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diff --git a/43965-h/43965-h.htm b/43965-h/43965-h.htm index c1b5e16..aeb8c27 100644 --- a/43965-h/43965-h.htm +++ b/43965-h/43965-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Invention, the Master-key To Progress, by Bradley A. Fiske. @@ -306,46 +306,7 @@ i.train {font-style: italic;} </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Invention, by Bradley A. Fiske - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Invention - The Master-key to Progress - -Author: Bradley A. Fiske - -Release Date: October 17, 2013 [EBook #43965] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INVENTION *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Charlie Howard, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43965 ***</div> <div class="transnote hidev"> <p class="p0 center">On some devices, clicking a blue-bordered illustration will display a larger version of it.</p> @@ -691,7 +652,7 @@ done this in all the long centuries? Surely it was not because men of great reasoning faculties had not lived; for in the long interval the civilization of Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Persia, Greece and Rome had flourished; -and Plato, Aristotle, Cæsar and the great inventor +and Plato, Aristotle, Cæsar and the great inventor Archimedes had lived! Similarly, men continued to use in wood the same flat pointed screw that they used in metals, boring the hole first in the wood @@ -2245,7 +2206,7 @@ century B. C.</p> <div class="tb">*<span class="in2">*</span><span class="in2">*</span><span class="in2">*</span><span class="in2">*</span></div> -<p>The brief résumé just given of the inventions made +<p>The brief résumé just given of the inventions made in prehistoric times, and also in historic times in China, Egypt and western Asia, shows that before Greece had attained any civilization whatever the most important @@ -2337,10 +2298,10 @@ era, was a country of Europe and inhabited by a people who seem near. The Greeks who overran what we now call Greece, probably about 1500 B. C., took possession of a civilization exceedingly high, which the -inhabitants of the mainland and the Ægean Islands +inhabitants of the mainland and the Ægean Islands had received from the East, through the Phœnicians, who brought it in their ships. This civilization the -Ægean islanders, especially the Cretans, had developed +Ægean islanders, especially the Cretans, had developed and improved, particularly in creations of beauty and works of art. The Greeks created a still higher civilization, and transmitted it to us. The influence of @@ -2489,8 +2450,8 @@ directed largely by the implements which they had to do deeds with.</p> <p>We must realize, of course, that the Greeks were -much indebted to the Ægeans; for discoveries about -the shores and islands of the Ægean Sea show that +much indebted to the Ægeans; for discoveries about +the shores and islands of the Ægean Sea show that long before the advent of the Greeks they used tools and weapons of rough and then of polished stone, and later of copper and tin and bronze; that they lived on @@ -2537,18 +2498,18 @@ engine is; but its office is to stimulate the mind, as a poem does.</p> <p>The first inventor of mechanical appliances, mentioned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span> -by name as such, was Dædalus of Athens. He +by name as such, was Dædalus of Athens. He was probably a mythical person. He was reputed to be the son or the grandson of Erectheus, a probably mythical king. He is credited with the invention of the saw, the gimlet, the plumb-line, the axe, the wedge, the lever, masts and sails and even of flying;—for he is said to have escaped from Crete to Sicily with artificial -wings. The story of Dædalus, like that of many other +wings. The story of Dædalus, like that of many other mythological personages, is both interesting and irritating from the mixture of the very probable, the highly improbable, and the entirely impossible, in a -jumble. But the story of Dædalus seems to make it +jumble. But the story of Dædalus seems to make it probable that all the things which he is reported to have invented (except flying) were in use in Greece in prehistoric times.</p> @@ -2556,7 +2517,7 @@ prehistoric times.</p> <p>As no records show to us that the inventions just enumerated (except masts and sails) had been invented elsewhere, we may feel justified in inferring that -they were invented in Greece by Dædalus, or by some +they were invented in Greece by Dædalus, or by some other man bearing a different name,—or by some other men. The name borne by the man is not important to us now; but it is important to realize that such @@ -2593,7 +2554,7 @@ later around some cylindrical shaft or column, and given the first suggestion for the screw or gimlet. Of course, a gimlet is a kind of screw. The Greeks do not seem to have applied their inventiveness -after the time of Dædalus to mechanical +after the time of Dædalus to mechanical appliances, but to works of art and systems of religion and philosophy. One of their most important inventions may be said to be mid-way between: it consisted @@ -2686,7 +2647,7 @@ Again Greece was saved from Persia by pure brain power, that of Themistocles. Like Miltiades, he rejected the obvious. Discerning, as no one else discerned, that the weakest point in the Persian forces -was the line of communication across the Ægean Sea, +was the line of communication across the Ægean Sea, because the ships of those days were fragile, and an invading army needed to get supplies continually from Persia, he pointed out that although it was the Persian @@ -2749,7 +2710,7 @@ arts, while the Athenians devoted themselves mainly to the beautification of Athens; though they were careful to guard it adequately by maintaining an excellent navy, surrounding the city with high walls, and building two -long parallel walls from Athens to Piræus, its seaport.</p> +long parallel walls from Athens to Piræus, its seaport.</p> <p>It would be out of place in a book like this to attempt any description or discussion of the various @@ -2882,7 +2843,7 @@ in the way.</p> <p>Of the great pointers of the way, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and others, it might be deemed presumptuous of the present author to do more than speak; and of -the great stimulators, Æschuylus, Sophocles, Euripedes, +the great stimulators, Æschuylus, Sophocles, Euripedes, Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, and, above all, Demosthenes as well. But because it is pertinent to our subject it is instructive for us to note that the main @@ -3277,7 +3238,7 @@ died. But it did not fall into anarchy, or revert to its previous state: it was divided into four parts, each of which was distinct, self-governing and well organized. The two larger parts, the kingdom of -the Seleucidæ, which occupied approximately the territory +the Seleucidæ, which occupied approximately the territory of Persia, and the kingdom of the Ptolomies, or Egypt, continued as torch-bearers to civilization for many centuries thereafter.</p> @@ -3300,7 +3261,7 @@ greater influence on history than any other civilization ever had—the creative element. The creative period of Greece ceased when her political liberty was lost. Furthermore, the immense amount of wealth that -poured into the Grecian cities and the Græco-Oriental +poured into the Grecian cities and the Græco-Oriental world, by reason of the putting into circulation of gold<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span> that had been stored away in Oriental palaces, as well as by the commercial exploitation of the riches of the @@ -3314,7 +3275,7 @@ Hellenistic Age</p></div> </div> <p>Nevertheless, there was great intellectual activity in -the Græco-Oriental world, and a certain measure of +the Græco-Oriental world, and a certain measure of invention, though little was of a basic kind. Euclid improved the science of geometry, and put it in virtually the same shape as that in which it has been @@ -3479,7 +3440,7 @@ characteristics from the Greeks; for they were stern, warlike, intensely practical, and possessed of an extraordinary talent for what we now call "team work." As a nation they were not so inventive as the Greeks; but -the Roman, Cæsar, was the greatest military inventor +the Roman, Cæsar, was the greatest military inventor who ever lived.</p> <p>As might be expected, their early endeavors pertained @@ -3549,7 +3510,7 @@ the time of starting, Rome possessed a hundred quinqueremes, the largest galleys of those days, having five tiers of rowers; though they had had none when the war broke out. The first naval battle took place near -the promontory of Mylæ. Naturally, the Romans +the promontory of Mylæ. Naturally, the Romans were at a great disadvantage as compared with the experienced officers and sailors in the Carthaginian fleet; for though the Roman soldier was far better @@ -3578,7 +3539,7 @@ The great Carthaginian General, Hannibal, invaded Italy by land in the Second War, and after a campaign<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span> marked with a high order of daring and ability, threatened Rome herself after a brilliant victory near Lake -Trasimene. Another victory followed at Cannæ, but +Trasimene. Another victory followed at Cannæ, but a decisive disaster later on the Metaurus River. So the Second War was won by Rome. But Carthage still existed, and menaced the commercial, naval and @@ -3613,7 +3574,7 @@ republican form of government. In that year, 58 B. C., the man who probably is the most generally regarded as the greatest man who has ever lived, appeared upon the stage of history. His name was Julius -Cæsar.</p> +Cæsar.</p> <p>He appeared in that year, because he went then from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span> Rome to Gaul, and started on those brilliant and in @@ -3633,10 +3594,10 @@ state of continual war with each other. In the southern and middle parts the effects of Roman civilization might be dimly seen; but in the southwestern part, and in the north, especially among the German tribes on -the Rhine, and the Belgæ near the North Sea, a condition +the Rhine, and the Belgæ near the North Sea, a condition of virtually pure savagery prevailed.</p> -<p>Into such a country Cæsar marched, at the head of +<p>Into such a country Cæsar marched, at the head of a body of men wholly inferior in numbers to those they were to meet, not superior to them in courage or physical strength, but considerably superior to them in @@ -3650,15 +3611,15 @@ the Roman machine was great enough to balance its inferiority in size. Looking back from our vantage ground on the history of the campaigns that followed, we feel inclined to answer the question in the negative, -unless we consider Cæsar himself a part of the machine. +unless we consider Cæsar himself a part of the machine. It is true that the campaigns were decided in favor of the Roman machine; but there seems little ground for doubting that they would not have been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">87</a></span> -so decided, if the genius of Cæsar had not managed the +so decided, if the genius of Cæsar had not managed the Roman machine and made improvements from time to time.</p> -<p>Cæsar had had little experience as a soldier, but his +<p>Cæsar had had little experience as a soldier, but his habits of life and traits of character were of the military kind. As the campaigns progressed, his courage, equanimity and rapidity of thought and action were @@ -3678,66 +3639,66 @@ lands, and march west to the fertile lands beyond. As this would take them through Roman territory and tend to drive the Gauls into Italy, open Switzerland to occupation by the Germans, and point a road thence -for them also into Italy, Cæsar hastened to the Rhône +for them also into Italy, Cæsar hastened to the Rhône River, destroyed the bridge which they would naturally go over, and forbade the Swiss to attempt to cross the -river. The Swiss pleaded with Cæsar to permit them -to cross. As Cæsar realized that the Swiss were too +river. The Swiss pleaded with Cæsar to permit them +to cross. As Cæsar realized that the Swiss were too greatly superior in force to be kept back, unless he could strengthen himself in some way, he asked time for reflection, and told them to return in two weeks. When the Swiss returned at the end of that time, their -astonished eyes disclosed to them the fact that Cæsar +astonished eyes disclosed to them the fact that Cæsar had constructed walls and trenches and forts at every point where a passage could reasonably be attempted.</p> <p>It may be objected that walls and trenches and forts -were not new, and that therefore Cæsar invented nothing.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span> +were not new, and that therefore Cæsar invented nothing.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span> This may be admitted as an academic proposition; but nevertheless, it was clearly the ingenious and wholly unexpected construction of certain appliances -by Cæsar that opposed the barbarous Swiss with barriers +by Cæsar that opposed the barbarous Swiss with barriers which they could not pass. It may even be argued with much reason that the conception and successful -execution of Cæsar's plan as a whole constituted an +execution of Cæsar's plan as a whole constituted an invention, even though the material used was old. Certain it is that a situation was created which did not exist before, and that it was the creation of this situation, and not the exercise of strength or courage, that was <i>the determining factor</i> in stopping the Swiss. -Froude says of Cæsar, "He was never greater than in +Froude says of Cæsar, "He was never greater than in unlooked-for difficulties. He never rested. He was always inventing some new contrivance."</p> -<p>Cæsar realized fully the value in war of mechanical +<p>Cæsar realized fully the value in war of mechanical appliances, and took careful measures before he left Italy to supply his army adequately with them, and also with men trained to use them. Besides the fighting -men strictly considered, Cæsar took a considerable +men strictly considered, Cæsar took a considerable number of engineers with him, and expert men for building bridges, and doing mechanical work of many -kinds. The ingenious and frequent use that Cæsar +kinds. The ingenious and frequent use that Cæsar made of these men and of mechanical appliances was the most powerful single factor that contributed to his success.</p> <p>The Swiss departing from Switzerland by another -route, Cæsar pursued them, and defeated a fourth of +route, Cæsar pursued them, and defeated a fourth of them in a battle on the banks of a river which the other three-fourths had crossed. He then built a bridge over the river and sent his army across. This feat alarmed -the Swiss more than their defeat; because Cæsar had +the Swiss more than their defeat; because Cæsar had built the bridge and sent his army across in one day, whereas they had consumed twenty days in merely crossing. The Swiss pleaded to be allowed to proceed; -but Cæsar was obdurate. A battle followed, in which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span> +but Cæsar was obdurate. A battle followed, in which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span> the Swiss, though greatly superior in numbers and reinforced by 15,000 allies, were decisively beaten; not because of inferior courage or warlike skill, but by reason of inferior equipments, mechanical appliances and weapons.</p> -<p>Cæsar's next battle was with the Germans. It was +<p>Cæsar's next battle was with the Germans. It was won, if not precisely with inventiveness, at least with "brains." He learned that the German matrons had declared, after certain occult proceedings, that Heaven @@ -3753,25 +3714,25 @@ the barbarians, it was noticeable that although their first onslaught was fine, the barbarians seemed to be at a loss afterwards,—if anything unexpected occurred, or if any reverse was sustained; whereas the -Romans—and especially Cæsar himself—never behaved +Romans—and especially Cæsar himself—never behaved so well as when threatened with disaster. This may be expressed by saying that the barbarians, as compared with the Romans, were wholly inferior in the inventiveness needed to devise a new plan quickly.</p> -<p>Not long afterward, Cæsar advanced against the +<p>Not long afterward, Cæsar advanced against the town of Noviodunum. He soon saw that he could not take it by storm; and so he brought forward his mechanical siege appliances. The psychological effect of these on the barbarians was so tremendous that they at once pleaded for terms of surrender.</p> -<p>After a battle with the Nervii, in which Cæsar defeated +<p>After a battle with the Nervii, in which Cæsar defeated them disastrously, largely because of his resourcefulness in emergency and their lack of it, he advanced against a great barbarian stronghold that looked down on steep rocks on three sides, and was protected by a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span> -thick, high double wall on the fourth side. Cæsar made +thick, high double wall on the fourth side. Cæsar made a fortified rampart around the town, pushed his mantlets (large shields on wheels protected on the sides and top) close up to the wall, and built a tower. The barbarians @@ -3785,10 +3746,10 @@ at once to sue for peace.</p> on the northwestern coast, the most skilful seamen and navigators of Gaul, stirred up a revolt that quickly and widely spread. The situation at once became serious -for Cæsar, for the reason that the Veneti could not be +for Cæsar, for the reason that the Veneti could not be subdued, except on the sea; and neither the Roman sailors nor the Roman vessels were as good as were -those of the Veneti. Nevertheless, Cæsar ordered war-vessels +those of the Veneti. Nevertheless, Cæsar ordered war-vessels to be built on the Loire River, and seamen and rowers to be drafted from the Roman Province.</p> @@ -3799,7 +3760,7 @@ the Romans were at a great disadvantage in the matter of throwing projectiles, from the fact that the Veneti's decks were higher than theirs.</p> -<p>But Cæsar had prepared a scheme that gave him +<p>But Cæsar had prepared a scheme that gave him victory. In accordance with it, the Roman galleys rowed smartly against the Veneti ships, and Roman sailors raised long poles on which were sharp hooks @@ -3810,7 +3771,7 @@ ships became helpless at once and were immediately boarded; with the result that, of all the number, only a few made their escape.</p> -<p>Somewhat later, Cæsar decided to cross the Rhine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91</a></span> +<p>Somewhat later, Cæsar decided to cross the Rhine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91</a></span> into the country of the Sueves, and to impress them with the power of Rome by building a bridge and marching his army across. This bridge and the quickness @@ -3818,7 +3779,7 @@ and thoroughness with which it was built are still models for engineers; for in ten days after he had decided to build it, at which time the material was still standing in the forest, a bridge 40 feet wide had been -constructed. Across this Cæsar at once marched his +constructed. Across this Cæsar at once marched his legions. The effect on the barbarous Germans can be imagined. It made them realize that the Romans were a race superior to themselves in ways that they @@ -3826,8 +3787,8 @@ could not measure or even understand; and it impressed them with that fear which is the most depressing of all fears, the fear of the unknown.</p> -<p>Did Cæsar make an invention? This depends on -the meaning of the word invention. Cæsar did not +<p>Did Cæsar make an invention? This depends on +the meaning of the word invention. Cæsar did not invent the bridge; but he did conceive and carry into execution a highly original, concrete and successful scheme. By it he accomplished as much as a victorious @@ -3836,7 +3797,7 @@ any blood. <i>He devised means which created a state of thought in the minds of his enemies that destroyed their will to fight.</i> Therein lay his invention.</p> -<p>Cæsar then conceived the idea of going across the +<p>Cæsar then conceived the idea of going across the water to the island of Britain, about which little was known. After having a survey made of the coast, he took his legions across in about eighty vessels. He had @@ -3852,12 +3813,12 @@ stakes, and made a temporary little city, laid with<span class="pagenum"><a name streets. In such a camp they were reasonably safe against any attack that barbarians could make.</p> -<p>But a storm arose that drove some of Cæsar's ships -ashore and some out to sea. In this emergency, Cæsar's +<p>But a storm arose that drove some of Cæsar's ships +ashore and some out to sea. In this emergency, Cæsar's resourcefulness and energy directed the work of recovery and repair, and enabled the Romans to collect and put into good condition nearly all their ships. -Cæsar returned shortly afterward to Gaul; arrived +Cæsar returned shortly afterward to Gaul; arrived there, he gave directions for building and equipping another and larger fleet.</p> @@ -3871,22 +3832,22 @@ and resourceful measures that in ten days he was able to resume his march. On this march, which took him far inland, he was able to overcome all opposition; largely because, after the first onset, the barbarians -seemed to be without any plan of action, while Cæsar +seemed to be without any plan of action, while Cæsar was at his best.</p> -<p><i>Cæsar had the ability to invent under circumstances +<p><i>Cæsar had the ability to invent under circumstances of the utmost danger and excitement.</i></p> -<p>Cæsar's remaining campaigns in Gaul were marked +<p>Cæsar's remaining campaigns in Gaul were marked with the same resourcefulness and originality on his part, and the same lack of resourcefulness and originality -on the part of the barbarians. Cæsar would continually +on the part of the barbarians. Cæsar would continually do something that the barbarians had not expected him to do. True, they gradually learned some of his schemes and methods from him; but only to find that he had then some newer schemes and methods.</p> -<p>Cæsar at one time remarked that wise men anticipate +<p>Cæsar at one time remarked that wise men anticipate possible difficulties, and decide beforehand what they will do, if certain possible occasions arise. Does not this process involve invention, in cases where the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">93</a></span> @@ -3900,23 +3861,23 @@ effective plan to meet them?</p> <p>If it be so, then we may reasonably declare that, of all the factors that contributed to the successes in Gaul -of Cæsar, the most powerful single factor was his +of Cæsar, the most powerful single factor was his inventiveness.</p> -<p>The final crisis came when Cæsar besieged Alesia, +<p>The final crisis came when Cæsar besieged Alesia, and Vercingetorix, who had taken refuge in it, sent out a call for succor, that was eagerly and promptly responded to; for it was plain to the barbarians that -Cæsar, being held in position fronting a fortress that +Cæsar, being held in position fronting a fortress that he could not successfully storm, would be in a precarious condition if attacked vigorously in his rear. Attacked vigorously he was; for the barbarians came in -his rear with about 250,000 men; Cæsar having only +his rear with about 250,000 men; Cæsar having only 50,000, and the enemy in front having 80,000.</p> <p>But it required somewhat more than a month for the barbarians to unite and reach Alesia. With his wonted -energy and resourcefulness, Cæsar had by this time cast +energy and resourcefulness, Cæsar had by this time cast up siege works all around the fortress, placed camps at strategic points, and constructed twenty-three block-houses. He dug a trench twenty feet deep around the @@ -3936,7 +3897,7 @@ twigs and brushwood. Eight rows of these pits were dug, three feet apart; and in front of all stakes with iron hooks were buried in the ground at irregular intervals. When all this had been done on the side -toward the fortress, Cæsar constructed parallel entrenchments +toward the fortress, Cæsar constructed parallel entrenchments of the same kind, to protect his rear; the two sets being so arranged with respect to each other that the same men could man both. Having constructed @@ -3946,7 +3907,7 @@ exactly how to utilize them under all probable contingencies.</p> <p>In the battle that followed the barbarians showed their wonted courage and dash; but an unexpected -situation arose when Cæsar attacked a separated part +situation arose when Cæsar attacked a separated part in their rear. Then they were seized with panic, and the natural rout and disaster followed.</p> @@ -3959,7 +3920,7 @@ tapped that supplied the garrison with water. As Vercingetorix said, the Romans won their victories, not by superior courage, but by superior science.</p> -<p>Cæsar's later passage across the Rubicon, the flight +<p>Cæsar's later passage across the Rubicon, the flight of the Senate, and his later operations by land and sea against Marseilles (Massilia) and hostile forces in northern Spain, are well known, and were characterized @@ -3971,24 +3932,24 @@ in such clear ways; but they were marked with the kindred qualities of foresight, skilful adaptation of means to ends, and presence of mind in emergencies.</p> -<p>In the minds of some, Cæsar's greatest influence on +<p>In the minds of some, Cæsar's greatest influence on history has been due to his improvement of the Calendar, and especially his reforms of the public morals and the laws of Rome, after his campaign against Pharnaces. This subject has been the theme of jurists and scholars to such a degree that it might seem presumptuous in a navy officer to do more than mention -it. At the same time it may be pointed out that Cæsar's +it. At the same time it may be pointed out that Cæsar's work was not in any matters of detail, or in contributing any legal or juridical skill or knowledge, but in conceiving -the idea of creating the <i xml:lang="la" lang="la">Leges Juliæ</i>, and then +the idea of creating the <i xml:lang="la" lang="la">Leges Juliæ</i>, and then creating them.</p> -<p>Julius Cæsar was murdered in the year 44 B. C. He +<p>Julius Cæsar was murdered in the year 44 B. C. He was followed in power by his grandnephew Octavius, one of the most fortunate occurrences in history; for Octavius possessed the ability and the character to -carry on the constructive work that Julius Cæsar had +carry on the constructive work that Julius Cæsar had begun. Under Octavius and his successors, the Roman Empire became increasingly large and strong, until the reign of Trajan in the second century, A. D., when it @@ -4133,7 +4094,7 @@ ability to manufacture weapons and transport troops; that is, of its utilization of invented mechanisms, processes and methods. The skill with which they were handled—(especially when supreme skill was exerted, -as in the cases of Alexander and Cæsar)—was the outcome +as in the cases of Alexander and Cæsar)—was the outcome not of mere laborious training, not of mere knowledge, or courage, or carefully detailed arrangement, but of plans so conceived, developed and produced @@ -4266,7 +4227,7 @@ enormous energy ever since, it is not necessary at this point to enter. Since the sixteenth century, its history is accurately known, and many large books are filled with descriptions and diagrams and mathematical -tables and formulæ that recount its progress in detail; +tables and formulæ that recount its progress in detail; while the histories of all the nations blaze with stories of the battles in which guns have been employed. Of all the inventions ever made, it is doubtful if the development @@ -4288,7 +4249,7 @@ wars; for the ways in which wars have been decided have been the turning points in the march of history. The issue of Alexander's wars, for instance, had decided that Greek civilization should not perish, but -survive; the issue of Cæsar's wars in Gaul had decided +survive; the issue of Cæsar's wars in Gaul had decided that Roman civilization should extend north over Europe, and that the western incursion of the savage Germans should be stopped; the issue of the wars between @@ -4610,7 +4571,7 @@ country of Europe. The first books printed were, of course, the works of the ancient authors, beginning with three editions of Donatus. These were multiplied in great numbers, and gave the first effective impulse to -the spread of civilization from the Græco-Oriental +the spread of civilization from the Græco-Oriental countries, where it had been sleeping, to the hungry intellects of Europe.</p> @@ -5358,7 +5319,7 @@ an invention, unless, like the Copernican System, "a person skilled in the art can make and use it."</p> <p>Shortly after Copernicus, came Johann Kepler, who -was born in Württemburg in 1571, and died in 1630. +was born in Württemburg in 1571, and died in 1630. He had been a pupil of Tycho Brahe, who did not succeed in making any great invention or discovery, but who did collect a great amount of data. Utilizing @@ -5653,7 +5614,7 @@ calculations for steam engines, air engines and gas engines are made. It is usually expressed by the formula</p> <p class="center"> -p v = p´ v´ = constant.<br /> +p v = p´ v´ = constant.<br /> </p> <p>Boyle is said to have "discovered" this law, and @@ -6515,7 +6476,7 @@ and a recognized standing before the world. For his contribution to the cause of good government, he is known in history as The Great Elector. He might be called, with much reasonableness, the inventor -of governmental efficiency, if Julius Cæsar had not in +of governmental efficiency, if Julius Cæsar had not in some degree forestalled him.</p> <p>He was followed by his son, who contributed nothing @@ -6747,7 +6708,7 @@ making investigations of the phenomena of heat. In the course of them he discovered the important fact that different substances require different amounts of heat to be applied to a given mass to raise its temperature -1°. From this discovery arose the science of +1°. From this discovery arose the science of calorimetry, which deals with the specific heats of all substances, solid, liquid and gaseous, and which is necessary to the present science of heat and the arts @@ -7049,7 +7010,7 @@ were in the utilization of heat, especially in the form of steam engines; while during the latter half, the principal inventions were electrical:—though some very important electrical inventions were made before 1850. -In this brief résumé, no attempt will be made to describe +In this brief résumé, no attempt will be made to describe or even mention all the inventions made, or even all the important ones; for such an attempt would be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">180</a></span> impossible to carry out. Only a few super-important @@ -7073,7 +7034,7 @@ but the experience gained by them induced Lord Dundas to build the <i class="ship">Charlotte Dundas</i> and name it after his daughter. The <i class="ship">Charlotte Dundas</i> was a practical success from the start; for, in March, 1802, it towed two -vessels of 70 tons each a distance of 19½ miles in six +vessels of 70 tons each a distance of 19½ miles in six hours, while such a strong wind was blowing from ahead that no other vessel on the canal tried to move to windward.</p> @@ -7271,7 +7232,7 @@ for hauling coal.</p> <p>It was now so obvious that locomotives could haul other things than coal, that a railroad was laid down between Manchester and Liverpool, and a prize of -£500 was offered for the best engine. On October 6, +£500 was offered for the best engine. On October 6, 1829, the competition was held, though only three engines appeared. The prize was won by Stephenson's locomotive, the <i class="train">Rocket</i>, which attained a speed of 29 @@ -7299,10 +7260,10 @@ It was never put into practical use; but a machine embodying the revolving cylinder for receiving the force of the impression communicated to the paper, was invented and put into successful use later by a German -named König. The type, however, was not put +named König. The type, however, was not put on a cylinder in this machine, but on a flat plate that passed back and forth under the revolving impression -cylinder. Two of König's presses were bought for the +cylinder. Two of König's presses were bought for the <i class="cite">London Times</i>; and on November 28, 1814, one made 1,100 impressions per hour, a marvelous advance over speeds previously attained. From the standpoint of @@ -7537,7 +7498,7 @@ the French and the Austrians in Austria. It was carried on with great brilliancy of conception and skill of execution by Moreau, and ended with the battle of Hohenlinden and the disastrous defeat of the Austrians. -The treaty of Lunéville followed in February, 1801, +The treaty of Lunéville followed in February, 1801, and left Great Britain as France's only antagonist.</p> <p>The victory of Copenhagen having broken the @@ -7770,7 +7731,7 @@ that relation was they did not know until Oersted told them. They seized on his information with avidity, with results that the whole world knows now.</p> -<p>The first man heard from was Ampère, who communicated +<p>The first man heard from was Ampère, who communicated the results of his experiments in the new art to the Institute of France as early as September 18th. Almost immediately afterward, Arago discovered @@ -7794,7 +7755,7 @@ research accomplished much. By this time mathematics had been highly developed, not only as an abstract science but also as an aid to physical and chemical research. The man who attacked the problem -in the most scientific manner was Ampère, who in consequence +in the most scientific manner was Ampère, who in consequence solved it in the following year, after a series of mathematically conducted experiments of the utmost originality and inductiveness. As a result in 1820, he @@ -7808,7 +7769,7 @@ fact that electric currents act and react on each other as magnets do), he established a new science to which he gave the name electro-dynamics. In recognition of his contributions to electricity, the name given many -years later to the unit of electric current was ampère.</p> +years later to the unit of electric current was ampère.</p> <p>In the following years, while pursuing a series of investigations into the new science, Faraday invented @@ -7965,7 +7926,7 @@ skillfully was crude and ineffective, according to the standards of today. The cavalry was not very different from the cavalry of the Assyrians, and the military engineers performed few feats greater than that of -Cæsar's, in building the bridge across the Rhine. There +Cæsar's, in building the bridge across the Rhine. There were no railroads, no steamships, no telegraphs, no telephones. There was less difference between the armies of 1800 A. D. and those of 1800 B. C., than @@ -8328,7 +8289,7 @@ known that certain substances would ignite when rubbed, and yet men waited until 1827 to utilize the fact in matches!</p> -<p>In the following year Wöhler succeeded in reducing +<p>In the following year Wöhler succeeded in reducing aluminum, thus contributing a valuable new factor to human knowledge and a valuable new metal to human needs. In the same year Neilson took out a patent in @@ -8395,12 +8356,12 @@ invention of electric lights and motors.</p> of chloroform was made by Guthrie in America, Soubeiran in France and Liebig in Germany. A curious fact connected with the early history of -chloroform is that, although its anæsthetic properties +chloroform is that, although its anæsthetic properties were known in general, and although the idea of using gases and vapors and medicines to deaden pain was many centuries old yet nevertheless, chloroform was not put to practical use until about 1846 when Dr. Morton, -a dentist, of Boston, adopted it as an anæsthetic. +a dentist, of Boston, adopted it as an anæsthetic. Of all the single inventions ever made, chloroform has unquestionably done more than any other, invented till that time, to give relief from agony.</p> @@ -8633,7 +8594,7 @@ various chemical solutions.</p> experiments made by him in photographing celestial bodies. In 1841 pneumatic caissons were invented by Triger in France. In 1842 Long discovered -the usefulness of ether as an anæsthetic, and Seytre +the usefulness of ether as an anæsthetic, and Seytre invented the automatically played piano. In the same year, Selligne discovered a method of utilizing water-gas, made by decomposing water and producing a new @@ -8818,7 +8779,7 @@ first the better, but gradually becoming more and more ineffective under the unfavorable conditions of abuse and neglect. In 476, the Roman Machine broke down completely, and the barbarian chief, Odoacer, sat himself -on the throne of Octavius Cæsar.</p> +on the throne of Octavius Cæsar.</p> <p>A ruin more complete, it would be hard to realize. The vast structure of Roman civilization, built on the @@ -9108,7 +9069,7 @@ this book, as has been stated, is not concerned mainly with inventors, but with inventions.</p> <p>In 1844, the use of nitrous oxide gas (laughing gas) -as an anæsthetic was introduced by Dr. Wells. It +as an anæsthetic was introduced by Dr. Wells. It cannot be said that this invention has had any direct influence on history itself, though it has had a great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">235</a></span> deal of influence on the history of some individuals. @@ -9124,7 +9085,7 @@ that the study of physical sciences and the prosecution of invention offer, and gives inspiration for further study and endeavor.</p> -<p>In the same year, Léon Foucault invented the first +<p>In the same year, Léon Foucault invented the first practical electric arc-light. Davy had made the basic invention of the Voltaic arc in 1808; but his invention was in the class just spoken of, in that it was not utilized @@ -9616,7 +9577,7 @@ had been used by the Coreans in their victorious war against the Japanese about three hundred years before; but it was the first time that such vessels had appeared in Europe. Cocaine was invented the same year, and -one of the most valuable anæsthetics yet known was +one of the most valuable anæsthetics yet known was then produced.</p> <p>But the most valuable contribution to the Machine @@ -9691,7 +9652,7 @@ rubber manufacture had made possible the use of waterproof garments; crops could be gathered more quickly and surely: safety from fire had been increased: methods of heating houses had been vastly improved: and -the discovery of anæsthetics had relieved civilized man +the discovery of anæsthetics had relieved civilized man in great degree from his most distressing single enemy. As a result, the people of every civilized country lived under conditions of comfort far greater than had ever @@ -10104,7 +10065,7 @@ Of the three, William Pitt was, according to almost any accepted standard by far the greatest, and Talleyrand<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">262</a></span> was second. Without the force and guidance of such a mind as Pitt possessed and utilized, it is hard -to estimate what would have been the rôle of England +to estimate what would have been the rôle of England in the Napoleonic wars, and what would have been her fate. In the actual course of events, it was England that announced the "mate in four moves" to Napoleon @@ -10288,7 +10249,7 @@ the <i class="ship">Great Eastern</i> was obsolete!</p> <p>About 1859, Kirchhoff and Bunsen invented the spectroscope, an optical instrument for forming and analyzing the spectra of the rays emitted by bodies and -substances. In 1860 Gaston Planté invented his +substances. In 1860 Gaston Planté invented his famous "secondary battery," formed by passing an electric current through a cell composed of two sheets of lead immersed in dilute sulphuric acid, the two sheets<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">267</a></span> @@ -10299,10 +10260,10 @@ of lead. There being now two dissimilar metals in an acid solution, a Voltaic battery had been created, that gave a current which passed through the liquid in a direction the reverse of the current ("charging current") -that had caused the change. Planté's secondary +that had caused the change. Planté's secondary battery was an important and practical contribution to the Machine; but the credit for the basic invention does -not belong to Planté, but to Sir William Grove, who +not belong to Planté, but to Sir William Grove, who had invented the "Grove's gas battery." In this battery, two plates of platinum were immersed in dilute acid, and submitted to a charging current that decomposed @@ -10355,7 +10316,7 @@ absolutely perfect, the invention finally brought forth can be only equal to the original conception. It is obvious that the simpler the invention is the more easily it can be made equal to the original conception, and -vice versâ. For this reason the stethoscope is a more +vice versâ. For this reason the stethoscope is a more efficient embodiment of the original conception than is that very inefficient product—the steam engine.</p> @@ -10378,7 +10339,7 @@ childhood. The environment of Talleyrand's childhood, for instance, caused the conception in his imagination of evil aims.</p> -<p>In 1860 Carré made the important invention of the +<p>In 1860 Carré made the important invention of the manufacture of ice with the use of ammonia. In 1861 Craske improved stereotyping by making it possible to reproduce curved printing plates from flat forms of @@ -10766,7 +10727,7 @@ as each reached the useful stage, in such a way that the Prussian Army would be an actual weapon, which could be handled with all the quickness and precision that the products of modern civilization could -impart to it. Philip of Macedon, Julius Cæsar, and +impart to it. Philip of Macedon, Julius Cæsar, and Frederick William of Prussia evidently had had similar ideas; but no one after them, save Moltke, seems to have realized fully that armies and navies must @@ -10808,7 +10769,7 @@ but quickly when the button was pressed, advanced into Austria without the slightest delay or jar, collided at once with the Austrian machine, and smashed it in one encounter. This encounter was near Sadowa and -Königgrätz, and took place only seventeen days after +Königgrätz, and took place only seventeen days after war began. The most important single invention that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">281</a></span> Moltke had utilized was the breech-loading "needle gun," a weapon far better than the Austrians had, not @@ -10853,7 +10814,7 @@ parts of the French machine were not in supporting distance of each other, and the German machine prevented them from uniting. When McMahon and Bazaine tried to unite, McMahon was defeated at -Wörth, and Bazaine at Gravelotte. McMahon was +Wörth, and Bazaine at Gravelotte. McMahon was forced to surrender his entire force, including the emperor at Sedan; and Bazaine was shut up in Metz. Paris was then besieged. Bazaine was soon forced to @@ -11298,7 +11259,7 @@ important,—even from the standpoint of making a living, or at least of enduring the conditions of living. The study of electrons, for instance led the way to the discovery of the beneficent X-rays, made in 1895 by -Röntgen.</p> +Röntgen.</p> <p>The first electric railways, like the first railways of any kind, were laid in mines; for the superiority of @@ -11342,7 +11303,7 @@ invented his electric storage battery.</p> <p>The Faure storage battery was a very important invention, but not nearly so important a one as was -at first supposed. It was an improvement on Planté's +at first supposed. It was an improvement on Planté's battery, and consisted mainly in applying red lead and litharge directly to the positive and negative lead<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">295</a></span> plates, before sending any charging current through @@ -11994,11 +11955,11 @@ from carbon and quick-lime, also in the electric furnace. In 1895, Linde invented his process of liquefying air, and the first installation of great electric locomotives was effected: this was in the Baltimore and Ohio tunnel. -In the same year, Röntgen made the epochal discovery +In the same year, Röntgen made the epochal discovery of what he called by the significant name "X-rays," a name that still clings to them.</p> -<p>They were discovered by Röntgen in the course of +<p>They were discovered by Röntgen in the course of his researches with cathode rays. His discovery was in effect that electric rays emanated from the part of the tube struck by the cathode rays. They were not @@ -12045,7 +12006,7 @@ found that a sensitized plate, though covered with black<span class="pagenum"><a paper, was acted on not only by X-rays, but also by the metal uranium and certain of its salts; and he also found that the mere presence of uranium made the -contiguous air a conductor, as did the X-or Röntgen +contiguous air a conductor, as did the X-or Röntgen rays. The amazement caused by the discovery of such undreamed-of properties, especially in so commonplace a substance as uranium had been supposed to be, can @@ -12059,7 +12020,7 @@ of radiating activities of certain kinds, the adjective radio-active elements are uranium, thorium and radium, of which the last is immeasurably the most active and important. Radium was discovered in 1898 by M. -and Madame Curie and M. Bémont, while experimenting +and Madame Curie and M. Bémont, while experimenting with the uranium mineral pitchblende. It seemed to some people at the time to challenge the theory of the conservation of energy, and to threaten the destruction @@ -12084,7 +12045,7 @@ as to suggest to us an almost infinite source of available power, if other substances can be made to disintegrate. It is said that one gramme of radium can emit a quantity of heat of about 100 calories per hour; that is -enough heat to raise 100 grammes of water a 1° centigrade +enough heat to raise 100 grammes of water a 1° centigrade in temperature, <i>by simply existing</i>. It is true that radium is the most expensive article in the world; but that is only because of the difficulties of obtaining @@ -12529,7 +12490,7 @@ of ships, aeroplanes, etc.</p> in color had been receiving persistent attention from many scientific experimenters, but without much practical success. The achievements of Becquerel, -Lippman, Joly, Lumière, Finlay and others have doubtless +Lippman, Joly, Lumière, Finlay and others have doubtless laid the initial stepping stones; for color-photography by their efforts has been made an accomplished fact. As yet, however, the art is still in its infancy, and @@ -13313,7 +13274,7 @@ invention are infinite.</p> <li>Abel, <a href="#Page_240">240</a><br /></li> <li>Acetylene gas, <a href="#Page_219">219</a><br /></li> <li>Acheson, <a href="#Page_312">312</a><br /></li> -<li>Ægeans, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /></li> +<li>Ægeans, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /></li> <li>Aerial Age, <a href="#Page_326">326</a><br /></li> <li>Age of Bronze, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /></li> <li>Age of Copper, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /></li> @@ -13327,7 +13288,7 @@ invention are infinite.</p> <li>Alexandria, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /></li> <li>Alphabet, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /></li> <li>Aluminum, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a><br /></li> -<li>Ampère, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a><br /></li> +<li>Ampère, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a><br /></li> <li>Analine dyes, <a href="#Page_265">265</a><br /></li> <li>Antipyrene, <a href="#Page_298">298</a><br /></li> <li>Antiseptic surgery, <a href="#Page_274">274</a><br /></li> @@ -13379,7 +13340,7 @@ invention are infinite.</p> <li>Barometer, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /></li> <li>Battle of the Nile, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a><br /></li> <li>Bazaine, <a href="#Page_281">281</a><br /></li> -<li>Bémont, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br /></li> +<li>Bémont, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br /></li> <li>Becquerel Rays, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br /></li> <li>Behel, <a href="#Page_273">273</a><br /></li> <li>Bell, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a><br /></li> @@ -13413,13 +13374,13 @@ invention are infinite.</p> <ul> <li>Cable-car, <a href="#Page_265">265</a><br /></li> -<li>Cæsar, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a> to <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a><br /></li> +<li>Cæsar, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a> to <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a><br /></li> <li>Calculating machine, <a href="#Page_201">201</a><br /></li> <li>Carbide of calcium, <a href="#Page_273">273</a><br /></li> <li>Carbolic acid, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /></li> <li>Carbon telephone-transmitter, <a href="#Page_292">292</a><br /></li> <li>Carborundum, <a href="#Page_312">312</a><br /></li> -<li>Carré, <a href="#Page_269">269</a><br /></li> +<li>Carré, <a href="#Page_269">269</a><br /></li> <li>Carthage, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /></li> <li>Cartwright, <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /></li> <li>Cash-carrier, <a href="#Page_286">286</a><br /></li> @@ -13487,7 +13448,7 @@ invention are infinite.</p> <ul> -<li>Dædalus, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /></li> +<li>Dædalus, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /></li> <li>Daguerre, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a><br /></li> <li>Dalton, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br /></li> <li>Daniell, <a href="#Page_219">219</a><br /></li> @@ -13551,7 +13512,7 @@ invention are infinite.</p> <li>Elevator, <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br /></li> <li>Embalming, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /></li> <li>Ericsson, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br /></li> -<li>Ether as an anæsthetic, <a href="#Page_221">221</a><br /></li> +<li>Ether as an anæsthetic, <a href="#Page_221">221</a><br /></li> </ul> <p class="pix">F</p> @@ -13706,8 +13667,8 @@ invention are infinite.</p> <li>Knitting machine, <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /></li> <li>Koch, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a><br /></li> <li>Kodak camera, <a href="#Page_304">304</a><br /></li> -<li>König, <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /></li> -<li>Königgratz, <a href="#Page_280">280</a><br /></li> +<li>König, <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /></li> +<li>Königgratz, <a href="#Page_280">280</a><br /></li> <li>Krag-Jorgensen rifle, <a href="#Page_309">309</a><br /></li> <li>Krupp, <a href="#Page_243">243</a><br /></li> <li>Kuno, <a href="#Page_298">298</a><br /></li> @@ -13726,7 +13687,7 @@ invention are infinite.</p> <li>Laws of electrostatic induction, <a href="#Page_247">247</a><br /></li> <li>League of Armed Neutrality, <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /></li> <li>Lee magazine rifle, <a href="#Page_294">294</a><br /></li> -<li>Leges Juliæ, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /></li> +<li>Leges Juliæ, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /></li> <li>Legion, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /></li> <li>Leibig, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /></li> <li>Leupold, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /></li> @@ -13746,7 +13707,7 @@ invention are infinite.</p> <li>Long, <a href="#Page_221">221</a><br /></li> <li>Loom, positive motion weaving, <a href="#Page_284">284</a><br /></li> <li>Lowe, <a href="#Page_286">286</a><br /></li> -<li>Lumière, <a href="#Page_327">327</a><br /></li> +<li>Lumière, <a href="#Page_327">327</a><br /></li> <li>Lundstrom, <a href="#Page_247">247</a><br /></li> <li>Luther, <a href="#Page_130">130</a> <i xml:lang="la" lang="la">et seq</i><br /></li> <li>Lyall, <a href="#Page_284">284</a><br /></li> @@ -13871,7 +13832,7 @@ invention are infinite.</p> <li>Pitt, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a><br /></li> <li>Pixii, <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br /></li> <li>Pizarro, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /></li> -<li>Planté, <a href="#Page_266">266</a><br /></li> +<li>Planté, <a href="#Page_266">266</a><br /></li> <li>Platinotype process, <a href="#Page_285">285</a><br /></li> <li>Plotz, <a href="#Page_329">329</a><br /></li> <li>Pneumatic caissons, <a href="#Page_221">221</a><br /></li> @@ -13919,7 +13880,7 @@ invention are infinite.</p> <li>Revolver, <a href="#Page_219">219</a><br /></li> <li>Rock drill, <a href="#Page_247">247</a><br /></li> <li>Rocket, <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br /></li> -<li>Röntgen, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a><br /></li> +<li>Röntgen, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a><br /></li> <li>Rubicon, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br /></li> <li>Ruhmkorff coil, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a><br /></li> <li>Ruin of the machine of civilization, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>–<a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /></li> @@ -14090,7 +14051,7 @@ invention are infinite.</p> <li>Wilde, <a href="#Page_275">275</a><br /></li> <li>Willis, <a href="#Page_285">285</a><br /></li> <li>Wireless telegraph, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a><br /></li> -<li>Wöhler, <a href="#Page_213">213</a><br /></li> +<li>Wöhler, <a href="#Page_213">213</a><br /></li> <li>Wood pulp, <a href="#Page_247">247</a><br /></li> <li>Wood, Henry A. Wise, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a><br /></li> <li>Woodruff, <a href="#Page_265">265</a><br /></li> @@ -14135,382 +14096,6 @@ been retained unless one form predominated.</p> ligatures have been alphabetized as plain letters.</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Invention, by Bradley A. 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