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diff --git a/43968-h/43968-h.htm b/43968-h/43968-h.htm index 35223dc..62874e7 100644 --- a/43968-h/43968-h.htm +++ b/43968-h/43968-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Book of Coniston by W. G. Collingwood. @@ -159,45 +159,7 @@ table { </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's The Book of Coniston, by William Gershom Collingwood - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Book of Coniston - -Author: William Gershom Collingwood - -Release Date: October 17, 2013 [EBook #43968] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOOK OF CONISTON *** - - - - -Produced by Les Galloway, sp1nd and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43968 ***</div> <h1><small>THE</small><br /> BOOK OF CONISTON</h1> @@ -205,7 +167,7 @@ BOOK OF CONISTON</h1> <p class="center space-above"><small>BY</small><br/> W. G. COLLINGWOOD, M.A., F.S.A.,<br /> <small><i>Editor to the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and<br /> -Archæological Society;<br /> +Archæological Society;<br /> Author of "The Life of John Ruskin," etc.</i></small></p> @@ -405,7 +367,7 @@ of the Scrow among parsley fern and club moss, and fifteen minutes from the bridge bring us through a sheepfold to another stile from which Weatherlam is finely seen on the right, and on the left the tall cascade from Lowwater. A -short ten minutes more, and we reach the hause (<i>háls</i> or neck) +short ten minutes more, and we reach the hause (<i>háls</i> or neck) joining the crag of the Bell (to the left) with the ridge of the Old Man up which our way winds.</p> @@ -446,7 +408,7 @@ doom!</p> their way up the ledges of Raven Tor to the top of Lowwater Fall. We follow the sledge road, and in five minutes reach Saddlestones Quarry, with its tram-lines and tunnelled level, -and continually increasing platform of "rid" or débris.</p> +and continually increasing platform of "rid" or débris.</p> <p>Ten minutes' walk from the quarries brings us to Lowwater, with glimpses of Windermere in the distance, and Leverswater @@ -474,7 +436,7 @@ lying in the vastest space of sweet cultivated country I have ever looked over,—a great part of the view from the Rigi being merely over black pine-forest, even on the plains."</p> -<p>Fifteen minutes more take us up this steep arête to the top, +<p>Fifteen minutes more take us up this steep arête to the top, 2626 feet above the sea.</p> <p>There used to be three ancient cairns—the "Old Man" @@ -512,7 +474,7 @@ mountain line Weatherlam is the better standpoint. To walk along the ridge over springy turf is easy and exhilarating after the toil of the stony climb; and the excursion is often made. A mile to the depression of Levers Hause, another mile past -Wool Crags and the Carrs, down Prison Band (the arête +Wool Crags and the Carrs, down Prison Band (the arête running eastward from the nearer side of the Carrs) to the dip at Swirl Hause; and a third mile over Blacksail, would bring you to Weatherlam Cairn. And a red sunset there, with a @@ -561,7 +523,7 @@ rapidly enough to go over the edge by mistake, but confidently. Your natural instincts will make you trend a trifle to the left, which is right and proper. It you have a compass, steer south south-east. In five minutes by the watch you will -be well on the grass-grown arête, thinly set with slate-slabs, +be well on the grass-grown arête, thinly set with slate-slabs, but affording easy walking. Keep the grass on a slightly increasing downward slope; do not go down steep places either to right or to left, and in ten minutes more you will @@ -655,7 +617,7 @@ under the water from this point to Fir Point opposite. Dr. H. R. Mill, by his soundings in 1893, found the deepest part of the little northern reach to be hardly more than 25 feet; this was close to the actual head of the water, showing that it -is the débris brought down by the Yewdale and Church Becks +is the débris brought down by the Yewdale and Church Becks which is silting up the bed.</p> <p>Looking round this northern reach, which the gondola does @@ -733,7 +695,7 @@ any stream like that at the steamer pier; it points to the fact, more strikingly seen in Windermere, that these long lakes, like most of the long valleys, are not mere troughs or grooves ploughed in the rock, but a series of basins, partly filled up -with glacial débris, and partly joined together by glacial +with glacial débris, and partly joined together by glacial erosion, which broke and planed away the dividing barriers.</p> <p>Fir Island (formerly from its owner called Knott Island, @@ -777,7 +739,7 @@ indicated that it once was used as a fortress; and permission being asked from the agent of the owner, the Duke of Buccleugh, some little excavations were made, which revealed ancient buildings and walls, with pottery of an early -mediæval type and other remains, which can be seen in the +mediæval type and other remains, which can be seen in the Coniston Museum. But Peel Island is such a jewel of natural beauty that antiquarian curiosity hardly justified more than the most respectful disturbance of its bluebells and heather.</p> @@ -866,7 +828,7 @@ of the country folk.</p> <p>These remains are described by Mr. H. Swainson Cowper, F.S.A., in "The Ancient Settlements, Cemeteries, and Earthworks -of Furness" (<i>Archæologia</i>, vol. liii., 1893, with plans), +of Furness" (<i>Archæologia</i>, vol. liii., 1893, with plans), and some of them have passing notice in books relating to the district. Their very rudeness is a source of interest, and the mystery of their origin offers a fresh field for antiquarian @@ -1336,14 +1298,14 @@ Norse, becoming in our dialect sometimes "garth" and sometimes <p>At the Waterhead the signpost tells us to follow the road to Hawkshead, anciently Hawkens-heved or Hawkenside—<i>Hauk's</i> -or <i>Hákon's</i> headland or seat.</p> +or <i>Hákon's</i> headland or seat.</p> <p>Taking the second turn to the left we go up the ravine of Tarn Hows Gill (<i>Tjarn-haugs-gil</i>), and reach a favourite spot for mountain views. Above and around the moorland lake rise the Langdale Pikes (<i>Langidalr</i> there is also in Iceland), -Lingmoor (<i>lyng-mor</i>), Silver How (<i>Sölva-haugr</i>), Loughrigg -(<i>loch-hryggr</i>), Fairfield (<i>fær-fjall</i>), Red Screes (<i>raud-skridhur</i>), +Lingmoor (<i>lyng-mor</i>), Silver How (<i>Sölva-haugr</i>), Loughrigg +(<i>loch-hryggr</i>), Fairfield (<i>fær-fjall</i>), Red Screes (<i>raud-skridhur</i>), and on the left Weatherlam (<i>vedhr-hjalmr</i>) and all the <i>fells</i> and <i>dales</i>, <i>moors</i> and <i>meres</i>, which cannot be named without talking Norse.</p> @@ -1357,10 +1319,10 @@ out upon the road opposite Yewtree House, behind which stood the famous old yew blown down in the storm of 22nd December, 1894. Turning to the right, we pass Arnside (<i>Arna-sidha</i> or <i>setr</i>, Ami's fellside or dairy) and Oxenfell -(<i>öxna-fell</i>), and soon look down upon Colwith (<i>Koll-vidhr</i>, +(<i>öxna-fell</i>), and soon look down upon Colwith (<i>Koll-vidhr</i>, "peak-wood" from the peaked rocks rising to the left above it; or <i>Kol-vidhr</i>, wood in which charcoal was made). We quit -the road to Skelwith (<i>skál-vidhr</i>, the wood of the scale or shed) +the road to Skelwith (<i>skál-vidhr</i>, the wood of the scale or shed) and descend to Colwith Feet (<i>fit</i>, meadow on the bank of a river or lake), and ascend again to Colwith Force (<i>fors</i>, waterfall), and pass the <i>Tarn to Fell Foot</i>, an old manor house, @@ -1374,7 +1336,7 @@ behind the house, in which Dr. Gibson and Mr. H. S. Cowper have recognized a Thingmount such as the Vikings used for the ceremonies of their Thing or Parliament. There was one in Dublin, the Thingmote; the Manx Tynwald is still in use; -and the name <i>Thingvöllr</i> (thing-field) survives at Thingwall in +and the name <i>Thingvöllr</i> (thing-field) survives at Thingwall in Cheshire, South Lancashire, and Dumfriesshire. On the steps of the mound the people stood in their various ranks while the Law-speaker proclaimed from the top the laws or judgments @@ -1645,7 +1607,7 @@ claim his own she fled up Yewdale Beck, calling on "Father Brian and St. Herbert," and the devil's hoof stuck fast in the Bannockstone, a rock below the wooden bridge in Mr. George Fleming's field. The hole is there. Many rocks have such -holes, from the weathering out of nodules. Mediævals may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +holes, from the weathering out of nodules. Mediævals may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> have called them devil's footprints; moderns often call them "cup-markings," in equal error.</p> @@ -1655,7 +1617,7 @@ for the abbey's Monk Coniston representative at the Waterhead. But the final list of abbey estates (1535), while mentioning Watsyde Parke, Lawson Parke, and Parkamore among granges and parks, puts "Watterhed et (Monk) -Connyngston, £10-19-5-1/4" in the rental of tenants, as if the +Connyngston, £10-19-5-1/4" in the rental of tenants, as if the farm were then let to a tenant, as Hawkshead Hall was in 1512. The old Waterhead mansion, however, is known as Monk Coniston <i>par excellence</i>, and behind the modern Gothic @@ -1664,7 +1626,7 @@ said by Mr. Marshall, the owner, to be part of the original monks' house.</p> <p>There are few actual relics of this period in the way of -archæological finds, so that the discovery of a tiny key of +archæological finds, so that the discovery of a tiny key of lead, with trefles on the ring, cast in a double mould, at Tent Cottage, where it was found under a stone, is worth remark. Mr. H. S. Cowper thought it a pilgrim's badge of the fourteenth @@ -1974,15 +1936,15 @@ Later, the old oak was carried off. Quite recently the dwelling-house and the chimneys have been newly cemented, which, necessary as it was, takes away from the picturesqueness. The main features of the interior can be traced; we -can make out the daïs, the great fireplace, the carved screen +can make out the daïs, the great fireplace, the carved screen through which doors led to the stairs going down to buttery and kitchen, and the fine old roof with its great oak beams. From the middle beam, in which the grooves for planking are still seen, a wainscot partition was fixed to the back of the -daïs, and behind it was the withdrawing room. There you see +daïs, and behind it was the withdrawing room. There you see its large fireplace and windows on both sides, and in the corner is a spiral staircase, leading down to a door opening on -the garden, and up to the loft or solar, in mediæval times +the garden, and up to the loft or solar, in mediæval times the best bedroom, of which we can see the footing of the flooring joists up in the wall, and the little window looking east to catch the morning sun. That was no drawback; folk @@ -2066,7 +2028,7 @@ was, and still is ecclesiastically, in the parish of Hawkshead.</p> the "gentleman of great pomp and expence." It was consecrated and made parochial by Bishop Chaderton; the original dedication is not known. In 1650 the Parliamentary enquiry -shows that there was no maintenance but the £1 19s. 10d. +shows that there was no maintenance but the £1 19s. 10d. which the people raised for their "reader," Sir Richard Roule—"Sir" meaning "Rev." in those days. With liberal squires at the Hall, no doubt the "priest," as they called him, was not @@ -2088,7 +2050,7 @@ office by the six men or sidesmen representing the inhabitants. The patronage was afterwards in the hands of the Braddylls of Conishead Priory; eventually it passed into the possession<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> of the Rev. A. Peache, and the living is now in the gift of the -Peache trustees. Its net value is £220.</p> +Peache trustees. Its net value is £220.</p> <p>The original church, for we do not know that it was rebuilt between 1586 and 1818, was a small oblong structure with @@ -2215,7 +2177,7 @@ Udale, Wm. Walker, Wm. Harrison & Elizabeth Parks.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> <p>To this devision we the Minister, six men and churchwardens have set -our hands the year ffirst written, Anno Dnî 1684</p> +our hands the year ffirst written, Anno Dnî 1684</p> <p class="p2">Jo. Birkett cur.<br/> Wm. ffleming}<br/> @@ -2230,9 +2192,9 @@ Myles Dixon}</p> <p>In 1817 the curate in charge, John Douglas, and the churchwardens, Joseph Barrow and William Townson, obtained a -faculty to rebuild the church. A sum of £325 was raised by +faculty to rebuild the church. A sum of £325 was raised by subscription, a further sum by assessment, and the Incorporated -Church Building Society made a grant of £125. The +Church Building Society made a grant of £125. The new church was consecrated by the Bishop of Chester on November 20th, 1819—Coniston being still within the diocese of Chester, not yet transferred to that of Carlisle.</p> @@ -2250,7 +2212,7 @@ equal correctness, the stump of a large square chimney."</p> <p>In 1866 the same writer, in a paper read to the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, said:—"The church of Coniston, which occupies a position central to the village, is a -chapel of ease under Ulverston, with a stipend of £146, +chapel of ease under Ulverston, with a stipend of £146, recently augmented, derived from land, houses, bounty, dividends and fees. It was rebuilt in 1819 on the site of an older edifice. The only part of the former church that remains @@ -2271,7 +2233,7 @@ difficult to get it down. So strongly was it built and cemented together that it had to be cut through nearly, near its base, before it could be brought down." Mr. Bownass goes on to say that his father, as one of the guarantees, contributed -nearly £50, "which his widow had to pay, he himself dying +nearly £50, "which his widow had to pay, he himself dying before it was finished, and was the first person carried into the Church while the shavings, etc., lay on the floor, as the writer, his son, of 6 years of age, can well remember."</p> @@ -2292,7 +2254,7 @@ be whilst the pews are allowed to remain. The parish register dates back to 1594. In the vestry is stored a library, chiefly of works in divinity, sermons, etc., which have been purchased from time to time with the interest of different sums left by -the Fleming family, commencing with £5 under the will of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> +the Fleming family, commencing with £5 under the will of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> Roger Fleming of Coniston, dated February, 1699. In the vestibule of the southern entrance to the church is kept one of those curious old chests, made from a solid block @@ -2359,7 +2321,7 @@ church, and already of the past.</p> Bishop Goodwin after a "restoration" which almost amounted to renovation. The Rev. C. Chapman, in his pamphlet on <i>The ancient Parochial Church of Coniston</i>, 1888, had already -been able to announce that £600 had been gathered for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> +been able to announce that £600 had been gathered for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> Building Fund, beside about the same amount spent in buying the old schoolhouse and playground in order to improve the site. But the money did not suffice for entire rebuilding; the @@ -2384,7 +2346,7 @@ second brother was this Monument by her three sorrowful sons S<sup>r</sup> Danie Fleming Knight Roger Fleming and William Fleming gentlemen, for their dear Mother and Uncle here erected. The said John Kirkby (having lived above 30 yeares with his sister aforesaid, and having given -to the Churches and Poor of Kirkby and Coningston aforesaid 150£) died +to the Churches and Poor of Kirkby and Coningston aforesaid 150£) died a Bachelor at Coningston-Hall aforementioned September 28 A.D. 1680, and was buried near unto this place the next day: And the said Alice Fleming died also (having outlived her late Husband above 27 yeares @@ -2733,7 +2695,7 @@ adventurers," but were then discontinued.</p> John Barratt became the leader. His skill and energy brought about such success that in 1849 they employed 400 men, and yielded 250 tons of ore monthly. In 1855 the monthly wage -list amounted to £2,000. In 1866 Dr. Gibson said:—"For +list amounted to £2,000. In 1866 Dr. Gibson said:—"For many years their shipments averaged 300 tons per month, and employed from five to six hundred people," but "the number of hands employed do not now exceed two hundred."</p> @@ -2850,7 +2812,7 @@ District, as in other parts of the country.</p> appears from the place-name of "Ouregrave" in <i>Domesday</i>, which must be identical with Orgrave. At this place, early in the thirteenth century, Roger of Orgrave gave Furness Abbey -the mine "cum ... aquæ cursu ad illam scil. mineriam +the mine "cum ... aquæ cursu ad illam scil. mineriam lavandum," a grant confirmed by his son Hamo in 1235 (<i>Coucher Book of Furness</i>, p. 229). About 1230 Thomas le Fleming gave them iron mines in Elliscales. By 1292 a great @@ -2900,9 +2862,9 @@ had been nearly denuded of timber.</p> of Henry VIII. let part of the woods of Furness Fells to William Sandys and John Sawrey, to maintain three smithies, or combined smelting and hammering works, for which the -rent was £20. Less than thirty years later, in 1564-5, these +rent was £20. Less than thirty years later, in 1564-5, these were suppressed, because it was represented that the woods -were being wasted, and the £20 rent was thenceforward paid +were being wasted, and the £20 rent was thenceforward paid to the lord of the manor by the customary tenants as "bloomsmithy rent."</p> @@ -2922,12 +2884,12 @@ we know was stocked in the seventeenth century and probably was preserved in the sixteenth, would make impossible the carrying on of smelting at Waterpark bloomery, which is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> within it, and at Springs, close to it. The relics from Peel -Island, associated with iron works, seem to be mediæval, and +Island, associated with iron works, seem to be mediæval, and the isolation of a forge on an island, as at Rampsholme in Derwentwater, implies that protection was sought, which would hardly be needed in Elizabethan and later times hereabouts. The conclusion seems to be that many of the little -bloomeries are mediæval; that at Stable Harvey, perhaps the +bloomeries are mediæval; that at Stable Harvey, perhaps the work of Conishead Priory after the grant of 1282, and those in Monk Coniston, the work of Furness Abbey.</p> @@ -2944,7 +2906,7 @@ to that of Dantzick."</p> <h3><span class="smcap">Slate.</span></h3> <p>Roofing slabs have been found in the ruins of Calder Abbey -and the Well Chapel at Gosforth, both mediæval; in the +and the Well Chapel at Gosforth, both mediæval; in the mansion on Lord's Island, Derwentwater, destroyed before the end of the seventeenth century, we found green Borrowdale roofing slates. Purple Skiddaw roofing slates were also @@ -3010,7 +2972,7 @@ trade in the early part of the nineteenth century. John Atkinson of Ivytree, Blawith, in 1803 was interested in the Tilberthwaite Quarries, and in 1804 applied for leave to redeem the Land Tax on the ground they covered, the annual sum being -£2 13s. 4d. From 1820 we find John Atkinson & Co. working +£2 13s. 4d. From 1820 we find John Atkinson & Co. working seven quarries—Ashgill (to the left hand as you go up Walna Scar) the most important, occupying usually about a dozen men, and worked at considerable profit until 1830, when it @@ -3030,10 +2992,10 @@ Atkinson's account-book, from which it seems that apprentices at the riving and dressing began at 1s. or 1s. 6d., with a yearly rise to 2s. 6d., before they were out of their time. The profits were fluctuating—Goldscope in two years (1821-23) produced -£1,072 17s. worth of slates, and paid £719 18s. 10d. in wages; -Ashgill in 1826 made £381 less powder, tools, candles, &c.; +£1,072 17s. worth of slates, and paid £719 18s. 10d. in wages; +Ashgill in 1826 made £381 less powder, tools, candles, &c.; but these were good years. The royalties to Lady le Fleming -on Cove and Mosshead for 1827-32 amounted to £33 6s.</p> +on Cove and Mosshead for 1827-32 amounted to £33 6s.</p> <p>Tilberthwaite was the old possession of the Jacksons. Their ancestor had come from Gosforth, Cumberland, about 1690, @@ -3049,7 +3011,7 @@ account books after 1832, and he seems to have taken over the actual working of the quarries. In 1904 the total output of the Coniston quarries (Cove, High Fellside, Mossrigg and Klondyke, Parrock, Saddlestone, and Walna Scar) was 3438 -tons; value at the quarries, £12,251.</p> +tons; value at the quarries, £12,251.</p> <h3><span class="smcap">Wood.</span></h3> @@ -3323,7 +3285,7 @@ carried on in quarry and edge tools, employing a number of men and apprentices; and profitable enough to enable the owner to buy many plots of land round about, to which his son William, who inherited the business, added other purchases, -and still managed to save £100 a year. William +and still managed to save £100 a year. William Bownass died in 1818, and was the first person buried after the rebuilding of the church; of his seven children, Isaac, of Queen's College, Cambridge, became a successful schoolmaster, @@ -3678,7 +3640,7 @@ Coniston!"</p> <p>Before he was fairly well again he heard through his old friend, Mr. T. Richmond, that a house and land at Coniston -were for sale. The owner, W. J. Linton, asked £1,500 for the +were for sale. The owner, W. J. Linton, asked £1,500 for the estate, and he bought it at once. In September he travelled here to see his bargain and found the cottage, as it then was, in poor condition; but, as he wrote, some acres "of rock and @@ -4509,7 +4471,7 @@ supposed to be from the Celtic <i>Eilean</i>, island.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> <i>Rear</i> or <i>Ray Crag</i>, like <i>Rear</i> or <i>Ray Cross</i> upon -Stainmoor, from the old Norse <i>Rá</i>, "boundary."</p></div> +Stainmoor, from the old Norse <i>Rá</i>, "boundary."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> <i>Fittess</i>, like <i>Fitz</i> at Keswick, Colwith <i>Feet</i>, @@ -4527,387 +4489,6 @@ Obvious inconsistencies of punctuation have been resolved.<br /> Inconsistencies of hyphenation have been retained except those between text and index which have been resolved. </p> - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Book of Coniston, by -William Gershom Collingwood - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOOK OF CONISTON *** - -***** This file should be named 43968-h.htm or 43968-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/9/6/43968/ - -Produced by Les Galloway, sp1nd and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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