well put up to cure, or prevent the Scurvy. Small +_Skillets_, _Pipkins_, _Porrengers_, and small _Frying pans_. + +"To prevent or take away Sea sickness, Conserve of _Wormwood_ is +very proper."[8] + + [8] John Josselyn, _Two Voyages to New England_, London, 1675. + +The settler also must take with him a supply of food to answer his +needs on reaching Massachusetts, and it was advised that enough for +the space of a year might be required in which case each person +should be certain to have in store 8 bushels of meal, 2 bushels +pease, 2 bushels oatmeal, 1 gallon brandy, 1 gallon oil and 2 +gallons vinegar. Sugar could be had in New England as the Colonial +vessels were bringing it from the West Indies in the way of trade, +but spices, necessary to the English diet, must be brought from +England. + +John Josselyn, writing in 1638, listed the following articles as +necessary equipment for every family coming to New England, viz.: + + Bellows £0 2 0 + Scoop 0 9 + Great pail 0 10 + Casting shovel 0 10 + A sack 2 4 + Lanthorn 1 3 + Tobacco pipes + 5 broad howes 10 0 + 5 narrow howes 6 8 + 5 felling axes 7 6 + 2 hand saws 10 0 + 1 whip saw 10 0 + 1 file and wrest 10 + 2 hammers 2 0 + 2 augers 1 0 + Wheels for a cart 14 0 + Wheel barrow 6 0 + Canoe 3 0 0 + Short oak ladder 0 10 + Plough 3 9 + Axle tree 0 8 + Cart 10 0 + 3 shovels 4 6 + 2 spades 3 0 + 2 broad axes 7 4 + 6 chisels 3 0 + 3 gimblets 0 6 + 2 hatchets 3 6 + 2 frows 3 0 + 2 hand bills 3 4 + + Nails of all sorts 2 0 0 + 3 locks and 3 pr. fetters 5 10 + 2 curry combs 0 11 + Brand for beasts 0 6 + Hand vise 2 6 + 100 wt. spikes nails and + pins (120) 2 5 0 + 2 pick axes 0 3 0 + Chain and lock for + a boat 2 2 + Coulter (10 pound) 3 4 + Pitch fork 1 4 + +Household implements for a family of six persons, viz.: + + Plough share 2 11 + + 1 iron pot 0 7 0 + 1 great copper kettle 2 0 0 + 1 small kettle 10 0 + 1 lesser kettle 6 0 + 1 large frying pan 2 6 + 1 small frying pan 1 8 + 1 brass mortar 0 3 0 + 1 spit 2 0 + 1 grid iron 1 0 + 2 skillets 5 0 + Platters, dishes and + spoons of wood 4 0 + +The above prices are estimated costs in England and the freight on +the same would be reckoned at the rate of half a ton per person. + +The vessels which carried the great emigration to New England +between 1630 and 1640 were of small tonnage and the passenger +accommodations on board were limited in space and barren of creature +comforts. Small wonder that the health of many of the first +settlers, shaken by the passage at sea, paid toll to the severity of +the New England climate--the biting cold of the winter and the heat +of the summer days to which they were unaccustomed. + +"It was not because the Country was unhealthful, but because their +bodies were corrupted with sea-diet, which was naught, their Beefe +and Porke being tainted, their Butter and Cheese corrupted, their +Fish rotten, and voyage long, by reason of crosse Windes, so +that winter approaching before they could get warme houses, and +the searching sharpnes of that purer Climate, creeping in at the +crannies of their crazed bodies, caused death and sickness."[9] + + [9] Wood, _New-Englands Prospect_, London, 1634. + +The ship _Talbot_, on which Mr. Higginson sailed, brought over +one hundred passengers and thirty seamen. She measured nearly +eighty-six feet in length and had a depth of hold of eleven feet. +By present-day measurement she was about two hundred tons burden. +The space between decks, where the passengers slept and spent much +time during the dreary voyage, was so low that a tall man could not +stand erect, and whenever a severe storm arose, so that the ports +and hatches must be kept closed, the air below deck in time must +have become intolerable. Such a storm arose when the _Talbot_ was +thirty-three days out and "ye wind blew mightily, ye sea roared and +ye waves tossed us horribly; besides it was fearfull darke and ye +mariners made us afraid with their running here and there and lowd +crying one to another to pull at this and y^t rope." + +These small emigrant ships of the seventeenth century, besides men, +women and children, brought over much livestock housed in temporary +pens and shelters built amidships. The long boat or pinnace was also +carried on board, all of which left little room for movement about +the deck. But these three hundred tons ships were traveling palaces +when compared with some of the smaller craft that boldly ventured +across the Atlantic. Barks, ketches, pinks and other small vessels +of less than fifty tons burden were common. In 1635, a "small +Norsey bark" of twenty-five tons reached Boston. She was bound for +Connecticut, but a stormy voyage had forced her to seek safety in +Boston harbor. This vessel, little over thirty feet in length, +brought over fourteen passengers, including two women, with their +household goods. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +THEIR EARLY SHELTERS AND LATER DWELLINGS + + +There is a widespread misconception that the colonists on reaching +Massachusetts proceeded immediately to build log houses in which +to live. Historians have described these log houses as chinked +with moss and clay and as having earth floors, precisely the type +of house built on the frontier and in the logging camps at a much +later period. A well-known picture of Leyden Street, at Plymouth, +shows a double row of log houses reaching up the hillside, which +the Pilgrims are supposed to have constructed. In point of fact, no +contemporary evidence has been found that supports the present-day +theory. The early accounts of what took place in the days following +the settlement along the coast are full of interesting details +relating to day-by-day happenings but nowhere do we find allusion +to a log house such as modern historians assume existed at that +time. This unique form of construction, however, had been used in +Scandinavia since the Middle Ages and also in parts of Germany, but +never did it appear in England. It also is well established that the +North American Indians knew nothing of this method of construction, +even the Iroquois tribe who built a "long house," so-called. + +The Swedes and Finns who settled in Delaware in 1638 introduced the +log house built of logs with notched ends, with which they were +familiar in their homeland. What more natural? Jasper Dankers and +Peter Sluyter, Dutch travelers, made a tour of the American colonies +in 1679-1680, and while passing through New Jersey, describe the +house of Jacob Hendricks, near the town of Burlington, as follows: + +"The house, although not much larger than where we were the last +night, was somewhat better and tighter, being made according to +the Swedish mode, and as they usually build their houses here, +which are block-houses, being nothing less than entire trees, split +through the middle, or squared out of the rough, and placed in the +form of a square, upon each other, as high as they wish to have the +house; the ends of these timbers are let into each other, about a +foot from the ends, half of one into half of the other, the whole +structure is thus made without a nail or a spike. The ceiling +and roof do not exhibit much finer work, except amongst the most +careful people, who have the ceiling planked and a glass window. +The doors are wide enough, but very low, so that you have to stoop +in entering. These houses are quite tight and warm: but the chimney +is placed in a corner. My comrade and myself had some deer skins, +spread upon the floor to lie on, and we were, therefore, quite well +off and could get some rest."[10] + + [10] _Memoirs of the Long Island Historical Society_, Vol. I. + +These travelers also spent a night at a Quaker's house near where a +gristmill had been erected on a creek above the falls at what is now +Trenton. + +"Here we had to lodge: and although we were too tired to eat, we had +to remain sitting upright the whole night, not being able to find +room enough to lie upon the ground. We had a fire, however, but the +dwellings are so wretchedly constructed, that if you are not close +to the fire, as almost to burn yourself, you cannot keep warm, for +the wind blows through them everywhere. Most of the English and many +others, have their houses made of nothing but clapboards, as they +call them there, in this manner: they first make a wooden frame, the +same as they do in Westphalia, but not so strong, they then split +the boards of clapboard, so that they are like cooper's pipe-staves, +except they are not bent. These are made very thin, with a large +knife, so that the thickest edge is about a little finger thick, and +the other is made sharp, like the edge of a knife. They are about +five or six feet long, and are nailed on the outside of the frame, +with the ends lapped over each other. They are not usually laid so +close together, as to prevent you from sticking a finger between +them, in consequence either of their not being well joined, or the +boards being crooked. When it is cold and windy, the best people +plaster them with clay. Such are most all the English houses in the +country."[11] + + [11] _Memoirs of the Long Island Historical Society_, Vol. I. + +The only type of log construction in use in New England in the early +days existed in garrison houses built as a protection against the +Indians. In every instance the logs were carefully hewed square, +to make a close fit against each other, and never notched at the +ends, sometimes halved at the corners of the structure, but usually +dove-tailed into each other at the ends in medieval military manner. +Several of these garrison houses still exist and although afterwards +used as dwellings, at first they were built as forts. + +What happened at the Plymouth Colony after the _Mayflower_ came +to anchor? The wind blew very hard for two days and the next day, +Saturday, December 23, 1620, as many as could went ashore: "felled +and carried timber, to provide themselves stuff for building," +and the following Monday "we went on shore, some to fell timber, +some to saw, some to rive, and some to carry; so no man rested all +that day."[12] Bradford writes "that they builte a forte with good +timber" which Isaac de Rasieres described in 1627 as "a large square +house, made of thick sawn planks, stayed with oak beams." The oldest +existing houses in the Plymouth Colony are built in the same manner +and some half dozen or more seventeenth-century plank houses may yet +be seen north of Boston. Moreover, when the ship _Fortune_ sailed +from Plymouth in the summer of 1621, the larger part of her lading +consisted of "clapboards and wainscott," showing clearly that the +colonists soon after landing had dug saw pits and produced boards in +quantity suitable for the construction of houses and for exportation. + + [12] _Mourt's Relation_, Boston, 1841. + +The first settlers in the Massachusetts Bay brought with them +mechanics of all kinds, well equipped with tools, and it is +altogether probable that these workmen plied their trades on this +side of the Atlantic exactly as they had been taught through long +centuries of apprenticeship in England. The houses of that early +period, still remaining, all resemble similar English structures. +Upon arrival, however, the need for shelter was imperative, and +all sorts of rude expedients were adopted. Deacon Bartholomew +Green, the printer of the _Boston News-Letter_, related that when +his father arrived at Boston in 1630, "for lack of housing he was +wont to find shelter at night in an empty cask," and during the +following winter many of the poorer sort still continued to live in +tents through lack of better housing. When Roger Clap arrived at +Charlestown in 1630 he "found some Wigwams and one House ... in the +meantime before they could build at Boston, they lived many of them +in tents and Wigwams." + +John Winthrop, in his _Journal_, writes that "the poorer sort of +people (who lay long in tents) were much afflicted with scurvy and +many died, especially at Boston and Charlestown." He also makes +several references to English wigwams. In September, 1630, one +Fitch, of Watertown, had his wigwam burned down with all his goods +and two months later John Firman, also of Watertown, lost his +English wigwam. + +Edward Johnson, in his _Wonder-Working Providence_, mentions the +rude shelters of the first settlers. "They kept off the short +showers from their lodgings, but the long rains penetrated through +to their disturbance in the night season, yet in those poor wigwams +they sang Psalms, praise and pray their God till they can provide +them homes which ordinarily was not wont to be with many till the +earth by the Lord's blessing brought forth bread to feed them, their +wives and little ones." + +The Rev. Francis Higginson, in his _New-Englands Plantation_, +printed in 1630, describes the wigwams built by the Indians living +at Salem as "verie little and homely, but made with small poles +prick't into the ground and so bended and fastened at the tops and +on the side, they are matted with boughes and covered with sedge and +old mats." It seems likely that when the English built themselves +"English wigwams," they copied the small structures built by the +Indians, especially as mats suitable for covering might be obtained +from the Indians by barter, and old pieces of sailcloth doubtless +might be obtained from the shipping stores. It seems unlikely that +an Englishman living in one of these structures during the winter +season would be content to allow the smoke from his fire to find +its way out through a hole in the roof in the Indian fashion. It +is more likely that a fireplace, built of stones or bricks, would +be constructed at one end of an "English wigwam." A door in hewed +frame, with wooden hinges, probably was installed as a suitable +substitute for the Indian mat lifted upon entering. The floors in +these English wigwams undoubtedly would be covered with rushes or +straw, following the custom in English cottages at that time. + +Edward Johnson, the town clerk of Woburn, writing in 1652, relates +of the first settlers that "after they have thus found out a place +of aboad, they burrow themselves in the Earth for their first +shelter under some Hill-side, casting the Earth aloft up on Timber: +they make a smoaky fire against the Earth at the highest side, and +thus these poore servants of Christ provide shelter for themselves, +their Wives and little ones." + +Alonzo Lewis, the historian of Lynn, writing a century ago, states +that some of the first settlers in that town made shelters for +themselves and families by digging caves into the hillsides. On +the bank of the Connecticut River above Hartford, is the Loomis +Institute, on the grounds of which is the site where the men from +Dorchester, Mass., in 1635, constructed their first dwellings, which +were dug into the river bank. The bank itself composed three walls +of the shelter and the front was a framing of boards with a door and +a window. The roof was thatched with river sedge. The last of these +long abandoned dugouts was filled in as recently as 1926. + +At Concord, Mass., the early settlers dug cellars in the earth which +they spanned with wooden spars and then covered with turf. A more +detailed description of such shelters is found in a report made in +1650, by the Secretary of the Province of New Netherlands: + +"Those in New Netherlands and especially in New England who have no +means to build farmhouses at first, according to their wishes, dig +a square pit in the ground, cellar fashion, 6 or 7 feet deep, as +long and as broad as they think proper, case the earth inside with +wood all round the wall, and line the wood with bark of trees or +something else to prevent the caving in of the earth, floor this +cellar with plank and wainscott it overhead for a ceiling, raise a +roof of spars clear up and cover the spars with the bark or green +sods, so that they can live dry and warm in these houses with their +entire families for two, three or four years, it being understood +that partitions are run through those cellars which are adapted +to the size of the family. The wealthy and principal men of New +England, in the beginning of the Colonies, commenced their first +dwelling houses in this fashion."[13] + + [13] _Documentary History of New York_ (_1850_), Vol. I. + +The frequent references to the English wigwam seem to indicate +that some such temporary construction was usual among many of the +colonists at the outset. Settlers were living at Salem as early +as 1626 and Endecott, with a considerable immigration, arrived in +1628. Marblehead, just across the harbor, was settled early and yet +when John Goyt came there in 1637, he "first built a wigwam and +lived thar till he got a house."[14] The rude buildings also put +up by planters at Salem must have been looked upon at the time as +temporary structures for they had all disappeared before 1661.[15] + + [14] _Essex Co. (Mass.) Quarterly Court Records_, Vol. VI, p. 363. + + [15] _Essex County Deeds_, Book V, leaf 107. + +When Governor Winthrop arrived at Charlestown in 1630 with the first +great emigration, he found a house or two and several wigwams--rude +shelters patterned after the huts built by the Indians--and until +houses could be erected in Boston many lived in tents and wigwams, +"their meeting-place being abroad under a Tree." + +In the summer of 1623, Bradford mentions the "building of great +houses in pleasant situations," and when a fire broke out in +November of the following year it began in "a shed yt was joyned to +ye end of ye storehouse, which was wattled up with bowes." It will +be seen that this shed was not crudely built of logs or slabs but +that its walls were wattled and perhaps also daubed with clay, in +precisely the same manner with which these colonists were familiar +in their former homes across the sea. An original outer wall in the +old Fairbanks house at Dedham, Massachusetts, still has its "wattle +and daub" constructed in 1637. + +Thomas Dudley writing to the Countess of Lincoln, in March, 1631, +relates: "Wee have ordered that noe man shall build his chimney +with wood nor cover his house with thatch, which was readily +assented unto, for that divers houses have been burned since our +arrival (the fire always beginning in the wooden chimneys) and some +English wigwams which have taken fire in the roofes with thatch or +boughs."[16] It was Dudley who was taken to task by the Governor in +May, 1632, "for bestowing so much cost on wainscotting his house and +otherwise adorning it," as it was not a good example for others in +the beginning of a plantation. Dudley replied that he had done it +for warmth and that it was but clapboards nailed to the walls. A few +months later this house caught fire "the hearth of the Hall chimney +burning all night upon the principal beam." + + [16] _Force's Tracts_, Washington, 1838. + +In 1631, John Winthrop entered in his _Journal_ that the chimney +of Mr. Sharp's house in Boston took fire "the splinters being not +clayed at the top" and from it the thatch caught fire and the house +was burnt down. + +The first meetinghouse built in Salem had a "catted" chimney, that +is, the chimney was built with sticks laid cobhouse fashion and the +whole daubed with clay inside and out. + +Thatch as a roof covering was in common use in the early days. +Notwithstanding the Great and General Court forbade its use, it +still persisted as necessity arose. At the outset, towns along the +coastline set aside certain parts of thatch banks in the marshes, +as a supply for thatching houses. Rye straw also was much used. The +roofs of these thatched houses were not boarded as the thatch was +fastened to slats. Dorchester built a meetinghouse in 1632 with a +thatched roof. + +The earliest frame houses were covered with weather-boarding and +this before long was covered with clapboards. The walls inside were +sheathed up with boards moulded at the edges in an ornamental manner +and the intervening space was filled with clay and chopped straw, +and later with imperfect bricks. This was done for warmth, and was +known as "nogging," following the English practice. When roofs were +not thatched, they were covered with shingles split from the log by +means of a "frow" and afterwards hand-shaved. The window openings +were small and were closed by hinged casements, just as the houses +in England were equipped at that time. Generally, the casement sash +was wood, but sometimes iron was used, as was common in England. + +The glass was usually diamond-shaped, set in lead "cames." Emigrants +to Massachusetts were instructed by the Company to bring ample +supplies of glass for windows, but the supply ran short and in the +poorer cottages and wigwams, oiled paper was in common use. This was +an excellent substitute and supplied a surprisingly large amount of +light. + +A brickyard was in operation in Salem as early as 1629, and +everywhere along the coast clay was found and made up into bricks. +Chimneys were built upon a huge stone foundation. The brick work +began at the first floor level and the bricks were laid in puddled +clay up to about the ridge line where lime was used as the chimney +top became exposed to the weather. + +It has been claimed and denied that bricks used in the construction +of certain old houses were brought from overseas. In general +the claims may be disregarded. It is certain, however, that the +Massachusetts Company at the outset sent over ten thousand bricks, +stowed in the ballast with five chauldrons of sea coals for the use +of the blacksmiths. At the same time came iron and steel, nails, red +lead, salt and sailcloth. Even fourteen hundred weight of plaster of +paris, appears in the list, priced at eighteen shillings per hundred +weight. + +The home of the average New Englander in the late seventeenth +century was a wooden dwelling of two stories built around a brick +chimney containing large fireplaces. In Rhode Island and in parts +of Connecticut, where shale abounded, the chimney was built of +stone and not infrequently the house, in whole or at one end, was +also so constructed. The roofs of these houses were covered with +wooden shingles usually split from pine logs and shaved smooth by +hand on a shingle horse. The outside walls of the well made house +were covered with clapboards, also smoothed on the shingle horse. +For many years these clapboards were made from oak, but as this +wood has a tendency to warp and pull itself free from fastenings, +by the year 1700, its use for that purpose had very generally been +replaced by pine. Outbuildings and the poorer class of dwellings +were not covered with clapboards or only the part next the road, for +the New Englander believes in "putting his best foot forward." Such +buildings were covered with "weatherboards" or plain boarding that +lapped at the lower edge. + +The windows in these houses were filled by casement sash containing +glass set in lead cames. The glass was usually diamond shaped, but +sometimes four by six inch lights were used. This glass was imported +from England and came packed in cribs, but much of it came in sheets +already leaded and was cut to size by "glaziers" upon demand. Early +in the eighteenth century sliding-sash windows were introduced, +probably about 1710, but it was a long time before existing +casements were entirely given up. One Saturday afternoon in July, +1714, lightning struck the house of Colonel Vetch in Boston. He had +bought the dwelling not long before and Judge Sewall records in his +diary that at the time of the storm "the Work of Transformation was +not finished" to make the building fit for the occupancy of Madam +Vetch. The lightning played various tricks with the house, doing +considerable damage, and among other details the Judge mentions +that it "lifted up the Sash Window and broke one of the squares" of +glass.[17] Colonel Vetch was presumably a man of substance for he +afterwards became Governor of Nova Scotia, and he is likely to have +"transformed" his recently purchased house into the latest fashion +of lighting. + + [17] _Mass. Historical Society Colls._ (5th ser.), Vol. 7, p. 10. + +On the other hand, Judge Sewall, the Chief Justice of the highest +court in the Province, had casements in his Boston house at a time, +ten years later, when his daughter Hannah died, for he records in +his _Diary_ that "Boston will not have her put into the Cellar [it +was in August when she died]; so she is only remov'd into the best +Room. And because the Casements were opened for Coolness, Boston +would watch all night." This entry in the ancient diary not only +preserves the fact that the Judge's house had casement windows, +but it also makes allusion to the old-time custom of watching with +the dead body and the interest that the town of Boston had in the +bereavement of the Judge. + +In 1722, Benjamin Franklin in his Boston newspaper, was satirizing +the extravagancies of New England housewives in "new Glazing their +Houses with new fashion'd square Glass." Diamond glass had seen its +day, however, and forty years later "Windows set in lead, suitable +for Hot-Beds" were advertised in the newspapers, a sure sign of +discarded sash. On the other hand, a hardware shop was advertising +"sheet and diamond glass" as late as 1766, probably to meet the +demands for repairing old casements. + +The exterior of these early houses was seldom painted, in fact it +was well into the nineteenth century before the outside of houses in +country towns were usually painted. A diarist who rode into Boston +in 1804 comments on the dingy appearance of the houses and the +general lack of paint and about the same time a Salem man met with +success in business, whereupon he painted his house with the result +that his associates rather sneeringly remarked: "Sam is feeling his +oats; he's begun to paint his house." + +The paint first used on the exteriors of New England houses was +usually of a dark red color called, both then and now, "Indian red." +Red ochre was used and commonly was mixed with fish oil. The Indians +had "paint mines" where they had found red earth and doubtless these +"mines" were utilized, particularly in adjacent locations. One of +these paint mines was located near what is now Augusta, Maine, and +in that part of New England formerly existed, long before the coming +of the European, an Indian race that used this red earth so freely +that by ethnologists it has been termed the "red paint culture." + +So runs the present-day tradition of Indian red in New England. In +point of fact, however, red earth was brought from the East Indies +long before the settlement of the American Colonies, hence the name +"India red," by which it was advertised in the Boston newspapers in +the mid-eighteenth century. In 1766, John Gore, "at his Shop at the +Sign of the Painter's Arms in Queen Street," Boston, advertised a +stock of oils, paints, brushes, etc., just imported from London. He +had linseed oil by the barrel or smaller quantity, boiled oil, nut +oil, turpentine oil and turpentine varnish. Among his white colors, +were Spanish white and French halk,--whatever that may be. Red was +a color that was in demand for he carried red head, Spanish brown, +India red, purple red, Venetian red, Vermillian, drop hake, carmine, +umber and rose pink. Under yellows, he listed King's yellow, +Princess yellow, Naples yellow, spruce yellow, stone yellow, English +ochre, Orpiment-pale and deep, Dutch pink and brown pink. The blues +were ultramarine, ultramarine ashes, Prussian blue of various sorts, +calcined smalt, strowing ditto, verditer blue and powder blue. + +Gore also sold crayons in sets and canvas for portrait painting in +half-length cloths, kit-kat and three-quarters length. He carried +"Colours prepared for House and Ship Painting," best London crown +glass for pictures and "Water Colours ready prepared in Shells."[18] + + [18] _Boston News-Letter_, Jan. 23, 1766. + +Two years later he advertised chariot glasses, genteel +looking-glasses and Wilton carpets and also announced that he did +coach and carpet painting in the best and cheapest manner. + +At how early a date was paint used on the exterior of a New England +house? Who can solve the problem? Undoubtedly it was on a house +owned by some merchant having a direct contact with England. It is +an established fact that the Andrews house, built in 1707-1710, in +the country town of Topsfield, Mass., was painted Indian red at the +time it was built, or soon after, but only on the trim--the window +frames, corner boards, etc. The clapboards and weather-boarding at +the easterly end, remained unpainted until long years after. + +The inside finish of town houses owned by well-to-do people, +probably was painted at a comparatively early date, at least, one +or two rooms in a house. "A large Fashionable Dwelling-House" in +Boston, "about 1-1/4 miles from Charlestown ferry" was advertised to +be sold in 1734. It had eight "fire rooms"--that is, rooms with +fireplaces. The entries and two of the rooms were "beautifully +Wainscotted and laid in oil" and four were "handsomely Painted." + +In 1753, George Tilley, a Boston shop keeper, advertised his house +for sale. It contained "eight rooms, seven of them fire-rooms, +with a Number of convenient Closets and a good Cellar, four of +the said Rooms is cornish'd, and the House is handsomely painted +throughout; one of the Rooms is painted Green, another Blue, one +Cedar and one Marble; the other four a Lead colour, the Garrets are +handsomely plaistered; the House has twenty Sash-Windows to it and +is pleasantly situated on Pleasant Street, near the Hay-Market."[19] + + [19] _Boston News-Letter_, Sept. 13, 1753. + +But such glory did not exist in other parts of the same town and +certainly not in the country. Rufus Choate, the lawyer, was born +in a house in Essex, Mass., built in 1725 by an ancestor who was +popularly called "Governor Choate." He was a man in comfortable +circumstances and built for himself a house of ten rooms having +good panelling in four of them. None of the finish on this house +was painted until well after 1825 or a century after it was built. +This paint has now been removed and the old white pine finish is +revealed in all its natural beauty of varying shades of reddish +brown, effectively contrasting with the whitewashed walls. Natural +wood finish, laid in oil, was quite the common thing in the ordinary +New England dwelling, until after the people had recovered from the +financial exhaustion of the Revolution. + +The plastered walls were usually whitewashed which was quite in +keeping with the Puritan character that covered with limewash +the beautiful mural decorations of the English churches at the +time of the Commonwealth. Families of wealth covered their walls +with hangings brought from England. Peter Sergeant died in 1714, +possessed of a "suit of Imagery Tapestry hangings" in his cedar +room. This house was one of the finest in the town of Boston +and afterwards became the Province House,--the residence of the +Governors of the Province. Another room in this house was also +furnished with hangings. Arras hangings were advertised from time +to time in the Boston newspapers and in 1736, Boydell, the printer +of the _Boston Gazette_, advertised a house in which one chamber in +the first story was "hung with Scotch Tapestry, the other with Green +cheny." The large brick house of the late Isaac Gridley, situated +near Fort Hill, in Boston, was sold in 1771. It contained thirteen +rooms and three of the lower rooms were "genteelly furnished with +Tapestry Hangings." + +A three-story house was built in Boston about 1715 by William +Clark, a wealthy merchant and member of the governor's council. +His death in 1742, was attributed by some, to the loss of forty +sail of vessels in the French War. In this house afterwards lived +Sir Henry Frankland, Collector of the Port, who fell in love with +Agnes Surriage, the beautiful sixteen-year-old maid-of-all-work at +the Fountain Inn in Marblehead. Her romantic story is well-known. +This house differed but little from the dozen or so of its type +to be found in Boston at the time, save in its rich and elaborate +decoration of the north parlor, at the right of the entrance hall. +Here, the walls were divided into panels by fluted pilasters +supporting an elaborate cornice, the whole heavily gilded, and each +of the panels was embellished with a landscape or other decoration +painted in oils. Painted arabesques and heraldic devices covered all +other flat surfaces and the floor was laid in a mosaic of various +colored woods. Every inch of the surface of this parlor was the +product of the imagination and skill of the painter, gilder or +carver. But while this magnificence actually existed in New England, +by no means was it typically representative of its culture or +artistic development. It merely exhibited the pride of wealth and +was largely the product of European craftsmen. + +The heavy strap hinges on the doors of the earlier houses and +buildings were probably wrought by hand at the forge of the nearest +blacksmith, but most of the hardware and iron work was imported +from England. Before 1650 there was a slitting mill at the Saugus +Iron Works, but the principal product of this forge was cast iron +manufactures, such as pots and kettles. At a later date, Parliament, +at the instigation of the English manufacturers, prohibited by law +the setting up of slitting mills and trip hammers, and it naturally +followed that the manufactured iron and brass required by the +Colonies was brought overseas from Birmingham and Sheffield. + +A word or two as to the varying types of house hardware may not be +amiss at this time. At the outset wooden hinges and heavy strap +hinges of wrought iron were in common use. These hinges were hung +on gudgeons and their points varied in design but the spear-shaped +point was most common. In the best houses, at an early date and +continuing until the beginning of the eighteenth century, might be +found the so-called "cock's head" hinge, an ornamental survival +from Roman times. The butterfly hinge was also in use at that +time--usually on cupboards and furniture doors. The =H= and =HL= +hinges came into use in New England in the early 1700's and lasted +until after the Revolution. These hinges were cut out of heavy sheet +iron and were made in factories in England. This type of hinge was +superseded by the cast-iron butt, still in use, which was invented +in England in 1775, and adopted very generally in the United States +at the close of the Revolution. + +In some old houses that have been restored and in many modern +constructions done in the manner of the seventeenth and eighteenth +centuries, the door hinges in painted rooms have been picked out in +black making them most conspicuous. This is a modern conceit--an +invention of the modern architect. It was not done in the old days, +a fact easily established by carefully scraping through the various +coats of paint on an old house. Our great-great-grandmothers had +no itching desire for contrasts of that sort. They knew nothing of +highboys, grandfather's clocks, low daddys, Lady Washington chairs, +courting mirrors, fiddle back chairs or donkey-eared spindle backs. +These names are inventions of collectors or antique dealers striving +for the picturesque. The highboy, it is true, antedates the others, +but in the early days this piece of furniture was called a high +chest of drawers and the lowboy was called a low chest. Recently +the common =HL= hinge has been described as the "Holy Land" hinge; +certainly not referring to the English colonies where there were +fully as many sinners as saints. + +Wooden latches were used on both outside and inside doors in early +days and the wooden latch persisted in the back country until +comparatively recent times. The iron thumb latch was made by the +country blacksmith but more and more it came to be imported from +England. The earliest type has spear-point handles. The rounded end +comes in after 1700 and is common about 1750. The Norfolk latch, +in brass and iron, comes in after the Revolution and was replaced +by the common cast-iron thumb latch, invented by Blake in 1840. In +examining old hinges and all kinds of hardware always have in mind +that the machine-made pointed screw was not invented until 1846. + +A feature of this hardware trade with England, which is of much +interest, is the catalogues that were sent over by the manufacturers +in Birmingham. About the year 1770 they began to send out drawings +of different pieces of hardware, tools, etc., and this soon +developed into sheets of engravings on copper which were bound into +books and sent to customers at a distance who then could visualize +the goods and order accordingly; size, list price and discount were +indicated. Seldom was there a title-page or even a label to indicate +a source, but the handmade paper bears its watermark and generally +the date when it was made. These catalogues are now difficult to +find and the Victoria and Albert Museum at South Kensington, esteems +them so highly that a descriptive catalogue of its collection has +been published. Probably the largest collection of these catalogues +in America is in the library of the Essex Institute at Salem. + + + + +CHAPTER III + +HOW THEY FURNISHED THEIR HOUSES + + +It is a lamentable fact that the present generation possesses +little accurate information on the every day life and surroundings +of the early settlers in Massachusetts. Some of the finer pieces +of furniture have been preserved together with a few portraits and +pieces of silver and here and there an article of costume of special +beauty or unusual association. The newly settled country had no +artists to paint pictures of household interiors in the manner of +the Dutch painters and the diarists and letter writers of that time +when they used a quill pen, devoted little thought to the homely +happenings of the household or to the costume and furniture with +which every one was familiar. Judge Samuel Sewall's diary[20] throws +much light on New England life two centuries and more ago, but many +are the questions we would like to ask. In August, 1702, he rode to +Newbury to attend the funeral of his sister Mehitable and returned +home by way of Andover where he found that the keeper of the +ordinary was sick and so went to Mr. Woodman's daughters "and there +din'd on Pork and Beans; afterward had Fowls rosted and dress'd very +well." It would be interesting if we could know more about that +dinner. Did the Judge eat in the same room in which the fowls were +"rosted" and was the table furnished with woodenware or pewter, +or both? Had the Woodmans begun to use two-tined forks or did the +Judge hold the meat in one hand while he cut it up and conveyed it +to his mouth with the knife? Was a roasting jack fastened over the +fireplace? Was the dinner served on a table-board? Did all stand +while "a blessing" was asked? What was served for dessert? Did the +Judge wash his hands at the washbench in the kitchen and if not, +where did he find the washbasin? What pictures were on the parlor +walls and was there a bedstead in the corner and if so, how was it +furnished and how made? A bedstead known to have been used in a +New England house of 1702 is almost unknown today. If the Judge had +only devoted five minutes, while writing up his diary, to a close +description of that bedstead and its furnishings he would have +settled many existing doubts. + + [20] _Mass. Historical Society Colls._ (5th ser.), Vols. 5-7. + +It seems entirely reasonable that a distinguished guest in the house +would not be required in the morning to go to the washbench in the +kitchen and use the family basin. The dignity of Judge Sewall and +the delicacy of Madam Belcher would rebel at the thought of an +exhibition of disheveled attire before the serving maid and the +numerous children of the family. In the humblest home, on occasion, +it would be a simple matter to place in the chamber of a guest, on a +table or even on a chair, a basin and a jug of water with a towel. + +In the journal of the travels of Dr. Alexander Hamilton of +Annapolis, Md., who rode through New England in 1744, may be found +the description of the furnishings of a chamber in an inn. Doctor +Hamilton was accompanied by a negro servant and on a Sunday morning +at Marblehead he asked for his portmanteau. "I was told by my man +Dromo that it was in his room. I had the curiosity to go and see +what kind of a room his room was, and upon a reconnoitre found it a +most spacious one, furnished _a la mode de Cabaret_, with tables, +chairs, a fine feather-bed with quilted counterpane, white calico +canopy, or tester, and curtains, every way adapted for a gentleman +of his degree and complexion." + +Of course 1744 is many years after the period when oak furniture was +commonly in use; yet Reid's tavern, "at the sign of the Dragon," in +the fishing village of Marblehead, could not have been the resort of +fashion or wealth and if a negro slave was given so well furnished a +chamber what may have been the furnishings of the chamber occupied +by Doctor Hamilton? + +In a farmer's family, in the early days, it was undoubtedly the +habit to wash faces and hands in a small tub or keeler on the +washbench in the kitchen. In suitable weather it is altogether +likely the men of the family may have washed out of doors, beside +the back door, in a bucket of water freshly drawn from the well +or brought from the spring. The farm hands, on coming in from the +fields, for dinner, or at night, always "washed up" at a bench out +of doors and this custom persisted until well into the nineteenth +century. My mother, when young, for a time lived on a farm (about +1850) and several times I have heard her describe the farm hand who +came to the back door one noon, and looking at his hands remarked, +"I guess they are clean enough," and so went into his dinner, +without washing. + +Henry W. Erving of Hartford, Conn., writes: "A couple of years ago I +made a pilgrimage to my great-grandfather's former home in Westford, +Conn., in company with a kinsman over eighty years old--the last of +his generation. It was a very comfortable house, with four rooms and +a leanto, with a stone chimney. My great-grandfather lived there as +early as 1750. My cousin called my attention to the old well near +the door where, by the curb, there was a large stone hollowed out +like a trough. He said the 'men folks' as they came from the field, +would fill that trough with a bucket or two of water from which +they would 'souse' themselves thoroughly, thus not disturbing the +goodwife. And of course in the rustic neighborhoods the old customs +existed long after they were abandoned in the larger villages and +towns. + +"You will hardly believe, when I say it, but I distinctly remember +as a very small boy, going to a house in this same primitive town of +Westford where we were invited to dinner. The only drinking vessel +on the table was one of the quart Staffordshire mugs (would that I +had that mug in my collection today) which was filled with water, +milk or cider, I have really forgotten which, and passed around the +table at the demand of any thirsty one. The family consisted of +a man and his wife, an ancient grandmother, and several children +with not too clean faces. I couldn't refuse the mug when urged upon +me and selecting a place on the brim at the right of the handle, +I drank, when one of the children exclaimed, 'See, mar! He's got +granny's place.' Of course that practice in this instance was +possibly nearly a century out of period." + +One of the standard examples of American humor is the picture of the +_Mayflower_ loaded to the cross-trees with the chairs, chests and +cradles that devout New Englanders now own and claim were brought +over on that memorable voyage. It is so easy to attribute age and +romantic history to a treasured family relic that it has become +possible for a museum in the city of New York to exhibit a punch +bowl of Staffordshire ware, as a veritable relic of the _Mayflower_. +The bowl could not possibly have been made before 1780-1790. There +is another piece of Staffordshire treasured in the china closet +of a New England family, which the owner is certain was formerly +possessed by an ancestress who died years before the Revolution. +Well authenticated family tradition vouches for the fact which +cannot be disputed. Yet, the observer will soon discover a steamboat +pictured on one side of the pitcher and what is more interesting, +the stars and stripes are flying from the masthead and the canton of +the flag contains fifteen stars. + +It is undoubtedly true that some pieces of furniture were brought +over from England by the first settlers and the tradition connected +with such pieces can be authenticated by an examination of the +chair or chest showing that it is made of English and not American +oak. While most family possessions, for convenience in shipment, +came over in bales or bundles, covered with canvas in the true +European manner, a custom followed by emigrants of a later day, +yet, many articles of fine clothing and the treasured belongings of +the better-equipped families came over neatly stowed in chests and +cupboards and some of those chests have survived. + +It is all a matter of common sense reasoning which can be backed +up by an examination of early records and also the furniture +itself. Why pay a considerable value in money to transport, in an +overcrowded ship, utilitarian pieces of furniture, that could be +made in the newly settled colony, by workmen who were going over in +the same ship? Timber could be had here for the cutting and until +sufficient time had elapsed to permit the making of chairs, beds and +other required furniture, one could sit on rudely made stools and +boxes and sleep on pallet beds made up on the floor just as many of +them would be obliged to sleep while on board ship. + +Some estimate of the culture of the New England people during the +seventeenth century and of their appreciation of the refinements of +life may be reached with a degree of accuracy through a study of +the carefully itemized inventories of their estates made at time of +death. During that period the Royal Governor from overseas, with +his little court of officials and followers, had not introduced +London fashions and furnishings to the extent that existed in the +eighteenth century. Moreover, the wealth of the colonies had not +grown to the point where the refinements of life were not only +esteemed but demanded by loving spouses and by those who had taken +ship for England or the Continent and there had observed how other +people lived. + +Among the early settlements made in the Colony of the Massachusetts +Bay was one at Agawam, now the town of Ipswich. The news had reached +Boston that the French were pushing their settlements westward along +the coast, bringing with them "divers priests and Jesuits," which +so alarmed the Governor and the Assistants that it was decided to +forestall the French and hasten the planting of new towns north +of Boston. The first move was to send the Governor's son John, +with twelve others, to establish themselves at Agawam. There were +no roads and so they sailed along the coast in a shallop and took +possession of the town site in March, 1633. Their families and other +settlers soon followed and the increase of population was such that +in August, 1634, the Court of Assistants decreed that the place be +called Ipswich, after old Ipswich in England, "in acknowledgment of +the great honor and kindness done to our people, who took shipping +there." + +Three months later, in November, 1634, one John Dillingham arrived +in Ipswich and the selectmen granted him six acres of land on which +to build a house. He was from Leicestershire and with his wife and +daughter had come over in the fleet with Winthrop in 1630, and +remained in Boston until he removed to Ipswich. Life in the frontier +settlement was too severe for him and he died during the next +winter. On July 14, 1636, his widow, Sarah, made her "last will and +testament" being in "perfect memory though my body be weake & sick" +and a few days later she too was dead, leaving her orphaned daughter +to be cared for by Richard Saltonstall and John Appleton, under the +direction of the Quarterly Court. And this was not at all difficult +for John Dillingham had left a "goodly estate," for the times. This +Dillingham home has been selected for analysis because it is one +of the earliest estates in the Colony of which we have exact and +detailed information, a number of documents relating to it having +been preserved among the miscellaneous papers in the Massachusetts +State Archives.[21] Moreover, it shows the furnishings and equipment +of a settler living in a town of only two years growth from the +wilderness. + + [21] _Mass. Historical Society Colls._ (5th ser.), Vols. 5-7. + +The Dillingham homestead consisted of a house of two rooms and +outbuildings with thirty acres of upland, sixty acres of meadow, +i.e., grass land, and six acres of planting ground near the house, +of which four acres were planted with corn. Apple trees and other +fruits were fenced off in the garden. For livestock there was +a mare, three cows, two steers, two heifers, four calves, and +four pigs. There was an indentured servant, Thomas Downs, to +help cultivate the land and care for the stock, and a maid, Ann +Towle, who not only helped with the housework but also worked in +the fields. "She hath been a faithful servant," wrote Richard +Saltonstall, executor of the estate, "and though she was discharged +by her mistress a little before her time was out, yet it may be +borne by the estate, considering her diligence." Ann had come over +in the ship _Susan and Ellen_, which arrived in April, 1635. Her +passage cost £5. + +The Dillinghams occupied a good social position in the youthful +settlement but their two-room house did not contain any really +fine furniture. The parlor was also used as a bedroom, a practice +which was common everywhere in the seventeenth century. It had two +bedsteads valued at £1. 6. 8.; a cupboard, 10s.; a sea chest, 10s.; +two "joyned Chaires," 5s.; a round table, 7s.; a deske, 4s.; and +a band box, 2s. There was also a large nest of boxes valued £2. +and a small nest of boxes worth only three shillings. The feather +beds, boulsters, and pillows on each bed were valued at about +twice as much as a bedstead and the coverlets averaged about £1. +a piece. There were flaxen sheets for Mrs. Dillingham's bed and +coarse sheets for the beds of the maid and the indentured servant. A +warming pan bears silent testimony to the cold of the winter season. +Another bedstead valued at only three shillings may have been in +the garret and occupied by Ann Towle, the maid. A chest stood in +the kitchen--more generally spoken of at that time as "the hall," +in accordance with the English usage--and two boxes, probably used +for storage and also for seats. That was all the furniture listed in +the kitchen that was considered of any value. The tables, stools, +benches, shelving, or other furnishings seemingly necessary to +housekeeping at that time either did not exist or were so crude in +construction as to have little or no value in estimating the estate. +We find five cushions, however, valued at fifteen shillings. + +Mrs. Dillingham died possessed of a few really fine +furnishings--possibly treasured ancestral pieces--for she bequeathed +a silver bowl to the wife of Richard Saltonstall, and to the wife +of John Appleton she gave a silver porringer. It would be extremely +interesting today to know what has become of these two pieces of +Colonial silver. No other silver is mentioned but on shelving in the +kitchen rested 40-1/2 pounds of pewter valued at £2. 14. 0. As a pewter +plate of the time weighs nearly two pounds and a platter much more +the supply of pewter for the table was not large. Wooden plates, +trenchers, and bowls are not mentioned, but there were twenty-five +pewter saucers, six porringers, seven spoons, and five shillings +worth of knives. As for table forks, they were practically unknown +in the Colony at that time. Governor Winthrop brought over a fork +in 1630, carefully preserved in a case, which is supposed to be the +first and only table fork in the Colony in the earliest days of the +settlements. Knives, spoons, and fingers, with plenty of napery, met +the demands of table manners in the seventeenth century. + +The large fireplace in the kitchen had its usual equipment of +pot-hooks, fire shovel and tongs, gridiron, trivet, and bellows, +and beside it was an old dark lantern valued at only two shillings. +There were iron pots, kettles, skillets and ladles; a brass pot and +a mortar. There was a frying-pan with a hole in it and in a box were +kept "bullets, hinges and other smale things." Two beer vessels were +listed; a case of bottles, two jugs, three pans, a tray, and two +baskets. Such was the simple equipment of the Dillingham kitchen. +There were plenty of table-cloths and napkins but no curtains at +any of the windows. If a broom were used it probably was made of +birch twigs bound together around a long handle. Candlesticks do +not appear in the inventory and the only store of food mentioned +(aside from twenty-one new cheeses valued at £2. 16. 0.) was seven +bushels of rye, two firkins and a half of butter, a half bushel of +malt, six pounds of raisins, and some spice. Our ancestors had a +highly developed appreciation of the value of condiments. In a Salem +inventory at a somewhat later date appear salt, pepper, ginger, +cloves, mace, cinnamon, nutmegs, and allspice. + +Mrs. Dillingham's wearing apparel unfortunately is not listed item +by item, but given a total value of £5. 8. 4. Her linen amounted +to an almost equal sum. Some of her deceased husband's clothing is +included in the inventory, such as a coat with silver buttons, a +red waistcoat, a suit of serge and a black suit of serge unmade, a +jacket of cloth, and an old suit and cloak. Little Sara Dillingham, +the orphaned child, when sent to school to goodwife Symonds was +supplied with "a stuffe petticoat & waskote" and four "shifts with +shewes"; also a gown that cost £2. 10s. Perhaps after a time she may +have been able to read and fully appreciate the books formerly in +her loving father's chest. They were: "Perkins works in 3 volumes, +Seaven Treatises bound in 2 volumes, the Spowse Royall, the bruised +reade, & a little new testiment." + +Six years later, in 1642, there died in the same town, Richard +Lumpkin, who had emigrated from Boxted, in Essex, and became an +influential citizen in the new town in the new county of Essex. He +was elected a representative to the Great and General Court and was +deacon of the Ipswich church at the time of his death. He left an +estate valued at £300. In the hall of his house stood a long table, +with two forms and a stool beside it, having a total value of only +fifteen shillings. The hall also contained three chairs and six +cushions valued at four shillings. That was all the furniture in the +room that was of any value. There were books, however, valued at £2. +10. 0., a musket and a fowling piece and other small furnishings. +In the parlor was a table with six joined stools, three chairs and +eight cushions, a bedstead, and a trundle bed with curtains, and a +chest, the latter valued at only four shillings. In the chamber over +the parlor was a bedstead with its trundle bed, a table valued at +three shillings, four chests and two boxes; not a chair or stool is +named in connection with the room. The kitchen was in the leanto and +while it contained a good supply of brass and iron pots and kettles +and also pewter dishes, the table, bench, stools and wooden plates, +etc., that must have been in the room were of so little value that +they do not appear in the inventory. + +It is when we meet with joined and wainscot chests and court, +livery, and standing cupboards that we find pieces that may have +been brought from overseas. When Mr. Thomas Millard of Newbury +(note the title of honor), died in 1653, he possessed a wainscot +cupboard, table, chairs and stools. He also left behind him three +silver spoons, a silver cup, and a silver salt seller, and among the +kitchen utensils were tinned pudding pans, a brazen chaffing dish +and a lanthorn and lamp made of latin ware. + +The widow of the Rev. Jose Glover married, in 1641, Henry Dunster, +President of Harvard College. Among the furnishings of her house +were "eleven featherbeds or downe ... one of them haveing philop and +Cheny curtaines in graine with a deep silke fringe on the vallance, +and a smaller on the Curtaines, and a Coverlett sutable to it, made +of Red Kersie, and laced with a greene lace, round the sides and +2 downe the middle, also ... an outlandish quilt, also to another +a blue serdge suite very rich and costly, curtaines and valances +laced, and fringe, and a blue Rug to the bed, also a greene sute in +the same manner, also another red wrought suite, with a sheet and +all things Compleate, also a Canopie bed, with Curtenes, a Chest of +Drawers of part of this Chest was filled with rich lenen a dammeske +suite seuerall diepere suits a fine hollen[d] suit with a stech: +with abundance of flaxen linen for Common use, in another parte of +the chest of drawers tape, tafety for Chaire and Stooles ... also +29 siluer spones a very faire salt with 3 full knops on the top of +it[22] 3 other siluer salts of lesser sorts a great siluer trunke +with 4 knop to stand on the table and with suger: 6 porrengers, one +small one: 3 bere boules 4 wine cups a siluer grate with a Couer on +it: 6 siluer trencher plates: also blankets and Coverletts and Rugs +euery[way] Compleat to furnish so many beds."[23] + + [22] This large salt is now owned by Harvard College. + + [23] _Old-Time New England_, July, 1934. + +By way of contrast let us glance at the inventory of the possessions +of William Googe of Lynn, who died in 1646, ten years after Mrs. +Dillingham had willed that her body be "decently buyried" and her +child "religiously educated if God give it life." Googe left a house +and twelve acres of land and the total value of his possessions +amounted to but £28. 11. 7, with debts of £4. 9. 7. He left a +widow and three small children, and though dying in very lowly +circumstances he may have known better times, for John Mascoll, the +servant of Mr. Googe of Lynn, was fined in 1643, for neglecting the +watch. The title of honor, "Mr.," was used but sparingly in those +early days and usually indicated a degree of social standing in the +community. + +Googe had been a soldier, for among his personal belongings at death +were a sword and belt, a musket and bandoleers, and also gunpowder. +One cow and four hogs comprised his entire livestock, and five +bushels of wheat, ten bushels of Indian corn, and flax in the bundle +lay in the garret of his house, which was frugally furnished with +a chest, a chair, an old chair, a stool, and a trunk. The family +probably slept on pallet beds made up on the floor, for bedding +is listed but no bedsteads. They had a frying pan, a gridiron, a +skillet, a posnet, an earthen pot, six spoons, and the following +woodenware, viz.: "3 wood trayes & 3 wood boules & 3 wood dishes, +1s. 9d.; one runlitt, 1s.; paieles & tubs, 3s." Two bags valued at +two shillings bring to a close the list of the earthly possessions +of William Googe of Lynn. When the inventory was brought into court +it very properly gave the goods to the widow "for the bringing up of +her three small children." So reads the record. + +Doubtless there were many families in the Colony little better +conditioned, judging from the relatively small number of estates +settled through the courts when compared with the deaths and +estimated population. + +Googe's house and twelve acres of land were valued at only £8. This +must have been a very simple, thatch-roofed house of not more than +two rooms, comparable with the outlying farmhouse of Jacob Perkins +that was burned in Ipswich in 1668. And thereby hangs a tale. Master +Perkins and his wife had gone to town one summer afternoon leaving +the house in charge of Mehitable Brabrooke, a sixteen-year-old +serving maid. We will let the ancient document in the court files +relate what happened. + +"About 2 or 3 aclocke in the afternoone she was taking tobacco in a +pipe and went out of the house with her pipe and gott upon the oven +on the outside & backside of the house (to looke if there were any +hogs in the corne) and she layed her right hand upon the thatch of +the house (to stay herselfe) and with her left hand knocked out her +pipe over her right arme upon the thatch on the eaves of the house +(not thinking there had been any fire in the pipe) and imediately +went downe into the corne feild to drive out the hogs she saw in it, +and as she was going toward the railes of the feild ... she looked +back, and saw a smoke upon her Mistress' house in the place where +she had knocked out her pipe at which shee was much frighted."[24] + + [24] _Essex County Quarterly Court Records_, Vol. IV, pp. 56-57. + +The wife of a neighbor came running to the assistance of Mehitable +and afterwards testified that when she reached the house she looked +into both fireplaces and saw no appearance of fire, only a few +brands nearly dead under a great kettle hanging in the chimney. She +also looked up into the chamber through the floor boards that lay +very open on the side where the smoke was. + +Could photographs more vividly picture the scene? The thatch-roofed +farmhouse had two rooms on the ground floor and a chimney with +two fireplaces. An oven was built on the backside probably having +an opening inside the kitchen fireplace in the usual manner. The +house was of but one story judging from the low roof that the maid +was able to reach when standing on the oven, and the floor of the +chamber in the loft had wide cracks between the boards so that it +was possible to look through from below and see the under side of +the roof. In similar homes lived many a family in the early days in +comparative comfort. + +As for the careless Mehitable, she was brought before the Quarterly +Court on suspicion of wilfully setting the house on fire; a serious +offence, which as late as 1821, was the cause of the execution in +Salem of a sixteen-year-old boy. Among those who deposed at her +trial was a young man who said that as he and she were going into +the meadow, before the fire, to make hay, she told him that her +mistress was angry with her, but she had "fitted her now" for she +had put a great toad into her kettle of milk. As it turned out +the Court ordered Mehitable to be severely whipped and to pay £40 +damages to her master Jacob Perkins. It now seems incredible that a +serving maid of 1668 could ever get together so large a sum of money. + +The settlers in the New England Colonies, unless persons of wealth +or possessed of large families, during the early years lived +generally in houses having but one room and an entry-way on the +ground floor. Above would be a chamber--sometimes only a garret. +As the family increased in size and became more prosperous another +room would be added to the house on the other side of the entry and +chimney, making the structure a so-called two-room house. Still +later, with the need for more room, a leanto would be built on the +back of the house, thereby supplying three additional rooms on the +ground floor with a kitchen in the middle. The earlier kitchen +would then become a living-room or "sitting room"--in the New +England phrase. This earlier kitchen was usually called "the hall" +during the seventeenth century and in it centered the life of the +family. It was the room where the food was cooked and eaten. There +the family sat and there the indoor work was carried on. A loom +sometimes occupied considerable space near a window and frequently +a bed was made up in a corner, on which the father of the family +slept, and there sometimes also he died. + +The principal feature of this common room was its huge fireplace +in which hung pots and kettles suspended by means of pot chains +and trammels from the hardwood trammel-bar or lug-pole that rested +on wooden cross bars and so bisected the wide flue in the chimney. +These large fireplaces in the early days were sometimes called +"chimneys" in the vernacular of the time. They were generally as +wide as eight feet and a ten foot opening is not unknown. + +This cavernous opening was spanned by a wooden lintel--a stick of +timber sometimes sixteen inches or more square, and when exposed +to a roaring fire, piled high with logs, this became an element of +danger, the charring wood smoldering all night and setting fire +to the house. The trammel-bar in the flue also caught fire not +infrequently and gave way, allowing the pots and kettles to fall to +the hearth, bringing disaster to the dinner or to the curdling milk +and sometimes to those seated near. A trammel stick in the house of +Captain Denney gave way from this cause and a large kettle filled +with wort[25] fell down and spilt the boiling liquid over four of +his children who were sitting or lying on the hearth, some of them +asleep, "which scalded them in so terrible a manner, that one died +presently after, and another's life is dispaired of" continues the +record. + + [25] Beer in the making. + +"Here is good living for those who love good fires," wrote Higginson +in his _New-Englands Plantation_, and under the spell of the +glowing flames, the bare, whitewashed walls, the brown timbers and +floor boards of the ceiling, the dress of pewter, and the simple +furnishings of the room, enriched by the shadows, became a place +full of cheer--a place where privation and homesickness might be +forgotten in the glow of the bright firelight. On cold nights the +short bench inside the fireplace was a chosen place and the settle, +a long seat made of boards with a high back to keep off the draft, +was drawn before the fire and here sat the older members of the +family. + +The larger kettles hanging in the fireplace, were of brass and +copper and some of them were of prodigious size. Hot water was +always to be had and these kettles also served for the daily +cooking, the cheese-making, soap-boiling, and candle-dipping. + +Much of the food of the average New Englander until comparatively +recent times consisted of corn-meal, boiled meats and vegetables and +stews. Every well-equipped household had its spits for roasting and +many had gridirons, but the usual diet of the average family was +"hasty pudding"--cornmeal mush and milk--varied by boiled meat or +fish served in the center of a large pewter platter and surrounded +by boiled vegetables. Baked beans and stewed beans appeared on the +table several times every week in the year. Indian bannock, made +by mixing corn meal with water and spreading it an inch thick on a +small board placed at an incline before the fire and so baked, was a +common form of bread. When mixed with rye meal it became brown bread +and was baked in the brick oven with the beans and peas. + +The brick oven was a feature of every chimney. Sometimes in early +days it was built partly outside the house but so far as known +the opening was always in the kitchen fireplace. To reach it the +housewife must stoop below the oaken lintel and stand inside the +fireplace, taking care that her woolen skirts did not come near the +flames. To heat it for a baking, a fire was built inside, usually +with specially prepared pine or birch wood that had been split and +seasoned out of doors for a short time and then housed. The fire +and ashes were then taken out by means of a peel--a long-handled, +flat-bladed shovel made for the purpose--and when dusted out with a +broom made of hemlock twigs it was ready for the brown bread, beans, +peas, Indian pudding, pies, and rye drop cakes which were made with +rye meal, eggs and milk and baked directly on the bricks in the +bottom of the oven. + +Between the years of 1635 and 1655, court records and inventories +of estates in the Massachusetts Bay Colony mention the following +articles of food: + +Bacon, beef, butter, cheese, eggs, fowls, lamb, milk, mutton, pork, +suet, veal, wild game, and cod, herring, mackerel, salmon and +sturgeon. + +Barley, beans, Indian beans, bran, cabbages, carrots, chaff, corn, +English corn, Indian corn, hops, Indian meal, rye meal, oatmeal, +oats, parsnips, peas, pumpions, rye, squashes, turnips and wheat. + +Apples, berries, fruit, honey, raisins, sugar and vinegar. + +Biscuit, blewlman, bread, cake, malt, salad oil, porridge, rye malt, +yeast, salt and many kinds of spices. + +Much of this food was raised on the farm and nearly every family +had its garden. Such articles of food as were imported were usually +obtained at the shops in the larger towns by barter, as money was +scarce. In 1651, a farmer came through the woods to Salem in his +cart bringing twelve bushels of rye. He stopped at a shop owned +by George Corwin and from the daybook kept at the time and still +carefully preserved, we learn that among other necessaries he +carried home sugar for the goodwife, and for the children a doll and +a bird whistle. + +In the early years domestic animals were too valuable to be killed +for meat but game was plentiful and was roasted by being trussed on +iron spits resting on curved brackets on the backs of the andirons. +This, of course, required constant turning to expose the roast on +all sides in order to cook it evenly--a task frequently delegated to +a child. A skillet would be placed beneath to catch the drippings. +Sometimes a bird was suspended before the fire by a twisted cord +that would slowly unwind and partly wind again, requiring some +one in frequent attendance to twist the cord. Families of wealth +possessed a "jack" to turn the spit. This was a mechanism fastened +over the fireplace and connected with the spit by means of a pulley +and cord. A heavy weight suspended by a cord which slowly unwound, +supplied the power that turned the spit. + +In "the hall," usually upon open shelves, but sometimes upon a +dresser, was displayed the pride of the housewife--the dress of +pewter and latten ware. "China dishes," imported by the East India +Company or made in Holland, were used sparingly during the early +years of the colonies. There was much earthenware and stoneware +bottles and jugs, but it was wooden ware and pewter that were +commonly used. When Lionel Chute died in 1645 he bequeathed his +silver spoon to his son James.[26] It was the only piece of silver +in the house. Of pewter he died possessed of fourteen dishes "small +and great," eleven pewter salts, saucers and porringers, two pewter +candlesticks and a pewter bottle. The widow Rebecca Bacon who died +in Salem in 1655, left an estate of £195. 8. 6., which included a +well-furnished house. She had brass pots, skillets, candlesticks, +skimmers, a little brass pan, and an excellent supply of pewter +including "3 large pewter platters, 3 a size lesse, 3 more a size +lesse, 3 more a size lesse," having a total value of £1.16. She +also had a pewter basin, six large pewter plates, and six lesser, +nineteen pewter saucers, two fruit dishes, an old basin and a +great plate, two candlesticks, one large salt and a small one, two +porringers, a great flagon, one lesser, one quart, two pints and a +half pint; and an old porringer. She also left "1 silver duble salt, +6 silver spoones, wine cup & a dram cup of silver." + + [26] _Probate Records of Essex County, Mass._, Vol. I, p. 47. + +Giles Badger of Newbury left to his young widow, a glass bowl, +beaker, and jug valued at three shillings; three silver spoons +valued at £1, and a good assortment of pewter, including "a salt +seller, a tunell and a great dowruff." The household was also +furnished with six wooden dishes and two wooden platters. In other +inventories appear unusual items such as a pewter brim basin, +pewter cullenders, pewter beer cups, pans, and mustard pots. Pewter +tankards were common. There were new and old fashioned candlesticks. +Pewter salts came in three sizes and the saucers were both small +and large. In 1693, best London pewter plates cost the Boston +shopkeepers 9-1/2 pence per pound in quantity. + +The seventeenth century "hall" must have had little spare room for +its daily occupants, for in addition to its table and chairs, its +settle, stools and washbench, the long ago inventories disclose +such chattels as powdering tubs in which the salted meats were +kept, the churn, barrels containing a great variety of things, +keelers and buckets, bucking tubs for washing, and the various +implements used in spinning and weaving, washing and ironing, +cooking and brewing, and the making of butter and cheese. In the +chimney hung hams and bacon and suspended from the ceiling were +strings of dried apples and hands of seed corn. + +It is claimed by some that the floors were sanded. That certainly +was true at a later period but there are strong elements of doubt +as to the prevalence of this custom during the seventeenth century. +Sand, however, was used freely with home-made soft soap, to scrub +the floors which were always kept white and clean, and whenever +an early house is restored or taken down sand is always found, +sometimes in considerable quantity, where it has sifted down through +the cracks between the floor boards. The downstairs rooms had +double floors but the chamber floors were made of one thickness of +boards with here and there a knothole and frequently with cracks +between the boards through which the dust and dirt from above +must have sifted down upon the heads of those seated at dinner or +engaged in their daily tasks in the rooms below. Not only does the +structural evidence show this to be true but a number of instances +occur among the papers in Court files, where witnesses have deposed +as to what they had seen and heard through the cracks in chamber +floors. A grandson of Governor Endecott once fell a victim of two +gossiping sixteen-year-old girls who had spent some time on their +knees peeping through the cracks in a chamber floor. Capt. Richard +More, the last survivor of the company on the _Mayflower_, late in +life kept a tavern in Salem. He was spied upon in this manner and +eventually brought before the justices of the Quarterly Court to +answer for his evasion of the law set forth and maintained at that +time. + +The parlor, called "the foreroom" at a later time, was the room +where guests of station were received. The best bed hung with +curtains and valance and covered with a rug, stood in a corner. In +those days rugs were not used on floors but as bed furnishings. +Even the baby's cradle had its rug. Carpets, likewise, were too fine +for wooden floors and were used as table covers. Of bedsteads there +were many kinds--high and low, canopy, close, corded, half-headed, +joined, side, standing, inlaid, and wainscot, and slipped under +the higher bedsteads during the daytime, were trundle or "truckle" +beds in which the children slept at night. Lionel Chute, the +schoolmaster, had an "old darnkell coverlet" on his bed while some +of his neighbors possessed branched and embroidered coverlets and +several had coverlets made of tapestry. + +Among the better families the parlor and chamber windows had +curtains hung from rods or cords. In the parlor stood chests in +which were stored the family clothing and bedding, for closets did +not exist in the seventeenth century house. There were great chests +and small chests, long boarded and great boarded chests, chests +with a drawer, carved chests, wainscot chests, trunks, and boxes. A +few stools and chairs, a looking-glass, a small table, and perhaps +a cupboard completed the furnishings of the well-supplied parlor. +In Capt. George Corwin's best room there were chairs with leather +bottoms and straw bottoms, a clock valued at £2, a screen having +five leaves, a napkin press, and a "Scriture or Spice box." White +calico curtains hung at his chamber windows and the maid had a +"Calico Cuberd cloth" in her room. Parlor walls were whitewashed and +bare of ornament. The first families owned a portrait or two in oils +and here and there a map in unglazed frame decorated a wall. The +Puritan character did not warm to the fine arts and austere living +was the aim if not always the achievement of the time. + +The chambers in the second story must have been curiously furnished +rooms, containing a huddle of stores of all descriptions. Henry +Short, the town clerk of Newbury, died in 1673 leaving a goodly +estate valued at nearly £2,000.[27] He owned a negro slave and his +house was large and well furnished. There was an old parlor and a +new parlor containing beds, chests, chairs, trunks, and boxes. In +the chamber over the new parlor there was a good feather-bed and +bed clothing but no bedstead. Wool and yarn were stored in this +room together with boxes, tubs, some feathers, and miscellaneous +"lumber"--the phrase of the period for odds and ends. The chamber +over the kitchen, a comfortable room of course, in winter, had its +bed and bedding, also "5 hogsheds, 6 barrels, 5 Iron hoopes, a +pair of stockcards, meale trough & other lumber, a parcell of old +Iron, a pike, a bed cord & other cordage." Small wonder in such a +clutter that the rooms frequently had other tenantry than the human +occupants. + + [27] _Probate Records of Essex County, Mass._, Vol. II, p. 348. + +When Jasper Dankers arrived in Boston in 1680, the captain of the +packet took him to his sister's house where he lodged. "We were +taken to a fine large chamber," he writes, "but we were hardly in +bed before we were shockingly bitten. I did not know the cause, +but was not able to sleep.... My comrade who was very sleepy, fell +asleep at first. He tumbled about very much; but I did not sleep +any the whole night. In the morning we saw how it was, and were +astonished we should find such a room with such a lady."[28] + + [28] Dankers, _Journal of a Voyage to New York_, Brooklyn, 1867. + +Early in the eighteenth century the walls of rooms in some +Massachusetts houses began to be covered with "painted paper" +hangings imported from England. These _papier paints_ were first +introduced into England, from France, about 1634, and probably were +brought into New England by Governor Andros and his followers. +Michael Perry, a Boston bookseller, who died in 1700, had in his +stock "7 quires of painted paper and three reams of painted paper." +His successor, Daniel Henchman, dealt in painted papers as appears +from his account books commencing in 1712. In 1713 two quires of +painted paper cost four shillings, and two quires of blue paper, +three shillings. In 1714, Isaac Thomas of Pembroke paid £2. 10. 0 +for "6 Rowls Paint'd Pap'r & 2 Q'r Paper." + +When Peter Sergeant of Boston died in 1714, the inventory of his +estate disclosed "one large gilt looking glass, in the cedar room, +£5. One suit of Imagery Tapestry hanging, £20. One suit of red china +£5." Two years later the house was purchased by the Provincial +Government for a governor's residence and in 1741 we find the +Provincial Treasurer paying Daniel Henchman £5. 8. 0. for four +rolls of painted paper and shortly another bill was presented for +"New Tacking the paper hanging above in the chamber & new papering +one roome below stairs." + +In 1734, John Maverick, shopkeeper, bought of Henchman, four quires +and five sheets of painted paper for £1. 3. 9. In 1736, Colonel +Estes Hatch bought 10 rolls painted paper for £16. 5. 0. which +was probably used in his mansion in Dorchester, bought after the +Revolution by Colonel James Swan. + +The painted paper of the eighteenth century was sold at first in +sheets, 22 by 32 inches, called elephant size. Later these were +pasted together to make 12 yard lengths. In the earlier stages of +manufacture the designs were colored by hand. Stencils of pasteboard +were used, and in the last half of the eighteenth century blocks +of pear and sycamore wood were used, as in calico printing. One +who painted coats of arms and other things pertaining to heraldry, +as well as one who painted or stained linen cloth, was known as a +"painter stainer." So, also, those who stained colored or stamped +paper for hangings were known as "paper stainers." + +When Thomas Hancock built his house on Beacon Hill he desired +painted paper for some of his rooms. Extracts from his letter to +John Rowe, stationer, London, explain his wants: + +"Sir: Inclosed you have the Dimensions of a Room for a shaded +Hanging to be Done after the same Pattern I have sent per Capt. +Tanner. The pattern is all that was left of a Room lately come +over here, and it takes much in ye Town and will be the only +paper-hanging for sale here which am of opinion may Answer well.... +If they can make it more beautiful by adding more Birds flying here +and there, with some Landskips at the Bottom, Should like it well. +Let the Ground be the same colour of the Pattern. At the top and +bottom was a narrow Border of about 2 inches wide which would have +to mine.... + +"A hanging done much handsomer sent over three or four years +previous was made by Dunbar in Aldermanbury.... + +"In other of these Hangings are great variety of different Sorts +of Birds, Peacocks, Macoys, Squirrill, Monkys, Fruit and Flowers, +etc.... I think they are handsomer and better than Painted hangings +done in Oyle so I beg your particular Care in procuring this for +me and that the patterns may be taken care off and Return'd with +my Goods."--_Letter of Thomas Hancock to John Rowe, Stationer, in +London_, Jan. 23, 1737/8. + +In the eighteenth-century Boston newspapers may be found numerous +items showing the use of wall paper and the fact that it frequently +was imported from England. But while it is true that it could be +purchased in the shops in Boston it does not follow that rooms in +every house were papered. Nor is it likely that the rooms of houses +in the country had papered walls save when the owner was a wealthy +man. London fashions would first be found transplanted into the +seaport towns and later would be adopted by the country. Undoubtedly +the home of the Governor, or of some well-to-do sea captain, was +the first house to be so decorated. On September 22, 1762, died +Daniel Starr of Boston, "who has been for many years employed in +Papering Rooms." This item appears in the news items of the _Boston +News-Letter_. Eight years later the same newspaper prints the +following advertisement: + +"George Killcup, jun. Informs the Gentlemen and Ladies in Town and +Country That he Paints Carpets & other Articles, and Paper Rooms in +the neatest manner. He will take English or West India Goods as Pay. + +"Said Killcup is ready to pay those he is indebted to, in Painting +or Papering Rooms."--_Boston News-Letter_, March 17, 1768. + +"Roll Paper for Rooms," with "most sorts of Stationary Ware" were +advertised for sale by John Parker, over against the shop of Mr. +Dolbeare, Brazier, at the Head of the Town Dock, Boston.--_Boston +News-Letter_, June 3-10, 1736. + +J. Boydell, the printer of the _Boston Gazette_, advertised in +November, 1736, a house in Boston, to be sold, in which two chambers +in the first story were "hung with Scotch Tapestry, the other Green +Cheny." + +John Phillips, bookseller, advertised "Stampt Paper in Rolls for to +Paper Rooms," in the October 26, 1730, issue of the _New England +Journal_. + +"Sundry sorts of Painted Paper for Rooms" were to be sold at +public vendue at the Exchange Tavern in King Street, with other +importations.--_New-England Journal_, August 29, 1738. + +"Flowered Paper, or Paper Hangings for Rooms, to be Sold; Inquire of +the Printer."--_Boston Gazette_, February 2, 1742. + +"Beautiful Arras-Hangings for a Room" to be sold at +vendue.[29]--_Boston News-Letter_, August 22, 1745. + + [29] Watkins, "Early Use of Paper Hangings in Boston" (_Old-Time New + England_, Jan., 1922). + +Against the earlier background of whitewashed walls hung few +decorations. Between 1635 and 1681 there were 960 estates probated +in Essex County, Massachusetts. The county had several seaport towns +and its inhabitants were more prosperous than many other parts of +the Colony. In the inventories of these 960 estates, pictures are +listed but eight times and maps were found in but three homes. +William Hollingsworth, the shipbuilder and merchant of Salem, +possessed seven framed pictures. They are the only _framed_ pictures +mentioned. Hilliard Veren of Salem, who died in 1668, had three +pictures in his hall chamber and Robert Gray of the same town had +in his parlor a large looking-glass with some earthen dishes and +a picture, the whole valued at £2. The Rev. Nathaniel Rogers of +Ipswich, had two pictures in his parlor and Thomas Wells of Ipswich, +bequeathed to his son Thomas, the new pictures of the King and Queen +and the one of the "five sencces." He also possessed maps and paper +pictures. + +Fifty years later John Smibert, the portrait painter, had his shop +"at his House in Queen Street, between the Town House and the Orange +Tree, Boston," where he sold "all sorts of Colours, dry or ground +with Oyls and Brushes, Fans of several sorts, the best Mezotints, +Italian, French, Dutch and English Prints, in Frames and Glasses or +without, by Wholesale or Retail, at Reasonable Rates." About the +same time the "Royal Waxwork" was to be seen at the House of Mr. +Thomas Brooks, shopkeeper, near the Draw Bridge, and Thomas White, +the engraver, was living in a house not far away. + +Here are a few advertisements from early newspapers bearing on +furnishing the house: + +BED HANGINGS. To be sold by Mrs. Susanna Condy, near the Old North +Meeting House, a fine Fustian Suit of Curtains, with a Cornish and +Base Mouldings of a beautiful Figure, drawn in London, on Frame full +already worked; as also enough of the same for half a dozen Chairs. +N.B. The Bed may be had by itself.--_Boston Gazette_, May 24-31, +1736. + +BED-SCREWS. Mr. _John Barnard_ of Boston, having some time since +Lent a Pair of large Bed-screws. These are desiring the Borrower +to return them again to the owner, as he desires to Borrow again, +to avoid the Curse due to the Wicked, that Borrow but never +Pay.--_Boston News-Letter_, Oct. 22-29, 1716. + +BEDSTEAD. A Coach-head Bed and Bedstead with its Curtains and +Vallents, &c, as it stands, being a blew China. To be disposed off. +Inquire of the Printer.--_Boston Gazette_, June 16-23, 1735. + +CANOPIE BEDS. A Couple of very good Cannopie Beds lately come from +England to be Sold on reasonable terms, by Rupert Lord Upholsterer +and to be seen at Mr. Ramies House in Corn-Hill the next door to the +Post-office, Boston.--_Boston News-Letter_, Jan. 4-11, 1713-14. + +MOHAIR BED. To be Sold reasonably for ready money, or on good +Security, a yellow Mohair Bed lined with a Persian of the same +Colour, and six Chairs of the same Mohair, little the worse for +wear. Inquire of J. Boydell.--_Boston Gazette_, Oct. 17-24, 1737. + +PRESS BED. A Very good Press-Case for a Bed, to be Sold. Enquire of +the Printer.--_Boston News-Letter_, Oct. 28-Nov. 4, 1736. + +CARPETS. Just imported from London, in the last ships and to be +sold at Mr. Blanchard's in New Boston West End; a large assortment +of fine Carpets for Rooms, very cheap for ready Cash.--_Boston +Gazette_, Jan. 22, 1759. + +PUBLICK VENDUE. At 5'o'Clock in the Afternoon will be sold by T. +Fleet, at the Heart and Crown, in Cornhill,--Bedding, Several Suits +of Curtains and Bedsteads, a fine new Silk Damask Quilt and Quilted +Cushions of the same, Black Walnut Chest of Drawers and Desk, +Brass Candlesticks, Iron Dogs, sundry Suits of wearing apparel for +men, new Castor Hats, China Ware, Rummolds, Druggets....--_Boston +News-Letter_, May 18-25, 1732. + +HOUSEHOLD FURNISHINGS. This Afternoon at 3 o'clock will be Sold +by Publick Vendue, by Daniel Goffe, at the Dwelling House of Mr. +Jonathan Barnard, over against the Town-House in Cornhill, sundry +sorts of Household Goods, consisting of Beds, Bedding, a Couch, +Chairs, handsome Japan'd Tea Tables, Walnut and Mahogany Tables, +Chest of Drawers, Peer Glasses, Sconces, Glass Arms, China Ware, +Metzotinto and other Prints, several valuable large Pieces of +Paintings, one handsome large Carpet 9 Foot 6 Inches by 6 Foot +6 Inches, a fashionable yellow Camblet Bed lin'd with Satten, a +great easy Chair and Window Curtains, suitable for a Room, a Field +Bedstead and Bed, the covering a Blew Harrateen, Kitchen Furniture, +as Pewter of the best sort, Copper, Brass and Iron, a parcel of +Books and some Shop Goods.--_Boston News-Letter_, May 8-15, 1735. + +FURNITURE AT AUCTION. To be sold by Auction, Household Furniture of +the late Mr. Pyam Blowers, including: Fine Sconce Glasses, large +Looking Glasses, Leather Bottom Chairs, sundry Mehogany and other +Tables, a good Couch Squab and Pillow, a very handsome Yellow Damask +Bed, an Easy Chair, a neat case of Drawers, ... two Silver watches, +sundry sorts of good China Ware, etc.--_Boston News-Letter_, May +17-24, 1739. + +FURNITURE AT AUCTION. To be Sold by Publick Vendue on Monday next +at 3 o'Clock, Afternoon, at the House of Charles Paxton, Esq., the +following Goods, viz.: A fashionable crimson Damask Furniture with +Counterpain and two Sets of Window Curtains, and Vallans of the +same Damask. Eight Walnut Tree Chairs, stuft Back and Seats covered +with the same Damask, Eight crimson China Cases for ditto, one easy +Chair and Cushion, same Damask, and Case for ditto. Twelve Walnut +Tree chairs, India Backs, finest Cane, and sundry other valuable +Household Furniture.--_Boston News-Letter_, Jan. 9, 1746. + +FURNITURE. To be Sold, a crimson Harrateen Coach-Bed, Bedstead, and +Feather-bed, six small chairs, and one two-arm Chair, with crimson +Harrateen Seats, a Table, and two small Pictures, Enquire of the +Printer.--_Boston News-Letter_, June 25, 1747. + +HAND BOARDS. Lately arrived from London, & are to be Sold by +Giles Dulake Tidmarsh at his Warehouse No. 4 on the Long Wharfe, +Five Dutch Tea Tables, as Hand Boards and Looking Glasses, new +Fashion.--_Boston Gazette_, Nov. 19-26, 1722. + +[Illustration: LEONARD HOUSE, RAYNHAM, MASS. + +This shows typical front-gabled roof and two-story porch + +Tradition relates that King Philip's head was deposited in this +house in 1676 + +Printed from the original wood block engraved in 1838] + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +COUNTERPANES AND COVERLETS + + +In the early days our forefathers were dependent upon the open +fireplace and during the winter season everyone must wear thick +clothing and provide an ample supply of warm coverings for the beds. +Those were the days of warming pans and heated bricks taken to bed +by both children and grown-ups, and of feather beds, comforters and +patchwork quilts. + +Bed coverings in the olden times, and even in our day, have a +variety of names with distinctions sometimes difficult to classify. +Sometimes they are counterpanes, and again coverlets. A _comforter_ +suggests warmth and comfort not only for the bed but for the neck. +The _bed cover_ is universal as is the _quilt_. + +The patchwork quilt was formerly one of the most familiar and +necessary articles of household furnishing and its origin +reaches backward into the dim and unknown past. It was brought +to the Massachusetts Bay by the first settlers. In cottage and +castle it was known in the days of King John, and down through +the generations its making supplied occupation and amusement to +countless women whose life interests centered in their homes and +household furnishings. Its manufacture may well be styled one of the +household arts, for artistic indeed are the bold conceptions of many +of the designs; while the piecing and the patching provide ample +opportunity for needlework of the finest character. + +In the early days the English spelled quilt with a final +_e_--quilte--as did the French. It is a cover or coverlet made +by stitching together two thicknesses of a fabric with some soft +substance between them. This applies to bed covers and also to +quilted petticoats so commonly worn in the old days. + +What is a coverlet? Originally, any covering for a bed; now, +specifically, the outer covering. The word comes from the French +_couvre-lit_--a bed covering. The handwoven coverlets of many +beautiful designs, in blue and white and red and brown, are well +known and formerly were woven everywhere. + +The _counter-pane_, formerly a bed cover, now describes a light +coverlet woven of cotton with raised figures. The word is a +corruption of _counterpoint_, in allusion to the panes or squares +of which bed covers are often composed. The counterpane was never +quilted. + +The _bedspread_ and the _bed cover_ may be considered as one and +the same--the uppermost covering of a bed and accordingly of an +ornamental character in general. The _comforter_ was a thickly +quilted bed cover made of several thicknesses of sheet cotton or +wool prepared for the purpose. This was too thick to be quilted so +it was knotted at regular intervals to prevent the interlining from +slipping out of place. Frequently it was called a "comfort." + +There is one other name that was applied to a bed covering in the +Colonial times but which is never heard today in that connection. In +the days immediately following the settlement many a New England bed +was covered with a _rug_. When William Clarke of Salem died in 1647, +in the parlor of his house was a bed with a green rug covering it +which was valued by the appraisers at fourteen shillings. The term +was commonly in use at the time, in fact, as commonly as the word +coverlet. In the probate of Essex County, Massachusetts, estates +between the years 1635 and 1674, coverlets are mentioned one hundred +and forty-two times and rugs one hundred and fifty-seven times while +quilts are listed only four times. These early bed rugs were usually +thick woolen coverings with a shaggy nap. + +A never-failing source of accurate information as to the furnishings +and equipment of the New England household in the olden time is the +probate records--specifically, the inventory of the property taken +in connection with the settlement of the estate. For many years +it was the well-nigh universal custom to list, room by room, the +contents of a house and from these painstaking inventories it now +becomes possible to reconstruct in mental picture the interiors +of those homes where lived and died our Puritan ancestors. In +connection with the present subject we learn from these inventories +that it was quite the usual habit to set up a bed in the parlor and +we also learn of the existence of different kinds of rugs used in +the bed furnishings--cotton rugs, English rugs, Irish rugs, cradle +rugs, etc. There were worsted coverlets, tapestry coverlets and +embroidered coverlets. A darnacle coverlet is listed in 1665; but as +darnacle curtains appear in the same inventory it is safe to assume +that darnacle is the name of some long-forgotten fabric. But what is +a "branched coverlet?" Mrs. Thomas Newhall of Lynn possessed in 1674 +a green rug and a branched coverlet. + +Capt. George Corwin of Salem who died in 1684, had a calico +counterpane in the red chamber in his house. In the corner chamber +was a green counterpane and in the kitchen chamber was a sad colored +counterpane, two coverlets, and a quilt of colored and flowered +calico. + +Let us have a look at a few of these wills and inventories. In 1640, +the widow Bethia Cartwright of Salem, bequeathed to her sister, then +living in England, her bed, bolster, blanket and coverlet. It is an +open question if the value of the property equalled the probable +cost of transporting it to that loving sister in distant England. + +Mrs. Joanna Cummings of Salem, at her death in 1644, among many +other items possessed a feather bed, flock bolster and a green rug, +jointly valued at £2. 5. 0. + +In the "hall" of John Goffe's house, in Newbury, in 1641, were found +"3 bedsteeds, £1; 1 pr. curtains with 3 rods, 18s.; 1 green rugg, +£1. 6.; 2 blankets, 15 s.; 1 bed, bolster and 4 pillows, £4. 10.; 1 +coverlet, 10s.; and 1 bed matt, 2s." + +The next year William Howard, afterwards the first town clerk of +Topsfield, was one of the appraisers of the estate of Samuel Smith +of Enon, the name by which Wenham was then known. In one of the +chambers he found a "bed, blancits & coverlet" which he valued at +£7. 8. Rather a valuable bed, or, may it have been the coverlet? +In connection with "cobbard clothes" at £1. he lists a "carpitt" +at 15s; and this carpet, curiously enough, he did not find on the +floor but on a table. Joanna Cummings owned a "carpet & table" that +were valued at 7s. 8d. Joseph Metcalf of Ipswich had "a table & +old carpett" worth £1. In the parlor of Governor Endecott's house +in Boston were found a "Table, Carpet & 3 stools," valued at 50s. +William Bacon's "carpets & qushens" were worth £1. 10s. and in the +inventory of the estate of Rev. Ezekiel Rogers of Rowley, appears +the following: "a presse and a litle Table with ther Carpets, £1. +10s." + +John Whittingham lived in Ipswich and died in 1648. In the parlor +of his house was found a "Joyne Table with Five chairs & one ould +Carpet, 10s.; one cupboard and Cloth, 10s.; 2 paire Cobirons, 15s.; +two window Curtains and curtaine rods, 6s.; one case of Bottles, +5s.; Books, £6. 5s.; Eleven Cushions, £1. 10s.; one Still, 5s.;" +and perhaps most important of all--"one fetherbed, one flockbed, +two boulsters, one pillow, one p. blankets, one Rugge, Curtains +& valients and bedsted, £12." In the chamber over the parlor was +another bedstead well supplied with furnishings, including two +quilts, a blue coverlet and a trundle bed. This upstairs chamber had +wall hangings which were valued at £2. 10s. and in the room were six +trunks, a chest and a box, containing stores of bed linen, table +cloths, napkins, hose yarn, silver plate and eleven spoons. Two +chairs, four stools, a screen, two pairs of cobirons and a pair of +tongs completed the furnishings of the room. It almost stands open +before us. And those wall hangings valued at £2. 10s.! + +Another parlor chamber in a house in Newbury, in which had lived the +minister, the Rev. James Noyes, was more meagerly furnished. Here +the appraisers found "2 boxes, 4 hogsheads, a musket and a gun and +two swords, £2.; a bolster and a quilt & two blankets and a parsell +of Cotton wooll, £3. 10s." + +Just one more inventory--the estate of William Clarke who died in +1647 in Salem. The parlor contained a half-headed bedstead with +curtains and vallance which was furnished with a feather bed and +bolster, a straw bed and flock bolster, white blankets, sheets, +and a green rug. In a corner of this parlor stood another bedstead +having a mat, canvas flock bed, sheets, old blankets and a red rug, +and in the chamber over the kitchen was a low bedstead with a flock +bed and bolster, a blanket, a rug and an old quilt. + +Here are two kinds of bedsteads mentioned in this house, but there +were other kinds in frequent use at the time: high beds and side +beds, canopy bedsteads, half-headed, joined, cabin, corded, close, +press, standing, truckle and trundle bedsteads and what is strange +indeed, not a single example of these early bedsteads has been +preserved. All have been worn out or destroyed--supplanted by a +newer fashion--and we today can only imagine their various forms and +decorations. + +In the New England vernacular, materials for quilts were "skurse" +in the olden times. The settlers, of course, brought all their +furnishings from England and a few years elapsed before wool and +flax were produced here in any quantity. Meanwhile all fabrics were +imported and paid for by shipments of salt fish, furs, lumber, corn, +etc. A brisk trade soon sprang up with the West Indies and Spain and +cotton was brought into the New England ports. Some of the fabrics +in common use before 1650 have names that sound strangely in our +ears. Darnacle has been mentioned. There were baize for jackets, +calico for dresses, linsey woolsey for heavy skirts, serge for +various articles of clothing, coifing stuff for caps, linen for +forehead bands and many other uses, dimity for bed hangings and +petticoats, and a fabric known as "barber's stuff." In time some of +these materials became available for quilt making and at a still +later time the handwoven, home-dyed fabrics were used and some of +these were rudely decorated with tied and dipped patterns or stamped +and stencilled designs. + +It should always be kept in mind, however, that geographical +location largely enters into the production and character of the +quilt, and the family that was "well-off" of course would be +supplied more abundantly with furnishings and be less dependent upon +homely makeshifts and the daily practice of household economy. Those +living in the seaport towns, where most of the shops were found, +would be likely to follow the simplest course of fashion and buy +from the stock just imported from England or Holland. The hand loom +was found everywhere but more generally in the country. Weaving +was a trade for men and so practiced, but many a farmhouse had its +loom and every country home its spinning wheel. In the larger towns +the dame of social position or comfortable means would devote her +spare moments to needlework and embroidery, while in the country the +housewives would make pieced quilts or patch the clothing of their +numerous children. + +It naturally follows, that the handwoven coverlet, should be a +product of the country rather than the town and usually of the +countryside farthest removed from the influences of the shop and +of English goods. Even today it is still woven in the remote +settlements of Eastern Kentucky and Tennessee, and judging from +existing examples the vogue of the handwoven coverlet was greater +in New York, Pennsylvania, Kentucky and the Middle West than in +New England although many fine examples were produced here. The +manufacture of the patchwork quilt as a domestic art also seems to +have reached its highest development in the Middle West during the +first half of the nineteenth century. + +The patchwork quilt of New England is known as the "pieced quilt" +when made in the Middle West and more correctly so, for _to +piece_ means to join together separate pieces of like material +into sections or blocks that in turn are united to form the top +of the quilt. The pieces usually are of uniform shape and size +and contrasting colors are blended to form the design--usually a +geometric pattern. These pieces are sewed "over and over" on the +wrong side. To _patch_ means to mend or adorn by adding a patch or +by laying over a separate piece of cloth. The French word _applique_ +well describes the patched or laid-on work where the design is cut +out and applied or sewed on, in fact, "sewed-on quilts" and "laid +quilts" are old terms. This type of quilt is found in New England +but infrequently as compared with the "pieced quilt," here commonly +known as the "patchwork quilt." + +In early times the pieces were nearly always of a woolen fabric, +the brighter colored cloth being saved for the more central +portions of the design. Every scrap and remnant of material left +from the making of garments was saved and the best pieces of +worn-out garments were carefully cut out and made into quilt pieces. +The historian of the Saco Valley, Maine, relates that a scarlet +broadcloth cloak formerly worn by a Lord Mayor of London and brought +to Massachusetts by a member of the Merritt family of Salisbury, +Mass., after many adventures ended its days as small bits of vivid +color in a patchwork quilt made in Maine. Portions of discarded +military uniforms, of flannel shirts and well-worn petticoats were +utilized and frequently an old blanket would be used for lining. + + + + +CHAPTER V + +CONCERNING THEIR APPAREL + + +In 1630 there were differences in dress even more so than at the +present time. The simple, coarse clothing of the yeoman and the +worker in the various trades was far removed from the dress of the +merchant and the magistrate. Leather clothing was very generally +worn by laborers and servants as deerskins were cheap and leather +had been in common use for jerkins and breeches in Old England, so +naturally it was worn here. Stockings were made of a variety of +materials and most shoes had wooden heels. + +Higher in the social scale men wore doublets and full breeches and +clothed themselves as well as their estates permitted--sometimes +even better than they could well afford. Sleeves were slashed. +Falling bands at the neck were common and a deep linen collar +appears in portraits of the period. A beaver or felt hat with +steeple crown was worn, and gloves, sometimes elegantly embroidered, +were essential. The accepted idea of Puritan dress should be revised +and the Victorian standard of sentimental simplicity be discarded. +There was great variety of fabrics available in the shops of London +and Bristol as will be noted in the list at the end of this chapter, +and as wealth permitted probably much of this material eventually +found its way to the shelves of the shopkeepers in Boston and other +of the larger seaport towns. + +The following list of clothing each man should provide himself with +on sailing for New England in 1629, when the Rev. Francis Higginson +came over, is so specific that we can easily visualize the male +company that arrived at Salem that year. + + NOTE. As several excellent books are available that treat + exclusively of costume in the colonies, it has not seemed + necessary to elaborate on the subject in these pages. The + following notes however, are thought to be of interest. + + 4 peares of shoes. + 4 peares of stockings. + 1 peare Norwich gaiters. + 4 shirts + + 2 suits dublet and hose of leather + lyn'd with oy'd skin leather, ye + hose & dublett with hooks & + eyes. + + 1 suit of Nordon dussens or hampshire + kersies lyn'd the hose with + skins, dublets with lynen of gilford + or gedlyman kerseys. + + 4 bands + + 2 handkerchiefs + + 1 wastecoat of greene cotton bound + about with red tape + + 1 leather girdle + + 1 Monmouth cap + + 1 black hatt lyned in the brows with + lether + + 5 Red Knitt capps mill'd about 5d. + apiece + + 2 peares of gloves + + 1 Mandillion [mantle or great + coat] lyned with cotton + + 1 peare of breeches and waistcoat + + 1 leather sute of Dublett & breeches + of oyled leather + + 1 peare of leather breeches and + drawers to weare with both + there other sutes. + +Fine clothing surrounded itself with fine furnishings, according +to the standards of the period, and as the wealth of the Colony +increased with the successful exportation of fish, lumber, beaver, +and peltry, it supplied them with all kinds of luxuries and +refinements. The ships were crossing frequently and the Colony kept +pace with the mother country much as the country follows the city at +the present time. + +In the town of Ipswich, lived Madam Rebecka Symonds, writing in +her sixtieth year to her son in London to send her a fashionable +"lawn whiske," for her neckwear. In due time he replied that the +"fashionable Lawn whiske is not now worn, either by Gentil or +simple, young or old. Instead where of I have bought a shape and +ruffles, which is now the ware of the gravest as well as the young +ones. Such as goe not with naked necks ware a black wifle over it. +Therefore, I have not only Bought a plaine one y't you sent for, but +also a Luster one, such as are most in fashion." + +The dutiful son also purchased for his mother's wear a feather fan; +but he writes to her "I should also have found in my heart, to have +let it alone, because none but very grave persons (and of them very +few) use it. Now 'tis grown almost as obsolete as Russets, and more +rare to be seen than a yellow Hood." When the feather fan reached +Ipswich it was found to have a silver handle and with it came "two +tortois fans, 200 needles, 5 yds. sky calico, silver gimp, a black +sarindin cloak, damson leather skin, two women's Ivorie Knives, +etc."[30] + + [30] Waters, _Ipswich in the Massachusetts Bay Colony_, Ipswich, + 1905. + +Human nature and human frailities were much the same in the +seventeenth century as at the present time, and before long, the +magistrates considered it desirable to curb the extravagancies +of dress that followed the London mode; and to induce a spirit +of economy more fitting to the poverty of a new settlement. The +ministers controlled the lawmaking body and sumptuary laws were +enacted which are enlightening. Because of "newe and immodest +fashions" the wearing of silver, gold and silk laces, girdles and +hat bands was prohibited. It was the fashion at that time to slash +the sleeves so that a fabric of another color worn beneath would +show in an ornamental manner through the slash. The ministers +decreed that neither man nor woman should wear clothing with more +than one slash on each sleeve and another on the back. "Cutt-works, +inbroidered or needle worke capps, bands & rayles," were +forbidden.[31] Ruffs and beaver hats were prohibited, as was long +hair. Binding or small edging laces might be used, but the making or +selling of bone lace was penalized at the rate of five shillings per +yard. + + [31] _Records of the Mass. Bay Colony_, Vol. I, p. 126. + +But this didn't change human nature and although from time to time +offenders were taken into court and punished, the wearing of fine +clothing fashioned after the London mode continued and a few years +later the ministers tried their hand again. Any kind of lace was +anathema and "no garment shalbee made with short sleeves, whereby +the nakedness of the arme may bee discovered." On the other hand, +large sleeves were forbidden, so the maids and goodwives of the time +must have been somewhat at a loss to know how lawfully to fashion +their clothes. + +The minister at Ipswich grew so ill-tempered over the ungodly state +of the women in his town that he vented his spleen as follows: +"When I hear a nugiperous Gentledame inquire what dress the Queen +is in this week, what the nudius tertian of the Court, I look at +her as the very gizzard of a trifle, the product of a quarter of a +cypher, the epitome of nothing, fitter to be kickt, if she were of a +kickable substance than either honoured or humoured."[32] + + [32] Ward, _The Simple Cobler of Aggawam_, London, 1647. + +The minister in the adjoining town, Rowley, actually cut off his +nephew from his inheritance because he wore his hair long in the +prevailing fashion. Later in the century the offense of wearing +long hair was forgotten in the unspeakable sin of wearing wigs. The +Great and General Court again took a hand and in 1675 condemned +"the practise of men's wearing their own or other's hair made into +periwigs." Judge Sewall in his _Diary_ alludes to the custom. In +1685 three persons were admitted to the Old South Church in Boston. +"Two wore periwigs," comments the Judge. + +"1708, Aug. 20, Mr. Chievar died. The Wellfare of the Province was +much upon his Spirit. He abominated Periwigs."[33] + + [33] _Sewall's Diary_, Vol. II, p. 231. + +The Great and General Court at one time ordered that no person +should smoke tobacco in public under a penalty of two shillings +and six pence, nor in his own house with a relative or friend. But +everybody smoked who wanted to, even the maids, and the repressive +legislation in time met the usual fate of similar efforts to +restrain individual liberty and manners. + +It is sweet to fancy Priscilla at her spinning wheel wearing the +coif and nun-like garb of the Puritan maiden of the poet and the +artist. But the inventories of estate in the early years of the +Colony, as well as at a later time, furnish evidence of a different +character. The variety of fabrics listed is amazing and holds +its own with the modern department store. There are most of the +well-known fabrics of today, such as calico, cambric, challis, +flannel, lawn, linen, plush, serge, silk, velvet, and many others; +and there are also names that sound strangely in modern ears, viz.: +cheney, darnex, dowlas, genting, inckle, lockrum, ossembrike, +pennistone, perpetuana, sempiternum, stammell, and water paragon. + +As for dress--the women wore bonnets, caps, silk hoods, coifs, +forehead cloths, ruffs, and whisks. Gowns, cloaks, mantles, and +muffs are mentioned frequently; as are many kinds of lace and +even fans and veils. Shawls and scarfs were not unknown and there +were gold, silver, and enamelled rings. Women possessed masks, and +stomachers were not uncommon. Tortoise shell combs appear; all +well-to-do persons wore gloves, and as for shoes--there were shoes +with French heels, fall shoes, and those with silver buckles. Even +shoe strings appear in the inventories. There were silver, pewter, +and steel buttons and those of gympe, thread, and silk. + +Laboring men wore leather and coarse fabrics and for others there +were suits, doublets, waistcoats and breeches. Trousers are +mentioned; also a cane and periwigs. Of caps and hats there were a +number of kinds--felt, castor, demi-castor, and even straw. Capt. +George Corwin, a Salem merchant, owned a cloth coat trimmed with +silver lace, a velvet coat, a tabby doublet, an old-fashioned +Dutch satin doublet, four cloaks of various kinds, two pairs of +golden topped gloves, one embroidered pair, and a pair with black +fringe. He also took his walks abroad wearing silk stockings, with +a hat encircled by a silver band and carrying a silver-headed cane +or a plate hilt rapier, according to fashion. He possessed two +silver watches. Who shall say that the men and women of the New +England colonies did not dress well and live well in the early days +according to their means?[34] + + [34] In the inventory of the estate of Henry Landis of Boston, + Shopkeeper, deceased, taken, Dec. 17, 1651, appears his clothing, + viz.: + + 1 suite of fine broad cloth £1.10.0 + 1 French serge suite, 18.0 + 1 Stuffe Cassoke & 1 pr breeches, 16.0 + 1 French serge Cassocke £1. 0.0 + 1 pr red drawers, 5.0 + 1 wascoate 5.0 + 1 pr cotton breeches 2.0 + 5 pr stockings & a hoode 12.0 + 1 hatte 2.6 + + --_Suffolk Co. Probate Rds._, Vol. II, p. 127. + +In the late 1600's, and until comparatively recent times, working +men very generally wore frocks, a custom in dress that dates +back into the centuries. It was an almost universal custom for +farmers and those employed in the mechanic trades to wear a +frock. The farmer generally looked upon the frock as an outer +garment--something to put on in colder weather or to slip on to +protect underclothing or to conceal an untidy appearance. It was a +garment to take off on coming into the house or to put on when going +to the village or to market. + +Carters or truckmen also habitually wore frocks. Drake, in his +"Landmarks of Boston," describes the old-time trucks, not to exceed +eighteen feet in length, with their loads of hogsheads of molasses +and other heavy merchandise balanced on the one axle and the two +horses harnessed tandem, the head horse led by the truckman. With +the disappearance of these ponderous vehicles also went "that +distinctive body of men, the 'Boston Truckmen,' who once formed +a leading and attractive feature of our public processions, with +their white frocks and black hats, mounted with their magnificent +truck-horses. Hardy and athletic, it would be hard to find their +equals on either side of the water. The long jiggers now used are +scarcely less objectionable than the old trucks." Drake wrote this +only seventy-five years ago but the "jiggers" of his time have now +almost entirely disappeared. + +The frock was a loose garment slipped on over the head and in +length usually reached halfway between the knees and the feet. The +opening in front reached from the neckband nearly to the waist and +was closed by buttons, though sometimes a gathering string was +used. The bottom was cut up eight or ten inches, on the sides, to +permit greater freedom in walking. There were long frocks and short +frocks, the latter being generally worn indoors. The frocks worn in +workshops by mechanics were short. + +One early source of information exists in the advertisements of +runaway servants to be found in the eighteenth-century Boston +newspapers. During the quarter-century following 1725, the _Boston +News-Letter_ printed thirty-seven advertisements asking for the +detention of white male servants, twenty-one of whom ran away during +the cold-weather months. Of the latter, six wore frocks or carried +frocks in their bundle of clothing. It is fair to assume that some +of these men may have taken with them only their best clothing and +left working garments behind, hence the small number of frocks +specifically mentioned. This possibly may have been the fact in +the instance of an Irish servant, aged twenty-six, who ran away in +December, 1741, from his master, James Hunt of York, Maine. He wore +a broadcloth coat and jacket of a cinnamon color, a pair of orange +colored plush breeches and a good beaver hat. The reward for his +detention was £3. + +John Davis, a servant of Mr. Okenden of Boston, absented himself +from service in March, 1728, and among other clothing he took with +him a brown fustian frock, and a pair of striped ticking breeches. + +Frocks and "trouzers" were part of the personal effects of William +Davison, a tailor, in King Street, Boston, that were advertised for +sale at public vendue in November, 1729. + +Charles Daly, an Irish boy, who ran away from his master in Boston, +in December, 1732, wore a fustian frock and another Irish servant +who ran away from a brigantine at Boston four years later, wore a +new frock and trowsers. + +An Irish servant of Captain Luce of Boston, a cooper by trade, took +with him when he disappeared in December, 1737, a frock and a pair +of "trowsers." Ten years later a negro servant who ran away from the +North End of Boston, took with him a new ozen-brig frock. + +The settlers came provided with English-made shoes it is likely of +a quality similar to those provided by John Hewsen in 1629, the +contract reading: "To make eight pair of welt-neat's leather shoes, +crossed on the outside with a seam, to be substantial, good over +leather of the best, and two soles, the inner sole of good neat's +leather, and the outer of tallowed backs."[35] In 1651, the stock of +Robert Turner of Boston, shoemaker, was inventoried as follows: 23 +pairs of children's shoes at 9d. per pair; 29 pairs of No. 11, at +4/4; of No. 12, at 4/8; of No. 13, at 4/10 per pair; 20 dozen wooden +heels at 8d. per dozen; 14 pairs boots at 14/ per pair. + + [35] _Records of the Massachusetts Bay Colony_, Boston, 1853, Vol. + I, p. 27. + +In 1672, a committee of the town of Boston, considering that people +in low circumstances "will wear no other shoes or boots generally +but of the newest fashion and highest price" proposed that a law +should be enacted that no shoemaker shall sell to any inhabitant, +shoes of 11 or 12 sizes above five shillings a pair and so in +proportion as to other sizes.[36] + + [36] Felt, _The Customs of New England_, Boston, 1853. + +During the first half century following the arrival of the settlers, +red colored stockings were much worn in New England and russet and +green colored stockings were also in fashion. Stockings made of wash +leather were worn. In 1675 cloth stockings sold at 14/ to 18/ a +dozen pairs. In 1675 John Usher of Boston wrote to his principal in +London: "Your stirrups and turn-down stockings are not salable here." + +The Massachusetts Bay Company sent over in its stock, in 1629, a +hundred black hats made of wool and lined in the brim with leather +and at the same time came one hundred Monmouth caps, so-called from +the place where they were manufactured, and valued at two shillings +each. With them came five hundred red knit caps, milled, at five +pence each. Beaver hats were also worn at that time and in 1634 +prohibited by order of the General Court. In 1651, a shopkeeper in +Boston, sold black hats at 14s. 16s. and 5s.; colored hats brought +10s. and others, 8s.; children's were 3/6; black castors, 14s. and +coarse felt hats, 3s. each. + +In 1675 a Bostonian wrote to a friend in London, that the local +market for sugar-loaf or high-crowned hats was dull. + +The Monmouth or military cocked hat, for men, began to come into +fashion about 1670, with an average width of brim of six inches. +Their inconvenient width led to the practice of having one flap +fastened to the side of the crown, either before or behind, and +then to having two flaps alike secured. During the reign of Queen +Anne, the brim was caught up in three flaps, and so the triangularly +cocked hat became the fashion.[37] + + [37] Felt, _The Customs of New England_, Boston, 1853. + +Doublets were made of leather, usually red in color, and fastened +with hooks and eyes. They were large on the shoulders, having +much cutwork showing the linen shirt beneath. Toward the end of +the century their popularity waned and they were succeeded by the +waistcoat. The jerkin was made of leather and also various kinds +of cloth and sometimes is mentioned in inventories. It was worn by +laboring men. + +SNOW SHOES were used after a great storm; "which our People do much +use now, that never did before."--_Boston News-Letter_, Jan. 29-Feb. +5, 1704/5. + +STOLEN or carried privately away out of the house of Capt. John +Bonner in Cow Lane, near Fort Hill, Boston, sometime before the late +Sickness of his late Wife, or about the time of her decease, which +was the Month of January last: the following Particulars, viz.: Of +his Wife's Wearing apparel three Silk Gowns, one changable colour, +a second flowr'd and the third stript; Three other Gowns, one where +of a double gown, one side silk stuff the other russel, a second +double Gown of silk-stuff and Petticoat of the same, the third a +black Crape Gown and Petticoat of the same; Four other Petticoats, +one changable colour'd silk, a second black flowr'd silk, a third +plain black silk, the fourth a flowr'd Sarge, one Lutstring Hood and +Scarff, three laced Headdresses and one plain, three laced Caps, two +laced Handkerchiefs, three under Caps laced, three white Aprons, +three pair of laced Sleves, two white Muslin Hoods, one Amber +Necklace, one Muff...."--_Boston News-Letter_, Mar. 5-12, 1710/11. + +GLOVES. Mens Topt fine Kid Gloves, and womans at 3s. 6d. per Pair, +fine Glaz'd Lamb and Mittens at 2s. 6d. per Pair, and Rough Lamb +for Men and Women at 2s. 6d. per Pair, and further Incouragement to +any that buys in Quantity: To be Sold by Mr Daniel Stevens lately +come from England, At his House in Pudding-Lane, Boston.--_Boston +News-Letter_, Sept. 3-10, 1711. + +MAN'S MUFF. Any Person that took up a Man's Muffe, dropt on the +Lord's Day between the Old Meeting House & the South, are desired +to bring it to the Post Office in Boston, and they shall be +Rewarded.--_Boston News-Letter_, Jan. 9-16, 1715/16. + +VENETIAN SILKS. Imported from London in the Last Ship, and to be +Sold by Mr. A. Faneuil, Merchant, at his Warehouse in King-Street, +Boston, flowered Venetian Silks of the newest Fashion, in Pieces +that contain enough for a suit for a woman.--_Boston Gazette_, Feb. +8-15, 1719/20. + +WIGG. Taken from the Shop of Powers Marriot, Barber, in Boston, +either on the 2d or 3d of August Instant, a light Flaxen Natural +Wigg; parted from the Forehead to the Crown, the narrow Ribband +is of a Red Pink Colour, the Caul is in Rows of Green, Red and +White. Whoever will give Information of the said Wigg, so as it be +restor'd again, they shall have Twenty Shillings Reward.--_Boston +News-Letter_, July 31-Aug. 7, 1729. + +PUBLIC VENDUE. To be Sold, at Publick Vendue, by William Nichols +at the Royal Exchange Tavern, in King Street, Boston, on This Day, +beginning (if the Company attend) precisely at 4 o'clock Afternoon, +a Variety of Merchandize; which may be seen till the Sale begins, +viz: + +A curious and compleat double Sett of Burnt China, Broad Cloths, +Druggets, Shalloons, Cottons and long Ells, Buckrams, Scots Cloths, +Dowlas, Garlixs, Hollands, Chints, Patches, Qualities, FINE NUNS +THREADS, Garterings, Mens and Womens fine Hose, Mens superfine Silk +Hose, fine Shirt Buttons, Womens superfine Mittens, yellow, blue and +Tabby, a sattin Coverlid, curiously embroidered with Gold Lincey +for Curtains, &c., some Household Goods, such as Case of Draws, +Tables, Paints, Maps, Alabaster Effigies, China, &c. Sundry suits +of Mens Apparel, new and second hand; sundry very good Watches, +Shoes, Boots, Green Tea, Chocolate, and many other Things.--_Boston +News-Letter_, May 18-25, 1738. + +WOMEN'S SHOES. To be Sold, at the House of Joseph Henderson in +Winter-Street, Boston. Women's flower'd Silk, Russell & Mourning +Shoes, Cloggs and Pattoons, Lace & Eagins.--_Boston News-Letter_, +Oct. 15-22, 1741. + +FABRICS, ETC. To be Sold At Robert Jenkins's on the North-Side +of the Town House in King-Street, Boston,--India Damasks, China +Taffeties, fine India Patches, Chinces and Callicoes, fine +Cambricks, Bag and Sheeting Hollands, Huckabuck and Damask Table +Cloths, with other Linnens of all Sorts, fine Plushes of divers +Colours, Scarlet and other Broad Cloths, Shalloons, figured +Fustians, Ratteens, Whitneys, Duffles, Camblets, Callamancoes, +Floretta's, with a Variety of Haberdashery and Millinary Wares; +Gold and Silver Lace, Crapes, and Sundrys for Mourning; Caps, +Stockings and Gloves of all Sorts, Ozenbrigs, English Sole Leather, +Hogsheads of Earthen Ware, Casks of Red Herrings, Cloaths Flaskets, +China Baskets and Voiders, white Lead & Sieve Bottoms, and Sundry +other Goods.--_Boston News-Letter_, Oct. 29-Nov. 5, 1741. + +LEATHER BREECHES. Philip Freeman, lately from London, makes and +sells super-fine black Leather Breeches and Jackets, not to be +discerned from the best super-fine Cloth; likewise makes Buff and +Cloth Colour after the neetest Manner, also makes all sorts of +Gloves by wholesale and retale. The said Freeman lives in Prison +Lane, near the Town House in Boston.--_Boston Gazette_, June 21, +1743. + +EMBROIDERED PETTICOAT. On the 11th of Nov. last, was stolen out +of the yard of Mr. Joseph Coit, Joiner in Boston, living in Cross +street, a Woman's Fustian Petticoat, with a large work'd Embroder'd +Border, being Deer, Sheep, Houses, Forrest, &c., so worked. Whoever +has taken the said Petticoat, and will return it to the owner +thereof, or to the Printer, shall have 40s. old Tenor Reward and no +Question ask'd.--_Boston Gazette_, Dec. 19, 1749. + +LEATHER STOCKINGS. Made and Sold by Philip Freeman, at the Blew +Glove next the Cornfields in Union Street; Leather Stockings of +different Colours, viz. Black, Cloth colour'd, and Yellow made after +the neatest manner.--_Boston Gazette_, June 25, 1754. + + +FABRICS USED IN THE EARLY DAYS + +The fabrics included in the following list all appear in probate +inventories, court records, or in newspaper advertisements. + +_Alamode._ A thin, light, glossy black silk. Used for hoods (1676); +for hat bands and covered with black crape (1702). + +_Alepine_, _Alapeen_, _Allapine_. A mixed stuff either of wool and +silk or mohair and cotton. + +_Algiers Cloth._ Essex Co. (Mass.), Court Records (1680). + +_Attabanies_, Silk. Boston Gazette, June 29, 1729. + +_Baize, Bays._ A coarse woolen stuff, having a long nap, formerly, +when made of finer and lighter texture, used as material for +clothing. Used for a waistcoat (1634). Pepys owned a cloak of +Colchester bayze (1667). Red bays was used for underpetticoats +(1732). First introduced into England about 1561. + +_Barber's Stuff._ 1-3/4 yards, 5/. Essex Co. (Mass.) Probate (1654). + +_Barley Corns, Dresden._ Boston Gazette, Aug. 22, 1757; Boston +News-Letter, July 16, 1761. + +BARRATINE. A woven fabric. A black barratine mantua and petticoat +(1689). Barratees (sic) from Frankfort (1745). + +_Barronet_, Silk, query, Barrantine. + +BEARSKIN. A shaggy kind of woolen cloth used for overcoats. + +_Belgrades_, Silk. Boston News-Letter, Mar. 28, 1723. + +_Bendoarines_, Striped. Boston Gazette, Aug. 22, 1757. + +BENGAL. Piece goods (apparently of different kinds) exported from +Bengal in the seventeenth century. Bengal stripes, striped ginghams, +originally from Bengal were afterwards manufactured at Paisley, +Scotland. "Bengalls and Painted Callicoes used for Hanging of Rooms" +(1680). There are two sorts, fine striped and plain (1696). Thin +slight stuff, made of silk and hair, for women's apparel (1755). + +_Berlins_, Double. Boston Gazette, Aug. 22, 1757. + +_Bezoarines, Tobine._ Boston Gazette, Aug. 22, 1757. + +_Birds' Eyes._ A fabric marked as with birds' eyes. A yellow +birds-eye hood (1665). Olive colored birds' eye silk (1689). + +_Bombasine_, _Bombazeen_, _Bombase_. A twilled or corded dress +material, composed of silk and worsted; sometimes of cotton and +worsted or worsted alone. In black, much used for mourning. A +doublet of white bombasyne (1572). Pepys owned a black bombazin suit +(1666). + +_Bream._ 4 yards 4/. Essex Co. (Mass.) Probate (1674). + +_Bredaws_, Silk. Boston Gazette, Aug. 22, 1757. + +_Broglios_, Changeable. Boston Gazette, Aug. 22, 1757. + +_Buckrum._ At first a fine linen or cotton fabric; later stiffened +with gum or paste. A cross of blue buckrum for the rood (1475). +Vestments of blue buckam (1552). Our gallants wear fine laces upon +buckram (1665). + +_Burdett._ A cotton fabric. A blue burdit mantua and petticoat +(1710). + +_Cabbis._ A coarse cheap serge. A carpet of cadys for the table +(1536). A blue saddlecloth bound with green and white caddis (1691). +The varigated cloaths of the Highlanders (1755). + +_Calamanco_, _Callimancoe_. A woolen stuff of Flanders, glossy on +the surface, and woven with a satin twill and checkered in the +warp, so that the checks are seen on one side only; much used in +the eighteenth century. Calamanco breeches (1605), diamond buttoned +callamanco hose (1639). His waistcoat of striped calamanco (1693). A +gay calamanco waistcoat (1710). A tawny yellow jerkin turned up with +red calamanco (1760). + +_Calico._ Originally a general name for all kinds of cotton cloth +imported from Callicut, India, and from the East. Painted calicuts +they call calmendar (1678). Pepys bought calico for naval flags +(1666). Dressed in white cotton or calico (1740). + +_Cambletteens._ Boston News-Letter, Dec. 18, 1760. + +_Camlet._ Originally made of silk and camel's hair, hence the name, +but later of silk and wool. Red chamlett (1413). His camlet breeches +(1625). Rich gold or silver chamlets (1634). Watering the grograms +and chambletts (1644). Pepy owned a camelott riding coat (1662). +Camlet was also made with a wavy or watered surface. Water Chamolet +of an azure color (1624). A watered camlet gown (1719). + +_Camleteen._ An imitation camlet. Made of fine worsted (1730). + +_Cantaloon._ A woolen stuff manufactured in the eighteenth century +in the west of England. Trusses of cantaloons or serges (1711). +Cantaloons from Bristol (1748). + +_Canvas._ (1) Strong or coarse unbleached cotton cloth made of hemp +or flax, formerly used for clothing. A coverlet lined with canvas +(1537). (2) The thin canvas that serves women for a ground unto +their cushions or purse work (1611). Working canvas for cushions +(1753). St. Peter's Canvas. + +_Carpet._ Originally a thick fabric, commonly of wool, used to cover +tables, beds, etc. Lay carpets about the bed (1513). A carpet of +green cloth for a little folding table (1527). A table wanting a +carpet (1642). A green carpet for the communion table (1702). + +_Carsey_, see _Kersey_. + +_Castor._ Generally a hat, either of beaver fur or resembling it. + +_Challis._ A fine silk and worsted fabric, very pliable and without +gloss, used for dresses, introduced at Norwich, England, about 1632. + +_Checks._ A fabric woven or printed in a pattern forming small +squares, i.e., check Kersey. Hungarian checks. + +_Cheercoones._ Boston Gazette, June 23, 1729. + +_Cheese Cloth._ + +_Chello._ A fabric imported from India in the eighteenth century. + +_Cheney_, _Cheyney_. A worsted or woolen stuff. My red bed of +Phillipp and Cheyney (1650). Colchester cheanyes (1668). + +_Cherry derries._ Boston News-Letter, Dec. 18, 1760. + +_Coifing Stuff._ 3 yards, 3/4. Essex Co. (Mass.) Probate (1661). + +_Copper plate._ A closely woven cotton fabric on which patterns, +landscapes, pictorial representations have been printed from +engraved copper plates; much in fashion during the eighteenth and +early nineteenth centuries. + +_Dakaple_, see _Dornick_. + +_Darnacle_, see _Dornick_. + +_Darnex_, see _Dornick_. + +_Dianetts._ Boston Gazette, Aug. 22, 1757. + +_Diaper._ Since the fifteenth century a linen fabric (sometimes +with cotton) woven with lines crossing diamond-wise with the spaces +variously filled with lines, a dot or a leaf. A boad cloth of dyaper +(1502), a vestment of linen dyoper (1553), a suit of diaper for his +table (1624). + +_Dimity._ A stout cotton fabric, woven with raised stripes or fancy +figures, for bed hangings, etc. A vestment of white demyt (1440), +a hundred camels loaden with silks, dimmeties, etc. (1632). A book +wrapt up in sea green Dimmity (1636). A half bedstead with dimity +and fine shade of worstead works (1710). His waistcoat was white +dimity (1743). + +_Dimothy_, see _Dimity_. + +_Dornick_, _Darnix_, _Darnacle_. A silk, worsted, woolen or partly +woolen fabric, used for hangings, carpets, vestments, etc. Two old +cushions of white and red dornix and a hanging of dornix (1527), +dornicks for the master's bed chamber (1626), a darnock carpet +(1672). + +_Dowlas._ A coarse linen much used in the sixteenth and seventeenth +centuries, originally made in Brittany. Where the said linen cloth +called dowlas and lockrum is made (1536). Dowlas for saffron bags +(1640). Dowlas from Hamborough (1696). + +_Draft._ Silk and worsted. 1 piece orange colored worsted draft, £2. +5. 0. Essex Co. (Mass.) Probate (1678). 24 yards flowered silk draft +at 2/. per yard. Essex Co. (Mass.) Probate (1678). + +_Drugget._ Formerly a fabric of all wool or mixed with silk or +linen, used for wearing apparel. A pair of druggett courtings +(1580). A drugget suit lined with green (1675). In drugget dressed, +of thirteen pence a yard (1721). + +_Ducape._ A plain-wove stout silk fabric of soft texture sometime +woven with a stripe. Its manufacture was introduced into England by +French refugees in 1685. Women's hoods made of ducape (1688). + +_Duffel_, _Duffle_. A coarse woolen cloth having a thick nap or +frieze, originally made at Duffel near Antwerp. This fabric is also +called "shag," and by the early traders "trucking cloth." Indian +goods such as duffels, shirts, etc. (1695). A duffel blanket (1699). +A light duffel cloak with silver frogs (1759). Duffel great coats +(1791). + +_Durant_, _Durance_. A woolen stuff sometimes called "everlasting," +a variety of tammy. Both tammy and durant were hot pressed and +glazed. + +_Duroy._ A coarse woolen fabric formerly manufactured in the west of +England, similar to tammy. Wearing a grey duroy coat and waistcoat +(1722). Curley duroy. + +_Erminettas._ Boston Gazette, May 26, 1755. + +_Everlasting._ Another name for durant, a material used in the +sixteenth and seventeenth centuries for the dress of sergeants and +catchpoles. In later times a strong twilled woolen stuff, also +called "lasting," and much used for women's shoes. + +_Farandine._ A cloth of silk and wool or hair, invented about 1630 +by one Ferrand. Pepys mentions her new ferrandine waistcoat (1663). +I must wear black farandine the whole year (1668). Peach colored +farandine (1685). + +_Frieze._ A coarse woolen cloth, with a nap, usually on one side +only. A gown of green frieze (1418). A home-spun frieze cloth +(1611). His waistcoat of red frieze (1627). An old calash lined with +green frieze (1765). + +_Fugere._ Red satin fuger (1465). Cover of a field bed of fuger +satin yellow and red (1596). A petticoat of fuger satin laid with +silver and gold lace and spangled (1638). + +_Fustian._ A coarse cloth made of cotton and flax. His clothing was +black fustian with bends in the sleeves (1450). White fustian for +socks for the Queen (1502). Blankets of fustian (1558). Then shall +the yeoman take fustian and cast it upon the bed and the sheet +likewise ... then lay on the other sheet ... then lay on the over +fustian above (1494). + +_Galloway._ Essex Co. (Mass.) Court Records (1681). + +_Garlits_, _Garliz_, _Garlix_. Linens made in Gorlitz, Prussian +Silesia. There are several kinds in shades of blue-white and brown. + +_Ghenting._ A kind of linen, originally made in Ghent, Flanders. +Used for handkerchiefs, etc. + +_Grisette_, _Grizet_. An inferior dress fabric, formerly the common +garb of working girls in France. His doublet was a griset-coat +(1700). + +_Grogam_, _Grosgrane_. A coarse fabric of silk, of mohair and wool, +or these mixed with silk; often stiffened with gum. Used for aprons, +cloaks, coats, doublets, gowns and petticoats. My watered grogram +gown (1649). Grograms from Lille (1672). + +_Haircloth._ Cloth made of hair and used for tents, towels, and in +drying malt, hops, etc. Every piece of haircloth (1500). Coal sacks +made of hair-cloth (1764). + +_Hamald_, _Hamel_, _Hammells_. Homemade fabrics. Narrow hammells. +Boston Gazette, June 30, 1735. + +_Harrateen._ A linen fabric used for curtains, bed hangings, etc. +Field bedsteads with crimson harrateen furniture (1711). Harrateen, +Cheney, flowered cotton and checks (1748). For curtains, the best +are linen check harrateen (1825). + +_Holland._ A linen fabric, originally made in Holland. When +unbleached called brown holland. A shift of fine holland (1450). +Women cover their head with a coyfe of fine holland linen cloth +(1617). Fine holland handkerchiefs (1660). + +_Humanes_ at 18 d. per yard. Essex Co. (Mass.) Court Records (1661). + +_Huswives_, _Housewife's Cloth_. A middle grade of linen cloth, +between coarse and fine, for family uses. Howsewife's cloth (1571). +Neither carded wool, flax, or huswives cloth (1625). + +_Inkle_, _Incle_, _Incle Manchester_. A narrow linen tape, used for +shoe ties, apron strings, etc. A parcel of paper bound about with +red incle (1686). + +_Jeans._ A twilled cotton cloth, a kind of fustian. Jean for my +Lady's stockings (1621). White jean (1766). + +_Kenting._ A kind of fine linen cloth originally made in Kent. +Canvas and Kentings (1657). Neckcloths, a sort that come from +Hamborough, made of Kenting thread (1696). + +_Kersey._ A coarse, narrow cloth, woven from long wool and usually +ribbed. His stockings were Kersie to the calf and t'other knit +(1607). Trowsers made of Kersey (1664), black Kersie stockings +(1602). Thy Kersie doublet (1714). Kerseys were originally made in +England. Her stockings were of Kersey green as tight as any silk +(1724). Kerseys were used for petticoats and men's clothing. + +_Lawn_, _Lane_. A kind of fine linen, resembling cambric. Used for +handkerchiefs, aprons, etc. A coyfe made of a plyte of lawne (1483). +A thin vail of calico lawne (1634), a lawn called Nacar (1578). + +_Lemanees._ Boston Gazette, May 26, 1755. + +_Linds._ A linen cloth. Kinds of linne or huswife-cloth brought +about by peddlers (1641). + +_Linsey_, _Lincey_. In early use a coarse linen fabric. In later +use--Linsey-woolsey. Clothes of linsey (1436). Blue linsey (1583). + +_Linsey-woodsey_, _Lindsey-woolsey_. A fabric woven from a mixture +of wool and flax, later a dress material of coarse inferior wool, +woven on a cotton warp. Everyone makes Linsey-woolsey for their +own wearing (New York, 1670). A lindsey-woolsey coat (1749). A +linsey-woolsey petticoat (1777). + +_Lockram_, _Lockrum_. A linen fabric of various qualities, for +wearing apparel and household use. Lockram for sheets and smocks and +shirts (1520). Linings of ten penny lockram (1592). His lockram band +sewed to his Linnen shirt (1616). A lockram coife and a blue gown +(1632). + +_Lutestrings._ A glossy silk fabric. Good black narrow Lute-Strings +and Alamode silks (1686). A flowing Negligee of white Lutestring +(1767). A pale blue lutestring domino (1768). + +_Lungee_, _Lungi_. A cotton fabric from India. Later a richly +colored fabric of silk and cotton. Wrapped a lunge about his middle +(1698). A Bengal lungy or Buggess cloth (1779). Silk lungees. Boston +Gazette, June 23, 1729. + +_Manchester._ Cotton fabrics made in Manchester, England. Manchester +cottons and Manchester rugges otherwise named Frices (1552). Linen, +woolen and other goods called Manchester wares (1704). A very showy +striped pink and white Manchester (1777). + +_Mantua._ A silk fabric made in Italy. Best broad Italian colored +Mantuas at 6/9 per yard (1709). A scarlet-flowered damask Mantua +petticoat (1760). + +_Medrinacks_, _Medrinix_. A coarse canvas used by tailors to stiffen +doublets and collars. A sail cloth, i.e., pole-davie. + +_Missenets._ Boston News-Letter, Dec. 18, 1760. + +_Mockado._ A kind of cloth much used for clothing in the sixteenth +and seventeenth centuries. Tuft mockado was decorated with small +tufts of wool. It was first made in Flanders and at Norwich, +England, by Flemish refugees. A farmer with his russet frock and +mockado sleeves (1596). Crimson mochadoes to make sleeves (1617). A +rich mockado doublet (1638). + +_Molecy._ 2 yards, 12 s. Essex Co. (Mass.) Probate (1672). + +_Nankeen._ A cotton cloth originally made at Nankin, China, from +a yellow variety of cotton and afterwards made at Manchester and +elsewhere of ordinary cotton and dyed yellow. Make his breeches of +nankeen (1755). His nankeen small clothes were tied with 16 strings +at each knee (1774). + +_Niccanee._ A cotton fabric formerly imported from India. Mentioned +in the London Gazette in 1712. + +_Nilla._ A cotton fabric from India. There are two sorts, striped +and plain, by the buyers called Bengals ... used for Gowns and +Pettycoats (1696). + +_Noyals_, _Noyles_, _Nowells_. A canvas fabric made at Noyal, +France. Noyals canvas (1662). Vitry and noyals canvas (1721). + +_Osnaburg Oznabrig_, _Ossembrike_. A coarse linen cloth formerly +made at Osnabruck, Germany. Ossenbrudge for a towell to the Lye +tabyll (1555). A pair of Oznabrigs trowsers (1732). + +_Pack Cloth._ A stout, coarse cloth used for packing. Packed up in a +bundle of pack cloth (1698). + +_Padusoy_, _Padaway_. A strong corded or gross-grain silk fabric, +much worn by both sexes in the eighteenth century. _Padusay_ was a +kind of serge made in Padua and imported into England since 1633 or +earlier. A pink plain poudesoy (1734). A laced paduasoy suit (1672). +A petticoat lined with muddy-colored pattissway (1704). A glossy +paduasoy (1730). A fine laced silk waistcoat of blue paduasoy (1741). + +_Palmeretts._ Boston Gazette, Aug. 22, 1757. + +_Pantolanes._ Essex Co. (Mass.) Court Records (1661). + +_Pantossam._ Essex Co. (Mass.) Court Records (1661). + +_Paragon._ A kind of double camlet used for dress and upholstery +in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. 12 yards of water +paragon at 5/8 and 5 yards of French green paragon at 25/10 (1618). +Hangings for a room of green paragon (1678). Black paragon for a +gown (1678). + +_Parisnet_, Black and White. Boston News-Letter, Dec. 18, 1760. + +_Patch._ A kind of highly glazed printed cotton, usually in +bright-colored floral designs, used for window draperies and bed +hangings. Advertised in Boston News-Letter, June 24, 1742. English +and India patches. Boston News-Letter, Dec. 18, 1760. + +_Pealong_, White English. Boston Gazette, Mar. 30, 1734. + +_Pellony._ Essex Co. (Mass.) Court Records (1680). + +_Penistone_, _Penniston_. A coarse woolen cloth made at Penistone, +Co. Yorkshire, England, used for garments, linings, etc. Clothes +called pennystone or forest whites (1552). Red peniston for +petticoats (1616). + +_Pentado._ Essex Co. (Mass.) Court Records (1680). + +_Perpetuana._ A durable woolen fabric manufactured in England from +the sixteenth century, similar to _everlasting_, _durance_, etc. The +sober perpetuana-suited Puritan (1606). A counterpane for the yellow +perpetuana bed (1648). + +_Philip._ A kind of worsted or woolen stuff of common quality. 12 +yards of philip and cheney for a coat for Mrs. Howard (1633). My red +bed of Phillip and China (1650). + +_Pocking Cloth._ Essex Co. (Mass.) Court Records (1674). + +_Poldavy_, _Poledavis_. A coarse canvas or sacking, originally woven +in Brittany, and formerly much used for sailcloth. A canvas of the +best poldavie (1613). Pole-Davies for sails (1642). + +_Pompeydones._ Boston Gazette, Aug. 22, 1757. + +_Poplin._ A fabric with a silk warp and worsted weft, having a +corded surface. Lined with light colored silk poplin (1737). + +_Porstotana._ Essex Co. (Mass.) Court Records (1680). + +_Prunella_, _Prenella_. A strong stuff, originally silk, afterwards +worsted, used for clergymen's gowns, and later for the uppers of +women's shoes. Plain black skirts of prunella (1670). + +_Rash._ A smooth-surfaced fabric made of silk (_silk rash_) or +worsted (_cloth rash_). A cloak of cloth rash (1592). My silk rash +gown (1597). He had a cloak of rash or else fine cloth (1622). + +_Ratteen_, _Rating_. A thick twilled woolen cloth, usually friezed +or with a curled nap, but sometimes dressed; a friezed or drugget. A +cloak lined with a scarlet Ratteen (1685). A ratteen coat I brought +from Dublin (1755). A brown ratteen much worn (1785). + +_Romal._ A silk or cotton square or handkerchief sometimes with a +pattern. 12 pieces of Romals or Sea Handkerchiefs (1683). There are +three sorts, silk Romals, Romals Garrub and cotton Romals (1696). + +_Russel._ A woolen fabric formerly used for clothing, especially in +the sixteenth century, in various colors; black, green, red, grey, +etc. A woman's kertyl of Russell worsted (1552). A black russel +petticoat (1703). + +_Sagathy_, _Sagatheco_. A slight woolen stuff, a kind of serge +or ratteen, sometimes mixed with a little silk. A brown colored +sagathea waistcoat and breeches (1711). + +_Sarsenet_, _Sarcenet_. (Saracen cloth). A very fine and soft silk +material made both plain and twilled, in various colors. Curtains +of russet sarsenet fringed with silk (1497). A doublet lined with +sarcenet (1542). Some new fashion petticoats of sarcenett (1662). A +scarlet coat lined with green sarcenet (1687). + +_Satinette_, _Satinet_. An imitation of satin woven in silk or silk +and cotton. A cloth-colored silk sattinet gown and petticoat (1703). +A thin satin chiefly used by the ladies for summer nightgowns, &c. +and usually striped (1728). + +_Satinisco._ An inferior quality of satin. His means afford him +mock-velvet or satinisco (1615). Also there were stuffs called +perpetuano, satinisco, bombicino, Italicino, etc. (1661). + +_Say._ Cloth of a fine texture resembling serge; in the sixteenth +century sometimes partly of silk and subsequently entirely of wool. +A kirtle of silky say (1519). A long worn short cloak lined with say +(1659). Say is a very light crossed stuff, all wool, much used for +linings, and by the Quakers for aprons, for which purpose it usually +is dyed green (1728). It was also used for curtains and petticoats. + +_Scotch Cloth._ A texture resembling lawn, but cheaper, said to +have been made of nettle fibre. A sort of sleasey soft cloth ... +much used for linens for beds and for window curtains (1696). + +_Sempiternum._ A woolen cloth made in the seventeenth century and +similar to perpetuana. See _Everlasting_. + +_Shag._ A cloth having a velvet nap on one side, usually of worsted, +but sometimes of silk. Crimson shag for winter clothes (1623). A +cushion of red shag (1725). + +_Shalloon._ A closely woven woolen material used for linings. +Instead of shalloon for lining men's coats, sometimes use a glazed +calico (1678). + +_Sleazy._ An abbreviated form of silesia. A linen that took its name +from Silesia in Hamborough, and not because it wore sleasy (1696). A +piece of Slesey (1706). + +_Soosey._ A mixed, striped fabric of silk and cotton made in India. +Pelongs, ginghams and sooseys (1725). + +_Stammel._ A coarse woolen cloth, or linsey-woolsey, usually +dyed red. In summer, a scarlet petticoat made of stammel or +linsey-woolsey (1542). His table with stammel, or some other carpet +was neatly covered (1665). The shade of red with which this cloth +was usually dyed was called stammel color. + +_Swanskin_, _Swanikins_. A fine, thick flannel, so called on account +of its extraordinary whiteness. The swan-skin coverlet and cambrick +sheets (1610). + +_Tabby._ Named for a quarter of Bagdad where the stuff was woven. A +general term for a silk taffeta, applied originally to the striped +patterns, but afterwards applied also to silks of uniform color +waved or watered. The bride and bridegroom were both clothed in +white tabby (1654). A child's mantle of a sky-colored tabby (1696). +A pale blue watered tabby (1760). Rich Morrello Tabbies. (Boston +Gazette, March 25, 1734). + +_Tabling._ Material for table cloths; table linen, Diaper for +tabling (1640). 12 yards tabling at 2/6 per yard. Essex Co. (Mass.) +Probate (1678). + +_Tamarine._ A kind of woolen cloth. A piece of ash-colored wooley +Tamarine striped with black (1691). + +_Tammy._ A fine worsted cloth of good quality, often with a glazed +finish. All other kersies, bayes, tammies, sayes, rashes, etc. +(1665). A sort of worsted-stuff which lies cockled (1730). Her dress +a light drab lined with blue tammy (1758). A red tammy petticoat +(1678). Strain it off through a tammy (1769). + +_Tandem._ A kind of linen, classed among Silesia linens. Yard wide +tandems for sale (1755). Quadruple tandems (1783). + +_Thick Sets._ A stout, twilled cotton cloth with a short very close +nap: a kind of fustian. A Manchester thickset on his back (1756). + +_Ticklenburg._ Named for a town in Westphalia. A kind of coarse +linen, generally very uneven, almost twice as strong as osnaburgs, +much sold in England. About 1800 the name was always stamped on the +cloth. + +_Tiffany._ A kind of thin transparent silk; also a transparent gauze +muslin, cobweb lawn. Shewed their naked arms through false sleeves +of tiffany (1645). Black tiffany for mourning (1685). + +_Tow Cloth._ A coarse cloth made from tow, i.e., the short fibres of +flax combed out by the hetchell, and made into bags or very coarse +clothing. Ropes also were made of tow. + +_Tobine._ Probably a variant of tabby. With lustre shine in simple +lutestring or tobine (1755). Lutestring tobines which commonly are +striped with flowers in the warp and sometimes between the tobine +stripes, with brocaded sprigs (1799). A stout twilled silk (1858). + +_Trading Cloth_, see _Duffell_. + +_Turynetts._ Boston Gazette, Aug. 22, 1757. + +_Venetians._ A closely woven cloth having a fine twilled surface, +used as a suiting or dress material. + +_Villaranes._ Essex Co. (Mass.) Court Records (1661). + +_Vitry_, _Vittery_. A kind of light durable canvas. Vandolose +[vandelas] or vitrie canvas the ell, 10s. (1612). Narrow vandales or +vittry canvas (1640). + +_Water Paragon_, see _Paragon_. + +_Witney_, _Whitney_. A heavy, loose woolen cloth with a nap made up +into blankets at Witney, Co. Oxford, England. Also, formerly, a +cloth or coating made there. True Witney broadcloth, with its shag +unshorn (1716). Fine Whitneys at 53 s. a yard, coarse Whitneys at 28 +s. (1737). + +In the Inventory of the Estate of Henry Landis of Boston, +shopkeeper, taken Dec. 17, 1651, the following fabrics are listed, +viz.: + + Black Turky tamet, Green Italiano + Turkie mohaire Say + Green English Tamett Red Calico + Cotton cloth Red Serge + Kersey Cheny + Yellow cotton Double Cheny + Linsie woolsey Red satinesco + English mohaire Olive serge + Mixed Italiano Holland + Grey ditto Tufted Holland + Broadcloth Fine Holland + Green cotton cloth Nuns Holland + Course Yorkshire Kersey Broad dowlas + Tamy Cheny Dowlas + Padway serge Broad lining + Adretto Lockrum + Hair Camelion White Calico + Castelano 1 pr dimity drawers + Herico Italiano 1 pr girls bodys + White serge Addevetto + Perpetuano 2 childs waistcoats at 9 d. + Best ditto 9 tawney bonnets at 16 d. + Mixed serge 46 pr ear wiers at 4 d. + Cloth 17 calico neck cloths at 12 d. + Kersey 2 gro tin buttons at 2/6. + Italiano 9 yds silk galoon at 2-1/2 d. + Sad hair coloured Italiano Breeches bottons + Taunton serge Silk breast buttons + Mixed stuff Hair buttons + Green mixed serge Great silk buttons + Herico Kersey A great variety of silk and bone lace + Green Tamy 1 black satin cap, 3/. + + --_Suffolk Co. Probate Records_, Vol. II, p. 127. + + + + +CHAPTER VI + +PEWTER IN THE EARLY DAYS + + +In the spring of 1629, when the Secretary of the Company of the +Massachusetts Bay in New England was preparing a memorandum of +materials to be obtained "to send for Newe England" in the ships +that sailed on April 25th of that year, among the fabrics and food +stuffs, the seed grain, potatoes, tame turkeys, and copper kettles +of French making without bars of iron about them, were listed +brass ladles and spoons and "pewter botles of pyntes & qrts." The +little fleet reached Naumkeck (now Salem) on June 30th, and on its +return voyage, a month later, Master Thomas Graves, the "Engynere," +expert in mines, fortifications, and surveys, who had come over +with Governor Endecott the previous year, sent home a report to +the Company in which he listed "such needefull things as every +Planter doth or ought to provide to go to New-England," including +victuals for a whole year, apparel, arms, tools, spices, and various +household implements, among which appear "wooden platters, dishes, +spoons and trenchers," with no mention of pewter. The records of the +Company make mention of carpenters, shoemakers, plasterers, vine +planters, and men skillful in making pitch, salt, etc., but nowhere +does the trade of the pewterer appear. + +Pewter did not come into general use among the more prosperous +farmers in England until about the middle of the sixteenth century +and then only as a salt--a dish of honor, or three or four pieces +for use on more formal occasions. It was the wooden trencher that +was commonest in use in all middle-class families until well +after the year 1700, and this was true both in New England and +Old England. In homes where the shilling was made to go as far as +possible, the wooden trencher, like the homespun coat, lingered +in use for a century later. At least one family in Essex County, +Massachusetts, was still using its wooden plates of an earlier +period as late as 1876, when the menfolk left home to work for two +or three days in the early fall on the thatch banks beside Plum +Island river. And this happened in a comfortably situated, but +thrifty, family. The rough usage given the common tableware in the +crude camp by the marshes had taught the housewife the desirability +of bringing down from the chest in the attic, at least once a year, +the discarded wooden plates used in her childhood. + +Pewter appears early in the Massachusetts Colony in connection +with the settlement of estates of deceased persons. By means of +the detailed inventories taken at such times, it is possible to +reconstruct with unquestioned accuracy the manner in which the homes +of the early settlers were furnished, and by means of this evidence +it is possible to show that the hardships and crudities of the first +years were soon replaced by the usual comforts of the English home +of similar station at the same time. The ships were crossing the +Atlantic frequently and bringing from London, Plymouth or Bristol, +to the new settlements, all manner of goods required for sale in the +shops that had been set up in Boston, Salem and elsewhere. + +In 1635 the widow Sarah Dillingham died at Ipswich, leaving a +considerable estate. Among the bequests were a silver bowl and a +silver porringer, and the inventory shows 40-1/2 pounds of pewter +valued at £2.14.0. + +In 1640, Bethia Cartwright of Salem bequeathed to her sister, Mary +Norton, three pewter platters and a double saltcellar and to a +nephew she gave six spoons and a porringer. + +In 1643, Joseph, the eldest son of Robert Massey of Ipswich, was +bequeathed by his father, four pewter platters and one silver spoon. +Benjamin, another son, was to receive four pewter platters and two +silver spoons, and Mary, a daughter, received the same number as did +Joseph. + +In 1645, Lionell Chute died in Ipswich. His silver spoon he +bequeathed to his son James. It was the only piece of silver in +the house. Of pewter, he had possessed fourteen dishes, "small and +great," eleven pewter salts, saucers and porringers, two pewter +candlesticks and a pewter bottle. + +The widow, Mary Hersome of Wenham, possessed in 1646 one pewter +platter and two spoons. The same year Michael Carthrick of Ipswich +possessed ten pewter dishes, two quart pots, one pint pot, one +beaker, a little pewter cup, one chamber pot and a salt. In 1647, +William Clarke, a prosperous Salem merchant, died possessed of an +interesting list of furniture; six silver spoons and two small +pieces of plate; and the following pewter which was kept in the +kitchen--twenty platters, two great plates and ten little ones, one +great pewter pot, one flagon, one pottle, one quart, three pints, +four ale quarts, one pint, six beer cups, four wine cups, four +candlesticks, five chamber pots, two lamps, one tunnel, six saucers +and miscellaneous old pewter, the whole valued at £7. The household +also was supplied with "China dishes" valued at twelve shillings. +John Lowell of Newbury, in 1647, possessed three pewter butter +dishes. John Fairfield of Wenham, the same year, had two pewter +fruit dishes and two saucers; also four porringers, a double salt, +one candlestick and six spoons, all of pewter. His fellow-townsman, +Christopher Yongs, a weaver, who died the same year, possessed one +bason, a drinking pot, three platters, three old saucers, a salt and +an old porringer, all of pewter and valued at only ten shillings. +There were also alchemy spoons, trenchers and dishes and a pipkin +valued at one shilling and sixpence. + +When Giles Badger of Newbury died in 1647 he left to his young +widow a glass bowl, beaker and jug, valued at three shillings; +three silver spoons valued at £1, and a good assortment of pewter, +including "a salt seller, a tunnell, a great dowruff" and valued +at one shilling. The household was also furnished with six wooden +dishes and two wooden platters. The inventory of the estate +of Matthew Whipple of Ipswich totalled £287.2.1, and included +eighty-five pieces of pewter, weighing 147 pounds and valued at +£16.9.16. In addition, there were four pewter candlesticks valued +at ten shillings; two pewter salts, five shillings; two pewter +potts, one cup and a bottle, four shillings and sixpence; one pewter +flagon, seven shillings; twenty-one "brass alchimic spoones" at four +shillings and four pence each; and nine pewter spoons at eighteen +pence per dozen. The inventory also discloses one silver bowl and +two silver spoons valued at £3.3.0; six dozen wooden trenchers, +valued at three shillings; also trays, a platter, two bowles, four +dishes, and "one earthen salt." + +The widow Rebecca Bacon died in Salem in 1655, leaving an estate of +£195.8.6 and a well-furnished house. She had brass pots, skillets, +candlesticks, skimmers, a little brass pan, and an excellent supply +of pewter, including "3 large pewter platters, 3 a size lesse, 3 +more a size lesse, 3 more a size lesse, £1.16; 1 pewter bason, +5s; 6 large pewter plates & 6 lesser, 9s; 19 Pewter saucers & 2 +fruite dishes, 11s, 6d; 1 old Pewter bason & great plate, 3s; 2 +pewter candlesticks, 4s; 1 large pewter salt & a smal one; 2 pewter +porringers, 3s.6d; 1 great pewter flagon; 1 lesser, 1 quart, 2 pints +& a halfe pint, 13s; 2 old chamber pots & an old porringer, 3s." She +also died possessed of "1 duble salt silver, 6 silver spones, 1 wine +cup & a dram cup of silver, both £6." + +The Rev. James Noyes of Newbury, when he died in 1656, was possessed +of an unusually well-equipped kitchen, supplied with much brass +and ironware and the following pewter, viz.: "on one shelfe, one +charger, 5 pewter platters and a bason and a salt seller, £1.10.0; +on another shelfe, 9 pewter platters, small & great, 13 shillings; +one old flagon and 4 pewter drinking pots, 10 shillings." No pewter +plates or wooden trenchers are listed. + +In other estates appear some unusual items, such as: a pewter brim +basin, pewter cullenders, pewter beer cups, pewter pans, pewter bed +pans, and a mustard pot. + +The trade of the pewterer does not seem to have been followed by +many men in New England during the seventeenth century. The vessels +were bringing shipments from London and moreover, the bronze moulds +used in making the ware were costly. Pewter melted easily and +frequently required repairing, and it was here that the itinerant +tinker or second-rate pewterer found employment. The handles of +pewter spoons broke easily, and a spoon mould was a part of the +equipment of every tinker. The earliest mention we have noted of +the pewterer practising his trade in New England is one Richard +Graves of Salem. He was presented at a Quarterly Court on February +28, 1642-43 for "opression in his trade of pewtering" and acquitted +of the charge. Then he was accused of neglecting to tend the ferry +carefully, so it would seem that pewtering occupied only part of +his time. This he acknowledged, but said that he had not been put +to it by the Court and also that it was necessary to leave the +ferry when he went to mill, a quite apparent fact. He seems to have +been a somewhat reckless fellow in his dealings with neighbors, for +he was accused of taking fence rails from Christopher Young's lot +and admonished by the Court. At the same session he was fined for +stealing wood from Thomas Edwards and for evil speeches to him, +calling him "a base fellow, & yt one might Runn a half pike in his +bellie & never touch his hart." + +Graves came to Massachusetts in the "Abigail," arriving in July, +1635. He settled at Salem and was a proprietor there in 1637. +Sometimes he is styled "husbandman." He got into trouble with the +authorities very soon, and in December, 1638, was sentenced to sit +in the stocks for beating Peter Busgutt in his own house. Peter made +sport of the Court at the time of the trial, and in consequence was +ordered to be whipped, this time by the constable. In 1641 Graves +was brought into court again and William Allen testified that "he +herd Rich Graves kissed Goody Gent twice." Richard confessed that it +was true, and for this unseemly conduct he was sentenced to be fined +or whipped. The records do not disclose his individual preference +as to the penalty eventually inflicted. In 1645 he was in Boston +in connection with some brazen moulds that were in dispute. A Mr. +Hill and Mr. Knott were concerned in the affair, and very likely +the moulds were for pewterers' use. On another occasion a few years +later, when Graves went to Boston, he got drunk at Charlestown, and +in consequence was mulct by the Quarterly court. Only a month later +he was complained of for playing at shuffleboard, a wicked game of +chance, at the tavern kept by Mr. Gedney in Salem, but this time he +escaped the vengeance of the law, for the case against him was not +proved. He was still pursuing his trade of pewterer in 1655 when +he so styled himself in a deed to John Putnam, and sometime between +that date and 1669 he passed out of reach of the courts to that +bourne from which no pewterers ever return. + +Mention has been made of the fact that London-made pewter was +brought into New England at frequent intervals to supply the natural +demand. An invoice of pewter shipped from London in 1693 has +recently come to light in the Massachusetts Archives, and is here +printed as being of interest not only as showing the market prices +for pewter, but also the kind of utensils in demand at that time. +This particular shipment of pewter was a part of a consignment made +by John Caxy of London to Joseph Mallenson, his agent in Boston. +It consisted of a great variety of clothing, fabrics, hardware, +implements, kitchen utensils and pewter. The part of the invoice +that comprised the shipment of pewter follows, viz.: + + One Drume Fatt No. 2 Containing + 12 Pottle Tankards at 3s 10d ps £2. 6.0 + 12 Quart ditto at 3s 1.16.0 + 24 Midle ditto at 2/6 3. 0.0 + 24 Small ditto at 2/ 2. 8.0 + 12 doz: Large Poringers at 9s 6d p doz 5.14.0 + 12 doz: Small ditto at 8/ 4.16.0 + 3 pr New-fashon'd Candlesticks at 4s 12.0 + 3 pr ditto at 3s 9.0 + 2 pr Round ditto at 2s 10d 5.8 + a Fatt Cost 7.0 + One Drume Fatt No. 3 quantity + 18 Large Chamber Potts at 2/10s ps 2.11.0 + 30 Middle ditto at 2s 8d 3.10.0 + 40 small ditto at 2s 3.10.0 + 12 doz Alcamy Spoons at 2/9 4. 0.0 + 24 doz Powder ditto at 2/3d p doz 2.14.0 + 12 Large Salts at 2s 2 ps 1. 6.0 + 24 Middle ditto at 20d ps 2. 0.0 + 48 Small ditto at 12d ps 2. 8.0 + 18 Basons qt 32 at 12d 1.12.6 + 2 doz: Sawcers at 9s p doz 18.0 + 4 doz Small ditto at 7s p doz 1. 8.0 + 2 Pottle Wine Measure Potts at 5/6 11.0 + 6 Quart ditto Potts at 2/8 16.0 + 6 Pint ditto Potts at 22d ps 11.0 + 6 halfe Pint ditto at 14d 7.0 + 6 Quartern ditto Potts at 9d p ps 4.6 + a Fatt Cost 7s 7.0 + One halfe Barell Fatt No 4 cont more pewter + 78 dishes qt 265 at 9d-1/2 10. 9.91/2 + A Fatt Cost 3s 6 3. 6 + ---------- + £76. 2.5-1/2 + + + + +CHAPTER VII + +THE FARMHOUSE AND THE FARMER + + +The farmers in the early days had few conveniences and comforts +and were largely dependent for the supply of their wants upon the +products of their farms. But little food was purchased. At the +outset domestic animals were too valuable to be killed for food but +deer and other wild game were plentiful. When this no longer became +necessary and an animal was killed by a farmer, it was the custom to +lend pieces of the meat to the neighbors, to be repaid in kind when +animals were killed by them. In this way the fresh meat supply was +kept up for a long time by the killing of one animal. Other parts +of the meat were salted and kept for a number of months before all +was eaten. Nearly every family had a beef and a pork barrel (called +a "powdering tub"), from which most of the meat used in summer was +taken. Meat was not found upon the table every day. + +The chimney in the farmhouse was of great size, occupying relatively +a large amount of the space inside the house. The kitchen fireplace +usually was large enough to accommodate logs four feet in length, +oftentimes even larger. In making a fire a backlog, a foot or +more in diameter, was placed against the back of the fireplace; a +forestick was then placed across the andirons in front, and wood +piled between, producing a hot fire, and giving the kitchen a very +cheerful appearance. Large stones were sometimes used instead of a +backlog, and an iron bar was laid on the andirons in front of the +forestick. Ample ventilation was had by the constant current of air +that passed up the chimney. + +In sitting before an open fire it was often complained that while +one was roasted in front he was frozen in the back and this led to +the use in nearly every family of a long seat made of boards called +a "settle," with a high back to keep off the wind from behind, +which, when placed before the fire, was usually occupied by the +older members of the family. + +At night, any fire that remained was carefully covered with ashes +and was expected to keep until morning to kindle for the next day. +This was called "raking up the fire," and calculation was made to +have enough fire to cover up every night, so it need not be lost. +If the fire didn't keep over, some one would go with a fire pan to +a neighbor, if one lived near, and borrow some fire. But if this +was inconvenient, resort was then had to the tinder box. Tinder +was made by charring cotton or linen rags. The box containing this +was usually kept in a niche made in the side of the fireplace, +by leaving out a couple of bricks. By striking fire with flint +and steel, the tinder was ignited. Homemade matches, which had +been dipped in melted brimstone, were set on fire by touching the +burning tinder and in this way a fire was obtained. Sometimes fire +was kindled by flashing powder in the pan of a flint-lock musket, +thereby setting paper on fire. Friction matches did not come into +use until about 1832. + +The cooking was done over and before the open fire. Boiling was +done by suspending kettles from pot hooks which were upon the crane +and of different lengths to accommodate the height of the fire. An +adjustable hook which was called a "trammel" was not infrequently +used. Meat was roasted by passing through it an iron rod called a +spit and this was rested on brackets on the back of the andirons in +front of the fire and by repeated turning and exposing on all sides, +the meat was evenly cooked. Another method was to suspend the meat +or poultry by a line before the fire. By twisting the line hard +it would slowly unwind. Of course some one had to be in frequent +attendance to twist the cords and usually it was a child. A dish +placed underneath caught the drippings from the roast. Sometimes +the line would burn off, and have to be replaced before the cooking +could be completed. + +Potatoes and eggs were roasted in the ashes by wrapping them in wet +leaves or paper, and then covering with hot coals. In half an hour +or so the potatoes would be well cooked. + +At first bread and other things were baked in a Dutch oven. It was +a shallow cast-iron kettle with long legs and a cover of the same +material, having a raised edge. The cover was filled with live +coals, and then the oven was suspended from a pot hook or stood +in the hot coals. It was used for both baking and frying. Indian +bannock, made from corn meal mixed with water and spread about an +inch thick on a board or wooden trencher, was baked before the fire +by setting it on an incline against a sad-iron or skillet, the top a +couple of inches back from the bottom, and when baked and made into +milk toast it was considered a dish fit to be "set before a king"! + +The brick oven was in the chimney of nearly every well-built house. +The opening was inside the fireplace and was closed by a wooden +door. In heating the oven dry pine wood, which had been spilt and +seasoned out of doors for a short time and then housed, was a +necessity for the best results. The oven was considered hot enough +for a baking when the black was burned off the roof and the whole +inside had assumed a uniform light color. The coals and ashes inside +the oven were then removed with a "peel," a long-handled iron +shovel made for the purpose. The bottom of the oven was then swept +clean with a broom made of hemlock or other boughs. The process of +removing the fire and getting it ready for use was called "clearing +the oven." + +The food to be cooked was then put in the oven: brown bread made +from rye and Indian meal, drop cakes made with milk and eggs and +wheat flour, which were placed directly upon the bricks and when +baked and eaten hot with butter, were considered a great luxury. +Beans, meats, potatoes, pies, and many other things were cooked in +the brick oven at the same time. + +Families in good circumstances, made it a rule to heat the oven +daily, but Saturday was generally reserved for the week's baking. + +The skins of animals killed on the farm were tanned by some local +tanner and a year or more was required by the old process, but it +produced an excellent quality of leather. + +The utmost economy was practiced. Nearly all the young people and +some of the older ones went barefoot during the summer. In going to +meeting on Sunday the girls and young women often walked a number +of miles. They wore heavy shoes or went barefooted, carrying their +light shoes in their hands to save wear until near the meeting house. + +In the early years following the settlement, all clothing or +materials were brought from overseas but in time, flax and wool were +produced on many farms, and the women of the family were capable of +taking the wool as it came from the sheep, cleansing, carding and +spinning it into yarn, and then weaving it into cloth, from which +they cut and made the clothes for the family. The carding was done +with hand cards similar to those used for carding cattle, only a +little larger and of finer mesh. The carded rolls were spun into +yarn upon the hand wheel. Five skeins was considered a good day's +work. + +The yarn was woven into cloth on the hand loom, which was a +ponderous affair and occupied a great deal of room. Not every family +possessed a loom, but there were weavers in every locality. The yarn +which went lengthwise of the cloth had to be drawn into the harness +by hand; that which went the other way came from the shuttle. The +yarn which was in the shuttle was wound upon short quills, which +were pieces of elder three inches in length with the pitch punched +out, and these quills were wound on a wheel called a "quill wheel" +which made a great deal of noise. This work was usually done by +children or some helper, while the woman of the house was weaving. + +Weaving was hard work and five or six yards was considered a good +day's work. Cotton was sometimes bought and worked in about the same +manner as wool. When the yarn was to be knitted, it was generally +colored before using. The dye pot was of earthenware and had its +place in the chimney corner just inside the fireplace. It was +covered with a piece of board or plank on which the children often +sat. The dye was made of indigo dissolved in urine. Into this the +yarn was put and remained until it was colored. When the yarn was +wrung out, or the contents disturbed, the odor that arose had no +resemblance to the balmy breezes from "Araby the blest." + +The cloth for men's wear was called "fulled cloth." After it was +woven it was taken to the clothier, where it was fulled, dyed, +sheared, and pressed. That worn by women was simply dyed and +pressed, and was called pressed cloth. Baize without any filling or +napping was woven for women's use. + +Flax was grown on the farm. It was pulled in the fall and placed +upon the ground, where it remained a number of months until the +woody portion was rotted and the fiber became pliable. When at +the right stage it was broken by a clumsy implement called a +"flax brake," which rid the fiber of the woody parts. It was then +"swingled," which was done by beating it with a wooden paddle called +a "swingling knife," which prepared it for the comb or "hatchel" +made of nail rods. Its teeth were pointed and about six inches +longer, seven rows with twelve in each row. The combing took out the +short and broken pieces which was called tow and spun into wrapping +twine, small ropes and bagging. When the flax had been combed +sufficiently it was put upon the distaff and spun. + +The linen wheel was about twenty inches in diameter and was operated +by the foot resting upon a treadle. The wheel had two grooves in +the circumference, one to receive a band to drive "the fliers," +the other to drive the spool with a quicker motion to take up the +threads. The thread when spun and woven into cloth, was made up +into shirts, sheets, table covers, dresses, handkerchiefs, strainer +cloths, etc. Ropes used about the farm were often home-made of linen +and tow. In the summer men wore tow and linen clothes. A cloth made +of cotton and linen was called fustian. + +Cider mills were found on a great many farms where the apples, which +were mostly natural fruit, were made into cider. This was a common +drink and found a place upon the table three times a day with each +meal, and was carried into the fields to quench thirst forenoon +and afternoon. The men of those days assumed to be unable to labor +without a liberal supply of cider, as water seldom agreed with them. +The drawing and putting the cider upon the table usually fell to +the younger members of the family and was generally considered an +irksome task. In some cases it was made the rule that the one who +got up the latest in the morning should draw the cider for the day. +Cider which had been drawn for a little time and had become warm +was not considered fit to drink. Any that remained in the mug was +emptied into a barrel kept for the purpose in the cellar and was +soon converted into vinegar. In this way the family supply was made +and kept up, and it generally was of the best quality. + +When David Cummings of Topsfield died in 1761, he provided by will +that his wife Sarah should be supplied annually with five barrels of +cider, in fact, it was common among farmers to so provide for their +widows, together with a horse to ride to meeting, and a certain +number of bushels of vegetables, corn, rye, etc., etc. + +The tallow candle was used for light in the evening. When this was +supplemented by a blazing fire in the fireplace it gave the room a +cheerful appearance. Most of the candles were "dips," although a few +were run in moulds made for the purpose. All the tallow that came +from the animals killed on the farm was carefully saved and tried +out and rendered by heating. The liquid thus obtained was put in +pans to cool and when enough had been accumulated it was placed in +a large kettle and melted. The candle wicking was made of cotton, +and was bought at the shops in town. It came in balls. The wicking +was cut twice the length of the candle and doubled over a stick made +for the purpose and then twisted together. These sticks were two +feet in length and half an inch in diameter. Six wicks were placed +upon each stick, and as many used as would hold all the candles to +be made at one time. Two sticks six or eight feet in length, often +old rake handles, were used for supports. These were placed upon +two chairs and about eighteen inches apart. On these the sticks +were placed with the wicks hanging down. By taking a couple of the +sticks in the hands the wicks were placed in the hot tallow until +they were soaked. When all had been thus treated dipping began. Each +time a little tallow adhered, which was allowed to cool, care being +taken not to allow the dips to remain in the hot tallow long enough +to melt off what had already cooled. While the dipping was going on +the candles were suspended where a draft of air would pass over +and cause them to cool quickly. Care was also taken not to have the +candles touch each other. + +The dipping continued until the candles were large enough for use. +If the tallow in the kettle became too cool to work well, some +boiling water was put in which went to the bottom and kept the +tallow above warm enough to work. The tallow candle made a dim, +disagreeable light, as it smoked considerably and required constant +snuffing or cutting off of the burnt portions of the wick. Snuffers +were used for this purpose, in which the portions of the wick cut +off were retained, and this was emptied from time to time as the +receptacle became filled. + +Nearly every family made the soft soap used in washing clothes and +floors. Ashes were carefully saved and stored in a dry place. In +the spring the mash tub, holding sixty or seventy gallons, was set +up, and on the bottom a row of bricks were set on edge. On them a +framework was placed which was covered with hemlock boughs or straw, +over which a porous cloth was placed. The tub was then filled with +ashes. If any doubt existed as to the strength of the lye, thus +produced, a little lime was put in. Boiling water was then poured on +in small quantities, at frequent intervals and this was allowed to +settle. When no more water would be taken it was left to stand an +hour or more, when the first lye was drawn off. If an egg dropped +into the lye floated, all was well and good luck with the soap was +certain. + +Ashes from any wood except pine and beech were considered good +and used with confidence. Grease that had accumulated during the +year and been saved for this purpose was then placed in a kettle +with some of the lye, and when boiled, if it did not separate when +cooled, soft soap was the result. Most farmers' wives dreaded soap +making. It was one of the hardest day's work of the year. Usually it +was made a point to have the soap making precede the spring cleaning. + +Men generally rode horseback to meeting and elsewhere, and when a +woman went along she rode behind on a pillion, which was a small +cushion attached to the rear of the saddle with a narrow board +suspended from the cushion--a support for the women's feet. To +assist in mounting and dismounting horse blocks were used at the +meetinghouse and in other public places. Small articles were carried +in saddle-bags, balanced one on each side of the horse. Grain was +carried to mill laid across the horse's back, half in each end of +the sack. + +In the early days baked pumpkin and milk was a favorite dish. A +hard-shelled pumpkin had a hole cut in the stem end large enough to +admit the hand. The seeds and inside tissue were carefully removed, +the piece cut out was replaced, and the pumpkin was then put in a +hot oven. When cooked it was filled with new milk and the contents +eaten with a spoon. When emptied the shells were often used as +receptacles for balls of yarn, remnants of cloth and other small +articles. + +Bean porridge was another dish that was popular. In cold weather it +was often made in large quantities and considered to grow better +with age. Hence the old saying: + + "Bean porridge hot; + Bean porridge cold; + Bean porridge in the pot, + Nine days old." + +While iron shovels were brought in from England and in a limited way +were made by local blacksmiths, most shovels used by farmers were +made of oak, the edges shod with iron. Hay and manure forks were +made of iron by the blacksmith. They were heavy, had large tines +that bent easily, and were almost always loose in the handle. It +took a great deal of strength to use them. Hoes were made by the +blacksmiths, who also made axes, scythes, knives, etc. + +When help was wanted on the farm, the son of some neighbor who was +not as well off, or who had not enough work to profitably employ +all his sons, could be hired. He became one of the family, took +an active interest in his employer's business, and in not a few +instances married his daughter, and later with his wife succeeded +to the ownership of the farm. If help was wanted in the house, some +girl in the neighborhood was willing to accept the place. She was +strong and ready, capable and honest, and in the absence of her +mistress was able to take the lead. She was not looked upon as a +servant, and often established herself permanently by becoming the +life partner of the son. + +Clocks were seldom found in the farmhouse. Noon marks and sundials +answered the needs of the family and when the day was cloudy, one +must "guess." Because so many had no means of telling the time, it +was customary to make appointments for "early candlelight." + +It was usual with most families to gather roots and herbs to be used +for medicinal purposes. Catnip, pennyroyal, sage, thoroughwort, +spearmint, tansy, elderblows, wormwood, and other plants were saved +to be used in case of sickness. Gold thread or yellow root was saved +and was a remedy for canker in the mouth. Many of the old women who +had reared families of children were skilful in the use of these +remedies, and were sent for in case of sickness, and would prescribe +teas made from some of these herbs, which were cut when in bloom and +tied in small bundles and suspended from the rafters on the garret +to dry, causing a pleasant aromatic smell in the upper part of the +house. + +The well was usually at some distance from the farmhouse and often +located in an exposed and wind-swept position requiring much daily +travel over a snowy and slippery path in winter and through mud and +wet at other times. Convenience in the location of the well was in +too many cases overlooked. From the well all the water used for +domestic purposes was brought into the house in buckets. The water +in the well was usually drawn by means of a well-sweep. + +In some towns the selectmen were chosen by "pricking." A number of +names were written upon a sheet of paper. This was passed around +and each man pricked a hole against the names of his choice. The +one having the most pin holes was chosen first selectman, the next +highest the second, and the next the third. + +When a couple concluded to marry they made known their intention to +the town clerk, who posted a notice of their intended marriage in +the meetinghouse. This was called "being published." By law this +notice must be published three Sabbaths before the ceremony was +performed, so that any one who knew of any reason why such marriage +should not take place might appear and make objection. In addition +to the posting, the town clerk would rise in the meeting and read +the intention to marry. + +Each landowner not only maintained his own fences around cultivated +fields, but also gave of his labor in building long ranges of +fencing about the common pasture lands in proportion to his interest +in the land. A law was enacted as early as 1633 requiring the +fencing of corn fields. + +The earliest fences were usually made of five rails and must be up +by early in April when the cattle and hogs were turned out to roam +at large. The New England farmer, clearing his land for cultivation, +soon devised another form of fence where stones were plentiful and +by piling up these stones into walls divided off his fields and +gave them substantial protection. The well-built stone wall must +have a foundation of small stones laid in a trench to prevent its +being thrown by the frost and when carefully built it would last +for generations. Meanwhile the adjoining field had been cleared +of stones and made useful for cultivation. Hedge fences were also +in frequent use as in parts of England whence the settlers had +emigrated. + +The roads outside the villages were seldom fenced. In fact, the +early roads were little more than ill-defined paths winding their +way across pastures and cultivated fields and whenever a dividing +farm was reached, there would be a gate or bars to be opened and +closed by the traveler. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + +MANNERS AND CUSTOMS + + +When the first considerable emigration ceased about the year +1640, of the 25,000 settlers then living in the Colony, probably +ninety-five per cent were small farmers or workmen engaged in the +manual trades, together with many indentured servants who had come +over under the terms of a contract whereby they were bonded to +serve their masters for a term of years--usually five or seven. The +remaining five per cent of the population was composed of those +governing the colony--the stockholders in the Company, so to speak; +ministers enough to supply the spiritual needs of each town and +settlement, however small; a few of social position and comparative +wealth; one lawyer; and a sprinkling of shopkeepers and small +merchants living in the seaport towns. Here and there a physician +or chirurgeon might be found, but the physical welfare of the +smaller towns was usually cared for by some ancient housewife with +a knowledge of herbs and simples. Sometimes it was the minister who +practiced two professions and cared for the bodies as well as the +souls of his congregation. + +The founders of the colony in the Massachusetts Bay, and most of +those who immediately followed them, were men who did not conform to +the ritual and government of the Established Church in England. They +were followers of John Calvin whose Geneva Bible was widely read +in England and whose teachings had profoundly influenced English +thought and manners. Calvin taught a great simplicity of life and +a personal application of the teachings found in the Bible. In the +Commonwealth that he set up in Geneva, the daily life and actions +of its citizens were as closely guarded as if in a nursery for +children. All frivolous amusements were forbidden; a curfew was +established; and all were constrained to save souls and to labor for +material development. There was a minute supervision of dress and +personal conduct, and a literal construction of Bible mandates was +carried so far that children were actually put to death for striking +their parents. + +Calvin's theology was based on the belief that all men were born +sinners and since Adam's fall, by the will of God, predestined +from birth to hell and everlasting torment, unless, happily, one +of the elect and so foreordained to be saved. In this belief the +Puritans found life endurable because they considered themselves of +the elect; and in cases of doubt, the individual found comfortable +assurance in the belief that although certain of his neighbors were +going to hell _he_ was one of the elect. It naturally followed that +the imagination of the Puritans was concentrated on questions of +religion. + +The teachings of Calvin spread rapidly in England and among his +followers there came about an austerity of religious life and a +great simplicity in dress and manners. + +It is true that most of the settlers of Massachusetts were poor in +purse and with many of them mere existence was a struggle for a long +time. But the growth of wealth in the Colony, although it brought +with it more luxury in living and better dwellings, did not add much +to the refinement of the people. It was the influence and example +of the royal governors and a more frequent commercial intercourse +with England and the Continental peoples that brought about a desire +for a richer dress and an introduction of some of the refinements +of life. This by no means met the approval of the Puritan ministers +who frequently inveighed against "Professors of Religion who fashion +themselves according to the World." The Rev. Cotton Mather, the +leading minister in Boston and the industrious author of over +four hundred published sermons and similar works, again and again +exhorted against stage plays and infamous games of cards and dice. +"It is a matter of Lamentation that even such things as these should +be heard of in New England," he exclaimed. "And others spend their +time in reading vain Romances," he continued. "It is meer loss of +time." + +With such a background and burdened with such a far-reaching +antagonism toward the finer things of life, that help to lighten the +burden of existence and beautify the way, it is small wonder that +the esthetics found little fertile soil in New England; and much of +this prejudice and state of mind lingered among the old families in +the more remote and orthodox communities, until recent times. + +The New England Puritans only allowed themselves one full holiday +in the course of the year and that was Thanksgiving Day, a time +for feasting. To be sure, there was Fast Day, in the spring, +which gave freedom from work; but that was a day for a sermon +at the meetinghouse, for long faces and a supposed bit of self +denial--somewhere. The celebration of Christmas was not observed +by the true New England Puritan until the middle of the nineteenth +century. + +A number of sermons preached by Rev. Samuel Moodey, an eccentric +minister at York, Maine, for nearly half a century, were printed +and among them: "The Doleful State of the Damned, especially such +as go to hell from under the Gospel." This sermon was followed by +its antidote, entitled: "The Gospel Way of Escaping the Doleful +State of the Damned." Another of his sermons was upon "Judas the +Traitor, Hung up in Chains." Parson Moodey's son, Joseph, followed +him in the pulpit at York. He was known as "Handkerchief Moodey," +as he fell into a melancholy; thought he had sinned greatly; and +after a time wore a handkerchief over his face whenever he appeared +in public. In the pulpit he would turn his back to the congregation +and read the sermon, but whenever he faced his people it would +be with handkerchief-covered features. Think what must have been +the influence of two such men on the life and opinions of a town +covering a period of two generations! + +During the late seventeenth century and well into the eighteenth, +the books usually found in the average New England family were +the Bible, the Psalm Book, an almanac, the New England Primer, a +sermon or two and perhaps a copy of Michael Wigglesworth's terrific +poem--"The Day of Doom." The latter was first printed in 1662 in +an edition of 1800 copies not one of which has survived. Every +copy was read and re-read until nothing remained but fragments of +leaves. Seven editions of this poem were printed between 1662 and +1715 and few copies of any edition now exist. The book expressed +the quintesscence of Calvinism. Here is stanza 205, expressing the +terror of those doomed to hell: + + "They wring their hands, their caitiff-hands, + and gnash their teeth for terrour: + They cry, they roar, for anguish sore + and gnaw their tongues for horrour. + + But get away without delay, + Christ pities not your cry: + Depart to Hell, there may you yell, + and roar Eternally." + +Pastor Higginson of Salem wrote enthusiastically of the natural +abundance of the grass that "groweth verie wildly with a great +stalke" as high as a man's face and as for Indian corn--the planting +of thirteen gallons of seed had produced an increase of fifty-two +hogsheads or three hundred and fifty bushels, London measure, to be +sold or trusted to the Indians in exchange for beaver worth above +£300. Who would not share the hardships and dangers of the frontier +colony for opportunity of such rich gain? + +But the housewives in the far-away English homes were more +interested in the growth of the vegetable gardens in the virgin +soil, and of these he wrote: "Our turnips, parsnips and carrots +are here both bigger and sweeter than is ordinary to be found in +England. Here are stores of pumpions, cucumbers, and other things +of that nature I know not. Plentie of strawberries in their time, +and pennyroyall, winter saverie, carvell and water-cresses, also +leeks and onions are ordinary." Great lobsters abounded weighing +from sixteen to twenty-five pounds and much store of bass, herring, +sturgeon, haddock, eels, and oysters. In the forests were several +kinds of deer; also partridges, turkeys, and great flocks of +pigeons, with wild geese, ducks, and other sea fowl in such +abundance "that a great part of the Planters have eaten nothing but +roast-meate of divers Fowles which they have killed." + +These were some of the attractive natural features of the new colony +in the Massachusetts Bay, as recounted by the Salem minister. Of +the hardships he makes small mention, for his aim was to induce +emigration. There was much sickness, however, and many deaths. +Higginson himself lived only a year after reaching Salem. The +breaking up of virgin soil always brings on malaria and fever. +Dudley wrote "that there is not an house where there is not one +dead, and in some houses many. The naturall causes seem to bee in +the want of warm lodgings, and good dyet to which Englishmen are +habittuated, at home; and in the suddain increase of heate which +they endure that are landed here in somer ... those of Plymouth who +landed in winter dyed of the Scirvy, as did our poorer sort whose +howses and bedding kept them not sufficiently warm, nor their dyet +sufficient in heart." Thomas Dudley wrote this in March, 1631. He +explained that he was writing upon his knee by the fireside in the +living-room, having as yet no table nor other room in which to write +during the sharp winter. In this room his family must resort "though +they break good manners, and make mee many times forget what I would +say, and say what I would not." + +But these hardships and inconveniences of living which the New +England colonists met and overcame differ but little from those +experienced in every new settlement. They have been paralleled +again and again wherever Englishmen or Americans have wandered. +In a few years after the coming of the ships much of the +rawness and discomfort must have disappeared, certainly in the +early settlements, and comparative comfort must have existed +in most homes. If we could now lift the roof of the average +seventeenth-century house in New England it is certain that we +should find disclosed not only comfortable conditions of living but +in many instances a degree of luxury with fine furnishings that is +appreciated by few at the present time. + +Of the early days following the settlement Roger Clap, who lived at +Dorchester, afterwards wrote as follows: + +"It was not accounted a strange thing in those days to drink water, +and to eat Samp or Homine without Butter or Milk. Indeed it would +have been a strang thing to see a piece of Roast Beef, Mutton or +Veal; though it was not long before there was Roast Goat. After the +first Winter, we were very Healthy: though some of us had no great +Store of Corn. The Indians did sometimes bring Corn, and Trade with +us for Clothing and Knives; and once I had a Peck of Corn, or there +abouts, for a little Puppy-Dog. Frostfish, Muscles and Clams were a +Relief to Many." + +When Governor Winthrop landed at Salem in June, 1630, he supped on +a good venison pasty and good beer, while most of those who came +with him went ashore on Cape Anne side (now Beverly) and gathered +strawberries. That was a fine beginning, but when winter set in many +of them were "forced to cut their bread thin for a long season" +and then it was that they fully realized that "the Ditch betweene +England and their now place of abode was so wide.... Those that were +sent over servants, having itching desires for novelties, found a +reddier way to make an end of their Master's provision, then they +could finde means to get more; They that came over their own men +had but little left to feed on, and most began to repent when their +strong Beere and full cups ran as small as water in a large Land.... +They made shift [however] to rub out the Winter's cold by the +Fireside, having fuell enough growing at their very doores, turning +down many a drop from the Bottell, and burning Tobacco with all the +ease they could."[38] + + [38] Edward Johnson, _Wonder Working Providence_, London, 1654. + +Lacking bread they lived on fish, mussels and clams. The rivers +supplied bass, shad, alewives, frost fish and smelts in their +season, also salmon, and corn meal could be bartered for with the +Indians and shortly raised from seed. + +"Let no man make a jest at Pumpkins, for with this fruit the Lord +was pleased to feed his people to their good content, till Corne +and Cattell were increased," wrote Johnson. Later (by 1650) the +goodwives served "apples, pears and quince tarts instead of their +former Pumpkin Pies," and by that time wheat bread was no dainty. + +Society in the Massachusetts Bay in the seventeenth century +was divided into several groups. First came the merchant class +which also included the ministers and those possessed of wealth. +Edward Randolph reported to the Lords of Trade in 1676, that in +Massachusetts there were about thirty merchants worth from £10,000. +to £20,000. "Most have considerable estates and a very great +trade." Next came the freemen and the skilled mechanics. This class +furnished the town officials and constituted the backbone of the +colony. Then came the unskilled laborer and a step lower was the +indentured servant. The merchant lived well and wore fine clothing +forbidden to his more humble neighbors. The status of the servant +may well be shown by the deposition presented in Court at Salem +in 1657 by an apprentice to a stone-mason in the town of Newbury, +Massachusetts, who testified that it was a long while before "he +could eate his master's food, viz. meate and milk, or drink beer, +saying that he did not know that it was good, because he was not +used to eat such victualls, but to eate bread and water porridge and +to drink water."[39] + + [39] _Essex County Quarterly Court Records_, Vol. II, p. 28. + +It has been stated frequently that in the olden times in New +England every one was obliged to go to church. The size of the +meetinghouses, the isolated locations of many of the houses, the +necessary care of the numerous young children, and the interesting +side-lights on the manners of the time which may be found in the +court papers, all go to show that the statement must not be taken +literally. Absence from meeting, breaking the Sabbath, carrying a +burden on the Lord's Day, condemning the church, condemning the +ministry, scandalous falling out on the Lord's Day, slandering the +church, and other misdemeanors of a similar character were frequent. + +Drunkenness was very common in the old days. "We observed it a +common fault in our young people that they gave themselves to drink +hot waters immoderately," wrote Edward Johnson. Every family kept +on hand a supply of liquor and wine, and cider was considered a +necessity of daily living in the country, where it was served with +each meal and also carried into the fields by the workers. It was +stored in barrels in the cellar and the task of drawing the cider +and putting on the table usually fell to the younger members of the +family. A man would often provide in his will for the comfort of +his loving wife by setting aside for occupancy during her life, one +half of his house, with a carefully specified number of bushels of +rye, potatoes, turnips and other vegetables; the use of a horse with +which to ride to meeting or elsewhere; and lastly, the direction +that annually she be provided with a certain number of barrels of +cider--sometimes as many as eight. + +Rev. Edward Holyoke, the President of Harvard College, was in the +habit of laying in each year thirty or more barrels of cider as he +had to provide for much entertaining. Late in the winter he would +draw off part of his stock and into each barrel he would pour a +bottle of spirit and a month later some of this blend would be +bottled for use on special occasions. + +What was their conduct not only in their homes but in their +relations with their neighbors? Did they live peaceably and work +together in building up the settlements? Did they set up in the +wilderness domestic relations exactly like those they had abandoned +overseas? It was a raw frontier country to which they came and it is +apparent that at the outset they felt themselves to be transplanted +Englishmen. So far as possible they lived the lives to which they +had been accustomed and they engrafted in their new homes the +manners and customs of the generations behind them. Most of them +fully recognized, however, that they were not to return; that they +had cut loose from the old home ties and it was not long before +the necessities and limitations of frontier life brought about +changed conditions in every direction. Politically, religiously +and socially, they were in a different relation than formerly in +the English parish life. Many of them, especially those somewhat +removed from the immediate supervision of magistrate and minister, +before long seem to have shown a tendency to follow the natural +bent of the frontiersman toward independent thought and action. +Their political leaders made laws restricting daily life and action +and their religious leaders laid down rules for belief and conduct, +that soon were repellent to many. Civil and clerical records are +filled with instances showing an evasion of and even contempt for +the laws and rules laid down by the leaders of their own choosing. +Some of it doubtless was in the blood of the men who had come in +search of a certain individual freedom of action, but much of it may +be attributed to frontier conditions and primitive living. There +were many indentured servants, and rough fishermen and sailors have +always been unruly. Simple houses of but few rooms accommodating +large families are not conducive to gentle speech or modesty of +manner nor to a strict morality. The craving for landholding and +the poorly defined and easily removed bounds naturally led to ill +feeling, assault, defamation, and slander. + + + + +CHAPTER IX + +SPORTS AND GAMES + + +This is a subject on which there is little recorded information to +be found. Undoubtedly the background of English life, restrained +by Calvinistic severity, was continued by the children and youth +among the settlers. This must have been among the commonplaces of +daily life and of so little importance to the future that no one +considered it worthy of recording. It is impossible to think of +child life without its natural outlet of sports and games--throw +ball, football, running, swimming, etc., and we know that dolls and +toys for children were for sale in the shops of Boston and Salem as +early as 1651. + +The Indians indulged in similar sports and played "hubbub," a game +resembling dice, with much shouting of "hub, hub, hub," accompanied +by slapping of breasts and thighs. + +The innocent games of childhood may be taken for granted and their +English origins may be studied in Strutt's _Sports and Pastimes of +the People of England_. It was gambling, and tavern amusements that +the magistrates endeavored to control. + +In 1646 complaints having been made to the General Court of +disorders occasioned "by the use of Games of Shuffle-board and +Bowling, in and about Houses of Common entertainment, whereby much +precious time is spent unprofitably, and much waste of Wine and Beer +occasioned"; the Court prohibited shuffle-board and bowling, "or +any other Play or Game, in or about any such House" under penalty +of twenty shillings for the Keeper of the house and five shillings +for every person who "played at the said Game." As we now read this +ancient law the waste of precious time and the undue amount of wine +and beer consumed would seem to be the principal occasion for the +anxiety of the Court, for the game of bowls is excellent exercise +and innocent enough; shuffle-board, however, may well be looked upon +with sour eyes. It required a highly polished board, or table, +sometimes a floor thirty feet in length, marked with transverse +lines, on which a coin or weight was driven by a blow with the hand. +It bore some resemblance to tenpins, the object being to score +points attained by sliding the coin to rest on or over a line at +the farther end of the board. The game induced wagers and thereby a +waste of substance and even in Old England was unlawful at various +times, but difficult to suppress. + +Massachusetts magistrates also enacted a law at the 1640 session, +prohibiting any play or game for money or anything of value and +forbade dancing in taverns upon any occasion, under penalty of five +shillings for each offence. The observance of Christmas or any like +day, "either by forbearing labor, feasting, or any other way" was +also prohibited under penalty of five shillings for each person +so offending. This action was occasioned by "disorders arising in +several places within this jurisdiction by reason of some still +observing such Festivals, as were superstitiously kept in other +Countries, to the great dishonour of God and offence of others." + +Strange as it may now seem, the non-observance of Christmas existed +in orthodox communities, especially in the country towns, until well +up to the time of the Civil War. + +The magistrates having learned that it was a "custome too frequent +in many places, to expend time in unlawful Games, as Cards, Dice, +&c." at the same court decreed a fine of five shillings imposed on +all so offending. Twenty-four years later the penalty was mightily +increased to five pounds, one half to go to the Treasurer of the +Colony and the other half to the informer. This was because of the +increase of "the great sin of Gaming within this Jurisdiction, to +the great dishonour of God, the corrupting of youth, and expending +of much precious time and estate."[40] + + [40] _Laws and Liberties of the Massachusetts Colony_, Cambridge, + 1672. + +All this legislation seems to have been directed against indulgence +in gaiety and human weakness in and about a public tavern. What +took place within the home was another matter although the orthodox +Puritan continued to frown upon card playing and dancing until very +recently. But cards and gambling were common at all times among the +merchants and governing class as well as among the laborers and this +was especially true in the seaport towns where sailors congregated +and where there was more or less contact with the Southern colonies +and with foreign lands. In 1720 playing cards cost a shilling a +pack at James Lyndell's shop in Boston and a few years later David +Gardiner was advertising Bibles, Prayer Books, account books, +playing cards, and a great variety of other goods. Card tables +appeared in inventories of estates, and were offered for sale by the +cabinet makers. + +At an early date horses became a prime article of trade with the +West Indies, where they were used in the sugar cane crushing mills, +and wherever horses are bred, questions of speed must naturally +arise and therefore trials of speed and racing in the public eye. + +This was a corrupting influence in the opinion of the +Magistrates--"that variety of Horse racing, for money, or moneys +worth, thereby occasing much misspence of precious time, and the +drawing of many persons from the duty of their particular Callings, +with the hazard of their Limbs and Lives." It therefore became +unlawful "to practice in that Kind, within four miles of any Town, +or in any Highway, the offenders, if caught, to pay twenty shillings +each, the informer to receive one half." + +But public opinion at a later date changed somewhat and here are a +few items gleaned from Boston newspapers that demonstrate the fact +that human nature two centuries ago was much the same as at the +present time. + +HORSE RACE. This is to give Notice that at Cambridge on Wednesday +the 21st day of September next, will be Run for, a Twenty Pound +Plate, by any Horse, Mare or Gelding not exceeding Fourteen and +a half hands high, carrying 11 Stone Weight, and any Person or +Persons shall be welcome to Run his Horse &c. entering the same +with Mr. _Pattoun_ at the Green Dragon in Boston, any of the six +Days preceding the Day of Running, & paying Twenty Shillings +Entrance.--_Boston News-Letter_, Aug. 22-29, 1715. + +A horse race was advertised to take place at Rumley Marsh +(Chelsea), on a £10 wager.--_Boston News-Letter_, Nov. 11-18, 1717. + +HORSE RACE. On the 2d of June next at 4 in the afternoon, A Silver +Punch Bowl Value Ten Pounds will be run for on Cambridge Heath, +Three Miles by any Horse, Mare or Gelding 13 hands 3 inches High, +none to exceed 14, carrying Nine Stone Weight, if any Horse is 14 +hands high to carry Ten stone weight; The Horses that put in for +the Plate are to Enter at the Post-Office in Boston on the 1st +of June between the Hours of 8 & 12 in the morning, and pay down +Twenty Shillings. The winning Horse to pay the charge of this +Advertisement.--_Boston News-Letter_, May 15-22, 1721. + +PIG RUN. On the same day that the silver Punch Bowl is run for on +Cambridge Common by horses, "There will be a Pig Run for by Boys, at +9 in the morning. The Boy who takes the Pig and fairly holds it by +the Tail, wins the Prize."--_Boston Gazette_, May 22-29, 1721. + +HORSE RACE. This is to give Notice to all Gentlemen and others, +that there is to be Thirty Pounds in money Run for on Thursday the +13th of May next at 9 o'clock, by Six Horses, Mares, or Geldings, +Two miles between Menotomy & Cambridge, to carry 9 Stone weight, +the Standard to be 14 hands high, all exceeding to carry weight for +inches. Each one that Runs to have their Number from 1 to 6, to be +drawn, and to run by 2 together only as the Lots are drawn, the 3 +first Horses to run a second heat, and the first of them to have the +Money, allowing the 2d, 5£. if he saves his Distance, which shall be +100 yards from coming in. + +Each Person to enter & pay 5£. to Mr. Philip Musgrave, Postmaster of +Boston, 15 days before they Run.--_Boston Gazette_, Apr. 19-26, 1725. + +HOG RACE. On Monday, the 27th Instant between 2 & 3 a Clock in +the afternoon, a Race will be run (for a considerable Wager) on +the Plains at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, between a Hog and a +Horse.--_Boston Gazette_, Aug. 30-Sept. 6, 1725. + +We hear from New-Hampshire, that on Monday the 27th of Sept. last, +there was a Race Run, for a considerable sum of money, between a Hog +and a Horse, the former of which had the advantage most part of the +way, which the party that were for the Horse, it is thought, caused +the Hog to be frighten'd, so that with much ado the Horse got the +advantage.--_Boston Gazette_, Sept. 27-Oct. 4, 1725. + +BEAR BAITING. On Thursday next the 2d of June, at 3 o'clock P.M., in +Staniford's Street, near the Bowling Green, will be Baited a Bear, +by John Coleson; where all Gentlemen and others that would divert +themselves may repair.--_Boston Gazette_, May 23-30, 1726. + +HORSE FAIR. This is to give Notice of a Horse Fair which is to be +at Mr. John Brown's, Innholder at Hampton Falls, about seven miles +to the Eastward of Newbury Ferry, upon the 20th and 21st days of +April next; at which time 'tis expected that there will be brought +thither some Hundreds of Horses, to be sold or otherwise traded +for.--_Boston News-Letter_, Mar. 23-30, 1732. + +For many years it was necessary for Massachusetts men to defend +their families from marauding Indians and the French, and military +trainings were held at regular intervals. In May, 1639, a thousand +men took part at a training in Boston and in the fall of that year +there were twelve hundred. Such occasions provided opportunity for +feasting and drinking--perhaps we should say drunkenness--but as the +years went by the prayers and singing of psalms gave way to days +of public enjoyment and not infrequently to boisterous license. +Governor Bradford wrote that the water of Plymouth was wholesome +though not, of course, as wholesome as good beer and wine. Even so! + +New England Puritans hated Christmas, a day for Popish revelry. On +Christmas Day in 1621, those who had recently arrived at Plymouth +in the ship _Fortune_ entertained themselves with pitching the bar +and playing stoolball, but at noon Governor Bradford appeared and +ordered them to stop "gameing or revelling in the street."[41] On +Christmas Day, 1685, Judge Sewall wrote in his Diary, "Carts come +to town and shops open as usual. Some somehow observe the day, but +are vexed I believe that the Body of the People Prophane it, and +blessed be God no authority yet to compel them to keep it." + + [41] Bradford, _History of Plymouth Plantation_, Boston, 1853. + +Commencement Day at Harvard was also a day for diversion and vied in +importance in the public eye with election day and training days. + +By the year 1700 billiard tables might be found in many of the +larger taverns and sometimes a ninepin alley. In 1721, Thomas Amory +of Boston was shipping billiard tables to his correspondents in the +Southern ports. + +There was a bowling green in Boston as early as 1700. It was located +at what is now Bowdoin Square and a bronze tablet now marks the +spot. Here are advertisements from Boston newspapers. + +BOWLING GREEN. This is to give Notice, that the Bowling Green, +formerly belonging to _Mr. James Ivers_ in Cambridge Street, Boston, +does now belong to _Mr. Daniel Stevens_ at the British Coffee House +in Queen Street, Boston, which Green will be open'd, on Monday next +the Third Day of this Instant May, where all Gentlemen, Merchants, +and others, that have a mind to Recreate themselves, shall be +accommodated by the said _Stevens_.--_Boston News-Letter_, Apr. +26-May 3, 1714. + +BOWLING GREEN. Hanover Bowling Green, at the Western Part of the +Town of Boston, is now open and in good order for the Reception of +all Gentlemen who are disposed to Recreate themselves with that +Healthful Exercise.--_Boston Gazette_, June 10-17, 1734. + +CHARLESTOWN FROLICK. The Set Company that went upon a Frolick +to Mrs. Whyers at Charlestown, on Tuesday Night being the 12th +of September, is desired to meet at the aforesaid House of Mrs. +Whyers, on the 19th of this Instant, then and there to pay the Just +Reckoning that was then due to the House. And likewise to pay the +honest Fidler for his trouble and wearing out of his strings, for +he gathered but 12 d. among the whole Company that night.--_Boston +Gazette_, Sept. 11-18, 1727. + +CONCERT OF MUSIC. On Thursday the 30th of this instant December, +there will be performed a Concert of Musick on sundry Instruments +at Mr. Pelham's great Room being the House of the late Doctor +Noyes near the Sun Tavern. Tickets to be delivered at the place of +performance at Five Shillings each, the Concert to begin exactly at +six a Clock, and no Tickets will be delivered after Five the Day of +performance. N.B. There will be no admittance after Six.--_Boston +News-Letter_, Dec. 16-23, 1731. + +POPE'S NIGHT, THE 5TH OF NOVEMBER. There being many complaints made +by divers of his Majesty's good subjects in the town of Boston, that +in the night between the 5th and 6th days of November, from year to +year, for some years past, sundry persons with sticks, clubs and +other weapons have assembled themselves together and disfigured +themselves by blacking their faces, dressing themselves in a very +unusual manner, and otherwise disfiguring themselves as well as +insulting the Inhabitants in their houses, by demanding money of +them, and threatening them in Case of Refusal: which Doings being +very disorderly, and contrary to the good and wholesome laws, the +Justices of the Peace in said town have concluded to take effectual +methods to prevent or punish such irregularities for the future, +and would particularly caution and warn all Persons to forbear such +Proceedings hereafter.--_Boston Gazette_, Oct. 28, 1746. + +POPE'S NIGHT CELEBRATION. Friday last was carried about town the +Devil, Pope and Pretender; as also the Effigies of a certain English +Admiral, hung upon a gibbet, with a wooden sword on the right side, +and one of steel run through the body; upon the front of the stage +was written in capitals, + + Come hither brave Boys, be jolly and sing, + Here's Death and Confusion to Admiral B--g. + + --_Boston Gazette_, Nov. 8, 1756. + +FIRE WORKS. On the evening of the day when the Royal Commission +appointing William Shirley, Governor of the Province of +Massachusetts Bay, was published in the Council Chamber, "there was +several fine Fire-Works displayed from the Top of the Town-House +and other Places; but unluckily one of the Serpents fell into the +Town House Lanthorn where all the Fire-Works lay, and set them +all off at once, which made a pretty Diversion; several Gentlemen +were in the Lanthorn, and some of them were a little scorcht, +but no other Damage done, except breaking a few of the Lanthorn +Windows."--_Boston Gazette_, Aug. 10-17, 1741. + +FLYING MAN. This is to give Notice to all Gentlemen and Ladies, that +_John Childs_ has flewn off of most of the highest steeples in Old +England, and off of the monument by the Duke of Cumberlands' Desire, +and does intend this Day, and two Days following, to fly off of Dr. +Cutler's Church, where he hopes to give full Satisfaction to all +spectators.--_Boston Gazette_, Sept. 12, 1757. + +The next issue of the newspaper states that he performed the feat +"to the satisfaction of a great Number of Spectators. It is supposed +from the steeple to the place where the Rope was fix'd was about +700 Feet upon a slope, and that he was about 16 or 18 seconds +performing each Time. As These Performances led many People from +their Business, he is forbid flying any more in the Town." + +CURRANTS. Any Person that has a mind to take a walk in the Garden at +the Bottom of the Common, to eat Currants, shall be Kindly Welcome +for Six Pence a piece.--_Boston News-Letter_, July 10-17, 1735. + +Jacob Bailey, a country boy born in 1731 of humble parentage in +Rowley, Mass., was inspired by the local minister to obtain a +college education, and after graduating at Harvard, he taught +school, eventually obtained a license to preach, and finally went +to England where he took orders in the Anglican Church. Bailey had +a gift for versification and while teaching school in the country +town of Kingston, N.H., his muse led him to describe a corn husking, +a favorite frolic in country towns until very recent times, an +occasion when the finding of an ear of red corn entitled the finder +to kiss the girls. He begins: + + "The season was cheerful, the weather was bright, + When a number assembled to frolic all night." + + * * * * * + +At Aunt Nabby's, "where kisses and drams set the virgins on flame," +horseplay soon developed. Ears of corn were thrown, especially +at loving couples, the girls were tumbled about on the husks and +practical jokes found their victims. When supper was ready + + "Like crows round a carcass each one took his place + + * * * * * + + "The girls in a huddle stand snickering by + Till Jenny and Kate have fingered the pie." + + * * * * * + +And after supper the "scenes of vile lewdness" abashed the country +schoolmaster: + + "The chairs in wild order flew quite round the room: + Some threatened with fire brands, some branished a broom, + While others, resolved to increase the uproar, + Lay tussling the girls in wide heaps on the floor." + + * * * * * + + "Quite sick of confusion, dear Dolly and I + Retired from the hubbub new pleasures to try." + +Bailey's closing comment is illuminating; "from many of these +indecent frolics which I have seen in these parts, I must conclude +that rustics are not more innocent than citizens,"[42] and we may +rest assured that country manners and customs south of the Merrimack +River were no different from those north of it. + + [42] R. P. Baker, "The Poetry of Jacob Bailey" (_The New England + Quarterly_, Jan., 1929). + +In country towns much of the population was thinly distributed and +it was impossible for the housewife to run in next door for a few +moments' idle chat. Frequently the nearest house was a half-mile +or more distant and the feminine desire for social diversion was +sadly curbed by the constant demands of farm labor for horses that +otherwise might have been used in the chaise or wagon. The weekly +gathering at the meetinghouse was always looked forward to with some +anticipation by both old and young and the sacredness of the day +did not prevent discreet conversation on purely secular topics. But +the day when farmer Perkins raised the frame of his barn was made a +social event in the full meaning of the word and when the "raising" +of the meetinghouse took place, it certainly was a gala day, for in +town meeting it was voted to buy a barrel of rum and twelve barrels +of cider, with sugar, beef, pork, and brown and white bread in +proportion with which to refresh the gathering. Eighty-seven pounds +of cheese were eaten and the town paid one shilling and six pence +for the mugs that were broken--let us hope purely by accident. But +"raisings" occurred at infrequent intervals. Each fall, however, +there were corn huskings in various parts of the town and afterwards +always plenty to eat for the jolly workers. The women were invited +to apple bees and sometimes there were spinning parties. Every +winter brought its singing school in the district schoolhouse and +spelling matches sometimes brought together the fathers and mothers +of the district as well as their sons and daughters. But the +quilting party was always welcomed by the women with the keenest +relish. It was their personal affair. They were free for a time from +the noisy interruptions of the children and the men were not in the +way although sometimes invited to a supper. As the quilted pattern +advanced over the surface "the women gossiped of neighborhood +affairs, the minister, the storekeeper's latest purchases, of their +dairies, and webs and linens and wools, keeping time with busy +fingers to the tales they told." + + + + +CHAPTER X + +TRADES AND MANUFACTURES + + +In the new settlements on the Massachusetts Bay, one of the prime +necessities was men skilled in the various trades, "an ingenious +Carpenter, a cunning Joyner, a handie Cooper, such a one as can make +strong ware for the use of the countrie, and a good brickmaker, a +Tyler, and a Smith, a Leather dresser, a Gardner, and a Taylor; one +that hath good skill in the trade of fishing, is of special use, and +so is a good Fowler."[43] The Company had sent over men to govern +and ministers to care for spiritual affairs and many of those who +came were skilled husbandmen. + + [43] Wood, _New Englands Prospect_, London, 1634. + +Many of the smaller towns found themselves without men skilled +in the mechanic trades and this was particularly the case with +blacksmiths, a very essential trade in every community. This led to +grants by towns of land and buildings as inducement for smiths to +settle and work their trade. Carpenters were found everywhere, and +brickmakers naturally gravitated to deposits of clay while the other +craftsmen became distributed in accordance with the law of supply +and demand, each taking on apprentices as had been customary in +their old homes in England. + +The principal productions available for commerce were fish, lumber, +furs and foodstuffs, but the building of shipping and the importance +of the carrying trade must not be overlooked. In the way of domestic +manufactures the sawmill came first. The earliest were built on or +near the Piscataqua River, but wherever water power was available +they soon were set up replacing the laborious saw pits. As the +woodlands were cut off the sawmills moved farther up the stream +or logs were brought to the mill-sites by floating down with the +current. The best of the tall trees were marked with the King's +broad arrow and reserved for masts for the royal navy and mast ships +sailed for England from Portsmouth, N.H., at frequent intervals. + +The shipbuilding industry required iron and shortly an iron works +was set up at Saugus, where bog iron from the neighboring swamps +and meadows was smelted. The enterprise was financed in London +and largely worked by Scotch prisoners sent over after the defeat +at Dunbar, but the quality of the product proved unsatisfactory, +save in the way of casting pots and kettles, and before long the +enterprise got into financial difficulties and was abandoned. + +The high cost of imported iron forced the colonists to fashion wood +to serve their needs not only for agricultural implements but for +nearly all the utensils used in the household. Massachusetts staves +and hoops were important articles of export to the sugar islands in +the West Indies. + +The raising of flax and the manufacture of linen were attempted +early to supply domestic needs in country households. Families in +seaport towns very generally bought their fabrics in the local shops +which imported their stocks from London or Bristol. + +In 1642 it was estimated there were a thousand sheep in +Massachusetts and it was not long before the colony was sending wool +to France and Spain in exchange for wines, fruits and other luxuries. + +The history of early American manufactures has been told in Edward +H. Knight's _American Mechanical Dictionary_, 3 volumes, Boston, +1876, and William B. Weeden's _Economic and Social History of +New England_ (1620-1789), 2 volumes, Boston, 1894, makes easily +available an immense amount of research. In the following pages are +printed gleanings from Boston newspapers and court records that +supplement these works and have the readable flavor of their period. + +ANVILS. Samuel Bissel, anvil smith, lately come from England, +living at New-Port on Rhode Island, makes all sorts of Blacksmiths +and Gold-smiths' anvils, Brick-irons and stakes and new Faces old +ones, at reasonable Rates, and may be spoke with or wrote to, at +his House or Shop near the Topsaile Street in said Town.--_Boston +News-Letter_, Mar. 4-11, 1716-17. + +APOTHECARY. William Woodcocke of Salem, apothecary, was licensed to +still strong water and sell at retail.--_Essex Co. Court Records_, +Mar. 25, 1662. + +AQUÆDUCTS. For the Public Good, aquæducts made & sold by Rowland +Houghton which Instrument being properly applyed to the outside of +a Pump Tree, prevents said Pump from freezing tho' scituate in the +most bleak Place & sharpest Season. + +Said Houghton has lately improv'd on his New Theodolate, by +which the Art of Surveying is rendered more plain & easy than +heretofore.--_Boston Gazette_, Jan. 17-24, 1737. + +ASSAYER. If any Persons desire to know the true value of ores, +minerals or metals, of what kind soever, may have them justly +essay'd on reasonable terms, by Robert Baden, at Mrs. Jackson's, +Founder, at the Brazen Head in Cornhill, Boston.--_Boston Gazette_, +Sept. 27-Oct. 4, 1736. + +BAKER. "John Webster the Baker was admonished for brewing and +tipleinge."--_Essex Co. Court Records_, June 30, 1640. James +Underwood, a baker, was living in Salem in 1655 and Obadiah Wood, +baker, was in Ipswich, before 1649. + +BAKER. Any Persons wanting good brown Bisket fit either for the +Fishery or for Shipping Off, may be supplyed by _Lately Gee_ at the +Sign of the Bakers Arms in Hannover Street, at the following Rates, +_viz._ If Wheat be at 6 _s_, per Bushel, then Bread at 22 _s_ per +Hundred, if at 7 _s_, then 25 _s_, and if at 8 _s_, then Bread at +28 _s_, and so proportionable either for money or Good Wheat at the +Prices above said.--_New England Courant_, Sept. 10-17, 1722. + +Whereas in the Courant of the 17th Instant, an Advertisement was +publish'd by _Lately Gee_ of Boston, Baker, offering brown Bisket at +lower Prices than usual. These are to give Notice, That Bread of the +same Courseness with the said _Gee's_, and with the same Quantity +of Bran remaining in it, may be had for the same Prices at other +Bakers in Town; but they being willing to avoid the Curse of the +Common Sailors, those employ'd in the Fishery, etc., generally make +their Bread better, and sell it for a better Price.--_New England +Courant_, Sept. 17-24, 1722. + +BARBER'S UNION IN 1724. Boston, Dec. 7, on Tuesday the first +of this Instant in the Evening, Thirty-two Principal Barbers +of this Place, assembled at the Golden Ball, with a Trumpeter +attending them, to debate some important Articles relating to their +occupations; where it was propos'd, that they should raise their +Shaving from 8 to 10 _s._ per Quarter, and that they should advance +5 _s_, on the Price of making common Wiggs and 10 _s._ on their Tye +ones. It was also propos'd, that no one of their Faculty should +shave or dress Wiggs, on Sunday Mornings for the future, on Penalty +of forfeiting 10 Pounds for every such Offence: From whence it may +fairly be concluded, that in times past such a Practice has been too +common among them.--_New England Courant_, Nov. 3O-Dec. 7, 1724. + +BARBER'S SHOP. To be Sold by Publick Vendue at the Sun Tavern in +Boston, on Tuesday next the 30th Instant at 4 of the Clock, P.M. +Sundry Goods belonging to the Estate of James Wright, Barber, +deceased, viz: Wiggs, Hair on the Pipes, Sash Lights and Shutters +fitting for a Barber's Shop, and also sundry other Goods.--_Boston +Gazette_, Oct. 20-27, 1729. + +BARBER'S SHOP. To be Let in a pleasant Country Town on the Post Road +to Portsmouth, a Barber's Shop with proper Implements or Utensils +for that Business, where there is enough to keep two Hands employ'd. +Inquire of the Publisher.--_Boston Gazette_, May 7-14, 1739. + +BELLOWS MAKER. Joseph Clough near the Charlestown Ferry in Boston, +makes and mends all sorts of Bellows for Furnaces, Refiners, +Blacksmiths, Braziers and Goldsmiths; and also Makes and Mends all +sorts of House Bellows after the best Manner; where all Gentlemen, +and others, in Town and Country may be served at very reasonable +Rates.--_Boston Gazette_, Dec. 15, 1741. + +BELLS. This is to give notice to all Persons that have occasion for +a Bell or Bells in Churches or Meeting-houses, that in New York they +may be supplyed with New Bells, or if they have any old Bell broke +they may have it new cast at a reasonable Price, and warranted good +for Twelve Months, that if it Crack or Break it shall be new Cast +for nothing: And all New Bells shall be made of better mettal than +any other that comes out of Europe for Churches or Meeting-houses. +All Persons that have Occasion may apply themselves to Joseph +Phillips who is now building a Furnace for that purpose, and hath +already agreed with some Persons, and is ready to do the same with +any that are disposed.--_Boston News-Letter_, June 10-17, 1717. + +BELL FOUNDER. John Whitear, of Fairfield [Conn.], Bell-Founder, +makes and sells all sorts of Bells from the lowest size to Two +Thousand Weight.--_Boston Gazette_, May 29-June 5, 1738. + +BLACKSMITH'S WORK. This is to give Notice, that there is one +William Bryant, Blacksmith, that now keeps a shop adjoining to the +Presbyterian Meeting House in Long Lane, Boston, who makes and +mends Glaziers' Vises, Cloathers' Screws, and worsted Combs, and +makes, grinds and setts Cloathers' Shears; he also makes and mends +Smiths' Vises, Ship Carpenters', Blockmakers', Tanners', Glovers' +and Coopers' Tools, Braziers' and Tinsmens' Shears, and makes House +work, with many other things too tedious to mention here. He will +make and engage his work to any of his Employers according to the +value of them.--_Boston News-Letter_, July 6-13, 1732. + +BLACKSMITH AND LOCKSMITH. Made and Sold by Robert Hendrey, on +Scarlet's Wharff in Boston, Horse Shoeer, Spinning Wheel Irons after +the best Manner, at _Ten Shillings_, old Tenor per sett: Also all +sorts of Locks are made and mended by the said Hendrey, who keeps +a Man that served his Time to the Lock Smith's Business.--_Boston +Gazette_, Dec. 10, 1751. + +Four months later he also advertised "fine White-Smiths Work; +Also Spades and the best sort of Steel Shod Shovels made very +reasonably."--_Boston Gazette_, Apr. 21, 1752. + +BOARDING SCHOOL. Any Gentlemen (Members of the Church of England) +that are desirous of having their Sons Educated after the Method +of Westminster School, may be further inform'd by applying to J. +Boydell. Conditions, To find their own Bed, Bedding, etc. and to +bring as Entrance, one pair of Sheets, six Towels, six Napkins, +one Silver Spoon value 10 s. Sterling, one Knife, Fork, and Pewter +Porringer; which Entrance on their leaving the School is not to be +returned. None to be admitted but such as can read well and write; +nor the Number of six to be exceeded.--_Boston Gazette_, Oct. 24-31, +1737. + +BOOKKEEPER. Mr. _Brown Tymms_ Living at Mr. _Edward Oakes_ +Shopkeeper in Newbury Street, at the South End in Boston, keeps +Merchants & Shopkeepers Books, also writes Bills, Bonds, Leases, +Licenses, Charter-parties, &c., for any Person that may have +Occasion, at reasonable Rates. And likewise teacheth Young Men +Arithmetick and Merchants Accounts.--_Boston News-Letter_, Feb. +17-24, 1717-18. + +BRAZIER AND IRONMONGER. The late Mr. _Edward Jackson's_ Stock in +Trade, consisting of a great variety of Articles in the Braziery and +Ironmongery Way, in larger or smaller Lots as will best accommodate +Customers.--Lead, Shot, bloomery, brittle, refined and Guinea +Iron, Hollow Ware, best heart and clubb German Steel, best London +Steel in half Faggots, Blowers' best Wool Combs, Iron Hearths for +Ships, a Copper Furnace for ditto, Cannon shot, Iron Backs, Deck, +Sheathing and Drawing Nails, Newcastle Coals, &c. &c. Enquire at the +House where the Deceased's Family dwells, or at his Shop.--_Boston +Gazette_, Sept. 12, 1757. + +BRAZIERS AND PEWTERERS. A Good Set of Sundry Sorts of Braziers and +Pewterers' Molds, and other Tools, as good as New, belonging to the +Estate of Mr. Thomas Thacher, deceased, To be sold by Oxenbridge +Thacher at his Shop near the Town Pump, Boston. And also almost all +sorts of Brass, Pewter and Iron Ware, viz. Nails, Locks, Hinges, +Pots, Kettles, &c....--_Boston News-Letter_, Sept. 17-24, 1724. + +BRAZIERS' WARES. William Coffin, at the Ostrich, near the +Draw-Bridge, makes and sells Mill Brasses, Chambers for Pumps, +Brass Cocks of all Sizes, Knockers for Doors, Brasses for Chaises +and Sadlers, Brass Doggs of all Sorts, Candlesticks, Shovels and +Tongs, small Bells, and all sorts of Founders ware. Also, all sorts +of Braziers and Pewterers ware, small Stills and worms, and all +Sorts of Plumbers work; likewise Buys old copper, Brass, Pewter, and +Lead.--_Boston News-Letter_, Feb. 17-24, 1736-7. + +BRAZIERS' SHOP. Thomas Russell, Brazier, near the Draw-Bridge in +Boston, Makes, Mends, and New-Tins, all sorts of Braziery ware, +viz. Kettles, Skillets, Frying-Pans, Kettle-Pots, Sauce Pans, Tea +Kettles, Warming Pans, Wash Basins, Skimmers, Ladles, Copper Pots, +Copper Funnels, Brass Scales, Gun Ladles, &c. makes all sorts of +Lead Work for Ships, Tobacco Cannisters, Ink Stands, &c. and buys +old Brass, Copper, Pewter, Lead and Iron.--_Boston News-Letter_, +Oct. 30-Nov. 6, 1740. + +BRAZIERS' WARES. To be sold by Publick Vendue this Afternoon, at 3 +o'Clock, at the House of the late Mr. Stephen Apthorpe, Brazier, +deceas'd, Codlines, Match, Warming-Pans, Frying-Pans, Kettle-Potts, +Brass-Kettles, Pewter Plates, Dishes, Spoons, &c. Locks of several +Sorts, Jacks, Knives of several sorts, Hinges of several sorts, +Snuff Boxes, Buttons, Trowells, Shod Shovels, Fire Shovel and Tongs, +Lanthorn Leaves, Brass Candlesticks, Chaffin-Dishes, Horn-Combs and +Wire with a great Variety of other Articles.--_Boston News-Letter_, +May 31, 1750. + +Mary Jackson, at the Brazen-Head, Cornhill, Boston, advertised by +Wholesale and Retail, Brass Kettles and Skillets, etc. "N. B., Said +Mary makes and sells Tea-Kettles, and Coffee-Pots, Copper Drinking +Pots, Brass and Copper Sauce-Pans, Stew-Pans, and Baking-Pans, +Kettle-Pots and Fish-Kettles."--_Boston News-Letter_, June 21, 1750. + +BUCKRAM. Any Person that has occasion to have any Linnen Cloth made +into Buckram, or to buy Buckram ready made, or Callendring any Silk, +Watering, Dying or Scouring: they may apply themselves to Samuel +Hall, lately from London, and Thomas Webber near the New North +Brick Meeting House, or at their Work-house near the Bowling-Green, +Boston.--_Boston News-Letter_, June 25-July 2, 1722. + +BUTCHER. Humphrey Griffin, a butcher by trade, was living at Ipswich +as early as 1641.--_Essex Co. Court Records_, Sept., 1658. + +CABINET MAKER. Edward Browne, cabinet maker, was living in +Ipswich as early as 1637 and at his death in 1659 left in his shop +unfinished chairs, spinning wheels, etc.--_Essex Co. Court Records_, +Nov., 1659. + +CABINET MAKER. Mr. John Davis, Cabinet-Maker in Summer-Street, has +for sale extraordinary good English Glew, by Wholesale or Retail, at +the cheapest Rate, for ready Cash.--_Boston News-Letter_, Apr. 8-15, +1736. + +CALICO PRINTER. Francis Gray, Callicoe Printer, from Holland; Prints +all sorts of Callicoes of several Colours to hold Washing, at his +House in Roxbury near the Meeting-House.--_Boston Gazette_, June +16-23, 1735. + +CARD MAKER. Francis Smith of Boston, cardmaker, probably came with +Winthrop in 1630. + +CARD MAKER. Imported in the _Wilmington_, and to be sold in School +street, by Joseph Palmer, cardmaker from London, at his House next +above the French Meeting House viz. Broad cloths, the best steel +Wire, Exeter Fish Hooks, Buckles, Mettal & Horse Hair Buttons, +Tinplate Ware of several sorts, and other Goods; also the best +Wool and Cotton Cards are there made (as good as any brought from +England) by the said Palmer, and sold by Wholesale or Retail. N. +S. The said Palmer wants a servant Maid, and a Negro boy.--_Boston +Gazette_, Nov. 25, 1746. + +CHANDLER AND SOAPBOILER. To be sold by _Edward Langdon_, in Fleet +Street, near the Old North Meeting House, A Quantity of Hard Soap +by the Box, soft Soap by the Barrel, and good old Candles both +Mould and Dipt, fit for Shipping or Families, also Mould Candles of +Bayberry Wax, all by the Box or by Retail.--_Boston Gazette_, July +24, 1750. + +SPERMA-CETI CANDLES. To be sold on Minot's T. by James Clemens, +Sperma Ceti Candles, exceeding all others for Beauty, Sweetness of +Scent when extinguished; Duration, being more than double Tallow +Candles of equal size; Dimensions of Flame, nearly four Times more, +emitting a soft easy expanding Light, bringing the Object close to +the Sight, rather than causing the Eye to trace after them, as all +Tallow-Candles do, from a constant Dimness which they produce.--One +of these Candles serves the Use and Purpose of three Tallow Ones, +and upon the whole are much pleasanter and cheaper.--_Boston +News-Letter_, Mar. 30, 1748. + +CHAPMAN OR PEDDLER. "On Thursday last Dyed at Boston, James Gray, +That used to go up and down the Country selling of Books, who left a +considerable Estate behind him."--_Boston News-Letter_, Apr. 9-16, +1705. + +CHOCOLATE MILL. Salem, Sept. 3. By a Gentleman of this Town is +this Day bro't to perfection, an Engine to Grind Cocoa; it is a +Contrivance that cost much less than any commonly used; and will +effect all that which the Chocolate Grinders do with their Mills and +Stones without any or with very Inconsiderable Labour; and it may +be depended on for Truth, that it will in less than six Hours bring +one Hundred weight of Nuts to a consistance fit for the Mold. And +the Chocolate made by it, is finer and better, the Oyly Spirit of +the Nut being almost altogether preserved, and there is little or no +need of Fire in the making.--_Boston Gazette_, Sept. 5-12, 1737. + +COFFIN FURNITURE. To be sold by Arthur Savage Tomorrow Evening at +his Vendue Room, about 50 Sett of neat Polished Coffin Furniture, +consisting of Breast-plates, Angels, Flowers, Posts, etc.--_Boston +Gazette_, May 29, 1758. + +COOPER. John Henry Dyer, Cooper, lately arriv'd from London, living +on Mr. Henshaw's Wharffe, near the South Market House in Boston; +makes all sorts of Cooper's Ware, after the best manner, as Rum +Hogsheads, Barrels, Caggs, little Tubs and Trays, as cheap and good +as any in the Town.--_Boston Gazette_, July 30, 1751. + +CURRIER. The Trade of a Currier is very much wanted in _Middletown_ +the Metropolis of Connecticut: any Prudent person that is Master +of that Trade may get a pretty Estate in a few Years.--_Boston +Gazette_, Nov. 6, 1758. + +DYER. Alexander Fleming, Dyer, lately from Great Britain, has set +up said Business in Boston, in a House of Mr. Arthen's near Dr. +Gardner's in Marlborough Street, on the same side of the Way, who +can dye all sorts of Colours, after the best Manner and Cheapest +Rate, viz. Scarletts, Crimsons, Pinks, Purples, Straws, Wine +Colours, Sea-Greens, Saxon ditto, common Blues, shearing, dressing +and watering of clothes: Also he can dye linnen Yarn either red, +blue, green, yellow or cloth colours, and all Colours on silks, and +cleaning of Cloths.--_Boston Gazette_, May 14, 1754. + +DUTCH TILES. Several sorts of Neat Dutch Tiles, to be set in +chimneys, to be sold by Mr. Richard Draper; at the lower end of +Cornhill, Boston.--_Boston News-Letter_, May 6-13, 1725. + +DUTCH TILES. To be sold at Capt. Stephen Richard's in Queen Street, +Boston. All sorts of Dutch Tyles, viz. Scripture (round and square), +Landskips of divers sorts, sea monsters, horsemen, soldiers, +diamonds, etc., and sets of brushes; London quart bottles; and a +chest of Delph ware.--_Boston Gazette_, Feb. 6-13, 1738. + +EARTHEN WARE. To be sold by Capt. Arthur Savage at the White +House near Mr. Coleman's Church, Boston, Earthen Ware and Glasses +per the Hogshead, fine Holland Tiles, Earthen and Stone Ware +in Parcels, likewise the long London Tobacco Pipes, all very +Reasonable.--_Boston News-Letter_, Apr. 23-30, 1716. + +FELLMONGER. Edmond Farrington of Lynn, fellmonger [dealer in hides] +arrived in Massachusetts in 1635. + +FIRE ENGINE. To be sold, a Large and extraordinary good Copper +Fire-Engine, newly fixed, that works well, and will be of excellent +Use in Time of Fire, in any populous Place. Enquire of Mr. James +Read, Blockmaker, near Oliver's Bridge in Boston.--_Boston +News-Letter_, Feb. 19-26, 1735-6. + +GLAZIERS' DIAMONDS. To be sold by Gershom Flagg, in Hanover Street +near the Orange Tree, viz. Spanish Whiten, and choice Diamonds fit +for Glazier's use, English Sole Pieces for Shoes and Boots, fine +Jelly Glasses and Crewits of double Flint, all sorts of Coffin Gear, +silvered, plain and lackered, and sundry other Articles.--_Boston +Gazette_, Aug. 6, 1745. + +GLASS was being manufactured in Salem as early as 1639, the main +product being bottles and beads used in barter with the Indians. The +glass made was a dark-colored brownish-black. + +CROWN GLASS. To be sold by Alexander Middleton at Warehouse Number +3, in Butlers' Row, Crown Glass in Cases uncut, Ditto in Chests +cut in Squares, ordinary ditto cut in squares per the Chest, Bar +& Sheet Lead, white & brown Earthen ware, Glass Bottles, Quarts & +Pints, bottled Ale in Hampers, ... Pipes, glaz'd and ordinary ditto. +And best Sunderland Coal on board the ship _Betty_, William Foster, +Commander, lying at the North side of the Long Wharff.--_Boston +Gazette_, June 4-11, 1739. + +GLASS MAKING. Tuesday last a ship arrived here from Holland, with +about 300 Germans, Men, Women & Children, some of whom are going +to settle at Germantown, (a Part of Braintree) and the others in +the Eastern Parts of this Province.--Among the Artificers come +over in this ship, there are Numbers of Men skilled in making +of Glass, of various sorts, and a House proper for carrying on +that useful manufacture, will be erected at Germantown as soon as +possible.--_Boston Gazette_, Sept. 26, 1752. + +GLASS MANUFACTORY AT GERMANTOWN. Notice is hereby given, That +for the future none will be admitted to see the new manufactory +at Germantown [Braintree], unless they pay at least one shilling +lawfull money; and they are desired not to ask above three or four +Questions, and not to be offended if they have not a satisfactory +answer to all or any of them. + +_Note._--The manufactory has received considerable Damage, and +been very much retarded by the great Number of People which are +constantly resorting to the House.--_Boston Gazette_, Sept. 4, 1753. + +KNOT GLASS. To be sold by Arthur Savage, To-morrow Evening, at his +Vendue-Room on the North side of the Town Dock. Twelve Crates of +Knot Glass of various sizes, large and small Looking Glasses, ... +Leather Breeches, Desks, Tables, etc. Also, a Camera Obscura with +Prints.--_Boston Gazette_, Jan. 24, 1757. + +WINDOW GLASS. To be sold by Jonathan Bradish in Charlestown near the +Sign of the Buck, sundry sorts of Window Glass, viz., 8 by 10, 8 by +6, 7 by 9, etc. Also Painters' Colours and Linseed oyl.--_Boston +Gazette_, Nov. 12, 1751. + +GLOVER. To be sold by the Maker, Ph. Freeman, who arrived in the +last Ship from London, at Mr. Irish's in Bridge's Lane near Mr. +Welsteed's Meeting-House, A Large Parcel of Gloves of all Sorts, +viz. Men's and Women's Buck and Doe, Kid and Lamb, for Mourning and +all other Sorts.--_Boston News-Letter_, Sept. 30-Oct. 7, 1742. + +GLOVE MAKER. Just Imported and Sold by Philip Freeman, Norway Doe +Gloves, and Makes and Sells Winter Gloves, for Men and Women: and +lines Gloves with Fur, after the best Manner.--_Boston Gazette_, +Nov. 26, 1754. + +GUNSMITH. To be sold by John Pim of Boston, Gunsmith, at the Sign +of the Cross Guns, in Anne-Street near the Draw Bridge, at very +Reasonable Rates, sundry sorts of choice Arms lately arrived +from London, viz. Handy Muskets, Buccaneer-Guns, Fowling pieces, +Hunting Guns, Carabines, several sorts of Pistols, Brass and Iron, +fashionable Swords, &c.--_Boston News-Letter_, July 4-11, 1720. + +GUNSMITH. Newly imported, and sold by Samuel Miller, Gunsmith, at +the Sign of the cross Guns near the Draw-Bridge, Boston: Neat Fire +Arms of all sorts, Pistols, Swords, Hangers, Cutlasses, Flasks for +Horsemen, Firelocks, &c.--_Boston Gazette_, May 11, 1742. + +HALBERTS. A Set of Halberts for a foot Company to be sold on +reasonable Terms, by Nicholas Boone Bookseller, to be seen at his +House near School-House Lane, Boston.--_Boston News-Letter_, Apr. +22-29, 1706. "A Set of New-Halbards" were offered for sale in the +June 3-10, 1706, issue. + +HAND ENGINES. Hand Engines made after the best manner, fitted +with Brass Clappers, very useful in all Families, convenient for +extinguishing Fire in Chimneys, or in any Room in a House; Also very +proper for Coasters to carry to sea to wet the Sails in small Winds +to preserve them from Mildews; said Engine throws Water with ease 40 +Feet perpendicular. Sold by Rowland Houghton, on the North side of +the Town House at 25s. each.--_Boston Gazette_, June 10-17, 1734. + +HATS. Daniel Jones, at the _Hat & Helmit_, South-End, Boston, ... +makes and sells Beaver, Beaveret, and Castor-Hats: and has also a +good Assortment of English Castor and Beaveret Hats, English and +Felt ditto; Hat Linings and Trimmings of all sorts: Red Wool, Coney +Wool, Camels Hair: Logwood by the 100 Wt. by Wholesale or Retail, +cheap for Cash or Treasurer's Notes.--_Boston Gazette_, Dec. 10, +1759. + +HOUR GLASSES. All sorts of Hour-Glasses to be made or mended on +Reasonable terms, by _James Maxwell_, at his House in Water Street, +near the Town House in Boston.--_Boston News-Letter_, Sept. 17-24, +1716. + +IRON MONGER. To be sold by _John Winslow_, at his Warehouse, in +Newbury-Street, near Summer Street: Best refined and blommery Iron, +Ploughshare Moulds, Anchor Palms, Coohorns, Swivel Guns, Ten Inch +Mortars and Shells, 6, 4, & 3 pound Swivel and Grape Shot.--_Boston +Gazette_, Apr. 25, 1757. + +IRON HEARTH. On the 11th Instant, early in the Morning, a Fire broke +out at _Mr. Pierpont's_ House near the Fortification, occasioned by +the Heat of the Iron Hearth of one of the newly invented Fireplaces, +whereby the Floor was set on Fire; the People being in Bed, +perceived a great Smoke, got up, and happily discover'd and timely +distinguished [_sic_] the Fire.--_Boston Gazette_, Dec. 22, 1747. + +IRON FOUNDRY. Any Person that has occasion for Forge Hammers, +anvils, or Plates, Smiths' Anvils, Clothiers' Plates, Chimney Backs, +Potts, Kettles, Skillets, Cart Boxes, Chaise Boxes, Dog-Irons, or +any other Cast Iron Ware, may be provided with them by Richard +Clarke, at his Furnace in the Gore, giving speedy Notice (of the +Sizes and Quantity they want) to him there, or to Oliver, Clarke, +and Lee, at their Warehouse in King Street, Boston; where they may +be supplied with Swivel Guns.--_Boston Gazette_, July 13-20, 1741. + +JEWELLER. This is to inform the Publick, That Mr. _James Boyer_, +Jeweller, from London, living at Mr. Eustone's, a Dancing Master in +King Street, Boston, setts all manner of Stones in Rings, &c. and +performes every thing belonging to that Trade. N.B. Said Mr. Boyer +is lately recovered of a fit of Sickness.--_New England Courant_, +Dec. 31-Jan. 7, 1722-3. + +JOYNER. Richard Lambert of Salem, the joyner, was living there as +early as 1637, and four years later was fined for drinking and also +sat in the stocks for two hours.--_Essex Co. Court Records_, Feb., +1641. + +LINEN PRINTER. The Printer hereof Prints Linens, Callicoes, Silks, +&c. in good Figures, very lively and durable Colours, and without +the offensive smell which commonly attends the Linens Printed +here.--_Boston Gazette_, Apr. 18-25, 1720. + +LINEN PRINTER AND DYER. John Hickey, linen-printer and dyer, from +Dublin, is now settled in this town, at the linen manufactory, where +he follows the business of blue and white printing, and silk or +cloth dying; and takes all manner of spots out of silk or cloths, +cleans gold and silver lace, and scarlet cloth, dyes linnen and +cotton of a blue or London red, and all manner of country stuffs, +worsteds, camlets, tammies, or leather; he dyes blacks so as they +shall be sound and clean as any other colour; also dyes ribbons +and makes them up again as well as ever, and English thick sets +after they have been worn or faded, and blue yarn for one shilling +a pound. N.B. as there has been several who have imposed upon this +country in telling that they were printers; I engage myself that +if my colours be not as good and as lasting as any that comes from +Europe, to satisfy my employers with all charges or damages that +shall be justly laid against me. + +All the above articles done with expedition at the most reasonable +price, by JOHN HICKEY.--_Boston Gazette_, (sup.) May 7, 1759. + +LINEN MANUFACTORY. The Massachusetts General Court at its session +held in the summer of 1753, passed an "Act for granting the sum of +Fifteen Hundred Pounds To encourage the Manufacture of Linnen," +providing for a tax on every "Coach, Chariot, Chaise, Calash +and Chair" for the term of five years, the Governor, Lieutenant +Governor, the President of Harvard College, and the settled +ministers in the Province, being excepted from its provision, at the +following rates: each Coach, ten shillings annually, Chariot, five +shillings, Chaise, three shillings, Calash, two shillings, Chair, +two shillings. The several sums received from Time to Time were to +be paid to a committee of ten appointed by the Act, "to be applied +to the purchasing a Piece of Land, and building or purchasing a +convenient House within the Town of _Boston_, for carrying on the +Business of Spinning, Weaving, and other necessary Parts of the +Linnen Manufacture." This legislation was instituted because of "the +great Decay of Trade and Business the Number of Poor is greatly +increased, and the Burden of supporting them lies heavy on many of +the Towns within this Province, and many Persons, especially Women +and Children are destitute of Employment."--_Boston Gazette_, Aug. +7, 1753. + +LIME KILN. To be Sold a good Penny-worth; A good Lime-Kiln, a +Lime-House, a good Well, a Wharf, and a piece of Ground, being near +the Bowling-green, Boston; Inquire of Mr. Walter Browne at the Sign +of the Blue Anchor in King-Street, Boston, and know further. + +N. B. There is very good Lime-juice to be sold by the aforesaid +Browne at his House.--_Boston News-Letter_, Mar. 28-Apr. 4, 1723. + +STONE LIME. To be sold by the Hogshead or Bushel, the best +eastward Stone Lime, by John Blowers of Boston, Mason, in School +Street.--_Boston Gazette_, Mar. 31, 1747. + +LINEN MANUFACTURE. Publick Notice is hereby given, That sundry +Looms for Weaving of Linnen, of all Sorts, are set up at the +Linnen-Manufacture House in the Common below Thomas Hancocks' Esq; +where all Persons may have their Yarn wove in the best and Cheapest +Manner, and with the utmost Dispatch. At the same Place, money will +be given for all Sorts of Linnen Yarn. + +And whereas the setting up and establishing the Linnen Manufacture +is undoubtedly of the utmost Importance to this Province: It is +propos'd by a Number of Gentlemen, very soon to open several +Spinning-Schools in this Town, where children may be taught Gratis. +And it is to be hop'd, that all Well-wishers to their Country +will send their children, that are suitable for such Schools, to +learn the useful and necessary Art of Spinning; and that they +will give all other proper Countenance and Encouragement to this +Undertaking.--_Boston News-Letter_, Dec. 13, 1750. + +LOCKSMITH. This is to inform my Customers, that I have remov'd from +Middle-street, to the Bottom of Cross street, where I continue to +mend all sorts of Locks, also to fit Keys to Locks, mend all sorts +of Kettles, as Brass, Copper, Pewter, &c. at a very reasonable Rate, +by _Reuben Cookson_.--_Boston Gazette_, Apr. 23, 1754 (_sup._) + +MAHOGANY AND OTHER WOODS. To be Sold behind Numb. 4, on the Long +Wharffe, Lignumvitee, Box wood, Ebony, Mohogany Plank, Sweet Wood +Bark, and wild Cinnamon Bark.--_Boston Gazette_, Aug. 22-29, 1737. + +MAHOGANY. To be sold at publick Vendue at the Exchange Tavern, on +Thursday, the first of December next, at three o'clock Afternoon; 50 +Pieces of fine Mahogany in 10 Lots, No. 1 to 10, being 5 Pieces in a +Lot, to be seen at the Long Wharffe before the Sale begins.--_Boston +Gazette_, Nov. 21-28, 1737. + +MILITARY EQUIPMENT. On Thursday the 6 of February at three of the +clock Afternoon, will be sold by Publick Vendue at the Exchange +Tavern, about one hundred Canvice & Ticken Tents, Poles, Mallets, +and Pins to them, about five hundred Pick-Axes, fifty Axes and +Hatchets, about eight hundred Tomhawks or small Hatchets, about +three hundred Spades and Bills, a parcell of Shovels, Wheelbarrows, +Handbarrow's, Baskets of Speaks and Nails, all to be put and sold +in Lots, and to be seen at the place of sale the Morning before the +Sale begins: Also a very fine Negro Woman.--_Boston Gazette_, Jan. +27-Feb. 3, 1728-9. + +MILITARY EQUIPMENT. Extract from the _Act for Regulating the +Militia_:--"Every listed Soldier, and other Householder shall be +always provided with a wellfixt Firelock Musket, of Musket or +Bastard-Musket bore, the Barrel not less than three Foot and an half +long, or other good Fire Arms to the satisfaction of the Commission +Officers of the Company; a Cartouch Box: one Pound of good Powder: +Twenty Bullets fit for his Gun, and twelve Flynts; a good Sword or +Cutlass; a Worm, & priming Wire, fit for his Gun, on Penalty of six +Shillings...."--_Boston News-Letter_, Feb. 7-14, 1733-4. + +BREECH-LOADING GUN. Made by John Cookson, and to be Sold by him +at his House in Boston: a handy Gun of 9 Pound and a half Weight; +having a Place convenient to hold 9 Bullets, and Powder for 9 +Charges and 9 Primings; the said Gun will fire 9 Times distinctly, +as quick, or slow as you please, with one turn with the Handle of +the said Gun, it doth charge the Gun with Powder and Bullet, and +doth prime and shut the pan, and cock the Gun. All these Motions are +performed immediately at once, by one turn with the said Handle. +Note, there is Nothing put into the Muzzle of the Gun as we charge +other Guns.--_Boston Gazette_, Apr. 12, 1756. + +MATHEMATICAL BALANCEMAKER. Jonathan Dakin, Mathematical Balance +maker, at the Sign of the Hand & Beam, opposite to Dr. _Colman's_ +Meeting House, makes all sorts of scale Beams, and likewise mends +all that can be mended; where all Gentlemen may be supplied with +Beams ready adjusted and scaled, as the Law directs.--_Boston +Gazette_, Nov. 12, 1745. + +MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS. Stephen Greenleaf, Mathematical +Instrument-Maker, in _Queen Street_, Boston, opposite to the +Prison, Makes and Mends all Sorts of Mathematical Instruments, +as Theodolites, Spirit Levels, Semi circles, Circumferences, and +Protractors, Horizontal and Equinoctial Sun Dials, Azimuth and +Amplitude Compasses, Eliptical and Triangular Compasses, and all +sorts of common Compasses, drawing Pens and Portagraions, Pensil +Cases, and parallel Rulers, Squares and Bevils, Free Masons Jewels, +with sundry other articles too tedious to mention. + +N.B. He sets Load Stones on Silver or Brass, after the best +manner.--_Boston Gazette_, June 18, 1745. + +MUSICIAN. Thomas Androus, "the scholar musician, was there with his +music," at John Androus house in Ipswich, in the summer of 1656, at +a merriment.--_Essex Co. Court Records_, April, 1657. + +MUSTARD MAKER. John Ingram, the Original Flower of Mustard +Maker, from Lisbon, now living at the House of Mrs. Townsend, +near Oliver's-Dock, Boston, Prepares Flower of Mustard to such +Perfection, by a Method unknown to any Person but himself, that it +retains its Strength, Flavour and Colour Seven Years; being mix'd +with hot or cold water, in a Minute's Time it makes the strongest +Mustard ever eat, not in the least Bitter, yet of a delicate and +delightful Flavour, and gives a most surprizing grateful Taste to +Beef, Pork, Lamb, Fish, Sallad, or other Sauces. It is approved of +by divers eminent Physicians as the only Remedy in the Universe +in all nervous Disorders, sweetens all the Juices, and rectifies +the whole Mass of Blood to Admiration. If close stopt it will keep +its Strength and Virtue Seven years in any Climate. Merchants and +Captains of Ships shall have good Allowance to sell again.--_Boston +Gazette_, Sept. 19, 1752. + +NAILMAKING. Any Gentleman that hath a mind to set up the nailing +Business, which may be done to very great Advantage in this Country, +may by inquiring of the Printer be informed of a Man that will carry +it on to Perfection for him.--_Boston Gazette_, Mar. 2, 1742. + +NEEDLE MAKER. Simon Smith, Needle maker from London, is removed from +the Rainbow and Dove in Marlborough Street, now in Union Street +near the Corn fields; continues to make and sell all sorts of white +Chapple Needles, and all other sorts round and square.--_Boston +News-Letter_, Apr. 15-22, 1742. + +_Oil Lamp._ A New England vessel having "30 Tons of Lamp Oyl" on board +was captured by French and Indians in Newfoundland.--_News-Letter_, +Oct. 2-9, 1704. + +OIL LAMP. Best Refin'd Sperma-Ceti Oil for Lamps, to be sold next +Door to the _Salutation_, near the North Battery.--_Boston Gazette_, +July 17, 1758. + +PAPER MILL. Whereas some Gentlemen design to set up a Paper-Mill +in New England, if a supply can be had to carry on that Business: +These are therefore to give Notice, that James Franklin, Printer in +Queen Street, Boston, buys Linen Rags, either coarse or fine, at a +Peny a Pound.--_New England Courant_, June 1-8, 1724. + +PAPER MAKER. This is to give Notice, That Richard Fry, Stationer, +Bookseller, Paper-maker, and Rag Merchant, from the City of London, +keeps at Mr. Thomas Fleet's Printer at the Heart and Crown in +Cornhill, Boston; where the said Fry is ready to accommodate all +Gentlemen, Merchants, and Tradesmen, with sets of Accompt-Books, +after the neatest manner; and whereas, it has been the common Method +of the most curious merchants in Boston, to Procure their Books from +London, this is to acquaint those Gentlemen, that I the said Fry, +will sell all sorts of Accompt-Books, done after the most accurate +manner, for 20 per cent. cheaper than they can have them from London. + +I return the Publick Thanks for following the Directions of my +former advertisement for gathering of Rags, and hope they will +continue the like Method; having received seven thousand weight and +upwards already. + +For the pleasing entertainment of the Polite part of Mankind, I have +Printed the most Beautiful Poems of Mr. Stephen Duck, the famous +Wiltshire Poet; It is a full demonstration to me that the People of +New England, have a fine taste for Good Sense & Polite Learning, +having already sold 1200 of these Poems, Richard Fry.--_Boston +Gazette_, May 1-8, 1732. + +PEWTERER. This is to give notice, that a Journeyman Pewterer, who +is a good workman in Hollow-ware, may have constant work, and good +Wages, if they will go to New York, and apply themselves to Mr. +_David Lyell_, or they may write to him and know further.--_Boston +News-Letter_, Aug. 23-30, 1714. + +POTASH WORK set up at Charlestown Ferry in Boston, at the House of +John Russell, Ferryman, 6d. in money paid per Bushell to any that +have ashes to spare.--_Boston News-Letter_, Nov. 27-Dec. 4, 1704. + +POTTERY. John Pride owned a pottery in Salem as early as 1641. +William Vincent owned a pottery there in 1681. At a later date +several potteries existed at what is now the town of Peabody. + +POTTERY AT CHARLESTOWN. John Webber, a potter, at Charlestown, was +injured by the explosion of a cannon while celebrating the marriage +of the Princess Royal.--_Boston News-Letter_, May 16-23, 1734. + +EARTHEN WARE. To be sold on reasonable Terms, A Dwelling-House +& Land in Charlestown, near the Swing-Bridge, with a House & +Kiln for the making of Earthen Ware; as also a Warehouse and +other Conveniences necessary for that Business, Inquire of the +Printer.--_Boston News-Letter_, Nov. 1, 1744. + +POTTERY. Made and Sold reasonably by _Thomas Symmes_ and Company at +_Charlestown_ near the Swing Bridge, blue and white stone Ware of +forty different sorts; also red and yellow ware of divers sorts, +either by Wholesale or Retale.--_Boston Gazette_, Apr. 16, 1745. + +POTTER'S KILN. To be sold by publick Vendue on Tuesday the 16th +Currant, two o'Clock Afternoon, at the Three Crane Tavern at +Charlestown, a Dwelling House, Potter's Kiln House and Kiln in +Wapping Street in Charlestown aforesaid, any Person minding to +purchase the same before said Time may inquire of Michael Brigden or +Grace Parker.--_Boston Gazette_, Dec. 9, 1746. + +POWDER MAKER. Any Gentlemen, Merchants or others, that have any +damnifyed Powder, or dust of Powder, either to sell, or to be +made of New, They may repair with the same unto Walter Evenden, +Powder-maker, at his House in Dorchester, who will either buy it or +make it of New for them, on reasonable terms.--_Boston News-Letter_, +Nov. 25-Dec. 2, 1706. + +PRINTED FABRICS. The Printer hereof Prints Linens, Callicoes, Silks, +etc., in good Figures, very lively and durable Colours, and without +the offensive Smell which commonly attends the Linens printed +here.--_Boston Gazette_, April 18-25, 1720. + +The Printer hereof having dispers'd advertisements of his Printing +Callicoes, etc. a certain Person in Charlestown, to rob him of the +Benefit of said advertisements and impose upon strangers, calls +himself by the Name of Franklin, having agreed with one in Queen +Street, Boston, to take in his work. These are to desire him to be +satisfyed with his proper Name, or he will be proceeded against +according to Law.--_Boston Gazette_, May 2-9, 1720. + +PUMPS. Pumps erected or altered after a new and Easy Method, whereby +they will deliver more Water, and with less strength, not being +apt to loose water, not at all liable to Freeze, tho' fixed in the +most Bleak Places; by the Directions of Rowland Houghton.--_Boston +News-Letter_, Sept. 14-21, 1732. + +ROASTING JACKS. To be sold by John Jackson, Jack-maker, at his shop, +being the corner shop at the Draw bridge, in Boston, all sorts of +Jacks, reasonably, and makes, mends and Cleans all sorts of Jacks; +also makes & mends Locks, Keys, and Ironing Boxes, at a reasonable +rate.--_Boston Gazette_, May 2-9, 1737. + +SCALES. All Sorts of Weights and Skales of the best sort for +weighing Money or other Merchandize. Made and Sold by Caleb Ray, +Chief Skale-maker of New England; or Skales to be new strung +and mended; at the sign of the Skales and Weights in the Alley +near to Governours Dock in Boston, at reasonable Rates.--_Boston +News-Letter_, Apr. 26-May 3, 1708. + +SCALES AND BALANCES. Jonathan Dakin, Mathematical Balance-maker, +at the sign of the Hand & Beam opposite to Dr. Colman's Meeting +House, Makes all Sorts of Scale Beams, and likewise mends all that +can be mended; where all Gentlemen may be supplied with Beams ready +adjusted and sealed as the Law directs.--_Boston Gazette_, Nov. 26, +1745. + +SHOEMAKER. Francis Dowse, a shoemaker, was in the employ of George +Burden of Boston, in 1640. + +SLITTING MILL AND IRON FORGE. To be Sold a good Penniworth, a +Slitting Mill compleatly finished and furnished, scituated in the +middle of near 20 Forges in the Compass of 12 Miles, with a well +built Forge with Two Fires, and conveniency for a third; together +with a well built and well accustomed Grist Mill, all standing +on one Dam; on as constant a stream as this Land affords; with +accommodations for other Water Works; A good Dwelling House, Coal +House, and above 6 Acres of Land, and a good Orchard upon it, said +Works stand on Namasket River in Middleborough, 13 Miles from +Plymouth, and 10 from Taunton. All finely scituated for a Country +Seat; and now Lets for 379 Pounds per Annum. Any Person or Persons +minded to purchase the same, may inquire of the Rev. Mr. Peter +Thacher of Middleborough aforesaid, or of the Printer hereof, and +know further. + +N.B. The Reason of this Sale is because the Person wants the money +for it, and intending to leave off that Business.--_Boston Gazette_, +May 11, 1742. + +STAMPED LINEN. These are to Inform the Publick, that I the +Subscriber propose to come once more to Boston; if any Person or +Persons have old sheets or Linnen to stamp, they are desired to +leave them at the House of _James Nichol_ in School Street, next +door to the French Meeting House; and if they send them in four +Weeks from this Date, they shall have them in March next without +fail. As Witness my Hand, _Sarah Hunt_.--_Boston Gazette_, Dec. 22, +1747. + +STOVES. New-fashion Fire-Places or Stoves from Philadelphia, to be +sold by _Thomas Wade_.--_Boston News-Letter_, Jan. 31, 1745. + +JUST PUBLISHED. An account of the new-invented Pennsylvania +Fire-Place: Wherein their construction and manner of operation is +particularly explained; their Advantages above every other method +of warming Rooms demonstrated; And all objections that have been +raised against the Use of them, answered and obviated. Sold by +_C. Harrison_, over against The Brazen-Head in Cornhill.--_Boston +News-Letter_, Feb. 7, 1745. + +TAILOR. William Jones, a tailor, had one half of his fine remitted +at Salem Court.--_Essex Co. Court Records_, December, 1642. +Daniel Gaines of Lynn, aged 11 years, was apprenticed for 8 years +to Luke Potter of Concord to learn the "skill and mistery" of a +tailor.--_Essex Co. Court Records_, March, 1649. John Bourne, a +tailor, was making clothes in Gloucester, in 1652. John Annable of +Ipswich, tailor, was living there as early as 1641. + +WATER ENGINE. There is newly erected in the Town of Boston, by +Messieurs John and Thomas Hill, a Water-Engine at their Still-house, +by the Advice and Direction of Mr. Rowland Houghton, drawn by a +Horse, which delivers a large quantity of Water twelve Feet above +the Ground. This being the first of the kind in these Parts, we +thought taking Notice of it might be of Publick Service, inasmuch +as a great deal of Labour is saved thereby.--_Boston Gazette_, Jan. +15-22, 1733. + +WHEELWRIGHT. John Robinson, a wheelwright, was living in Ipswich as +early as 1635, only two years after the settlement of the town. + + + + +CHAPTER XI + +CONCERNING SHIPPING AND TRADE + + +New England, with its many rivers and indented coastline, until +recent years, has been a breeding place for sailors and a location +for shipbuilding. During the first century following the settlement, +the larger part of the population lived near the coast, and as roads +between towns were poor, it naturally followed that craft of small +tonnage were constantly employed for transport on the ocean and the +navigable rivers, and as no extent of rich soil was found awaiting +cultivation, many settlers, of necessity, turned to fishing and to +trade. A ship carpenter was brought over to Plymouth, in 1624, who +"quickly builte them 2 very good and strong shalops ... and a great +and strong lighter, and had ... timber for 2 catches" framed when +he fell sick of a fever and soon died.[44] These shallops were used +in opening a fur trade among the Indians on the Kennebec River that +eventually discharged the indebtedness of the Pilgrims to the London +adventurers. + + [44] William Bradford, _History of Plymouth Plantation_, Boston, + 1912. + +Six shipwrights were sent over by the Company of the Massachusetts +Bay, in the spring of 1629, together with a considerable stock +of ship stores, such as pitch, tar, cordage and sail cloth.[45] +Doubtless these men were employed at the outset in housing the +settlers and in building small fishing boats, as the first vessel +of any size in the Bay, of which there is record, is Governor +Winthrop's trading bark, _The Blessing of the Bay_, of thirty tons, +built mainly of locust, which went to sea, August 31, 1631, on a +voyage to the eastward and afterwards traded with the Dutch at New +Amsterdam.[46] + + [45] _Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society_, Vol. III, + p. 90. + + [46] _Winthrop's Journal_, New York, 1908. + +In January, 1633, Emanuel Downing wrote to the Council for New +England that he had made enquiries of Mr. Winthrop respecting +the ship carpenters employed in New England and found that the +plantation was able to build ships of any burden. Their most +competent shipwright was William Stephens, who had built in England, +the _Royal Merchant_, a ship of six hundred tons. + +The General Court, in 1639, exempted ship carpenters and fishermen +(during the fishing season) from compulsory military training.[47] +Two years later the Court was informed that some shipwrights were +scanting their work and an order was adopted providing for a survey +of all ship construction as was usual in England at that time.[48] + + [47] _Massachusetts Bay Records_, Boston, 1853. + + [48] _Ibid._ + +The coasting trade led to the building of small shallops and sloops +and the need for firewood in Boston and Charlestown brought about +the building of sloops, broad of beam, intended especially for that +trade. Fishing craft and wood sloops were soon being built all +along the coast. As early as 1634, one merchant in Marblehead owned +eight fishing craft, and Portsmouth, N. H., had six great shallops, +five fishing boats, with sails and anchors, and thirteen skiffs, in +the trade as early as 1635. Richard Hollingsworth, in 1637, had a +shipyard at Salem Neck and in 1641, built "a prodigious ship of 300 +Tons." + +The number of New England vessels used in foreign trading during +the seventeenth century was considerable and the mainstay of the +trade was the fishing business. Off-shore fishing in the early +days was carried on in shallops--capacious, open boats carrying +several pairs of oars and also fitted with masts and sails. They +were sometimes decked over, in whole or in part, and usually carried +one mast with a lug sail. Many of these small craft were built in +the winter time by the fishermen and their sons, as a fisherman is +always more or less of a boatbuilder by virtue of his calling. The +lumber for the boat would be cut in the common woods and got out, a +little at a time, and the boat when built would actually cost its +owner little more than the outlay for certain necessary fittings. +These boats might be framed-in anywhere--on the beach in front +of the fisherman's cottage; in his dooryard or in the woods, some +distance from the shore, to which the hull would be dragged by +oxen, on sledges of timber. The first vessels sent to "the banks," +from Massachusetts, for deep-water fishing, were "a ship and other +vessels," rig unknown.[49] That was in 1645. + + [49] _Winthrop's Journal_, New York, 1908. + +By 1665 there were three hundred New England vessels trading with +Barbadoes, Virginia, Madeira, Acadia, etc., and 1,300 smaller +craft were fishing at Cape Sable. Cod and mackerel were caught and +salted. The best fish were sent to Malaga and the Canaries, the +second sort to the Portugal Islands, and the worst to the Barbadoes +there to be used in the diet of the negro slaves. At that time, +the principal commodities produced in the Massachusetts Bay were +fish and pipe-staves, masts, fir-boards, pitch, tar, pork, beef, +and horses and corn which were sent to Virginia, Barbadoes, &c. +Tobacco and sugar were taken in payment and shipped to England. +Excellent masts were shipped from the Piscataqua River, and many +pipe-staves. There were more than twenty sawmills located on that +river and "much good timber was spoilt," reported an agent of Lord +Arlington, the Secretary of State.[50] New England masts, 33 to 35 +inches in diameter, at that time cost the Navy Commissioners from +£95 to £115 per mast. The agent also reported that Boston, the chief +town, was "built on a peninsula in the bottom of a bay, which is a +good harbour and full of fish. The houses are generally wooden, the +streets crooked, and neither days, months, seasons, churches, nor +inns are known by their English names." + + [50] _Calendar of State Papers, Am. and W. I._ (1661-1668), 347. + +During the middle years of the seventeenth century the waters of +the West Indies were covered with privateers commissioned to prey +upon Spanish commerce. Not only did the home government issue +these commissions but every Colonial governor as well, and not +infrequently it was difficult to separate privateering from piracy. +John Quelch, who was hanged in Boston for piracy, in 1704, preyed +upon Portuguese commerce as he supposed in safety and not until he +returned to Marblehead did he learn of the treaty of peace that +made him a pirate. In 1653, Thomas Harding captured a rich prize +sailing from Barbadoes and in consequence was tried in Boston for +piracy, but saved his neck when he was able to prove that the vessel +was Dutch and not Spanish. + +The town of Newport, R. I., frequently profited from the visits +of known pirates, as in 1688, when Peterson, in a "barkalonga" of +ten guns and seventy men, refitted at Newport and no bill could be +obtained against him from the grand jury, as they were neighbors and +friends of many of the men on board. Two Salem ketches also traded +with him and a master of one brought into "Martin's Vineyard," a +prize that Peterson, "the pirate, had taken in the West Indies."[51] +Andrew Belcher, a well-known Boston merchant, and master of the ship +_Swan_, paid Peterson £57, in money and provisions, for hides and +elephants' teeth, taken from his plunder. + + [51] _Massachusetts Archives_, XXXV, folio 61. + +The ill-defined connection between privateering and piracy was fully +recognized in those days and characterized publicly by the clergy. +In 1704 when Rev. Cotton Mather preached his "Brief Discourse +occasioned by a Tragical Spectacle in a Number of Miserables under +Sentence of Death for Piracy," he remarked that "the Privateering +Stroke so easily degenerates into the Piratical; and the +Privateering Trade is usually carried on with an Unchristian Temper, +and proves an Inlet unto so much Debauchery and Iniquity." + +Another strong influence that led to insecurity on the high seas +and eventually to outright piracy was the operation of the English +Navigation Acts. European nations were in agreement that the +possession of colonies meant the exclusive control of their trade +and manufactures. + +In 1696, Col. Charles Lidgett, a New England merchant, in "Some +Considerations Offered to the Board of Trade," wrote that "all +the American Colonies are generally esteemed according to the +Conveniency and benefit they bring to England, their Mother."[52] +Lord Chatham wrote, "The British Colonists in North America have no +right to manufacture so much as a nail for a horse shoe," and Lord +Sheffield went further and said, "The only use of American Colonies, +is the monopoly of their consumption, and the carriage of their +produce."[53] + + [52] _Cal. State Papers, Am. and W. I._ (1696-1697), 84. + + [53] Viscount Bury, _Exodus of the Western Nations_, London, 1865. + +English merchants naturally wished to sell at high prices and to buy +colonial raw materials as low as possible and as they were unable to +provide a market for all that was produced, the Colonies were at a +disadvantage in both buying and selling. By the Acts of Navigation +certain "enumerated articles" could be marketed only in England. +Lumber, salt provisions, grain, rum and other non-enumerated +articles might be sold within certain limits but must be transported +in English or plantation-built vessels of which the owners and +three-fourths of the mariners were British subjects. Freight rates +also advanced, as other nations, notably the Dutch, had previously +enjoyed a good share of the carrying trade. + +The first Navigation Act was passed in 1645. It was renewed and its +provisions enlarged in 1651, 1660, 1663 and later. Before long it +was found that these attempts to monopolize the colonial markets +resulted in a natural resistance and smuggling began and also an +extensive trade with privateers and pirates who brought into all the +smaller ports of New England captured merchandise that was sold at +prices below the usual market values. Matters went from bad to worse +and servants of the Crown frequently combined with the colonists to +evade the obnoxious laws. Even the Royal Governors connived at what +was going on. This was particularly true in the Colonies south of +New England. + +There were pirates and pirates. Some were letters-of-marque and +illegitimate traders and enjoyed the protection of merchants and +officials on shore, while others were outlaws. In 1690, Governor +Bradstreet of the Massachusetts Colony was complaining of the great +damage done to shipping by "French Privateers and Pirates," and +four years later, Frontenac, the Governor of Canada, was asking for +a frigate to cruise about the St. Lawrence against the New England +"_corsaires and filibusters_." There is no doubt these French +privateers were a considerable menace to New England shipping and +that there was need for privately armed vessels to protect the +coast, a task not easy or desirable; so why should one scrutinize +too closely semi-piratical captures made by so useful friends? + +The profits of piracy and the irregular trade practiced at that time +were large, and twenty-nine hundred per cent profit in illicit trade +was not unusual, so there is little wonder that adventurous men took +chances and honest letters-of-marque sometimes seized upon whatever +crossed their course. The pirate, the privateer and the armed +merchantman often blended the one into the other.[54] + + [54] Dow and Edmonds, _Pirates of the New England Coast_, Salem, + 1923. + +Edward Randolph landed in Boston on June 10, 1676, and during the +next week the following vessels arrived: "a Bostoner, 100 tons, +Clutterbuck, master, from Nantes, laden with 50 butts of brandy and +French commodities; a pink, of Boston, from France, of 70 tons, +with 12 tun of brandy, wine, etc.; a Scotsman, 130 tons, from the +Canaries, with 80 pipes of Canary; a Bostoner, 80 tons, from the +Canaries, with 50 pipes of Canary, and a ketch of Southampton, from +Canary, with wine."[55] He reported to Secretary Coventry that the +fishermen had made good voyages notwithstanding the war with the +Indians. He estimated that the fish exported amounted to about +£50,000 yearly with profitable returns in barter on masts and timber +for shipping sent to Barbadoes and other of the Carib Islands. The +Bay of Campeachy supplied about 1,000 tons of logwood annually. +The maritime towns were well stored with sailors, fishermen and +carpenters, and yearly several ships of good burthen were built, +besides ketches and barques. In 1676 thirty vessels had been ordered +set on the stocks by merchants in England, but the Indian War had +prevented building the full number. However, twelve were in process +of construction at Boston, Charlestown, Salisbury and other places, +some of which were upwards of 160 tons burthen. + + [55] _Cal. State Papers, Am. and W. I._ (1675-1676), 408. + +In October he wrote that there were about thirty merchants in +Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Maine estimated worth from £10,000 +to £20,000. Local commodities consisted of naval stores, cattle and +provisions, exported to Virginia, Maryland and the West Indies--(to +the latter were also sent "houses ready framed"), to Spain, +Portugal, the Straits and England. Tobacco, sugar, indigo, cotton, +wool, ginger, logwood, fustic, cocoa and rum were imported and again +exported. "They trade with most parts of Europe from which they +import direct all kinds of merchandise, so that little is left for +English merchants to import," wrote Randolph. "Some ships have been +sent to Guinea, Madagascar, etc., and some to Scanderoon; there are +built in the Colony, 730 ships varying from 6 to 250 tons, by thirty +master shipbuilders." Duties were imposed on provisions and wines +imported, and on ships, but there was no custom on exports, except +on horses.[56] + + [56] _Cal. State Papers, Am. and W. I._ (1675-1676), 466. + +In April, 1675, William Harris wrote from Boston that "The merchants +seem to be rich men, and their houses [are] as handsomely furnished +as most in London. In exchange of fish, pipe-staves, wool and +tobacco, they have from Spain, Portugal, and the islands, the +commodities of those islands; their wool they carry to France and +bring thence linen; to England they bring beaver, moose, and deer +skins, sugar and logwood, and carry hence cloth and ironwares; to +Barbadoes, in exchange for horses, beef, pork, butter, cheese, +flour, peas, biscuit, they have sugar and indigo; when they trade +with Jamaica; as they do sometimes, they bring home pieces of eight, +plate, and pigs of silver.... As to cloth, there are made here +Linsey woolseys, and other of cotton and wool, and some all sheep's +wool, but the better sort of linen is brought from England; they +have many woolcombers, and some make tammeys, but for their private +use. Salt they get from Tortudas, not far from Barbadoes. It is sold +at 10s. the hogshead, and is clear and white as alum, very sharp and +much stronger than ordinary bay salt."[57] + + [57] _Ibid._, 221-222. + +Governor Simon Bradstreet wrote in 1680, in answer to an enquiry +from the Lords of the Privy Council: "There may bee near twenty +English merchants within our Government bred up to that calling, and +neere as many others that do trade and merchandize more or less; +but Foreign merchants of other Nations Wee have none ... there are +two or three [merchants] in our Corporation that may bee worth +sixteen or eighteen thousand pound a piece, some few others worth +eight or ten Thousand pounds a piece, a third sort worth four or +five thousand pounds a piece.... Hee is accounted a rich man in the +Country that is worth one thousand or Fifteen hundred pounds. There +are about one hundred or one hundred and twenty Ships, Sloopes, +Katches and other Vessells that trade to and from hence yearly of +our own or English built, most of them belonging to the Colony, wee +have eight or ten ships of one hundred tons or upwards, three or +four of two hundred tons or more, and about Forty or Fifty Fishing +Katches of betwixt twenty and Forty tons; Six or eight English ships +do usually come hither yearly belonging to the Kingdom of England, +bringing commodities of all sorts from thence. + +"The obstructions wee [encounter] within our trade are the generall +decay of any profitable trade in the places wee mostly trade unto. +Vizt. to all his Majesties plantations in America, where wee send +our horses, beasts, timber, provisions, mackeril, fish, etc. For the +commodities of those places which are spent here or transported into +England wee finde those markets many times so overlaid and clogged +with the like comoditys from England, Ireland and other places, +that many of our commodities are sold at cheaper rates many times +then they were worth at home. 2dly The Algeir men of warr infesting +the seas in Europe have taken some of our Ships and men which is a +discouragement to our trade and Navigation. 3dly the French at Nova +Scotia or Acadia (as they call it) do interrupt our Fishers in those +parts and Sr. Edmond Andros, Governor of New-Yorke for his highness +the Duke of Yorke, doth the like betwixt the French and Pemaquid +requiring duty to bee paid to them by all our Vessells that fish in +those Seas, otherwise threatening to make prizes of them, which hath +been alwaies Formerly free For his Majesties Subjects for Fishing +ever since wee came hither. The double custom which our merchants +pay for Sugar, Indigo, Cotton Wool, Tobacco, etc. First at the +places from whence they fetch these commodities, the greatest part +whereof is transported from hence to England, where they pay the +full custome again. + +"Wee impose no rates or dutys upon Goods exported they being +generally the produce of the Country got with hard labour and sold +at low prices ... and but one penny pr pound upon Goods imported, +when they come into the Merchant's hands, which is the taxe wee +have set upon houses, Lands, cattle and other estate of the Country +yearly."[58] + + [58] _3 Collections_ (_Mass. Hist. Society_), Vol. VIII, pp. 336-339. + +By this time the Colonists were all comfortably housed according to +the standards of the period and were producing all the foodstuffs +needed and more. Wines and spirit were imported in considerable +quantity to give variety to the native beer and cider. Much butter +and cheese were brought from abroad and also luxuries such as +spices, chocolate, raisins of the sun, almonds, figs, oranges, +etc. Our English ancestors were gross eaters and drinkers. Mulled +and spiced wines were drunk in the absence of tea and coffee, and +highly-seasoned dishes were popular. The absence of a variety of +root-crops made it necessary to pickle meat and pepper and spice +were used to a considerable extent. There was a very comfortable and +varied diet among the merchant and governing class but the farmers +and common people lived much on salt pork, beans, fish and boiled +foods. As for clothing--home industry, of course, provided a certain +amount but as yet the loom was not in common use. Between 1665 +and 1675 over three hundred estates were settled in Essex County, +Massachusetts, with only nine looms listed in the inventories. +Eighty-three of these homes, however, possessed spinning +wheels--cotton, linen and wool--for every good wife and child could +knit stockings, mittens and tippets. Among those who died during +this ten years were two tailors, five shoemakers, a cloth worker and +eight weavers.[59] + + [59] _Probate Records Essex Co., Mass._, Salem, 1917. + +Much clothing was brought from overseas, particularly for the town +dwellers. John Hull, the mintmaster, records in his diary in June, +1657, that three ships arrived from London bringing supplies of +clothing, "for, as yet," he writes, "our chief supply, in respect +of clothes, is from England." He owned a number of vessels and +his little ketches were constantly on the go between Boston and +the Barbadoes and thence to Bilboa, London or Bristol. He shipped +salted fish, logwood, tobacco, furs and plantation products and +received iron in bars, salt, wines and fruits from Spain, while from +England came dress goods, lead, shot, etc. His serges he wanted "sad +coloured," none above 42 shillings, nor under 30 shillings. He also +instructed one of his captains to load "dowlass and good nowell +convass [which was used for sails], Dutch duffalls, red penystones +and flanils, no such scalet cloth as you brought me before." He +looked askance at calicoes. Another time he called for duffalls, +white, striped or blue, with red and blue stockings, none above 16 +shillings and under if possible. He wanted no "kersey" that cost +above 46 pence per yard and the black stuff, either of "hair or +wosted," must be cheap. + +A cousin once advised him to ship a cargo of pipe-staves, hoops +and fish to the Canaries, but he declined the venture and wrote in +reply that he "would more and more affect and imbrace opportunity of +getting out rather than running into the businesses of this world +Speacially forraigne trafficque as desirous to be more thoghtfull +of Lanching into that vast ocian of Eternity whither we must all +shortly bee carried yt soe I might bee in a prepared posture for my +Lord's Comeing."[60] + + [60] Hull, _Letter Book_ (American Antiquarian Society). + +His sea captains were carefully instructed "to see to the worship of +God every day in the vessel and to the santification of the Lord's +day and suppression of all prophaness that the Lord may delight to +be with you and his blessing be upon you which is the hearty prayer +of youre frind and own^r." The sailors were not all to this way of +thinking, however, but Mintmaster Hull rode with the ruling party +which saw to it that the Quarterly Courts were kept busy measuring +out the metes and bounds. In the journal of the voyage over kept by +the Reverend Higginson in 1629, he records a visitation of avenging +Providence; a just retribution inflicted upon the ungodly. He +writes, "this day a notorious wicked fellow yt was given to swearing +and boasting of his former wickednes and mocked at y^e daies of +fast, railing & jesting ag^t puritans, this fellow fell sicke of ye +[small] pocks and dyed." + +It is interesting to discover at how early a date it was possible to +purchase in the shops in New England, the manufactured products of +Old England. It is known that George Corwin set up a shop in Salem, +for the sale of fabrics and hardware, as early as 1651, or only +twenty-five years after the first immigration. His shop was well +stocked and at the outset he was selling such luxuries as children's +toys. Undoubtedly stocks of manufactured goods were on sale in the +Colony years before this time. In the matter of house hardware +Corwin sold a considerable variety of locks. He carried stock locks +of several sizes, spring locks with screws, single and double chest +locks, warded outside chest locks, outside box locks, plain cupboard +locks and small and large padlocks--by no means a poor assortment +for a small shop tucked into a corner in the American wilderness. + +This shop, a few years later, was supplying the town with such +articles as combs, white haft knives, barbers' scissors, flour +boxes, carving tools, carpenter's tools of all kinds, door latches, +curry combs and brushes for horses, and a great variety of earthen +and woodenware. Its shelves held broadcloth, red cloth rash, +perpetuana, red cotton, sad colored rugs, green rugs, green Tammy, +blue calico, crape, curley duroy, prunella, silk barronet, peniston, +Persian silk, worsted faradeen, camblet, St. Peter's canvas, hall +cloth, vittery, blue linen, noyles, together with a great variety +of hose, stomachers, ribbons, tape, fileting, silk and gimp laces, +needles, pins, thread, buttons, etc., etc.[61] + + [61] Corwin MSS. (Essex Institute, Salem, Mass.). + +The invoice of an importation made into Boston in 1690, contains +such items as brass curtain rings, dressing glasses, square +monument candlesticks, iron spring candlesticks, brass extinguishers +and save-alls, tin lanterns, pocket nutmeg graters, bread graters, +wooden rat traps with springs and a great variety of woodenware. It +seems strange that New England should import from across seas wooden +plates and bowls, yet here they are: + + 9 doz. best Maple Trenchers @ 30/ per dozen + 1 doz. Porridge Dishes at 11/4. + +Here also are carved spoons, beer taps, hair sieves, sucking bottles +and milk trays.[62] + + [62] John Caxy v. Joseph Mallenson, _Mass. Archives_. + +From the returns of outward and inward entries at the Colonial +ports, the records of which are now preserved in the Public Record +Office in London, much may be learned concerning early shipping +and trade in the Massachusetts Bay. Let us take, for example, the +last six months in the year 1714, covering the outward entries +of shipping at the port of Boston. During that time there were +236 clearances not including, of course, fishermen and coasting +craft. The rig is not stated in the first part of the register but +between Sept. 21st and December 31st there were cleared 49 ships, +18 brigantines, 64 sloops, two barques, one snow, one pink, and a +"ship or snow" of 40 tons. Not a schooner is mentioned. The largest +ship measured 210 tons and the smallest was the _Grayhound_ of +London, a British-built vessel of 33 tons, carrying a crew of five +men and a cargo of dyewood, turpentine, whale oil, barrel staves and +sugar. With the exception of five ships hailing from London, every +vessel cleared was "plantation built," that is, it had been built +in one of the American colonies. Of the 236 entries, 147 of the +vessels hailed from Boston; 18 were owned in London; six in Bristol; +four came from the West Indies; and the rest hailed from New York, +Virginia, Maryland, and other colonies. Most of them were small +craft averaging from thirty to sixty tons burthen.[63] + + [63] Public Record Office, C.O. 5: 848-851 (copies at Essex + Institute). + +The _Hopewell_, of North Carolina, five tons, and a crew of two men, +was loaded with rum and salt. + +The _Swallow_, of Boston, 20 tons, and three men, sailed for +Annapolis Royal with a cargo of tobacco, pitch, molasses, rum, pork, +and English goods for the garrison. + +The sloop _Success_, owned in New York, 20 tons, with four men, +sailed for home carrying four hhds. rum, pewter ware, a cart, +chairs, boxes, etc. + +The sloop _Pelican_ of Boston, 25 tons, with four men, sailed for +Virginia, loaded with 42 bbls. salt, three hhds. rum, iron pots, etc. + +The sloop _Sea Flower_ of Boston, 40 tons, with six men, entered +out, the 3d day of November, carrying bread, butter, beer, onions, +and peas for the logwood cutters in the Bay of Campeachy. + +The brigantine _William and Susanna_, owned in Salem, 40 tons, and +eight men, sailed for Virginia, carrying rum, lime juice, salt, +earthen ware, etc. + +The sloop _Branch_ of Boston, 50 tons, with six men, sailed for +South Carolina, carrying rum, blubber, onions, etc. + +The brigantine _Speedwell_ of Boston, 60 tons, with seven men, +cleared for Surinam, carrying 10 pipes of wine and twenty horses. + +The ship _Brunswick_ of Boston, 65 tons, two guns and ten men, +sailed for Barbadoes, carrying 37 hhds. fish, 50 boxes candles, and +15 boxes of soap. + +The ship _Mary Ann_ of London, 80 tons, with four guns and ten men, +entered out, bound for Lisbon, carrying 240 quintals of salted fish, +"which is the whole cargo," states the register. + +The ship _Bedmunster_ of Bristol, 100 tons, with ten men, returned +home with 18-1/2 tons of logwood, 507 bbls. tar, 307 bbls. pitch, 7 +bbls. whale oil, and 40-1/2 bbls. cranberries. + +The ship _Amity_ of London, 130 tons, six guns and fourteen men, +returned with a cargo of 20 hhds. sugar, 5 bags of cotton, 168 tons, +9 cwt. 1 qr. and 14 lbs. logwood, 10 bbls. pitch, pimento, wines, +furs and staves. + +The largest ship to clear was the _Sophia_ of Boston, 310 tons, +built in New Hampshire, armed with 18 guns and carrying a crew of +twenty men. She sailed for Barbadoes carrying fish, corn, candles +and lumber. + +Among the more unusual articles of merchandise enumerated in the +cargo lists are "2 cases of returned pictures," shipped to London; +pots and frying pans, to Maryland; apples, cider, Indian meal, and +six sheep, shipped to Newfoundland; 230 barrels of cider shipped to +Philadelphia; and rum, cider, iron and brass, saddles and bridles, +etc. to North Carolina. Bricks, shingles, iron and woodenware, hops, +pickled sturgeon, beeswax, rice, furs, washed leather, linens and +calicoes are mentioned. + +The West India trade called for lumber, horses, rum, food, and +luxuries; and supplied sugar and molasses. Salt fish and pickled +sturgeon were sent to Spain, Portugal and the Western Islands--Roman +Catholic countries. The important dyewood trade in the Bay of +Campeachy required foodstuffs; and the coasting trade with the +Southern colonies called for manufactured goods of all sorts and +supplied in return tobacco, pitch, turpentine and tar, which were +used in the New England shipyards and also reshipped to England. +The fisheries in Newfoundland called for foodstuffs and London and +Bristol supplied markets for dyewoods, naval stores, furs, whale +oil, sugar, manufactured lumber, and wines brought from Portugal and +the Western Islands. + +During the months of April, May and June, in the year 1717, there +were twenty-seven inward entries at the Salem customhouse. All +but three were plantation built. Seventeen were owned in Salem; +two hailed from London; two from Liverpool, and one from Bristol. +There were eight ships, four brigantines, twelve sloops and three +schooners. The first of these schooners to enter was the schooner +_Fisher_, 30 tons, Timothy Orne, master, registered at the Salem +customhouse, Oct. 27, 1715. This is the earliest authentic record +of a schooner I have ever found. Those vessels having the largest +tonnage were the ship _Patience and Judith_, 100 tons, owned in +London, England, and carrying six guns and a crew of fourteen men, +entering from the Isle of May, with a cargo of 140 tons of salt; +and, second, the ship _Friendship_, Capt. Samuel Crow, 100 tons, +owned in Salem, carrying two guns and a crew of ten men, also +entering from the Isle of May with 90 tons of salt. Ten out of the +twenty-seven entries brought in salt for the Salem fisheries. +Rum and lignumvitae wood came from the West Indies, and wheat, +corn, beans, flour, flax, hides, pork and lard came from Maryland, +Virginia and North Carolina. The ships from English ports brought +European goods. + +During the last three months of 1754, eighty-seven vessels cleared +outward at the Salem customhouse and sixty-eight were schooners. +The largest tonnage was the snow _Aurora_ of Salem, 130 tons, built +at Newbury that year, sailing for Liverpool with a cargo of 15,000 +staves and 40 tons of pine timber. Of the ten European clearances, +seven were for Bilboa, with salted fish; thirty-three cleared for +ports in the West Indies; forty for southern colonies; and two for +Newfoundland. The principal cargoes were salted fish, manufactured +lumber, rum, sugar, molasses, salt, horses, sheep, and salted meats. +Nearly all clearing for Maryland, Virginia and the Carolinas carried +cargoes of wooden, earthen and iron wares, probably manufactured in +Salem or its immediate vicinity. Twenty-six thousand bricks were +shipped to the West Indies and 20 bales of hay to South Carolina. +The two schooners clearing for Halifax were loaded with "dead meat," +probably intended for the garrison. + +During the first three months of the year 1762, fifty-three vessels +cleared from Salem, bound for foreign ports and the southern +colonies; thirty-four were schooners. The largest vessel was the +ship _Antelope_, 150 tons, a prize, registered at Salem in 1761 and +owned by Richard Derby. She cleared for Guadaloupe with lumber, +fish, train oil, and Fyall wines. There were nineteen clearances +for Guadaloupe during those three winter months. Listed with the +staples were the following curious items, viz.: 7-1/2 tons prize soap, +illegally imported, shipped to Guadaloupe; and 12,000 feet of oars, +shipped to St. Christophers. There is a surprising diversity of +ownership among these fifty-three vessels. No large shipowner had a +considerable interest. Richard Derby of Salem owned three vessels; +Robert Hooper of Marblehead, two; Jeremiah Lee of Marblehead, two; +Nathaniel Ellery of Gloucester, owned two and the rest were owned by +men who cleared only one vessel. + +The ships, that plied between English and American ports, at more +or less regular intervals during the eighteenth century, not only +brought an exchange of merchandise, but also carried passengers. +Officials connected with the government--the customs service and +the military establishment, with a sprinkling of clergymen and +scholars, were crossing on nearly every ship and the New England +merchant sailing to London to buy a new stock of goods for his shop +and the Englishman who came to the colonies bringing adventures of +goods in great variety, all helped to maintain the service. In the +year 1737, the Boston newspapers mention by name eighteen persons +who had arrived by ship or were about departing. On January 31st, +John Banister, late in business with his uncle Samuel Banister, at +Marblehead, advertised in the _Gazette_ that he designed speedily +to embark for Great Britain and requested a settlement of all +accounts. John Jeykill, the collector of the Port of Boston, +arrived from London, April 18th, in Captain Shepardson; early in +May, Thomas Phillips of Boston, merchant, advertised that he would +sell his household furniture by vendue, as he intended speedily +for London, and a week later Major Martin and family arrived from +Antequa, in the West Indies. He proposed to reside in Boston for a +few years. Toward the last of the month, the Lieutenant-Governor of +New Hampshire sailed from Portsmouth, bound for England, and about +the middle of June, the Rev. Doctor McSparrow and lady arrived in +Boston. As late in the year as December 20th, Edmund Quincy, Esq., +the agent of the Province at the Court of Great Britain, was sailing +for London, in Captain Homans, with several other unnamed gentlemen. + +Very little is known at the present time concerning the intimate +details of life on board ship in the early times and especially as +to the accommodations provided for passengers. On the vessels that +brought over emigrants in any number, the living conditions must +have been well-nigh intolerable because of crowding many people into +limited space and also by reason of a meagre equipment and lack of +necessary conveniences. During the period of the German emigration +and that from northern Ireland in the mid-eighteenth century, there +was frequently a high mortality during the voyage and sometimes, +when it was of unusual length, the supply of food and water ran +short and there was terrible suffering. Doubtless some attempt +was made to separate the sexes and the families but from time to +time cases are found in the court records in which depositions or +testimony clearly show that living conditions on board ship in the +early days were decidedly of a miscellaneous character. + +It isn't necessary to delve into the very remote past in order to +discover casual social relations between the sexes on board ship. In +1888, I went the length of Cape Breton and while sailing up the Bras +d'Or lakes on the steamer that plied regularly during the summer, I +came on deck early one morning to see the sun rise and then began an +exploration of the boat. On the lower deck I suddenly came upon some +twenty or more barefooted and half-clothed men and women lying in a +long row, side by side, stretched out on mattresses placed on the +deck. They were probably waitresses, cooks, stewards, and the like, +but may have been second-class passengers. However that may be, they +were unconscious of the presence of any passer-by and slept quietly +together like so many puppies. + +In the olden time it is known that in the more regular passenger +service the main cabin was parted off at night by means of curtains. +Small cabins or staterooms were also built and especially on +the larger ships. It is impossible to imagine that it could be +otherwise, when the official station or wealth of the passenger is +considered. + +The captain's cabin had its steward and there the food and service +were undoubtedly better than that provided forward where all slept +in canvas hammocks slung from hooks in the deck timbers overhead, +or lay upon pallet beds on the deck. Here they served themselves +from the ship's galley. The foul odors below deck and the unsanitary +conditions are part of the lore of the sea. "Ship feaver" was well +known to all physicians practicing in seaport towns. In those days +the cooking was done in an open fireplace. So, too, on shipboard +there was provided an open "hearth" made of cast iron and weighing +from four to eight hundred pounds. This was fastened to the deck +and its "chimney" was screened by a "smoke sail." A smaller "hearth" +was in the captain's cabin and supplied all the heat below. It must +have been bitterly cold on board ship during a winter crossing. +The coals in these "hearths" were a menace to safety and required +constant attention. + +A communication printed in the _Boston News-Letter_ describes +an escape from fire on board one of these English packets. The +writer, a good New England puritan, first declares his suspicion +that a certain military gentleman, a fellow passenger from Boston, +had brought on board a fair lady who was not his wife. The couple +occupied a small cabin, partitioned off from the main cabin, which +had a curtained window looking into it. There were other curtains +about. As the Boston shopkeeper sat near the "hearth," musing over +his suspicions, a sudden lurch of the vessel brought a carelessly +placed curtain swinging into the coals on the "hearth" and in an +instant it was aflame. The shopkeeper shouted "Fire! Fire!" which +brought the major's inamorata to her cabin window and an instant +later she rushed into the main cabin with a certain necessary +receptacle in her hands. One splash and the worst was over. The +charred curtain was soon torn from its fastenings and the fire +stamped out on the cabin floor. + +In 1760, Jacob Bailey, a native of Rowley, Mass., and a graduate +of Harvard College, having prepared for the ministry and been +licensed to preach, determined to obtain orders in the Church of +England and so, through the intervention of friends, took passage +from Boston for London in the ship _Hind_, carrying twenty guns, +which sailed in company with six other vessels. Mr. Bailey kept a +diary of the voyage and his description of the accommodations which +the ship supplied, the life on board, and the men with whom he was +brought in contact, is a surprisingly vivid picture of strange and +uncouth conditions attending passenger service to England in the +mid-eighteenth century. The ship lay at anchor in the harbor and Mr. +Bailey went out to her in a small boat. + +"The wind was blowing strong, and it was some time before we could +get on board ship. At length, with difficulty, I clambered up the +side and found myself in the midst of a most horrid confusion. The +deck was crowded full of men, and the boatswain's shrill whistle, +with the swearing and hallooing of the petty officers, almost +stunned my ears. I could find no retreat from this dismal hubbub, +but was obliged to continue jostling among the crowd above an hour +before I could find anybody at leisure to direct me. At last, Mr. +Letterman, the Captain's steward, an honest Prussian, perceiving +my disorder, introduced me through the steerage to the lieutenant. +I found him sitting in the great cabin. He appeared to be a young +man, scarce twenty years of age, and had in his countenance some +indications of mildness. Upon my entrance he assumed a most +important look and with a big voice demanded to know my request. +I informed him that I was a passenger on board the _Hind_, by +permission of Capt. Bond, and desired that he would be civil enough +to direct me to the place of my destination. He replied in this +laconic style: 'Sir, I will take care to speak to one of my mates.' +This was all the notice, at present. But happily, on my return from +the cabin, I found my chest and bedding carefully stowed away in the +steerage. In the meantime the ship was unmoored and we fell gently +down to Nantasket.... + +"I observed a young gentleman walking at a distance, with a pensive +air in his countenance. Coming near him, in a courteous manner +he invited me down between decks to a place he called his berth. +I thanked him for his kindness and readily followed him down a +ladder into a dark and dismal region, where the fumes of pitch, +bilge water, and other kinds of nastiness almost suffocated me +in a minute. We had not proceeded far before we entered a small +apartment, hung round with damp and greasy canvas, which made, on +every hand, a most gloomy and frightful appearance. In the middle +stood a table of pine, varnished over with nasty slime, furnished +with a bottle of rum and an old tin mug with a hundred and fifty +bruises and several holes, through which the liquor poured in as +many streams. This was quickly filled with toddy and as speedily +emptied by two or three companions who presently joined us in this +doleful retreat. Not all the scenes of horror about us could +afford me much dismay till I received the news that this detestable +apartment was allotted by the captain to be the place of my +habitation during the voyage! + +"Our company continually increased, when the most shocking oaths and +curses resounded from every corner, some loading their neighbors +with bitter execrations, while others uttered imprecations too awful +to be recorded. The persons present were: first, the captain's +clerk, the young fellow who gave me the invitation. I found him a +person of considerable reading and observation who had fled his +native country on account of a young lady to whom he was engaged. +Second, was one John Tuzz, a midshipman and one of my messmates, a +good-natured, honest fellow, apt to blunder in his conversation and +given to extravagant profaneness. Third, one Butler, a minister's +son, who lived near Worcester, in England. He was a descendant from +Butler, the author of _Hudibras_, and appeared to be a man of fine +sense and considerable breeding, yet, upon occasion, was extremely +profane and immodest, yet nobody seemed a greater admirer of +delicacy in women than himself. My fourth companion was one Spear, +one of the mates, a most obliging ingenious young gentleman, who was +most tender of me in my cruel sickness. Fifth: one of our company +this evening was the carpenter of the ship who looked like a country +farmer, drank excessively, swore roundly, and talked extravagantly. +Sixth: was one Shephard, an Irish midshipman, the greatest champion +of profaneness that ever fell under my notice. I scarce ever knew +him to open his mouth without roaring out a tumultuous volley of +stormy oaths and imprecations. After we had passed away an hour +or two together, Mr. Lisle, the lieutenant of marines, joined our +company. He was about fifty years of age, of gigantic stature, and +quickly distinguished himself by the quantities of liquor he poured +down his throat. He also was very profane. + +"About nine o'clock the company began to think of supper, when a +boy was called into the room. Nothing in human shape did I ever see +before so loathsome and nasty. He had on his body a fragment only +of a check shirt, his bosom was all naked and greasy, over his +shoulders hung a bundle of woolen rags which reached in strings +almost down to his feet, and the whole composition was curiously +adorned with little shining animals. The boy no sooner made his +appearance than one of our society accosted him in this gentle +language. 'Go you ---- rascal, and see whether lobscouse is ready.' +Upon this the fellow began to mutter and scratch his head, but +after two or three hearty curses, went for the galley and presently +returned with an elegant dish which he placed on the table. It was +a composition of beef and onions, bread and potatoes, minced and +stewed together, then served up with its broth in a wooden tub, the +half of a quarter cask. The table was furnished with two pewter +plates, the half of one was melted away, and the other, full of +holes, was more weather-beaten than the sides of the ship; one knife +with a bone handle, one fork with a broken tine, half a metal spoon +and another, taken at Quebec, with part of the bowl cut off. When +supper was ended, the company continued their exercise of drinking, +swearing and carousing, till half an hour after two, when some of +these obliging gentlemen made a motion for my taking some repose. +Accordingly, a row of greasy canvas bags, hanging overhead by the +beams, were unlashed. Into one of them it was proposed that I should +get, in order to sleep, but it was with the utmost difficulty I +prevented myself from falling over on the other side.... + +"The next day, towards evening, several passengers came on board, +viz: Mr. Barons, late Collector, Major Grant, Mr. Barons' footman, +and Mrs. Cruthers, the purser's wife, a native of New England. After +some considerable dispute, I had my lodgings fixed in Mr. Pearson's +berth, where Master Robant, Mr. Baron's man, and I, agreed to lie +together in one large hammock."[64] + + [64] Rev. W. A. Bartlett, _The Frontier Missionary_, Boston, 1853. + +Such were the accommodations of the petty officers' mess on board a +twenty-gun ship of 1760 in the New England service. + +In October, 1774, Miss Janet Schaw set sail from the Firth of Forth, +Scotland, in the brig _Jamaica Packet_, of eighty tons burden, built +in Massachusetts two years before. With her sailed a girl friend, +two young nephews, her brother and her maid. They arrived on board +in the evening and turned in at once. In Miss Schaw's journal of the +voyage, now in the British Museum, we read: + +"Our Bed chamber, which is dignified with the title of _state room_, +[there were only two staterooms: the captain occupied the other] is +about five foot wide and six long; on one side is a bed fitted up +for Fanny and on the opposite side one for me. Poor Fanny's is so +very narrow, that she is forced to be tied on, or as the Sea term +is _lashed in_, to prevent her falling over. On the floor below +us lies our Abigail. As she has the breadth of both our Beds and +excellent Bedding, I think she has got a most envyable Berth, but +this is far from her opinion, and she has done nothing but grumble +about her accommodations." The two had been asleep about an hour +when her brother came to the stateroom and let down "the half door" +to enquire after their healths. His "Cott" swung from the ceiling +of the cabin of the brig and the two boys slept on a mattress on +the deck beneath the hammock. The hencoop was located on deck just +over his head and in the morning the rooster and hens kept up such a +pecking that it was impossible for him to sleep. The brig was making +a northerly course in a heavy sea and Fanny and the maid were both +seasick and lying flat on their backs in their five by six foot +cubicle, dimensions probably somewhat underestimated by Miss Schaw, +although later she records that "we sit in bed till we dress, and +get into it whenever we begin to undress." + +In the cabin, in which Schaw hung his "cott," was a small cast-iron +stove and here, too, was the case containing the Captain's gin, +which he frequently opened and the odor of which set their stomachs +topsy-turvy and sent poor Fanny to her bed, and Schaw flying on deck +for fresh air. This cabin was furnished with joint stools, chests, +table, and even an elbow chair which Miss Schaw had lashed to a +mooring near the fireside. + +A few days after sailing the brig ran into a storm and the water +finding its way into the cabin almost reached the beds in the +stateroom--(which was located beside the companion stair)--forcing +the maid to "peg in with the boys who could easily let her share +with them." The gale also washed away most of their private store +of provisions so they were forced to depend upon the ship's stores +which consisted mainly of neck-beef, several barrels of New England +pork, then on its third voyage across the Atlantic, oatmeal, +stinking herrings and excellent potatoes. Lobscouse was a favorite +dish made from salt beef that had been hung by a string over the +side of the ship till tolerably fresh and then cut up in little +pieces and stewed for some time with potatoes, onions and peppers. +They also varied their diet by "chowder, scratch-platter and +stir-about."[65] + + [65] _Journal of a Lady of Quality_, New Haven, 1921. + +Just forward of the cabin was the steerage filled with immigrants +of all ages. Their beds were made up on the deck where they lay +alongside of each other and in this low-studded space they existed +when the hatches were battened down in stormy weather. "They have +only for a grown person per week, one pound neck beef, or spoilt +pork, two pounds oat meal, with a small quantity of bisket, not only +mouldy, but absolutely crumbled down with damp, wet and rottenness. +The half is only allowed a child, so that if they had not potatoes, +it is impossible they could live out the voyage. They have no drink, +but a very small proportion of brakish bad water." + +It is quite plain that eighteenth-century trans-Atlantic voyaging +was full of discomfort to the average traveler, and to the +unfortunate in the steerage a fearful adventure. + + + + +CHAPTER XII + +FROM WAMPUM TO PAPER MONEY + + +The early settlers of New England had little coinage for circulation +and were driven to the necessity of using the produce of the soil +and the live stock from their pastures as their media of exchange. +Peltry also was one of the first and for many years the principal +article of currency. It was offered in great abundance by the +Indians who were very ready to barter it for beads, knives, hatchets +and blankets and especially for powder, shot, guns and "strong +water." + +In most of the Colonies the wampum of the Indians also was +extensively used and frequently was paid into the treasury in +payment of taxes. So, also, were cattle and corn as is shown +by numerous enactments of the Great and General Court of the +Massachusetts Bay. Musket balls were also current and were made +legal tender by order of the Court which decreed "that musket +bullets of a full bore shall pass current for a farthing a piece +provided that no man be compelled to take more than 12 pence at a +time of them." In Virginia, tobacco was used for currency and "from +100 to 150 pounds of it bought many a man a good wife." + +The Indian wampum was perhaps the most convenient currency +available. It is described by Roger Williams who, perhaps, had a +better knowledge of it than most of the early colonists. He says: +"It is of two kinds which the Indians make of the stem or the stock +of the periwinkle after all the shell is broken off. [The periwinkle +is a mollusc, more common south of Cape Cod than along the shores +of Massachusetts Bay.] Of this kind, six of the small beads, which +they make with holes to string upon their bracelet, are current +with the English for a penny. The other kind is black, inclined +to a blue shade, which is made of the shell of a fish [that is, a +mollusc] which some of the English call henspoquahoc [now known as +the hen-clam or quahaug] and of this description three are equal to +an English penny. One fathom of this stringed money is worth five +shillings." + +To show the intimate relation of this Indian money to our early +history, it appears that even Harvard College accepted it for +tuition fees and otherwise; for in 1641 a trading company, chartered +to deal with the Indians in furs and wampum, was required to relieve +the College of its super-abundance of this odd currency and redeem +it, "provided they were not obliged to take more than £25 of it +at any one time." The thrifty Dutch at New Amsterdam, however, +took advantage of the scarcity of legitimate currency and the +corresponding demand for wampum and established factories where they +made it in such vast quantities that the market was broken and the +value of wampum rapidly decreased. + +The great source of metallic currency for New England in those +earliest days was the West India Islands and much silver brought +from there was later coined into "pine tree" shillings and +sixpences. Governor Winthrop, in 1639, tells of a "small bark from +the West Indies, one Capt. Jackson in her, with a commission from +the Westminister Company to take prizes from the Spanish. He brought +much wealth in money, plate, indigo and sugar." But metallic money +became so scarce that by 1640 there was but little in the colonies +and the greatest difficulty existed in making payments for goods or +the wages of servants. In one instance, in Rowley, "the master was +forced to sell a pair of his oxen to pay his servant's wages and so +told the servant he could keep him no longer, not knowing how to pay +him the next year. The servant answered him that he would [continue +to] serve him for more of his cattle. But how shall I do, said the +master, when all my cattle are gone? The servant replied, why, then +you shall serve me and you shall then have your cattle again." + +Various attempts were made to establish values to certain coins, +more or less ficticious, but this failed to relieve the situation +and finally, to obtain a more stable basis the Massachusetts +General Court adopted a currency of its own and the "pine tree" +money appeared, shortly preceded by the more rude and more easily +counterfeited New England shillings and sixpences, that bore on +one side the letters "N. E." within a small circle and on the other +side the denomination in Roman numerals. These primitive coins were +made between 1650 and 1652 and were superseded by the true oak and +pine tree pieces after that date. The simple irregular form of the +"N. E." coins rendered them an easy prey to the counterfeiter and +the clipper, and the design of the newer coins, covering the whole +surface of the planchet, was a protection against both dangers. The +"N. E." shilling is now a rare coin and likewise the sixpence, while +the threepence is rarer still, but two or three genuine examples +being known to exist. + +There are two distinct forms of the so-called "pine tree" currency, +the one bearing on the obverse a representation of a tree resembling +an oak, or as some say, a willow; the other with the true pine-tree. +It is thought that the ruder pieces bearing the oak tree design +were the first coined and that the more perfect pine tree money +was issued later. At any rate both "oak" and "pine tree" pieces, +shillings, sixpences and threepences, all bear the same date, 1652. +But this money was issued continuously until 1686 without a change +of the date, it is said, to avoid interference from the English +government, the coining of money by the colonists being a distinct +violation of the royal prerogative. By the retention of the original +date it was thought to deceive the authorities at home into the +belief that the violation of the laws ceased as it began, in 1652. +In 1652, however, a two-penny piece was minted bearing the oak tree +design and hence it is natural to suppose that the pieces bearing +the true pine tree design were the last coined and not issued until +after 1662. + +One of the traditions connected with the pine or oak tree money +is the story that Sir Thomas Temple, who was a real friend of the +colonists, in 1662, showed some of the pieces to the King at the +council table in London, when King Charles demanded upon what +authority these colonists had coined money anyway and sought to have +orders sent to prohibit any further issues. "But," responded Sir +Thomas, "this tree is the oak which saved your majesty's life and +which your loyal subjects would perpetuate." Sir Thomas of course +referred to the episode of Boscobel in which Charles II escaped +his enemies by hiding in the branches of an oak. This it is said +so pleased the King that he dropped the subject and the coining of +"pine tree" money proceeded merrily, as before, for twenty-five +years longer. + +The master of the mint was John Hull who lived in Boston where +Pemberton Square now opens from Tremont Street and where later was +the famous garden and residence of Gardner Green, Esq. The mint +house, sixteen feet square and ten feet high, was built on land +belonging to Hull in the rear of his house. Robert Sanderson, a +friend of Hull, was associated with him in making the "pine tree" +money. It is not known how they divided their profit, but they +received one shilling sixpence for each twenty shillings coined, +and as it is estimated that "pine tree" money to the amount of five +millions of dollars in value was made during the thirty-four years +it was issued, the commissions received must have been very large +and the statement that the dowry, said to have been £30,000, given +to Hull's daughter at her marriage, appears reasonable. That the +girl, plump as she is reported to have been, actually weighed down +the dowry in shillings, is, of course, absurd as that amount in +silver would weigh over 6,000 pounds rating a silver £ as weighing 4 +oz. at that time. + +Hawthorne's description of what is said to have taken place on that +occasion is too vivid a picture to be overlooked. He relates that +Captain John Hull was appointed to manufacture the pine tree money +and had about one shilling out of every twenty to pay him for the +trouble of making them. Hereupon all the old silver in the colony +was handed over to Captain John Hull. The battered silver cans and +tankards, I suppose, and silver buckles and broken spoons, and +silver hilts of swords that figured at court--all such articles were +doubtless thrown into the melting pot together. + +The magistrates soon began to suspect that the mint-master would +have the best of the bargain and they offered him a large sum of +money if he would but give up that twentieth shilling which he was +continually dropping into his own pocket. But Captain Hull declared +himself perfectly satisfied with the shilling. And well he might be, +for so diligently did he labor that in a few years, his pockets, +his money bags, and his strong box were overflowing with pine tree +shillings. + +Then Samuel Sewall, afterwards the famous Judge Sewall of the days +of witchcraft fame, came a courting to Hull's daughter. Betsy was +a fine and hearty damsel and having always fed heartily on pumpkin +pies, doughnuts, Indian puddings and other Puritan dainties, she was +as round and plump as a pudding herself. + +"Yes, you may take her," said Captain Hull, to her lover, young +Sewall, "and you'll find her a heavy burden enough." Hawthorne +describes the wedding and the costumes of the contracting parties +and their friends, and Captain Hull he "supposes," rather improbably +one would think, however, "dressed in a plum colored coat all the +buttons of which were made of pine tree shillings. The buttons of +his waistcoat were of sixpences and the knees of his small clothes +were buttoned with silver three-pences ... and as to Betsy herself, +she was blushing with all her might, and looked like a full-blown +peony or a great red apple." + +When the marriage ceremony was over, at a whispered word from +Captain Hull, a large pair of scales was lugged into the room, such +as wholesale merchants use for weighing bulky commodities, and +quite a bulky commodity was now to be weighed in them. "Daughter +Betsy," said the mint-master, "get into one side of these scales." +Miss Betsy--or Mrs. Sewall as we must now call her--did as she was +bid and again the servants tugged, this time bringing in a huge +iron-bound oaken chest which being opened proved to be full to the +brim with bright pine tree shillings fresh from the mint. At Captain +Hull's command the servants heaped double handfuls of shillings into +one side of the scales, while Betsy remained in the other. Jingle, +jingle, went the shillings as handful after handful was thrown +in, till, plump and ponderous as she was, they fairly weighed the +young lady from the floor. "There, son Sewall," cried the honest +mint-master, resuming his seat, "take these shillings for my +daughter's portion. Use her kindly and thank Heaven for her. It's +not every wife that's worth her weight in silver." + +However interesting the story may be of the plump girl sitting in +one pan of the scales as shillings were thrown into the other, as +depicted in Hawthorne's version of the affair, we must be permitted +to consider that time has cast a halo around the mint-master's +daughter and increased both her avoirdupois and her dowry. + +Massachusetts was the only New England colony to coin silver but +close upon the date of the issue of the first "pine tree" money +came the Maryland shilling, sixpence, groat and penny, the last in +copper. These bear no date but appeared about 1659, the dies having +been made in England. + +Numerous coins were later made in the colonies, either intended for +regular circulation or as tokens privately issued, among which are +the Granby coppers--rude half-pennies--made in 1737 by one John +Higley, the blacksmith, at Granby, Conn. They were made of soft +copper which was dug at Granby and are never found in very good +condition. + +The word dollar is the English form of the German word thaler, and +the origin of the thaler is as follows: In the year 1519, Count +Schlick of Bohemia issued silver coins weighing one ounce each and +worth 113 cents. They were coined at Joachimsthal, that is, James's +Valley or dale, hence they became known as "Joachimsthalers," soon +shortened to thalers. Through trade with the Dutch these coins came +into England in the sixteenth century and are referred to sometimes +as "dalers." + +But the dollar came to the American continent not through the Dutch +or English but through the Spanish. This was due to the extent of +the Spanish Empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and +also to the great quantities of silver which Spain drew from her +mines in Mexico and South America. The Spanish coin was, strictly +speaking, a peso, better known as a piece of eight, because it was +equal to eight reals (royals). As it was of the same value, the name +dollar was given to the piece of eight about the year 1690. + +The most famous Spanish dollar was known as the pillar dollar, +because it had on one side two pillars, representing the pillars +of Hercules, the classical name for the Straits of Gibralter, and +this Spanish dollar was common in America at the time of the War of +Independence. + +In 1690 the treasury of the colony was so nearly exhausted that the +Great and General Court decided to issue promises to pay, the first +paper money minted by any Colony. The values were ten shillings, one +pound and five pounds. The occasion for this issue was primarily the +expenses of Governor Phips's expedition against Quebec, which was +thriftily expected to more than pay costs. The French and Indians, +however, were too strong for Sir William, and the colonial treasury +was faced with costs to the amount of £50,000, instead of the +anticipated loot. These "Colony" or "Charter bills" obtained a wide +circulation and were called in annually and redeemed and reissued as +need arose, but after a few years, confidence in them decreased and +before long they passed at a discount as great as 30 per cent. + +In 1722, Massachusetts tried to relieve the scarcity of small change +by issuing five hundred pounds worth of tokens of the value of one, +two and three pence. They were printed on parchment to make them +more durable but apparently were not a success as there were no more +printed. + +As the years went by, monetary conditions became more and more +unstable, and in 1740 an attempt was made to establish a bank in +the hope of placing the currency on a firmer basis. The fight lay +between a silver bank with bullion behind its notes and a land bank +issuing notes guaranteed by mortgages and manufactured articles. +These notes were to come due in twenty years and at that time the +holders instead of receiving coin might be forced to take their pay +in cast iron, bayberry wax, leather, cordwood, or other articles +of trade that might be difficult to dispose of. One of these notes +preserved in the cabinets of the Massachusetts Historical Society +has written on its back, in old-time handwriting, "A Land Bank bill +reserved as a specimen of ye mad humour among many of ye people of +ye Province, 1740." + +Money matters now went from bad to worse. The value of silver was +called tenor. In 1740 silver was worth six shillings, eight pence +per ounce and in 1746 seven shillings, sixpence, and the buying +value of bills varied from year to year. + +"Imagine having to keep in mind the relative values of bills of old +tenor, with silver at 6/8, or middle tenor; or new tenor firsts at +6/8, but passing current at 7/8; or new tenor seconds, all of which +were laboring under fluctuating but constantly increasing rates of +depreciation, while there were also to be remembered Connecticut +bills of new tenor at 8/. and Rhode Island bills at 6/9 an ounce, +and also £110,000 worth of private bills of the issue of 1733, which +were worth a third more than the Colony bills, and also £120,000 in +notes issued in 1740, "on a silver basis," to stifle the land bank +and equivalent to cash, and in addition "public bills of the four +promises at 29/. an ounce," whatever that means, and you will not +wonder that there was confusion worse confounded."[66] + + [66] Malcolm Storer, "Pine Tree Shillings and other Colonial Money," + in _Old-Time New England_, October, 1929. + +In 1749 Parliament voted to reimburse Massachusetts to the amount of +nearly one million dollars, for expenses incurred in the expedition +against Louisburg and this money was used to redeem outstanding +paper bills at the rate of ten in paper to one in cash. The next +year old tenor ceased to be lawful money amid general rejoicing and +much doggerel verse. + + "Now old tenor fare you well, + No man such tattered bills will tell, + Now dollars pass and are made free, + It is the year of jubilee." + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + +HERB TEA AND THE DOCTOR + + +At a meeting of the Massachusetts Bay Company held in London on +March 5, 1628-29, it was proposed that the Company "Intertayne a +surgeon for the plantation" and one Abraham Pratt was sent over +soon after. He lived in Roxbury, Charlestown and Cambridge. While +returning to England with his wife in the fall of 1644, their ship +was wrecked on the coast of Spain and both were drowned. At the same +meeting the Company selected a barber-surgeon, Robert Morley, to +go to New England and practice his calling on "aney of the Company +that are planters or there servants." In those days a barber-surgeon +employed himself in pulling teeth, bleeding and cupping. + +Earlier than this, however, Doctor Samuel Fuller had come over +in the _Mayflower_ and was of the greatest service to the sickly +foundation at Plymouth. When John Endecott's wife lay dying at +Naumkeak (Salem), in 1629, Doctor Fuller was hastily sent for, and +the next year he was called to Matapan (Dorchester) where he "let +some twenty of these people blood: [and] had conference with them +till I was weary."[67] A month later he was at Charlestown writing +"I here but lose time and long to be at home, I can do them no good, +for I want drugs, and things fitting to work with." Three years +later he was dead of an infectious fever. + + [67] _Bradford's Letter Book_ (1 Mass. Hist. Colls., Vol. III). + +A large portion of the physicians in the early days of the Colony +were Puritan ministers who had studied medicine in England in +anticipation of removal to New England, as a hasty preparation for +such necessities as might arise. Each practised in his own flock and +Cotton Mather in his _Magnalia_ (Book III, Chap. 26), speaks of this +union of the two professions as an "Angelical Conjunction." When +Rev. Michael Wigglesworth died in 1705, his weeping parishioners in +the town of Malden, erected a stone to mark his grave and on it may +still be read the words + + "Here lies intered in silent grave below + Maulden's physician for soul and body two." + +In colonial times there was little regulation of medical practice, +although an ineffective law was passed in 1649. Any one might come +into a town and announce himself as a physician and if able to +cure patients of their maladies, his success was assured. Several +unfortunate failures, however, would seriously effect his standing. +As a natural result quacks appeared and disappeared in all the +larger towns. + +In the seventeenth century, and later, there were two classes of +medical practitioners of which one prescribed vegetable substances +only, together with a free use of the lancet, and followed the +teachings of Galen, the Greek physician. The other school followed +the doctrines of Paracelsus and prescribed for the most part mineral +preparations, and oftentimes were styled "chemists." Of course there +was bitter rivalry between the two schools, each maintaining so far +as possible, a superstitious mystery concerning their profession. +There were few regular graduates from any recognized medical school. +Until after the Revolution most practitioners gained their scanty +store of medical knowledge by studying with some family physician +and in the homely school of experience. Dr. William Douglas, a young +Scotchman, began to practice in Boston in 1716. In 1721 he wrote "we +abound with Practitioners, though no other graduate than myself. +We have fourteen Apothecary shops in Boston. All our Practitioners +dispense their own medicines.... In general the physical practise in +our colonies is so perniciously bad that excepting in surgery and +in some very acute cases, it is better to let nature under a proper +regimen take her course than to trust to the honesty and sagacity +of the practitioner. Our American practitioners are so rash and +officious that the saying in Ecclesiasticus may with much propriety +be applied to them, 'He that sinneth before his Maker let him fall +into the hands of the physician.'"[68] + + [68] 4 Mass. Hist. Colls., II, 164. + +Governor John Winthrop was versed in medicine and his son, John, +Jr., and his grandson Wait Winthrop, both were proficient in the +profession. With Winthrop came Richard Palgrave and William Gager, +both physicians, and two years later arrived Giles Firman, Jr., +whose father was "a godly man, an apothecary of Sudbury in England." +Giles, Jr., studied at the University of Cambridge and later settled +at Ipswich, Mass., where he practiced medicine, but found it "a +meene helpe" and later studied theology and eventually was ordained +rector of Shalford, co. Essex, England. + +Toward the end of the century there were two physicians practicing +in Boston, Dr. Thomas Oakes and Dr. Benjamin Bullivant, of whom +Dunton, the London bookseller gossiped in his "Letters Written from +New England."[69] + + [69] _Prince Society Publications_, IV, Boston, 1867. + +Of Oakes he wrote that-- + +"His wise and safe Prescriptions have expell'd more Diseases +and rescu'd Languishing Patients from the Jaws of Death, than +Mountebanks and Quack-Salvers have sent to those dark Regions." + +Concerning Dr. Bullivant he commented that-- + +"His Skill in Pharmacy was such, as rendered him the most compleat +Pharmacopean, not only in all Boston, but in all New England ... to +the Poor he always prescribes cheap, but wholesome Medicines, not +curing them of a Consumption in their Bodies, and sending it into +their Purses; nor yet directing them to the East Indies to look for +Drugs, when they may have far better out of their Gardens." + +Doctor John Clarke, said to have been a younger son of a good family +in the north of England, with a collegiate education, and late of +London, was granted a four-hundred acre farm in the town of Newbury, +in January, 1638, and September 28th, following, the town also +granted that + +"Mr. Clarke in respect of his calling should be freed and exempted +from all public rates either for the country or the towne so long as +he shall remayne with us and exercise his calling among us." + +He exercised his calling in Newbury until 1647, when he removed to +Ipswich and two or three years later settled in Boston where he died +in 1664. Soon after removing to Boston he invented a stove "for the +saving of firewood & warming of howses," which the Great and General +Court confirmed for a term of three years. Nothing further is known +of this invention and the fireplace persisted until recent times. + +When Doctor Clark removed from Newbury he was followed by Dr. +William Snelling who seems to have been a merry fellow in times of +drinking healths. On an occasion during the winter of 1651 he drank +to his friends in the following toast,-- + + "I'll pledge my friends, + And for my foes, + A plague for their heels + And a pox for their toes," + +which e'er long led to sorrowful acknowledgment of his weakness +before the Quarterly Court at Salem, and a fine of ten shillings for +cursing. This doubtless helped sustain the dignity of the Court and +strengthened virtue among the good men of the town of Newbury at +times when ribald mirth prevailed. + +Dr. John Perkins who practised in Boston during the first half of +the eighteenth century, is said to have gone to London for two +year's study but his medical notebooks show that in his Boston +practise he prescribed for scrofula, syrup made of sow bugs +drowned in white wine. Castile soap boiled in strong beer he used +as a remedy for a "heavy load at the Stomac." For numb palsy he +prescribed "a bath of absinthe in _urina hominis_, used hot," +and his cure for a nervous weakness of the eyes was "shaving the +head." He noted that "Widow Alcock [died] of a hot bread supper. +Jus. Billings did so of eating Brown Bread for breakfast, a Thing +he never used before," and Reverend McGee's wife died by eating a +supper of roast chickens at 13 days after childbirth and drinking +strong beer flip on it. "Wonderful that in learned and elevated +situations among ye great, should be such ignorance." + +"Samuel Bent, Goldsmith, tender constitution and lax nerves, upon a +change of a linnen for a woolen cap to sleep in was affected with a +running of Bloody Water from ye nose, which staunched when he wore +linnen. + +"Nathaniel Parkman's Daughter, scrophulously affected, had a blow +on the Head, on which the scrophula immediately left her and Chorea +St. Viti succeeded and followed her every Spring till she turned +consumptive and died."[70] + + [70] Sprague, "Some Aspects of Medicine in Boston" (_Old-Time New + England_, Vol. XIII, p. 14.) + +Doctor Perkins was quite modern in some of his theories. He entered +in his notebook-- + +"Exercise is good [for pains in the stomach] in young girls and +others that use a sedentary life. So Sarah Bergers was cured by +learning country dances. + +"Wheat, ye Shoemaker, was cured [of hemorrhoids] by taking to ye +portering with a wheelbarrow." + +Doctor Ball of Northboro had a medicine called, "Receipt for the +Scratches. One Quart fishworms, washed clean; one pound hog's lard +stewed together, filtered through a strainer and add one-half pint +oil of turpentine; one-half pint good brandy. Simmer it well and it +is fit for use."[71] + + [71] _Ibid._ + +Obstetrics at that period was also a jolly pastime, as the doctor +and his volunteer assistants were regaled by a special brew known as +"groaning beer" and by freshly baked "groaning cakes." + +In Salem lived Zerobabel Endecott, son of Governor John Endecott, +who practiced the healing art and who left behind him a remarkable +collection of medical recipes from which we include selections +illustrating the practice of the physician in colonial days. His +brother John, afterwards Governor of Connecticut, also seems to have +had some medical training as appears from a bill preserved in the +Massachusetts Archives, where under date of 1668, he charged five +shillings for "a Vomit and atendans" on one John Clark, "weak and +sike by reason of a scurvy and a dropsy." Doctor Zerobabel died in +1684 and bequeathed to his son John, who also was a physician and +who died in England, "al my Instruments and books both of phisicke +and chirurgery." The inventory of the estate shows "a case of +lances, 2 Rasors, a box of Instruments, 10 bookes in folio, 16 in +quarto, a saw with six Instruments for a chirurgion and a chest of +bookes & writings." + +Other Salem physicians were George Emery who settled in the town in +1636 and sat on the gallows with a rope around his neck, in 1668, +for an unnatural crime; Rev. John Fiske, a graduate of Cambridge, +who had studied divinity and also physic, and came to Salem in +1637; and Daniel Weld, who was chief surgeon during the Narraganset +campaign in King Philip's War; Col. Batholomew Gedney, who left at +his death drugs and instruments inventoried at £60; Dr. John Barton, +who died of yellow fever; Dr. John Swinnerton, made famous by +Hawthorne's romance, and others followed. + +William Salmon, in his "Compendium of Physick," published in +London in 1671, estimates the necessary qualifications of the +seventeenth-century physician as follows: "He that would be an +accomplished physician, ought to be furnished with three things, +1. honesty and a good conscience; 2. a substantial, real, and +well-grounded understanding through the whole Art of Medicine; 3. +with all such Instruments and Necessaries which are ordinarily made +use of in the performance of any medical operation," and these +instruments are listed as follows: + +"The Parascuological Instruments, wherewith medicines are prepared, +whether Galenical or Chymical, are chiefly these: A brass Kettle; an +Alembick; a Circulatory; a Sieve; a Gourd; a Balneum Mariae; Tongs; +a Cauldron; a File; a Hippocras Bag; an Iron Mortar; a Pestle; +a Pitcher; a Marble; a glass Mortar and Pestle; a Seperator; a +Funnel; a Seirce; a Press; a Tile; a pair of Sheers; Vials; Boxes; +Crucibles; Gally-pots; Corks; Spoons; Strainers; Retorts; Receivers; +Bags; Spatulas; Weights and Scales; together with a Pair of +Goldsmiths Bellows; and convenient Furnaces fitted for any operation. + +"The Chyrurgical Instruments with which the Artist ought to be +furnished, are chiefly these: A Plaister Box; an Uvula Spoon; a +Levatory; a Director; a pair of Forceps; a Spatula Lingua; an +Incision Knife; a pair of Scizzors; a Flame; a small Razour; a +stitching Quill; three square Needles; with a Case of good Launcets; +and a Salvatory; letting all be kept very sharp, clean and bright." + + * * * * * + +The following medical recipes are copied from a manuscript left by +Dr. Zerobabel Endecott of Salem and formerly in the possession of +the late Dr. Frederick Lewis Gay of Brookline. + +_For y^e Bloudy Flux_ + +Stone horses Liuers[72] dried in an ouen being heat for houshould +bread, made into powder & giuen a spoonfull at a time in milk. + + [72] "Fox Lungs for the mending of human lungs hardly able to + respire, and Bone of a Stag's Heart" are mentioned in the English + Dispensatory (Quincy), London, 1742. + +_For a Spraine_ + +Take stronge bere este & honye, of equall quantyty & boyle them to +the Consistanty of honye & so apply it hott to ye place greeued. + +_For Extreme Thirst & Vomiting in a Malignant Feauer_ + +Take salt of wormwood [scruple]i and a spoonfull of the Juce of +Lemonds mix them in a spoon & giue it the patient + +_For Stone in the Kidnes and Blader Or To Prouent It_ + +Take wild Carret seeds & boyle in Ale & drinke Dose [dram]ii euery +Night. + +_An Other_ + +Take 3 Drops of oyle of Fenill once a day. + +_For ye Dropsie Often Prou^d & Espetially Vpon One Man, Other Meanes +Vsed By Men of Skill Fayled This Was Affectuall_ + +Tak good store of Elder roots wash them & make them very Cleane then +splitt & steepe them in strong ale wort & Lett them stand together +while ye Ale is working then when it is 2 days old drinke of it +morning Noone & at night till health be obtained Lett there be as +many of ye Roots as Can well be steeped in the Ale The flowers are +of the same vse & more powerfull + +_An Other_ + +Take Rie flower make past with water Role it thin and with ye greene +Leaues of Sage & a Littl Rosemary fill it as pye bake it very dry +beat altogether & take halfe a spoonefull at a time in a wine +Cupfull of your beere + +_For a Sore Throte[73] or Kings Euell_ + + [73] _Quinsey._ First bleed, and purge with _Dincassia_, after vomit + with _Vinum Antimonii_; rub the tongue with the juyce of Crabfish + and Housleek, taking a little inwardly; ... ashes of burnt Crabs, + of Swallows, and Tincture of Corals, are excellent in the bastard + Quinsey; the ashes of an owl (feathers and all) blown into the + throat, opens and breaks the Imposthume wonderfully.--_Compendium of + Physick_ (_Salmon_), London, 1671. + +Take Guaiacom sliced [oz]iij ye Bark of Guaiacom [oz]i infuse in +6 quarts of fair water on hott ashes 24 hours then boyle it ouer +a gentill fire till a third part be wasted then add of Epithimum +Pollepodium ana [oz]ii fumitory borrage & buglose Roots flowers of +Rosmary Prim Rose Cow slips Violets & sweet fenill seeds of Each +[oz]fs boyle it till a quart be wasted then add Sena [oz]iij boyl +it a Litle & straine it & Clarifie it with whits of Eggs sweeten it +with Sugar + +Giue 2 or 3 spoonfulls euery morning to a child more to a groune +Person; enough to give 2 or 3 Lous stooles in a daye for 8 days +together this aLone haue Cured the Kings Euill + +_For Paine in ye Eare_[74] + + [74] _Deafness and Slow Hearing._ The juyce of Radishes, fat of + a mole, eele, or Serpent, juyce of an Onyon soaked in Sperrit of + Wine and roasted, essences of a mans or Bullocks gall, are all + very excellent. In difficulty of hearing, distilled Boyes Urine is + good; but better is the Oyl of Carawayes.--_Compendium of Physick_ + (_Salmon_), London, 1671. + +Take a mithredate & put it in into the eare with a Litle wooll & +Keep it warme + +_For a Cough_[75] + + [75] _Cup Moss._ This with some other Mosses of like kind, have + been mightily in vogue amongst the good Women for their Children's + Coughs; but they have not obtained in official nor extemporaneous + Prescriptions. They are said to be infallible in that which + is commonly called the _Chin-Cough_.--_English Dispensatory_ + (_Quincy_), London, 1742. + +Take eggs boyle them till they bee hard hold them in your hand one +at a time as hott as you Can suffer it & with ye heat & strength +of your hand press out the oyle, take a quantity of this oyle & a +Little powder of Alloes & fine Sugar make it into a surrup take a +Litle of this surrup as often as need Require this is Comended by G: +as if non Could Equall it + +_A Balsam or Liquer That Will Heal Sores as For New in Man or Beast_ + +Tak very strong wort 3 gallons being all ye first of a boushell of +good malt then tak of Comfry roots & Elder roots of each 2 handfuls +the Leaues of Crud tobacko a handful Lett the Roots be brused & +boyled till halfe be wasted Put it into a Vessel & Keep for Vse Put +into it 3 li of hony before you take it of the fire, if it be a +deepe sore tent it, if an open sore wett a Duble Clout & Lay on the +sore Dress it always warme + +_For ye Sciatica or Paine in ye Back or Side_[76] + + [76] Burning "Spunck," an excrescence growing out of black birch, in + two or three places on the thigh of a patient, helps sciatica.--_New + England's Rarities_ (_Josselyn_), London, 1672. + +Tak Fetherfew & steepe it in beer & drink first at morning & Last at +night + +_A Powder for ye Dissines of ye Head Falling Sicknes[77] & Hart +Qualms That Haue Bin Oft Vsed_ + + [77] _Falling-Sickness._ In Children. Ashes of the dung of black + Cow [dram]i. given to a new born Infant, doth not only preserve + from the Epilepsia, but also cure it. In those of ripe Age. The + livers of 40 water-Frogs brought into a powder, and given at five + times (in Spirit of Rosemary or Lavender) morning and evening, will + cure, the sick not eating nor drinking two hours before nor after + it.--_Compendium of Physick_ (_Salmon_), London, 1671. + +_Peacock's Dung_ is reckoned a specific in _Epilepsias_, and its +use is commended in _Vertigo_.--_English Dispensatory_ (_Quincy_), +London, 1742. + +Whit amber [dram]ii Diarrhodian [dram]ii Seeds of Peony [scruple]ii +miselto [dram]i the fillings of a Deadmans skull [scruple]i[78] +mak all into a very fine Powder & tak of it as much as will Ly on a +shilling 2 or 3 nights together befor the new & befor the full moon +take it in Saxony or bettony water + + [78] _Salt of Mans Skull._ The skull of a dead man, calcine it, + and extract the Salts as that of Tartar. It is a real cure for the + Falling-Sickness, Vertigo, Lethargy, Numbness, and all capital + diseases, in which it is a wonderful prevalent.--_Compendium of + Physick_ (_Salmon_), London, 1671. + +It is to be feared that this has obtained a place in medicine, more +from a whimsical Philosophy, than any other account.... _A dead +Man's Hand._ This is supposed, from some superstitious Conceits +amongst Common People, to be of great Efficacy in dispersing +_scrophulous Tumours_. The part, forsooth, is to be rubbed with +the dead Hand for some time. And Report furnishes us with many +Instances of Cures done hereby; some of which may not improbably be +true, both as the Imagination in the Patient contributes much to +such Efficacies, and because the Sensation which stroaking in that +manner gives, is somewhat surprizing, and occasions a shuddering +Chilness upon the Part touched; which may in many cases put the +Fibres in such Contractions, as to loosen, shake off, and dislodge +the obstructed matter; in which consists the Cure.--_English +Dispensatory_ (_Quincy_), London, 1742. + +_Mummy._ This is the Flesh of Carcases which have been embalm'd. But +altho it yet retains a place in medicinal catalogues, it is quite +out of vse in Prescription.--_English Dispensatory_ (_Quincy_), +London, 1742. + +_For Rumatick Paines & To Coole Ye Liuer_ + +Tak the Conserue of the frut of Sweet brier as much as a good +nutmage morning & Evening + +_For Vometing & Looseness in Men Women & Children_ + +Take an Egg break a Little hole in one end of it & put owt ye white +then put in about 1/2 spoonfull of baye salt then fill vp the egg +with strong Rom or spirits of wine & sett it in hott ashes & Lett +it boyle till ye egg be dry then take it & eat it fasting & fast an +hour after it or drink a Litle distilled waters of mint & fenill +which waters mixed together & drank will help in most ordinary Cases + +_For a Person That is Distrated If It Be A Woman_[79] + + [79] _Goose-Dung._ The Excrements of most Birds are accounted hot, + nitrous, and penetrating; for this reason they pass for inciders + and Detergents, and are particularly reckon'd good in Distempers + of the Head; but they are now almost quite laid aside in Practice. + _Elk's Hoof_ is also esteemed of mighty Efficacy in Distempers of + the Head. Naturalists tell us that the Creature itself first gave + to Mankind a Hint of its Medicinal Virtues; for they say, whenever + it ails anything in the Head, it lies in such a Posture as to keep + one of the tips of a Hoof in its Ear; which after some time effects + a Cure. But this I leave to be credited by those of more faith than + myself.--_English Dispensatory_ (_Quincy_), London, 1742. + + _An Hysteric Emulsion._ Take Assafoetida 2 drams, dissolve cold + in a mortar with a pound and half of Black-Cherry-water, and + strain for Vse. This is tolerable, for its stinking Scent, but + to few; yet where it can be got down, it is very prevalent in + checking the inordinate Orgasm of the Spirits, and preventing those + Convulsions and Frenzies of Mind which arise therefrom; it may be + drank in the quantity of 2 ounces, according to the Urgency of the + Symptoms.--_English Dispensatory_ (_Quincy_), London, 1742. + +Tak milk of a Nurce that giues suck to a male Child & also take a +hee Catt & Cut of one of his Ears or a peece of it & Lett it blede +into the milk & then Lett the sick woman Drink it doe this three +Times + +_For a Bruse In Any Part Of The Body_ + +Take of honey a Spoonfull & yest or barme or the emptings of strong +beer twice as much warm them & mix them together & apply it to the +place greeued admireable effects haue bin wroght by this means it +hath seldom fayled in Casses very Difficult in any part of ye boddy +though ye bones haue semed to be brused though it hath ben in head & +in broken bones it easeth paine & vnites the bones sodainly + +_For Ye [J]andis_[80] + + [80] _Hog-Lice Wine. Take Hog-Lice_ (i.e. Wood lice or Sow bugs), + half a pound, put them alive into two pound of White Port Wine, and + after some Days Infusion strain and press out very hard, then put + in Saffron, 2 drams, Salt of Steel, a dram, and Salt of Amber, 2 + scruples, and ater 3 or 4 Days strain and filter for Use. This is an + admirable Medecine against the Jaundice, Dropsy, or any cachectic + Habit.--_English Dispensatory_ (_Quincy_), London, 1742. + +Take ye Juce of Planten and Camomell 3 or 4 spoonfuls in warme +Posset ale morning & Euening it helps in few days + +Mir Turmarik & safron made into fine powder & drank twice or 3 times +a day in Possett ale is Excelent good Dose [scruple]i or Lett the +sik Person drink their own Vrin twice a day or ye Volatile fat of +Vrin [ ] morning & Euening in Posset ale + +_To Eas Paines in Feauers_[81] + + [81] _Plaister of Spinders._ Venice Turpentine [dram]iii, melt it; + then adde live Spiders No. XXX mix them with a Pestle till the + Turpentine be of an Ash colour, and the Spiders appear not; then + heat it, and adde of small Spiders No. XL. Stir them again, adding + powder of Asphaltum, and white Sal Armoniack, [dram]iii. grinde + them till the matter be cold and very black; keep it 14 dayes, then + soften it at the fire, and with your hands dipt in oyl, make it up. + Make Plaisters thereof, and cover them with leaf-silver or gold, and + lay them to the pulses of both wrists an hour before the fit of a + Feaver or Ague comes, leave them on nine days, then at the same hour + cast them into running water; by this means the Pliaster cures all + Feavers or Agues.--_Compendium of Physick_ (_Salmon_), London, 1671. + + _Herring in Pickle_ is often prescribed in a Cataplasm to the Feet + in Feavers; because it is reckoned to draw the Humours downward + and thereby relieve the Head.--_English Dispensatory_ (_Quincy_), + London, 1742. + +Tak Cardamoms or Graines of Paradice [dram]i Nutmegs [dram]ss +Safron [scruple]ij Sugar [dram]ii mak it to fine Pouder & giue +at any time as much as will Ly on a shilling at a time my pill is +better if the boddy be Loos + +_For Ye Colik or Flux in Ye Belly_[82] + + [82] _Flux of the Belly. Burnt Harts' Horn_ is reckoned a Sweetner + and is much used in Decoction against Diarrhoeas; and Fluxes of + the Belly. _Shavings of Hartshorn_ is much more in esteem amongst + _Family Doctresses_, than in the shops; but what most gives it a + Title to this Place, is that _Jelly_ which it is easily boiled into + in common water, and is accounted very nourishing and strengthening. + _Shavings of Ivory_ is much of the same nature as the former, and + boils in the same manner into a _Jelly_. + + _Goat's Blood._ This is in a few Compositions under the same + Intention as the former; but it is not at all known in common + Prescription; and is deservedly almost forgot.--_English + Dispensatory_ (_Quincy_), London, 1742. + + 1 the powder of Wolues guts + 2 the powder of Bores Stones + 3 oyle of Wormwood a drop or 2 into the Nauell + 4 3 drops of oyle of Fenill & 2 drops of oyle of mints in + Conserue of Roses or Conserue of single mallows, if ye Paine be + extream Vse it a gaine, & if need Require aply somthing hott to + the belly + +_For Sharpe & Dificult Trauel in Women with Child By J C_ + +Take a Lock of Vergins haire on any Part of ye head, of half the Age +of ye Woman in trauill Cut it very smale to fine Pouder then take 12 +Ants Eggs dried in an ouen after ye bread is drawne or other wise +make them dry & make them to pouder with the haire, giue this with +a quarter of a pint of Red Cows milk or for want of it giue it in +strong ale wort[83] + + [83] Beaver's cods are much used for wind in the stomach and + belly, particularly of pregnant women.--_New England's Rarities_ + (_Josselyn_), London, 1672. + +_A Wonderfull Balsam For Fistulos & Vlsers_ + +Take Borax [dram]ij put it into a strong stone botle of 2 quarts; +stop it Close with a good Corke & then Couer it with sealing wax +very Close & sett it into the bottom of a well or Cold Spring the +Space of three yeeres then take it out [when it will] al be turned +to a balsam whare with you may dress Sores + +_To Stench Bleeding[84] in a Wound_ + + [84] _Bleeding at Nose._ If the flux be violent, open a vein on the + same side, and cause the sick to smell to a dried Toad, or Spiders + tyed up in a ragg; ... the fumes of Horns and Hair is very good, and + the powder of Toads to be blowed up the Nose; ... in extremity, put + teats made of Swines-dung up the nostrils.--_Compendium of Physick_ + (_Salmon_), London, 1671. + + _Cow's Dung._ This seems to be of a hot penetrating Nature; and is + experienc'd to do good in Erysipelous Swellings. This Cataplasm + is also highly commended by some in the _Gout_. _Pigeon's Dung_ + is sometimes ordered in Cataplasms, to be applied to the soles of + the Feet in malignant Fevers and Deliriums. _Hog's Dung._ Is also + used by the Country People to stop Bleeding at the Nose; by being + externally applied cold to the Nostrils.--_English Dispensatory_ + (_Quincy_), London, 1742. + +Take a peec of Salt Beef & Rost it in the hott Ashes then make it +Cleane & put it into the wound & the blood will stop imediatly + +_For To Make a Man Vomit Presently That Is Sick at His Stomack_ + +Take white Copperes [dram]i in powder in a Litle Beere or Water & it +will Cause one to vomit presently + +_For Ye Plurisie_[85] + + [85] _Pleurisy. Stone-Horse Dung_, seems to owe its present + Credit in medicine to the modern Practice. It is certainly of great + Efficacy in _Pleurisies_, _Inflammations_, and _Obstructions_ + of the _Breast_. In all these Intentions it is now very much + prescribed.--_English Dispensatory_ (_Quincy_), London, 1742. + +Take the Leaues of wild mallows & boyl them in Oyle & being taken +out bray them in a morter & put them into a peece of Lining Cloth +& applie it to the greue and presently it will Cause the paine to +Cease Don Alexis + +_For the Plurisies_ + +Take an Apple that is of a Sweete sente & taste in it a hole taking +out the Core so that the hole goeth not thorow & put into the hole +3 or 4 graines of Frankincense of the male Kind Otherwise Called +olibanum then Couer againe the saide hole with the Little Pece of +Apple that you tooke of first & rost it apon the Embers so that it +burne not but that it may waxe tender then take it from the fire and +breake it into fower parts with all the frankencense in it & so giue +the patient it to eate it will by & by make the Impostume to break & +heale him + +_For the Shingles_ + +Take howse leeke Catts blod[86] and Creame mixed together & oynt the +place warme or take the moss that groweth in a well & Catts blod +mixed & so aply it warme to the plase whare the shingles be + + [86] _Goat's Blood_ is mentioned in the English Dispensatory of 1742 + as "deservedly almost forgot." + +_For the Goute_[87] + + [87] _Quintessence of Vipers._ Fat Snakes, Adders or Vipers in June, + cast away their heads, bowels and gall, cut them into bits, and dry + them in a warm Balneo; then put them into a bolt head with Alcohol + of Wine, so much as may overtop them eight fingers breadth; seal + the glass Hermetically, and digest for twenty days in Balneo, then + decant, etc., etc. + +This quintessence is of wonderfull virtue for purifying the blood, +flesh and skin, and taking away all diseases therein; it cures +the falling-sickness, strengthens the brain, sight and hearing, +preserveth from gray hairs, and renovates the whole body, making it +become youthful and pleasant; it hindereth miscarriage, provokes +sweat, is good against the Plague, and all malign Feavers; it +cureth the Gout, Consumption, and French Pox, and ought to be +esteemed of the Sons of Men as a Jewel. Dose [dram]i. morning and +night.--_Compendium of Physick_ (_Salmon_), London, 1671. + +Take any number of Vipers, open and cleanse them from all Worms and +Excrements, and the Females from their Eggs: Take out their Hearts +and Livers; dry them in the shade separately from their Bodies, +etc., etc.--_English Dispensatory_ (_Quincy_), London, 1742. + +Take Ligmamuita [oz]xvi Sarssaparilla [oz]viii fennel Seeds [oz]vi +Boyle them in 2 Gallonds of water in a Pott Close Stopped till halfe +be Consumed then put it vp in a glasse Botle well Stopped & Every +morning take Sumthing Less than a gill & so in the Euening + +Then take those Jngredients & Boyle it ouer againe in 2 or 3 +Gallonds of water more & So Keepe it for your Continiall Drinking at +any time During the time of your Jllnes Proued Very Affectial apon a +man at Dunkerck + +_Oyl of Roses_[88] + + [88] _Paracelsus His Perfume._ Cow-dung, and distill it in Balneo, + and the water thereof will have the smell of Ambergrease. It is + a most excellent Perfume, abates the Heat of Feavers, and cures + all inward inflammations. Dose [dram]i.--_Compendium of Physick_ + (_Salmon_), London, 1671. + +Take Roses and Jnfuse them in good olliue oyle in a glasse in the +heat of the sun for sartaine Days while the oyl smeles like Roses; +oyl of Hipericon is made after the same manner + +_For a Fractur of the Scull_ + +After the Scull is Layed open + and the Bones taken out By a Leuetur +or Cut By a trapan then fitt a pece of Parchment of the same Bignes +that the fractur is and oynt it with mell Rosarie or huny of Roses +and also the Edges of ye Bone & so put it in gently on apon the Dura +mater that Ciuers the Braines and apon that a good Plegen of tow & +a good bolster on that & so Continue that dressing while it is all +most well & the bone hes Cast of & then finish the Cure with Arseaus +his Linement; your parchment must haue a third fastened in the middle + +_For Cutts or Sores_ + +Take the Scine of Salt Beefe & so Laye it to the Cutt or sore + +_For To Heale or Dry Vp a Sore_ + +Take Sallet oyle and Read Lead and boyle it well together and dipe +peces of Lining Cloath in it Keep them for use + +_For The Ague_ + +Take the Drye shell of a Turtell beat smale & boyled in water while +2 thirds of the water be consumed & drinke of it 2 or 3 times when +the Ague Cometh + +_Probatum Easte January the 10 1681_ + +The Greene Oyntment that m^s Feeld did Vse to make[89] + + [89] _Sympathetick Oyntment._ Boars grease, brains of a Boar, powder + of washed Earth worms, red Sanders, Mummy, Bloodstone, a. [oz]i, + moss of a dead mans Skul not buried [dram]i, make an Oyntment, S.A. + + All wounds are cured by this Oyntment, (provided the nerves and + arteries be not hurt) thus: Anoint the weapon that made the wound + daily once, if there be need, and the wounds be great; otherwise + it will be sufficient to annoint it every other day. Where note. + 1. that the weapon be kept in clean linnen, and in a temperate + heat, lest the Patient be hurt; for if the dust fall, or it be + cold, the sick will be much tormented. 2. that if it be a stab, the + weapon be anointed towards the point descending. 3. if you want the + weapon, take blood from the wound upon a stick, and use as if it + were the weapon; thus the Tooth ach is cured by pricking the Gums, + and anointing the instrument.--_Compendium of Physick_ (_Salmon_), + London, 1671. + + _Earth Worms._ These are often used in Compositions for cooling + and Cleansing the Viscera. They are good in _Inflammations_ and + _Tubercles_ of the Lungs and in Affections of the _Reins_ and + Urinary Passages. _Syrup of Snails._ Take Garden-snails early in the + morning, while the dew is upon them, a pound; take off their shells, + slit them, and with half a pound of fine Sugar put into a Bag hang + them in a Cellar, and the Syrup will melt, and drop through, which + Keep for Use. This is not kept in the shop, but is worth making for + young Children inclining to Hectics and Consumptions. A Syrup of + Earth-worms may be made in the same manner for the like Intentions. + _Frog's Spawn._ This another Cooler, but it is an insipid Phlegm, + and good for nothing more than common Rainwater; and will not + Keep long without mothering and stinking.--_English Dispensatory_ + (_Quincy_), London, 1742. + +Jt Cureth all Spraines and Aches Cramps and Scaldings and Cutts +healeth all wounds it doth suple molyfy Ripen & Disolues all Kind of +tumors hot and Cold and it will heale olde Rotten Sores and bites of +Venemos Beasts itch and mangenes and stench bloud it Easeth Swelling +and paines of the head and throate Eyes and Eares Gout and Seattica +and all outward Greefes + +Take baye Leaues, Wormwood, Sage, Rue, Cammemoyle, mellelote, +groundsell, Violets, Plantaine, oake buds or Leaues [ ] Suckbery +Pursline, Lettuc, Red colworts, Saint Johns wort, mallows, mullin, +Jsop, Sorrell and Comfrye, yarrow, and Dead Nettles, and Mint, +mugwort, Rose leaues, gather them all in the heat of the Daye, pick +them Cleene but wash them not, Beat them well then take Sheepe +Suett three Pound Picke it Cleene and Shrid it Smale Pound them all +well together, then take 2 quarts of Sallet oyle then work them all +together with your hand till it be a Like then put it in an Earthen +Pott and Couer it Close and Lett it Stand 14 Dayes in a Coule Place +then Sett it ouer a Softe fire and Lett it Boyle 14 howers Stiring +it well then put into it 4 ounces of oyle of Spicke then Straine it +through a Corse Cloath & put it into [ ] Pott and Couer it Cloase +and Keepe it for your vse + +_For Ye Toothe Ache_[90] + + [90] _Tooth Ache._ Picking the gums with the bill of an osprey + is good for the tooth-ache. Scarifying the gums with a thorn + from a dog-fish's back is also a cure.--_New Englands Rarities_ + (_Josselyn_), London, 1672. + +Take a Litle Pece of opium as big as a great pinnes head & put it +into the hollow place of the Akeing Tooth & it will giue preasant +Ease, often tryed by me apon many People & neuer fayled + + Zerobabel Endecott + + * * * * * + +Who would know the virtues of the herbs and simples that grew in the +gardens of the Massachusetts Bay? Many herbals have been compiled +and printed, none more enticing than Nicholas Culpepper's "English +Herbals," more truly entitled "The English Physician Enlarged," and +first published in 1653. It had an enormous sale. Since that year +twenty-one different editions have served their day, the last having +been printed at Exeter, N.H., as late as 1824. + +Culpepper, the son of a clergyman, was born in London in 1616 and +died when only thirty-eight years old. In that short time, however, +he gained fame as a writer on astrology and medicine. At first +apprenticed to an apothecary, he later set up for himself as a +physician and acquired a high reputation among his patients. + +In his catalogue of the simples he premises a few words to the +reader, viz.: "Let a due time be observed (cases of necessity +excepted) in gathering all Simples: for which take these few Rules. +All Roots are of most virtue when the Sap is down in them, viz. +towards the latter end of the summer, or beginning of the spring, +for happily in Winter many of them cannot be found: you may hang up +many of them a drying, by drawing a string through them, and so keep +them a whole year. + +"Herbs are to be gathered when they are fullest of juyce, before +they run up to seeds; and if you gather them in a hot sunshine-day, +they will not be so subject to putrifie: the best way to dry them, +is in the Sun, according to Dr. _Reason_, though not according to +Dr. _Tradition_: Such Herbs as remain green all the year, or are +very full of juyce, it were a folly to dry at all, but gather them +only for present use, as Houseleek, Scurvy-grass, etc. + +"Let flowers be gathered when they are in their prime, in a +sunshine-day, and dryed in the sun. Let seeds be perfectly ripe +before they be gathered. + +"Let them be kept in a dry place: for any moysture though it be but +a moist ayr, corrupts them, which if perceived in time, the beames +of the Sun will refresh them again." + + * * * * * + +_Ageratum_ dryes the brain, helps the green sickness, and profit +such as have a cold or weak Liver: outwardly applyed, it takes away +the hardnesse of the matrix, and fills hollow ulcers with flesh. + +_Anemone._ The juyce snuffed up the nose purgeth the head, it +clenseth filthy ulcers, encreaseth milk in Nurses, and outwardly by +oyntments helps Leprosies. + +_Asphodel or Daffodil._ I know no physicall use of the roots, +probably there is: for I do not believe God created anything of no +use. + +_Balm_, outwardly mixed with salt and applied to the neck, helps the +Kings Evil, biting of mad dogs and such as cannot hold their necks +as they should do; inwardly it is an excellent remedy for a cold, +cheers the heart, takes away sorrow, and produces mirth. + +_Basil_ gives speedy deliverance to women in travail. + +_Bedstraw._ Stancheth blood: boyled in oyl is good to annoynt a +weary traveller: inwardly it provokes lust. + +_Borrage_, cheers the heart and drooping spirits, helps swooning and +heart qualms. + +_Briony_, both white and black, they purg the flegm and watry +humors, but they trouble the stomack much, they are very good for +dropsies: the white is most in use, and is admirable good for +the fits of the mother; both of them externally used, take away +Freckles, Sun-burning, and Morphew from the face, and clense filthy +ulcers: It is a churlish purge, and being let alone, can do no harm. + +_Buglosse._ Continual eating of it makes the body invincible against +the poyson of Serpents, Toads, Spiders, etc. The rich may make the +Flowers into a conserve, and the herb into a syrup: the poor may +keep it dry: both may keep it as a Jewell. + +_Burdoc or Clot-bur_, helps such as spit blood and matter, bruised +and mixed with salt and applyed to the place, helps the biting of +mad dogs. It expels wind, easeth paines of the teeth, strengthens +the back ... being taken inwardly. + +_Celondine._ The root is manifestly hot and dry, clensing and +scouring, proper for such as have the yellow Jaundice, it opens the +obstructions of the liver, being boiled in White Wine, and if chewed +in the mouth it helps the tooth-ach. + +_Chamomel_ is as gallant a medicine against the stone in the bladder +as grows upon the earth. It expels wind, belchings, used in bathes +it helps pains in the sides, gripings and gnawings in the belly. + +_Chick-weed_ is cold and moist without any binding, aswages swelling +and comforts the sinews much, and therfore is good for such as are +shrunk up, it helps mangy hands and legs, outwardly applyed in a +pultis. + +_Cinkfoyl or Five-fingered grass._ The root boyled in vinegar is +good against the Shingles, and appeaseth the rage of any fretting +sores. + +_Colts-foot._ Admirable for coughs. It is often used taken in a +Tobacco-pipe, being cut and mixed with a little oyl of annis seeds. + +_Columbines_ help sore throats and are of a drying, binding quality. + +_Comfry_ is excellent for all wounds both internal and externall, +for spitting of blood, Ruptures or Burstness, pains in the Back and +helpeth Hemorrhoyds. The way to use them is to boyle them in water +and drink the decoction. + +_Cottonweed._ Boyled in Ly, it keeps the head from Nits and Lice; +being laid among Cloaths, it Keeps them safe from Moths; taken in a +Tobacco-pipe it helps Coughs of the Lungues, and vehement headaches. + +_Dill._ It breeds milk in Nurses, staies vomiting, easeth hiccoughs, +aswageth swellings, provoks urin, helps such as are troubled with +the fits of the mother, and digests raw humors. + +_Dittany_, brings away dead children, hastens womens travail, the +very smell of it drives away venemous beasts; it's an admirable +remedy against wounds made with poysoned weapons; it draws out +splinters, broken bones, etc. + +_Fennel._ Encreaseth milk in Nurses, provokes urine, easeth pains in +the Reins, breaks wind, provokes the Terms. + +_Fleabane._ Helps the bitings of venemous beasts. It being burnt, +the smoke of it kills all Gnats and Fleas in the chamber. It is +dangerous for women with child. + +_Flower-de-luce_ or _water flag_, binds, strengthens, stops fluxes +of the belly, a drachm being taken in red wine every morning. + +_Fumitory_ helps such as are itchy and scabbed, helps Rickets, +madness, and quartain agues. + +_Gentian_, some call Bald-money, is a notable counter-poyson, it +opens obstructions, helps the bitings of venemous beasts, and mad +dogs, helps digestion, and cleanseth the body of raw humors. + +_Golden Rod_ clenseth the Reins, brings away the Gravel; an +admirable herb for wounded people to take inwardly, stops Blood, etc. + +_Groundsel_ helps the Cholick, and pains and gripings in the belly. +I hold it to be a wholsom and harmless purge. Outwardly it easeth +womens breasts that are swollen & inflamed, (or as themselves say) +have gotten an ague in their breasts. + +_Hellebore._ The root of white Hellebore, or sneezwort, being grated +& snuffed up the nose, causeth sneezing, Kills Rats and Mice, being +mixed with their meat. Doctor Bright commends it for such as are mad +through melancholly. If you use it for sneezing, let your head and +neck be wrapped hot for fear of catching cold. + +_Henbane._ Stupifies the senses and therefore not to be taken +inwardly; outwardly applyed to the temple it provokes sleep. + +_Hops._ The young sprouts clense the Blood and cleer the skin, +helps scabs and itch. They are usually boyled and taken as they eat +Sparagus or they may be made into a conserve. + +_Horehound_ clenseth the breast and lungs, helps old coughs, easeth +hard labour in child-bearing, brings away the after-birth. + +_Hysop._ Helps Coughs, shortness of Breath, Wheezing, Kills worms in +the body, helps sore throats and noise in the ears. + +_Knotgrasse_ helps spitting of blood, stops all fluxes of blood, +gonorrhaea or running of Reins, and is an excellent remedy for hogs +that will not eat their meat. + +_Lavender._ The temples and forehead bathed with the juyce of it, as +also the smell of the herb helps swoonings. + +_Lavender cotton_ resists poyson, kills worms. + +_Lettice._ Cools the inflamation of the stomack commonly called +heart-burning, provokes sleep, resists drunkenesse and takes away +the ill effects of it, cools the blood, and breeds milk. It is far +wholsommer eaten boyled than raw. + +_Liverwort_ is excellent for inflamations of the Liver and yellow +jaundice. + +_Lovage_ cleers the sight, takes away redness and Freckles from the +Face. + +_Lungwort_ helps infirmities of the lungs, coughs and shortness of +breath. + +_Mallows._ They are profitable in the stingings of Bees, Wasps, etc. +Inwardly they resist poyson and provoke to stool.... + +_Man Drakes._ Fit for no vulgar use, but only to be used in cooling +oyntments. + +_Marigolds._ The leaves loosen the belly and the juyce held in the +mouth helps the toothach. + +_Marshmallowes_ are meanly hot, of a digestion softening nature, +ease pains, help bloody fluxes, the stone and gravell; being bruised +and well boiled in milk, and the milk drunk is a gallant remedy for +the gripings of the belly, and the bloddy flux. + +_Mint._ Provokes hunger, is wholesome for the stomack, stays +vomiting, helps sore heads in children. Hinders conception and +is naught for wounded people, they say by reason of an antipathy +between it and Iron. + +_Mugwort_, an herb appropriate to the foeminine sex; it brings down +the terms, brings away birth and afterbirth, easeth pains in the +matrix. + +_Mullin._ Stops fluxes and cures hoarsenesse and such as are +broken winded; the leaves worn in the shooes provokes the Terms, +(especially in such Virgins as never had them) but they must be worn +next their feet. + +_Nettles._ The juyce stops bleeding; they provoke lust exceedingly; +help that troublesome cough that women call Chin-cough. Boyl them in +white wine. + +_Onions_, are extreamly hurtfull for cholerick people, they breed +but little nourishment, and that little is naught; they are bad +meat, yet good physick for flegmatick people, they are opening and +provoke urine, and the terms, if cold be the cause obstructing; +bruised and outwardly applyed they cure the bitings of mad dogs; +roasted and applied they help Boils, and Aposthumes; raw they take +the fire out of burnings; but ordinarily eaten, they cause headach, +spoil the sight, dul the senses and fill the body full of wind. + +_Orpine_ for Quinsie in the throat, for which disease it is inferior +to none. + +_Penyroyal._ Strengthens women's backs, provokes the Terms, staies +vomiting, strengthens the brain (yea the very smell of it), breaks +wind, and helps the Vertigo. + +_Pimpernal_, male and foemale. They are of such drawing quality that +they draw thorns and splinters out of the flesh, amend the sight, +and clense Ulcers. + +_Plantain._ A little bit of the root being eaten, instantly staies +pains in the head, even to admirations. + +_Purslain._ Cools hot stomacks, admirable for one that hath his +teeth on edge by eating sowr apples, helps inward inflamations. + +_Reubarb._ It gently purgeth Choller from the stomack & liver, opens +stoppings, withstands the Dropsie, and Hypocondriack Melancholly. If +your body be any strong you may take two drams of it at a time being +sliced thin and steeped all night in white Wine, in the morning +strain it out and drink the white Wine. + +_Rosemary._ Helps stuffings in the head, helps the memory, expels +wind. + +_Rue, or Herb of Grace._ Consumes the seed and is an enemy to +generation, helps difficulty of breathing. It strengthens the heart +exceedingly. There is no better herb than this in Pestilential times. + +_Sage._ It staies abortion, it causeth fruitfullness, it is singular +good for the brain, helps stitches and pains in the sides. + +_St. Johns Wort._ It is as gallant a wound-herb as any is, either +given inwardly or outwardly applied to the wound. It helps the +Falling sickness. Palsie, Cramps and Aches in the joynts. + +_Savory._ Winter savory and summer savory both expell wind +gallantly, and that (they say) is the reason why they are boyled +with Pease and Beans and other such windy things; 'tis a good +fashion and pitty it should be left. + +_Senna._ It cheers the sences, opens obstructions, takes away +dulness of the sight, preserves youth, helps deafness (if purging +will help it), resists resolution of the Nerves, scabs, itch and +falling sickness. The windiness of it is corrected with a little +Ginger. + +_Solomon's Seal._ Stamped and boyled in Wine it speedily helps +(being drunk, I mean, for it will not do the deed by looking upon +it) all broken bones, it is of an incredible virtue that way; it +quickly takes away the black and blew marks of blows, being bruised +and applyed to the place. + +_Sorrel_ cutteth tough humors, cools the brain, liver and stomack, +and provokes apetite. + +_Southern-wood or Boy's love_, is hot and dry in the third degree, +resists poyson, kills worms, provokes lust; outwardly in plaisters +it dissolves cold swellings, makes hair grow; take not above half a +drachm at a time in powder. + +_Spinage._ I never read any physicall virtues of it. + +_Spleenwort_ is excellent good for melancholy people, helps the +stranguary and breaks the Stone in the bladder. Boyl it and drink +the decoction; but because a little boyling will carry away the +strength of it in vapours, let it boyl but very little, and let it +stand close stopped till it be cold before you strain it out; this +is the generall rule for all Simples of this nature. + +_Spurge._ Better let alone that taken inwardly; hair anoynted +with the juyce of it will fall off: it kills fish, being mixed +with anything they will eat, outwardly it takes away Freckles and +sunburning. + +_Sweet-Majorum_ is an excellent remedy for cold diseases in the +brain, being only smelled to; it helps such as are given to much +sighing, and easeth pains in the belly.... + +_Tansie._ The very smell of it staies abortion or miscarriages in +women. The root eaten, is a singular remedy for the Gout; the rich +may bestow the cost to preserve it. + +_Toad-flax_ clenses the Reins and Bladder, outwardly it takes away +yellowness and deformity of the skin. + +_Toads-stools._ Whether these be roots or not it matters not much; +for my part I know little need of them, either in food or Physick. + +_Tyme._ Helps coughs and shortness of breath, brings away dead +children and the after birth, helps Sciatica, repels wind in any +part of the Body, resisteth fearfullness and melancholy. + +_Valerian_, white and red, comforts the heart and stirs up lust. + +_Vervain._ A great clenser. Made into an oyntment it is a soveraign +remedy for old headache. It clears the skin and causeth a lovely +color. + +_Wake-Robins_ or _Cuckow-pints_. I know no great good they doe +inwardly taken, unlesse to play the rogue withall, or make sport; +outwardly applyed they take off Scurf, Morphew, or Freckles from the +face, cleer the skin, and cease the pain of the Gout. + +_Water-Lilies._ The roots stop lust. I never dived so deep to find +any other virtue. + +_Wood Bettony_ helps the falling sickness, and all headaches comming +of cold, procures apetite, helps sour belchings, helps cramps +and convulsions, helps the Gout, Kills worms, helps bruises, and +cleanseth women after their labor. + +_Wormwood_ helps weakness of the stomack, clenses choller, kills +worms, helps surfets, cleers the sight, clenses the Blood, and +secures cloaths from moths. + +_Yarrow._ An healing herb for wounds. Some say the juice snuffed up +the nose, causeth it to bleed, whence it was called Nose-bleed. + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + +CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS + + +The men who controlled the affairs of the Massachusetts Bay Colony +at the time of its founding, determined not only that the churches, +but that the government of the commonwealth they were creating, +should be based strictly upon the teachings of the Bible. The +charter provided that the Governor, Deputy Governor and Assistants +might hold courts "for the better ordering of affairs," and so for +the first ten years, the Court of Assistants, as it was styled, +exercised the entire judicial powers of the colony. Its members were +known as the magistrates. During this period but few laws or orders +were passed. When complaints were made, the court, upon a hearing, +determined whether the conduct of the accused had been such as in +their opinion to deserve punishment, and if it had been, then what +punishment should be inflicted. This was done without any regard to +English precedents. There was no defined criminal code, and what +constituted a crime and what its punishment, was entirely within the +discretion of the court. If in doubt as to what should be considered +an offence, the Bible was looked to for guidance. The General Court +itself, from time to time, when in doubt, propounded questions to +the ministers or elders, which they answered in writing, much as the +Attorney General or the Supreme Judicial Court at the present day +may advise. + +But the people soon became alarmed at the extent of personal +discretion exercised by the magistrates and so, in 1635, the +freemen demanded a code of written laws and a committee composed +of magistrates and ministers was appointed to draw up the same. It +does not appear that much was accomplished although Winthrop records +that Mr. Cotton of the committee, reported "a copy of Moses his +judicials, compiled in an exact method, which was taken into further +consideration till the next general court." The "judicials," +however, never were adopted. In 1639 another committee was directed +to peruse all the "models" which had been or should be presented, +"draw them up into one body," and send copies to the several towns. +This was done. In October, 1641, action was taken which led to a +definite and acceptable result. Rev. Nathaniel Ward of Ipswich, +who had been educated for the law and had practiced in the courts +of England, was requested to furnish a copy of the liberties, etc. +and nineteen transcriptions were sent to the several towns in the +Colony. Two months later at the session of the General Court, this +body of laws was voted to stand in force. + +This code, known as "the Body of Liberties," comprised about one +hundred laws, civil and criminal. The civil laws were far in +advance of the laws of England at that time, and in substance were +incorporated in every subsequent codification of the laws of the +Colony. Some of them are in force today, and others form the basis +of existing laws. The criminal laws were taken principally from the +Mosaic code and although many of them may seem harsh and cruel yet, +as a whole, they were much milder than the criminal laws of England +at that time. No reference was made to the common law of England. +All legislation in regard to offences was based upon the Bible, and +marginal references to book, chapter and verse were supplied to +guide future action. This Code served its intended purpose well and +remained in force until the arrival of the Province charter in 1692 +save during the short period of the Andros administration. + +The judiciary system of the Colony therefore provided for the +following courts: + +First, the Great and General Court which possessed legislative +powers and limited appellate authority from the Court of Assistants. + +Second, the Court of Assistants--a Supreme Court or Court of Appeals +that had exclusive jurisdiction in all criminal cases extending "to +life, limb, or banishment," jurisdiction in civil cases in which the +damages amounted to more than £100., and appellate jurisdiction from +the County Quarterly Courts. + +Third, County or Inferior Quarterly Courts that had jurisdiction +in all cases and matters not reserved to the Court of Assistants +or conferred upon commissioners of small causes. These courts also +laid out highways, licensed ordinarys, saw that an able ministry was +supported, and had general control of probate matters, and in 1664 +were authorized to admit freemen. + +The juries were made judges of the law and the fact and when upon +a trial there was insufficient evidence to convict, juries were +authorized to find that there were strong grounds of suspicion, and +accordingly sentence afterwards was given by the Court. In order to +facilitate court proceedings an excellent law was passed in 1656 +which authorized the fining of a person 20 shillings an hour for any +time occupied in his plea in excess of one hour. + +John Winthrop with his company arrived at Salem in June, 1630, +and ten weeks later the first court in the Colony was held at +Charlestown. The maintenance of the ministry was the first concern, +to be followed by an order regulating the wages of carpenters, +bricklayers, thatchers and other building trades. Thomas Morton +at "Merry Mount" was not forgotten for he was to be sent for "by +processe," and a memorandum is entered to obtain for the next Court +an estimate "of the charges that the Governor hathe beene att in +entertaineing several publique persons since his landing in Newe +England." + +At the second meeting of the Court of Assistants, three of the +magistrates were fined a noble apiece for being late at Court and +three weeks later Sir Richard Saltonstall, because of absence, was +fined four bushels of malt. It was at this Court that Thomas Morton +was ordered "sett into the bilbowes" and afterwards sent prisoner +into England by the ship called the _Gifte_. His goods were ordered +seized and his house burnt to the ground "in the sight of the +Indians for their satisfaction, for many wrongs he hath done them +from time to time." Several towns were christened the names by which +they are still known, and those who had ventured to plant themselves +at Aggawam, now Ipswich, were commanded "forthwith to come away." + +Aside from Morton's offences at Mount Wollaston, nothing of a +criminal nature seems to have been brought to the attention of the +Court until its third session on September 28th. To be sure the +Governor had been consulted by the magistrates of the Colony at +Plymouth concerning the fate of one John Billington of Plymouth who +had murdered his companion John New-Comin. Billington was hanged, +and "so the land was purged from blood." + +Unless murder may have been committed at an earlier date by a member +of some crew of unruly fishermen along the coast, this was the first +murder committed in the English settlements about the Massachusetts +Bay. But unfortunately it was not the last. Walter Bagnell's murder +in 1632 was followed by that of John Hobbey and Mary Schooley in +1637, and the next year Dorothy, the wife of John Talbie, was hanged +for the "unnatural and untimely death of her daughter Difficult +Talby." The daughter's christian name at once suggests unending +possibilities. + +In the winter of 1646 a case of infanticide was discovered in +Boston. A daughter of Richard Martin had come up from Casco Bay to +enter into service. She concealed her condition well and only when +accused by a prying midwife was search made and the fact discovered. +She was brought before a jury and caused to touch the face of the +murdered infant, whereupon the blood came fresh into it. She then +confessed. Governor Winthrop relates that at her death, one morning +in March, "after she was turned off and had hung a space, she spake, +and asked what they did mean to do. Then some stepped up, and turned +the knot of the rope backward, and then she soon died." + +This curious "ordeal of touch" had also been applied the previous +year at Agamenticus on the Maine Coast when the wife of one Cornish, +whose bruised body had been found in the river, with her suspected +paramour, was subjected to this supreme test. It is recorded that +the body bled freely when they approached which caused her to +confess not only murder but adultery, both of which crimes were +punishable by death. She was hanged. + +Probably the last instance in Massachusetts when this "ordeal of +touch" was inflicted, occurred in a little old meetinghouse in the +parish of West Boxford, in Essex County, one July day in the year +1769. The previous December, Jonathan Ames had married Ruth, the +eldest daughter of the widow Ruth Perley. He took his bride to the +house of his parents, some five miles distant, and lived there. As +in some instances since that time, the mother-in-law soon proved to +be not in full sympathy with the young bride living under her roof. +In May a child was born and a few days after the young mother died +under circumstances which caused suspicion in the neighborhood. The +body was hastily buried, none of the neighbors were invited to be +present, and soon, about the parish, were flying rumors, which a +month later crystalized into a direct accusation and a coroner's +inquest. It was held in the meetinghouse that formerly stood in the +sandy pasture near the old cemetery. The Salem newspaper records +that the building was "much thronged by a promiscuous multitude of +people." + +The court opened with prayer, the coroners then gave the jury +"their solemn charge" and then the entire company proceeded, "with +decency and good order," over the winding roadway up the hill to the +burying ground, where for five weeks had lain the body of the young +bride. During the exhumation the crowd surged around the grave so +eagerly that they were only held in check by the promise that all +should have an opportunity to inspect the remains. The autopsy at +the meetinghouse resulted in a report from the jury that Ruth Ames +"came to her death by Felony (that is to say by poison) given to her +by a Person or Persons to us unknown which murder is against the +Peace of our said Lord the King, his Crown and Dignity." When it was +found that no sufficient evidence could be adduced to hold either +the husband of the murdered girl, or his mother, then was demanded +an exhibition of that almost forgotten "ordeal of touch." The body +was laid upon a table with a sheet over it and Jonathan and his +mother were invited to prove their innocence by this gruesome test. +The superstition required the suspected party to touch the neck of +the deceased with the index finger of the left hand. Blood would +immediately follow the touch of the guilty hand, the whiteness +of the sheet of course making it plainly visible. Both mother and +son refused to accept the ordeal. Whether or no they believed in +the superstition, we never shall learn. Fear may have held them +motionless before the accusing eyes. Certainly the nervous tension +at such a time must have been very great. + +The _Gazette_ states that the examination gave great occasion to +conclude that they were concerned in the poisoning, and a week after +the inquest they were arrested and confined in the ancient jail in +Salem where the persons accused of witchcraft were imprisoned many +years before. They were indicted and brought to trial. John Adams, +afterwards President of the United States, then thirty-four years +of age, was counsel for the accused. Jonathan Ames turned King's +evidence against his mother. It was midnight before the counsel +began their arguments and two of the three judges were explicit in +summing up the evidence, that there was "a violent presumption" +of guilt, but at nine o'clock in the morning the jury came in and +rendered a verdict of "not guilty." May the result be attributed +to John Adams's eloquence and logic or to the vagaries of our jury +system? + +But we are a long way from the third session of the Court of +Assistants held September 28, 1630. Not until this time did the +law begin to reach out for its victims. John Goulworth was ordered +whipped and afterwards set in the stocks for felony, not named. One +other was whipped for a like offence and two Salem men, one of whom +has given us an honored line of descendants, were sentenced to sit +in the stocks for four hours, for being accessory thereunto. Richard +Clough's stock of strong water was ordered seized upon, because of +his selling a great quantity thereof to servants, thereby causing +much disorder. No person was to permit any Indian to use a gun +under a penalty of £10. Indian corn must not be sold or traded with +Indians or sent away without the limits of the Patent. Thomas Gray +was enjoined to remove himself out of the Patent before the end of +March, and the oath was administered to John Woodbury, the newly +elected constable from Salem. + +At the next session William Clark, who had been brought to book +at a previous Court for overcharging Mr. Baker for cloth, now +was prohibited cohabitation and frequent keeping company with +Mrs. Freeman and accordingly was placed under bonds for a future +appearance. Three years later this offender became one of the twelve +who went to Agawam and founded the present town of Ipswich, and ten +years later still another William Clark of Ipswich was sentenced to +be whipped "for spying into the chamber of his master and mistress +and reporting what he saw." + +November 30, 1630, Sir Richard Saltonstall was fined £5, for +whipping two persons without the presence of another assistant, as +required by law; while Bartholomew Hill was whipped for stealing a +loaf of bread, and John Baker suffered the same penalty for shooting +at wild fowl on the Sabbath Day. And so continues the record of +intermingled punishment and legislation. + +The struggling communities that had planted themselves along the +shores of the Massachusetts Bay largely had refused to conform to +the rules and ordinances of the English Church. If the records of +the Quarterly Courts are studied it will be seen that the settlers +also failed to obey the rules and laws laid down by the magistrates +of their own choosing. To be sure there were large numbers of +indentured servants and the rough fishermen along the coastline have +always been unruly. Much also may be attributed to the primitive +and congested life in the new settlements. Simple houses of but few +rooms and accommodating large families, surely are not conducive to +gentle speech or modesty of manners nor to a strict morality. The +craving desire for land holding, and the poorly defined and easily +removed bounds naturally led to frequent actions for trespass, +assault, defamation, slander and debt. The magistrates exercised +unusual care in watching over the religious welfare of the people +and in providing for the ministry. It has been stated frequently +that in the olden times everyone went to church. The size of the +meetinghouses, the isolated location of many of the houses, the +necessary care of the numerous young children, and the interesting +side lights on the manners of the times which appear in the court +papers, all go to prove that the statement must not be taken +literally. Absence from meeting, breaking the Sabbath, carrying a +burden on the Lord's Day, condemning the church, condemning the +ministry, scandalous falling out on the Lord's Day, slandering the +church, and other misdemeanors of a similar character were frequent. +A number of years before the Quakers appeared in the Colony it +was no unusual matter for some one to disturb the congregation by +public speeches either in opposition to the minister or to some one +present. Zaccheus Gould, a very large landholder, in Topsfield, in +the time of the singing the psalm one Sabbath afternoon sat himself +down upon the end of the table about which the minister and the +chief of the people sat, with his hat on his head and his back +toward all the rest of them that sat about the table and although +spoken to altered not his posture; and the following Sabbath after +the congregation was dismissed he haranged the people and ended by +calling goodman Cummings a "proud, probmatical, base, beggarly, pick +thank fellow." Of course the matter was ventilated in the Salem +Court. + +At the February 29, 1648, session of the Salem Court eight cases +were tried. A Gloucester man was fined for cursing, saying, "There +are the brethren, the divil scald them." Four servants were fined +for breaking the Sabbath by hunting and killing a raccoon in the +time of the public exercise to the disturbance of the congregation. +If the animal had taken to the deep woods instead of staying near +the meetinghouse the servants might have had their fun without +paying for it. A Marblehead man was fined for sailing his boat +loaded with hay from Gloucester harbor, on the Lord's Day, when the +people were going to the morning exercise. Nicholas Pinion, who +worked at the Saugus Iron works, was presented for absence from +meeting four Lord's Days together, spending his time drinking, and +profanely; and Nicholas Russell of the same locality was fined for +spending a great part of one Lord's day with Pinion in drinking +strong water and cursing and swearing. He also had been spending +much time with Pinion's wife, causing jealousy in the family; and +the lady in question, having broken her bond for good behavior, was +ordered to be severely whipped. The other cases were for swearing, +in which the above named lady was included; for being disguised with +drink; and for living from his wife. And so the Court ended. + +A curious instance of Sabbath breaking occurred at Hampton in +1646. Aquila Chase and his wife and David Wheeler were presented +at Ipswich Court for gathering peas on the Sabbath. They were +admonished. The family tradition has it that Aquila returned from +sea that morning and his wife, wishing to supply a delicacy for +dinner, fell into grave error in thus pandering to his unsanctified +appetite. + +While we are discussing matters relating to the Sabbath and to +the church it may be well to allude to the ministry. It has been +shown that the first concern of the Court of Assistants was a +provision for the housing and care of the ministry. Much the larger +number were godly men actuated by a sincere desire to serve their +people and to preserve their souls. But many of them were men, not +saints, and so possessed of men's passions and weaknesses. While +all exercised more or less influence over the communities in which +they lived, yet the tangible result must have been negative in some +instances. Take for example the small inland town of Topsfield, +settled about 1639. Rev. William Knight rendered mission service +for a short time early in the 40's and a dozen years later Rev. +William Perkins moved into town from Gloucester. He had been one +of the twelve who settled the town of Ipswich in 1633; afterwards +he lived at Weymouth where he was selectman, representative to the +General Court, captain of the local military company and also a +member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company. He also was +schoolmaster in 1650 and the next year appears at Gloucester as +minister, from which place he soon drifted into Court. Cross suits +for defamation and slander were soon followed by the presentment of +Mrs. Holgrave for unbecoming speeches against Mr. Perkins, saying +"if it were not for the law, shee would never come to the meeting, +the teacher was so dead ... affirming that the teacher was fitter +to be a ladys chamberman, than to be in the pulpit." + +Mr. Perkins removed to Topsfield in 1656. The next year he tried +to collect his salary by legal process and again in 1660. Three +years later a church was organized and their first minister was +settled. He was a Scotchman--Rev. Thomas Gilbert. Soon Mr. Perkins +was summoned to Salem Court where Edward Richards declared in court +before Mr. Perkins' face, that the latter being asked whither he +was going, said, to hell, for aught he knew. Of course Mr. Perkins +denied the testimony. Later in the same year he was fined for +excessive drinking, it appearing that he stopped at the Malden +ordinary and called for sack. But goody Hill told him that he had +had too much already and Master Perkins replied, "If you think I am +drunk let me see if I can not goe," and he went tottering about the +kitchen and said the house was so full of pots and kettles that he +could hardly go. + +But what of Mr. Gilbert. Three years after his settlement Mr. +Perkins appeared in Court and presented a complaint in twenty-seven +particulars "that in public prayers and sermons, at several times +he uttered speeches of a high nature reproachful and scandalous to +the King's majestie & his government." He was summoned into Court +and bound over in £1000 to the next General Court where eventually +he was solemnly admonished publicly in open court by the Honored +Governor. With twenty-seven particulars, could a Scotchman restrain +his tongue? Mr. Gilbert could not, and shortly Mr. Perkins brought +two complaints of defamation of character. Mr. Gilbert also soon +developed a love of wine for it appears by the court papers that one +sacrament day, when the wine had been brought from the meetinghouse +and poured into the golden cup, Mr. Gilbert drank most of it with +the usual result, for he sank down in his chair, forgot to give +thanks, and sang a Psalm with lisping utterance. He was late at +the afternoon service, so that many went away before he came and +Thomas Baker testified "I perceived that he was distempered in his +head, for he did repeat many things many times over; in his prayer +he lisped and when he had done to prayer, he went to singing & +read the Psalm so that it could not be well understood and when he +had done singing he went to prayer again, and when he had done he +was going to sing again, but being desired to forbear used these +expressions: I bless God I find a great deal of comfort in it; and +coming out of the pulpit he said to the people I give you notice I +will preach among you no more." His faithful wife testified that +his conduct was due to a distemper that came upon him sometimes +when fasting and in rainy weather. The following April he was again +before the Court charged with many reproachful and reviling speeches +for which he was found guilty and sharply admonished and plainly +told "that if he shall find himself unable to demean himself more +soberly and christianly, as became his office, they do think it +more convenient for him to surcease from the exercise of any public +employment." The stubborn Scot refused to submit and affixing a +defiant paper to the meetinghouse door he deserted his office for +three successive Sabbaths, when his exasperated people petitioned +the Court to be freed from such "an intollerable burden" and so the +relation ceased but not until further suits and counter suits had +been tried for defamation, slander, and threatened assault. + +His successor was Rev. Jeremiah Hobart, a Harvard graduate, who +preached for a while at Beverly and found difficulty in collecting +his salary. He remained at Topsfield eight years and during that +time became a familiar figure at the County Courts, because of +non-payment of salary, for cursing and swearing, and for a damaging +suit for slander exhibiting much testimony discreditable to him. +Even his brother ministers and the churches were not free from his +reproachful and scandalous speeches so he at last was dismissed and +two years later was followed by a godly man, Rev. Joseph Capen of +Dorchester, who enjoyed a peaceful pastorate of nearly forty years. + +The severe penalties of the English legal code were much modified +in the Bay Colony but public executions continued until the middle +of the nineteenth century and were usually more or less a public +holiday. The condemned was taken in a cart through the streets +to the gallows. Not infrequently a sermon was preached by some +minister on the Sunday previous to the execution and speeches from +the gallows always thrilled the crowd. The execution of pirates drew +many people from some distance. Several Rhode Island murderers were +executed and afterwards hung in chains. The gibbeting of the bodies +of executed persons does not seem to have been general.[91] + + [91] Robert Hunt, a lime seller of Boston, differing with a man, + drew a sword and made two or three passes at him, upon which the man + seized the sword and broke it and went for a warrant to apprehend + Hunt who at once shut himself up in his house with a loaded gun and + two pistols beside him. When the officers appeared he fired out of + the window several times and wounded two boys but at last was taken + and committed to prison where three days later he committed suicide + by hanging "with an old single Garter." The same afternoon his body + "was carried thro' the Town in a Cart, and buried near the Gallows, + having a stake first drove thro' it."--_Boston Gazette_, Apr. 18, + 1749. + +While executions by burning took place in Europe, and Salem is +sometimes accused of having burned witches at the stake, there are +but two instances, so far as known, when this extreme penalty was +inflicted in Massachusetts. The first occurred in 1681 when Maria, +the negro servant of Joshua Lamb of Roxbury willfully set fire to +her master's house, and was sentenced by the Court to be burned +alive. The same year Jack, a negro servant, while searching for +food set fire to the house of Lieut. William Clark of Northampton. +He was condemned to be hanged and then his body was burnt to ashes +in the same fire with Maria, the negress. The second instance of +inflicting the penalty of burning alive occurred at Cambridge in the +fall of 1755, when Phillis, a negro slave of Capt. John Codman of +Charlestown, was so executed. She poisoned her master to death by +using arsenic. A male slave Mark, who was an accomplice was hanged +and the body afterwards suspended in chains beside the Charlestown +highway where it remained for nearly twenty years.[92] Why was +the woman deemed more culpable than the man in such instances of +poisoning? The old English law so provided and at a later date, +under Henry VIII, poisoners were boiled alive in oil. The last +execution in Massachusetts for the crime of arson occurred on Salem +Neck in 1821 when Stephen Merrill Clark, a Newburyport lad, fifteen +years of age, paid the penalty. He had set fire to a barn in the +night time endangering a dwelling house. + + [92] Thursday last, in the Afternoon, _Mark_, a Negro Man, and + _Phillis_, a Negro Woman, both Servants of the late Capt. _John + Codman_, were executed at _Cambridge_, for poisoning their said + Master, as mentioned in this Paper some Weeks ago. The Fellow was + hanged, and the Woman burned at a Stake about Ten Yards distant from + the Gallows. They both confessed themselves guilty of the Crime for + which they suffered, acknowledged the Justice of their Sentence, and + died very penitent. After Execution, the Body of _Mark_ was brought + down to _Charlestown_ Common, and hanged in Chains, on a Gibbet + erected there for that Purpose.--_Boston Evening-Post_, Sept. 22, + 1755. + +Ten years before the adoption of the "Body of Liberties," adultery +became a capital crime in accordance with the Mosaic law. The +first case was one John Dawe, for enticing an Indian woman. He was +severely whipped, and at the next session of the General Court, +the death penalty was ordered for the future. When we consider the +freedom of manners of the time, the clothing worn by the women, the +limited sleeping accommodations and the ignorance of the servants, +it is remarkable that the penalty was inflicted in so few cases. +The records are full of cases of fornication, uncleanness, wanton +dalliance, unseemly behaviour, unchaste words, and living away from +wife, and the more so during the earlier years. Possibly, the juries +may have thought the penalty too severe and found the parties guilty +only, of "adulterous behavior," which happened in Boston in 1645. +This followed a case of the previous year where a young woman had +married an old man out of pique and then received the attentions of +a young man of eighteen. They both were hanged. + +The Court Records of the County of Essex always must have a curious +interest because of the witchcraft cases. But the first execution +in Massachusetts for witchcraft did not take place in Salem, but +in Boston, in 1648, when Margaret Jones of Charlestown was hanged. +It was shown that she had a malignant touch, that she produced +deafness, practiced physic, and that her harmless medicines produced +violent effects. She foretold things which came to pass and lied at +her trial and railed at the jury. The midwives found that mysterious +excrescence upon her, and for all these crimes she was hanged, and +as a proof from Heaven of the justice of her taking off there was a +great tempest in Connecticut on the very hour she was executed. + +But Essex County court records show several witchcraft cases during +the first twenty-five years following the settlement. In September, +1650, Henry Pease of Marblehead, deposed that he heard Peter Pitford +of Marblehead say that goodwife James was a witch and that he saw +her in a boat at sea in the likeness of a cat, and that his garden +fruits did not prosper so long as he lived near that woman, and +that said Pitford often called her "Jesable." Erasmus James, her +husband, promptly brought suit for slander, and at the next Court +another suit for defamation by which he received 50s. damages. The +court records show that this Jane James had previously made her +appearance, for in June, 1639, Mr. Anthony Thatcher complained that +she took things from his house. She and her husband were bound for +her good behavior and "the boys to be whipped by the Governor of +the Family where they had offended." Six years later, in September, +1645, John Bartoll said in open court that he could "prove Jane +James a common lyer, a theif & a false forsworn woman," and a +year later, in September, 1646, Thomas Bowen, and his wife, Mary, +testified that Jane James spoke to William Barber in Bowen's house +in Marblehead and Barber said, "get you out of doors you filthy old +Baud or else I will cuttle your hide, you old filthy baggage," & he +took up a firebrand but did not throw it at her. Peter Pitford's +accusation was not the only one for in the following year John +Gatchell said that Erasmus James's wife was an old witch and that he +had seen her going in a boat on the water toward Boston, when she +was in her yard at home. But Erasmus promptly brought suit in the +Salem court and recovered a verdict in his favor. + +There are several other cases before 1655. In October, 1650, Thomas +Crauly of Hampton sued Ralph Hall for slander, for saying he had +called Robert Sawyer's wife a witch. + +John Bradstreet, a young man of Rowley, was presented at Court in +1652 for having familiarity with the devil, witnesses testifying +that Bradstreet said that he read in a book of magic and that +he heard a voice asking him what work he had for him to do, and +Bradstreet answered "go make a bridge of sand over the sea, go +make a ladder of sand up to Heaven and go to God and come down no +more." There was much palaver but the Court showed common sense and +Bradstreet was ordered to be fined or whipped for telling a lie. + +In 1653 Christopher Collins of Lynn brought suit against Enoch +Coldan for slander, for saying that Collins' wife was a witch and +calling her a witch. The judgment however was for the defendant. +Another accusation was promptly squelched in the fall of the same +year. + +Edmond Marshall of Gloucester unwisely stated publicly that Mistress +Perkins, Goodey Evans, Goodey Dutch and Goodey Vincent were under +suspicion of being witches. Their husbands at once brought suit for +defamation of character and the verdict in each case was, that the +defendant should make public acknowledgment within fourteen days in +the meetinghouses at Salem, Ipswich and Gloucester. + +To sentence a culprit to expiate his crime before the congregation +in the meetinghouse was a common thing. The publicity, in theory, +induced shame and thus served as a future deterrent. To sit in the +stocks and then make public acknowledgment before the congregation +was a favorite penalty. Sometimes the offender was ordered to stand +at the church door with a paper on his hat inscribed with the crime +he had committed. If for lying, a cleft stick might ornament his +tongue. Whipping was the most frequent penalty, closely followed by +the stocks, and after a time imprisonment became more common. The +bilboes were used only in the earliest period. The use of the stocks +and whipping post was discontinued in 1813 and not a single example +seems to have survived in either museum or attic. The pillory was in +use in State Street, Boston, as late as 1803, and two years before, +John Hawkins stood one hour in the pillory in what is now Washington +Street, Salem, and afterwards had one ear cropped--all for the +crime of forgery. Branding the hand or cheek was also inflicted, +and Hawthorne has made famous another form of branding, the wearing +prominently upon the clothing, an initial letter of a contrary +color, symbolizing the crime committed. This penalty was inflicted +upon a man at Springfield, as late as October 7, 1754, and the law +remained in force until February 17, 1785. As early as 1634 a Boston +drunkard was sentenced to wear a red D about his neck for a year.[93] + + [93] At the Court of Assize, at Springfield, the 2d Tuesday of + September last, Daniel Bailey and Mary Rainer, of a Place adjoining + to Sheffield in that county, were convicted of Adultery, and were + sentenced to suffer the Penalty of the Law therefor, viz. to sit + on the Gallows with a Rope about their Necks, for the Space of an + Hour; to be whipt forty Stripes each, and to wear for ever after + a Capital A, two Inches long, and proportionable in bigness, cut + out in Cloth of a contrary Colour to their Cloaths, and sewed upon + their upper Garments, either upon the outside of the arm, or on the + back.--_Boston Evening-Post_, Oct. 9, 1752. + + A case of incest in Deerfield: "the man was set upon the Gallows + with a Rope about his Neck for the space of one Hour, to be whipped + in his Way from thence to the Goal 30 stripes, and to wear a Capital + I of two Inches long, and proportionable Bigness on his upper + Garment for ever. Sentence against the Woman, for special Reasons, + we hear, is respited for the present."--_Boston Evening-Post_, Oct. + 7, 1754. + + At the Superior Court held in Cambridge last week, one Hannah Dudley + of Lincoln was convicted of repeatedly commiting Adultery and + Fornication with her own Mother's husband, an old Man of 76 years of + age. She was sentenced to be set upon the Gallows for the space of + one Hour, with a Rope about her Neck, and the other end cast over + the Gallows, and in the way from thence to the Common Goal, that she + be severely whipped 30 stripes, and that she for ever after wear a + Capital I of two inches long and proportionable bigness cut out in + Cloth of a different Colour to her Cloaths, and sewed upon her upper + Garment on the outside of her arm, or on her Back, in Open View. [No + further mention is made of the step-father.]--_Boston News-Letter_, + Aug. 16, 1759. + +Massachusetts did not purge her laws from these ignominous +punishments until 1813 when whipping, branding, the stocks, the +pillory, cutting off ears, slitting noses, boring tongues, etc., +were done away with. + +There lived in Salem, nearly three centuries ago, a woman whose +story is told by Governor Winthrop and the records of the Quarterly +Courts. She was, in a sense, a forerunner of Anne Hutchinson and we +may fancy at heart a suffragette. Her story gives you an outline +picture of the manners of the times in a few details. Her name +was Mary Oliver and her criminal record begins in June, 1638. +Governor Winthrop relates: "Amongst the rest, there was a woman in +Salem, one Oliver, his wife, who had suffered somewhat in England +by refusing to bow at the name of Jesus, though otherwise she was +conformable to all their orders. She was (for ability of speech, +and appearance of zeal and devotion) far before Mrs. Hutchinson, +and so the fitter instrument to have done hurt, but that she was +poor and had little acquaintance. She took offence at this, that she +might not be admitted to the Lord's supper without giving public +satisfaction to the church of her faith, etc., and covenanting or +professing to walk with them according to the rule of the gospel; so +as upon the sacrament day she openly called for it, stood to plead +her right, though she were denied; and would not forbear, before +the magistrate, Mr. Endecott, did threaten to send the constable to +put her forth. This woman was brought to the Court for disturbing +the peace in the church, etc., and there she gave such premptory +answers, as she was committed till she should find surities for her +good behavior. After she had been in prison three or four days, she +made means to the Governor and submitted herself, and acknowledged +her fault in disturbing the church; whereupon he took her husband's +bond for her good behavior, and discharged her out of prison. But +he found, after, that she still held her former opinions, which +were very dangerous, as, (I) that the church is the head of the +people, both magistrates and ministers, met together and that these +have power to ordain ministers, etc. (II) That all that dwell in +the same town, and will profess their faith in Christ Jesus, ought +to be received to the sacraments there; and that she was persuaded +that, if Paul were at Salem, he would call all the inhabitants there +saints. (III) That excommunication is no other but when Christians +withdraw private communion from one that hath offended." September +24, 1639, this Mary Oliver was sentenced to prison in Boston +indefinitely for her speeches at the arrival of newcomers. She was +to be taken by the constables of Salem and Lynn to the prison in +Boston. Her husband Thomas Oliver was bound in £20 for his wife's +appearance at the next court in Boston. + +Governor Winthrop continues: "About five years after, this woman was +adjudged to be whipped for reproaching the magistrates. She stood +without tying, and bore her punishment with a masculine spirit, +glorying in her suffering. But after (when she came to consider the +reproach, which would stick by her, etc.) she was much dejected +about it. She had a cleft stick put on her tongue half an hour for +reproaching the elders." + +March 2, 1647-8, Mary Oliver was fined for working on the Sabbath +day in time of public exercise; also for abusing Capt. Hathorne, +uttering divers mutinous speeches, and denying the morality of +the Sabbath. She was sentenced to sit in the stocks one hour next +lecture day, if the weather be moderate; also for saying "You in New +England are thieves and Robbers" and for saying to Mr. Gutch that +she hoped to tear his flesh in pieces and all such as he was. For +this she was bound to good behavior, and refusing to give bond was +sent to Boston jail, and if she remained in the court's jurisdiction +was to answer to further complaints at the next Salem Court. + +It appears from depositions that she went to Robert Gutch's house in +such gladness of spirit that he couldn't understand it, and she said +to some there, not members, "Lift up your heads, your redemption +draweth near," and when reminded what she already had been punished +for, she said that she came out of that with a scarf and a ring. + +November 15, 1648, Mary Oliver for living from her husband, was +ordered to go to him before the next court, and in December she +brought suit against John Robinson for false imprisonment, taking +her in a violent manner and putting her in the stocks. She recovered +a judgment of 10s. damages. The following February Mary Oliver was +again presented at Court for living from her husband, and in July, +having been ordered to go to her husband in England by the next +ship, she was further enjoyned to go by the next opportunity on +penalty of 20 li. + +November 13, 1649, Mary Oliver was presented for stealing goats, and +a month later she was presented for speaking against the Governor, +saying that he was unjust, corrupt and a wretch, and that he made +her pay for stealing two goats when there was no proof in the world +of it. She was sentenced to be whipped next lecture day at Salem, if +the weather be moderate, not exceeding twenty stripes. Capt. William +Hathorne and Mr. Emanuel Downing were to see the sentence executed. +At the same court George Ropes complained that Mary Oliver kept away +a spade of his and she was fined 5s. + +February 28, 1649-50, Mary Oliver thus far had escaped the second +whipping, for at her request Mr. Batter asked that her sentence be +respited, which the Court granted "if she doe go into the Bay with +Joseph Hardy this day or when he goeth next into the Bay with his +vessell" otherwise she was to be called forth by Mr. Downing and +Capt. Hathorne and be punished. If she returned, the punishment was +to hold good. + +The next day Mary Oliver's fine was remitted to the end that she use +it in transporting herself and children out of this jurisdiction +within three weeks. And there ended her turbulent career in the town +of Salem, so far as the Court records show. + +Until comparatively recent times New England shipping sailed the +seas in frequent danger of attack by pirate vessels. Before the +town of Boston was settled, Capt. John Smith, "the Admiral of New +England," wrote: "As in all lands where there are many people, +there are some theeves, so in all Seas much frequented, there are +some Pyrats," and as early as the summer of 1632, one Dixey Bull +was plundering small trading vessels on the Maine coast and looting +the settlement at Pemaquid. Shipping, sailing to and from England, +was obliged to run the gauntlet of the Dutch and French privateers +and the so-called pirates sailing out of Flushing and Ostend made +several captures that affected the fortunes of the Boston traders. +In 1644, the Great and General Court sitting in Boston, granted a +commission to Capt. Thomas Bredcake to take Turkish pirates--the +Algerines--who were a constant danger to vessels trading with Spain. +John Hull, the mint-master who made the "pine tree shillings," had a +brother Edward, who went a-pirating in Long Island Sound and after +dividing the plunder made for England. + +It was the treaty of peace between England and Spain, signed at +Aix-la-Chapelle in 1668, that contributed largely to the great +increase of piracy in the West Indies and along the New England +coast. The peace released a great many men who found themselves +unable to obtain employment in merchant ships and this was +particularly true in the West Indies where the colonial governors +had commissioned a large number of privateers. It was but a step +forward to continue that fine work without a commission after +the war was over and to the mind of the needy seaman there was +very little distinction between the lawfulness of one and the +unlawfulness of the other. The suppression of buccaneering in the +West Indies happened not long after and many of these adventurers +raised a black flag and preyed upon the ships of every nation. The +operation of the Navigation Acts also led to insecurity on the high +seas and eventually to outright piracy; and so it came about that +the pirate, the privateer, and the armed merchantman, often blended +the one into the other. + +The first trial and execution of pirates in Boston took place in +1672. Rev. Cotton Mather, the pastor of the North Church, Boston, in +his "History of Some Criminals Executed in this Land," relates the +story of the seizure of the ship _Antonio_, off the Spanish coast. +She was owned in England and her crew quarrelled with the master +and at last rose and turned him adrift in the ship's longboat with +a small quantity of provisions. With him went some of the officers +of the ship. The mutineers, or pirates as they were characterized +at the time, then set sail for New England and on their arrival +in Boston they were sheltered and for a time concealed by Major +Nicholas Shapleigh, a merchant in Charlestown. He was also accused +of aiding them in their attempt to get away. Meanwhile, "by a +surprising providence of God, the Master, with his Afflicted Company +in the Long-boat, also arrived; all, Except one who Dyed of the +Barbarous Usage. + +"The Countenance of the _Master_, who now become Terrible to +the Rebellious _Men_, though they had _Escaped the Sea_, yet +_Vengeance would not suffer them to Live a Shore_. At his Instance +and Complaint, they were Apprehended; and the Ringleaders of this +Murderous Pyracy, had sentence of Death Executed on them, in +_Boston_." + +The three men who were executed were William Forrest, Alexander +Wilson, and John Smith. As for Major Shapleigh; he was fined five +hundred pounds, which amount was afterwards abated to three hundred +pounds because of "his estate not being able to beare it." + +The extraordinary circumstances of this case probably induced the +General Court to draw up the law that was enacted on October 15, +1673. By it piracy became punishable by death according to the local +laws. Before then a kind of common law was in force in the Colony +based upon Biblical law as construed by the leading ministers. +Of course the laws of England were theoretically respected, but +Massachusetts, in the wilderness, separated from England by three +thousand miles of stormy water, in practice actually governed +herself and made her own laws. + +In 1675, the Court of Assistants found John Rhoade and certain +Dutchmen guilty of piracy on the Maine coast and they were sentenced +to be hanged "presently after the lecture." Just then, King Philip +went on the warpath and all else, for the time, was forgotten in the +fearful danger of the emergency. Before long the condemned men were +released, some without conditions and others were banished from the +Colony. It is fair to say, however, that politics and commercial +greed were sadly mixed in this trial. + +A bloody fight occurred at Tarpaulin Cove, near Woods Hole, in +October, 1689, between a pirate sloop and a vessel sent out from +Boston in pursuit. The pirate was taken and after trial the leader, +Capt. Thomas Pound, late pilot of the King's frigate _Rose_, then +at anchor in the harbor, Thomas Hawkins, a well-connected citizen +of Boston, Thomas Johnston of Boston, "a limping privateer," and +one Eleazer Buck, were sentenced to be hanged. When they were on +the gallows Governor Bradstreet reprieved all save Johnston--"Which +gave great disgust to the People; I fear it was ill done," wrote +Judge Sewall. The same day one William Coward was hanged for piracy +committed on the ketch _Elinor_, while at anchor at Nantasket Road. + +The capture in Boston in 1699, of William Kidd, Joseph Bradish, +born in Cambridge; Tee Wetherly, James Gillam, and other men +concerned with the Madagascar pirates, created much excitement, but +these men were tried in England and gibbetted at Hope Point on the +Thames. + +In June, 1704, a trial for piracy was held in the Old State House, +and the testimony and proceedings were afterwards published. +Captain John Quelch had sailed from Marblehead, the previous year, +in command of a brigantine commissioned as a privateer. Instead +of proceeding against the French off Newfoundland he had sailed +south and on the coast of Brazil had captured and plundered several +Portuguese vessels. While he was absent, a treaty of peace between +England and Portugal had been signed and when Quelch returned to +Marblehead harbor he learned that he had piratically taken various +vessels belonging to subjects of "Her Majesty's good Allie," the +King of Portugal. His arrest and trial followed and with six of +his ship's company he was sentenced to be hanged on a gallows set +up between high- and low-water mark off a point of land just below +Copp's hill. The condemned were guarded by forty musketeers and the +constables of the town and were preceded by the Provost Marshal and +his officers. Great crowds gathered to see the execution. Judge +Sewall in his diary comments on the great number of people on +Broughton's hill, as Copp's hill was called at that time. + +"But when I came to see how the River was cover'd with People, I was +amazed: Some say there were 100 Boats. 150 Boats and Canoes, saith +Cousin Moodey of York. Mr. Cotton Mather came with Capt. Quelch +and six others for Execution from the Prison to Scarlet's Wharf, +and from thence in the Boat to the place of Execution about midway +between Hanson's [_sic_] point and Broughton's Warehouse. When the +scaffold was hoisted to a due height, the seven Malefactors went up: +Mr. Mather pray'd for them standing upon the Boat. Ropes were all +fasten'd to the Gallows (save King, who was Repriev'd). When the +scaffold was let to sink, there was such a Screech of the Women that +my wife heard it sitting in our Entry next the Orchard, and was much +surprised at it; yet the wind was sou-west. Our house is a full +mile from the place." + +Capt. Samuel Bellamy, in the pirate ship _Whydah_, was wrecked +on Cape Cod near Wellfleet, the spring of 1717, and 142 men were +drowned. Six pirates who reached shore were tried in Boston and +sentenced to be hanged "at Charlestown Ferry within the flux and +reflux of the Sea." After the condemned were removed from the +courtroom the ministers of the town took them in hand and "bestowed +all possible '_Instructions_ upon the Condemned Criminals; often +_Pray'd_ with them; often _Preached_ to them; often _Examined_ them; +and _Exhorted_ them; and presented them with Books of Piety.'" At +the place of execution, Baker and Hoof appeared penitent and the +latter joined with Van Vorst in singing a Dutch psalm. John Brown, +on the contrary, broke out into furious expressions with many oaths +and then fell to reading prayers, "not very pertinently chosen," +remarks the Rev. Cotton Mather. He then made a short speech, at +which many in the assembled crowd trembled, in which he advised +sailors to beware of wicked living and if they fell into the hands +of pirates, to have a care what countries they came into. Then the +scaffold fell and six twitching bodies, outlined against the sky, +ended the spectacle. + +In 1724 the head of Capt. John Phillips, the pirate, was brought +into Boston in pickle. He had been killed by "forced men" who had +risen and taken the pirate ship. Only two of his company lived to +reach Boston for trial and execution, and one of them, John Rose +Archer, the quartermaster, was sentenced to be "hung up in Irons, to +be a spectacle, and so a Warning to others." The gibbet was erected +on Bird Island which was located about half-way between Governor's +Island and East Boston. In the Marshal's bill for expenses in +connection with the execution appears the following item: + +"To Expenses for Victuals and Drink for the Sherifs, Officers and +Constables after the Executions att Mrs. Mary Gilberts her Bill +£3.15.8." + +The enforcement of the English statute relating to piracy was +variously interpreted in the Colonial courts, and local enactments +sometimes superseded it in actual practice. Previous to 1700, +the statute required that men accused of piracy should be sent +to England to be tried before a High Court of Admiralty. Pound, +Hawkins, Bradish, Kidd, and other known pirates were accordingly +sent in irons to London for trial. But the difficulties and delays, +to say nothing of the expense, induced Parliament by an Act of 11 +and 12 William III, to confer authority by which trials for piracy +might be held by Courts of Admiralty sitting in the Colonies. On the +other hand, the Massachusetts Court of Assistants in 1675 found John +Rhoades and others, guilty of piracy. This was in accordance with an +order adopted by the Great and General Court on October 15, 1673. +When Robert Munday was tried at Newport, R. I., in 1703, it was by a +jury in the ordinary criminal court, in open disregard of the King's +commission. + +The Courts of Admiralty held in the Colonies were composed of +certain officials designated in the Royal commission, including +the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, the Judge of the Vice-Admiralty +for the Province, the Chief Justice, the Secretary, Members of the +Council, and the Collector of Customs. Counsel was assigned to the +accused to advise and to address the Court "upon any matter of +law," but the practice at that time was different from the present. +Accused persons in criminal cases were obliged to conduct their +own defence and their counsel were not permitted to cross-examine +witnesses, the legal theory at the time being that the facts in the +case would appear without the necessity of counsel; that the judge +could be trusted to see this properly done; and the jury would give +the prisoner the benefit of any reasonable doubt. + +Trials occupied but a short time and executions generally took place +within a few days after the sentence of the Court was pronounced. +During the interval the local clergy labored with the condemned to +induce repentance, and all the terrors of hell were pictured early +and late. Usually, the prisoners were made the principal figures in +a Sunday spectacle and taken through the streets to the meetinghouse +of some prominent minister, there to be gazed at by a congregation +that crowded the building, while the reverend divine preached a +sermon suited to the occasion. This discourse was invariably +printed and avidly read by the townsfolk, so that few copies have +survived the wear and tear of the years. From these worn pamphlets +may be learned something of the lives and future of the prisoners as +reflected by the mental attitude of the attending ministers. + +The day of execution having arrived, the condemned prisoners were +marched in procession through the crowded streets safely guarded +by musketeers and constables. The procession included prominent +officials and ministers and was preceded by the Marshal of the +Admiralty Court carrying "the Silver Oar," his emblem of authority. +This was usually about three feet long and during the trial was also +carried by him in the procession of judges to the courtroom where it +was placed on the table before the Court during the proceedings. + +Time-honored custom, and the Act of Parliament as well, required +that the gallows should be erected "in such place upon the sea, +or within the ebbing or flowing thereof, as the President of the +Court ... shall appoint," and this necessitated the construction +of a scaffold or platform suspended from the framework of the +gallows by means of ropes and blocks. When an execution took place +on land, that is to say, on solid ground easily approached, it was +the custom at that time to carry the condemned in a cart under +the crossarm of the gallows and after the hangman's rope had been +adjusted around the neck and the signal had been given, the cart +would be driven away and the condemned person left dangling in the +air. In theory, the proper adjustment of the knot in the rope and +the short fall from the body of the cart when it was driven away, +would be sufficient to break the bones of the neck and also cause +strangulation; but in practice this did not always occur. + +When pirates were executed on a gallows placed between "the ebb and +flow of the tide," the scaffold on which they stood was allowed +to fall by releasing the ropes holding it suspended in mid-air. +This was always the climax of the spectacle for which thousands of +spectators had gathered from far and near. + +Not infrequently the judges of a Court of Admiralty had brought +before them for trial a pirate whose career had been more infamous +than the rest. A cruel and bloody-minded fellow fit only for a +halter,--and then the sentence to be hanged by the neck until dead +would be followed by another judgment, dooming the lifeless body +of the pirate to be hanged in chains from a gibbet placed on some +island or jutting point near a ship channel, there to hang "a sun +drying" as a warning to other sailormen of evil intent. In Boston +harbor there were formerly two islands--Bird Island and Nix's +Mate--on which pirates were gibbeted.[94] Bird Island long since +disappeared and ships now anchor where the gibbet formerly stood. +Nix's Mate was of such size that early in the eighteenth century +the selectmen of Boston advertised its rental for the pasturage of +cattle. Today every foot of its soil has been washed away and the +point of a granite monument alone marks the site of the island where +formerly a pirate hung in chains beside the swiftly flowing tides. + + [94] On Tuesday the 12th Instant, about 3 p.m. were executed for + Piracy, Murder, etc., three of the Condemned Persons mentioned in + our Last viz. _William Fly_, Capt., _Samuel Cole_, Quarter-Master, + and _Henry Greenville_.... _Fly_ behaved himself very unbecoming + even to the last; ... Their Bodies were carried in a Boat to a small + Island call'd Nicks's-Mate, about 2 Leagues from the Town, where + the above said _Fly_ was hung up in Irons, as a spectacle for the + warning of others, especially sea-faring men; the other Two were + buried there.--_Boston News-Letter_, July 7-14, 1726. + +What constitutes a crime? It all depends upon the minds of the +people and oftentimes upon the judges. Manners and crimes vary +with the centuries as do dress and speech. Here are some of the +crimes penalized by Essex County Courts before the year 1655, viz.: +eavesdropping, meddling, neglecting work, taking tobacco, scolding, +naughty speeches, profane dancing, kissing, making love without +consent of friends, uncharitableness to a poor man in distress, bad +grinding at mill, carelessness about fire, wearing great boots, +wearing broad bone lace and ribbons. Between 1656 and 1662 we find +others, viz.: abusing your mother-in-law, wicked speeches against +a son-in-law, confessing himself a Quaker, cruelty to animals, +drinking tobacco, _i.e._, smoking, kicking another in the street, +leaving children alone in the house, opprobrious speeches, pulling +hair, pushing his wife, riding behind two fellows at night (this +was a girl, Lydia by name), selling dear, and sleeping in meeting. +The next five years reveal the following, viz.: breaking the ninth +commandment, dangerous well, digging up the grave of the Sagamore of +Agawam, going naked into the meetinghouse, playing cards, rebellious +speeches to parents, reporting a scandalous lie, reproaching the +minister, selling strong water by small measure, and dissenting from +the rest of the jury. + +With such minute supervision of the daily life of the colonists +it can readily be appreciated that it was an age for gossiping, +meddlesome interference with individual life and liberty and that +in the course of time nearly every one came before the courts as +complainant, defendant or witness. There were few amusements or +intellectual diversions and they could only dwell on the gossip and +small doings of their immediate surroundings. But all the while +there was underlying respect for law, religion and the rights of +others. The fundamental principles of human life were much the same +as at the present day, and men and women lived together then as now +and as they always will--with respect and love. + + +_Are the Times Improving?_ + +Edward Johnson's estimate in his _Wonder-working Providence_ +supposes in 1643, a population in Massachusetts of about 15,000. +There were then 31 towns in the Bay Colony, of which 10 were within +the limits of the present Essex County. The population of these +10 towns was probably about 6,000. They were located for the most +part along the shore line. The same geographical area in 1915 had +a population of about 360,000, or exactly 60 times as great as the +population in 1643, 272 years before. + + _1643_ _1915_ + Population 6,000 360,000 + Increase in 272 years--60 times as great. + In 1643, 1 person in 60 was a criminal. + In 1915, 1 person in 600 was a criminal. + 10 times more crime in 1643 according to population. + Murder (4), manslaughter (6), assault to murder (2) 0 12 + Arson 0 7 + Robbery, breaking and entering, etc. 8 165 + Assault of various kinds 10 86 + Drunkenness 7 70 + Illegal sale of liquor 0 74 + Sexual crimes, including bastardy, streetwalking, etc. 6 71 + Living from wife 14 0 + Non-support and desertion 0 48 + Profanity, reproachful speeches, evil speeches, etc. 13 2 + Extortion, oppression, shortweight, etc. 7 5 + Idle and disorderly 3 22 + Slander and libel 1 3 + Forgery 0 3 + Lying and perjury 2 0 + Breaking the Sabbath 5 1 + Misc. Putting oxen in field, absence from watch, neglect of + a servant, etc. 25 -- + Delinquency, cruelty to horse, adulterating drugs, + automobile cases, junk dealers fines, etc. -- 39 + ---- ---- + Total 101 607 + + In 1643--7 were servants. + In 1915--251 were South European names and a large part + of the remainder were Irish. + + + + +ILLUSTRATIONS + + + Plate No. + + _The Governor's "Fayre House," 1630 Colonial Village, Salem._ 1 + + _English Merchant Vessel of about 1620._ 2 + + _English Merchantman of 1655._ 3 + + _Dutch Ship of about 1620._ 4 + + _Governor John Endecott._ 5 + + _Colonial Village of 1630, at Salem, Mass._ 6 + + _English Wigwams._ 7 + + _Framework of English Wigwams._ 7 + + _Thatch-roofed Cottages._ 8 + + _Interior of an English Wigwam._ 8 + + _Front Entry and Stairs in the Governor's "Fayre House."_ 9 + + _Hall in the Governor's "Fayre House."_ 10 + + _Damme Garrison House, Dover, N. H._ 11 + + _Corner of McIntyre Garrison House, York, Me._ 12 + + _Corner of Bunker Garrison House, Durham, N. H._ 12 + + _Fairbanks House, Dedham, Mass._ 13 + + _Frame of the Fairbanks House, Dedham, Mass._ 14 + + _Frame of the Whipple-Matthews House, Hamilton, Mass._ 15 + + _Wattle and Daub in England._ 16 + + _Corwin-"Witch House," Salem, Mass._ 16 + + _Spencer-Pierce House, Newbury, Mass._ 17 + + _Parson Capen House, Topsfield, Mass._ 18 + + _Front Door of Parson Capen House._ 19 + + _Front Entry and Stairs Parson Capen House._ 20 + + _Overhang and Drops, Parson Capen House._ 21 + + _John Ward House, Salem, Mass._ 22 + + _Kitchen in John Ward House._ 22 + + _Jethro Coffin House, Nantucket, Mass._ 23 + + _Weatherboarding on Saxton House, Deerfield, Mass._ 24 + + _Harvard College in 1726._ 25 + + _Diamond-pane, Leaded Glass Sash._ 26 + + _Crown Glass Window Sash._ 26 + + _Framing Details, Moulthrop House, E. Haven, Conn._ 27 + + _Wooden Latch of about 1710._ 28 + + _Knocker, Latch and Bolt, Indian House, Deerfield._ 28 + + _Wrought-Iron Door Latches._ 29 + + _Parlor in John Ward House, Salem, Mass._ 30 + + _Kitchen in John Ward House, Salem, Mass._ 30 + + _Parlor in Parson Capen House, Topsfield, Mass._ 31 + + _Kitchen in Parson Capen House, Topsfield, Mass._ 31 + + _The Dash Churn._ 32 + + _Court Cupboard of about 1660._ 33 + + _Recessed Court Cupboard of about 1680._ 34 + + _Oaken Chest on Frame of about 1655._ 35 + + _Cane-Back Arm Chair, 1680-1690._ 36 + + _Banister-Back Chair of about 1720._ 37 + + _Leonard House, Raynham, Mass._ Page 52 + + _Quilting Party in the Olden Time._ 38 + + _Counterpane made from a Blanket Sheet._ 39 + + _Quilted Counterpane._ 40 + + _Counterpane with Crewel-Work Decoration._ 41 + + _John Winthrop, the Younger._ 42 + + _Rev. Richard Mather._ 43 + + _Doctor John Clarke._ 44 + + _Mrs. Elizabeth (Paddy) Wensley._ 45 + + _Mrs. Elizabeth (Clarke) Freake and Daughter Mary._ 46 + + _Margaret Gibbs._ 47 + + _Alice Mason._ 48 + + _David, Joanna and Abigail Mason._ 49 + + _Capt. Thomas Smith._ 50 + + _Major Thomas Savage._ 51 + + _Edward Rawson._ 52 + + _Rebecca Rawson._ 53 + + _Chief Justice Samuel Sewall._ 54 + + _Rev. Cotton Mather._ 55 + + _Nathan Fessenden and His Sister Caroline._ 56 + + _Wellcurb at the John Ward House, Salem._ 57 + + _The Sower._ 58 + + _Tracing Seed Corn._ 59 + + _A Farmyard Scene._ 60 + + _Horses and a Rail Fence._ 61 + + _Loading Hay on an Oxcart._ 62 + + _Gundalow Loaded with Salt Hay._ 63 + + _Brushing up the Hearth._ 64 + + _An Old Hand Loom._ 65 + + _Woman Smoking a Pipe._ 66 + + _Title-Page of "The Day of Doom."_ 67 + + _Relief Portrait of Rev. Grindall Rawson._ 68 + + _Gravestone of Mrs. Mary Rous, 1715._ 68 + + _Gravestone of William Dickson, 1692._ 69 + + _Gravestone of Capt. John Carter, 1692._ 69 + + _Fire Back Cast in 1660._ 70 + + _Price Sheet of Joseph Palmer._ 71 + + _Weights and Values of Coins._ 72 + + _Man using a Shingle Horse._ 73 + + _An Old Basket Maker._ 74 + + _Charcoal Burners Preparing a Kiln._ 75 + + _Spinning with the Wool Wheel._ 76 + + _Old-Time Hand Loom._ 77 + + _Prospect of the Harbor and Town of Boston, 1723._ 78 + + _View of Castle William and a Ship of War, 1729._ 79 + + _View of Boston Light and an Armed Sloop, 1729._ 80 + + _Ship "Bethel" of Boston, 1748._ 81 + + _New England Shilling, 1650._ 82 + + _Pine Tree Shilling, 1652._ 82 + + _Willow Tree and Oak Tree Shilling, 1662._ 82 + + _Massachusetts Paper Money of 1690._ 83 + + _Massachusetts Parchment Money of 1722._ 84 + + _Manufactory Bill of 1740._ 85 + + _Massachusetts Paper Money of 1744._ 86 + + _An Execution by Hanging._ 87 + + _Seth Hudson's Speech from the Pillory._ 88 + + _The Trial of Capt. John Quelch._ 89 + + _Sermon on Some Miserable Pirates._ 90 + + _John Bateman's House built in Boston in 1679._ Page 233 + + _Casement Window Frame and Sash._ Page 238 + + + + + SECTION + OF + ILLUSTRATIONS + +[Illustration: THE GOVERNOR'S "FAYRE HOUSE" IN THE 1630 COLONIAL +VILLAGE AT SALEM] + +_Plate 1_ + +[Illustration: ENGLISH MERCHANT VESSEL AT THE BEGINNING OF THE +SEVENTEENTH CENTURY + +From the model of an "English Merchantman of the size and date of +the _Mayflower_", built by R. C. Anderson for the Pilgrim Society, +Plymouth, Mass. Courtesy of the Marine Research Society] + +_Plate 2_ + +[Illustration: AN ENGLISH MERCHANTMAN OF 1655 + +Showing the Rigging Plan. From Miller's _Complete Modellist_. +Courtesy of the Marine Research Society] + +_Plate 3_ + +[Illustration: A DUTCH SHIP OF ABOUT 1620 + +From Furttenbach's _Architectura Navalis_, 1629. Courtesy of the +Marine Research Society] + +_Plate 4_ + +[Illustration: GOVERNOR JOHN ENDECOTT 1558-1665 From the original +painting in the possession of William C. Endicott, jr.] + +_Plate 5_ + +[Illustration: THE COLONIAL VILLAGE ERECTED IN 1930 AT SALEM, +MASSACHUSETTS] + +_Plate 6_ + +[Illustration: ENGLISH WIGWAMS, FIRST TWO COVERED WITH BARK 1630 +Colonial Village, Salem, Massachusetts] + +[Illustration: FRAMEWORK OF THE ENGLISH WIGWAMS 1630 Colonial +Village, Salem, Massachusetts] + +_Plate 7_ + +[Illustration: THATCH-ROOFED, ONE-ROOM COTTAGES; THE SQUARE OF THE +1630 COLONIAL VILLAGE SHOWING THE PILLORY AND STOCKS] + +[Illustration: INTERIOR OF AN ENGLISH WIGWAM 1630 Colonial Village, +Salem, Massachusetts] + +_Plate 8_ + +[Illustration: FRONT ENTRY AND STAIRS IN THE GOVERNOR'S "FAYRE +HOUSE" 1630 Colonial Village, Salem, Massachusetts] + +_Plate 9_ + +[Illustration: THE "HALL" IN THE GOVERNOR'S "FAYRE HOUSE" IN THE +1630 COLONIAL VILLAGE AT SALEM] + +_Plate 10_ + +[Illustration: REAR VIEW OF WILLIAM DAMME GARRISON HOUSE, DOVER, N. +H. + +Built before 1698 and now preserved on the grounds of the Woodman +Institute, Dover] + +_Plate 11_ + +[Illustration: CORNER OF THE MCINTYRE GARRISON HOUSE, NEAR YORK, ME. + +Built in 1640 to 1645, therefore contemporary with the earliest +possible Swedish buildings in the Delaware Valley, and possibly the +oldest log structure standing in the United States. + +Courtesy of the Bucks County Historical Society.] + +[Illustration: DOVETAILED LOGS AT THE CORNER OF THE BUNKER GARRISON +HOUSE DURHAM, N. H. + +Built _ca._ 1690. From a photograph made in 1911] + +_Plate 12_ + +[Illustration: THE FAIRBANKS HOUSE, DEDHAM, MASSACHUSETTS + +Built _ca._ 1637. Courtesy of the Walpole Society] + +_Plate 13_ + +[Illustration: THE FRAME OF THE FAIRBANKS HOUSE + +DEDHAM, MASS. BUILT _CA._ 1637 + +From Isham, _Early American Houses_, 1928. Courtesy of the Walpole +Society] + +_Plate 14_ + +[Illustration: THE FRAME OF AN ORIGINAL LEANTO HOUSE--THE +WHIPPLE-MATTHEWS HOUSE, HAMILTON, MASS. BUILT _CA._ 1690 + +From Isham, _Early American Houses_, 1928. Courtesy of the Walpole +Society] + +_Plate 15_ + +[Illustration: WATTLE AND DAUB IN ENGLAND + +From Oliver, _Old Houses and Villages in East Anglia_. + +Courtesy of the Walpole Society] + +[Illustration: THE CORWIN-"WITCH HOUSE," SALEM. BUILT BEFORE 1678 + +From an old watercolor at the Essex Institute] + +_Plate 16_ + +[Illustration: THE SPENCER-PIERCE HOUSE, NEWBURY, MASS. + +Built about 1651. This house of the smaller English manor house +type, has the only original two-story porch and porch chamber now +existing in New England. Courtesy of the Essex Institute] + +_Plate 17_ + +[Illustration: PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, TOPSFIELD, MASS. + +Built in 1683] + +_Plate 18_ + +[Illustration: PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, TOPSFIELD, MASS. + +Front Door] + +_Plate 19_ + +[Illustration: PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, TOPSFIELD, MASS. + +Front entry and stairs] + +_Plate 20_ + +[Illustration: PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, TOPSFIELD, MASS. + +Overhang and one of the "drops"] + +_Plate 21_ + +[Illustration: THE JOHN WARD HOUSE, SALEM. BUILT IN 1684 + +Showing overhanging second story, gable windows and casement sash] + +[Illustration: JOHN WARD HOUSE, SALEM, MASS. + +The kitchen showing roasting jack, settle, birch broom, hands of +seed corn, etc.] + +_Plate 22_ + +[Illustration: THE JETHRO COFFIN HOUSE, NANTUCKET, MASSACHUSETTS + +Built in 1686. From a photograph made about 1880] + +_Plate 23_ + +[Illustration: REAR OF THE SAXTON HOUSE, DEERFIELD, MASS. + +Showing unpainted weatherboarding] + +_Plate 24_ + +[Illustration: PROSPECT OF THE COLLEGES IN CAMBRIDGE IN 1726 + +From an engraving, after a drawing by William Burgis] + +_Plate 25_ + +[Illustration: DIAMOND-PANE, LEADED GLASS, DOUBLE SASH + +Period of 1675-1700; in museum of the Society for the Preservation +of New England Antiquities, Boston] + +[Illustration: CROWN GLASS WINDOW SASH + +Period of 1725-1750; in museum of the Society for the Preservation +of New England Antiquities, Boston] + +_Plate 26_ + +[Illustration: FRAMING DETAILS OF THE MOULTHROP HOUSE, EAST HAVEN, +CONN. + +Built before 1700. Showing methods of construction to be found +everywhere in New England + +Drawing by J. Frederick Kelley] + +_Plate 27_ + +[Illustration: WOODEN LATCH OF ABOUT 1710 + +Found in the French-Andrews House, Topsfield] + +[Illustration: KNOCKER, LATCH AND BOLT ON THE DOOR OF THE "OLD +INDIAN HOUSE" + +Built in 1698 at Deerfield, Mass.] + +_Plate 28_ + +[Illustration: TYPES OF WROUGHT-IRON DOOR LATCHES + + FIG. A FIG. B FIG. C + +_Figure_ A. An inner door, wrought-iron latch that may have been +made by a local blacksmith. Outer door latches were of similar type +but larger. The lifts were made straight until about 1800 and the +thumb-press was not saucered until about the same time. There is +great individuality in the ornamentation, varying with the fancy of +the smith. + +_Figure_ B. This latch was imported from England. It was cheap +and in common use between 1750 and 1820. The cusp, resembling the +outline of a lima bean, and the grasp, thumb piece and lift are +always flat. + +_Figure_ C. The Norfolk latch appeared about 1800 and until about +1810 was made with a straight lift. The grasp is riveted to the +plate of sheet iron as is the end of the bar and after about 1825, +the catch. This latch was commonly used in the 1830's. After 1840 +the cast-iron latch was generally adopted.] + +_Plate 29_ + +[Illustration: JOHN WARD HOUSE, SALEM, MASS. + +The Parlor] + +[Illustration: JOHN WARD HOUSE, SALEM, MASS. + +Corner of the kitchen showing dresser with its "dress of pewter," +wash bench, meal chest, wooden ware, etc.] + +_Plate 30_ + +[Illustration: PARLOR IN PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, TOPSFIELD, MASS. + +Built 1683] + +[Illustration: DRESSER IN THE KITCHEN OF THE PARSON CAPEN HOUSE, +TOPSFIELD, MASS.] + +_Plate 31_ + +[Illustration: THE DASH CHURN + +From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman] + +_Plate 32_ + +[Illustration: AMERICAN COURT CUPBOARD. ABOUT 1660 + +Owned by Gregory Stone of Watertown and Cambridge Courtesy Concord +Antiquarian Society] + +_Plate 33_ + +[Illustration: RECESSED COURT CUPBOARD OF AMERICAN OAK About 1680. +From the Dwight M. Prouty collection] + +_Plate 34_ + +[Illustration: A SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY OAKEN CHEST ON FRAME + +Probably made about 1651-1655 for Samuel and Hannah Appleton of +Ipswich, Mass.] + +_Plate 35_ + +[Illustration: CANE-BACK ARM CHAIR, 1680-1690 + +From the family of Hon. Peter Bulkley + +Courtesy Concord Antiquarian Society] + +_Plate 36_ + +[Illustration: BANISTER-BACK CHAIR, ABOUT 1720 + +Courtesy Concord Antiquarian Society] + +_Plate 37_ + +[Illustration: A QUILTING BEE IN THE OLDEN TIME + +From a drawing by H. W. Pierce] + +_Plate 38_ + +[Illustration: COUNTERPANE MADE FROM A BLANKET SHEET + +Embroidered in blue, greenish blue, red and yellow] + +_Plate 39_ + +[Illustration: QUILTED COUNTERPANE MADE IN BEVERLY, MASS., BEFORE +THE REVOLUTION] + +_Plate 40_ + +[Illustration: COUNTERPANE WITH PATTERN WORKED IN INDIGO BLUE ON A +HOMESPUN LINEN SHEET] + +_Plate 41_ + +[Illustration: JOHN WINTHROP THE YOUNGER + +1606-1676 + +Founder of Ipswich and Governor of Connecticut + +From the original portrait in possession of Mrs. Robert Winthrop] + +_Plate 42_ + +[Illustration: REV. RICHARD MATHER + +1596-1669 + +From a wood engraving by John Foster made in 1669] + +_Plate 43_ + +[Illustration: DOCTOR JOHN CLARKE + +1601-1664 + +Practiced in Newbury, Ipswich and Boston + +Courtesy of Massachusetts Historical Society] + +_Plate 44_ + +[Illustration: MRS. ELIZABETH (PADDY) WENSLEY + +Painted in Boston about 1670-1675 + +Courtesy of the Pilgrim Society, Plymouth] + +_Plate 45_ + +[Illustration: MRS. ELIZABETH (CLARKE) FREAKE AND DAUGHTER MARY + +Painted in Boston in 1674 + +Courtesy of Mrs. William B. Scofield] + +_Plate 46_ + +[Illustration: MARGARET GIBBS + +Daughter of Robert and Elizabeth (Sheaffe) Gibbs of Boston + +Dated 1670. Courtesy of Mrs. Alexander Quarrier Smith] + +_Plate 47_ + +[Illustration: ALICE MASON + +Painted in 1670, aged two years + +Daughter of Arthur and Joanna (Parker) Mason of Boston + +Courtesy of the Adams Memorial] + +_Plate 48_ + +[Illustration: DAVID, JOANNA AND ABIGAIL MASON + +Children of Arthur and Joanna (Parker) Mason of Boston + +Painted in 1670. Courtesy of Mr. Paul M. Hamlen] + +_Plate 49_ + +[Illustration: CAPTAIN THOMAS SMITH + +A self portrait + +May have painted the portraits of Major Savage and Capt. George +Corwin + +Courtesy of the American Antiquarian Society] + +_Plate 50_ + +[Illustration: MAJOR THOMAS SAVAGE + +1640-1705 + +Born and died in Boston + +Courtesy of Mr. Henry L. Shattuck] + +_Plate 51_ + +[Illustration: EDWARD RAWSON + +1615-1693 + +Secretary of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. From the painting by an +unknown artist, now owned by the New England Historic Genealogical +Society] + +_Plate 52_ + +[Illustration: REBECCA RAWSON + +1656-1692 + +From the painting by an unknown artist, now owned by the New England +Historic Genealogical Society] + +_Plate 53_ + +[Illustration: SAMUEL SEWALL + +1652-1730 + +Chief Justice of the Superior Court in Massachusetts, 1718-1728 + +From an original painting in possession of the Massachusetts +Historical Society] + +_Plate 54_ + +[Illustration: REV. COTTON MATHER + +1663-1728 + +Pastor of the Second (North) Church, Boston, 1685-1728 + +From a mezzotint by Peter Pelham after a portrait painted in 1728] + +_Plate 55_ + +[Illustration: NATHAN FESSENDEN AND HIS SISTER CAROLINE + +From a photograph taken about 1885 in Lexington, Mass. + +Showing costume of a much earlier date] + +_Plate 56_ + +[Illustration: WELLCURB AT THE JOHN WARD HOUSE, SALEM, MASS. + +Showing wellsweep, wooden bucket and girl dressed in the costume of +the late seventeenth century] + +_Plate 57_ + +[Illustration: THE SOWER + +From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman] + +_Plate 58_ + +[Illustration: TRACING SEED CORN IN A FARMER'S BARN + +From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman] + +_Plate 59_ + +[Illustration: A FARMYARD SCENE AT DEERFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS + +From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman] + +_Plate 60_ + +[Illustration: HORSES AND A RAIL FENCE + +From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman] + +_Plate 61_ + +[Illustration: LOADING HAY ON AN OXCART + +From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman] + +_Plate 62_ + +[Illustration: GUNDALOW LOADED WITH SALT HAY + +From a photograph made by Miss Emma L. Coleman, about 1880, on +Parker River, Newbury, Mass. + +Similar craft were early used in Boston harbor and with a stump mast +and lateen sail carried cargo up the Merrimack River] + +_Plate 63_ + +[Illustration: BRUSHING UP THE HEARTH. NIMS HOUSE, DEERFIELD, +MASSACHUSETTS + +From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman] + +_Plate 64_ + +[Illustration: THE OLD HAND LOOM + +Used a hundred years ago by Mrs. Jane Morrill Cummings + +The harness and reeds are modern] + +_Plate 65_ + +[Illustration: A BACK DOOR SCENE + +From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman] + +_Plate 66_ + +[Illustration: TITLE-PAGE OF "THE DAY OF DOOM" + +From the original owned by the late John W. Farwell] + +_Plate 67_ + +[Illustration: REV. GRINDALL RAWSON + +Minister at Mendon, Mass. Born 1659, died 1715 + +Portrait cut on his gravestone] + +[Illustration: GRAVESTONE OF MRS. MARY ROUS + +CHARLESTOWN, MASS., 1715] + +_Plate 68_ + +[Illustration: GRAVESTONE OF WILLIAM DICKSON, CAMBRIDGE, MASS., 1692] + +[Illustration: GRAVESTONE OF CAPT. JOHN CARTER, WOBURN, MASS., 1692] + +_Plate 69_ + +[Illustration: FIRE BACK CAST AT THE SAUGUS IRON WORKS IN 1660 FOR +THE PICKERING HOUSE, SALEM + +The letters I A P stand for John Pickering and Alice his wife] + +_Plate 70_ + +[Illustration: PRICE SHEET OF JOSEPH PALMER & CO., CHANDLERS + +Engraved by Nathaniel Hurd] + +_Plate 71_ + +[Illustration: WEIGHTS AND VALUES OF COINS + +A table engraved by Nathaniel Hurd of Boston + +Original engravings are owned by the American Antiquarian Society, +Worcester, and the Pocumtuck Valley Museum, Deerfield] + +_Plate 72_ + +[Illustration: SHINGLE HORSE ON WHICH WERE SHAVED SHINGLES, +CLAPBOARDS AND BARREL STAVES + +From a photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman] + +_Plate 73_ + +[Illustration: AN OLD BASKET MAKER + +Dried apples hang on strings against the wall] + +_Plate 74_ + +[Illustration: CHARCOAL BURNERS PREPARING A KILN + +From a photograph made in 1884 by Miss Emma L. Coleman] + +_Plate 75_ + +[Illustration: SPINNING WITH THE WOOL WHEEL + +Photograph by Miss Emma L. Coleman] + +_Plate 76_ + +[Illustration: AN OLD-TIME NEW ENGLAND LOOM + +Now in the museum of the Society for the Preservation of New England +Antiquities] + +_Plate 77_ + +[Illustration: PROSPECT OF THE HARBOR AND TOWN OF BOSTON IN 1723 + +From an engraving (central part only) after a drawing by William +Burgis] + +_Plate 78_ + +[Illustration: A VIEW OF CASTLE WILLIAM, BOSTON, ABOUT 1729 + +Showing a ship of war of the period, probably after a drawing by +William Burgis] + +_Plate 79_ + +[Illustration: VIEW OF BOSTON LIGHT IN 1729 AND AN ARMED SLOOP + +From the only known example of a mezzotint engraved in 1729 after a +drawing by William Burgis] + +_Plate 80_ + +[Illustration: SHIP "BETHEL" OF BOSTON + +_Owned by Josiah Quincy and Edward Jackson_ + +From an oil painting made about 1748, showing the vessel in two +positions + +The earliest known painting of a New England ship. Now owned by the +Massachusetts Historical Society] + +_Plate 81_ + +[Illustration: NEW ENGLAND SHILLING + +Minted in 1650-1652. Obverse and reverse. From a coin in the cabinet +of the Massachusetts Historical Society] + +[Illustration: PINE TREE SHILLING + +Minted in 1652. Obverse and reverse. From a coin in the cabinet of +the Massachusetts Historical Society] + +[Illustration: + + WILLOW TREE SHILLING OAK TREE SHILLING + +Minted in 1662 and soon after. From coins in the cabinet of the +Massachusetts Historical Society] + +_Plate 82_ + +[Illustration: MASSACHUSETTS PAPER MONEY OF 1690 + +The first paper money issued by any colony + +From an original in the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical +Society] + +_Plate 83_ + +[Illustration: MASSACHUSETTS PAPER MONEY PRINTED ON PARCHMENT IN 1722 + +From originals in the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical +Society] + +_Plate 84_ + +[Illustration: A MASSACHUSETTS MANUFACTORY BILL OF 1740 + +From an original in the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical +Society] + +_Plate 85_ + +[Illustration: MASSACHUSETTS PAPER MONEY OF 1744 + +From an original in the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical +Society] + +_Plate 86_ + +[Illustration: AN EARLY EXECUTION BY HANGING + +The cart which brought to the gallows the condemned man and his +coffin is in the foreground, and behind it, on horseback, is the +sheriff] + +_Plate 87_ + +[Illustration: SETH HUDSON'S SPEECH FROM THE PILLORY + +Caricature engraved by Nathaniel Hurd] + +_Plate 88_ + +[Illustration: Paper givng condemnation of Quelch and others] + +_Plate 89_ + +[Illustration: ad page] + +_Plate 90_ + + + + +APPENDIX A + +BUILDING AGREEMENTS IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY MASSACHUSETTS + + +Few seventeenth-century agreements to erect buildings in +Massachusetts have been preserved. The following, with two +exceptions, have been gleaned from court records where originally +they were submitted as evidence in suits at law. They are of the +greatest interest in connection with present day restoration work +as they preserve detailed information of indisputable authority +in relation to early building construction in the Bay Colony. The +gable window, the second story jet, the stool window and casement +sash, the catted chimney and the treatment of the inner and outer +walls of the house have much curious interest at the present time. +These architectural features long since fell into disuse and only +here and there has a fragment survived. Two centuries ago the towns +in New England must have presented an appearance most picturesque +to our twentieth-century eyes. The dwellings seem to have been +studies in projecting angles, strangely embellished with pinnacles, +pendants and carved work. The unpainted and time-stained walls, the +small windows and elaborate chimney tops, the narrow and curiously +fenced ways, winding among the irregularly placed buildings, +all contributed to the quaintness of the picture. The following +agreements between builder and owner should help to solve some of +the debated problems of this bygone construction that now confront +those interested in the preservation and restoration of our early +New England dwellings. + + +CONTRACT TO BUILD THE FIRST MEETINGHOUSE IN MALDEN, NOVEMBER 11, 1658 + +Articles of agreement made and concluded ye 11th day of ye ninth +mo., 1658, betweene Job Lane of Malden, on the one partie, +carpenter, and William Brakenbury, Lieut. John Wayte, Ensigne J. +Sprague, and Thomas Green, Senior, Selectmen of Malden, on the +behalf of the towne on the other partie, as followeth: + +Imprimis: The said Job Lane doth hereby covenant, promiss and agree +to build, erect and finish upp a good strong, Artificial meeting +House, of Thirty-three foot Square, sixteen foot stud between +joints, with dores, windows, pullpitt, seats, and all other things +whatsoever in all respects belonging thereto as hereafter is +expressed. + +1. That all the sills, girts, mayne posts, plates, Beames and all +other principal Timbers shall be of good and sound white or Black +oake. + +2. That all the walls be made upp on the outside with good +clapboards, well dressed, lapped and nayled. And the Inside to be +lathed all over and well struck with clay, and uppon it with lime +and hard up to the wall plate, and also the beame fellings as need +shalbe. + +3. The roofe to be covered with boards and short shinglings with a +territt on the topp about six foot squar, to hang the bell in with +rayles about it: the floor to be made tite with planks. + +4. The bell to be fitted upp in all respects and Hanged therein fitt +for use. + +5. Thre dores in such places as the sayd Selectmen shal direct, viz: +east, west and south. + +6. Six windows below the girt on thre sids, namely: east, west and +south; to contayne sixteen foot of glass in a window, with Leaves, +and two windows on the south side above the girt on each side of the +deske, to contayne six foot of glass A piece, and two windows under +each plate on the east, west and north sides fitt [to] conteine +eight foote of glass a peece. + +7. The pullpitt and cover to be of wainscott to conteyne ffive or +six persons. + +8. The deacon's seat allso of wainscott with door, and a table +joyned to it to fall downe, for the Lord's Supper. + +9. The ffloor to be of strong Boards throughout and well nayled. + +10. The House to be fitted with seats throughout, made with good +planks, with rayles on the topps, boards at the Backs, and timbers +at the ends. + +11. The underpining to be of stone or brick, and pointed with lyme +on the outside. + +12. The Allyes to be one from the deacon's seat, through the middle +of the house to the north end, and another cross the house ffrom +east to west sides, and one before the deacon's seat; as is drawne +on the back side of this paper. + +13. And the said Job to provide all boards, Timber, nayles, Iron +work, glass, shingles, lime, hayre, laths, clapboards, bolts, +locks and all other things whatsoever needful and belonging to the +finyshing of the said house and to rayse and finish it up in all +respects before the twentie of September next ensuing, they allowing +help to rayse it. + +And the sd Selectmen for themselves on behalfe of the town in +Consideracon of the said meeting house so finished, doe hereby +covenant, promise and agre to pay unto the sd Job Lane or his +Assigns the sume of one hundred and ffiffty pounds in corne, +cordwood and provisions, sound and merchantable att price currant +and fatt catle, on valuacon by Indifferent men unless themselves +agree the prices. + +In manner following, that is to say, ffifftie pound befor ye first +of ye second mo. next ensuing, And ffifftie pounds befor the first +of ye last mo. which shall be in the year sixteen hundred 59, and +other ffifftie pounds before the first of ye second mo. which shall +be in the year one thousand six hundred and sixtie. And it is +further Agreed that when the sd. house is finished in case the sd. +Job shall find and judgeth to be woth ten pounds more, that it shall +be referred to Indifferent workmen to determine unless the sayd +Selectmen shall se just cause to pay the sd. ten pounds without such +valuacon. + +In witness whereof the partys to these presents have Interchangeably +put their hands the day and year above written. + + WILLIAM BRACKENBURY, + JOHN SPRAGUE, + JOH. WAYTE. + + Witness, + JOSEPH HILLS, + GERSHOM HILLS. + +NOTE. This contract for building the first meetinghouse in Malden is +copied from the _Bi-Centennial Book of Malden_, 1850, pages 123-125. +The original document then in existence has since disappeared. The +contract provides for the construction of a building of the type +almost universal in New England at that time, of which an example +still exists at Hingham--the "Ship Meeting House," so-called. The +square meetinghouse with hip roof surmounted by a "territ," and at +a somewhat later date supplied with "lucomb" (dormer) windows in +the roof, was the type of public building in the Massachusetts Bay +Colony that prevailed well into the eighteenth century, especially +in the country towns. The "territ" or belfry seems to have been +common, but only the larger towns were supplied with a bell. The +bell was rung from the central aisle, the bell rope coming down in +the center of the auditorium. + +In the Malden meetinghouse, the "territ" was built as provided in +the contract, but for some now unknown reason the bell was not +hung in it but placed in a framework erected nearby, below a large +rock which thereby obtained its name--"Bell Rock," a name that has +continued until the present time. + +Malden was able to afford the luxury of plastered walls surfaced +with lime, but the ceiling showed the joists and boarding. In +shingling the roof a distinction was made between long and short +shingles. The lower windows were made up with "leaves," _i.e._, +they were double casements, and each opening contained sixteen +feet of glass, thereby indicating sash about twenty-eight by forty +inches in size. The single casement windows placed high, just +under the coving, also were about the same size and undoubtedly +were fixed sash, _i.e._, were not hinged. Two smaller windows on +the south side, placed just above the girth, supplied additional +light on either side of the pulpit. The deacons' seat at that time +was located in front of the pulpit and faced the congregation. The +possible use of brick for the underpinning is a surprising feature, +especially in a country town. In fact, the use of underpinning at +that time seems to have been uncommon. + + +CONTRACT TO BUILD A MINISTER'S HOUSE AT MARLBOROUGH, MASS., IN 1661 + +This indenture made the fifth day of Aprill one thousand six hundred +and sixty one and between obadias Ward, Christopher Banyster and +Richard Barnes of the Towne of Marlborough on ye one party; And the +Inhabitants and all the Proprietors of the same Towne on ye other +party Witnesseth That ye said obadias Waed, Christopher Banyster and +Rich'd Barnes hath covenanted, promised and bargained to build a +fframe for the minister's house, every way like to ye fframe yt Jno +Ruddock hath built for himselfe in ye afores'd Town of Marlborough, +the house or fframe is to bee a Girt house thirty-seven foote Long, +eighteen foote wide and twelve foote (between Joynts) and a halfe, +the studs standing at such distance that A foure foote and a halfe +Claboard may reach three studs; and two ffloores of juice [_sic_] +and foure windows on the foreside and two windows at the west end +and two Gables on the foreside of ten foote wide; and eight foote +Sparr, with two small windows on the foreside of the Gables and they +are to ffell all the tinber and bring it in place and do all yt +belongs to the fframe only the Towne is to helpe raise the affores'd +fframe and all this worke is to bee done and ye fframe raised within +a ffortnight after Michll tyde; And this being done the Town of +Marlborough doth promise and engage to pay unto them the sd obadias +Ward, Christopher Banyster and Rich'rd Barnes the sume of ffifteene +Pounds in Corne within fourteen daies after the house is raised the +one halfe of it and the other halfe some time in March; the whole +paye is to be one third in Wheat and one third in Rie and the other +third in Indian Corn, the halfe in Wheat and Rie to be paid fourteen +daies after the house is up in Wheat and Rie and the other halfe in +Rie and Indian some time in March; wheat at four shillings and sixe +pence a bushell and is to be pd at Sudbury betweene Petter King's +and Serient Woods house in the streete.--_Marlborough, Mass., Town +Records._ + + +CONTRACT FOR THE FRAME OF A BOSTON HOUSE, AUGUST 20, 1679 + +Articles of Agreement indented made and Concluded the twentieth day +of August Ano Domi One thousand six hundred Seventy and nine. And +in the thirty first yeare of the Reigne of King Charles the Second +over &c Betweene Robert Taft of Brantery, in New England housewright +on the one part and John Bateman of Boston in New England aforesd +shopkeeper on the other part are as followeth-- + +[Illustration: HOUSE BUILT FOR JOHN BATEMAN, IN 1679, AT WHAT IS +NOW THE CORNER OF NORTH AND BLACKSTONE STREETS, BOSTON + +From a drawing by Lawrence Park] + +Imps The sd Robert Taft for himselfe heires Execrs and Admrs doth +hereby covenant promiss and grant to and with the sd John Bateman +his Execr and assignees in manner and forme following (that is to +Say) that the sd Robert Taft his Execror assignees shal and will +erect set up and finish for the sd John Bateman his Execrs or +Assignes the frame of a new Tenemt or dwelling house to contain +thirty foot in length and twenty Seven foot or thereabout in breadth +according to the dimentions of the Cellar frame of the sd house two +Storey high besides the garrett and each roome seven foote high +betweene the Sumer and floare and to make the sd house to jet at +the first storey in the front Eighteen inches and to make and place +frame for the Cellar according to the present dimentions thereof +and place the same and to build three floares of Sumers and joise +and to make and place in the front of the sd house two gable ends +to range even with the Roof of the sd house and also two gable ends +on the backside to range as aforesd and to make and place in the +front of ye Second Storey two large casement windows and two windows +in the garett and in the end next the Mill Creeke three windows +Vizt one large Casement window in the low[er] Roome and one large +Casement window in the Second Storey and one window in the garrett +and on the backside one large Casement window in the low[er] Roome +two large Casement windows in the second Storey and two windows in +the garrett and to make & send to Boston the frame of the Cellar +within Six weeks next after the date hereof and to rayse the same +in place within one week then next following (provided the cills of +the sd Cellar be cleare) and to finish the frame of the sd house +on or before the first day of march next and rayse the same with +all possible Speed after it is brought to Boston. In Consideration +whereof the sd John Bateman for himself his 3 heires execr and Admrs +doth hereby covenant promis and grant to and with the sd Robert Taft +his Execr and assignes to pay for the transportation of the frame +of the sd cellar and house from Brantery the place where it is to +be framed to Boston and also to pay or cause to bee paid unto the +sd Robert Taft his Execr Admrs or Assignes the full and just sum of +thirty pounds Vizt one halfe part thereof in lawfull money of New +England and the other halfe part thereof in English goods at money +price and to pay the same in manner and forme following (that is to +Say) five pounds in money and five pounds in goods at the time of +Ensealing hereof and five pounds in money and five pounds in goods +when the frame of the Cellar is laid down and the floare of the +cellar is laid and five pounds in money and five pounds in goods +when the whole worke is compleated and in every respect finished in +matter and forme aforesd. And for the true performance hereof the sd +partys binde themselves their heires Execr and Admrs each unto the +other his Execr and Assignes in the penall Sume of fifty pounds of +lawfull money of New England well and truly to be paid by virtue of +these presents. In witness whereof the partys above-named to these +present Articles interchangeably have Set their hands and Seals the +day and yeare first above written. + + JOHN BATEMAN. [Seal] + + Signed Sealed & Delivd in presence of + John Hayward scr + Eliezer Moody Servt + + Owned in Court p Bateman 27 April 1680 p Is Addington Cler + Vera Copia Attestd Is Addington Cler + + --_Suffolk County Judicial Court Files, No. 1916._ + +NOTE. This contract provides for the frame of a house and not for +a complete building. But it is of unusual interest for it supplies +proof of the existence in Boston of a house having two gables on +each side of the roof, _i.e._, six gables on a rectangular building +twenty-seven by thirty feet in size. + +Robert Taft, of Braintree, an ancestor of ex-President Taft, +delivered the frame, but before he had completed the work Bateman +entered into possession and set his carpenters at work to finish +the building. Taft brought suit to recover payment for the frame and +the Court gave a verdict in his favor, from which Bateman appealed. +From the testimony it appears that on the ground floor there were +two rooms, one of which was eleven by twenty-four feet, and a space +nine by eight feet had been left in which to build the chimney. The +"articles of agreement" required that Taft provide for fourteen +windows but he put up "six more than my Couanant was." Bateman, on +the other hand, claimed that the frame was "the weakest slenderest +and most dozed timber that hath been Seen ... most of the timber +Wany & on many of the Sumers the Bark left on to make it square and +wch Indeed was the Occasion of all this Trouble." + +This house was built for a "shop keeper" and probably the long front +room on the ground floor was to be used for a shop. It was located +at what is now the southeasterly corner of North and Blackstone +streets, the canal to the mill pond being on the northerly end of +the house and the harbor behind it. + + +CONTRACT TO BUILD THE FIRST KING'S CHAPEL, BOSTON JULY 21, 1688 + +Memorandum it is agreed by and between John Holebrook of Weymouth +in the county of Suffolk, housewright, Stephen French of the same +place, housewright--and Jacob Nash of the same place housewright of +the one part and Anthony Hayward Esq of the other part as followeth +(that is to say) Imprimis the said John Holebrooke, Stephen French & +Jacob Nash doe Covenant pmise and agree to and with the said Anthony +Heywood his heires Admrs and Assins and Also in the consideracion +herein after mencioned that they the said John Holebrooke Stephen +French and Jacob Nash or some or one of them shall & will by or +before the last day of November now next ensueing Erect sett up and +build on such spott of Ground as the sd Anthony Heywood shall for +that end assigne of good sound timber well & workmanlike wrought one +frame of building of the Dimensions following (that is to say) in +length fifty four feet in breadth thirty six feet studd twenty feet +with five windows in the front five windows in the rear and two +windows at each end of such dimensions as are sett downe in a platt +of the same made by Mr. P. Wells Surveyor and the same frame shall +clapboard fill with brick & seale with lime and hair & white washing +and the roofe thereof with board & shingles make tight & stanch and +shall & will on the west end of the sd frame Erect, build & sett up +One Belfry of ten feet square twenty feet above ye roofe of the sd +frame and of sufficient strength for a bell of five hundred weight +and the said entire frame shall finish & complete with Masons and +smiths worke and sufficiently glaze all the sd windows with good +square glasse & iron casemts and the same building see completed and +finished as above is Covenanted & locked with sufficient locks to +the doors thereof shall deliver with the keys thereof in to the sd +Anthony Haywood In Consideracion whereof the said Anthony Haywood +doth cove't pmise & agree to pay or Cause to be paid unto the said +John Holebrooke Stephen French Jacob Nash the sume of two hundred & +Sixty pounds (that is to say) One hundred & thirty pounds thereof in +Goods & merchandize at the price for which same shall be then sold +for money Sixty five pounds in money & sixty five pounds in goods +perform'd as the said frame shall be raised and remaining Sixty five +pounds in money & sixty five pounds in Goods when the sd building +shall be finished as above is Covenanted. In witness whereof all the +sd partyes have hereunto to sett their hands and seales and Consent +that the same shall remaine in the hands ye sd Anthony Haywood this +one & twentieth day of June Anno Dme 1688. + + JOHN HOLEBROOK + STEPH FRENCH + JACOB NASH + ANTHONY HAYWOOD + + Sealed & delivered in the presence of + + Benja Bullivant + Will White + Thaddeus Mackarty + + --_Suffolk County Judicial Court Files, No. 2598._ + +NOTE. The foundations for the first Episcopal Chapel in America +were laid in Boston in October, 1688, following a long controversy +between the local authorities and the representatives of the King +and their followers. Little has been known as to the details of +the construction of this building. Judge Sewell records in his +Diary, under date of Oct. 16, 1688, "The ground-sills of ye Chh +are laid ye stone-foundation being finished." The records of the +Church preserve no information and any contemporaneous documents +seem to have disappeared with the exception of this contract for +the construction of the building which is now printed for the first +time. The exact size of the building heretofore has not been known. +Rev. Henry Wilder Foote in his _Annals of King's Chapel_, Boston, +1882, supplies no information although he states that the Chapel was +built at a cost of £284.16.0, an amount that probably represents +the total cost including furnishings. In the _Annual Report of the +Boston Cemetery Commissioners_ for 1902-3, an attempt is made to +show by a plan, partly based upon grants of land by the town, the +several enlargements of the Chapel made at various times. Here, +the size of the first building is shown to have been forty-six by +sixty-four feet, proportions quite at variance with the correct +size--thirty-six by fifty-four feet, as shown in the contract here +printed. + +The windows, probably of generous proportions for the time, were +to be supplied with iron casements filled with "square glasse." +Iron casement sash probably were rare in Massachusetts at that +time. One is mentioned in the inventory of the estate of Edward +Wharton, of Salem, in 1678, valued at six shillings. Square glass +is most unusual. It probably was cut to size at special order as +diamond-shaped glass was in common use. In January, 1752, and +probably much later, "Diamond Glass, and 6 by 4" were still sold in +the shops in Boston. These glass windows were a source of constant +expense to the church wardens because of the popular dislike of the +townspeople and the antagonism of the Puritan small boy. The first +service was held in the Chapel, June 30, 1689. Four moths later +the church records show a payment of £5.10.0. "for mending church +windows." On November 5, 1691, was taken "A Colecktion for mendin ye +church winders" and a few days later £7.0.0. was paid out for the +work. The next March, six shillings was paid for "24 Squ: glas." + +[Illustration: OLD THREE-LIGHT CASEMENT WINDOW FRAME IN GABLE, _ca._ +1690 From Isham, _Early American Houses_, 1928. Courtesy of the +Walpole Society] + + + + +APPENDIX B + +REV. SAMUEL SKELTON'S ACCOMPTE (1629-1630) + + +Rev. Samuel Skelton, the rector at Sempringham, England, came over +under appointment of the Massachusetts Bay Company to minister to +the spiritual needs of the little colony at Naumkeag, afterwards +named Salem. He sailed in the ship _George_ arriving in the summer +of 1629. During the voyage and until the end of the following year +the minister and his family were furnished with the following +supplies from the Massachusetts Bay Company storehouse. + + Coppie of An Accompte of monies Mr. Skelton is Creditor viz.[95] + + [95] _Suffolk County Court Files_, Vol. I. + + li. s. d. + Ano. 1629 Imprimis p. so much wch. should haue bene} + paid him in England towards fitting him } 20-00-00 + for ye voyadg. } + Item for Charges att Tillbury, Cowes, + & Plimoth, being wind bound 02-10-00 + Item p. Twenty li. p. Annum for 3 years + is ye some of 60-00-00 + Item for on bushell of wheat flower 00-15-00 + Ite. for one bushell of oatmeale 00-10-00 + Ite. for one holland & 2 ordenary Cheess 00-10-00 + Ite. for xx li. of powder sugar att 01-03-09 + Ite. for one Loafe Cont 7li. att 1s. 6d. 00-10-06 + Ite. for one sugar Loafe Cont 5li. att + 1s. 7d. p. li. 00-07-11 + Ite. 6li. of pepper 00-12-00 + Ite. Nutmeggs 4 oz. 00-01-08 + Ite. one oz. of Clovs, & one oz. of mace 00-02-00 + Ite. iij li. of starch 00-01-03 + Ite. xij li. of Rice 00-06-00 + Ite. vj li. of Vntryed suett 00-03-00 + Ite. one gall. of aquavite 00-03-08 + Ite. for one flitch of Bacon 00-14-00 + Ite. Castle soape ix li. att 8d. p. li. 00-06-00 + Ite. frute viz Rasons Corrants & pruens 00-14-00 + Ite. Safron ij oz. 00-05-00 + Ite. five qu. of stronge water 00-08-00 + Ite. Almonds ij li. at 1s. 2d. 00-02-04 + Ite. xv li. of tryed suett at 8d. p. li. 00-10-00 + Ite. one gall. of Sallert oyle 00-06-00 + Ite. vj li. of Candles 00-03-00 + Ite. v geese & ix ducks 00-08-00 + Ano. 1630 Ite. xij li. of Butter att 00-08-00 + Ite. vj potts of Butter Cont. vij li. p. pott 01-08-00 + Ite. ij Cheeses about x li. a pc. 00-11-08 + Ite. half a firkin of butter of Mr. Gibbs 00-17-06 + Ite. one Third prt. of a barrell of + wt. biskett 00-10-00 + Ite. one pott of honey vij li. wat. att 00-07-10 + Ite. one pott of butter att 00-03-00 + Ite. x li. of Corrants att 00-05-00 + Ite. [ ] Bacon 00-10-00 + Ite. one doz. of Candles 00-08-00 + Ite. ij Cheeses att vj d. p. li. 00-11-03 + Ite. iij Cheeses att vij p. li. 00-17-09 + Ite. one porkett 01-05-00 + Ite. xij li. of tryed suett 00-08-00 + Ite. vj. gees & xij ducks 00-14-00 + Ite. vj. po: of powder suger about 20d. 00-10-00 + Ite. v po: of powder suger 18d. 00-07-06 + Ite. x li. of Loaf suger 01-00-00 + Ite. Cloves & mace 00-01-00 + Ite. ij oz. of Nutmeggs j s. & Sinamo. 16d. 00-02-04 + Ite. workmens wadges for Cutting & bringing + home wood against winter about 03-00-00 + --------- + Suma to lis. 105-18-11 + + Mr. Skeltons account wth. the Companie + Mr. Skelton is D. pr. viz. + + li. s. d. + [Per] 14 yards of Dutch serge Reed. att 02-05-09 + It. 17 yards of ffustian att 01-07-00 + It. 11 yards of wt. English ieans 00-13-09 + It. 12 yards of Red p. petuana 01-16-00 + It. 12 yards of Greene say 01-13-00 + It. 12 yards of yellow say 01-13-00 + It. 12 elns of lin [torn] men 00-14-00 + It. 14 elns Nouess [torn] llain 01-17-04 + It. 20 elns o[f loc] krum 01-05-10 + It. 20 elns stript [linsey] woolsye 01-09-04 + It. [ ] yards [torn] buckrum 00-05-03 + It. one peece of Noridg serg 00-15-00 + It. 20 elns of Lockerum 01-05-10 + It. 15 yards of wt. fflannell 00-15-00 + It. 20 elns of Course Canvas 01-04 [torn] + It. one pound of whalbone 0[torn] + --------- + 20-11-00 + Item [per] so much pd. [per] Mr. Renell + prt. of Mr. Pearce his bill, the some of 08-00-00 + Item [per] 9 li. of Iron att 3d. is 00-02-03 + It. [per] one syth 00-03-00 + It. [per] one fishing line 00-03-00 + It. [per] 30 pound ocum 00-07-06 + It. [per] 2000 Nails 6d. p. C. 00-10-00 + It. [per] 600 Nails 10d. p. C. 00-05-05 + It. [per] 1 Reame of paper 00-10-00 + Item. borrowed of Cp. Endicot of ye Comp. 7 + yrds. of bays att 2s. 6d. [per] yd. is 00-17-06 + halfe a elne of ffustian att 00-00-10 + It. 2 yards & half of yellow Carsey 3s. 4d. 00-08-04 + + Suma Totalis St. 031-19-05 + Ite. 2 gall. of Metheglen 00-08-00 + It. one Lether Jack 00-01-06 + It. two Tubbs } + It. one wooden hand boule } 00-03-06 + Ite. vinegar } + It. 3 peuter botles quarts } + It. one pinte peuter botle 00-00-10 + Ite. one hatt 00-10-00 + --------- + 33-03-03 + rec. of Mr. Winthrop Governr. + Ite. 3 yrds. of Cambrick + 6 yrds. & a h: of Loomeworke + 2 Drinking hornes + 8 pr. of shoes for men + 6 pr. of gray stockings for men + 6 pr. of stockings for women + 6 pr. of stockings for children + 10 yrds. of Carsey + Thred + 2000 of pinnes + 6 Alls + one webb of blew gartering + 2 knots of Tape + + + + +APPENDIX C + +AN ABSTRACT OF THE INVENTORY OF CONTENTS OF THE SHOP OF CAPT. JOSEPH +WELD OF ROXBURY, MADE FEBRUARY 4, 1646-7 + + + 48 yds. greene cotton at 22d. + 85 yds. red cotton at 2/1. + 1-3/4 yds. kersey at 5s. + 11 yds. do at 3/2. + 52 yds. yellow cotton at 22d. + 8 yds. white cotton at 20d. + 21 yds. red cloth at 7/9. + 39 yds. broad cloth at 8/8. + 21 yds. broad cloth at 9/7. + 8 yds. do do at 15/4. + 42 yds. greene tamie at 2/1. + 5 yds. red do at 2/1. + 3 yds. flannel at 2/2. + 12 yds. scarlet broad cloth at 16/6. + 41 yds. course at 3/2-1/2. + 24 yds. frize at 4/7. + 31 yds. penniston at 2/7. + 38 yds. do at 2/11. + 44 yds. grey Kersey at 5/6. + 66 yds. fustian at 1s. + 15 yds. Holland at 5/9. + 7 yds. do at 4/1-1/2. + 7 yds. Slezie lawne at 4/. + 8 yds. blue linen at 1/4. + 29 yds. lane at 6/9. + 3 pr. bodies at 3/2. + 11 belts @ 3/2. + 15 do @ 3/. + 23 bandeliers at 2/. + 14 pr. Stockings at 1/6. + 41 pr. do at 1/3. + 15 pr. Jecs at 2/9. + 10 doz. points at 2/. + 61 combs at 3-1/2d. + 14 doz. thimbles at 1/9. + 18 pr. pads at 6d. + 1 spectacle case 1/. + 26 gro. thread buttons at 9d. + 29 primers at 2d. + 8 lb. thread at 12/3. + 10 pces. tape at 1/1. + 5 gro. buttons at 2/. + 5 gro. do at 1/. + 6 doz. great buttons at 1/2. + 17 silk buttons at 2/. + 14 yds. lace at 2d. + 64 yds. lace at 3-1/2d. + 3 pces. binding at 1/2. + 80 yds. ribboning at 2-1/2d. + 21 doz. tape at 1/. + 43 lb. ginger at 1/. + 6 pr. slippers at 2/. + 20 1b. whalebone at 10-3/4d. + 17 1b. pepper at 2/1. + 2 1b. worm seed at 8/. + 5 1b. cinnamon at 8/4. + 7 hat bands at 4d. + 2 1b. nutmegs at 1/9. + 1/2 lb. blue starch at 1/8. + Cloves, 10d. + 3 yds. buckram at 1/2. + Pack needles and tainter hooks, 15/. + 40 lb. sugar at 10d. + 3 lb. powder at 2/2. + 26 lb. raisins at 4d. + A barrell of fruit, £5.11.3. + 4 lb. starch at 4d. + 1 counter, £1. + 4 pr. scales, 8s. + 48 lb. Lead weights, 9s. + 1 file of brass weights, 5s. + 12 lb. yarn, £1.13.0. + A net 24 yards [no value]. + 2 sconces, a melting ladle, a hitchell, 8/. + + --_Suffolk County Probate Records_, Vol. II, p. 52 + +Robert Turner of Boston, shoemaker, died in 1651. In his shop were +children's shoes at 9d. per pair, No. 7 shoes were valued at 3s., +No. 10 at 4s., No. 11 at 4/4, No. 12 at 4/8, No. 13 at 4/10. Boots +were 14s. per pair, and wooden heels were 8d. per doz. He also sold +hats. Black hats were valued from 5 to 14 shillings, each; colored +hats from 5 to 10 shillings; black castors were 14s. each, black +coarse felts, 3s. each, children's colored, 3/6, and children's +black castor with band, 4s.--_Suffolk County Probate Records_, Vol. +II. + + + + +APPENDIX D + +ABSTRACT OF AN INVENTORY OF THE GOODS OF CAPT. BOZONE ALLEN, +SHOPKEEPER, OF BOSTON, DECEASED, MADE SEPT. 22, 1652, BY EDWARD +HUTCHINSON AND JOSEPH ROCK + + + Broadcloth at 18s. per yard. + Red broadcloth at 15s. + Red ditto at 15s. + Tammy at 20d. + Grogram at 3s. + Silk mohair at 3/6. + Blue grogram or cheney at 3s. + Blue paragon at 3s. + Black satinisco (1/2 ell) 2s. + Calico at 15d. + Buckram at 14d. + Bengal tafety at 3s. + Silk grogram at 7/6. + Satinisco at 3/4. + Noridge stuff at 2/10. + Hair color satinisco at 3/3. + Colchester serge at 2/8. + Cotton cloth at 2/10. + 3 Couerlids at 15s. + Packitt Lawn at 6/6. + 4 papers Manchester at 5s. + 1 pr. stockings at 4s. + 10 pr. cotton gloves at 22d. + 5 pr. ditto at 14d. + Tapes white & colored, 11s. + 5 gr. briches clasps at 2/2. + 2 packetts pins at 2s. + Small clasps, 3/8. + Dutch thread (per lb.) at 6s. + Feathers (per doz.) at 3s. + 2 doz. Collars & belly pieces at 2/3 + Stomachers at 12d. + 7 gr. thread buttons at 7s. + 8 masks at 8d. + 7 gr. Chaine & other silk buttons at 34s. + 7-1/2 gr. flatt cassacke at 6s. + 4 gr. small coat at 6/6. + 4 gr. large cloak at 14s. + 3 gr. silver buttons at 9s. + 2 doz. gold cloake buttons at 3s. + 7 doz. Jacks at 2s. + 25 oz. Silver & silver & gold lace at 5/10. + 34 yds. silver lace at 16d. + 37 yds. silk & silver lace at 5d. + 9 doz. silk lace at 20d. + Green ribbon (per doz.) at 9s. + 22 yds. ditto at 3/4. + Silk & gold fringe (per yd.) at 15s. + 344 yds. looped lace at 18d. + Colored silk (per oz.) at 2s. + 30 yds. loom lace at 14d. + 12 yds. ditto at 2/4. + 10 yds. ditto at 22d. + 17 yds. black galloon at 2-1/2d. + Band strings (per lot) £2.0.0. + 2 pr. eastailes (_sic_) at 5d. + 1 doz. side hinges (per doz.) at 7s. + 1 doz. lamb heads (per doz.) at 7s. + 23 sm. Key rings & 10 large 4/10. + Latches (per doz.) at 8s. + 1 smoothing iron, 2/8. + 1 doz. steeles, 2/3. + 8 padlocks at 5d. + Cupboard locks (per doz.) at 12s. + 4 gimletts at 2d. + 2 handsaws at 18d. + 4 files at 6d. + 22 hour glasses (per doz.) at 7/6. + 4 bells at 13-1/2d. + 57 scales (per doz.) at 16d. + 1 doz. wire candlesticks and 5 bigger, 6/4. + 6 doz. taylor's thimbles at 8d. + 5-1/2 doz. waistband clasps at 20d. + 14 pr. snuffers at 11d. + 12 doz. neck buttons at 6/8. + Little glasses & twists & small ribbon, 1.02.06. + 8 doz. sissers at 3/4. + 13 pr. tobacco tongs (per doz.) at 3s. + 4 doz. combs at 2/6. + A parcell paper, 11.0.0. + 10 bush. pease at 4s. + Weights, scales & Counters & the graite, 3.5.0. + + --_Suffolk (Co.) Judicial Court Files, No. 1389._ + + + + +APPENDIX E + +MANUFACTURES AND OTHER PRODUCTS LISTED IN THE RATES ON IMPORTS AND +EXPORTS ESTABLISHED BY THE HOUSE OF PARLIAMENT, JUNE 24, 1660[96] + +[96] The list here printed, is in abstracted form in the order as +printed and does not include the rates imposed, deemed immaterial +for the present purpose. For complete data consult _The Statutes of +the Realm_, London, 1819, Vol. V, pp. 184-202. + + +IMPORTS OF MERCHANDISE + + Andirons or Creepers of Lattin, of Iron + Anvills + Apples, the barrell conteyning 3 bushell + Aquavitæ + Argall, white & red, or powder + Arrows for trunkes + Aule blades + Auglers for carpenters + Axes or hatchets + Babies or Puppets for children + Babyes heads of earth + Toys for children + Baggs, with locks, and with steel rings without locks + Ballances, gold Ballances, ounce Ballances + Balls. Tennis balls, Washing balls + Bands. Flanders bands of bone lace + Cut worke of Flaunders + Barbers aprons of checkes, the piece not above tenn yards + Barlings, the hundred + Baskets, hand baskets or sports + Basons of Lattin + Bast, or straw hats knotted and plain + Bast ropes + Battry Bashrones or Kettles + Bayes of Florence + Beades, of Amber, Bone, Box, Corrall, Christal, Glass & Wood, + Jasper square + Beaupers, the peece conteyning xxv yards + Bells. Hawkes bells French making, Norembrough making, Horse bells, + Doggs bells, Morrice bells, Clapper bells + Bellows + Bitts for Bridles + Blacking or Lamp black + Blankets. Paris mantles coloured, and un-coloured + Boards. Barrell bords, Clapbords, Past boords for books, Pipe bords + or pipe holt, White boords for shoemakers + Bodkins + Boratoes or Bumbazines, narrow, broad, or of Silke + Bookes, unbound, the basket or maund + Bosses for Bridles + Botanoes, per piece + Bottles, of Earth or Stone, of Glass covered with Wicker, of Glass + with vices covered with leather, of Glass uncovered, of Wood, + sucking bottles + Boultell, Raines, and the baile + Bowe staves + Boxes. Fire or Tinder Boxes + Nest Boxes + Pepper Boxes + Spice Boxes + Round Boxes or French Boxes for Marmalade or Jelly + Sand Boxes + Sope Boxes + Touch Boxes covered with leather + do covered with velvet + do of Iron or other Metall guilt + Tobacco Boxes + Braceletts or Necklaces, Red or of Glass + Brass, Laver Cockes, Pile weights, Trumpets, Lamps + Bridles + Brouches, of Lattin or Copper + Brushes. Bearde brushes + of Heath course + of Heath fine or head brushes + of Hair, called head brushes + of Heath, called rubbing brushes + of Hair, called comb brushes + of hayre, called weavers' brushes + of hair, called rubbing brushes + Brimstone + Buckrams, of Germany, fine, of the East countrey, of French making, + Carricke buckrams + Buckles, for Girdles, for Girths + Buffins, Mocadoes & Lille Grograms, narrow and broad + Bugasines or Callico Buckrams + Bugle. Great, small or seed Bugle, Lace + Bullions for purses + Bulrushes + Burr for Milstones + Buskins of Leather + Bustians + Buttons, of Brasse, Steel, Copper, or Lattin, of Crystall, of + Glass, of Thred, of silke, of fine damaske, of Bugle, for + Handkirchers, of Hair Cabinets or Countores, large and small + Caddus or Cruel Ribbon + Camaletto, half silk, half haire + Candles of Tallow + Candle plates or Wallers of Brasse or Lattin + Candlesticks, of Brasse or Lattin or of wyre + Candleweeke + Callicoes, fine or course + Canes of wood + Capers + Capravens + Capp hookes or hooke ends + Capps, double turfed or Cockered Capps + for Children + Night Caps of Sattin, Velvet + Night Caps of Silke Knitt + Night Caps of Woollen + Night Caps of Linnen + Cards. Playing Cards, Wool cards + Carpetts, of Tonny, of Scotland, of Cornix, Brunswicke Carpets, + China of Cotten, course, Gentish, Turkey or Ventice, of Persia + Carrells + Cases for looking glasses guilt + for spectacles guilt + do unguilt + for Needles or Pin cases + for Needles French guilt + Casketts, of Iron, of Steele + Caveare + Cawles of Linnen for women, of Silke + Cesternes of Lattin + Chafing dishes of Brasse, Lattin, or Iron + Chaines for Keys or Purses, for Doggs + Chairs of Walnutt tree + Chamblett, unwatered or Mohaire, watered, half silke halfe haire + Cheese + Cherries + Chesse boards + Chess-men + Chests, of Iron, large & small + of Cipresse wood, the nest of 3 + of Spruce or Danske, the nest of 3 + painted + Chimney backs, small and large + China Pease + Chizells for Joyners + Citternes + Clapboord, the small, the great & the Ring + Claricords, the payre + Clokes of Felt + Cochaneile, Silvester or Campeache + Coles of Scotland + Coffers, covered with gilt Leather + covered with Velvett + with Iron barrs, the nest of 3 + plaine, the nest + painted, the nest + Comashes out of Turkey + Combes, for wool, of bone, of box, lightwood combes, of horne for + Barbers, of Ivory, Horse Combes + Comfetts + Compasses, of Iron for Carpenters, of brasse for Ships + Copper, unwrought brickes or plates, round or square, chaines, + purles or plate + Copras, green + Cordage, tard or untard + Corke tackles, of Iron and Steele + Cork for Shoemakers + Corne, wheat, rye, beanes, barly, mault + Coverlets of Scotland + Counters of Lattin + Crosbows, of Lathes, Thred and Rackes + Cruses of Stone, without covers, & with + Cushons of Scotland + Cushon cloths, course, and of Tapestry + Cuttle bones + Daggs with fire lockes or Snap-lances + Daggers. Blades, for children, of bone for children, blacke with + velvet sheathes, gilt, with velvett sheathes + Deales, Meabro, Norway, Burgendorp, Spruce + Desks or stayes for bookes + for women to worke upon covered with wollen + Dialls of wood and bone + Dimitty + Doggs of earth + Dornix, with caddas, silke, woll, thred, and French making + Dudgeon + Durance or Duretty, with thred or silk + Druggs--a great variety listed including Bezor Stone of the East + India, Holliworsles, white and red Corall, Fox lungs, Guiny + pepper, Hornes of Harts or Staggs, Lapis Lazuli, mummia, Musk + Codds, Nutmegs, oyle of Scorpions, oyle Petrolium, Red Lead, + Sanguis draconis, Scorpions + Earthen Ware, Brickstones, Flaunders Tile to scower with, Gally + Tiles, Paving Tiles, Pann Tiles etc. + Elephants teeth + Emery stones + Fanns, for Corne, of Paper, for Women and Children, French making + Feathers for bedds, also Ostridge Feathers + Felt for Cloakes, French making + Fiddles for Children + Fire shovells + Figuretto, the yard + Files + Fish, Codd, Cole, Eeles, Haddockes, Herrings, Lamprells, Linge, + Newland, Salmon, Scale fish, Stock fish, cropling, lubfish + and titling, Whiting + Flannele + Flaskes, of horne, covered with leather, with velvett + Flax, Spruce Moscovy, undrest and wrought + Fleams to let blood + Flockes + Flutes, course + Freeze of Ireland + Frizado, the yard + Furrs, Armins the Timber, Badger, Bare skins, Beaver, Budge, + Calaber, Catts, Dokerers the Timber, Fitches the Timber, + Foxes, Foynes, Grays, Jennets, Letwis, Leopard, Lewzernes, + Martrones, Miniver, Minkes, Mole skins, Otter, Ounce, Sables, + Weazell, Wolfe, Wolverings + Fustians, Amsterdam Holland or Dutch + Barmillions + Cullen fustians + Holmes and Bevernex + Jeane + Millian + Naples, tript or velure plain + Wrought or Sparta velvett + Osbro or Augusta fustians + with silk + of Weazell + Gadza, without gold or silver, the yard stript with gold or silver + Gally dishes + Gantletts, the pair + Garters of silk, French + Gaules + Gimlets for vinters + Girdles, of cruell, or leather, of silk, of velvett, of woollen, + of counterfeite gold & silver + Glasse for Windows, Burgundy white and coloured + Normandy white and coloured + Renish, the weigh or webb + Muscovy glasse or slude + Drinking Glasses, of Venice, Flanders, Scotch and French, course + drinking glasses, Burning glasses, Balme glasses, Vialls, Water + glasses + Looking Glasses, Halfe penny ware, Penny ware, of Steele, small + and large, of Christall, small and Middle + Hower Glasses, of Flaunders making, course, of Venice making + Glass stone plates for spectacles, rough + Glass plates or sights for looking glasses unfiled + Glass pipes + Glew + Globes, small and large + Gloves, of Bridges or French making, of Canary, Millane or Venice + unwrought, of Vaudon, of silke knit, of Spanish plaine + Gold and Silver thred counterfeite + Bridges, gold & silver + Cap, gold & silver + Copper gold & silver upon quills & rolls or in skaine + Cullen gold & silver + French copper gold & silver + Lyons copper gold & silver double gilt + Gold & Silver thred right + Venice, Florence or Millane gold & silver + French and Paris gold & silver + Gold foile + Gold paper + Granies, French or Guiny + Graines or scarlet powder of Sevill in berries & granies of + Portugall or Rotta + Grindle stones + Grocery wares: Almonds, Anniseeds, Cloves, Currans, Dates, + Ginger, Licoras, Maces, Nutmegs, Pepper, Cinomom, Raisins + (great, and of the Sun), Raisins of Smirna, Figgs, Prunes, + Sugar (candy brown, candy white, Muscovadoes refined double + & single in loves, St. Thome & Panneils, white) + Grogrames, Turkey + Guns. Calervers, Muskets + Gunpowder. Serpentine, Corne powder + Halberds, guilt & unguilt + Hammers, with and without wooden handles, Horsemens hamers + Hankirchirs + Harness Roses + Harness, Corslets complete, Curatts, Morians or headpeeces graven, + ditto plaine + Harp strings or Catlings + Hatbands + Hatts, of beaver, wool or hair, of Bridges, Dutch felts or hatts + made of wool, Spanish or Portugall felts, of silke French making, + of straw, see Bast, of Venice, of wool or worsted trimd + Hawkes, Falcons, Goshawkes, Jerfalcons, Jerkins, Lanners, + Lannarets, Tassels of all Sorts + Hawkes hoods + Hair bottomes for sives + Haire, Camells, Elkes haire for saddles, Goates + Heath for brushes + Hemp, short drest, cullen & steel hemp, Spruce, Muscovia & all + rough hemp + Hides. Buffe hides, Cow hides of Barbary & Muscovia, Cow or horse + hides, India hides, Losh hides, Red or Muscovia tanned, coloured + & uncoloured + Hilts for swords or daggers + Honey + Hoopes of Iron for pipes or hogsheads, for Coopers + Hops + Horses or mares + Hose of Cruel made in Mantua + Jett + Jews Trumps + Inke for Printers + Imperlings blew or red + Ink horns + Incle, unwrought and wrought Rowles (36 yards) + Indico, of Turkey, of the West Indyes or rich Indico + Instruments for Barbers & chirurgeons, Bullet scrues, Incision + sheeres, Setts (the bundle), Paices or Tooth drawers, Plulicanes, + Trepans + Iron, Amis Spanish Spruce and Swedish + Backes for chimneys, small and large, + Bands for Kettles + Fire irons + Hoopes + Stones + Juice of Lemons (the pipe) + Ivory + Key knops + Knives, Almanie, Bohemia & other course knives, Butchers, Carving, + Collen knives, French knives, Glover's knives, Penknives, Sker + knives, Stock knives (gilt and ungilt) + Lace, bone lace of thred, Brittaine lace, Cruell lace, Gold & + Silver, Pomet, Purle or antlet, Silke bone + Ladles, Melting + Lapis magnata + Lattin, black & shaven + Leade oare + Leomons, Pickled + Lemon water + Leather, Bazill, Spanish or Cordivant, Hangings, Spruce or Dansk + leather, Leather for Maskes, Turkey & East India Cordivant + Leaves of Gold + Lewers for Hawkes + Lime for Dyers + Lines of Hambrough for ships + Lin-seed + Linnes blew or red + Linnen Cloth + Callicoes, fine or course + Cambricks, fine or course + Canvas, Dutch Barras & Hessens, + French or Normandy & lyne narrow browne or white, + French & line broad for tabling, Packing canvas guttings & + spruce canvas, poledavies, Spruce Elbing or Quinsbrow, Stript + or tufted canvas with thred, stript tufted or quilted canvas with + silke, stript canvas with copper, Vaudolose or Vittry canvas, + working canvas for cushions (narrow and broad) + Damask, Tabling of Holland, Towelling & napkening of Holland, + Tabling or Silesia + Diaper, Tabling of Holland and Silesia + Lawnes, Callico lawnes, French & Silesia lawnes + Flaunders, Holland cloth:--Flemish, Gentish, Islingham, Overisils, + Rowse, Brabrant, Embden, Freeze, Bag Holland, Browne Holland + Cowsseild cloth or platts + Drilling & pack duck + Elbing or Danske cloth double ploy + Hambrough & Silesia cloth broade & narrow + Hinderlands, Headlake & Muscovia linnen narrow + Irish cloth + Lockrums, Treager (great & narrow) or common dowlace, Broad dowlace + Ministers, the roll + Ozenbrigs, the roll + Soulthwitch + Polonia Ulsters, Hanovers, Lubecke, narrow Silesia, narrow Westphalia, + narrow Harford, plain napkening & narrow cloth from high Dutchland + & the East Countrey (brown and white) + Strawsbrough or Hambrough + Twill & Ticking of Scotland + Lockers or Chapes for Daggers + Lockes, Budgets or hanging lockes, small & large + Lutes, Cullen & Venice making + Lute strings, Catlings & Minikins + Litmus + Madder, Crop and all bale Madder, Fatt & Mull madder + Magnus + Maskes, of velvett & sattin + Match for Gunns + Matts of Russia + Medlers (the baskett) + Mallasses of Rameales + Messelanes (30 yds. to piece) + Metheglin + Methredate + Mocado ends + Morters & Pestells, brass + Muster seed + Mittens of Wadmul + Nailes. Chaire nailes, copper nailes, rose nailes, Sadlers nailes, + Head nailes, Harness nailes, spring nailes, Tenter hookes + Napkins of French making + Neats tongues, of Russia + Neckerchirs of Flanders making + Needles, Pack & sale needles + Nutmegs, pickled + Nutts, small & walnutts + Okeham + Oaker + Oares + Oyle, Rape & Linseed + Sivile, Marjorca, Minorca, Apuglia Province, and Portugall + Sallat oyle + Traine oyle of Greenland + Traine oyle of Newfoundland + Fish oyle + Ollives + Onions + Orchall + Oranges & Lemons (the hogshead) + Orsdew + Packthred + Panns, Dripping & frying pans, warming pans + Paper. Blew, Browne, Cap, Demy + Ordinary printing & copy paper + Painted paper (the ream) + Pressing paper, Rochell paper, Royall paper + Parchment + Past of Jeane + Peares or apples, dryed + Pease + Petticoates of silke + Penners + Percer bitts + Pike heads + Pikes, with and without heads + Pinns (the thousand) + Pincers & plyers + Pintadoes or Callecoe cubbard clothes + Pipe staves + Pipes, for Tabors, and for children + Pitch Pipes, small band, great band + Plaister of Paris + Plaine irons + Plankes of Ireland + Plate, silver white or ungilt, of silver parcell gilt, of silver + gilt + Plates, single & double white or blacke, Harnesse plates or + iron doubles + Playing Tables of walnut tree (the paire) + Pointe, of thread, of Capiton and of fine silke + Pomistones + Pomegarnets + Potatoes (the hundred weight) + Potts, of Earth or Stone, covered and uncovered + Gally pots + Melting potts for Goldsmiths + Of Iron, French, or Flemish making + Pullies, of Iron, of Brasse, of Wood + Punsons & Gravers for Goldsmiths + Quills, Goose + Quilts, of French making, of Callico, of Sattin or other Silke + Rackets + Rape of Grapes + Rape seed + Rashes, Bridges or Leyden Rashes, single & double, Cloth Rashes + Rattles for Children, and with Bells + Razers + Recorders (the set) + Ribbon, of Silke + Rice + Rosen + Rugs, Irish and Polish + Rims for Sives + Rings, for Keyes, for Curtaines, of Wyre, of Brass, Copper or St. + Martins gilt, of Haire + Sackcloth + Saddles of Steele + Safflora + Saffron + Salt, white or Spanish Salt, Bay or French Salt, Salt peter + Saws. Hand sawes, Tenant sawes, Whip sawes, Legg sawes + Says. Double Sayes or Flaunders Serges + Double Say or Serge + Mild sayes + Honnscot say + Scamoty (the yard) + Scissers + Sea holly rootes + Sea morse [horse] teeth + Serge, of Athens, of Florence + Sheares, for Shearmen, for glovers, for Seamesters, for Taylers, + Forceps, + Sheets of Callaber + Shumacke + Shruff or old Brass + Syder + Silke. Bridges silke, Ferret or Floret silke, Fillozell or Paris + silke + Granado. Silke black & colours + Naples. Silke, black & colours + Orgazine, Pole & Spanish, Raw China, Raw Silke, short and long, + Raw Morea, Satin Silke, Sleave Silke, Silke Nubbs or Husks, + Throwne silke + Skins. Buckskins (in the Haire & drest), Calves (of Ireland), + Cordivant (of Turkey, East Indies, or Scotland), Dog fish skins + for Fletchers, Fox skins, Gold skins, Goate skins, of Barbary + or the East Country, of Scotland or Ireland + Husse skins for Fletchers + Kidd skins, Portugall skins, Seale skins, Shamway skins, Sheep + skins, Spanish Civill or Cordivant skins, Spruce skins + Skeets for Whitsters + Slip (the Barrell) + Smalts + Snuffers + Soape, Castle or Venice, also Flemish + Spangles of Copper + Spectacles without cases + Spoones of Horne + Standishes, of wood, Brasse & covered with Leather, also Pocket + Standishes + Steele. Long steel, Wisp steel & gad steele + Stockings of Wadmol + Stone birds or Whistles + Stones. Blood stones, Cane stones, Dogg stones, Mill stones, Querne + stones (small and large), Slick stones + Sturgeon + Stuff of all sorts made or mixed with Wool + Succade wet or dry + Sword blades, of Venice, Turkey or other fine blades, Course + blades of Flaunders + Table bookes, course and fine + Tables, playing Tables of Wainscott + Tackes of Iron + Tallow + Tannets of Cruell + Tapistry, with Haire, Caddas, Silke, Gold or Silver & Wool + Tarras (the Barrell) + Tarr (small & great Band) + Tazells + Thimbles + Thred, Bridges, Crosbow, Lyons or Paris, Outnall, Peecing, Sisters, + whited browne + Thrums, of linnen or Fustian, also of Woolen + Tikes. Brizel Tikes & Turnall Tikes, also of Stoade + Tiking of the East countrey + Tincall + Tinfoyle + Tinglasse + Tinsell, copper, right Gold & silver + Tinshore + Tobacco, Spanish & Brazill in pudding or role + St. Christophers, Barbadoes, Virginia & Somer Islands + Tooles. Carving Tooles + Tow + Trayes of wood (the shocke) + Triacle, of Flaunders, of Jeane + Trenchers, white (commen sort) + and red or painted + Treene nailes + Trunnells + Tweezes of France + Twine of Hambrough + Twist for bandstrings + Vallances of Scotland + Verditer + Verders of Tapistry + Vellum for Table bookes + Violls + Vice harps + Vice tongues or hand vices + Viniger + Vizards + Wadmoll + Wainscott + Wax + Whale fins + Whetstones + Whipcorde + Whistles Cockes or Bellows + Whistles, Cockes or Birds of Stone + Woad, Islands or green woad, also Tholose + Worme seeds + Worsted, St. Omers narrow 1/2 worsted + Russells worsted or broad worsted + Wood. Boxwood for Combs, also Brazill or Farnumbuck wood + Braziletto or Gemeaco wood + Ebony + Fusticke + Lignum vitae + Plankes of Ireland + Red or Guiny wood + Speckled wood + Sweet wood of West India + Wool. Beaver wool, Cotton wool, Estridge wool, Irish wool, Lambs + wool, Polonia wool, Spanish wool, Spanish felt wool, Red wool + Wrests for Virginalls + Wyer. Dagger and quarter wyer, Iron wyer, Lattin wire, Steel wyre, + Strawsbrough wyre, Virginall wyre + Yarne, Cable, Camell or Mohaire, Cotton, Grograine, Irish, Raw + Linnen, Saile, Spruce or Muscovia, Scotch wollen or bay yarne + + +EXPORTS OF MERCHANDISE + + Allabaster + Allom, English + Apothecary and Confectionary wares + Anvills + Apples + Apples called Pippins + Aquavitae + Ashes of English wood + Bacon + Baggs + Bandaleirs + Beefe + Beere + Beere Egar + Bell metall + Bellowes + Billetts + Birding pieces + Bird lime + Bodyes, stitched with Silke, also with Whalebone + Bridles + Brushes, English, of Heath + Buckweed + Buttons of Haire + Bays. Barnstaple course, Manchester or Barnstaple fine and other + single bayes, Double bayes, Minikin bayes + Cambodium + Candles + Canvas, English tufted, also Shropshire + Capps, Monmouth plain and trimmed, buttoned English, of wool blacke + Cards, Stocke, Tow, Woll + Playinge Cards + Cardboard + Carpets, Northern + Catlings or English Hatt makers strings + Cloke baggs + Coaches and Chariots + Coals. Sea Coles, the Chalder, New Castle measure, Sea Coles of + Wales or the West Country + Combes of wood, bone, or horn + Cobwebb Lawnes + Comfets + Cony haire or wool, blacke or white + Cordage, tard or untard + Coverletts, of wool & haire, of Caddice + Curricombes + Cushons of Yorkshire + Cottons, Northerne, Manchester, Tanton and Welch, also Welsh + plaines + Corne, Barley, Mault, Beanes, Oates, Pease, Wheate, Rye, Buck wheate + Darnix, of English making, also Coverlets + Dice + Dimitty + Doublets of Leather + Dust of Cloves and other Spices + Emery stones + Earthen Ware, Brickes & Tiles and also sorts of Earthen & Stone ware + made in England + Fennell seed + Figuretto, with silke or copper, narrow and broade + Filozelles, broad of silke + Fire lockes + Flannell + Flasks of Horne + Flax + Freezes + Fustians + Gartering of cruell + Garters of worsted + Girdles of Leather for men, & for children, of Norwich + Glasse for windowes, and bottles & other sorts + Glew + Gloves, plaine of Sheepe Kidd or Lambes leather + fringed & stitched with silke + furd with Cony wool + of Buckes leather + Goose quills + Grindlestones + Gunpowder + Haberdashers ware--Packthred, Inkle, Tape, Filleting, Buttons, + Hookes & Eyes, etc. + Haire, Harts haire, Horse haire, Oxe or Cowe haire + Hairecloth + Harts horne + Hatbands of Cruel + Hatchets + Hatts, Beavers & Demicasters, Felts, etc. + Hawkes hoods + Hempseed + Herrings + Holsters + Hops + Hornes, Blowing hornes (small), of Buckes, Inkhornes, Hornes with + Lanthornes, Oxe hornes, Powder hornes, of Rames, of Sheepe, + Shooing hornes, Stags hornes, Tips of hornes + Horselitters & Sedans + Horse tailes with haire + Horse collers + Hoopes for barrells + Iron wrought, viz., Axes, Adzes, Hoes, Armour, Bitts, Knives, + Lockes, fowling peeces, Muskets, Pistolls, Cissors, Stirrops, + Carpenters & Gravers tooles, Jack work, clock work, & + Ironmongers wares + Old Iron + Iron Ordnance + Irish Mantles + Knives, Shoemakers, paring knives, Sheffield knives, Cutting knives, + London knives + Lace of gold & silver, of velvet, Statute lace + Letherage or Lead + Lamprills + Loome work + Lime + Linnen, made of Hemp or Flax + Linseed + Linsey woolsey + Lists of cloth + Lead, cast and uncast + Musterd seed + Malasses or Rameales + Nailes + Nutts + Oatmeale + Oyle, Traine oyle + Oysters + Oker, yellow and red + Parchment + Paste board + Pilchers + Points of Leather + Purles of Broadcloth + Rape cakes + Rape seed + Rugs, Irish Ruggs for beds, and by the yard + Russetting for painters + Rashes, silk Rashes, broad and narrow + Ribbon + Saddles, and saddle trees + Sack cloth + Saffron + Salt peter + Sea morse [horse] teeth + Scabbords for swords + Shag, with thred + Shovells, shod and unshod + Shoes, Bootes and Slippers + Skins, Cony, Kid, Lambe, Otter, Sheepe & Lamb, Rabbit, Hare, Cats, + Fox, Swans, Dogs, Elke, Wolfe, Badgers, Squirrell + Soape + Spanish sattins, English making + Starch + Steel, Gad steele + Stockings, Irish, Kersey long & short, Leather, Silk, Wollen men + & children + Stones, Hilling stone, Slate + Stuffs, Perpetuanoes & Serges + Sugars, refined & made into loaves in this kingdom + Tapistry or Dornix Hangings made in England + Thred, Black, Brown, Blew + Thrums + Tiking + Tiffany, made of thred + Tobacco pipes + Tuff Taffates, broad and narrow, with thred + Tynn, unwrought and wrought, i.e. Pewter + Velure, single and double + Vingiger of wine + Virginalls, the payre + Watches + Wadmoll + Wast Coates, of Wadmoll, Cotton, Kerseys of Flannell, Worsted knit + and Wollen knit + Wax + Weld + Whalebone cut or wrought + Whale finns + Woad + Woad nets + Wood, Redwood, Gambray, Boxwood + Worsted, narrow and broade + Yarne, Grograine yarne + Wollen Cloths + Dorset & Somerset dozens rudge washed + Cardinalls, Pinwhites, Strayts, Statutes, Stockbridges, Tavestocks + Tauntons, Bridgewaters & Dunsters, Deven dozens + Ordinary Pennistons or Forrest Whites, Sorting Pennistones + Narrow Yorkshire Kerseys whites & reds, Hampshire ordinary Kersies, + Newbery whites and other Kersies, sorting Hampshire Kersies + Northern Dozens single sorting Pennistons + The new sort of Cloth called Spanish Cloth + Cloth Rashes, alias Cloth Serges + + + + +APPENDIX F + +COPY OF THE INVENTORY OF THE ESTATE OF WM. PAINE OF BOSTON, +MERCHANT, APPRAISED BY HEN. SHRIMPTON, JOSHUA SCOTTOW AND JOHN +RICHARDS, AND ALLOWED IN COURT AT BOSTON, NOV. 14, 1660, UPON OATH +OF MR. JOHN PAINE, HIS SON + + + IN THE WAREHOUSE CHAMBER: + + 4 peeces white Trading cloath, 42li.; + + 39 yrds. blew trading cloath, 9li. 15s.; + + 5-1/4 1/8 yrds. white trading cloath, 1li. 4s. 2d.; + + 4 Bales nowells, 2 Bales pantozells, 1 Bale fine sheeting, 2-1/2 Bales + of broad, 4 peeces Kentings, half Bale napkening, 232li. 16s. 2d.; + + 2 Bales nowells Cont. 6 poanles, 43li. 6s. 8d.; + + 5 ps. villaranes cont., 70-1/2, 35-1/4, 23, 11-1/2 and 21-3/4 yrds. in all + 162 yrds. at 21d. p., 14li. 3s. 6d.; + + 5 peeces Kenting, 44-1/4 yrds. at 2s. 3d. p., 4li. 19s. 6d.; + + 120 yrds. Humains, 123 yrds. Humanes, 123 yrds. Humanes, 99-1/4 + Humanes, 342-1/2 yrds. at 18d., 25li. 13s. 4-1/2d.; + + 3 Ruggs, 6li. 15s.; + + 2 Barrells bate, 12li. powder, 9li.; + + 4 peeces searge, 16li.; + + 1 ps. carsey, 2O-1/2 yrds., 4li. 2s.; + + 1 ps. more, No. 2, 5li.; + + 11 yrds. 5/8 of carsy at 5s. 6d. 3li. 4s.; + + 6-3/4 of carsey at 7s., 2li. 7s. 3d.; + + 6-3/4 of carsey at 4s., 15s.; + + 8 peeces wt. calleco at 14s., 5li. 12s.; + + 50-1/2 yrds. broad dowlas at 2s., 5li. 1s.; + + 23-1/4 dowlas at 21d. 2li. 1s.; + + 3-1/8 of locrum at 16d., 4s. 2d.; + + 12 of blew calleco at 18d., 18s.; + + 1 ps. blew calleco at 20s., 1li.; + + 4-1/2 yrds. searge at 4s., 18s.; + + 4-1/2 yrds. red broad cloth at 8s., 1li. 16s.; + + 3 yrds., 3 nailes broad cloath at 16s., 2li. 11s.; + + 8 yrds. 3/4 red carsey at 6s., 2li. 10s. 3d.; + + 2-1/4 red at 3s. 6d., 7s. 10d.; + + 9-3/4 1/8 peneston at 2s. 10d., 1li. 8s.; + + 12-3/8 Role cotton at 2s. 3d., 1li. 19s.; + + 8 pr. Irish stockens at 18d., 12s.; + + 8-1/2 narrow blew linen at 13d. 9s. 2d.; + + 3-1/4 broade blew linen at 20d., 5s. 5d.; + + 23-1/2 broad blew linen at 2s., 2li., 7s.; + + 2 pr. Stockens, 5s. 6d.; + + 5 pr. bodeys at 4s. 1li.; + + 1 groace of silver coat & other buttens with Riboning & lace, + 30li. 16s. 11d.; + + 2 yrds. holland at 6s., 12s.; + + 17-1/2 of east cloath, 8s.; + + 31 halfe linds at 14d., 1li. 16s. 2d.; + + 5 ham bourough linds at 2s., 10s.; + + 5 knottes of housing at 4d., 1s.; + + 5-1/4 vittery at 14d., 6s. 1d.; + + 10 parchmen skins, 1 trunk, 2O bookes,--of wax candle, 1li. 10s.; + + 58 reame of paper at 7s., 20li. 6s.; + + 4 baggs cotten wooll, 550li. at 5d., 11li. 9s. 2d.; + + 71li. hopps at 4d., 1li. 3s. 8d.; + + 200 hhs. salt at 1ls., 110li.; + + Remant Ratling, 2s.; + + pcell bookes, 2li. + + + IN THE LOWER ROOME: + + 2 Bailes nowells, 43li. 6s. 8d.; + + 1 bagg hopps, 1li. 13s. 4d.; + + 6li. rod Iron at 2s., 8li. 8s.; + + 2 Bushells wheat, 19s. 6d.; + + silkware in 2 boxes, 31li. 14s.; + + 3 bate naile of Turky Gregrum, 10s.; + + 2 yrds. broad cheny & remnant of Satten, 7s.; + + 2li. 11 silk, 3li.; + + 1li. 1/2 fringe & muccado ends, 7s.; + + 2-3/4 soft wax, 2s.; + + 5-1/2 Butts thread, 14s.; + + 13 yrds. old fashion lace, 2s.; + + 20 yrds. wt. callico, 22 laces, 2-1/2 doz. poynts, 1li. 1s.; + + 8 doz. short laces, 2 doz. 3/4 long, 18s.; + + 13 oz. coventry thred, 4s.; + + 1li. cource wt. thred, 6s.; + + 1/2li. whited Browne, 2s.; + + 3li. colloured thred, 9s.; + + 4li. black & browne, 2li. 2s.; + + 12 Hatts, 10 bands, 3li.; + + 20 browne holland, 2li. 10s.; + + 18-1/2 yrds. Humanes, 18d., 1li. 7s. 9d.; + + 83-3/4 pantolanes, 4li. 3s. 9d.; + + 41-1/4 yrds. vittery at 14d., 2li. 10s. 6d.; + + 26-1/2 poledavy at 18d., 1li. 19s. 9d.; + + 30-3/4 nowells at 16d., 2li. 1s.; + + 5-3/4 locrum at 18d., 8s. 7d. + + 36 locrum at 18d., 1li. 19s.; + + 8-3/4 1/8 blew linen at 14d., 10s. 1d.; + + 30 yrds. sacking at 9d., 1li. 2s.; + + 221-1/4 yrds. Cotten cloath at 2s., 4d., 25li. 16s. 3d.; + + 8 yrds. greene Cotten at 14d., 9s. 4d.; + + 18 of wt. cotten at 1s., 18s.; + + 24 Irish, 12s.; + + 3 Remnants boulting, 2s.; + + 3li. suger, 3li. 15s.; + + 1 Tire for wheeles & old Iron, 3li.; + + 13 cart boxes & 3li. in Iron waite, 2li, 10s.; + + Basketts, Rubstones, 15s.; + + pcell of wt. salt, 12s. 6d.; + + pcell of cards & old hops, 15s.; + + a screw & 9 mose skins, 2li. 10s.; + + pll. of old rope & line, 10s.; + + pcell of Cotten wooll, 5s.; + + Barrell of Oatmeale, 1li. 5s.; + + 2 Kettles, 3 spades, 1 pan & nailes, 2li. 5s.; + + 1 cutting saw, 6s. + + + IN THE CELLAR: + + 30 hhds. mallasses at 3li., 90li.; + + 5 barrells macrell, 1 halfe barrell, 7li. 5s.; + + 2 Iron bound hhds., 10s. + + + IN THE OTHER CELLAR: + + 3 hhds. Rum, 30li.; + + pcells of sower wine, 3li.; + + old cask, 10s.; + + beaver, 49li., 22li. 1s.; + + beaver, 160li. at 18d., 12li. + + + IN THE LENTOO HOUSE END: + + 30 tunn salt at 40s., 60li.; + + 4 sawes, 2li.; + + boulting mill, beam board, 2li. + + + IN THE IRON HOUSE: + + 77-1/2li. barr Iron at 20s., 47li. 10s.; + + 5-3/4li. cast backs at 15s., 4li. 6s. 3d.; + + 11-1/2li. Andirons at 15s., 8li. 12s. 6d.; + + 9-3/4li. potts & Kettles, 12li. 3s. 9d.; + + 5 Iron skilletts, 13s. 6d.; + + beames & scales, 1li. 10s.; + + 39-1/2li. cast waites, 29li. 12s. 6d.; + + 857li. cotten wooll at 5d., 17li. 7s. 1d.; + + 377 of hopps at 4d., 6li. 5s. 3d.; + + 7 hhd. 3 butts suger, 65li.; + + 2 qt. fish, 1li. 4s.; + + 1 firkin butter, 1 soape, 2li.; + + 5 li. bate, 8li. barr Iron, 4li. 18s. + + + IN THE YARD: + + 28 tun. pact casks, 9li. 16s.; + + 7-1/2 hhds. lime, 1li. 13s. 9d.; + + 6000 pipestaves at 4li., 24li.; + + 1400 boards, 5s. 6d., 3li. 17s.; + + 12000 Rotlin, 4li. + + + IN THE DWELLING HOUSE: + + 10-1/2 yrds. sacking & canvas, 7s. 10d.; + + 2-1/4 cloth rash at 6, 13s. 6d.; + + 9 bate naile of dowlas at 2s., 17s. 10d.; + + yrd. narrow taffety, 6s.; + + 4-1/2 liver colloured searge, 18s.; + + 1 groace 4-1/2 doz. hookes & eyes, 2s. 6d.; + + 2 yrds. blew Trads cloath, 10s. + + + AT MR. SCOTTOWES: + + 2 Bales nowalls, 43li. 6s. 8d.; + + 1 ps. pantossam, 5li.; + + 1 ps. sheeting, 6li. 2s. 6d. + + + AT MR. BROUGHTON'S: + + 3 butts 1 hhd. suger at 25s., 35li.; + + 140-1/4 hhd. salt at Ils Shoales, 70li. 2s. 6d.; + + 20 hhds. at Mr. Parker's, at 10s., 10li.; + + 1 hhd. Rum at Mr. Handsons, 10li.; + + at Linn workes, 1 horse, 10li.; + + at Capt. Johnsons, leather, 00; + + at Mr. Buttolls, leather, 00; + + at Capt. Clearkes, an Anchor, 1li. 10s.; + + + ADVENTURE in Thrumboll to England, 49 hhds. oyle, 5 M. 8 C. 81li. + + Cotten neate, 12 qt. fish, 289li. 7s. 5d.; + + + TO JAMACO & p left in Jamaco before p Adam Westgage, 52li. 12s. + + + THE HOUSE MORE: + + 3 Satten dobletts, 1 taffety cloak, 4li.; + + money, 5li. 11s. 9d.; + + 2 gold rings, 2li.; + + 1-1/2 C. wt. suger at 4, 6li.; + + 3/4 of cast ware at workes, 100li.; + + 3/4 stock of sow Iron & coals, 450li.; + + 3/4 of ye workes at hamersmith & + Brantree, 800li.; + + + DWELLING HOUSE, warehouses & appurtenances at Bostone, 400li.; + + watertowne mill house, land & apprtenances, 150li.; + + 1/2 mill at exeter & halfe of the prvilidge of mill & land, 40li. + + + HOUSEHOLD STUFF & IS IN THE CELLAR UNDER YE HALL: + + 1 Iron Trivett & Tramell, 1 barr & 2 Cobbe Irons, 1 fire shovell, + 1 Ketle, 2 brass pans, 1 Copper Kettle, 1 brass skillett, 1 + flagon, 20 old dishes, 1 Iron pott, 1 spitt, 1 pr. bellowes, + skimer, 3li. 19s. 6d. + + + IN THE HALL: + + 1 pr. Iron Andirons, 1 pr. tonges, 11s. 6d. more; + + one Cubord, 15s.; + + 1 Tabell & carpett, 2s., 4 leather, 2 other chairs, 1li. 5s., + 1 setle, 4 stooles, a cushion, 14s., 1 clock, 2li., 7li. 5s. 6d. + + + IN THE LITTLE ROOM: + + 1 Bedsteed & curtaine, one bed, one boulster, 1 rugg, 3 blanketts, + 1 pr. sheets, 4 table cloath, 8 naptkins, 1 pewter dish & one + bason, one salt, 2 brass candlestickes, 1 ladle, 1 warming pan, + fire pan, 20s., 1 basket, 1 chaire, 1 cushion, 7li. 4s. + + + IN THE OTHER LITTLE ROOME: + + One bedsteed, curtaines, fether bed, 3 blanketts, 1 coverled, + 2 bolsters, 3 pillowes, a trundle bedsteed, a fether bed, pr. + of sheets, coverled, bolster, Tables & chaires, 8 Cushions, + 1 Joint stoole, 3 pewter dishes, 1 salt, 1 Brass skillett, + 1 skimmer, 1 pan, 1 seive, 1 Bible, 11li. 7s. 6d. + + One silver Candlestick, 1 Tankard, one beere boale, 2 wine cupps, + one dram cupp, 6 spoones, 17li.; + + 1 brass scillett, 1 pewter dish & bason, 2 brass Candlesticks, Joynt + stooles, one Tramell, 1 Ketle, 1 sive, shovell, 1 back, 2 Cob + Irons & dripping pan, 1li. 15s. + + + IN THE CLOSETT: + + 13 pewter platters, 2 py plates, 6 smale plates, 5 saucers, 1 + pewter & 2 brass candlesticks, 1 urin botle & 1 bed pan, 12 + earthern dishes, 2 pudden pans, 5li. 10s. 6d. + + + IN THE HALL CHAMBER: + + One bedsteed, Curtaines & vallens of red searge, 1 fether bed, + 2 bolsters, 2 pillowes, 3 blanketts, 1 tapestry Cuverled, 10li.; + + 2 Cubberts, 2 Cubbert cloathes, 1 table, 4 red stooles, 2 red cloath + chaires with fringe, 3 leather chaires, 2li. 15s.; + + 1 great chaire, 7 pichers, 10s., one pr. brass Andirons, one back, + 3s., 8li. 5s.; + + 6 cushions & 1 pc. of carpeting & old vallens at 1li. 4s.; + + one Trunk, 8s.; + + one chest, 8s., 2li. + + + WITHIN THE TRUNK & CHEST & IN THE HALL CHAMBER: + + 7 pr. sheetes, 4 diapr. table cloathes, 2 plaine, 9 pillow beers, + 4 Cubbert cloathes, 2 napkins, 1 tapestry coverled, 2 darnick + carpetts, 2 pr. sheets, 7 damask naptkins, 2 short diaper table + cloathes, 3 pillow beers, 26 diaper naptkins, 14 plaine naptkins, + one red rugg, 21li. 18s. + + + IN THE GARRETT: + + One Rugg, three blanketts, one flock bed, 1 Coverlett, one bolster, + one blankett, 3li. 7s.; + + money, 123li. 14s.; + + + IN VESSELS, 200li.; + + total, 4,239li. 11s. 5d. + + +DUE TO THE ESTATE: + +In debts accotd. as certaine, 1,500li.; + +as doubtfull, 700li.; + +stand in the book yett acttd. of as utterly lost & desperatt, 836li. +6s. 2d. + + +DEBTS due from the estate, 1500li. + +--_Essex County Quarterly Court Records_, Vol. II, pp. 271-274. + + + + +APPENDIX G + +INVENTORY OF THE ESTATE OF EDWARD WHARTON OF SALEM, DECEASED, AND +WHAT GOODS WERE IN HIS POSSESSION, CONSIGNED TO HIM BY SEVERAL, +TAKEN 12:1:1677-8, BY HILLIARD VEREN, SR., JOHN HATHORNE AND JOHN +HIGGINSON, JR. + + +VALUED IN ENGLAND AS BY INVOYCE,-- + + 1 plaine cloath cloake, 1li. 8s.; + + 1 boyes worsted cloake, 1li. 5s.; + + 1 heare camlett cloake, 2li. 18s.; + + 5 cloath cloakes, 28s. p., 7li.; + + 1 cloath cloake, 1li. 8s.; + + 1 fine cloath cloake, 1li. 15s.; + + 1 cloath cloake, 1li. 12s.; + + 6 cloath cloake, 28s. p., 8li. 8s.; + + 3 childs stuff coates at 9s., 1li. 7s.; + + 1 yeolow Tamy, 10s.; + + 1 ditto, 13s.; + + 1 boyes coate, 13s.; + + 1 doz. home made wooll hose, 1li. 14s.; + + 1 doz. ditto, 1li. 10s.; + + 8 pr. of youths ditto, 14s.; + + 10 pr. of woemens home made wooll stockens, 1li. 2s.; + + 7 pr. of sale wooll hoase, 10s. 6d.; + + 17 pr. of woemens & youths stockens, 14s. 10d.; + + 7 pr. of home made woemens 4 thrid, 3s. 2d. p., 4 pr. ditto sale 4 + thrid, 3s. 4d. p., 1li. 10s. 10d.; + + 4 pr. youthes 4 thrid ditto, 3s. 4d. p., 3 pr. youthes ditto, 3s., + 1li. 2s. 4d.; + + 4 pr. of wooll home made hose, 14s.; + + 1 pr. mens worsted home made stockens 5s.; + + 8 pr. of home made worsted; 4 thrid, 1li. 14s.; + + 6 pr. sale ditto, 18s.; + + 2 pr. of fine home made, 10s.; + + 1 childs coate, 7s.; + + 1 greene say frock, 5s.; + + 9 childs wascoates, 5d. p., 3s. 9d.; + + 6 Ditto, 7d. p., 3s. 6d.; + + 5 Ditto, 9d. p., 3s. 9d.; + + 4 Ditto, 10d. p., 3s. 4d.; + + 2 Keasy ditto, 2s. 6d., 5s.; + + 1 ditto, 2s. 8d.; + + 2 ditto, 3s. p., 6s.; + + 6 childrens, 12d. p., 6s.; + + 4 woemens yeolow wascoate, 22d. p., 7s. 4d.; + + 1 Cloake of lite collrd. haire camlett, 3li. 7s.; + + 4 coates of the same camlett, 36s., p., 7li. 4s.; + + 1 cloath collrd. haire camlett cloake, 35s.; + + 2 worsted camlett cloakes, 34s., 3li., 8s.; + + 1 fine haire camlet cloake, 5li.; + + 2 trunks, 16s.; + + 3 ditto, 1li. 1s.; + + 1 ditto, 6s.; + + 2 dittoes, 5s. p., 10s.; + + 2 boxes or little red trunkes, s. 2d. p., 6s. 4d.; + + 1 ditto, 2s. 8d.; + + 3 silk say under pettecoates lite collrd, at 12s. 6d. p., + 1li. 17s. 6d.; + + 2 Ditto, 1li. 8s.; + + cloath woemans wascoats, 8s.; + + 7 ditto, worth each 8s., 10s., 8s., 10s., 6s., 13s., 15s.; + + 1 cheny sad. Collrd. uper woemans coate, 7s.; + + 1 sad collrd. woemans searge coate, 17s., 6d.; + + 1 black fine searge upper pettecoate, 19s.; + + 1 stuff cloake for woeman, 10s.; + + 1 ditto for a girle, 7s.; + + 1 large worsted Rugg lite collrd, 1li. 14s.; + + 1 large sad collrd. ditto, worsted, 18s.; + + 1 ditto worsted sad colld, 1li.; + + 6 greene & blew plaine Rugge, 8s. p., 2li. 8s.; + + 1 sad callrd thrum Rugg, 11s. 6d.; + + 1 cabbin Rugg, 4s. 8d.; + + 1 Cource 8-4 Rugg, 10s.; + + 3 coverleds, ordinary, 6s., p., 18s.; + + 2 ditto at 5s., 10s.; + + 2 coverleds, large at 7s. 6d., p., 15s.; + + 1 smale one, 6s. 6d.; + + 1 red plaine rugg, 8s.; + + 1 peece wt. cotton, 19s.; + + 1 darnex carpett, 5s. 6d.; + + 1 ditto greene, 6s. 6d.; + + 4 pr. wt. drawers, 10s.; + + 6 peeces of searge at 40s., 12li.; + + 7 peeces narrow searge at 25s., 8li. 15s.; + + 1 peece padaway searge, 2li. 15s.; + + 13 yds. clarett collrd. Tamy at 19d. p., 1li. 1s. 1d.; + + 1 large draft lite collrd, 14s.; + + 1 2d sort, 12s.; + + 1 small ditto, 10s.; + + 1 doble 10 qtr. coverled, 1li. 4s.; + + 1 ditto, 9 qrts. 1li.; + + 2 dittos, 8 qrts., 15s. 6d., p. 1li. 11s.; + + 8 yrds. 3/4 striped Tamarene at 18d. p, 13s. 1-1/2d.; + + 12 yrds. 3/4 Turky mohaire, 2s. 10d. p., 1li. 16s. 1-1/2d.; + + 6 yrds. 1/4 of striped stuffe at 22d. p, 11s. 5-1/2d.; + + 9 yrds. striped camlett, 2s. 4d. p, 1li. 1s.; + + 1 peece oringe collrd worsted draft, 2li. 5s.; + + 4 yrds. Haire camlett, 3s. p, 2li. 2s.; + + 10 yrds. of ash collrd, silk moheare, 4s. p, 2li.; + + 6 yrds. 1/2 of ash collrd silk farrendine, 4s. 6d. p, 1li. 9s. 3d.; + + 12 yrds. ash collrd. haire camlett at 3s. p, 1li, 16s.; + + 1 peece sad collrd. stuff, mixt with Gold collrd, 2li. 10s.; + + 24 yrds. flowered silk draft, 2s. 2li. 8s.; + + 13 yrds. striped vest at 22d. p, 1li. 3s., 10d.; + + 18 yrds. Scotch Tabby at 16d. p, 1li. 4s.; + + 16 yrds., Scotch Tabby at 16s. p, 1li. 1s. 4d.; + + 10 yrds. Tiking at 15d. p, 12s., 6d.; + + 8 yrds. padaway at 2s. 6d. p, 1li.; + + 7 yrds. of Linsy at 12d. 1/2p, 7s. 6d.; + + 2 pr. boyes cotten drawers, at 2s. p, 4s.; + + 3 cotten wascoate at 2s. 10d. p, 8s. 6d.; + + 2 pr. blew drawers, 2s. 5d. p., 4s. 10d.; + + 1 boyes haire sad coll. camlett cloake, 2li. 15s.; + + 1 large flanders tike & bolster, 1li. 9s. 6d.; + + 30 yrds. of upper Tiking, at 18d. p, 2li. 5s.; + + 42 yrds. diaper at 15d. p, 2li. 12s. 6d.; + + 12 yrds. of Tabling, 2s. 6d. p, 1li. 10s.; + + 21 yrds. of diaper for napkins, 18d., p, 1li. 11s. 6d.; + + 2 pillow Tikins, at 2s. 2d., 4s. 4d.; + + 1 light coll. boyes cloake, 1li. 12s.; + + 2 yrds. 1/4 of plush at 8s. p., 6s. 9d.; + + 20 tobaco boxes at 1d. 1/2 p, 2s. 6d.; + + 3 ditto at 20d. p. doz., 3-3/4d.; + + 4 brass roles for chalk lines, 5s. 6d. p. doz., 1s. 10d.; + + 8 ditto large at 6s. 6d., p. doz. 4s. 4d.; + + 8 chalk lines at 18d. p. doz., 1s.; + + tinware, 4 Cullenders, 5s. 4d.; + + 6 ditto, 5s. 6d.; + + 2 doz. wood savealls, 3d. 1/2p, 7d.; + + 1 large kettle, 2s. 3d.; + + 1 next size, 2s.; + + 8 6 qrt. Ketles, 14d. p., 9s. 4d.; + + 3 gallon Kettles, 12d. p, 3s.; + + 5 3 qrt. Kettles, 9d. p., 3s. 9d.; + + 2 3 pt. Kittles, 7d. p. 1s. 9d.; + + 5 best savealls, 2s. 4d. p. doz., 11-1/2d.; + + 11 second sort at 8d. p. doz., 7-1/4d.; + + 3 extinguishers, 8d. per doz., 2-3/4d.; + + 3 doble plate pans, 18d., p., 4s. 6d.; + + a doble puden pan, 9d.; + + 2 midle sised lanthornes, 18d. p., 3s.; + + 4 band candlesticks, 5d. 1/2 p, 1s. 10d.; + + 5 tinder boxes & steele, 7d. p., 2s. 11d.; + + 4 writing candlesticks, 2d 1/2 p, 10d.; + + 2 pt. sace pans, 3s. 8d. p doz., 7d.; + + 3 bread or flower boxes, 3d. 1/2dp., 10-1/2d.; + + 4 Casters, 2d p., 8d.; + + 1 peper box, 2d., 1 fish plate, 8d., 10d.; + + 6 smale bread graters, 8d. p doz., 4d.; + + 2 pts. at 3d. 3/4 p., 1 funell, 4d., 2 covers, 8d. p., 2s. 3-1/2d.; + + 3 brass savealls, 7d. p., 3 larger graters, 3d. 1/2 p., 2s. 7d.; + + 2 egg slices, 2d. 1/2p., 5d.; + + 3 whip sawes & tillers, 5s. 6d. p., 16s. 6d.; + + 2 marking irons, 2s., 1 cloase stoole & pan, 8s. 9d., 10s. 9d.; + + 2 steele handsawes with screws, 3s. p., 6s.; + + 1 large steele hand saw, 2s. 2d.; + + 8 hand sawes at 14d. p., 9s. 4d.; + + 1 handsaw, 10d.; + + 2 faling Axes, 1s. 5d., 2s. 10d.; + + 8 bright smale Hamers, 6d. p. 4s.; + + 9 Rivited hamars at 10d. p., 7s. 6d.; + + 2 hamers, 4d. p, 8d.; + + 5 hamers, steele heads, 10s. p. doz., 4s. 2d.; + + 4 choppers at 15s. p. doz., 3s. 8d.; + + 2 mincing knives, 12d. p., 2s.; + + 7 small ditto, 13s. p doz., 7s. 7d.; + + 9 hatchetts, 12d. p., 9s.; + + 7 smale mincing knives, 9s. p doz., 5s. 9d.; + + 3 steele sawes & screwes, 3s. p., 9s.; + + 5 doz. 8 gimletts at 12d. p doz., 5s. 8d.; + + 27 pensills at 8d. p doz., 1s. 6d.; + + 10 percer bitts at 2d. p. 1s. 8d.; + + 1 large pincers to shooe horses, 1s.; + + 3 curry combs, 10d.; + + 2 large ditto, 6d. p, 1s.; + + 1 pr. spincers for shoomakers, 1s.; + + 5 pr. nippers, 4d. p, 1s. 8d.; + + 2 bundles of files, 20d. p. bundles, 3s. 4d.; + + 12 doz. of straite all blades, 5d. p. doz., 5s.; + + 7 doz. crooked blades at 5d. p doz., 2s. 11d.; + + 14 doz. of fire steeles at 6s. p grosse, 7s.; + + 21 pr. of spurrs at 7s. p doz., 12s. 3d.; + + 8 pr. dove tailes at 2-1/2d. p, 1s. 8d.; + + 22 pr. sid hinges, 3d. p., 5s. 6d.; + + 6 pr. Esses at 8d. p, 4s.; + + 1 smooth Iron, 1s. 4d.; + + 3 doble spring lockes at 20d. p, 5s.; + + 1 single ditto, 9d.; + + 2 doz. trunk lockes at 6s. p doz., 12s.; + + 1 doz. of single ditto, 3s. p, 3s.; + + 1/2 doz. large ditto, 4s.; + + 2 ship scrapers, 2s.; + + 6 pr. Coll. yarne mens hose, 12s.; + + 6 pr. worsted ditto at 3s. 4d., 1li.; + + 12 pr. stockens, 7d. p. 7s.; + + 7 pr. ditto, 9d. p, 5s. 3d.; + + 6 pr. ditto 8d. p., 4s.; + + 6 pr. ditto at 5d. p., 2s., 6d.; + + 10 pr. ditto at 6d. p, 5s.; + + 6 pr. ditto at 13d. p., 6s. 6d., 5 pr. ditto at 18d. p, 7s. 6d.; + + 1 pr. fine woemens red worsted, 3s.; + + 2 pr. mens worsted, 3s.; + + 2 pr. mens worsted black & colld, & 1 pr. white, 7s. 6d. + + + VALUED HEARE AS MONEY IN N. ENGLAND: + + 2 linsy woolsey pettecoates, 6s. p., 12s.; + + 1 little boyes coate of camlett worsted, 6s.; + + 2 linsey woolsey & 1 pr. of fustian draws, 9s.; + + 1 pr. linen drawers, more, 3s.; + + 1 boyes coat, 4s.; + + 2 red childs blanketts bound wth. feret, 4s. p, 8s.; + + 1 smale childs camlet pettecoat, 3s.; + + 9 sashes at 12d., 9s.; + + 50 yrds. of Irish searge at 2s. 2d. p, 5li. 8s. 4d.; + + 10 yrds. 1/2 broad worsted camlett duble, 2s. 6d. p, 1li. 6s. 3d.; + + 16-1/4 yrds. narrow camlett, 1li. 12s. 6d.; + + 20-1/4 yrds. mixt stuff, very bad, 12d. p, 1li. 3d.; + + 14 yrds. new Coll. Stuff at 2s. p, 1li. 8s.; + + 1 ell of farrindine, 2s. 4d. p yd., 2s. 11d.; + + 6 yrds. coll. fustian, 14d. p. 7s.; + + 3 yrds. red perpetuana at 2s. 6d. p, 7s. 6d.; + + 6 yrds. 1/4 greene say at 5s. p, 1li. 11s. 3d.; + + 42 mens & woemens shifts, 4s. 9d. p, 9li. 19s. 6d.; + + 12 youth & girls ditto, 3s. 6d. p. 2li. 2s.; + + 8 finer mens, woemens ditto, 6s. 6d. p, 2li. 12s.; + + 5 white dimity wascoates, 3s. 6d. p, 17s. 6d.; + + 1 yrd. 1/2 cambrick, 4s. 6d. p, 6s. 9d.; + + 2 ends of fine wt. callico, 20s. p, 2li.; + + 2 peeces broade white calico, 40s. p. 4li.; + + 2 peeces cource holland, cont. 69 yrds. 30d. p, 8li. 12s. 6d.; + + 5-1/4 yrds. fine dowlas at 2s. 6d. p, 13s. 1-1/2d.; + + 7 yrds. cource dowlas at 20d. p, 12s. 6d.; + + 1 ell cource holland at 2s. 6d. p, 3s. 1-1/2d.; + + 9 yrds. scimity, 6s., 2 peeces of dimity, 6s. p, 18s.; + + 1 callico table cloath, 7s. 6d.; + + 2 callico shirts, 6s. p, 12s.; + + 2 calico painted table cloathes, 8s. p, 16s.; + + 1 large ditto, 14s.; + + in English money, 2li. 7s.; + + New England money, 99li. 4s; + + Spanish money, 1li. 16s,; + + 1 peece of gold, 20s., 3 rings, about 25s., 2li. 5s.; + + a dram cupp, 6s.; + + 3 yds. fine greene say at 6s. p., 18s.; + + 3 cloath coates at 20s. p, 3li.; + + 1 cource gray youth coats, 10s.; + + 7 yrds. 1/2 of striped linen 16d. p, yrd., 10s.; + + 1 silk thrum Rugg, 2li.; + + 28 pr. plaine shooes, 4li. 4s.; + + 15 pr. fale shoes & 2 pr. woemens, 3s. 6d. p. 2li. 19s. 6d.; + + 9 straw hats, 2s. p, 18s.; + + 2 pr. fishing bootes at 14s. p., 1li. 8s.; + + 6li. of combed worsted at 2s. 6d. p, 15s.; + + knives, 5s., 2 spoones, 6d.; + + 6-1/4li wt. suger at 8d. p, 4s. 4d.; + + 6 brushes, 18d., 1 pr. smale stilliards, 4s., 5s. 6d.; + + 8-1/2 oz. pins, 10d., p. 7s. 1d.; + + 2 peeces 1/2 ferret, black Ribbond, 12d., p. 1li. 10s.; + + 5 gross & 1/2 thrid, buttens, 15d. p, 6s. 10-1/2d.; + + about 2 gross thrid laces at 9s. p, 18s.; + + 1 gross great buttens upon cards, 3s.; + + 2 doz. 1/2 tweezers, 3s. 6d. p doz. 8s. 9d.; + + 3 childs swathes, 8d. p., 2s.; + + tape & filliting, 2s.; + + 10 oz. fine thred, 12d p., 10s.; + + a little pcell of thrid of severall coll., 1s. 6d.; + + 13 pr. scissers, 4s., 1 gross thrid, wt. buttens, 18d., 5s 6d.; + + 19 yds. red Ferrett, 4d. p. yrd., 6s. 4d.; + + blew tape, 4d., green cotten ribbon, 4d., silk, 18d., 1s. 8d.; + + 1 pr. bodies, 3s. 6d., 1 woemens worsted cap, 12d.; + + 6 pr. childs yarne gloves, 3s.; + + 11 yrds. green ferrett, 4d. p., 3s. 8d.; + + 6 doz. pack needles, 5s.; + + soweing needles, 6d.; + + 4 oz. peper, 6d., 3 pr. spectacles, & 5 cases, 22d.; + + 16 yrds. yellow taffaty Ribbond, 3d. p. 4s.; + + 6 boxes of Lockeers pills & papers, 24 yrds. 1/2 silk galoone, 2s. + p. doz. 4s.; + + 16 country Ruggs & 2 cradle ditto waying 223li, at 14s. p. li, + 13li.; + + 8 Bushells of pease at 3s. p, 1li. 4s.; + + 1 old sheete of cource canvas, 2s.; + + 1 old table, 6s., 1 brasse yoare, 20s.; + + 1 perpetuance under pettecoate, 9s.; + + 1 woemans Shamare lined, 16s.; + + a womans Jerkin, 6s.; + + 1 pr. wooll cards, 1s.; + + 8 hand basketts, 12d. p. 8s.; + + 60 li. of sheeps woll., 6d. p bagg, 2s., 1li. 12s.; + + 2 sadles & stirrops, 1li. 4s.; + + 4 Iron plates or fenders, 3s. p., 12s.; + + 125li. of sheeps wooll at 6d. p, 3li. 2s. 6d.; + + 4 baggs, 2s. p, 8s.; + + hops & bagg, 2s.; + + 3 smale skins, 8d. p. 2s.; + + 79 narrow brimd. hats, 2s. p., 7li, 18s.; + + 1 new, 10s.; + + 4 bands, 4s.; + + 1 boyes wt. caster, 3s.; + + a large chest, 7s.; + + 2 tray makers adses, 3s.; + + 1 square & a broaken one, 1s. 6d.; + + 2 coop. axes, 30d. p, 5s.; + + 1 bill, 12d., 3 hollow shaves, 12d., p, 4s.; + + 2 cooper adzes, 2s. p, 1 pr. sheers, 12d.; + + 3 doz. 9 curtaine rings, 1s.; + + 4 large, 6 smale shaves, 6s.; + + 7 shooe punches, 6d. p., 3s. 6d.; + + 9 pr. Hinges, 5d. p, 3s. 9d.; + + 2 gouges, 2 chessell, 4d. p, 1s. 4d.; + + 1 tinder box & pump nailes, 1s. 6d.; + + 1 coopers knife, 10d.; + + 5 staples, 12d.; + + 4 bolts, 2s.; + + 1 auger, 12d.; + + a rasp & smale auger, 1s.; + + 5 pr. sissers, 12d.; + + a pewter salt, 12d.; + + 3 pr. snuffers, 18d.; + + a standish, 2s. 6d.; + + 6 cod hoockes, 12d.; + + 1 bed quilt, 10s.; + + 1 thousand & 1/2 of pins, 1s. 1-1/2d.; + + 21 doz. of wt. thrid buttens, 18d. p. grosse, 2s. 7d.; + + pewter Bottle, 9d.; + + pcell of beaver stones, 2li. 10s.; + + 2 pr. small scalls & some waites, 6s.; + + a glasiers vice & moulds, 4li.; + + a pcell of glass, drawne lead, sodering to mak up about + 200 or 300 foot of glass, 4li.; + + 29 li. cheese at 3-1/2d. p li., 8s. 5d.; + + 1 B. 1/2 wheat, 3s. 6d., p. 3 bagges, 3s., 8s. 3d.; + + 6 old shirts, 7s., 5 very old sheets, 15s., 1li. 2s.; + + 2 old drawers, 2s.; + + 3 wascoates, 8s.; + + 4 pillow beeres, 6s.; + + 1 table cloath & 4 napkins, 6s.; + + 1 chest, 5s.; + + 1 sash, 12d.; + + 1 carpett, 18d.; + + 1 bed pan, 5s.; + + 1 brass chafindish, 3s.; + + a fether bed & bolster, 2 blanketts, 7 pillowes, a rugg + & bedsteed, 7li.; + + a pcell of pack cloath, 7s., a hamer, 18d., 8s. 6d.; + + his woolen wearing apparell, 5li.; + + 1 chest, a smale table & 2 old cushions, 12s.; + + 2 old seives, 10d.; + + 1 bed, bolster, 1 pillow, 2 Ruggs, bedsteed & blankett, 4li. 10s.; + + 1 old trunk marked E. W., 3s.; + + some odd trifling lumber, 2s.; + + 2 tables, 4 Joyn stools, 18s., tinn ware, 14s., 1li. 12s.; + + brasse ware, 1li.; + + pewter, 35s., 2 spitts, 2 fire pans, 8s., 2li. 3s.; + + 2 Iron potts & skillett, 12s.; + + 4 rasors, 1 pr. sissers & a hoand, 9s.; + + some Indian dishes & other lumber, 8s. + + + FURRS: + + 49 Racoone skins, 12d. p, 2li. 9s.; + + 38 fox skins, 2s. 6d. p. 4li. 15s.; + + 2 woolves skins, 12d. p. 2s.; + + a cub beare skin, 1s.; + + 31 Otter skins, 6s. p., 9li. 6s.; + + 4 wood chuck skins, 21d. p, 7s.; + + 21 martins & sables at 15d., 1li. 8s. 3d.; + + 7 muskquash, 6d. p, 3s. 6d.; + + about 50li. beaver, 6s. p., 15li. 13 B. mault, 3s. p, 1li. 19s.; + + 150li. oacum, 25s., 3 pecks wt. salt, 1li. 6s. 9d.; + + 36 gall. Rume, 2s. p. 3li. 12s.; + + 2 new chests with ticks, 6s. p, 12s.; + + 4 new barrells, 8s.; + + 2 shovells, 18d., 301li. sheeps woole, 15s., 16s., 6d.; + + 1 bagg, 18d., 200 foot of board, 8s. 9s. 6d.; + + 2 B. wheate, 3s. 6d. p. 3 b. Ry. 3s. p. B., 9s. 3d.; + + 6 B. pease, 3s. p., 1/2 B. Beanes, 19s. 6d.; + + 11 hides, 5s. p., about 600 foot bord, 3li. 19s.; + + 16 B. Indian corne, 2s. p, 1 barrell, 2s., 1li. 14s.; + + 6 chests, 6s. p, about 13 C. spanish Iron, 2s. p., C, 14li. 16s.; + + 2 barrells of porke, 50s., 5li.; + + almost 2 barrells of tarr, 7s. 6d. p, 15s.; + + 100li. tobbacco at 3d p, 1li. 5s.; + + 11 moose skins, 5li. 8d.; + + 2 Racoones, 12d. p, 2 sealls at 12d. p, 4s.; + + 1 hhd. 1/2 passader wine much decaid, 4li.; + + pt. of 5 barrell very much decaid & pricked madera, ----; + + 2 hhd. mallasses nott full, 5li. 10s.; + + an old small catch exceeding out of repaire almost worne out, both + Hull & all appurtenances, valued by Mr. Bar. Gedney & John + Norman, ship carpenters, 15li.; + + a dwelling house & land neere the meeting house & apprtenances, + 80li.; + + a smale peece of land part of a frame for a warehouse & wharf, not + finished & stones upon the ground, 14li. 10s.; + + a small pcell of timber & old board, 10s.; + + an old smale cannoe, 10s.; + + a horse runing in the woods if alive ----; + + a remant of stuff, 2s.; + + a pcell of land at New Jerzey but doe not know the quantity yett & + some goods at som other places not yett knowne what they are + ----; total, 630li. 6s. 5-3/4d. + + Samll. Shattock's account of the debts: To several in England above, + 300li.; + + to several in New England which cannot yet be known how much, nor + Justly what yt is in England, but as himselfe said when he was + sick & I ptly finde it by Invoys of Goods. + + + APPRAISED SINCE THE FOREGOING, GOODS BROUGHT FROM THE EASTWARD + AS COST PER INVOICE: + + 2 coates, 19s. p. coate, 1li. 18s.; + + 2 coats, 16s., p, 1li. 12s.; + + 3 white childs coates, 1 at 11s. & 2 at 14s., 1li. 19s.; + + 2 coates, 19s. p, 6 or 7 yeare old, 1li. 18s.; + + 1 Coat tamet, 16s.; + + 1 boyes coate, 13s.; + + a flanders Tick & bolster, 1li. 9s. 6d.; + + a draft, 8 qrts., 14s. + + + VALUED AS COST HERE IN NEW ENGLAND: + + 2 silke barateene under coates, 1li. 6s.; + + 1 large silk Rugg, 3li.; + + 1 calico India carpett, 4s.; + + 7 bushell & 1/2 malt, 1li. 2s. 6d.; + + 3 B. & 1/2 of Indian, 7s.; + + 1 B. wheate, 3s. 6d.; + + a speckled pillow beere, 1s.; + + to sugar sold at 5s. 3d.; + + a gold ring, 7s. 6d.; + + an Iron Casement, 5s.; + + 460 feet of board, 3s. p, 13s. 8d.; + + 8 narrow brimed hats, 2s. p, 16s.; + + 3 old rusty curry combs, 1s.; + + 2 old sawes, 2s. 6d.; + + 4 pr. sissers, 1 twissers, 1 gimlet, punch, som ales & + steeles, 4s. 6d; + + 3 firkins of old butter, 3li.; + + decayed wine, 1li. 15s.; + + an old pr. of hand screws, 1li. 10s.; + + debt of 12s.; + + suposed 3 acres of land at merimake, to a silver seale, 2s.; + + bookes, 12s.; + + mincing knife, 6d., 2 curry combes, 2s.; + + Glass redy made & som lead, 1li. 10s.; + + 2 chests & 1 trunke, 15s.; + + 8 & 2 yd. of narrow serge, at 2s. p, 17s.; + + Debts, 40 li.; + + total 69li. 6s. 11d. + + Allowed in Salem court 27: 4: 1678, Samuell Shattuck, sr., + being a Friend affirming, and Samuell Shattock, jr. making + oath to the truth of the inventory. + + --_Essex County Probate Records_, Vol. III, pp. 203-208. + + + + +APPENDIX H + +INVENTORY OF THE ESTATE OF CAPT. GEORGE CORWIN OF SALEM, TAKEN +BY BARTHL. GEDNEY, BENJA. BROWNE, JOHN HIGGINSON JUNR. AND TIMO. +LINDALL ON JAN. 30 AND THE BEGINNING OF FEB., 1684-5 + + Dwelling house & land wheron it stands & adjoyneing to it wth. the + out houseing & fence, &c., 400li.; + + the pastor, qt.[97] about 3 acres 1/2, considering a buriall place + ther apointed, 90li.; + + [97] Quantity. + + the lower warhouse & wharfe, 110li.; + + the upper warhouse & land adjoyning, 50li.; + + about 8 acres Medow & upland by Ely Geoules, 45li.; + + the farme on the plaines goeing to Lin bought of Trask, Pickering, + Adams, &c., qt. about 200 acres, + 25p., 250li.; + + the Farme now Reding bought of Burnap, qt. about 800 acres, + aprized by Tho. Flint & Jos. Pope, 250li.; + + the Farme bought of John Gold, qt. about 500 acres, 50li.; + + 60 acres of Land bought of Goodman Dutton, 20li.; + + 15 acres of medow bought of Lt. Smith, 25li.; + + the houses & Land adjoyneing that was Wm. Godsoes & wharfe, 45li.; + + a pc. of land at the point nere Jer. Neales yt was ----, 10li.; + + the Katch Swallow wth. her apurtenances, 130li.; + + the Katch George with her apurtenances, 65li.; + + 620 oz. 7/8 plate at 6s. 8d. [per], 206li. 19s. 2d.; + + in New England mony, 47li. 1s.; + + in English mony, 37li. 15s., advance, 7li. 11s., 45li. 6s.; + + in peices of Eight, 1519li. 1s. 8d; + + 72oz. 1/4 Gold at 5li. [per] oz., 361li. 5s.; + + 1 Silver hat band & 6 Spones, qt. 4 oz. 9/16, 1li. 10s. 4d.; + + 1 watch wth. a stard case, 1 watch wth. a Silver case, 5li.; + + 1 Silver case & doctors Instruments, 5li.; + + more in New England mony, 2li. 18s. 6d.; + + 1 Plate hilt rapier, 4li. 10s.; + + 1 Two edged Sword, 1li.; + + 1 Silver headed cane, 5s. + + + IN THE SHOPE. + + 2 yd. broadcl[oth] at 8s., 16s.; + + 1 yd. 3/4 ditto at 8s., 14s.; + + 16 yd. 3/8 Redcloth Rash at 6s. 6d., + 5li. 6s. 5-1/4d.; + + 2 yd. 3/4 serge at 3s. 6d.; 9s. 7-1/2d.; + + 6 yd. perpcheana at 18d., 9s.; + + 7 yd. 1/4 perpcheana at 18d., 10s. 10-1/2d.; + + 11 yd. ditto at 18d., 16s. 6d.; + + 20 yd. 1/2 ell french Stufe at 2s., 2li. 1s. 3d.; + + 36 yd. 1/2 ditto at 2s., 3li. 13s.; + + 25 yd. Red Cotten at 2s., 2li. 10s.; + + 1 Sad colerd Ruge, 18s.; + + 1 Grene ditto, 18s.; + + 9 yd. 1/2 Stript Stufe at 18d., 14s. 8d.; + + 1 yd. 1/4 Grene Say, damaged, 2s.; + + 19 yd. 3/4 Grene tamey at 10d., 16s. 25-1/2d.; + + 1 yd. 3/4 bl. calico at 18d., 2s. 7-1/2d.; + + 4 yd. 1/2 crape at 18d., 6s. 9d.; + + 11 yd. 3/4 Crape at 18d., 17s. 7-1/2d.; + + 2 yd. 1/2 Stript Stufe at 18d., 3s. 9d.; + + 2 yd 1/2 ell Curle deroy at 18d., 3s. + 11d.; + + 4 yd. 3/4 prunella at 22d., 8s. 8-1/2d.; + + 10 yd. 1/4 Silk barronet at 2s. 6d., + 1li. 5s. 7-1/2d.; + + 7 yd. buckrom at 18d., 10s. 6d.; + + 10 yd. bla. Cloth rash at 6s., 3li. 4s. 6d.; + + 6 yd. 3/4 Sad colerd ditto at 6s., 2li. 6s.; + + 14 yd. 1/2 Gr. Tamey at 10d., 12s. 1d.; + + 6 yd. flanell at 18d., 9s. 4-1/2d.; + + 2 pr. white blanketts, 14s.; + + [2]1 yd. 3/4 Red cotten at 20d., 1li. 16s. 3d.; + + 14 yd. peniston ----, 1li. 8s.; + + 11 yd. 1/2 Carsy in Remnts. at 4s., 2li; 6s.; + + 1 yd. 1/2 Red buckrom at 18d., 2s. 3d.; + + 2 Sutes Curtains & valients at 4li., 8li.; + + 2 yd. 1/4 Flanell at 18d., 3s. 4-1/2d.; + + 28 yd. 1/2 ell persian Silke at 5s. 6d., 7li. 17s. 5d.; + + 6yd. 3/4 wosted Farenden at 20d., 11s. 3d.; + + 5 yd. 3/4 camlet at 20d., 9s. 7d.; + + 16 yd. 3/4 ticking at 20d., 1li. 7s. 11d.; + + 20 yd. 1/2 ditto, at 20d., 1li. 14s. 2d.; + + 19 yd. 1/4 ditto at 20d., 1li. 12s. 1d.; + + 3 yd. 1/4 ditto at 20d., 5s. 5d.; + + 11 yd. 1/2 ditto at 17d., 16s. 3-1/2d.; + + 17 yd. bengall at 18d., 1li. 5s. 6d.; + + 24 yd. 1/2 St. Petters canvis at 16d., 1li. 12s. 8d.; + + 10 yd. 1/4 hall cloth at 15d., 12s. 9-3/4d.; + + 5 yd. 1/2 canvis at 16d., 7s. 4d.; + + 14 yds. ditto damaged at 14d., 16s. 4d.; + + 29 yds. ditto damaged at 12d., 1li. 9s.; + + 12 yd. 1/2 fugeres at 15d., 15s. 7-1/2d.; + + 22 yd. 3/4 Vittery at 13d., 1li. 4s. 7-3/4d.; + + 19 yd. 3/4 ditto at 13d., 1li. 1s. 4-3/4d.; + + 24 yd. 1/4 fine canvis at 18d., 1li. 16s. 4-1/2d.; + + 3 pcs. broad linon, qt. 309 yd., at 20d., 25li. 15s.; + + 32 yd. 3/4 blu linon at 9d., 1li. 4s. 6-3/4d.; + + 10 yd. 3/4 pillow Ticking at 18d., 16s. 1-2/3d.; + + 5 yd. wte. Fustian at 15d., 6s. 3d.; + + 18 yd. course holland at 2s., 1li. 16s.; + + 7 yd. Slesy holland at 21d., 12s. 3d.; + + 10 yd. 1/2 Scotch cloth at 16d., 14s.; + + 25 yd. 3/4 lockrom at 15d., 1li. 12s. 2-1/4d.; + + 61 yd. 2/3 doulas at 16d., 4li. 2s. 4d.; + + 2 halfe peces of 2/3 doulas, 9li.; + + 26 yd. browne diaper at 14d., 1li. 10s. 4d.; + + 55 yd. Vittery at 12d., 2li. 15s.; + + 12 yd. high Brene at 22d., 1li. 2s.; + + 1 bolt Noyles, qt. 140 yd., at 16d., 9li. 6s. 8d., 2 pcs. Course + ticking at 35d., 3li. 10s.; + + 12 pr. weo. hose, 18s.; + + 12 pr. mixed Stockrs. Smll. & Great, 14s.; + + 13 pr. bodys at 4s., 2li. 12s.; + + 4 pr. parogon bodys & Stomachers at 8s., 1li. 12s.; + + 11 pr. Small bodys at 20d., 18s. 4d.; + + 1 doz. large Combes, 4s. 6d.; + + 3 doz. ditto at 3s. [per] dz., 9s.; + + 5 doz. ditto at 2s. [per] dz., 10s.; + + 8 combes at 3d.1/2, 2s. 4d.; + + 23 wte. haft knives at 8d., 15s. 4d.; + + 3 thousd. pins, 2s. 6d.; + + 17 long bla. haft knives wthout sheaths at 3d., 4s. 3d.; + + 2 dz. bl. haft knives at 2s. 6d., 5s.; + + 3 papers manchrs. & pt. of a peice, 12s., 49 pcs. colerd tapes at + 12d., 2li. 9s.; + + 3 papers colerd Filiting, 9s.; + + 40 pcs. wte. Tape at 12d., 2li.; + + 23 pcs. nar tape at 8d., 17s. 4d.; + + 17 doz. thred laces, 4s. 11d.; + + a percell of broken tape, 5s.; + + 4 pcs. 1/2 diaper Filiting, 6s.; + + 41 Smll. pcs. Colerd tape at 3d.1/2, 11s. 11-1/2d.; + + a percell of broken colerd tape, 1s. 6d.; + + 21 cards old fasioned silke lace & 5 cards Gimp Lace, 4li.; + + 1li. 2 oz. fine thred at 10s., 11s. 3d.; + + 5 pr. Gloves, 2s.; + + 6 doz. 1/2 Sisers at 2s., 13s.; + + 1/2 doz. barbers Sisers at 6d., 3s.; + + a box nedles, qt. about 3 thousand, 1li. 10s.; + + 44 doz. yds. flowerd & Plain Ribin at 12s., 26li. 8s.; + + 20 yd. flowred Ribin at 5d., 8s. 4d.; + + 22 yd. 3/4 ferit Ribin at 4d., 7s. 7d.; + + 1 pc. 1/2 Cotten Ribin, 4s. 6d.; + + 2 yd. 1/4 Ribin at 6d., 1s. 1d.; + + 12li. kniting nedles at 12d., 12s.; + + 1 pr. fishing boots, 12s.; + + 4 pr. fr. held shouse & 2 pr. Galotias, 1li.; + + 6 flower boxes, 4 tin poringers, 1 candle box, 1 Tinder box, + 1 Calender, 4 Candlesticks, 7 driping pans, 4 fish plates, 1li.; + + 1 brase Skilit, 4s.; + + 27 m. 4d. Nayles at 2s. 6d., 3li. 7s. 6d.; + + 4 m. 6d. nayles at 3s. 8d., 14s. 8d.; + + 226 mackerell lines at 9d., 8li. 9s. 6d.; + + Erthen ware & wooden ware 3s.; + + 4 m., 2ct. 12d. Nayles at 10s. [per] m., 2li. 2s.; + + 5ct: 1: 14li. Shot at 20s. [per] ct. 5li. 7s. 6d.; + + 147li. French lines at 10d., 6li. 2s. 6d.; + + 8 yd. 1/2 yellow Ribin at 6d., 4s. 3d.; + + 15 yd. bone lace at 4d., 5s.; + + a percell of hat bands, 1li. 15s.; + + 24m. 1/2 hobs at 21d. [per] m., 2li. 2s. 10-1/2d.; + + 11 Grose buttens at 21d., a percell loose buttons, 1li. 3s. 3d.; + + 1 ct. Suger, 1li.; + + 1li. 1/4 Silke at 22s., 1li. 7s. 6d.; + + 3 Iron morters & 2 Iron pots, qt. 95li. at 3d., 1li. 3s. 9d.; + + a parcell of Ginger in a Caske, 6s.; + + 1 brase morter, 9s.; + + 9 Cow bells at 8d., 2 pr. pattens at 12d., 8s.; + + 10 Chalke lines, 1s. 8d.; + + 7 doz. 1/2 Capl. hooks at 18d., 11s. 3d.; + + 2 Reme paper, 8s.; + + a percell of white beades, 1s.; + + 34li. pouder blue at 14d., 1li. 19s. 8d.; + + 114li. alspice at 21d., 9li. 19s. 6d.; + + 1 pr. cards, 1s. 6d.; + + 33li. shott, 6s.; + + 4 large, 3 Smll. Salt Sellers, 8d.; + + a bundle of Galome, 15s.; + + 3 Combs, 2s.; + + 10 Catticises at 12d., 3s.; + + 2 pr. blu Stockins, 2s. 6d.; + + a percell of Red filit & tape, 2s.; + + 1 qt. pot, 1 pt. pot, 1 Gill pott, 4s.; + + 4 pr. Seales & waites, 37s., 1 pr. Stiliards, 3s., 2li.; + + Cloves, mace, Cinomon & Nutmegs, 10s.; + + 3 black Silk Caps for men, 3s. + + + IN THE SHOP CHAMBER. + + 21 Stock locks at 8d.1/4, 14s. 5-1/4d.; + + 30 ditto at 11d.1/4, 1li. 8s. 1-1/4d.; + + 42 ditto at 15d.3/4, 2li. 15s. 1-1/2d.; + + 9 ditto at 6d.1/2, 14s. 7-1/2d.; + + 11 ditto at 22d.1/2, 1li. 7-1/2d.; + + 14 ditto at 25d.1/2, 1li. 9s. 9d.; + + 6 ditto at 31d.1/2, 15s. 9d.; + + 45 Smll. lines at 6d., 1li. 2s. 6d.; + + 5 M. brase nayles at 9s. 9d., 2li. 8s. 9d.; + + 5 Candlesticks at 10d.1/2, 4s. 4-1/2d.; + + 2 doz. augers at 7s. 6d., 15s.; + + 13 carveing Tooles at 3d., 3s. 3d.; + + 5 paring Chisells at 6d.3/4, 2s. 9-3/4d.; + + 19 Gouges & Chisells at 7d.1/2, 11s. 10-1/2d.; + + 6 doz & 3 plaining Irons at 5s. [per] doz., 1li. 11s. 3d.; + + Oct: 2: 5li. hooks & Twists at 48s., 1li. 6s. 2d.; + + 18 Spring locks at 2s. 3d., 2li. 6d.; + + 3 Spring locks wth. Screws at 2s. 9d., 8s. 3d.; + + 3 best ditto at 3s. 6d., 10s. 6d.; + + 6 Single Spr. Locks at 13d., 6s. 6d.; + + 12 warded outside chist lockes, 15s. 9d.; + + 155li. Frying panes at 6d., 3li. 17s. 6d.; + + 23 outsid box locks at 6d., 11s. 6d.; + + 17 Reape hooks at 9d., 12s. 9d.; + + 10 ward cuberd locks at 9d. 3/4, 8s. 1-1/2d.; + + 1 doz. latches & katches, 6s. 6d.; + + 26 plaine cuberd locks at 6s., 13s.; + + 3 pr. pinchers at 11d., 2s. 9d.; + + 8 pr. nipers at 4d.1/2, 3s.; + + 10 pr. marking Irons at 15d., 12s. 6d.; + + 2 doz. & 3 tacks at 4d. [per] dz., 9d.; + + 1/2 doz. shepe sheres at 19d.1/2, 9s. 9d.; + + 1 doz. shepe sheres, 16s. 6d.; + + 13 doz. 1/2 all Blades at 6d. [per] doz., 6s. 9d.; + + 3 best box Irons at 3s. 6d., 10s. 6d.; + + 2 plaine box Irons at 18d., 3s.; + + 6 Stell Sawes at 3s. 3d., 19s. 6d.; + + 20 Sawes at 18d., 1li. 10s.; + + 7 doz. & 2 wte. haft knives at 8s., 2li. 17s. 4d.; + + 1 pr. Tongs & fire pan, 5s. 6d.; + + 2 doz. 1/2 horne haft knives at 4s., 10s.; + + 5 tilers hamers at 22d.1/2, 9s. 4-1/2d.; + + 7 pr. barbers Sisers at 6d., 3s. 6d.; + + 4 doz. & 5 pr. Large Sisers at 3s., 13s. 3d.; + + 2 doz. 11 Glass bottles at 3s., 8s. 9d.; + + 4 doz. 3 Sorted hamers at 12s., 2li. 11s.; + + 3 doz. Speke Gimlets at 4s. 3d., 12s. 9d.; + + 6 doz. 9 Small Gimlets at 2s., 13s. 6d.; + + 15 pr. buttons at 19d. 1/2, 1li. 4s. 4-1/2d.; + + 4 Stared bridles at 3s. 3d., 13s.; + + 7 chafeing dishes at 12d., 7s.; + + 1 doz. best wte. bridles 14s., 3d.; + + 1/2 doz. ordinary ditto, 6s.; + + 11 bolls, 6d.3/4, 6s. 2-1/2d.; + + 5 bl. plaine bridles at 14d.1/4, 5s. 11-1/4d.; + + 11 dutch bridles at 25d.1/2, 1li. 3s. 4-1/2d.; + + 2 French ditto at 22d.1/2, 3s. 9d.; + + 1 doz. best Stirop leathers at 18s., 18s.; + + 8 Stirop leathers at l0d.1/2, 7s.; + + 1 Grose of diaper Girt web, 1li. 2s. 6d.; + + 1 Grose fine plaine ditto, 1li. 3s. 3d.; + + 1 Grose 1/4 ditto at 15s., 18s. 9d.; + + 7 pr. Swevell Stirop Irons at 16d.1/2, 9s. 7-1/2d.; + + 1 doz. boxhorse combes, 5s.; + + 11 horse combes at 2s. 9d. [per] doz., 2s. 6-1/4d.; + + 3 pr. plaine Stirop Irons at 10d.1/2, 2s, 7-1/2d.; + + 11 horse brushes at 12d.1/2, 11s. 5-1/2d.; + + 2 Grose Girt buckles at 8s. 3d., 16s. 6d.; + + 4 Papers wte. buckles at 18d., 6s.; + + 11 curry combes at 5d.1/2, 5s., 1/2d.; + + 4 best wte. Cury combs at 18d. 6s.; + + 5 wte. ditto at 15d., 6s. 3d.; + + 14 Files at 8d.1/4, 9s. 7-1/2d.; + + 4 horse locks at 14d.1/2, 4s. l0d.; + + 6 Twisted Snafells at 7d.1/2, 3s. 9d.; + + 5 large plaine ditto at 6d., 2s. 6d.; + + 4 small ditto at 4d.1/2, 1s. 6d.; + + 8 Smll. padlocks at 9d., 6s.; + + 3 large ditto at 12d.3/4, 3s. 2-1/4d.; + + 4 tiling trowells at 12d., 4s.; + + 2 pointing trowells at 12d., 2s.; + + 45 pr. plaine Spures at 6d.1/4, 1li. 3s. 5-1/4d.; + + 3 pr. Joynted Spures at 7d.1/2, 1s. 10-1/2d.; + + 287 Curtaine rings at 18d. [per] ct., 4s. 4d.; + + 10 Curr Bitts at 22d.1/2, 18s. 9d.; + + 12 pr. bosses, 8s. 3d.; + + 2 drawing knives at 14d., 2s., 4d.; + + 3 doz. 1 Shoue Spurs at 2s. 6d., 7s. 8-1/2d.; + + 3 shoue knives at 2d.1/2, 7d.1/2; + + 4 wimble bits & 1 Gimlet, 1s.; + + 1 brick Joynter, 4d.; + + 4 outside Chist lock at 10d. [per], 3s. 4d.; + + 1 Chist lock, 10d.; + + 12 li. pack thred at 12d. [per], 14s.; + + 1 Cutting Knife, 6d.; + + 2 X Garnels at 8d., 1s. 4d.; + + 1 cow bell, 8d.; + + 1 halfe pt. pott, 1s.; + + 14 yd. 3/4 Carsy at 3s. 6d., 2li. 11s. 7-1/2d.; + + 8 pcs. blu linon, qt. 233 yd. 3/4, at 9d., 8li. 15s. 3-3/4d.; + + 37 yd. ticking at 2d., 3li. 14s.; + + 25 yd. 3/4 yellow flanell at 18d., 1li. 18s. 7-1/2d.; + + 61 yd. 3/4 fine doulas, and 1/2 pc. fine Doulas, 13li.; + + 1 pc. Course Ticking, qt. 35 yds., at 12d., 1li. 15s.; + + 171 yd. Genting in 20 pls. & Severll. Remnts. at 18d., + 12li. 16s. 6d.; + + 4 yd. 3/4 peniston at 2s., 9s. 6d.; + + 45 yd. 3/4 St. Petters linon at 15d., 2li. 17s. 2-1/4d.; + + 16 yd. 1/4 Red flannell at 20d., 1li. 7s. 1d.; + + 1/2 doz. chusians at 2s., 12s.; + + 35 yd. Small Noyles at 9d., 1li. 6s. 3d.; + + 18 yd. 1/4 medrinix damaged at 4d., 6s. 1d.; + + 1 pc. Red Cotten, qt. 72 yd., at 21d., 6li. 6s.; + + 1 pc. ditto, qt. 76 yd., at 21d., 6li. 13s.; + + 42 yd. medrinix at 9d., 1li. 11s. 6d.; + + 33 yd. St. Petters Linon at 14d., 1li. 18s. 6d.; + + 59 yd. 1/2 medrinix at 9d., 2li. 4s. 7-1/2d.; + + 45 yd. 3/4 broad linon at 18d., 3li. 8s. 7-1/2d.; + + 26 yd. broad Linon at 15d., 1li. 12s. 6d.; + + 94 yd. Narow Brene at 15d., 5li. 17s. 6d.; + + 32 yd. 3/4 Longloses at 16d., 2 li. 3s. 8d.; + + 115 yd. Vittery at 13d., 6li. 4s. 7d.; + + 107 yds. ditto damaged at 8d., 3li. 11s. 4d.; + + 1 Ruge Eaten, 20s., 1li.; + + 1 ditto, 1li. 4s.; + + 1 ditto, 16s.; + + 1 ditto, 1li. 2s.; + + 1 ditto, 1li. 3s.; + + 70 yd. Smll. Noyles at 9d., 2li. 12s. 6d.; + + 35 yd 1/2 Red Cotten at 2s., 3li. 11s.; + + 45 yd 1/2 St. Petters linon at 16d., 3li. 8d.; + + 1 bolt Ranletts, qt. 70 yd., at 12d., 3li. 10s.; + + 62 yd. Lockrom at 12d., 3li. 2s.; + + 1 pc. course Ticking, qt. 35 yd., at 12d., 1li. 15s.; + + 16 yd. 1/2 Medrinix at 9d., 12s. 4-1/2d.; + + 59 yd. Vittery damaged at 6d., 1li. 9s. 6d.; + + 63 yd. fine hall cloth at 16d., 4li. 4s.; + + 13 doz. & 8 pr. large Sisers at 3s., 2li. 1s.; + + 4 doz. Smll. Sisers at 2s., 8s.; + + 4 doz. large Combes at 4s. 6d., 18s.; + + 16 doz. ditto at 3s. 6d., 2li. 16s.; + + 12 doz. ditto at 3s., 1li. 16d.; + + 4 doz. ditto at 2s., 8s.; + + 9 white haft knives at 8d., 6s.; + + 6 bl. haft knives at 4d., 2s.; + + 16 bl. woden haft case knives at 4d., 5s. 4d.; + + 86 hower Glases at 6d., 2li. 3s.; + + 7 papers manchester at 4s., 1li. 8d.; + + 1 pc. filiting, 2s.; + + 1/2 li. fine thred at 10s., 5s.; + + 128 li. Colered & browne thread at 2s. 8d., 17li. 1s. 4d.; + + 25 Grose & 8 doz. Gimp coat buttons at 21d., 2li. 4s. 11d.; + + 2 Grose brest ditto at 16d., 2s. 8d.; + + 1 pc. Slesy holland, 15s.; + + 1 pr. Gerles Gren Stockings, 1s. 2d.; + + a percell of hat bands & linings, 5s.; + + 1 pr. bandelers, 6s.; + + 31 old fashioned high Crowned hats at 18d., 2li. 6s. 6d.; + + 1 low ditto, 1s. 6d.; + + 2 yd. 1/2 Curle at 2s. 5d., 6s. 1/2d.; + + 28 wooden blocks at 4d., 9s. 4d.; + + 1 Ruge, 18s.; + + 2 Red Cushian, 5s.; + + 1 Red Ruge, 10s.; + + old Curtaines, &c. in a Chist, 10s.; + + 1 Silke cradle ruge, 12s.; + + 1 Canvis Sute, 2s. 6d.; + + 1 large wainscot chist, 18d.; + + 1 old Chist & two old Trunks, 8s.; + + 1 Chaire & 1 Table, 6s.; + + 1 pr. weo. black shouse, 3s. 6d.; + + 4 tin pans, 3s.; + + 1 watch Glase, 1s.; + + 3 Sase pans, 2 tunells & 2 peper boxes, 1s. 6d.; + + 1 bed, bolster & pillow, 2li. 15s.; + + 1 bedsted & matt, 10s.; + + 1 pr. Grene Curtains & valients, 1li.; + + 2 Red Fethers, 5s.; + + 1 cod line, 1s. 3d.; + + 1 Cloake bage, 3s.; + + oatmell, 6s. + + + IN THE LOWER WAREHOUSE. + + 120 hh. or thereabouts of salt at 8s., 48li.; + + 17 m. shingle at 5s. [per], 4li. 5s.; + + 2 ct. 1/2 Clabords at 4s., 10s.; + + 20 barells Tarr at 4s. 6d., 4li, 10s.; + + 5 barells Oyle at 25s., 6li. 5s.; + + 3 old hogsheads, 7s. 6d.; + + 1 Cask Nayles, qt. 0: 2: 25, ditto, qt. 1: 1: 24, 1 ditto, + qt. 2: 0: 01, 1 ditto, qt. O: 3: 00, 1 ditto, qt. 1: + 0: 09, 1 ditto, qt. 1: 0: 05, 1 ditto, qt. 1: 3: 15, + total, 8: 3: 23, deduct Tare, 0: 3: 23, Rest, 8: 0: + 00 at 46s. 8d., 18li. 13s. 4d.; + + 1 Caske hobs, 6li.; + + 1 Cable, qt. 3ct: 3: 2li. at 25s., 4li. 14s. 2d.; + + 48ct: 0: 13li. Spa Iron at 20s., 48li. 2s. 4-1/2d.; + + 26: 0: 00 Lead at 2Os., 26li.; + + 2 doz. 3 Rubstones at 18d. [per] doz., 3s. 4-1/2d.; + + 35 doz. Erthen ware, 3li.; + + 1 barll. yelow Oaker, qt. neat 2ct: 0: 17li. at 10s., 1li. 1s. 6d.; + + a percell of old Junke, 10li.; + + 1 Great beame Scales & 1 halfe hundrd., 1li. 15s.; + + 1 Smll. beame & 2 morters, 10s.; + + 2 netts damaged, 10s.; + + old rey in ye Garret, 3s.; + + 5 m. Red Oak hogshead staves at 25s., 6li. 5s.; + + 1 pr. old hand screws, 10s.; + + 2 pr. Stilliards, 1li. 5s.; + + a percell of Rozin, 10s.; + + 1 longe Oare, 5s.; + + shod shoule, 1s. 6d.; + + old cask, 10s.; + + 1 Suger drawer, 1s. 6d.; + + a percell Limestones on the wharfe, 8li. + + + IN THE UPER WAREHOUSE. + + 3 Ketles 95li.1/2, 15 potts 550li. at 25s. [per] ct., 7li. 4s.; + + 9ct: 2: 2li. lead at 20s. [per] 9li. 10s. 4d.; + + 4: 1: 9 Stelle att 50s. [per], 10li. 16s. 6d.; + + 1: 2: 8 of Old Iron at 12s. [per], 19s.; + + 1 hogshed Suger, qt. 6ct: 1: 16li. neat 20s., 6li. 8s.; + + 1 Cask Starch, qt. 150li. neate at 3d., 1li. 17s. 6d.; + + 7 doz. 2/3 Glase botles at 2s. 9d., 1li. 1s. 1d.; + + 2 barll. mattasows at 30s., 3li.; + + 1 pr. Great hand screws, 3li.; + + 12 whip Sawes at 9s., 5li. 8s.; + + beanes, 3s.; + + 1 Chist drawers, 1li. 10s.; + + wheate, 6s.; + + 1 pr. Great Stilliards, li. 5s.; + + 1 pr. Smll. Stilliards defective, 5s.; + + 219 fot Bords, 3s. [per], 2 harpn. Irons 12d. [per], 8s. 7d.; + + old caske, 10s.; + + Graine, the Sweping of the Chamber, 3s.; + + part of an old Clock, 10s. + + + IN THE OLD HALL. + + 9 turkey worke chaires wthout. backs, 5s. [per], 2li. 5s.; + + 4 ditto wth. Backs at 8s. [per], 1li. 12s.; + + 6 low Turky worke ditto wth. Backs, 8s. [per], 2li. 8s.; + + 2 Tables, 20s. [per], 1 ditto, 5s., 2li. 5s.; + + 1 Carpet, 15s.; + + 1 pr. large brase Andirons, 1li. 10s.; + + 1 large looking Glase & brases, 2li. 5s.; + + 3 Curtaine rods & Curtains for windows, 15s.; + + 2 Candlesticks, 5s.; + + 1 Glase Globe, 1s. + + + IN THE RED CHAMBER. + + 8 Red branched chaires wth. Covers, 16s. [per], 6li. 8s.; + + 1 Smll. table, 1 Red carpet, 10s.; + + 2 Curtaine rods & window Curtaines, 7s.; + + 1 Scritore & frame, 1li. 10s.; + + 2 Trunks, 15s.; + + 1 old Cuberd & Red cloth, 6s.; + + 1 pr. brase Andirons, 1 back, 1 pr. Tongs, 13s.; + + 1 looking glase, 6s.; + + 1 large white Quilt, 2li.; + + 1 ditto, 1li. 10s.; + + 1 ditto, 1li.; + + 1 pr. Shetts, 1li.; + + 1 pr. ditto, 1li.; + + 1 pr. ditto, 1li. 2s.; + + 1 pr. ditto, 18s.; + + 1 pr. ditto, 1li. 2s.; + + 1 pr. ditto, 1li. 2s.; + + 1 pr. ditto, 1li. 5s.; + + 1 pr. ditto, 1li. 2s.; + + 1 pr. ditto, 1li. 2s.; + + 1 pr. ditto, 1li. 2s.; + + 1 pr. ditto, 1li.; + + 1 pr. ditto, 1li.; + + 1 pr. ditto, 18s.; + + 1 pr. ditto, 12s.; + + 1 pr. ditto, 18s.; + + 1 pr. ditto, 18s.; + + 1 pr. ditto, 1li. 4s.; + + 1 pr. ditto, 16s.; + + 1/2 pr. ditto, 8s.; + + 1/2 pr. ditto, 18s.; + + 17 Napkins, 1 large table cloth & a Towell all of Damaske, 4li.; + + 9 diaper Napkins & 1 Table Cloth, 15s.; + + 1 doz. ditto & 1 Table Cloth, 1li. 2s.; + + 1 doz. ditto & 1 Table Cloth, 1li. 2s.; + + 1 doz. ditto & 1 Table Cloth, 18s.; + + 1 doz. diaper Napkins & a Table Cloth, 17s.; + + 1 Table Cloth, 8s.; + + 2 pillowbers at 2s. 6d. [per], 5s.; + + 1 Table Cloth, 5s.; + + 1 diaper Table Cloth, 8s.; + + 1 ditto, 8s.; + + 1 Cuberd Cloth, 5s.; + + 1 ditto, 3s.; + + 1 Calico Counter pain, 8s.; + + 18 pilobers & Napkins, 15s.; + + 4 towells & a Cuberd Cloth, 10s.; + + 1 Child's Bed, 1s.; + + 1 Red Cushion, 1s. + + + IN THE TWO CLOSETS ADJOYNING. + + 10 doz. Erth. ware, 15 large, 33 Small tins pans for Suger Cakes, + 16 qt. botles, 3 Erthen pots, 3 long mum Glases, 2li. 10s. + + + IN THE GLASE CHAMBER. + + 1 bed sted & apurtenances, 1li.; + + 1 fether bed, bolster & 2 pillows, 4li. 10s.; + + 1 pr. Curtains & Valients, 2li. 10s.; + + 1 Red Ruge, 8s.; + + 1 large white blanket, 8s.; + + 1 Stript blanket, 3s.; + + 1 Silke blanket, 12s.; + + 1 large Striped blanket, 8s.; + + 1 Smll. blanket, 4s.; + + 1 pr. shettes, 14s.; + + 2 pillowbers, 2s.; + + 6 parogon Chaires at 10s. [per], 3li.; + + 2 longe Stooles, at 10s., [per], 1li.; + + 2 Stands at 4s., 8s.; + + 1 Table, 1 linsy carpet, 10s.; + + 1 Calico Carpet, 3s.; + + 1 looking Glase, 7s.; + + 1 pomader basket, 10s.; + + 1 Ouall fine wicker basket, 3s.; + + 1 painted Couberd Cloth, 3s.; + + 1 Glase frame for Glase worke, 1li.; + + 3 Curtain rods & window Curtains, 10s.; + + 1 pr. Andirons wth. brases, 12s.; + + 1 pr. brasse fire pan & Tongs, 8s. + + + IN THE CORNER CHAMBER. + + 1 bedsted, 10s.; + + 2 Ruges, 1li. 12s.; + + 1 pr. Curtains & Valients & Rods, 2li.; + + 1 Grene Counter paine, 5s.; + + 1 pr. Sheets, 12s.; + + 1 bolster & pillow, 1li.; + + 1 wainscot Chist, 10s.; + + 1 Table & 1 Grene Carpet, 12s.; + + 8 yd. bengall at 9d., 6s.; + + 7 yd. doulas at 20d., 11s. 8d.; + + 4 yd. 1/2 Stript linon at 16d., 6s.; + + 1 yd. 1/2 Serge at 3s., 4s. 6d.; + + 7 yd. Narr. brene at 15d., 8s. 9d.; + + 1 yd. 3/8 Grene Say at 3s. 6d., 4s. 9-3/4d.; + + 8 pcs. Tape at 9d., 6s.; + + 3 yd. Lockrom at 12d., 2s.; + + 1 yd. 3/4 ticking at 20d., 2s. 11d.; + + a Remnant of holland, 1s.; + + 19 yd. high brene at 2s., 1li. 18s.; + + 1 yd. Red Cotten, 1s. 9d.; + + 3 yd. course holland at 18d., 4s. 6d.; + + 3 yd. 1/2 narr Cloth at 8d., 2s. 4d.; + + 7/8 yd. Linon at 18d., 1s. 3-3/4d.; + + 2 yd. 3/4 fustian at 12d., 2s. 9d.; + + a Remt. fine Canvis, 7d.; + + 1 yd. 1/2 Linon at 18d. [per], 2s. 3d.; + + 1 yd. wte. Calico, 1s.; + + 1 yd. 1/2 linon at 18d., 2s. 3d.; + + 1 yd. 1/2 Slesy at 12d., 1s. 6d.; + + 1 yd. colerd Fustian, 1s.; + + 1 pr. Red. weo. stockings, 1s. 6d.; + + 2 old Chaires at 2s., 4s.; + + 1 bundle of Remnants, 1s. + + + IN THE COUNTEING HOUSE & ENTERY. + + 1 dozn. pins, 9s.; + + 1 dozn. ditto, 10s.; + + 2 li. Colerd thread at 2s. 8d., 5s. 4d.; + + 3 li. 1/2 wormesed at 4s. 6d. [per], 15s. 9d.; + + 1/4 Grose Girt web at 22s. [per] Grose, 5s. 6d.; + + 12 books Carell upon Jobe, 1 Grt. bible & 1 Psalme Booke, 3li.; + + 1 booke Markham's Gramer, 2s.; + + 3 pls. Turtle Shell, 1s. 6d.; + + 1 Snafle bitt, 1 pr. Spures, 1s.; + + 2 pr. Stirop Irons, 2s.; + + 1 Inkhorne, 6d.; + + 1 Caine, 3s.; + + 1 Turned Stick, 2s., 5s.; + + 1 Rapier Tipt wth. Silver, 15s., 1 ditto, 5s. 1li.; + + 4 musketts, 2li.; + + 1 pr. pistolls & holsters, 1 plush Sadle layed wth. Silver lace + & Sadle Cloth, 5li.; + + 1 Caduco box, 2s.; + + 1 buff belt wth. Silver buckles, 1li.; + + 2 old bells, 2s. + + + IN THE HALL CHAMBER. + + 1 bed Sted, 5s.; + + 1 pr. Red Curtaines & Valients, 2li. 10s.; + + 2 Ruges, 16s.; + + 1 pr. Shetts, 10s., 1 pillow, 5s., 15s.; + + 1 flock bed & 1 fether bolster, 16s.; + + 2 Ruges, 12s.; + + 1 Trundle bedsted & Curtaine rods, 7s.; + + 4 Trunks, 1li.; + + 1 Chist drawers & 1 Carpet, 10s.; + + 1 Table & 1 Carpet, 8s.; + + 1 looking Glase, 5s.; + + 1 Curtain Rod & window Curtaine, 3s.; + + 2 pr. white Calico Curtaines, Valients, tester Clothes & 6 Covers + for Chaires, 2li. 5s.; + + 14 old Napkins at 9d., 10s. 6d.; + + 19 new diaper small ditto at 9d. 14s. 3d.; + + 2 Calico Side bord Clothes, 6s.; + + 3 Calico ditto, 6s.; + + 12 towells at 6d., 6s.; + + more 35 diaper & other Napkins at 9d., 1li. 6s. 3d.; + + 7 Table Clothes at 5s., 1li. 15s.; + + 8 ditto at 2s. 6d., 1li.; + + 15 ditto, 18s. + + + WAREING CLOTHES. + + 1 Tropeing Scarfe & hat band, 1li. 10s.; + + 1 Cloake, 2li.; + + 1 Cloth Coat wth. Silver lace, 2li.; + + 1 Camlet Coate, 15s.; + + 1 old bla. farendin Sute, 1li.; + + 1 black Cloake, 2li.; + + 1 velvet Coate, 2li. 10s.; + + 1 old Tabey dublet, 5s.; + + 1 old fashioned duch Sattin dublet, 15s.; + + 1 black Grogrin Cloake, 1li. 10s.; + + 3 Quilts, 3s.; + + 1 hatt, 15s.; + + 1 pr. Golden Topt. Gloues, 10s.; + + 1 pr. Imbroidred ditto, 8s.; + + 1 pr. bl. fringed Gloues, 3s.; + + 1 pr. bl. & Gold fringed ditto, 3s.; + + 1 pr. new Gloves, 2s.; + + 2 pr. Gloves, 2s.; + + 3 pr. old Silke Stockings, 8s.; + + 2 belts and 1 Girdle, 2li.; + + 1 Sattin Imbroadred wascot wth. Gold, &c., 3li.; + + 1 yd. 3/4 persian Silke at 5s. 6d., 9s. 7-1/2d. + + + IN THE COUNTING HOUSE & ENTRY MORE. + + 1 Table, 5s.; + + 1 Carpet, 10s.; + + 1 Chaire, 4s.; + + 1 desk & Cuberd, 5s.; + + 1 pr. bandelers, 3s.; + + seling wax, 3s.; + + 1 Cushian, 6d.; + + 3 flasketts & 2 basketts, 5s.; + + 1 Iron bound Chist, 5s. + + + IN THE HALL. + + 1 Lookeing Glase, 7s.; + + 3 tables, 1li. 2s.; + + 1 Turky worke Carpet, 1li. 5s.; + + 8 leather Chaires at 5s., 2li.; + + 5 Stra bottomed Chaires, 5s.; + + 1 old wicker Chaire, 2s.; + + 1 Napkin presse, 1li. 10s.; + + 1 Glase Case, 6s.; + + 1 Clocke, 2li.; + + 1 Scritore or Spice box, 6s.; + + 1 Screne wth. 5 leaves & Covering, 15s.; + + 1 old Smll. Turky worke Carpet, 3s.; + + 1 Armed Chaire, 2s.; + + 1 Stand, 1s. 6d.; + + 1 Great Candlestick, 1li.; + + 1 pr. Grt. Dogs & 1 Iron Back, 2li. 5s.; + + 5 Cushians at 4s. pr, 1li.; + + 1 window Curtaine & rod, 6s.; + + 1 pr. Tongs, Shoule fire & Smll. Tongs & Toster, 7s.; + + Glases in the Glase case, 5s. + + + IN THE MAIDES CHAMBER. + + 1 bed & bolster, 3li.; + + 1 bedsted, 2s.; + + 1 new Bed & Case, 5li.; + + 1 Cushian & 2 Stoole Covers, 3s.; + + 1 pillion & Cloth, 1li.; + + 1 pr. old Shetts, 4s.; + + 3 pr. Shetts at 16s. 2li. 8s.; + + 1 pr. new Shetts, 1li. 2s.; + + 5 Shetts at 8s., 2li.; + + 3 Shetts at 4s., 12s.; + + 1 Table Cloth, 3s.; + + 1 old Sheet, 2s.; + + 1 wainscot chist, 5s.; + + 2 Cotten Ironning Clothes, 3s.; + + 1 Calico Cuberd Cloth, 1s. 6d.; + + Starch & a bage, 2s.; + + 2 boxes, 2s.; + + 1 Rat eaten Carpet, 5s.; + + 1 old Bed Tick, 7s.; + + 1 pr. old Stript Curtaines & Carpets, 8s.; + + 1 Chist, 4s.; + + 1 Smll. brase Ketle tined, 6s.; + + 1 lanthorne, 5s.; + + 1 Calender & 1 plate, 2s.; + + 1 Wooden Voider, 1s. 6d.; + + 1 bird Cage, 2s. + + + IN THE GARRETTS. + + 12 Reame 1/2 paper at 4s., 2li. 10s.; + + 1 bolt Noyles, qt. 89 @ 1/4 is 130 yd. 3/4 at 16d. [per], 8li. + 14s. 4d.; + + 1 Sadle, bridle & brest plate, 1li. 5s.; + + 2 pc. pole daine & a Remnt, qt. 80 yds., 4li.; + + 150li. Fr. lines at 10d. [per], 6li. 5s.; + + 1 pr. large brase Andirons, 1li.; + + 1 Candlebox, &c., 2s.; + + 1 pillion & cloth, 5s.; + + 1 old port mantle, 1s.; + + 2 Childr. blankets, 10s.; + + 1 Carpet, 8s.; + + 1 wainscot chist, 5s.; + + 1 pin Chest, 2s. 6d., 7s. 6d.; + + gloves & Some Lumber, 5s.; + + 2 old Ruge, 3s.; + + 1 hamaker, 5s., 8s.; + + 1 Auger weges, & chisles, 5s.; + + 5 Shetts at 5s., 1li. 5s.; + + 1 fine Shett, 7s.; + + 19 napkins & towells, 12s.; + + about 100li. hogs & beffe Suet at 2d., 16s. 8d.; + + meale Troues, &c., 6s.; + + old Bed steds, 10s.; + + old cask, 5s. + + + IN THE ENTRY BELOW. + + 1 Round table & 1 Gren Carpet, 15s.; + + 2 Great Chaires & 4 high Chaires, 15s.; + + 1 Cuberd & cuberd Cloth, 8s. + + + IN THE CLOSET. + + Erthen ware & a Glase botle, 5s.; + + a parcell of honey, 5s. + + + IN THE PEUTER ROME. + + 4 boles, 1 Tray & Erth. Ware. 10s.; + + 1 limeback & 1 Iron pott, 2li.; + + a percell of old Iron, 5s.; + + 1 large defective driping pan, 2s. 6d.; + + 4 trayes, 1 platter, 2s., Erthen ware, 18d., 3s. 6d.; + + 1 leather Jack. + + + IN THE KITCHIN. + + 7 Spitts, 1li. 5s.; + + 2 Racks, 1li.; + + 1 Jack & waite, 12s.; + + 2 Iron potts & 2 pr. pot hooks, 1li.; + + 4 tramells & 1 Iron barr, 15s.; + + 1 pr. Iron doges, 10s.; + + 2 fenders, 4s.; + + 1 pr. la. Tonges, 4s.; + + 1 Iron driping pan, 3s.; + + 1 Iron back, 1li.; + + 1 Iron Ketle, 6s.; + + 4 box Irons, 8s.; + + 5 old Iron potts, 1li. 4s.; + + 1 pr. Fetters, 3s.; + + 2 Fring pans, 5s.; + + 3 Grid Irons, 1 pr. pot hookes & treuet, 7s.; + + 1 Slut or larance, 1s.; + + 1 Cleuer & a shreding knife, 4s.; + + a hooke & Iron Squers, 2s.; + + 1 Chafeing Dish, 1s. 6d.; + + 1 pr. bellows, 1s. 6d.; + + 1 warmeing pan, 2s.; + + 38 pls. Tin Ware, 1s. 4d.; + + 2 Iron Candlesticks & a toster, 5s.; + + 2 tables, 5s. 4 old Chaires, 6d., 7s.; + + Erthen ware, 6s.; + + 453li. peuter of all Sorts at 12d., 22li. 13s.; + + 24li. brase in Small ware at 20d., 2li.; + + 1 Coper Ketle, qt. 30li. at 2s., 3li.; + + 2 brase Ketles, qt. 57li. at 12d., 2li. 17s.; + + 1 brase Stew pan, 6s.; + + 3 bell mettle Skilets, qt. 25l., 1li. 5s.; + + 1 payle, 1 bole & other wood. lumber, 5s.; 2 Cases & + 7 knives, 12s.; + + 1 Slick Stone, 1s. 6d. + + + IN THE WASH HOUSE. + + 1 Peuter Still, 10s.; + + 1 Coper, 4li.; + + tubes, a Table & lumber, 5s.; + + 1 pr. Andirons & Iron rake, &c., 5s. + + + IN THE STABLE. + + 1 horse, 4li.; + + 1 Cow, 3li., wth. the hay, 7li.; + + 2 forks, 1 Tray, 2 Grain payles, 6s.; + + 1 axe, 3s.; + + 1 Cow at 1s. Williams, 2li. 10s. + + + IN THE SELLER UNDER THE HOUSE. + + Old Caske, 1li.; + + 24 qt. Jugs, 4s.; + + 24 Glase botles, 5s. 6d.; + + 4 Jares, 4s.; + + 1 Erth. pot, 1s.; + + 44li. Castle Sope at 6d., 1li. 2s. + + + IN THE CLOSET OF KITCHIN CHAMBER. + + 43 pls. Erthen ware at 2s. [per] doz., 7s., 2d.; + + 19 Glase cups & Smll. botles, 2s.; + + 1 pr. Shouse, 4s.; + + 5 qt. botles, 15d.; + + 1 Stone Juge, 2s., 3s. 3d.; + + 3 woden boxes, 1s.; + + 1 Tin Candlestick, 1s.; + + 1 Cap for a Clock of belmetle, 2s. + + + IN THE KITCHIN CHAMBER. + + 1 large Scritore, 5li.; + + 1 bedsted & Teaster, 1li.; + + 1 fether bed & bolster cased & 2 pillows, 6li. 10s.; + + 1 pr. Sad Colerd Curtaines & valients & counter paine & rods, 3li.; + + 1 worsted Stript Ruge, 3li.; + + 2 pillobers, 2s.; + + 1 pr. blanketts, 1li.; + + 1 pr. Shetts, 1li.; + + 1 bedsted & Teaster & head peice, 1li.; + + 1 fether bed & bolster cased & 2 pillows, 4li.; + + 1 pr. Red Serge Curtains valients & Rods, 3li. 10s.; + + 1 Quilt of Calico Colerd & flowred, 1li. 10s.; + + 1 Red Ruge, 10s.; + + 3 blanketts, 1li.; + + 1 Pallet bedsted, Teaster & hed peice, 1li.; + + 1 fether bed & bolster, 1 pillow, 3li. 10s; + + 2 Curtaines & Smll. Valients, 15s.; + + 2 Coverleds, 1li. 12s.; + + 1 pr. blanketts, 1li.; + + 1 Shett, 5s.; + + 1 Stoole, 1s.; + + 7 Chaires Sad Colerd & 1 Grt. Chaire, 4s., 1li. 12s.; + + 1 Table wth. a drawer, 8s.; + + 2 Stands, 4s.; + + 1 Close Stoole, 6s.; + + 8 window Curtains & 4 Rods, 16s.; + + 1 looking Glases & brases, 1li. 5s.; + + 1 Chist Drawers, 25s. & Cloth, 4s., 1li. 9s.; + + 2 pr. bla., 1 pr. Speckled Stockings, 12s.; + + 4 pr. old Stockings, 4s.; + + 1 pr. andirons wth. brases, 10s.; + + 1 pr. tongs & fire pan, 4s.; + + 1 back, 12s.; + + 1 Round fender, 5s.; + + 1 pr. bellows, 1s. 6d.; + + 1 Japan Trunke. 8d.; + + 5 neckclothes at 9d., 3s.; + + 4 night caps at 15d., 5s.; + + 17 bands at 6d., 8s. 6d.; + + 2 pocket hanchesters, 1s.; + + 1 pr. Gloves, 1s.; + + 3 fustian wescoats, 6s.; + + 3 pr. dito drawers, 8s.; + + 4 pr. holland drawers at 2s. 6d., 10s.; + + 6 Shirts, 1li. 12s. + + + GOODS THAT CAME FROM ENGLAND FROM MR. JOHN IUES. + + Pr. Capt. Gener. 6 pls. peniston amo. to wth. charges, 18li. 17s. + 7d., wth. advance, 50li. [per] Ct., 28li. 6s. 4d. + + Pr. Capt. Edwards. 20 pls. blue linon & a percell of Spice amounting + to wth. Charges, 48li. 17s. 6d., wth. adva. at 50li. [per] Ct., + 73li. 6s. 3d. + + + IN THE CLOSET IN KITCHIN CHAMBER. + + 18 Glass botles, 4s., 6d.; + + 10 pls. Erthen ware, 2s. 6d.; + + 2 haire bromes, 2s. 6d.; + + 1 knife tipt wth. Silver, 1s. 3d.; + + 1 woden Screne, 3s.; + + 3 yd. bla. broadcloth at 10s., 1li. 10s.; + + 35 Qn.[98] mercht. Fish at 9s., 15li. 15s.; + + [98] Quintal. + + 1/2 Qn. pollock at 5s., 2s. 6d.; + + 22 barlls. Porke at 43s., 47li. 6s.; + + 2 laced bands, 19s.; + + 2 pich potts, 8s.; + + 1 warehouse at Winter Island, 6li.; + + 1 Great beame Scales & 1/2ct. waites, 1li. 10s.; + + 112li. lead & 98li. Spa Iron, 1li. 17s. 6d.; + + 137li. hide, damages at 2d., 1li. 2s. 10d.; + + 1780 fot Bords at 2s. 6d. [per] ct. 2li. 4s. 5d.; + + 1 heffer, 1 Stere & 1 Cow aprized by Edward & Jno. Richards, + 5li. 5s. + + + The house & land yt was Jno. Gatchells wth. the apurtenances, + 115li.; + + the house & land yt was Jno. Gatchells now Wm. Furners, 60li.; + + the dwelling house & land nere Micall Coas, 40li.; + + 2 oxe Yoakes wth. bowes, 4s.; + + 2 hows, 1 peak ax & forks, 5s.; + + 1 barr Iron, 5s.; + + 1 load hay, 20s., 1li. 5s.; + + 1 old house & land formerly Hudsons acording to Towne Grant, + aprized by Jno. Lege & Ambrose Gayle, 3li.; + + total, 219li. 14s. + + + At Boston: The warhouse & Ground, 200li.; + + 1056 ounces 1/2 pcs. of eight, 6s. 8d., 352li. 3s. 4d.; + + 2 Cloakes, 2li.; + + an old Trunke, a hat & wax, &c., 6s. 8d.; + + aprized by Eliak. Hucheson & Jer. Dumer, 554li. 10s.; + + 3 pipes Madara Wine at 11li., not being filled up, 33li.; + + in mony of Petter Millers freight, 2li. 16s. + + + Brought home in Katch Jno. & William: 130 bushells Indian corne, + at 18d., 9li. 15s.; + + 33 bushells Rey at 3s., 4li. 19s.; + + 25 bushells 1/2 wheate at 4s., 5li. 2s.; + + 1 barll. Porke, 2li.; + + 3 barells Beffe at 25s., 3li. 15s.; + + 1 plaine Ruge, 10s.; + + 15 hower Glases, bad, 5s.; + + 4 pr. Stirop Irons & lethers, 7s.; + + 3 locks at 25d., 6s. 4-1/2d.; + + 6 ditto at 11d.1/4, 5s. 1-1/2d.; + + 4 ditto at 8d.1/4, 2s. 9d.; + + 6 hand sawes at 18d., 9s.; + + 11 trunk locks at 10d., 9s. 2d.; + + 6 box outsid locks, 6d., 3s.; + + 4 Cuberd locks at 6d., 2s.; + + 1 doz. combs at 2s., 2s.; + + 1 doz. ditto at 3s., 3s.; + + 1 doz. ditto at 3s. 6d., 3s. 6d.; + + 3 pr. parogon bodys at 8s., 1li. 4s.; + + 2 doz. Reap hooks at 9s., 18s.; + + 12 duble Girts, 9s.; + + 1 pr. Shetts at 16s., 16s.; + + 1 pr. Shetts at 10s., 10s.; + + 1 pr. ditto at 36s. 2 bredths 1/2, 1li. 16s.; + + 1 pr. ditto at 30s., 3 bredths, 1li. 10s.; + + 1 pr. ditto at 30s., 3 bredths, 1li. 10s.; + + + The land whereon the house comonly called Capt. Jno. Corwins + stands, 35li. + + + The Katch John & William wth. her apurtenances, 80li.; + + 1 old Mainsayle of Katch Penelopy, 1li. 10s. + + + This Inventory amounting to five thousand nine hundred Sixty foure + pounds nineten shillgs. & one peny 3/4d. aprized as mony by us. + + Barthl. Gedney + Benja. Browne + John Higginson, Junr. + Timo. Lindall. + + --_Essex County Quarterly Court Files_, Vol. XLIV, leaf 95. + + + + +INDEX + + + Adultery, 211. + + Allen, Capt. Bozone, 244. + + Allen, William, 88. + + Ames, Ruth, 203. + + Amusements, 103. + + Andover, 28. + + Andrews, Thomas, 136. + + Animals (domestic), 5, 7, 8, 33, 37, 38, 42, 91. + + Animals (wild), 14, 91. + + Annable, John, 141. + + Anvils, 121. + + Apothecary, 121. + + Appleton, John, 33. + + Apthorpe, Stephen, 126. + + Assayer, 122. + + Augusta, Me., 22. + + + Bacon, Rebecca, wid., 43, 87. + + Bacon, William, 56. + + Baden, Robert, 122. + + Badger, Giles, 43, 86. + + Bailey, Jacob, 117-119, 160-163. + + Baker, 122. + + Balance maker, 136. + + Barber's union, 122. + + Barnard, John, 50. + + Barnard, Jonathan, 51. + + Barter, 166, 172. + + Bateman, John, 232. + + Bean porridge, 98. + + Bear baiting, 114. + + Bed coverings, 53-59. + + Belcher, Andrew, 146. + + Bellamy, Samuel, 221. + + Bellows maker, 123. + + Bells, 123, 124. + + Bible mandates, 102. + + Billiard tables, 115. + + Bissell, Samuel, 121. + + Blacksmith, 124. + + Block houses, 14, 15. + + Block maker, 129. + + Blowers, John, 134. + + Blowers, Pyam, 51. + + Bonner, Capt. John, 68. + + Bookkeeper, 125. + + Books, 1, 10, 15, 16, 35, 36, 103, 278. + + Boone, Nicholas, 131. + + Boston, 16, 18, 25. + + Boston merchants, 149, 150. + + Bottles, 130. + + Bourne, John, 141. + + Bowling green, 115. + + Boxford, 203. + + Boydell, John, 48, 50, 124. + + Boyer, James, 132. + + Bradford, William, 114. + + Bradish, Jonathan, 130. + + Brabrooke, Mehitable, 38. + + Bradstreet, Gov. Simon, 149. + + Brazier, 125, 126. + + Brick oven, 41, 93. + + Bricks, 20. + + Bridgen, Michael, 139. + + Brooks, Thomas, 49. + + Brown, John, 114. + + Browne, Edward, 126. + + Browne, Walter, 134. + + Bryant, William, 124. + + Buckram, 126. + + Building agreements, 227-238. + + Buildings, construction, etc., 13-27. + + Bullivant, Dr. Benjamin, 176. + + Burlington, N. J., 13, 14. + + Burning at the stake, 210. + + Busgutt, Peter, 88. + + Butcher, 126. + + + Cabinet maker, 126. + + Calico printer, 127. + + Calvin, John, 101. + + Calvin's theology, 102. + + Camera obscura, 130. + + Candles, 96, 97, 127. + + Cannon, 132. + + Cardmaker, 127. + + Cards, playing, 111. + + Carpets, 23, 48, 50, 51, 55. + + Carthrick, Michael, 86. + + Cartright, Bethia, 55, 84. + + Casement sash, 20, 268. + + Caxy, John, 89. + + Chandler, 127. + + Chapman, 127. + + Charlestown, 16, 18. + + Chase, Aquila, 207. + + Childs, John, 117. + + Chimneys, 19, 20, 91. + + Choate, Rufus, 24. + + Chocolate mill, 127. + + Christmas, 111, 114. + + Chute, Lionel, 43, 45, 85. + + Cider, 95, 96, 108. + + Clap, Roger, 16, 106. + + Clapboards, 14. + + Clark, William, 25. + + Clarke, Dr. John, 176. + + Clarke, Richard, 132. + + Clarke, William, 54, 56, 86. + + Clemens, James, 127. + + Clocks, 99. + + Cloth, 5, 6, 24, 25, 36, 45, 48, 50-52, 57, 63, 69-83, 94, 95, 126, + 127, 133, 134, 139, 141, 152, 153, 240, 242, 244, 246-257, + 258, 263, 265, 270. + + Clothing, 2, 5, 6, 35, 57, 59-83, 130-132, 151, 152, 241, 243, + 246-257, 262, 265, 268, 270, 279. + + Clough, Joseph, 123. + + Coffin, William, 125. + + Coffin furniture, 127. + + Concord, 17. + + Cooking, 8. + + Cookson, John, 136. + + Cookson, Robert, 135. + + Cooper, 128. + + Corn husking, 117-119. + + Corn, Indian, 104. + + Corwin, George, 42, 45, 55, 64, 270. + + Costume, _see_ Clothing. + + Counterpanes, 53-59. + + Courts in Massachusetts, 200, 222. + + Coverlets, 53-59. + + Crimes, 39, 88, 107. + + Crimes and punishments, 199-226. + + Culpepper, Nicholas, 190. + + Cummings, David, 96. + + Cummings, Mrs. Joanna, 55. + + Currants, 117. + + Currier, 128. + + Custom house records, 154-157. + + + Dakin, Jonathan, 136, 140. + + Daly, Charles, 66. + + Dancing, 111, 115. + + Dankers, Jasper, 13-15, 46. + + Davis, John, 66, 127. + + Davison, William, 66. + + Dedham, 18. + + Dillingham, John, 32. + + Dillingham, Sara, 35. + + Dillingham, Sarah, 32-35, 85. + + Diseases, 5, 7, 11, 105, 174-198. + + Doctors, 174-191. + + Dorchester, 19. + + Douglas, Dr. William, 175. + + Downing, Emanuel, 143. + + Downs, Thomas, 33. + + Dowse, Francis, 140. + + Drinks, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 30, 95, 96, 108, 118, 119, 151, 155, + 208, 246-257. + + Draper, Richard, 129. + + Drugs, 248. + + Drunkenness, 107. + + Duck, Stephen, 138. + + Dudley, Thomas, 19, 105. + + Dug-outs, 17, 18. + + Dunster, Henry, 36. + + Dye, 94. + + Dyer, 128. + + Dyer, John H., 128. + + + Earthenware, 129, 139. + + Edwards, Thomas, 88. + + Embroidery, 62, 70. + + Endecott, Gov. John, 5, 18, 56. + + Endecott, Dr. Zerobabel, 178-190. + + Erving, Henry W., 30. + + Essex, 24. + + Evenden, Walter, 139. + + Executions, 202, 210, 218, 220-224. + + + Fabrics, _see_ Cloth. + + Fairbanks house, 18. + + Fairfield, John, 86. + + Faneuil, A., 68. + + Farming, 91. + + Farrington, Edmond, 129. + + Fellmonger, 129. + + Fences, 100. + + Fire engine, 129, 131. + + Fireplace, 8, 24, 34, 38, 40, 91, 132, 141. + + Fireworks, 116. + + Firman, John, 16. + + Fish, 145. + + Fitch, ----, 16. + + Flagg, Gershom, 129. + + Flax, 95. + + Fleming, Alexander, 128. + + Flying man, 117. + + Food, 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 28, 37, 41, 42, 91, 93, 98, + 104, 106, 107, 151, 162, 165, 239, 242, 246-257. + + Fort, 15. + + Frankland, Sir Henry, 25. + + Franklin, James, 138, 140. + + Freeman, Philip, 69, 131. + + Frocks, 64-66. + + Fry, Richard, 138. + + Fuller, Dr. Samuel, 174. + + Furnishings, Household, 7, 11, 23, 24, 26, 28-52, 55-57, 84-90, + 154, 163, 241, 242, 246-257, 261, 264, 277, 280. + + Furniture, 26, 29, 31, 33-37, 43-46, 49-52, 56, 57, 126, 246-257, + 261, 276, 279, 281. + + Furs, 249, 257, 267. + + + Gaines, Daniel, 141. + + Games, 110. + + Gardiner, David, 112. + + Gedney, ----, 88. + + Gee, Lately, 122. + + Germantown (Braintree), 130. + + Gilbert, Rev. Thomas, 208. + + Glass, 1, 14, 20-23, 129, 130, 249, 267, 269. + + Glazier's diamonds, 129. + + Glover, Rev. Jose, 36. + + Glover, 131. + + Gloves, 64, 68. + + Goffe, John, 55. + + Googe, William, 37, 38. + + Gore, John, 23. + + Goyt, John, 18. + + Graves, Richard, 88. + + Graves, Thomas, 84. + + Gray, Francis, 127. + + Gray, James, 127. + + Gray, Robert, 49. + + Green, Bartholomew, 16. + + Greenleaf, Stephen, 136. + + Gridley, Isaac, 25. + + Griffin, Henry, 126. + + Grocery wares, 250, 259. + + Gun, 136. + + Gunsmith, 131. + + + Hair, 63. + + Halberts, 131. + + Hall, Samuel, 126. + + Hamilton, Dr. Alexander, 29. + + Hancock, Thomas, 47, 134. + + Harding, Thomas, 146. + + Hardware, 25-27, 153, 244, 264, 272-274, 283. + + Hardware catalogs, 27. + + Harris, William, 149. + + Hartford, 17, 30. + + Harvard College, 115. + + Hatch, Col. Estes, 47. + + Hats, 67, 132, 250. + + Hearth, Iron, 132. + + Henchman, Daniel, 46. + + Henderson, Joseph, 69. + + Hendry, Robert, 124. + + Herbs, 99. + + Herb tea and the doctor, 174-198. + + Hersome, Mary, 86. + + Hewsen, John, 66. + + Hickey, John, 133. + + Higginson, Rev. Francis, 3-5, 11, 16, 60, 104. + + Hill, Thomas, 141. + + Hobart, Rev. Jeremiah, 209. + + Hollingsworth, William, 49. + + Holyoke, Rev. Edward, 108. + + Horse racing, 112-114. + + Houghton, Rowland, 122, 131, 140, 141. + + Hour glasses, 132. + + Houses, 20, 39, 228-237. + + Howard, William, 55. + + Hull, John, 152, 169-171. + + Hunt, James, 65. + + Hunt, Sarah, 141. + + + Ingram, John, 137. + + Indians, 16, 22, 114, 204, 211. + + Ipswich, 32, 35, 38. + + Irish, 8. + + Iron, 25, 26, 98, 121, 256, 259. + + Iron forge, 140. + + Iron foundry, 132. + + Iron monger, 132. + + Ivers, James, 115. + + + Jacks, roasting, 140. + + Jackson, Edward, 125, 126. + + Jackson, John, 140. + + Jenkins, Robert, 69. + + Jeweller, 132. + + Johnson, Edward, 16, 17, 108. + + Jones, Daniel, 132. + + Jones, William, 141. + + Joyner, 133. + + + Killcup, George, jr., 48. + + King's chapel, Boston, 235. + + + Lambert, Richard, 133. + + Landis, Henry, 64, 83. + + Langdon, Edward, 127. + + Laws in Massachusetts, 199-226. + + Leather clothing, 60, 61, 67, 70. + + Lewis, Alonzo, 17. + + Lidgett, Col. Charles, 146. + + Lime kiln, 134. + + Lincoln, Countess of, 19. + + Linen, 141, 251. + + Linen printer, 133, 134. + + Locksmith, 135. + + Log houses, 13-15. + + Lord, Rupert, 50. + + Lowell, John, 86. + + Luce, Capt., 66. + + Lumpkin, Richard, 35. + + Lyell, David, 138. + + Lynn, 17, 37. + + + Mahogany, 135. + + Malden, 227. + + Mallenson, Joseph, 89. + + Manufactures, 4, 14, 15, 25, 91, 94, 120-142, 145, 154-156, + 246-257, 276. + + Manners and customs, 28-30, 101-109. + + Marblehead, 18, 25, 29, 220. + + Marlborough, 231. + + Marriage intentions, 100. + + Marriot, Powers, 68. + + Mascoll, John, 37. + + Massachusetts Bay Company, 5, 20, 239. + + Massey, Robert, 85. + + Matches, 92. + + Mathematical instruments, 136. + + Mather, Rev. Cotton, 102, 146. + + Maverick, John, 47. + + Maxwell, James, 132. + + _Mayflower_ (ship), 7, 15, 31, 44. + + Medicine, 99, 101, 174-198. + + Meetinghouse, 227, 235. + + Metcalf, Joseph, 56. + + Middleborough, 141. + + Middleton, Alexander, 130. + + Military, 2, 114. + + Military equipment, 132, 135. + + Millard, Thomas, 36. + + Miller, Samuel, 131. + + Ministry, The, 207. + + Money, 166-173, 270. + + Moody, Rev. Samuel, 103. + + More, Capt. Richard, 44. + + Morton, Thomas, 201. + + Muff, 68. + + Murder, 202. + + Music, 136. + + Musgrave, Philip, 113. + + Mustard maker, 137. + + + Nailmaking, 137. + + Navigation Acts, 146. + + Needlemaker, 137. + + Newbury, 107. + + Newhall, Mrs. Thomas, 55. + + Newport, R. I., 146. + + Nichol, James, 141. + + Nichols, William, 69. + + Norton, Mary, 85. + + Noyes, Rev. James, 56, 87. + + + Oakes, Edward, 125. + + Oakes, Dr. Thomas, 176. + + Oil, Lamp, 137. + + Oliver, Mary, 214-217. + + Ordeal of touch, 202-204. + + Oven, Brick, 41, 93. + + + Paine, William, 258. + + Paint, 22-25, 49, 130. + + Palmer, Joseph, 127. + + Paper mill, 137, 138. + + Paper money, 172, 173. + + Parker, John, 48. + + Patchwork quilt, 53-59. + + Paxton, Charles, 51. + + Peddler, 127. + + Perkins, Jacob, 38. + + Perkins, Dr. John, 177. + + Perkins, Rev. William, 208. + + Perry, Michael, 46. + + Pewter, 34, 36, 43, 84-90, 125, 138. + + Phillips, John, 48, 221. + + Phillips, Joseph, 124. + + Pictures, 156. + + Pig run, 113. + + Pillion, 97. + + Pim, John, 131. + + Pine tree money, 167-171. + + Piracy, 217-224. + + Pirates, 145-148. + + Plank houses, 15. + + Plymouth, 13, 15. + + Pope's night, 116. + + Population, 101. + + Portraits, 64, 80. + + Potash, 138. + + Potter, Luke, 141. + + Pottery, 138, 139. + + Powder maker, 139. + + Prices of commodities, 239-245, 258-283. + + Pride, John, 138. + + Privateering, 145. + + Pumpkins, 98, 106. + + Pumps, 122, 131, 140, 141. + + Punishments, 7, 39, 44, 88, 110, 133, 199-226. + + Putnam, John, 89. + + + Quakers, 14. + + Quelch, Capt. John, 145, 220. + + Quilting party, 119. + + Quilts, 53-59. + + + Raisings, 119. + + Randolph, Edward, 148. + + de Rasieres, Isaac, 15. + + Ray, Caleb, 140. + + Read, James, 129. + + Richards, Capt. Stephen, 129. + + Religious affairs, 101-104, 107. + + Russell, John, 138. + + Russell, Thomas, 126. + + Robinson, John, 142. + + Rogers, Rev. Ezekiel, 56. + + Rogers, Rev. Nathaniel, 49. + + Rowe, John, 47. + + + Salem, 1, 16, 19, 20, 22, 49. + + Salt trade, 156. + + Saltonstall, Richard, 33, 34, 201, 205. + + Sanded floors, 44. + + Savage, Arthur, 127, 129, 130. + + Scales, 140. + + Scarlet letter, 210, 214. + + Schaw, Janet, 163-165. + + School, Boarding, 124. + + Sergeant, Peter, 24, 46. + + Servants, 8. + + Sewall, Hannah, 21. + + Sewall, Samuel, 21, 28, 63, 114. + + Sharp, ----, 19. + + Shipbuilding, 143, 148, 154. + + Ship owners, 157. + + Shipping and trade, 143-165. + + Ships, Passenger accommodations on, 7, 158-165. + + Shirley, Gov. William, 116. + + Shoemaker, 140. + + Shoes, 64, 66, 69, 94, 243. + + Short, Henry, 45. + + Shuffle-board, 110. + + Silver, 34, 36, 37, 43, 64, 87. + + Skelton, Rev. Samuel, 239. + + Skins, 253, 267. + + Sluyter, Peter, 13-15. + + Smibert, John, 49. + + Smith, Francis, 127. + + Smith, Samuel, 55. + + Smith, Simon, 137. + + Snow shoes, 68. + + Soap, 97. + + Soap boiler, 127. + + Society in Massachusetts, 107. + + Spinning, 94, 95. + + Sports and Games, 110-119. + + Starr, Daniel, 48. + + Stephens, William, 144. + + Stevens, Daniel, 68, 115. + + Stockings, 64, 67, 70. + + Stoves, 141. + + Surriage, Agnes, 25. + + Swan, Col. James, 47. + + Symmes, Thomas, 139. + + Symonds, Mrs. Rebecka, 61. + + + Tailor, 141. + + Taverns, 110-112. + + Thacher, Oxenbridge, 125. + + Thacher, Rev. Peter, 141. + + Thatch, 19, 38. + + Thomas, Isaac, 46. + + Tidmarsh, Giles Dulake, 52. + + Tiles, Dutch, 129. + + Tilley, George, 24. + + Timber, 145. + + Tinware, 127. + + Tobacco, 63. + + Tools, implements, etc., 1, 7, 10, 44, 98, 246-257, 260, + 264, 266, 280. + + Topsfield, 23, 207. + + Towle, Ann, 33, 34. + + Toys, 42. + + Trade, 143-165. + + Trades, 15, 20, 58, 91, 94, 107, 120-142. + + Trenton, N. J., 14. + + Turner, Robert, 66, 243. + + Tymms, Brown, 125. + + + Underwood, James, 122. + + Usher, John, 67. + + + Vegetables, 7. + + Veren, Hilliard, 49. + + Vessels, 2, 4-12, 143-165. + + Vetch, ----, Col., 21. + + Vincent, William, 139. + + + Wall paper, 46-49. + + Wampum, 166. + + Wash bench, 29, 30. + + Water engine, 141. + + Watertown, 16. + + Weapons, 4, 37, 56. + + Weaving, 94, 134, 151. + + Webber, John, 139. + + Webber, Thomas, 126. + + Webster, John, 122. + + Weld, Capt. Joseph, 242. + + Well, 99. + + Westford, Conn., 30. + + Wharton, Edward, 262. + + Wheelwright, 142. + + Whipple, Matthew, 86. + + White, Thomas, 49. + + Whitear, John, 124. + + Whitesmith, 124. + + Whittingham, John, 56. + + Wigglesworth, Rev. Michael, 103, 175. + + Wigs, 68. + + Wigwams, 16-18. + + Windows, 14, 21, 22, 230, 232, 237. + + Winslow, John, 132. + + Winthrop, Gov. John, 9, 16, 18, 34, 106. + + Winthrop, John, jr., 32. + + Witchcraft, 211. + + Woburn, 17. + + Wood, Obadiah, 122. + + Wood, 254. + + Woodcocke, William, 121. + + Woodenware, 84-87, 154. + + Woodman, ----, 28. + + Woolen cloths, 257. + + Wright, James, 123. + + + York, Me., 103. + + Young, Christopher, 86, 88. + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's note: + +Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. +Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as +printed. + +Mismatched quotes are not fixed if it's not sufficiently clear where +the missing quote should be placed. + +The cover for the eBook version of this book was created by the +transcriber and is placed in the public domain. + +Page 48: "Killcup is ready to pay those he in indebted to"--The +transcriber has changed "in" to "is". + +Page 186: "by being exernally applied"--"exernally" has been replaced +with "externally". + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Every Day Life in the Massachusetts +Bay Colony, by George Francis Dow + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43970 *** |