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diff --git a/43900-h/43900-h.htm b/43900-h/43900-h.htm index 446914a..be36d5b 100644 --- a/43900-h/43900-h.htm +++ b/43900-h/43900-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of History of the Jews, by Heinrich Graetz. @@ -235,45 +235,7 @@ i.abbrev {font-style: italic;} </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's History of the Jews, Vol. IV (of VI), by Heinrich Graetz - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: History of the Jews, Vol. IV (of VI) - -Author: Heinrich Graetz - -Release Date: October 6, 2013 [EBook #43900] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE JEWS, VOL. IV *** - - - - -Produced by David Edwards, Charlie Howard, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43900 ***</div> <div class="transnote covernote">Cover created by Transcriber and placed in the Public Domain.</div> @@ -331,7 +293,7 @@ printed in a magazine or newspaper.</i></p> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">CULTIVATION OF THE KABBALA, AND PROSCRIPTION OF SCIENCE.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Progress of the Kabbala—Todros Halevi and his Sons—Isaac Allatif and his Kabbalistic Doctrines—Adventurous Career of Abraham Abulafia—He assumes the Character of Messiah—Opposition of Ben Adret—The Prophet of Avila—Joseph Jikatilla and his Kabbalistic Mazes—The Impostor Moses de Leon—Forgeries of the Kabbalists—Origin of the Zohar—Its Doctrines and Influence—Shem-Tob Falaquera—Isaac Albalag—Levi of Villefranche—Samuel Sulami and Meri—Abba-Mari's Exaggerated Zeal—Jacob ben Machir Profatius and the Controversy regarding the Study of Science—Asheri—The Poet Yedaya Bedaresi</td> + <td class="tdl">Progress of the Kabbala—Todros Halevi and his Sons—Isaac Allatif and his Kabbalistic Doctrines—Adventurous Career of Abraham Abulafia—He assumes the Character of Messiah—Opposition of Ben Adret—The Prophet of Avila—Joseph Jikatilla and his Kabbalistic Mazes—The Impostor Moses de Leon—Forgeries of the Kabbalists—Origin of the Zohar—Its Doctrines and Influence—Shem-Tob Falaquera—Isaac Albalag—Levi of Villefranche—Samuel Sulami and Meïri—Abba-Mari's Exaggerated Zeal—Jacob ben Machir Profatius and the Controversy regarding the Study of Science—Asheri—The Poet Yedaya Bedaresi</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">1270–1328 <span class="smcap smaller">C.E.</span></td></tr> @@ -349,7 +311,7 @@ printed in a magazine or newspaper.</i></p> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">THE AGE OF THE ASHERIDES AND OF GERSONIDES.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Condition of Palestine—Pilgrims and Immigrants—Shem Tob Ibn-Gaon—Favorable Position of the Jews in Castile under Alfonso XI—Persecution in Navarre—Joseph de Ecija and Samuel Ibn-Wakar—Increase of Anti-Jewish Feelings—Abner-Alfonso of Burgos, Convert to Christianity, and Persecutor of the Jews—Gonzalo Martinez—Fall of Martinez and Deliverance of the Jews—Decline of the Study of Science—The Study of the Talmud prosecuted with Renewed Vigor—Jacob and Judah Asheri—Isaac Pulgar, David Ibn-Albilla—The Provenal Philosophers Ibn-Kaspi, Leon de Bagnols, and Vidal Narboni—Decline of the Study of the Talmud in Germany—Emperor Louis of Bavaria and the Jews—Persecution by the "Leather-Arms"</td> + <td class="tdl">Condition of Palestine—Pilgrims and Immigrants—Shem Tob Ibn-Gaon—Favorable Position of the Jews in Castile under Alfonso XI—Persecution in Navarre—Joseph de Ecija and Samuel Ibn-Wakar—Increase of Anti-Jewish Feelings—Abner-Alfonso of Burgos, Convert to Christianity, and Persecutor of the Jews—Gonzalo Martinez—Fall of Martinez and Deliverance of the Jews—Decline of the Study of Science—The Study of the Talmud prosecuted with Renewed Vigor—Jacob and Judah Asheri—Isaac Pulgar, David Ibn-Albilla—The Provençal Philosophers Ibn-Kaspi, Leon de Bagnols, and Vidal Narboni—Decline of the Study of the Talmud in Germany—Emperor Louis of Bavaria and the Jews—Persecution by the "Leather-Arms"</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">1328–1350 <span class="smcap smaller">C.E.</span></td></tr> @@ -358,16 +320,16 @@ printed in a magazine or newspaper.</i></p> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">THE BLACK DEATH.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Rise of the False Accusation against Jews of Poisoning the Wells—Massacres in Southern France and Catalonia—The Friendly Bull of Pope Clement VI—Terrible Massacres in all Parts of Germany—Confessions wrung from the Jews on the Rack—The Flagellants as a Scourge for the Jews—King Casimir of Poland—Persecution in Brussels—The Black Death in Spain—Don Pedro the Cruel and the Jews—Santob de Carrion and Samuel Abulafia—Fall of Don Pedro and its Consequences for the Jews—Return of the Jews to France and Germany—The "Golden Bull"—Manessier de Vesoul—Matathiah Mer Halevi—Synod at Mayence</td> + <td class="tdl">Rise of the False Accusation against Jews of Poisoning the Wells—Massacres in Southern France and Catalonia—The Friendly Bull of Pope Clement VI—Terrible Massacres in all Parts of Germany—Confessions wrung from the Jews on the Rack—The Flagellants as a Scourge for the Jews—King Casimir of Poland—Persecution in Brussels—The Black Death in Spain—Don Pedro the Cruel and the Jews—Santob de Carrion and Samuel Abulafia—Fall of Don Pedro and its Consequences for the Jews—Return of the Jews to France and Germany—The "Golden Bull"—Manessier de Vesoul—Matathiah Meïr Halevi—Synod at Mayence</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">1348–1380 <span class="smcap smaller">C.E.</span></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.</a></td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl chap smaller">THE AGE OF CHASDA CRESCAS AND ISAAC BEN SHESHET.</td></tr> + <td class="tdl chap smaller">THE AGE OF CHASDAÏ CRESCAS AND ISAAC BEN SHESHET.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">The Jews of Spain after the Civil War—Joseph Pichon and Samuel Abrabanel—The Apostates: John of Valladolid—Menachem ben Zerach, Chasda Crescas, and Isaac ben Sheshet—Chayim Gallipapa and his Innovations—Prevt <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">v</a></span>Aubriot and the Jews of Paris—The French Rabbinate—Revival of Jewish Influence in Spain—The Jews of Portugal—The Jewish Statesmen, David and Judah Negro—Rabbis and Clergy—Persecutions in Germany and Spain—The First Germs of the Inquisition—Second Expulsion of the Jews from France—The Convert Pessach-Peter—Lipmann of Mhlhausen</td> + <td class="tdl">The Jews of Spain after the Civil War—Joseph Pichon and Samuel Abrabanel—The Apostates: John of Valladolid—Menachem ben Zerach, Chasdaï Crescas, and Isaac ben Sheshet—Chayim Gallipapa and his Innovations—Prevôt <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">v</a></span>Aubriot and the Jews of Paris—The French Rabbinate—Revival of Jewish Influence in Spain—The Jews of Portugal—The Jewish Statesmen, David and Judah Negro—Rabbis and Clergy—Persecutions in Germany and Spain—The First Germs of the Inquisition—Second Expulsion of the Jews from France—The Convert Pessach-Peter—Lipmann of Mühlhausen</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">1369–1380 <span class="smcap smaller">C.E.</span></td></tr> @@ -376,7 +338,7 @@ printed in a magazine or newspaper.</i></p> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">JEWISH APOSTATES AND THE DISPUTATION AT TORTOSA.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">The Marranos—The Satirists—Pero Ferrus of Alcala, Diego de Valencia, and Villasandino—Astruc Raimuch and Solomon Bonfed—Paul de Santa Maria and his Zealous Campaign against the Jews—Joshua Ibn-Vives—Profiat Duran (Efodi)—Mer Alguades—The Philosophy of Crescas—Death of Henry III of Castile and Unfavorable Change in the Position of the Jews—Messianic Dreams of the Kabbalists—Jews seek an Asylum in Northern Africa—Simon Duran—Geronimo de Santa F, Vincent Ferrer and Benedict XIII—Anti-Jewish Edict of Juan II—Special Jewish Costume—Conversion of Jews owing to Ferrer's Violent Efforts—Disputation at Tortosa—The Jewish Spokesmen at the Conference—Incidents of the Meeting—Geronimo instigates the Publication of a Bull for the Burning of the Talmud—Pope Martin V befriends the Jews</td> + <td class="tdl">The Marranos—The Satirists—Pero Ferrus of Alcala, Diego de Valencia, and Villasandino—Astruc Raimuch and Solomon Bonfed—Paul de Santa Maria and his Zealous Campaign against the Jews—Joshua Ibn-Vives—Profiat Duran (Efodi)—Meïr Alguades—The Philosophy of Crescas—Death of Henry III of Castile and Unfavorable Change in the Position of the Jews—Messianic Dreams of the Kabbalists—Jews seek an Asylum in Northern Africa—Simon Duran—Geronimo de Santa Fé, Vincent Ferrer and Benedict XIII—Anti-Jewish Edict of Juan II—Special Jewish Costume—Conversion of Jews owing to Ferrer's Violent Efforts—Disputation at Tortosa—The Jewish Spokesmen at the Conference—Incidents of the Meeting—Geronimo instigates the Publication of a Bull for the Burning of the Talmud—Pope Martin V befriends the Jews</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">1391–1420 <span class="smcap smaller">C.E.</span></td></tr> @@ -385,7 +347,7 @@ printed in a magazine or newspaper.</i></p> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">THE HUSSITES. PROGRESS OF JEWISH LITERATURE.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">The Hussite Heresy—Consequences for the Jews involved in the Struggle—Jacob Mlin—Abraham Benveniste and Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob in the Service of the Castilian Court—Isaac Campanton, the Poet Solomon Dafiera—Moses da Rieti—Anti-Christian Polemical Literature—Chayim Ibn-Musa—Simon Duran and his Son Solomon—Joseph Albo as a Religious Philosopher—Jewish Philosophical Systems—Edict of the Council of Basle against the Jews—Fanatical Outbreaks in Majorca—Astruc Sibili and his Conversion to Christianity</td> + <td class="tdl">The Hussite Heresy—Consequences for the Jews involved in the Struggle—Jacob Mölin—Abraham Benveniste and Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob in the Service of the Castilian Court—Isaac Campanton, the Poet Solomon Dafiera—Moses da Rieti—Anti-Christian Polemical Literature—Chayim Ibn-Musa—Simon Duran and his Son Solomon—Joseph Albo as a Religious Philosopher—Jewish Philosophical Systems—Edict of the Council of Basle against the Jews—Fanatical Outbreaks in Majorca—Astruc Sibili and his Conversion to Christianity</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">1420–1442 <span class="smcap smaller">C.E.</span></td></tr> @@ -394,7 +356,7 @@ printed in a magazine or newspaper.</i></p> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">CAPISTRANO AND HIS PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Pope Eugenius IV, under the Influence of Alfonso de Cartagena, changes his Attitude towards the Jews—His Bull against the Spanish and Italian Jews in 1442—Don Juan II defends the Jews—Pope Nicholas V's Hostility—Louis of Bavaria—The Philosopher Nicholas of Cusa and his Relation to Judaism—John of Capistrano—His Influence with the People is turned against the Jews—Capistrano in Bavaria and Wrzburg—Expulsion of the Breslau Community—Expulsion of the Jews from Brnn and Olmtz—The Jews of Poland under Casimir IV—Capture of Constantinople by Mahomet II—The Jews find an Asylum in Turkey—The Karaites—Moses Kapsali—Isaac Zarfati—Position of the Jews of Spain—Persecutions directed by Alfonso de Spina—The Condition of the Marranos</td> + <td class="tdl">Pope Eugenius IV, under the Influence of Alfonso de Cartagena, changes his Attitude towards the Jews—His Bull against the Spanish and Italian Jews in 1442—Don Juan II defends the Jews—Pope Nicholas V's Hostility—Louis of Bavaria—The Philosopher Nicholas of Cusa and his Relation to Judaism—John of Capistrano—His Influence with the People is turned against the Jews—Capistrano in Bavaria and Würzburg—Expulsion of the Breslau Community—Expulsion of the Jews from Brünn and Olmütz—The Jews of Poland under Casimir IV—Capture of Constantinople by Mahomet II—The Jews find an Asylum in Turkey—The Karaites—Moses Kapsali—Isaac Zarfati—Position of the Jews of Spain—Persecutions directed by Alfonso de Spina—The Condition of the Marranos</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">1442–1474 <span class="smcap smaller">C.E.</span></td></tr> @@ -412,7 +374,7 @@ printed in a magazine or newspaper.</i></p> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">THE INQUISITION IN SPAIN.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Jewish Blood in the Veins of the Spanish Nobility—The <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">vii</a></span>Marranos cling to Judaism and manifest Unconquerable Antipathy to Christianity—Ferdinand and Isabella—The Dominicans, Alfonso de Ojeda, Diego de Merlo, and Pedro de Solis—The Catechism of the Marranos—A Polemical Work against the Catholic Church and Despotism gives a Powerful Impulse to the Inquisition—The Tribunal is established in 1480—Miguel Morillo and Juan de San Martin are the first Inquisitors—The Inquisition in Seville—The "Edict of Grace"—The Procession and the Auto-da-f—The Numbers of the Accused and Condemned—Pope Sixtus IV and his Vacillating Policy with Regard to the Inquisition—The Inquisition under the first Inquisitor General, Thomas de Torquemada; its Constitutions—The Marranos of Aragon—They are charged with the Death of the Inquisitor Arbues—Persecutions and Victims—Proceedings against two Bishops Favorable to the Jews, De Avila and De Aranda</td> + <td class="tdl">Jewish Blood in the Veins of the Spanish Nobility—The <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">vii</a></span>Marranos cling to Judaism and manifest Unconquerable Antipathy to Christianity—Ferdinand and Isabella—The Dominicans, Alfonso de Ojeda, Diego de Merlo, and Pedro de Solis—The Catechism of the Marranos—A Polemical Work against the Catholic Church and Despotism gives a Powerful Impulse to the Inquisition—The Tribunal is established in 1480—Miguel Morillo and Juan de San Martin are the first Inquisitors—The Inquisition in Seville—The "Edict of Grace"—The Procession and the Auto-da-fé—The Numbers of the Accused and Condemned—Pope Sixtus IV and his Vacillating Policy with Regard to the Inquisition—The Inquisition under the first Inquisitor General, Thomas de Torquemada; its Constitutions—The Marranos of Aragon—They are charged with the Death of the Inquisitor Arbues—Persecutions and Victims—Proceedings against two Bishops Favorable to the Jews, De Avila and De Aranda</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_308">308</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">1474–1483 <span class="smcap smaller">C.E.</span></td></tr> @@ -430,7 +392,7 @@ printed in a magazine or newspaper.</i></p> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">EXPULSION OF THE JEWS FROM NAVARRE AND PORTUGAL.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">The Exiles from Navarre—Migration to Naples—King Ferdinand I of Naples and Abrabanel—Leon Abrabanel—Misfortunes of the Jews in Fez, Genoa, Rome, and the Islands of Greece—The Sultan Bajazet—Moses Kapsali—Spanish <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">viii</a></span>Jews in Portugal—The Jewish Astronomers, Abraham Zacuto and Jos Vecinho—The Jewish Travelers, Abraham de Beya and Joseph Zapateiro—Outbreak of the Plague among the Spanish Jews in Portugal—Sufferings of the Portuguese Exiles—Judah Chayyat and his Fellow-Sufferers—Cruelty of Joo II—Kindly Treatment by Manoel changed into Cruelty on his Marriage—Forcible Baptism of Jewish Children—Levi ben Chabib and Isaac Caro—Pope Alexander VI—Manoel's Efforts on Behalf of the Portuguese Marranos—Death of Simon Maimi and Abraham Saba</td> + <td class="tdl">The Exiles from Navarre—Migration to Naples—King Ferdinand I of Naples and Abrabanel—Leon Abrabanel—Misfortunes of the Jews in Fez, Genoa, Rome, and the Islands of Greece—The Sultan Bajazet—Moses Kapsali—Spanish <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">viii</a></span>Jews in Portugal—The Jewish Astronomers, Abraham Zacuto and José Vecinho—The Jewish Travelers, Abraham de Beya and Joseph Zapateiro—Outbreak of the Plague among the Spanish Jews in Portugal—Sufferings of the Portuguese Exiles—Judah Chayyat and his Fellow-Sufferers—Cruelty of João II—Kindly Treatment by Manoel changed into Cruelty on his Marriage—Forcible Baptism of Jewish Children—Levi ben Chabib and Isaac Caro—Pope Alexander VI—Manoel's Efforts on Behalf of the Portuguese Marranos—Death of Simon Maimi and Abraham Saba</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_357">357</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">1492–1498 <span class="smcap smaller">C.E.</span></td></tr> @@ -475,7 +437,7 @@ printed in a magazine or newspaper.</i></p> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">THE JEWS IN TURKEY. DON JOSEPH NASSI.</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Joseph Nassi's Favor with Sultan Solyman—His Friendship for Prince Selim—Hostility of Venice and France to Nassi—Joseph Nassi restores Tiberias, and is created Duke of Naxos—The Vizir Mahomet Sokolli—The Turks, at the Instigation of Nassi, conquer Cyprus—Rebellion against Philip II in the Netherlands—Solomon Ashkenazi—Election of Henry of Anjou as King of Poland—Ashkenazi negotiates a Peace between Venice and Turkey—Gedalya Ibn-Yachya and Jewish Literature in Turkey—Joseph Karo compiles the "Shulchan Aruch"—Azarya de Rossi—Isaac Lurya—The Jewish "Dark Age"—Spread of the Kabbala—Lurya's Disciple, Chayim Vital Calabrese—Death of Joseph Nassi—Esther Kiera and the Influence of Jewish Women in Turkey</td> + <td class="tdl">Joseph Nassi's Favor with Sultan Solyman—His Friendship for Prince Selim—Hostility of Venice and France to Nassi—Joseph Nassi restores Tiberias, and is created Duke of Naxos—The Vizir Mahomet Sokolli—The Turks, at the Instigation of Nassi, conquer Cyprus—Rebellion against Philip II in the Netherlands—Solomon Ashkenazi—Election of Henry of Anjou as King of Poland—Ashkenazi negotiates a Peace between Venice and Turkey—Gedalya Ibn-Yachya and Jewish Literature in Turkey—Joseph Karo compiles the "Shulchan Aruch"—Azarya deï Rossi—Isaac Lurya—The Jewish "Dark Age"—Spread of the Kabbala—Lurya's Disciple, Chayim Vital Calabrese—Death of Joseph Nassi—Esther Kiera and the Influence of Jewish Women in Turkey</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_593">593</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl chap smaller">1566–1600 <span class="smcap smaller">C.E.</span></td></tr> @@ -529,7 +491,7 @@ Ben Adret—The Prophet of Avila—Joseph Jikatilla and his Kabbalistic Mazes—The Impostor Moses de Leon—Forgeries of the Kabbalists—Origin of the Zohar—Its Doctrines and Influence—Shem-Tob Falaquera—Isaac Albalag—Levi of Villefranche—Samuel -Sulami and Meri—Abba-Mari's Exaggerated +Sulami and Meïri—Abba-Mari's Exaggerated Zeal—Jacob ben Machir Profatius and the Controversy regarding the Study of Science—Asheri—The Poet Yedaya Bedaresi.</p></blockquote> @@ -553,7 +515,7 @@ and learning, gave it great weight. This man, whose influence is even now not fully recognized, was Todros ben Joseph Halevi, of the noble Toledan family of Abulafia (born 1234, died after 1304). He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">2</a></span> -was a nephew of that Mer Abulafia who had been +was a nephew of that Meïr Abulafia who had been so obstinate an adversary of Maimuni and rationalistic thought. Todros Abulafia took as a model his uncle, who in his old age had laid his hands on his @@ -619,7 +581,7 @@ whom he dedicated one of his works. His writings, as has been said by one who came after him, seem to "stand with one foot on philosophy and with the other on the Kabbala." But Allatif only toyed with -philosophical formul, their meaning does not seem +philosophical formulæ, their meaning does not seem to have become known to him. He was not of a thoughtful nature, and did not enrich the Kabbala, although he attempted to give himself the appearance @@ -644,7 +606,7 @@ men, were obliged to pray for the people, for they alone knew the power of prayer. The unfolding and revelation of the Deity in the world of spirits, spheres and bodies, were explained by Isaac Allatif -in mathematical formul. Isaac Allatif must, however, +in mathematical formulæ. Isaac Allatif must, however, be considered a clear thinker, when compared with his enthusiastic contemporary, Abraham Abulafia, who endeavored to establish a new order of @@ -772,7 +734,7 @@ in the year 1290. Mysticism has always been the ground on which Messianic fancies have thriven.</p> <p>Through strictly moral deportment, ascetic life -and revelations veiled in obscure formul, perhaps +and revelations veiled in obscure formulæ, perhaps also through his winning personality and boldness, Abraham Abulafia found many in Sicily who believed in him, and began to make preparations for returning @@ -922,7 +884,7 @@ Leon about 1250, died in Arevalo, 1305) is only whether he was a selfish or a pious impostor. His intention was certainly to deceive and lead astray, and in this respect he appears much baser than -Abulafia, who at all events was sincere and nave in +Abulafia, who at all events was sincere and naïve in his delusion. A sciolist, who had mastered neither the Talmud nor any other subject thoroughly, Moses possessed the skill to use deftly the little that he @@ -968,10 +930,10 @@ But Moses de Leon did his work much more cleverly than most forgers. He found the most likely author for the secret doctrine, against whom there could be little or no objection, in the person of the Tanaite -Simon bar Yocha, who is said to have spent thirteen +Simon bar Yochaï, who is said to have spent thirteen years in a cave, solitary and buried in profound reflection, and whom ancient mysticism represented as receiving -revelations. Simon bar Yocha was assuredly +revelations. Simon bar Yochaï was assuredly the right authority for the Kabbala. But he must not be permitted to write or speak Hebrew, for in this language the Kabbalists would recognize the echo @@ -985,7 +947,7 @@ and partly is even now regarded by Christians as an old tradition. But seldom has so notorious a forgery so thoroughly succeeded. Moses de Leon well knew how to produce the proper effect on credulous -readers. He made Simon bar Yocha appear in +readers. He made Simon bar Yochaï appear in splendor, surrounded by a halo, in the book Zohar, and impart his revelation to a circle of select pupils (sometimes twelve, sometimes six), "scholars who @@ -997,7 +959,7 @@ act in sympathy with them, and the ten spiritual substances (Sefiroth) were charged with the duty of revealing to them deeply hidden secrets, reserved for the time of the Messiah." Or in another version: -Simon bar Yocha summoned his followers to a great +Simon bar Yochaï summoned his followers to a great council, and heard the flapping of the wings of the celestial host, who also had assembled to listen to the disclosure of mysteries till then unknown even @@ -1005,7 +967,7 @@ to the angels. The Zohar glorifies its author excessively. It calls him the holy light, who stands higher than the greatest prophet, Moses, "the faithful shepherd." "I swear by the holy heavens and the -holy earth," the Zohar makes Simon bar Yocha +holy earth," the Zohar makes Simon bar Yochaï exclaim, "that I behold now what no other mortal since Moses ascended Sinai for the second time has beheld, aye, even more than he. Moses knew not @@ -1016,12 +978,12 @@ the revelation of truths till then hidden. As long as he who illumines everything lives, the sources of the world are opened and all secrets are disclosed. "Woe to the generation forsaken by Simon bar -Yocha." He is almost deified in the Zohar. His disciples +Yochaï." He is almost deified in the Zohar. His disciples once broke out into ecstatic praise that he had mounted the degrees to heavenly wisdom, which none of his predecessors had done; and of him it is written in Scripture, "All men are to appear before -the lord," <i class="abbrev">i.e.</i>, before Simon bar Yocha. This extravagant +the lord," <i class="abbrev">i.e.</i>, before Simon bar Yochaï. This extravagant glorification and self-deification, sufficient to mark a forgery, are not without design. They were to meet the objection, how the Kabbala, so long @@ -1030,7 +992,7 @@ they had hesitated to impart any of it in writing—how this mysterious wisdom could all at once come to light, and be revealed to every one's knowledge. The Zohar frequently uses the following -excuse: As the time in which Simon bar Yocha<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span> +excuse: As the time in which Simon bar Yochaï<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span> lived was especially meritorious and rich in grace, and as the Messianic period was near, the veil which had concealed the book so long could now be @@ -1075,7 +1037,7 @@ the historical narratives and religious statutes of the<span class="pagenum"><a Bible were never intended to be understood in a plain, simple sense, but that they contain something higher, mysterious, supernatural. "Is it conceivable," -the Zohar makes one of Simon bar Yocha's +the Zohar makes one of Simon bar Yochaï's circle exclaim, "that God had no holier matters to communicate than these common things about Esau and Hagar, Laban and Jacob, Balaam's ass, Balak's @@ -1084,7 +1046,7 @@ collection of such tales, taken in their ordinary sense, deserve the name of Torah? And can it be said of such a revelation that it utters the pure truth?" "If that is all the Torah contains," remarks Simon bar -Yocha (or Moses de Leon), "we can produce in our +Yochaï (or Moses de Leon), "we can produce in our time a book as good as this, aye, perhaps better. No, no! the higher, mystical sense of the Torah is its true sense. The Biblical narratives resemble a @@ -1117,7 +1079,7 @@ twists the sense of the words. In the verse, "Raise your eyes to heaven, and see who has created this," a profound mystery is supposed to reside, which the prophet Elijah learned in the celestial school, and -revealed to Simon bar Yocha; namely, that God had +revealed to Simon bar Yochaï; namely, that God had been unknown and obscure before the creation of the world, in a manner existing, and still not existing. He was the "Who" (the unknown subject). @@ -1207,7 +1169,7 @@ secret rests on the assumption that the time of the Messiah is near. But here the forger betrays himself. Instead of indicating a period or a year for the appearance of the Messiah approximating the -age of Simon bar Yocha (in the second century), +age of Simon bar Yochaï (in the second century), the Zohar, with its casuistical playing with letters and numbers, demonstrated that it would happen in the beginning of the fourteenth century, therefore @@ -1267,7 +1229,7 @@ abundantly, to which only a word needs to be spoken to cause it to pour out its refreshing and vivifying contents.</p> -<p>When the Zohar or Midrash of Simon bar Yocha +<p>When the Zohar or Midrash of Simon bar Yochaï was published, it aroused the greatest wonder among the Kabbalists. They seized upon it with avidity. Moses de Leon received vast multitudes of orders<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span> @@ -1287,7 +1249,7 @@ and considered it indisputably genuine. Moses de Leon's wildest hopes were more than realized. There were, of course, Kabbalists who doubted that the Zohar had originated with Simon -bar Yocha and his school, but none the less did they +bar Yochaï and his school, but none the less did they pay homage to the book as to a pure source for Kabbalistic theories. When the Kabbalist Isaac of Accho, who had escaped the massacre that had ensued @@ -1301,7 +1263,7 @@ pupils, and yet had never heard a syllable about it. When he met Moses de Leon in Valladolid, the latter took a solemn oath that he had in his house at Avila an old copy of the book from the hand of -Simon bar Yocha, and pledged himself to submit it +Simon bar Yochaï, and pledged himself to submit it to Isaac of Accho for examination. But Moses de Leon became ill on his journey home, and died in Arevalo (1305). The veil around the origin @@ -1317,7 +1279,7 @@ husband why he published the productions of his own intellect under a strange name, and that he had answered that the Zohar would not, under his own name, have brought him any money, but -assigned to Simon bar Yocha it had been a lucrative +assigned to Simon bar Yochaï it had been a lucrative source of income.</p> <p>Thus wife and daughter, without being aware of @@ -1336,7 +1298,7 @@ celestial hosts and angels confirmed the truths which were not only doubted by many at the time, but absolutely ridiculed. Should they, then, not cling to it and defend it? What Moses de Leon put into -the mouth of Simon bar Yocha, "Many will range +the mouth of Simon bar Yochaï, "Many will range themselves round the book Zohar, when it becomes known, and nourish their minds with it at the end of days," actually happened soon after his death. @@ -1345,7 +1307,7 @@ essentially new, it exhibited to them what they did know in so peculiar a form and language, that they were wonderstruck. Everything in it is contrived for effect, for illusion, and for fascination. -The long discussions which Simon bar Yocha +The long discussions which Simon bar Yochaï holds with his circle or with the "faithful shepherd," have dramatic power, especially the scene in which, in premonition of his speedy dissolution, he imparts @@ -1476,9 +1438,9 @@ into philosophical platitudes, which, preposterous and childish as they sound to us, were, strange to say, regarded by the people of early times as profound wisdom. Ben Chayim was the disseminator -of that superficial method satisfied with formul +of that superficial method satisfied with formulæ instead of thoughts. He composed two chief works, -one in verse, the other in prose, a kind of encyclopdia, +one in verse, the other in prose, a kind of encyclopædia, in which he applied the theory derived from Maimuni to all branches of knowledge. In these books he translated the historical narratives in the @@ -1522,14 +1484,14 @@ interpretation of the Bible and the Agada. Even the rabbi of Perpignan was a friend of free thought and a determined enemy of mummified orthodoxy and the unreflecting faith of the literalist. -This was Don Vidal Menachem ben Solomon Meri +This was Don Vidal Menachem ben Solomon Meïri (born Elul, 1249, died about 1306), little celebrated in his own time, but none the less of great importance. Though not of commanding influence, he possessed an attractive personality. He had what nearly all his contemporaries sorely lacked, moderation and tact. These qualities are revealed -particularly in Meri's style. Nearly all the Jewish +particularly in Meïri's style. Nearly all the Jewish authors of Spain and Provence wrote their prose and verse in a redundant, bombastic style, as if the whole literary thesaurus of the Bible were needed to @@ -1540,23 +1502,23 @@ has to peruse whole pages of his apology, reflections, and miscellaneous writings before coming across a tolerable idea. The style in vogue, a mosaic of Biblical phrases, favored verbosity. But Don Vidal -Meri forms a glorious exception to this practice, his +Meïri forms a glorious exception to this practice, his style being terse and clear. In his commentaries to the tractates of the Talmud which relate to ceremonial duties, he proceeds throughout in a methodical manner, advances from the general to the particular, arranges his material in lucid order, and seeks to give the reader information, not to confuse -him. Of a similar character is Meri's exposition of +him. Of a similar character is Meïri's exposition of Holy Writ. The philosophers and mystics always endeavored to find some higher meaning in it, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span> simple explanation being too prosaic for them, and accordingly they put upon the Bible their own extravagant -nonsense. Not so Meri. He certainly +nonsense. Not so Meïri. He certainly assumed that there are many commands and narratives in the Bible which point to something higher than the literal meaning, but the majority of them -must, he maintained, be taken quite literally. Meri +must, he maintained, be taken quite literally. Meïri was naturally dissatisfied with the extravagant mannerisms of the allegorists, but it did not enter his mind to reject the good together with the bad, to @@ -1584,7 +1546,7 @@ where possible with fire and sword—a class of men in whom fanatical zeal cannot be separated from a kind of egoism. To this category belonged Abba-Mari ben Moses, of Montpellier, or, as his aristocratic -title ran, Don Astruc En-Duran de Lnel. +title ran, Don Astruc En-Duran de Lünel. Of a respectable family, and of great influence in the capital of Languedoc, Abba-Mari was certainly not without culture, and he had great veneration @@ -1685,7 +1647,7 @@ mother's milk. Jacob ben Machir Tibbon, known in Christian circles as Don Profiat, or Profatius (born about 1236, died after 1312), was descended on one side from the celebrated Meshullam of -Lnel, the first to promote a revival of learning +Lünel, the first to promote a revival of learning in southern France, and on the other side he was related to the Tibbonides. From his birth he was taught to look upon Judaism and science as twin @@ -1827,7 +1789,7 @@ the Barcelonians. The tension increased. Bitter and caustic letters flew hither and thither. Both sides labored to gain new adherents in other congregations, and to draw over the waverers. The -communities of Argentire, Aix, Avignon and Lnel, +communities of Argentière, Aix, Avignon and Lünel, through their representatives, declared in favor of Abba-Mari and his followers. In Perpignan, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span> chief seat of the much-assailed enlightenment, a @@ -1863,13 +1825,13 @@ learning, but was filled with the fanatical hate of his countrymen against profane knowledge. The emigration of Asheri or Asher from Germany to Spain inaugurates an unhappy period for the Spanish -and Provenal Jews in their efforts for the progress +and Provençal Jews in their efforts for the progress of culture.</p> <p>Asher ben Yechiel (born about 1250, died 1327) of the Rhine district, sprang from ancestors who centered their whole world in the Talmud. A disciple -of the celebrated Mer of Rothenburg, Asher +of the celebrated Meïr of Rothenburg, Asher acquired the acute Tossafist method, composed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span> Tossafist works, but had a finer sense of system and order than this school. After the death of his @@ -1888,7 +1850,7 @@ crown. This strife promised impunity for audacious attacks on the Jews, who were proscribed by the church and society, and an opportunity was easily found. A report was spread that the Jews -of the little town of Rttingen (in Franconia) had +of the little town of Röttingen (in Franconia) had desecrated a sacramental wafer and pounded it in a mortar, and blood was said to have flowed from it. A nobleman of the place, named Rindfleisch, took @@ -1897,7 +1859,7 @@ declared that he had received a mission from heaven to root out the accursed race of Jews, and gathered a credulous, besotted mob around him to assist in his bloody intentions. He and his troops -first of all consigned the Jews of Rttingen to the +first of all consigned the Jews of Röttingen to the flames (7th Iyar–20th April, 1298). From this place the rabble of slaughterers, under Rindfleisch's leadership, traveled from town to town, always @@ -1907,7 +1869,7 @@ hands, even those converted to Christianity. Rindfleisch, impelled by audacity and spurious enthusiasm, fairly forced the inhabitants of various towns to ill-treat their Jewish fellow-citizens brutally. The -great community of Wrzburg was completely +great community of Würzburg was completely blotted out (12th Ab–24th July). In Nuremberg the Jews had at first fled for refuge into the fortress,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span> but being attacked there, too, they took to arms, @@ -1942,7 +1904,7 @@ of peace, brought to book the perpetrators of the outrages on the Jews, and imposed fines on the towns which had participated in them, on the ground that he had suffered losses in his purse through the -immolation of his "servi camer" and their goods. +immolation of his "servi cameræ" and their goods. The majority of the Jews baptized through fear returned to Judaism, apparently with the connivance of the emperor and the representatives of the church. @@ -1964,7 +1926,7 @@ this bloody massacre, or perhaps he was threatened with danger on the part of Emperor Albrecht. It was said that the emperor demanded of him the sum of money which the Jews were to pay as ransom -for the imprisoned Mer of Rothenburg, for which +for the imprisoned Meïr of Rothenburg, for which Asheri had become security. He accordingly left Germany (summer of 1303), and traveled from one country to another with his wife, his eight sons and @@ -1984,7 +1946,7 @@ culture. He could not conceive how pious Jews, in southern France and in Spain, could occupy themselves with subjects outside of the Talmud. With the utmost scorn he discountenanced the very -aspiration of the Spanish and Provenal Jews on +aspiration of the Spanish and Provençal Jews on which they prided themselves. He thanked his Creator that He had protected him from the baneful influence of science. He did not give the southern @@ -2021,7 +1983,7 @@ hitherto always hesitated to lead the movement, all at once declared that he was prepared to pronounce the ban, if Abba-Mari and the prince, Kalonymos, would prepare it. An officious zealot, Samson ben -Mer, disciple of Ben Adret, took upon himself to +Meïr, disciple of Ben Adret, took upon himself to collect assenting signatures from twenty congregations. Toledo was especially reckoned upon, having been swayed by Asheri's mind, and next, Castile @@ -2181,7 +2143,7 @@ opportunity of hearing in his own circle. This young poet, more famous through his letter than through his verses, was Yedaya En-Bonet ben Abraham, better known under the name of Bedaresi -(of Bziers) and under the poetical pseudonym of +(of Béziers) and under the poetical pseudonym of Penini (born about 1280, died about 1340). Yedaya Penini, son of the bombastic poet, Abraham Bedaresi, had more talent as a poet than his father. He @@ -2367,7 +2329,7 @@ Jews. Philip is said to have consulted his lawyers, to decide to whom the authority over the Jews appertained, and as they adjudged it to the German emperor, the idea occurred to him to fleece the Jews -of their property, and to send his "servi camer" +of their property, and to send his "servi cameræ" naked and bare to Albrecht. Before the world the king covered his act of violence, inhuman as it was unstatesmanlike, with the excuse that incredible outrages @@ -2394,7 +2356,7 @@ The celebrated seats, at which so much intellect had been displayed, the colleges of Rashi, Tam, and the Tossafists: Troyes, Paris, Sens, Chinon, Orleans; the places in which a higher culture had -had its temple: Bziers, Lnel, Montpellier, whence +had its temple: Béziers, Lünel, Montpellier, whence the combatants for and against science were plunged into common misery,—all these schools and synagogues were sold to the highest bidder or given @@ -2472,7 +2434,7 @@ abated by suffering. A portion of the Tibbonide party had settled in Perpignan, which belonged to the king of Majorca, who was no favorer of the Jews. At his command copies of the Talmud were -once more delivered up to the <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">auto-da-f;</i> but as he +once more delivered up to the <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">auto-da-fé;</i> but as he hoped to gain some advantage by the settlement of intelligent, industrious Jews, he suffered them. Abba-Mari and another portion of the congregation @@ -2662,7 +2624,7 @@ degenerate clergy, who insisted that the Jews of Montpellier, who thought they could venture on certain liberties, should re-affix the Jew-badge on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span> their dress. At one time they accused the Jews of -Lnel with having publicly outraged the image of +Lünel with having publicly outraged the image of Christ on the Purim festival; at another time they ordered that two wagonfuls of copies of the Talmud be publicly burned in Toulouse. Such occurrences, @@ -2690,7 +2652,7 @@ an unfrocked Benedictine monk used the opportunity to force their way to the front, and thus arose in northern France (1320) a numerous horde of forty thousand shepherds (Pastoureaux, Pastorelli, -Rom), who moved in procession from town to town +Roïm), who moved in procession from town to town carrying banners, and announced their intention of journeying across the sea to deliver the so-called holy sepulcher. Their attention was immediately @@ -2698,7 +2660,7 @@ turned to the Jews, possibly because they wanted to raise money for the purchase of weapons by robbing the Jews of their possessions, or a Jew, as is related, had made sport of their childish heroism. The -massacre of the Jews by the shepherds (Gesereth-ha-Rom) +massacre of the Jews by the shepherds (Gesereth-ha-Roïm) is another bloody page in Jewish history.</p> <p>Nearly all the crusading enterprises had commenced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span> @@ -2794,7 +2756,7 @@ condemned by Parliament to a penalty of one hundred and fifty thousand pounds (Parisian); they were to apportion the contributions among themselves. Deputies (procureurs) from northern France -(de la langue franaise) and from Languedoc, met +(de la langue française) and from Languedoc, met and enacted that the southern French Jews, decimated and impoverished by the previous year's massacre, were to contribute forty-seven thousand @@ -2852,7 +2814,7 @@ Provence (Arelat), vicar-general of the Papal States and for some time titular lieutenant of the Holy Roman empire, was a friend of science, a warm admirer also of Jewish literature, and consequently -a protector of the Jews. Several Jewish littrateurs +a protector of the Jews. Several Jewish littérateurs were his teachers, or at his instance undertook scientific and theological works.</p> @@ -2863,7 +2825,7 @@ authors into their circle, lightened their material cares by liberal support, and stimulated their activity by encouragement. Thus it came to pass that three<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span> Jewish Italian men of letters had the courage to -compete with the Spaniards and Provenals. These +compete with the Spaniards and Provençals. These were Leo Romano, Judah Siciliano, and above all the poet Immanuel Romi, who once more ennobled neo-Hebrew poetry, and raised it to a higher level. @@ -2941,7 +2903,7 @@ Kalonymos, and to have taken him into his service. This talented man (born 1287, died before 1337) possessed solid knowledge, was familiar with the Arabic language and literature (which was very remarkable -in a Provenal), and in his youth (1307–1317) +in a Provençal), and in his youth (1307–1317) translated medical, astronomical, and philosophical<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span> writings from that language into Hebrew. Kalonymos ben Kalonymos was not merely a hewer @@ -3172,8 +3134,8 @@ writings so well, and here older and contemporary exegetists come in for their share of Immanuel's sly satire.</p> -<p>Neo-Hebraic poetry, which began with Jos ben -Jos, and reached its zenith in Ibn-Gebirol and +<p>Neo-Hebraic poetry, which began with José ben +José, and reached its zenith in Ibn-Gebirol and Jehuda Halevi, attains its final stage of development in Immanuel. The gamut had now been run. After Immanuel, the Hebrew muse became silent for a @@ -3377,7 +3339,7 @@ Burgos, Convert to Christianity, and Persecutor of the Jews—Gonzalo Martinez—Fall of Martinez and Deliverance of the Jews—Decline of the Study of Science—The Study of the Talmud prosecuted with Renewed Vigor—Jacob and Judah Asheri—Isaac -Pulgar, David Ibn-Albilla—The Provenal Philosophers +Pulgar, David Ibn-Albilla—The Provençal Philosophers Ibn-Kaspi, Leon de Bagnols, and Vidal Narboni—Decline of the Study of the Talmud in Germany—Emperor Louis of Bavaria and the Jews—Persecution by the "Leather-Arms."</p></blockquote> @@ -3421,7 +3383,7 @@ desire to kiss the dust of the Holy Land. Emigration to Palestine, especially from the extreme west, became very common at this time.</p> -<p>A pupil of Mer of Rothenburg, named Abraham, +<p>A pupil of Meïr of Rothenburg, named Abraham, a painstaking copyist of holy writings, considered his dwelling in the Holy Land a mark of divine grace. Two young Kabbalists, Chananel Ibn-Askara @@ -3589,7 +3551,7 @@ Pampeluna, appear to have escaped these savage attacks. The people of Navarre at length succeeded in their desire; their country was separated from France, and obtained a king of its own, Philip -III, Count of Evreux and Angoulme. As soon as +III, Count of Evreux and Angoulême. As soon as he was crowned, the relatives of the murdered entreated him to mete out justice. At first, Philip prosecuted the guilty persons in real earnest; he @@ -3643,7 +3605,7 @@ his kingdom, burnt many houses, and would have destroyed the place entirely, had not more moderate persons intervened, and explained to the king that the people were not so much embittered against -Don Joseph as against Don Alvar Nuez, whose +Don Joseph as against Don Alvar Nuñez, whose influence was most hateful to them. Don Alfonso thereupon condescended to remove Alvar from his public offices, whilst Don Joseph continued in favor @@ -3808,7 +3770,7 @@ Jews. More ominous events were to happen.</p> <p>King Alfonso was not very constant; he transferred his favor from one person to another. He took into his confidence a man unworthy of the distinction, -named Gonzalo Martinez (Nuez) de +named Gonzalo Martinez (Nuñez) de Oviedo, originally a poor knight, who had been promoted through the patronage of the Jewish favorite, Don Joseph of Ecija. Far from being grateful to @@ -4121,7 +4083,7 @@ by its illusions. There were but few representatives of a philosophical conception of Judaism in those days; these were Isaac Pulgar, of Avila, David Ibn-Albilla of Portugal, and Joseph Kaspi of -Argentire, in southern France.</p> +Argentière, in southern France.</p> <p>Levi ben Gerson, or Leon de Bagnols, was more renowned and more talented than any of these. He @@ -4169,7 +4131,7 @@ began to put forth fruit, and he began the series of writings which continued for more than twenty years (1321–1343). None of his writings created such a sensation as his work on the philosophy of religion -(Milchamoth Adona). In this he set forth the +(Milchamoth Adonaï). In this he set forth the boldest metaphysical thoughts with philosophical calmness and independence, as if paying no heed to the fact that by his departure from the hitherto received @@ -4269,7 +4231,7 @@ several years.</p> <p>Though the Karaite, Aaron ben Elia Nicomedi, may be reckoned among the philosophers of this time, he can scarcely be admitted into the company of Levi -ben Gerson and the other Provenal thinkers. His +ben Gerson and the other Provençal thinkers. His small stock of philosophical knowledge was a matter of erudition, not the result of independent thought. Aaron II, of Nicomedia (in Asia Minor, born about @@ -4327,12 +4289,12 @@ Bavarian, is reported to have been favorably inclined towards the Jews, which is said to have made them proud. But this is idle calumny both against the emperor and the Jews. No German ruler before -him had treated his "servi camer" so badly, +him had treated his "servi cameræ" so badly, pawned them and sold them, as Louis the Bavarian. He also imposed a new tax upon the Jews, the so-called golden gift-pence. As the emperors had gradually pawned all the revenues derived from -their "servi camer" to enable them to satisfy +their "servi cameræ" to enable them to satisfy their immediate necessity for money, Louis the Bavarian was driven to cogitate upon some new means of obtaining supplies from them. He promulgated @@ -4445,7 +4407,7 @@ in Brussels—The Black Death in Spain—Don Pedro the Cruel and the Jews—Santob de Carrion and Samuel Abulafia—Fall of Don Pedro and its Consequences for the Jews—Return of the Jews to France and Germany—The "Golden -Bull"—Manessier de Vesoul—Matathiah Mer Halevi—Synod +Bull"—Manessier de Vesoul—Matathiah Meïr Halevi—Synod at Mayence.</p></blockquote> <p class="center bpad">1348–1380 <span class="smcap smaller">C.E.</span></p> @@ -4678,7 +4640,7 @@ with more thoroughness and more intense hatred than in the Holy Roman Empire. In vain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">106</a></span> the newly-elected emperor, Charles IV, of Luxemburg, issued letter after letter forbidding the persons -of the Jews, his "servi camer," to be touched. +of the Jews, his "servi cameræ," to be touched. Even had he possessed more power in Germany, he would not have found the German people willing to spare the Jews. The Germans did not commit their @@ -4761,7 +4723,7 @@ The council of Strasburg remained firm in its protection of the Jews, sending out numerous letters to obtain proofs of their innocence. But from many sides came unfavorable testimony. The council of -Zhringen said that it was in possession of the +Zähringen said that it was in possession of the poison the Jews had scattered. When tried it proved fatal to animals. The council would not let it go out of its hands, but would show it to a messenger.</p> @@ -4850,7 +4812,7 @@ the Jews, who set fire to their houses and died (September, 1349), only a few being saved.</p> <p>In Bavaria and Suabia, persecution was also rife, -and the communities of Augsburg, Wrzburg, Munich, +and the communities of Augsburg, Würzburg, Munich, and many others succumbed. The Jews of Nuremberg, through its extensive commerce, possessed great riches and grand houses, and were @@ -4860,7 +4822,7 @@ Charles IV freed the council from responsibility if they should be injured against its wish.</p> <p>At length their fate was fulfilled. On a spot -afterwards called Judenbhl (Jews' hill), the followers +afterwards called Judenbühl (Jews' hill), the followers of the religion of love erected a pile, and all those who had not emigrated were burnt or killed. The council of Ratisbon did its utmost to save the @@ -4875,7 +4837,7 @@ justice." Margrave Louis of Brandenburg, son of Emperor Louis, one of the partisans of the rival emperor, Gunther of Schwarzburg, showed his religious feeling by giving orders to burn all the -Jews of Knigsberg (in Neumark), and to confiscate +Jews of Königsberg (in Neumark), and to confiscate their goods. So inhuman were people in those<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">111</a></span> days that the executioner boasted of his deed, and gave documentary evidence that Margrave Louis @@ -5080,7 +5042,7 @@ unbounded. Don Juan Alfonso de Albuquerque, his tutor and all-powerful minister, recommended for the post of minister of finance a Jew who had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">116</a></span> rendered him great services, and the king appointed -Don Samuel ben Mer Allavi, a member of the leading +Don Samuel ben Meïr Allavi, a member of the leading family of Toledo, the Abulafia-Halevis, to a state situation of trust, in defiance of the decision of the cortes that Jews should no longer be eligible. @@ -5220,7 +5182,7 @@ welfare consisted. Against injustice and animosity he protected his brethren, promoted a few to state employment, and gave them opportunities for enriching themselves, but he was far from being what -Chasda Ibn-Shaprut and Samuel Ibn-Nagrela had +Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut and Samuel Ibn-Nagrela had been to their co-religionists. Samuel Abulafia appears to have had little sympathy with intellectual aspirations, or with the promotion of Jewish science @@ -5240,7 +5202,7 @@ cut arabesques, within which, in white characters on a green ground, the eightieth Psalm may be read in Hebrew. On the north and south sides are inscriptions in bas-relief, reciting the merits of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">120</a></span> -Prince Samuel Levi ben Mer. The community +Prince Samuel Levi ben Meïr. The community offers up its thanks to God, "who has not withdrawn His favor from His people, and raised up men to rescue them from the hands of their enemies. Even @@ -5552,7 +5514,7 @@ times. Lord Byron's elegiac <span class="locked">lines—</span></p> <span class="i0">Mankind their country—Israel but the grave,"<br /></span> </div></div> -<p class="in0">are applicable to the whole of the medival history +<p class="in0">are applicable to the whole of the mediæval history of the Jews, but to no period more than to this. Western and central Europe had become for the descendants of the patriarchs and the prophets one @@ -5572,7 +5534,7 @@ of Augsburg applied to Emperor Charles IV for the<span class="pagenum"><a name=" privilege "to receive and harbor Jews." The electors, ecclesiastical as well as secular, were bent upon curtailing the exclusive right of the German emperor -to possess serfs of the chamber (servi camer), +to possess serfs of the chamber (servi cameræ), and upon acquiring the same right for themselves. Gerlach, archbishop of Mayence, especially exerted himself to wrest this privilege from Emperor Charles @@ -5588,7 +5550,7 @@ that is to say, he yielded to them this source of revenue in addition to such sources as deposits of metal and salt. But it was only to the electors that the emperor conceded this right; he retained his rights -over the "servi camer" living under the rule of +over the "servi cameræ" living under the rule of the minor princes and in cities. The archiepiscopal elector of Mayence lost no time in utilizing the new privilege, and immediately employed a Jew to obtain @@ -5813,10 +5775,10 @@ extraordinary intellectual decay had set in. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="P illiterate and the superficial, in the absence of better men, were inducted into rabbinical offices. This mischievous practice was vigorously opposed by -Mer ben Baruch Halevi, a rabbi, who, in his time, +Meïr ben Baruch Halevi, a rabbi, who, in his time, passed for a great authority in Germany (1370–1390). Rabbi at Vienna, as his father had been -before him, Mer Halevi (Segal) ordered that no +before him, Meïr Halevi (Segal) ordered that no Talmudical student should exercise rabbinical functions unless authorized by a rabbi of standing. Until then it had been the practice for anyone who @@ -5831,7 +5793,7 @@ to himself the exercise of rabbinical functions, he would have incurred general derision and contempt. After the Black Death, however, this deterrent lost much of its force through the scarcity of -Talmudists. The order of Mer of Vienna, that +Talmudists. The order of Meïr of Vienna, that every rabbi should be ordained, that he should earn the title (Morenu), and that, without such preparation, he should be precluded from dealing with matrimonial @@ -5842,14 +5804,14 @@ the most respected of the German rabbis of this period is apparent from the fact that not one of them has left any important Talmudical work; that, on the contrary, they all pursued a course productive -of mental stagnation. Mer Halevi, his colleague +of mental stagnation. Meïr Halevi, his colleague Abraham Klausner, and Shalom, of Austria, rabbi at Neustadt, near Vienna, devoted themselves exclusively to writing down and perpetuating the customs of the communities (Minhagim), to which, formerly, but very little attention had been given. They and their disciples, Isaac Tyrnau of Hungary,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">135</a></span> -and Jacob Mlin (Maharil) have left behind them +and Jacob Mölin (Maharil) have left behind them nothing but such insipid compilations. If the Austrian school, which at this time preponderated, was so wanting in intellectuality, how much more @@ -5880,20 +5842,20 @@ of note.</p> <h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.</a><br /> -<span class="subhead">THE AGE OF CHASDA CRESCAS AND ISAAC BEN SHESHET.</span></h2> +<span class="subhead">THE AGE OF CHASDAÏ CRESCAS AND ISAAC BEN SHESHET.</span></h2> <blockquote> <p class="hang">The Jews of Spain after the Civil War—Joseph Pichon and Samuel Abrabanel—The Apostates: John of Valladolid—Menachem ben -Zerach, Chasda Crescas, and Isaac ben Sheshet—Chayim Gallipapa -and his Innovations—Prevt Aubriot and the Jews of +Zerach, Chasdaï Crescas, and Isaac ben Sheshet—Chayim Gallipapa +and his Innovations—Prevôt Aubriot and the Jews of Paris—The French Rabbinate—Revival of Jewish Influence in Spain—The Jews of Portugal—The Jewish Statesmen, David and Judah Negro—Rabbis and Clergy—Persecutions in Germany and Spain—The First Germs of the Inquisition—Second Expulsion of the Jews from France—The Convert, Pessach-Peter—Lipmann -of Mhlhausen.</p></blockquote> +of Mühlhausen.</p></blockquote> <p class="center bpad">1369–1380 <span class="smcap smaller">C.E.</span></p> @@ -5929,7 +5891,7 @@ friend and foe. Not a few, in their despair, had thrown themselves into the arms of Christianity. A striking picture of the unhappy condition of the Castilian communities at this period is furnished by -a contemporary writer, Samuel ara: "In truth, +a contemporary writer, Samuel Çarça: "In truth, plunderers followed on plunderers, money vanished from the purse, souls from the bodies; all the precursory sufferings of the Messianic period arrived—but @@ -6209,7 +6171,7 @@ the ingenuity and acuteness, the disjointedness of thought, the variety of matter, which characterize<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">144</a></span> his work, appealed to the shallowness of this retrograde generation. Shem-Tob ben Shaprut, Samuel -ara, Joseph Tob-Elem, Ezra Gatio, and others +Çarça, Joseph Tob-Elem, Ezra Gatiño, and others wrote super-commentaries on Ibn-Ezra's commentary on the Pentateuch. The solution of riddles propounded by Ibn-Ezra, and the discovery of his @@ -6282,11 +6244,11 @@ usually dry rabbinical disquisitions.</p> <p>Only two men of this time are raised by their character and learning above the dead level of prevailing -mediocrity: Chasda Crescas and Isaac ben +mediocrity: Chasdaï Crescas and Isaac ben Sheshet. They both lived in the kingdom of Aragon, where the Jews under Pedro IV and Juan I were neither so poor nor so oppressed as their brethren -in Castile. Chasda Crescas and Isaac ben Sheshet +in Castile. Chasdaï Crescas and Isaac ben Sheshet were not sufficiently great to dominate their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">146</a></span> contemporaries, or prescribe their own views as rules of conduct; they were, however, the foci of @@ -6299,14 +6261,14 @@ consolation and re-animation of the broken in spirit, notwithstanding that their means were limited, and the times unpropitious.</p> -<p>Chasda ben Abraham Crescas (born 1340, died +<p>Chasdaï ben Abraham Crescas (born 1340, died 1410), originally of Barcelona, and subsequently of Saragossa, where he ended his days, did not belong to the class of ordained rabbis, but he had been educated on Talmudical lines, and was an accomplished Talmudist. His wealth and his occupations seem to have indisposed him for this honorable -position. Chasda Crescas was in close relation +position. Chasdaï Crescas was in close relation with the court of Juan I, of Aragon, was frequently consulted on important state questions, and also had much intercourse with the grandees of the kingdom. @@ -6316,7 +6278,7 @@ thought he evinced in dealing with them stamp him an original thinker. His ideas, of course, were largely based upon religious, or rather Jewish convictions, which, however, he presented in an original -form. Chasda Crescas was the first to recognize +form. Chasdaï Crescas was the first to recognize the weak points of the prevailing Aristotelianism, and he attacked it with irresistible force. Of his youth nothing is known, and it is impossible to say @@ -6327,7 +6289,7 @@ but of Aristotle himself. His ancestors were learned Talmudists, and his grandfather enjoyed a reputation equal to that of the famous Asheri family. In Talmudical studies he was a disciple of Nissim -Gerundi, of Barcelona. Chasda Crescas was kind<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">147</a></span> +Gerundi, of Barcelona. Chasdaï Crescas was kind<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">147</a></span> and gentle, a friend in need, and a faithful defender of the weak. During the unhappy days which broke upon the Jews of Spain in his lifetime, he devoted @@ -6424,7 +6386,7 @@ great prosperity of Israel in the future, had been fulfilled in the days of the Maccabees, and wrote a work on the subject. Against this hardy innovator, a storm naturally arose. A neighboring rabbi, -Chasda ben Solomon, of Tudela, a man of not over-fine +Chasdaï ben Solomon, of Tudela, a man of not over-fine sensibilities, denounced him to Isaac ben Sheshet, and the latter lectured the venerable Gallipapa, who had sent disciples into the world, as if he had @@ -6437,7 +6399,7 @@ at reform went no further.</p> the natural outcome of the prevailing spiritual needs; and it must be confessed that the more rigorous, the better it was adapted to them. Isaac ben Sheshet -and his friend Chasda Crescas, who, although no +and his friend Chasdaï Crescas, who, although no enemy of secular learning, entertained the same view as his colleague, and defended his orthodoxy on philosophic grounds, were considered, after the @@ -6445,7 +6407,7 @@ death of Nissim Gerundi, the most eminent rabbinical authorities of their day, not in Spain only. From far and near, inquiries were addressed to them, principally to Isaac ben Sheshet, but also to -Chasda Crescas. The proudest rabbis and the +Chasdaï Crescas. The proudest rabbis and the largest communities invoked their counsel, and were content to abide by their decisions. The court of Aragon also regarded them as the leaders @@ -6453,7 +6415,7 @@ of the Jewish communities, but this operated to their disadvantage. In consequence of the denunciation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">150</a></span> of some malevolent person, the ground of which is unknown, the king, Don Pedro IV, ordered -Chasda Crescas, Isaac ben Sheshet, his brother, +Chasdaï Crescas, Isaac ben Sheshet, his brother, Crescas Barfat, the aged Nissim Gerundi of Barcelona, and two others, to be thrown into prison. After a long time, they were released on bail. We @@ -6463,7 +6425,7 @@ of the offense or crime laid to their charge. Their innocence must have come to light, for they afterwards remained unmolested.</p> -<p>The authority of Chasda Crescas and Isaac ben +<p>The authority of Chasdaï Crescas and Isaac ben Sheshet was appealed to by the French communities to settle an important point in a dispute about the chief rabbinate of France. A change, largely the @@ -6506,12 +6468,12 @@ the accumulated pledges, murdered a few Jews, and tore children from the arms of fleeing and weeping Jewish mothers to baptize them forthwith. A large number of Jews saved themselves by flight to the -fort Chtelet. The regent was much irritated by +fort Châtelet. The regent was much irritated by this violent outbreak, but was unable to punish the offenders at once on account of the excited state of the people. He ordered that the Jews be reinstated in their homes, and the plunder restored to -them. Few complied with the order. The prevt +them. Few complied with the order. The prevôt of Paris, Hugues Aubriot—a man of considerable energy, who had beautified and enlarged the French capital—also interested himself in the Jews. In @@ -6555,7 +6517,7 @@ years, and was projecting the establishment of an academy, when a former pupil of his father, one Isaiah ben Abba-Mari, arrived in France from Savoy with the authorization of the German chief rabbi, -Mer ben Baruch Halevi, granting to him alone the +Meïr ben Baruch Halevi, granting to him alone the right to maintain an academy and ordain pupils as rabbis. Whoever exercised rabbinical functions without his authority and, especially, meddled with @@ -6570,7 +6532,7 @@ without influential support. Many of the French Jews, however, were extremely wroth at this violent, imperious behavior of the immigrant rabbi. They condemned the presumptuousness of the German<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">153</a></span> -rabbi, Mer Halevi, in treating France as though it +rabbi, Meïr Halevi, in treating France as though it were a German province, and protested against his dictating laws to the French communities, as it had always been the custom to regard each community, @@ -6581,7 +6543,7 @@ appoint his own relatives to the various rabbinates. It being impossible to settle the dispute by an appeal to the home-authorities, Jochanan turned with his grievance to the two foremost representatives of -Spanish Judaism, Chasda Crescas and Isaac ben +Spanish Judaism, Chasdaï Crescas and Isaac ben Sheshet. Both these "Catalonian grandees," as they were called, pronounced in favor of Jochanan. This decision, however, was not destined to bring @@ -6661,7 +6623,7 @@ king and the princes."</p> once almost unknown among the Jews, were exceedingly rife, even rabbis being occasionally the victims. As the aged Nissim Gerundi, Isaac ben -Sheshet, Chasda Crescas, and their friends were +Sheshet, Chasdaï Crescas, and their friends were victimized by the conspiracy of some miserable calumniator, so an attempt was made to ruin the rabbi of Alkolea de Cinca, En-Zag Vidal de Tolosa, @@ -6827,13 +6789,13 @@ before him their grievances, even against the rabbis, and remedy abuses wherever they existed. On these journeys he was accompanied by a Jewish judge (Ouvidor), a chancellor (Chanceller) with his -staff, a secretary (Escrivo), and a sheriff (Porteiro +staff, a secretary (Escrivão), and a sheriff (Porteiro jurado), to carry out the sentences of his court. The chief rabbi or Ar-Rabbi Mor, appointed in each of the seven provinces of the kingdom provincial rabbis (Ouvidores) subject to him. These rabbis were established in the seven principal provincial -Jewish centers, Santarem, Vizeu, Cavilho, Porto, +Jewish centers, Santarem, Vizeu, Cavilhão, Porto, Torre de Montcorvo, Evora and Faro. They governed the provincial communities, and were the judges of appeal for their several districts. The @@ -6876,9 +6838,9 @@ anticipating that, on account of his wealth and experience, he might prove of use to her. Leonora's scheme to obtain absolute authority and share the government with her paramour was frustrated by -the still craftier bastard Infante Don Joo, Grand +the still craftier bastard Infante Don João, Grand Master of Avis. In the art of winning public favor -and turning it to account, Don Joo was a master, +and turning it to account, Don João was a master, and he soon brought things to such a pass that the queen regent was forced to leave the capital. Burning for revenge, Leonora invoked the aid of her @@ -6887,7 +6849,7 @@ result that a sanguinary civil war was commenced. In opposition to the aristocratic faction, supporting the queen regent and the Castilians, there arose a popular party, which enthusiastically espoused the -cause of Don Joo of Avis. Leonora was obliged +cause of Don João of Avis. Leonora was obliged to fly before the hatred of her people and take refuge in Santarem. Among her escort were the two Jewish grandees, Judah and David Negro, who @@ -6946,7 +6908,7 @@ and involved their several communities in much unseemly strife, as, for example, David Negro and Judah, Isaiah ben Abba-Mari and Jochanan in France, Solomon Zarfati and En-Vidal Ephraim -Gerundi in the Island of Majorca, and Chasda ben +Gerundi in the Island of Majorca, and Chasdaï ben Solomon and Amram Efrati in Valencia, but it must be acknowledged that such incidents were of rare occurrence. To the majority, the rabbinate was as @@ -6979,7 +6941,7 @@ as outcasts and accursed of God. Although superior in everything save wickedness and the virtues of a robber chivalry, they were denied the commonest rights of man. They were baited and slaughtered -like beasts of the field. In Nrdlingen the entire +like beasts of the field. In Nördlingen the entire Jewish community, including women and children, was murdered (1384). All over Suabia they were persecuted, and in Augsburg they were imprisoned @@ -7258,8 +7220,8 @@ with his own hands the lives of his mother-in-law and wife, and then his own. Here also a large number went over to Christianity. About seventy communities were visited by this terrible persecution, -among them those of Ecija, Huete, Logroo, -Burgos, Carrion, and Ocaa. At Ascalona not a +among them those of Ecija, Huete, Logroño, +Burgos, Carrion, and Ocaña. At Ascalona not a single Jew remained alive. The thoroughly maddened Christian population meditated a similar fate for the Moors, or Mahometans, living in the kingdom @@ -7336,7 +7298,7 @@ with their own hands, or threw themselves<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172 from the walls. Others sallied forth from the fortress to meet their assailants in the open field, and fell in honorable combat. Among the martyrs was -the noble Chasda Crescas' young and only son, +the noble Chasdaï Crescas' young and only son, then on the eve of his marriage. Eleven thousand Jews are said to have been baptized on this occasion. Only a very few escaped, and not one remained @@ -7363,7 +7325,7 @@ storm abated, the Jews remaining were so broken in spirit that they did not venture forth from their places of refuge. The sad occurrences were described in a heart-breaking, tearful epistle to the -community of Perpignan, which Chasda Crescas, +community of Perpignan, which Chasdaï Crescas, who had been robbed of an only son and his entire fortune, penned in answer to their sympathetic inquiries. Thus, to Spanish Jews came the tragical @@ -7389,7 +7351,7 @@ demeanor was humbled. They were no longer the men who had so valiantly wielded the sword in the armies of Don Pedro. In Portugal alone the Jews were free from fanatical attacks. Its king, Don -Joo I, enjoyed a popularity to which, in a crisis, he +João I, enjoyed a popularity to which, in a crisis, he was able to appeal. As his instructions were cheerfully obeyed, he was able to preserve order and put down outbreaks with a firm hand. The chief rabbi, @@ -7520,7 +7482,7 @@ dealt more leniently with them than his heartless ancestor. They were not, as before, robbed of all their possessions, and turned adrift stripped to the skin. On the contrary, Charles VI issued -orders to the prevt of Paris and his provincial +orders to the prevôt of Paris and his provincial governors, instructing them to see that no harm come to the Jews, either in their persons or their chattels, and that they cross the frontier safely. @@ -7536,7 +7498,7 @@ families, and in the vicinity seven more, remained behind, so that they must have received special indulgences. Jews also remained in the provinces not directly dependent on the French crown—in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">177</a></span> -Dauphin, in Provence proper, and in Arles, these +Dauphiné, in Provence proper, and in Arles, these being fiefs of the German empire. The flourishing seaport, Marseilles, possessed a Jewish community for a long time after the expulsion. Even the popes @@ -7582,7 +7544,7 @@ charges. The result was that a large number of the Jews of Prague were arrested and imprisoned (August 3d, 1399). Among them was the foremost and, perhaps, only really learned German Jew -of the Middle Ages, Lipmann (Tab-Yomi) of Mhlhausen, +of the Middle Ages, Lipmann (Tab-Yomi) of Mühlhausen, a scholar accomplished alike in Biblical and Talmudical lore, who had read not only Karaite authors, but also the New Testament in a Latin @@ -7607,11 +7569,11 @@ weeks later three more led to the stake.</p> <p class="hang">The Marranos—The Satirists—Pero Ferrus of Alcala, Diego de Valencia, and Villasandino—Astruc Raimuch and Solomon Bonfed—Paul de Santa Maria and his Zealous Campaign -against the Jews—Joshua Ibn-Vives—Profiat Duran (Efodi)—Mer +against the Jews—Joshua Ibn-Vives—Profiat Duran (Efodi)—Meïr Alguades—The Philosophy of Crescas—Death of Henry III of Castile and Unfavorable Change in the Position of the Jews—Messianic Dreams of the Kabbalists—Jews seek an Asylum in -Northern Africa—Simon Duran—Geronimo de Santa F, Vincent +Northern Africa—Simon Duran—Geronimo de Santa Fé, Vincent Ferrer and Benedict XIII—Anti-Jewish Edict of Juan II—Special Jewish Costume—Conversion of Jews owing to Ferrer's Violent Efforts—Disputation at Tortosa—The Jewish Spokesmen at the @@ -7702,7 +7664,7 @@ in the name of the Alcala community. Spanish poetry reaped considerable advantage from these passages at arms. Verse, up to that period starched, solemn, and stately as the punctilious ceremonial -of the Madrid court, in the hands of Judo-Christian +of the Madrid court, in the hands of Judæo-Christian satirists acquired the flexibility, wit and merriment of neo-Hebraic poetry at its best. This tone and style were gradually adopted by Christian poets, @@ -7837,13 +7799,13 @@ this end he left no stone unturned. With voice and pen he assailed Judaism, seeking his weapons in Jewish literature itself. Not long after his conversion he addressed a letter to his former acquaintance, -Joseph (Jos) Orabuena, physician in ordinary +Joseph (José) Orabuena, physician in ordinary to King Charles III of Navarre, and chief rabbi of the Navarrese communities, in which he stated that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">185</a></span> he acknowledged and honored Jesus as the Messiah whose advent had been foretold by the prophets, and invited Orabuena to follow his example. To -another chief rabbi, Don Mer Alguades, physician +another chief rabbi, Don Meïr Alguades, physician in ordinary to the Castilian king, Don Henry III, Paul de Santa Maria addressed a Hebrew satire in prose and verse, in which he ridiculed the innocent @@ -7862,7 +7824,7 @@ new persecutions. His purpose became so obvious that the cardinal of Pampeluna himself, and other ecclesiastics, ordered him to desist. It is true the Jews had to pay dearly for his silence. He also intrigued -against Chasda Crescas. So far did this +against Chasdaï Crescas. So far did this apostate carry his enmity to Judaism that he advised the king, Don Henry III, to abstain from employing both Jews and new-Christians in state offices. Did @@ -7901,7 +7863,7 @@ rabbi. In an humble epistle, as though a docile pupil were addressing an illustrious master, Joshua Allorqui administered many a delicate reproof to his apostate teacher, and at the same time, by his -nave doubts, dealt destructive blows at the fundamental +naïve doubts, dealt destructive blows at the fundamental doctrines of Christianity. He observes in his introduction that the conversion of his beloved teacher had to him more than to others been a source @@ -7947,18 +7909,18 @@ quick. The evasive and embarrassed reply, which Paul indited later on, clearly indicated how he had winced under this attack.</p> -<p>The philosopher, Chasda Crescas, also came forward +<p>The philosopher, Chasdaï Crescas, also came forward in gallant defense of the religion of his fathers. He composed (1396) a polemical treatise (Tratado), in which he tested philosophically the Christian articles of faith, and demonstrated their untenableness. This work was addressed to Christians more than to Jews, and was particularly intended for the perusal -of Spaniards of high rank whose friendship Chasda +of Spaniards of high rank whose friendship Chasdaï Crescas enjoyed. Hence it was written not in Hebrew but in Spanish, which the author employed with ease, and its tone was calm and moderate. -Chasda Crescas set forth the unintelligibility of the +Chasdaï Crescas set forth the unintelligibility of the doctrines of the Fall, the Redemption, the Trinity, the Incarnation, the Immaculate Conception, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">188</a></span> Transubstantiation, and examined the value of baptism, @@ -7966,19 +7928,19 @@ the coming of Jesus, and the relation of the New Testament to the Old, with dispassionate deliberation, as if he did not know that he was dealing with questions which might at any moment light the -fires of an auto-da-f.</p> +fires of an auto-da-fé.</p> <p>At about the same time an accomplished Marrano, who had relapsed into Judaism, published a pungent attack on Christianity and the new-Christians. -In the entire history of Judo-Christian controversy +In the entire history of Judæo-Christian controversy no such stinging satire had been produced on the Jewish side as that now issued by the physician, astronomer, historical student, and grammarian Profiat Duran. During the bloody persecution of 1391 in Catalonia, Profiat Duran, otherwise Isaac ben Moses, or, as he called himself in his -works, Efodi (Ephodus), had been forced to simulate +works, Efodi (Ephodæus), had been forced to simulate conversion to Christianity. He was joined by his friend David Bonet Buen-Giorno. Both resolved at a convenient opportunity to abandon @@ -8010,7 +7972,7 @@ that Christians used it (under the title Alteca Boteca) as an apology for Christianity. Whilst thus pretending to criticise the errors of the older faith, Profiat Duran dwells on the Christian dogmas, -navely describing them in their most reprehensible +naïvely describing them in their most reprehensible form. He concentrates on the weaknesses of Christianity the full light of reason, Scriptural teaching and philosophic deduction, apparently with no desire @@ -8041,11 +8003,11 @@ will bewail the faithlessness of his son. This satirical epistle was circulated as a pamphlet. Its author sent copies not only to his former friend, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">190</a></span> also to the physician of the king of Castile, the chief -rabbi, Don Mer Alguades. So telling was the +rabbi, Don Meïr Alguades. So telling was the effect produced, that the clergy, as soon as they discovered its satirical character, made it the subject of judicial inquiry, and committed it to the flames. -At the request of Chasda Crescas, Profiat Duran +At the request of Chasdaï Crescas, Profiat Duran wrote another anti-Christian work, not, however, a satire, but in the grave language of historical investigation. In this essay he showed, from his intimate @@ -8061,14 +8023,14 @@ Don Henry III. His malice did not succeed in prejudicing the king against the Jews, or inducing him to bar them from state employment. Don Henry had two Jewish physicians, in whom he -reposed especial confidence. One, Don Mer Alguades, +reposed especial confidence. One, Don Meïr Alguades, an astronomer and philosopher, he appointed, perhaps in imitation of Portugal, to the chief rabbinate of the various Castilian communities. He was always in the king's train, and it is probable that to some extent he influenced him favorably towards his co-religionists. The other was Don -Moses Zarzel (aral), who celebrated in rich +Moses Zarzel (Çarçal), who celebrated in rich Spanish verse the long wished for birth of an heir to the Castilian throne, borrowing the beauties of the neo-Hebraic poetry to do honor to the newly-born @@ -8090,13 +8052,13 @@ composed a mathematical and calendarial essay (Chesheb-Efod) and an historical account of the persecutions to which his race had been subjected since the dispersion. His best work is a Hebrew grammar -("Maas Efod," written about 1403), in which +("Maasé Efod," written about 1403), in which he summarizes the results of older writers, rectifies their errors, and even attempts to formulate the principles of Hebrew syntax.</p> <p>A production of more than common merit was -written by Chasda Crescas, now on the brink of the +written by Chasdaï Crescas, now on the brink of the grave, his spirits shattered by persecution. He was a profound, comprehensive thinker, whose mind never lost itself in details, but was forever striving @@ -8113,7 +8075,7 @@ study and a practical handbook. Death appears to have prevented the accomplishment of this gigantic enterprise, only the philosophic portion, or introduction, being completed. In this introduction -Chasda Crescas deals, on the one hand, with the +Chasdaï Crescas deals, on the one hand, with the principles of universal religion, the existence of God, His omniscience and providence, human free-will, the design of the universe, and, on the other, with @@ -8121,7 +8083,7 @@ the fundamental truths of Judaism, the doctrines of the creation, immortality, and the Messiah.</p> <p>Crescas was less dominated by the Aristotelian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">192</a></span> -bias of medival philosophy than his predecessors. +bias of mediæval philosophy than his predecessors. It had lost its halo for him; he perceived its weaknesses more clearly than others, and probed them more deeply. With bold hands he tore down the @@ -8146,7 +8108,7 @@ will does not follow blind choice, but is controlled by a chain of antecedent circumstances and causes. To what extent can the doctrine of reward and punishment be admitted, if the will is not -free? Chasda Crescas' answer to this is that +free? Chasdaï Crescas' answer to this is that reward and punishment wait on intentions, not on actions. He who, in purity of heart, wishes to accomplish good—which must, of course, necessarily @@ -8165,7 +8127,7 @@ lead to immortality by means of ideas and commandments and the guidance of thoughts and actions.</p> -<p>Chasda Crescas, the first to distinguish between +<p>Chasdaï Crescas, the first to distinguish between universal religion and specific forms, such as Judaism and Christianity, propounded, deviating from Maimuni's system, only eight peculiarly Jewish @@ -8175,8 +8137,8 @@ or too few, inasmuch as they blended indiscriminately fundamental truths common to all religions, and teachings peculiar to Judaism.</p> -<p>Together with Profiat Duran and Chasda Crescas, -Don Mer Alguades, the Castilian chief rabbi, +<p>Together with Profiat Duran and Chasdaï Crescas, +Don Meïr Alguades, the Castilian chief rabbi, appeared, in the brief interval between two bloody persecutions in Spain, as a writer of philosophic works. He was not an independent inquirer; he @@ -8257,7 +8219,7 @@ society and from participation in the public life of the country, would suffer a decline similar to that of the German Jews.</p> -<p>At the same time he vented his hate on Mer Alguades, +<p>At the same time he vented his hate on Meïr Alguades, the physician of the dead king. The queen-regent had no cause to injure this Jewish notable; only Paul could desire his ruin, because he was the @@ -8278,15 +8240,15 @@ to say; it sufficed, however, to attract the serious attention of the bishop, Velasquez de Tordesillas, who caused a number of Jews to be arrested as accomplices in the crime, among them -Don Mer Alguades. Criminal proceedings were +Don Meïr Alguades. Criminal proceedings were formally commenced by order of the queen-regent, and Alguades and his fellow-prisoners were subjected to torture, and confessed their guilt. It is -stated that in his agony Mer Alguades made a confession<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">196</a></span> +stated that in his agony Meïr Alguades made a confession<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">196</a></span> of another kind—that the king, Henry III, had come by his death at his hands. Although everybody knew that the king had been ailing from -his youth, Don Mir—who must have been specially +his youth, Don Mëir—who must have been specially interrogated while under torture as to whether he had poisoned the king—was put to death in the most inhuman manner. He was torn limb from @@ -8360,7 +8322,7 @@ charlatanic strain.</p> kings, an asylum for persecuted Jews was formed on that portion of the African coast facing Spain. Many of the north African towns, such as Algiers, -Miliana, Constantine, Buja, Oran, Tenes, and Tlemen, +Miliana, Constantine, Buja, Oran, Tenes, and Tlemçen, were filled with Jews fleeing from the massacres of 1391, and with new-Christians anxious to get rid of the Christianity which they had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">198</a></span> @@ -8391,7 +8353,7 @@ African communities.</p> <p>The distinguished rabbi, Isaac ben Sheshet-Barfat, who had escaped from Spain and settled in Algiers, -was recognized by the king of Tlemen as chief +was recognized by the king of Tlemçen as chief rabbi and judge of all the communities. This he owed to the influence of one of his admirers, Saul Astruc Cohen, a popular physician and an accomplished @@ -8475,7 +8437,7 @@ responsibility must rest for the events which directly conduced to the most terrible tragedy in the history of the Jews of Spain. Joshua Lorqui of Lorca assumed on his baptism the name Geronimo de Santa -F, became physician in ordinary to the Avignon +Fé, became physician in ordinary to the Avignon pope, Benedict, and, like his teacher, Solomon-Paul de Santa Maria, considered it his mission in life to draw his former brethren over to Christianity by @@ -8723,7 +8685,7 @@ less than 20,500 forced baptisms.</p> Jews. Pope Benedict XIII had still worse troubles in store for them, employing as his instrument his newly-baptized Jewish physician, Joshua Lorqui, -otherwise Geronimo de Santa F. This pope, deposed +otherwise Geronimo de Santa Fé. This pope, deposed by the council of Pisa as schismatic, heretic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">207</a></span> and forsworn, deprived of his spiritual functions and put under the ban, projected the conversion of the @@ -8767,12 +8729,12 @@ At their head was Don Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi nobility, a man of consideration and culture, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">208</a></span> physician and neo-Hebrew poet. Among his companions were Joseph Albo, of Monreal, a disciple of -Chasda Crescas, distinguished for his philosophic +Chasdaï Crescas, distinguished for his philosophic learning and genuine piety; Serachya Halevi Saladin, of Saragossa, translator of an Arabic philosophic work; Matathias Yizhari (En Duran?), of the same town, also a polished writer; Astruc Levi, -of Daroca, a man of position; Bonastruc Desmastre, +of Daroca, a man of position; Bonastruc Desmaëstre, whose presence was most desired by the pope, because he was learned and distinguished; the venerable Don Joseph, of the respected Ibn-Yachya @@ -8809,7 +8771,7 @@ case of failure, there was to follow a war of extermination<span class="pagenum" against the Talmud on account of the abominations it contained, and the support it afforded the Jews in their blindness. Geronimo de -Santa F accordingly composed a treatise on the +Santa Fé accordingly composed a treatise on the Messianic character and Divinity of Jesus as illustrated in Jewish sacred writings. He collected all the specious arguments, the sophistries and text @@ -9043,7 +9005,7 @@ in winning over many thousands to Christianity. In the great Jewish communities of Saragossa, Calatajud, Daroca, Fraga and Barbastro, the conversions were limited to individuals; but smaller -congregations, such as those of Alcaiz, Caspe, +congregations, such as those of Alcañiz, Caspe, Maella, Lerida, Alcolea and Tamarite, hemmed in by hostile Christians, who spared neither limb nor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">215</a></span> life, went over in a body to Christianity. All these @@ -9128,9 +9090,9 @@ everywhere—in the churches and the open streets—that "a man like this pope deserves to be pursued<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">217</a></span> to death by every right-thinking Christian." Deserted by his protectors, his friends, and even -his protgs, there now remained to Pedro de Luna, +his protégés, there now remained to Pedro de Luna, of all his possessions, only the small fortress of -Peiscola, and even here King Ferdinand, urged on +Peñiscola, and even here King Ferdinand, urged on by Santa Maria, the pope's creature, threatened him with a siege. In the end this ambitious and obstinate man covered himself with ridicule by attempting @@ -9143,7 +9105,7 @@ his college elected two popes instead of one. Such was the infallibility of the church, into the pale of which it was sought to force the Jews. What became of the malicious apostate, Joshua Lorqui-Geronimo -de Santa F, after the fall of his master, +de Santa Fé, after the fall of his master, is not known. In Jewish circles he was remembered by the well-earned sobriquet of "The Calumniator" (Megadef). King Ferdinand of Aragon, who had @@ -9165,12 +9127,12 @@ bull of Pope Benedict were still in force. Ferrer's proselytizing campaigns had severely crippled the Spanish, and even foreign communities. In Portugal alone they met with no success. The Portuguese -ruler, Don Joo I, had other interests to pursue<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">218</a></span> +ruler, Don João I, had other interests to pursue<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">218</a></span> than the conversion of Jews. He was then occupied in that first conquest on the coast of Africa, opposite to Portugal, which laid the foundation of the subsequent maritime supremacy of the Portuguese. -When Vincent Ferrer petitioned King Joo +When Vincent Ferrer petitioned King João for permission to come to Portugal in order to make the pulpits and streets resound with his dismal harangues on the sinfulness of the world and the blindness @@ -9181,7 +9143,7 @@ refuge on the Pyrenean peninsula from the proselytizing rage of the flagellant preacher, and many Spanish Jews who had the means of escaping fled thither. Don Judah Ibn Yachya-Negro, held in high -esteem by King Joo I, and, perhaps, appointed by +esteem by King João I, and, perhaps, appointed by him chief rabbi of Portugal, represented to him the horrors of enforced baptism, and the necessary insincerity of the professions of unwilling converts. @@ -9233,7 +9195,7 @@ and the practice of converting them by force. The emperor, who may be accused of thoughtlessness but not of a spirit of persecution, thereupon issued his commands to all the German princes and magistrates, -cities and subjects, to allow his "servi camer" +cities and subjects, to allow his "servi cameræ" the full enjoyment of the privileges and immunities which had been given them by the pope (February 26th, 1418). A deputation of Jews, commissioned @@ -9285,7 +9247,7 @@ were paid down; without it, nothing.</p> <blockquote> <p class="hang">The Hussite Heresy—Consequences for the Jews involved in the -Struggle—Jacob Mlin—Abraham Benveniste and Joseph Ibn-Shem +Struggle—Jacob Mölin—Abraham Benveniste and Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob in the Service of the Castilian Court—Isaac Campanton, the Poet Solomon Dafiera—Moses Da Rieti—Anti-Christian Polemical Literature—Chayim Ibn-Musa—Simon Duran @@ -9348,7 +9310,7 @@ Catholic houses. Of special Hussite hostility to the Jews no evidence is forthcoming. On the other hand, Catholics accused Jews of secretly supplying the Hussites with money and arms; and in the -Bavarian towns near the Bhmerwald, they persecuted +Bavarian towns near the Böhmerwald, they persecuted them unmercifully as friends and allies of the heretics. The Dominicans—the "army of anti-Christ" as they were called—included the Jews in @@ -9388,7 +9350,7 @@ wife and her two accomplices or seducers, Israel and his wife, were brought to Vienna, examined, and forced to confess. The records of the case are silent as to the means employed to obtain the -avowal of guilt; but the procedure of medival +avowal of guilt; but the procedure of mediæval Christendom in such trials is well known.</p> <p>Archduke Albert issued the order that in the @@ -9468,12 +9430,12 @@ soldiery. Letters of lamentation over the threatened disaster, calling upon him to implore the intervention of heaven, were addressed from far and near to the illustrious rabbi of Mayence, Jacob ben -Moses Mlin Halevi (Maharil, born 1365, died +Moses Mölin Halevi (Maharil, born 1365, died 1427), the most pious rabbi of his time. His arrangement of the synagogue ritual and melodies is used to this day in many German communities, and their colonies in Poland and Hungary. Jacob -Mlin ordered a general fast, accompanied by fervent +Mölin ordered a general fast, accompanied by fervent prayer, and his instructions were circulated from one community to another throughout the land. The German congregations forthwith assembled @@ -9549,15 +9511,15 @@ were probably determined less by merit than by money. For a college, in which students were prepared for the rabbinate, a heavy tax had to be paid, notwithstanding that the instruction was given gratuitously. -Besides Jacob Mlin, only one name of +Besides Jacob Mölin, only one name of importance emerges from the darkness of this period, Menachem of Merseburg, or, as he was -generally called, Mel Zedek. He wrote a comprehensive +generally called, Meïl Zedek. He wrote a comprehensive work on the practice of the Talmudic marriage and civil law, which the Saxon communities adopted for their authoritative guidance. He, at least, departed from the beaten track of his older -contemporaries or teachers, Jacob Mlin and Isaac +contemporaries or teachers, Jacob Mölin and Isaac Tyrnau, who attached value to every insignificant detail of the liturgy. By and by Menachem of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">228</a></span> Merseburg was recognized as an authority, and an @@ -9643,12 +9605,12 @@ powerless to recover itself. Despite the calm succeeding the storm, it seemed to wither like autumn<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">230</a></span> leaves. The decline was most marked in the department of Talmudic study. After the emigration -of Isaac ben Sheshet and the death of Chasda +of Isaac ben Sheshet and the death of Chasdaï Crescas, no Spanish rabbi obtained more than local authority and reputation. The only upholder of the traditions of the rabbinate was Isaac ben Jacob Campanton, who lived to be more than a hundred years -old (born 1360, died at Peafiel 1463); but he produced +old (born 1360, died at Peñafiel 1463); but he produced only one work (Darke ha-Talmud), which exhibited neither genius nor learning. Still, in his day, Campanton passed for the Gaon of Castile. @@ -9667,7 +9629,7 @@ sport of fortune, with a prescriptive right to lamentation.</p> <p>The Jews of Italy failed to distinguish themselves in poetry even during the Medici period, in spite of the high culture which, with the Hussite movement, -was eating away the foundations of medival +was eating away the foundations of mediæval Catholicism. Since Immanuel Romi, the Jews of Italy had produced but one poet; even he was not a poet in the noblest sense of the word. Moses @@ -9687,12 +9649,12 @@ want of taste, and where he should rise to lofty thought he sinks into puerilities. Only in one respect does his work mark an advance in neo-Hebrew poetry. He breaks entirely with the traditional -Judo-Arabic method of a single rhyme. +Judæo-Arabic method of a single rhyme. There is variety in his versification; the ear is not wearied by monotonous repetition of the same or similar sounds, and the lines fall naturally into stanzas. He also avoids playing on Biblical verses, the objectionable -habit of Judo-Spanish poets. In a word, +habit of Judæo-Spanish poets. In a word, Da Rieti supplied the correct form for neo-Hebrew poetry, but he was unable to vivify it with an attractive spirit. Yet the Italian Jews adopted a part of @@ -9717,7 +9679,7 @@ Jewish thinkers held it a duty to proclaim their convictions aloud, and to admonish waverers and strengthen them. The more the preaching monks, especially apostates of the stamp of Paul de -Santa Maria, Geronimo de Santa F, and Pedro de +Santa Maria, Geronimo de Santa Fé, and Pedro de la Caballeria, exerted themselves to prove that the Christian Trinity was the true God of Israel, taught<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">232</a></span> and typified in the Bible and the Talmud, and the @@ -9742,7 +9704,7 @@ went to extremes. Instead of relying exclusively on the convincing demonstrations in the Bible text, or on the attractive illustrations of the Agada, they resorted to the armory of scholasticism, employing -the formul of philosophy and, in the presence of +the formulæ of philosophy and, in the presence of the Torah, and by the side of the Hebrew prophets and the Talmudical sages, quoted Plato, Aristotle, and Averroes.</p> @@ -9759,7 +9721,7 @@ they had assumed to save their lives. Hence the majority of the polemical writings of the day were merely vindications of Judaism from the old charges fulminated by Nicholas de Lyra a century before, or -more recently by Geronimo de Santa F and others,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">233</a></span> +more recently by Geronimo de Santa Fé and others,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">233</a></span> and widely circulated by the Christian clergy. Solomon-Paul of Burgos, who had been appointed bishop of his native town, wrote, in his eighty-second year @@ -9775,7 +9737,7 @@ blunted amid the luxurious ease of the episcopal palace—for his tract, devoutly Christian and Catholic in tone, is pointless and dull. Another ex-rabbi who devoted himself to attacking Judaism -was Juan de Espaa, also called Juan the Old (at +was Juan de España, also called Juan the Old (at Toledo), a convert who in old age had embraced Christianity under the influence of Vincent Ferrer's proselytizing efforts. He wrote a treatise on his @@ -9803,7 +9765,7 @@ a refutation of Geronimo's impeachment of the Talmud (Kodesh ha-Kodashim), and the latter circulated, in Spanish, an account of a religious controversy he had sustained with an eminent church -dignitary. Isaac ben Kalonymos, of a learned Provenal +dignitary. Isaac ben Kalonymos, of a learned Provençal family named Nathan, who associated a great deal with learned Christians, and frequently had to defend his religious convictions, wrote two polemical @@ -9867,7 +9829,7 @@ and Incarnation. Besides, he wrote, for the instruction of his brethren, a detailed commentary on Profiat Duran's satire on Christianity, and made available for them, by means of a Hebrew translation, -Chasda Crescas' polemical work against the +Chasdaï Crescas' polemical work against the Christian religion, originally written in Spanish. Strange to say, the Spanish Jews preferred, as a rule, Hebrew books to those in the language of @@ -9986,7 +9948,7 @@ Nachmani, he was a sworn enemy of the Kabbala. During his father's lifetime and at his request, he wrote a refutation of the shameless, lying accusations brought against the Talmud by Geronimo de -Santa F. In an exhaustive treatise ("Letter on the +Santa Fé. In an exhaustive treatise ("Letter on the Conflict of Duties") he deals sharply with Geronimo's sallies. He repels the accusation that the Talmud teaches lewdness, and proves that it really @@ -10034,7 +9996,7 @@ of Monreal, one of the principal representatives of Judaism at the Tortosa disputation, who, probably through the intolerance of Pope Benedict, had emigrated to Soria, was a physician and a pupil of -Chasda Crescas, hence well acquainted with the +Chasdaï Crescas, hence well acquainted with the physical sciences and the philosophic thought of his time. Although a strict adherent of Talmudical Judaism, he was, like his teacher, not averse to philosophic @@ -10074,7 +10036,7 @@ exert themselves to throw off such influence. The religious philosopher of Soria propounded as his fundamental idea that salvation was the whole aim of man in this life, and that Judaism strongly emphasized -this aspect of religion. His teacher, Chasda +this aspect of religion. His teacher, Chasdaï Crescas, and others, had considered man's aim the bliss of the future life, to be found in proximity to the Deity and in the union of the soul with the @@ -10376,9 +10338,9 @@ Spanish and Italian Jews in 1442—Don Juan II defends the Jews—Pope Nicholas V's Hostility—Louis of Bavaria—The Philosopher Nicholas of Cusa and his Relation to Judaism—John of Capistrano—His Influence with the People is turned -against the Jews—Capistrano in Bavaria and Wrzburg—Expulsion +against the Jews—Capistrano in Bavaria and Würzburg—Expulsion of the Breslau Community—Expulsion of the Jews from -Brnn and Olmtz—The Jews of Poland under Casimir IV—Capture +Brünn and Olmütz—The Jews of Poland under Casimir IV—Capture of Constantinople by Mahomet II—The Jews find an Asylum in Turkey—The Karaites—Moses Kapsali—Isaac Zarfati—Position of the Jews of Spain—Persecutions directed by @@ -10695,7 +10657,7 @@ also those who had taken orders or had assumed the monk's garb, continued to observe, more or less openly, the Jewish religious laws. The sophistry of the converts, Paul de Santa Maria and Geronimo -de Santa F, regarding the testimony in the Old +de Santa Fé, regarding the testimony in the Old Testament and the Talmudic Agada to the Messiahship of Jesus, the Incarnation of God, the Trinity and other church dogmas, impressed the Marranos @@ -10819,7 +10781,7 @@ lives of the patients were at stake.</p> Jews, brought about by Capistrano, is strikingly illustrated by the conduct of one eminent ecclesiastic before and after the appearance of the Capuchin in -Germany. Bishop Godfrey, of Wrzburg, reigning +Germany. Bishop Godfrey, of Würzburg, reigning duke of Franconia, shortly after his accession to the government of the duchy, had granted the fullest privileges to the Jews. More favorable treatment @@ -10936,7 +10898,7 @@ in these various cases, and a large number, in all 318 persons, were arrested in different localities, and brought to Breslau. Capistrano sat in judgment upon them, and hurried them to execution. -At the Salzring—now Blcherplatz—where Capistrano +At the Salzring—now Blücherplatz—where Capistrano resided, forty-one convicted Jews were burnt on one day (2d June, 1453). The rabbi (Phineas?) hanged himself; he had also counseled others to @@ -10972,8 +10934,8 @@ their deserts," a remark worthy of the son of Albert II, who had burnt the Austrian Jews. The same monarch also sanctioned—doubtless at the instigation of Capistrano, who passed several months at -Olmtz—the expulsion of the Jews from the latter -place and from Brnn.</p> +Olmütz—the expulsion of the Jews from the latter +place and from Brünn.</p> <p>The echoes of Capistrano's venomous eloquence reached even Poland, disturbing the Jewish communities @@ -11143,7 +11105,7 @@ requited the wrongs she had inflicted on others and herself. From Constantine, the founder of the Byzantine empire, who placed a blood-stained sword in the hands of the church, to the last of the emperors, -Constantine Dragosses, of the Palologus family, +Constantine Dragosses, of the Palæologus family, everyone in the long series of rulers (with the exception of the apostate Julian) was more or less inspired by falsehood and treachery, and an arrogant, @@ -11179,7 +11141,7 @@ kindle enthusiasm for a new crusade. His tirades had ceased to draw. Their only effect was to assemble a ragged mob of students, peasants, mendicant friars, half-starved adventurers and romantic -fanatics. The ghost of medivalism vanished before +fanatics. The ghost of mediævalism vanished before the dawn of a new day.</p> <p>It seems almost providential that, at a moment @@ -11464,7 +11426,7 @@ in the hour of his success.</p> of the cities, Don Henry employed a Jewish farmer of taxes, one Don Chacon, a native of Vitoria; and he, too, fell a sacrifice to his office. -A rabbi, Jacob Ibn-Nuez, his private physician, was +A rabbi, Jacob Ibn-Nuñez, his private physician, was appointed by Henry to apportion and collect the tribute of the Jews of Castile; while Abraham Bibago, yet another Jew of eminence, stood high @@ -11633,7 +11595,7 @@ which professed to defend the rights of the Infanta Isabella, sister of Don Henry. The utter weakness which Henry betrayed encouraged the rebels to make the most outrageous assaults upon his prerogatives. -The cortes convened at Ocaa in 1469, +The cortes convened at Ocaña in 1469, wishing to humiliate him, took up the Jewish question. They reminded him of the laws of his ancestors, and told him to his face that he had violated @@ -11794,7 +11756,7 @@ Italy.</p> <p>Attacks upon the new-Christians were now so frequent that they suggested to the cunning and ambitious minister, Pacheco, the means of carrying -out a <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">coup d'tat</i>. This unscrupulous intriguer, who +out a <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">coup d'état</i>. This unscrupulous intriguer, who for two decades had kept Castile in constant confusion, saw with secret chagrin that the reconciliation of Don Henry with his sister and successor @@ -12029,7 +11991,7 @@ writings of the philosopher so highly esteemed in synagogue and church, and wrote a grammar and a book on logic, in the Hebrew language, for Jewish students. More important than these writings is -his Hebrew rhetoric (Nfeth Zufim), in which he +his Hebrew rhetoric (Nófeth Zufim), in which he lays down the laws upon which the grace, force and eloquence of the higher style depend, and proves that the same laws underlie sacred literature. He @@ -12116,7 +12078,7 @@ confused thinker, made him believe that the secret doctrine was of ancient origin, and contained the wisdom of the ages. Mirandola, who had a marvelous faculty of assimilation, soon familiarized himself -with the Kabbalistic formul, and discovered +with the Kabbalistic formulæ, and discovered confirmations of Christian dogma in them; in fact, he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">292</a></span> found far more of Christianity than of Judaism. The extravagances of the Kabbala demonstrated in @@ -12150,7 +12112,7 @@ Talmud, that the recognized authorities of ancient Judaism knew nothing of it, and that its supposed sacred and ancient groundwork, the Zohar, was by no means the work of the celebrated Simon bar -Yocha, but the production of a forger. In short, he +Yochaï, but the production of a forger. In short, he considered the Kabbala to be made up of the rags and tatters of the neo-Platonic school.</p> @@ -12231,7 +12193,7 @@ Solomon Kolon (flourished 1460–1490) was of French extraction, his ancestors having been expelled from France; but he passed his youth in Germany, and belonged to the German school. He -subsequently lived with his relatives in Chambry +subsequently lived with his relatives in Chambéry until the Jews were hunted out of Savoy. With many companions in misfortune he went to Lombardy, where he gained his living by teaching; @@ -12535,10 +12497,10 @@ rabbi of Ratisbon, already bowed down by sorrow and suffering, was charged with the death of the child.</p> -<p>Israel Bruna (of Brnn, born 1400, died 1480) +<p>Israel Bruna (of Brünn, born 1400, died 1480) was one of those sons of sorrow who seem to fall from one misfortune into another. He appears to -have been exiled from Brnn, where he was recognized +have been exiled from Brünn, where he was recognized as a Rabbinical authority, and after many wanderings, to have traveled by way of Prague to Ratisbon. He settled there, and wished to perform @@ -12774,7 +12736,7 @@ of the Marranos—A Polemical Work against the Catholic Church and Despotism gives a Powerful Impulse to the Inquisition—The Tribunal is established in 1480—Miguel Morillo and Juan de San Martin are the first Inquisitors—The Inquisition in -Seville—The "Edict of Grace"—The Procession and the Auto-da-f—The +Seville—The "Edict of Grace"—The Procession and the Auto-da-fé—The Numbers of the Accused and Condemned—Pope Sixtus IV and his Vacillating Policy with Regard to the Inquisition—The Inquisition under the first Inquisitor General, @@ -13132,7 +13094,7 @@ or confiscate their property. Naturally the dungeons of the Inquisition were soon filled with Jewish heretics. Fully 15,000 were thrown into prison at the outset. The Christian priests of Moloch inaugurated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">317</a></span> -the first auto-da-f, on January 6th, 1481, with +the first auto-da-fé, on January 6th, 1481, with a solemn procession, repeated innumerable times during the following three hundred years. The clergy in their gorgeous vestments and with crucifixes; @@ -13151,7 +13113,7 @@ secular judge; for the church, though steeped to the lips in blood, was supposed not to desire the death of the sinner. The Jewish heretics were given to the flames forthwith, or, if penitent, they -were first strangled. In the first auto-da-f, at which +were first strangled. In the first auto-da-fé, at which the bishop, Alfonso de Ojeda, preached the inauguration sermon, only six Judaizing Christians were burnt. A few days later the conspirators of Carmona, @@ -13292,7 +13254,7 @@ nor witnesses were known to them? It is altogether likely, too, that the tribunal did not leave them very much time to institute proceedings for the revision of the verdict. Between the passing of the sentence -and the last act of the auto-da-f only a very +and the last act of the auto-da-fé only a very short interval elapsed.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">321</a></span> @@ -13733,10 +13695,10 @@ Christians were burnt as accomplices, a yet greater number were condemned to perpetual imprisonment, among them a high dignitary of the Metropolitan Church of Saragossa, and not a few women -of gentle birth. Francisco de Santa F also died at +of gentle birth. Francisco de Santa Fé also died at the stake. Even those who had given shelter to the conspirators for a brief period during their flight -were compelled to attend an auto-da-f as penitents, +were compelled to attend an auto-da-fé as penitents, and lost their civil rights. How far the inhumanity of the persecutors went is especially shown by one of the punishments inflicted. A conspirator, Gaspard @@ -13761,7 +13723,7 @@ fanaticism of Torquemada overcame every obstacle, and the papal court was obliged to give its assent to every proposal. From that time forth the number of victims continued to increase. On -the 12th of February, 1486, an auto-da-f was celebrated +the 12th of February, 1486, an auto-da-fé was celebrated in Toledo with 750 human burnt-offerings, while on the 2d of April in the same year, 900 victims were offered up, and on the 7th of May, 750. @@ -13936,7 +13898,7 @@ hopes.</p> <p>Don Isaac ben Judah Abrabanel (born in Lisbon 1437, died in Venice 1509) worthily closes the list of Jewish statesmen in Spain who, beginning with -Chasda Ibn-Shaprut, used their names and positions +Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, used their names and positions to protect the interests of their race. In his noble-mindedness, his contemporaries saw proofs of Abrabanel's descent from the royal house of David, @@ -13999,7 +13961,7 @@ I frequented his palace."</p></blockquote> <p>Alfonso's reign was the end of the golden time for the Jews of the Pyrenean Peninsula. Although -in his time the Portuguese code of laws (Ordenaoens +in his time the Portuguese code of laws (Ordenaçoens de Alfonso V), containing Byzantine elements and canonical restrictions for the Jews, was completed, it must be remembered that, on the one hand, the @@ -14075,19 +14037,19 @@ good of his brethren in faith and race.</p> and cultured wife and three fine sons, Judah Leon, Isaac and Samuel, he was disturbed by the turn of affairs in Portugal. His patron, Alfonso V, -died, and was succeeded by Don Joo II (1481–1495), +died, and was succeeded by Don João II (1481–1495), a man in every way unlike his father—stronger of will, less kindly, and full of dissimulation. He had been crowned in his father's lifetime, and was not rejoiced when Alfonso, believed to be dead, suddenly -re-appeared in Portugal. Joo II followed the +re-appeared in Portugal. João II followed the tactics of his unscrupulous contemporary, Louis XI of France, in the endeavor to rid himself of the Portuguese grandees in order to create an absolute monarchy. His first victim was to be Duke Ferdinand of Braganza, of royal blood, almost as powerful and as highly considered as himself, and better -beloved. Don Joo II was anxious to clear from his +beloved. Don João II was anxious to clear from his path this duke and his brothers, against whom he had a personal grudge. While flattering the Duke of Braganza, he had a letter set up against him, accusing @@ -14100,7 +14062,7 @@ took possession of his estates and wealth (June, 1483). His brothers were forced to fly to avoid a like fate. Inasmuch as Isaac Abrabanel had lived in friendly relations with the Duke of Braganza and -his brothers, King Joo chose to suspect him of having +his brothers, King João chose to suspect him of having been implicated in the recent conspiracies. Enemies of the Jewish statesman did their best to strengthen these suspicions. The king sent a command @@ -14163,7 +14125,7 @@ his dissertations would have been, or, at all events, would have deserved to be, more popular. Nor should he have gone beyond his province into philosophical inquiry. Abrabanel accepted the orthodox -point of view of Nachmani and Chasda, +point of view of Nachmani and Chasdaï, merely supplementing them with commonplaces of his own. He was not tolerant enough to listen to a liberal view of Judaism and its doctrines, and accused @@ -14181,7 +14143,7 @@ by heretical philosophy, suffer less than their brethren in Spain? Only a brief time was granted to Abrabanel to pursue his favorite study; the author was once more compelled to become a -statesman. When about to delineate Judan and +statesman. When about to delineate Judæan and Israelite monarchs, he was summoned to the court of Ferdinand and Isabella to be intrusted with the care of their finances. The revenues seem to have @@ -14511,7 +14473,7 @@ their indescribably terrible position, few Jews passed over to Christianity in the year of the expulsion from Spain. Among persons of note, only the rich tax-collector and chief rabbi, Abraham -Senior, his son, and his son-in-law, Mer, a rabbi, +Senior, his son, and his son-in-law, Meïr, a rabbi, went over, with the two sons of the latter. It is said that they received baptism in desperation, because the queen, who did not want to lose her @@ -14535,7 +14497,7 @@ nothing, so that they should not fall into the hands of the church, and also paid the charges of their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">352</a></span> exodus. The aged rabbi, Isaac Aboab, the friend of Abrabanel, went with thirty Jews of rank to Portugal, -to negotiate with King Joo II, for the settlement +to negotiate with King João II, for the settlement of the Jews in that country, or for their safe passage through it. They succeeded in making tolerably favorable conditions. The pain of leaving @@ -14633,7 +14595,7 @@ trained for meanest servility. The beautiful synagogue of Toledo, which Don Pedro's Jewish statesman, Samuel Abulafia, had erected about a century and a half before, was transformed into a church (de -neustra Seora de San Benito), and, with its Moorish +neustra Señora de San Benito), and, with its Moorish architecture, its exquisite columns, and splendid proportions, is to this day a magnificent ornament to the city. In the other cities and towns of Spain, @@ -14683,7 +14645,7 @@ in church for adoration, cried out, "Woe to him who sees, and must believe such a thing!" Such expressions in unguarded moments naturally afforded the best opportunity for inquiry, imprisonment, the -rack and autos-da-f, not merely for the individual +rack and autos-da-fé, not merely for the individual caught in the act, but for his relatives, friends, and everybody connected with him who had any property. It had, moreover, grown to be a necessity to @@ -14732,11 +14694,11 @@ enriched ours!"</p> Naples and Abrabanel—Leon Abrabanel—Misfortunes of the Jews in Fez, Genoa, Rome, and the Islands of Greece—The Sultan Bajazet—Moses Kapsali—Spanish Jews in Portugal—The -Jewish Astronomers, Abraham Zacuto and Jos Vecinho—The +Jewish Astronomers, Abraham Zacuto and José Vecinho—The Jewish Travelers, Abraham de Beya and Joseph Zapateiro—Outbreak of the Plague among the Spanish Jews in Portugal—Sufferings of the Portuguese Exiles—Judah Chayyat and his -Fellow-Sufferers—Cruelty of Joo II—Kindly Treatment by +Fellow-Sufferers—Cruelty of João II—Kindly Treatment by Manoel changed into Cruelty on his Marriage—Forcible Baptism of Jewish Children—Levi ben Chabib and Isaac Caro—Pope Alexander VI—Manoel's Efforts on Behalf of the Portuguese @@ -14885,7 +14847,7 @@ shelter in the country where his father had been threatened with death, he turned his face towards Naples. His suspicions of the king of Portugal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">361</a></span> were only too speedily justified. No sooner did -Joo hear that a relative of Abrabanel was within +João hear that a relative of Abrabanel was within his borders than he ordered the child to be kept as hostage, and not to be permitted to go forth with the other Jews. Little Isaac never saw his parents and @@ -15053,7 +15015,7 @@ At first the Spanish Jews who went to Portugal seemed to have some chance of a happy lot. The venerable rabbi, Isaac Aboab, who had gone with a deputation of thirty to seek permission from King -Joo either to settle in or pass through Portugal, +João either to settle in or pass through Portugal, succeeded in obtaining tolerably fair terms. Many of the wanderers chose to remain in the neighboring kingdom for a while, because they flattered themselves @@ -15066,7 +15028,7 @@ worst, so thought the refugees, they would have time in Portugal to look round, decide which way to go, and readily find ships to convey them in safety to Africa or to Italy. When the Spanish deputies -placed the proposition before King Joo II to receive +placed the proposition before King João II to receive the Jews permanently or temporarily in Portugal, the king consulted his grandees at Cintra. In presenting the matter, he permitted it to be seen @@ -15148,14 +15110,14 @@ astronomical tables in the thirteenth century, known under the name of Alfonsine Tables, which were used with only slight alterations by the scientific men of Germany, France, England and Italy. -As Joo II of Portugal now wished to send ships +As João II of Portugal now wished to send ships to the Atlantic for the discovery of India by way of the African sea-coast, he summoned a sort of astronomical congress for the working out of practical astronomical tables. At this congress, together with the famous German astronomer, Martin Behaim, and the Christian physician of King Rodrigo, there -sat a Jew, the royal physician, Joseph (Jos) Vecinho, +sat a Jew, the royal physician, Joseph (José) Vecinho, or de Viseu. He used as a basis the perpetual astronomical calendar, or Tables of the Seven Planets, which Abraham Zacuto, known later as a @@ -15170,11 +15132,11 @@ Cape of Good Hope and India, and thus, perhaps,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Pa Columbus was enabled to discover a new continent. The geographical knowledge and skill of two Jews, Rabbi Abraham de Beya and Joseph Zapateiro de -Lamego, were also turned to account by King Joo +Lamego, were also turned to account by King João II, who sent them to Asia to obtain tidings of his emissaries to the mythical land of Prester John.</p> -<p>Although King Joo thus employed learned and +<p>Although King João thus employed learned and skillful Jews for his own ends, he had no liking for the Jewish race: he was indifferent, or rather inimical, to them directly they came in the way of his @@ -15207,7 +15169,7 @@ the Spanish refugees died of the plague in Portugal. The population on this account murmured against the king, complaining that the pestilence had followed in the track of the accursed Jews, and established -itself in the country. Don Joo, therefore,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">369</a></span> +itself in the country. Don João, therefore,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">369</a></span> had to insist more strenuously than he otherwise would have done upon the condition that all who had settled in Portugal should leave at the expiration @@ -15287,7 +15249,7 @@ money for their passage and provisions. They, therefore, put off going from day to day, comforting themselves with the hope that the king would be merciful, and allow them to remain in Portugal. -Don Joo, however, was not a monarch whose heart<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">371</a></span> +Don João, however, was not a monarch whose heart<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">371</a></span> was warmed by kindness and compassion. He maintained that more Jews had come into Portugal than had been stipulated for, and insisted, therefore, that @@ -15297,7 +15259,7 @@ made slaves, and sold or given to those of the Portuguese nobility who cared to take their pick from them (1493).</p> -<p>King Joo went still further in his cruel dealings +<p>King João went still further in his cruel dealings with the unhappy Spanish Jews. The children of from three to ten years of age whose parents had become slaves, he ordered to be transported by sea @@ -15310,7 +15272,7 @@ to recall his command. Mothers entreated to be allowed to go with their children, threw themselves at the king's feet as he came out of church, and implored him to leave them at least the youngest. -Don Joo had them dragged from his path +Don João had them dragged from his path "like bitches who had their whelps torn from them." Is it to be wondered at that mothers, with their children in their arms, sprang into the sea to rest united @@ -15326,7 +15288,7 @@ to the Jews must be accounted for by the bitter gloom which mastered him at the death of his only legitimate son.</p> -<p>After the death of Joo II, who sank in wretchedness +<p>After the death of João II, who sank in wretchedness into his grave (end of October, 1495), he was succeeded by his cousin Manoel, a great contrast in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">372</a></span> disposition to himself—an intelligent, amiable, gentle-minded @@ -15407,7 +15369,7 @@ spoke the deciding word. She entertained fanatical, almost personal hatred against the Jews. She believed or was persuaded by the priests that the misfortunes and unhappiness which had befallen King -Joo in his last days were occasioned by his having +João in his last days were occasioned by his having allowed Jews to enter his kingdom; and, nourished as she had been at the breast of superstition,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">374</a></span> she was afraid of ill-luck in her union with @@ -15542,7 +15504,7 @@ that time passed by, and the day arrived when they were to forfeit life, or at least liberty, if found upon Portuguese soil. He had all who remained behind locked in an enclosed space (os -Estas) like oxen in stalls, and informed them that +Estaõs) like oxen in stalls, and informed them that they were now his slaves, and that he could do with them as he thought fit. He urged them voluntarily to confess the Christian faith, in which case they @@ -16017,7 +15979,7 @@ culture, bearing, social manners, and knowledge of the world, was appreciated and admired by other Jews, especially by German Jews, with whom they everywhere came into contact. Hence Spanish -Jews could presume to play the rle of masters, +Jews could presume to play the rôle of masters, and frequently, in spite of their paucity of numbers, they dominated a majority speaking other tongues. In the century after their expulsion they are almost @@ -16057,7 +16019,7 @@ Xerifs, he sided with the former, led one thousand four hundred Jews and Moors against the followers of the latter, and defeated them at Ceuta. A very numerous Jewish community of Spanish descent -occupied the greater portion of Tlemen, or Tremen, +occupied the greater portion of Tlemçen, or Tremçen, an important town, where the court resided. Here Jacob Berab (born 1474, died 1541), fleeing from Spain, found a refuge. He was one of the most @@ -16067,7 +16029,7 @@ was a crusty, dogmatical and quarrelsome man, who had many enemies, but also many admirers. Born at Maqueda, near Toledo, Jacob Berab, after passing through many dangers, suffering want, hunger -and thirst, reached Tlemen, whence he went to +and thirst, reached Tlemçen, whence he went to Fez, the Jewish community of which chose him, a needy youth, for their rabbi, on account of his learning and sagacity. There he conducted a college @@ -16130,7 +16092,7 @@ as his teacher, Samuel Alvalensi. He was a correct thinker, and devoid of narrow one-sidedness. He plunged into the dark labyrinths of the Kabbala, yet, at the same time, raised his eyes to the bright -heights of philosophy—a mental <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">msalliance</i> possible +heights of philosophy—a mental <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">mésalliance</i> possible in those days. Alashkar even defended Maimuni and his philosophical system against the charge of heresy brought by obscurantists.</p> @@ -16233,7 +16195,7 @@ adopted the Syrian or Seleucidan chronology (<i xml:lang="he" lang="he">Minyan Yavanim</i>, <i xml:lang="he" lang="he">Minyan Shetaroth</i>), in memory of the victory of the Syrian king Seleucus over the other generals of Alexander the Great. The Syrian -empire and the Seleucid had perished long ago, +empire and the Seleucidæ had perished long ago, Syria had by turns become the prey of Romans, Byzantines, Mahometans, Mongols and Turks; nevertheless, the Babylonian and Egyptian Jews @@ -16243,7 +16205,7 @@ the dating of documents of divorce and similar deeds. Whilst the Jews of Palestine and of Europe had gradually adopted other chronologies, as "After the Destruction of the Temple," or "Since the Creation" -(<i xml:lang="la" lang="la">ra mundi</i>), the Babylonian and Egyptian +(<i xml:lang="la" lang="la">æra mundi</i>), the Babylonian and Egyptian Jews so pertinaciously adhered to the Seleucidan<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">395</a></span> era as to declare invalid every letter of divorce not so dated. Ibn-Abi Zimra abolished this antiquated @@ -16950,7 +16912,7 @@ and phenomena of our globe. He was influenced to undertake these studies by the marvelous discoveries of the southern coasts of Africa and India by the Portuguese, and of America by -the Spaniards. Penetrating medival mist and the +the Spaniards. Penetrating mediæval mist and the deceptive illusions of fancy, Farissol saw things as they actually are, and deeming it necessary to point them out, he scoffed at ignorant men who, in their @@ -17851,7 +17813,7 @@ studies in a large circle of scholars, who thenceforth zealously devoted themselves to it; and these studies supplied a new factor towards the Lutheran Reformation. A number of disciples of Reuchlin, such as -Sebastian Mnster and Widmannstadt, followed in +Sebastian Münster and Widmannstadt, followed in his footsteps, and raised the Hebrew language to the level of Greek.</p> @@ -17992,7 +17954,7 @@ Pfefferkorn, or rather, of the Dominicans. Smaller communities had contributed their share towards the expenses occasioned by this serious matter, but the larger and richer communities of Rothenburg on the -Tauber, Weissenburg and Frth, on which the Jews +Tauber, Weissenburg and Fürth, on which the Jews of Frankfort had counted most, displayed deplorable indifference. But when, in consequence of the second mandate, Jewish books were confiscated not @@ -18205,7 +18167,7 @@ Empire, and were entitled to its full privileges and protection. This was the first stammering utterance of that liberating word of perfect equality, which required more than three centuries for its perfect -enunciation and acknowledgment. The medival +enunciation and acknowledgment. The mediæval delusion, that the Jews, by Vespasian and Titus' conquest of Jerusalem, had become the bondmen of their successors, the Roman and German emperors, @@ -18548,7 +18510,7 @@ escape punishment, must give up all copies of the "Augenspiegel" to the flames. The people were promised thirty days' indulgence, if they assembled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452">452</a></span> on the appointed day at the church square to celebrate -the auto-da-f and increase its splendor. On +the auto-da-fé and increase its splendor. On the 12th of October the place before the church in Mayence was thronged with spectators—the curious, the sympathetic, and the seekers after indulgence! @@ -18743,7 +18705,7 @@ a better time.</p> <p>Young Germany was working with all its might on behalf of Reuchlin and against the bigots: besides Hermann von Busche, and Crotus Rubianus -(Johann Jger), there was the fiery Ulrich von Hutten, +(Johann Jäger), there was the fiery Ulrich von Hutten, the most energetic and virile character of the time. In fact, Hutten's energy first found a worthy aim in the passionate feud between Reuchlin and @@ -18906,7 +18868,7 @@ hardly won, by means of another libelous pamphlet.</p> delayed still more by the Dominicans. The commission appointed had a close translation of the "Augenspiegel" prepared by a German in -Rome, Martin von Grnigen; but the opposition +Rome, Martin von Grönigen; but the opposition found fault with it. Numerous hindrances blocked the progress of the suit, and at this stage cost Reuchlin 400 gold florins. The Dominicans had @@ -18926,7 +18888,7 @@ Reuchlin lawsuit had ended, or would end in Rome, a young Humanist (most likely Crotus Rubianus, in Leipsic), wrote a series of letters, which, for wit, humor and biting satire, had not been equaled in all -literature. The "Letters of Obscurantists" (<i xml:lang="la" lang="la">Epistol +literature. The "Letters of Obscurantists" (<i xml:lang="la" lang="la">Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum</i>), published in 1515, in a great measure directed against the rascally Ortuinus Gratius, laid bare, in the language of the @@ -19400,7 +19362,7 @@ their welfare. On the inducement of his patron, Egidio, he worked at a Hebrew grammar in the Hebrew language, the greater part of which was translated into Latin by Reuchlin's pupil, Sebastian -Mnster. Elias Levita had not a mind of great +Münster. Elias Levita had not a mind of great depth, nor did he propound a new theory on the structure of the Hebrew language. He rigorously adhered to the grammatical system of the Kimchis, @@ -19736,7 +19698,7 @@ indisposed to place themselves in opposition to the ideas of the age, only too strongly inclined to mysteries, paradoxes and irrational fancies. Sephardic fugitives, Judah Chayyat, Baruch of Benevento, -Abraham Levi, Mer ben Gabbai, Ibn-Abi Zimra, had +Abraham Levi, Meïr ben Gabbai, Ibn-Abi Zimra, had brought the Kabbala to Italy and Turkey, and with extraordinary energy won zealous adherents for it. Also, the enthusiasm felt for the Kabbala by Christian @@ -19795,14 +19757,14 @@ so thoughtful and respected a man as Isaac Abrabanel, together with Kabbalistic fancies, seems to have encouraged an enthusiast to predict the immediate realization of Messianic ideals. A German, -Asher Lmmlein (or Lmmlin), appeared in Istria, +Asher Lämmlein (or Lämmlin), appeared in Istria, near Venice, proclaiming himself a forerunner of the Messiah (1502). He announced that if the Jews would show great repentance, mortification, contrition and charity, the Messiah would not fail to come in six months. The people's minds, prepared by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483">483</a></span> suffering and the Kabbalist craze, were susceptible -to such convulsive expectations. Asher Lmmlein +to such convulsive expectations. Asher Lämmlein gained a troop of adherents, who spread his prophecies. In Italy and Germany he met with sympathy and belief. There was much fasting, much praying, @@ -19813,11 +19775,11 @@ on redemption and return to Jerusalem that existing institutions were wilfully destroyed. The sober and thoughtful did not dare check this wild fanaticism. Even Christians are said to have believed in -Asher Lmmlein's Messianic prophecy. But the +Asher Lämmlein's Messianic prophecy. But the prophet died, or suddenly disappeared, and with him the extravagant hopes came to an end.</p> -<p>But with the termination of the Lmmlein "year +<p>But with the termination of the Lämmlein "year of penitence," the Jews by no means lost their hope in the Messiah; it was necessary to support them in their misery. The Kabbalists did not cease @@ -19894,7 +19856,7 @@ the Holy Office to proceed against Lutheran doctrines in Spain, a most welcome task to the bloodthirsty monster. Henceforth, Jews, Mahometans and Lutheran Christians enjoyed equality; at -every auto-da-f martyrs of the three different religions +every auto-da-fé martyrs of the three different religions perished together.</p> <p>The Marranos in Portugal were differently placed @@ -19947,7 +19909,7 @@ right of pursuing a trade, of collecting church tithes, of taking office, or even accepting ecclesiastical dignities preparatory to entering one of the orders. At first they showed their hatred by calling them insulting -names, "cursed convert of a Jew" (<i xml:lang="pt" lang="pt">Judo Marrano, +names, "cursed convert of a Jew" (<i xml:lang="pt" lang="pt">Judæo Marrano, converso</i>), till Manoel stopped this by law. Bad harvests, which for many years had brought famine into Portugal, now resulted in a plague, and @@ -20024,7 +19986,7 @@ himself was compelled to modify his attitude towards them.</p> <p>The condition of the Portuguese Marranos changed -under Manoel's successor Joo III (1522–1557), +under Manoel's successor João III (1522–1557), the blockhead who brought about the ruin of his country. As Infante he had been the declared enemy of the new-Christians. At first he respected @@ -20044,7 +20006,7 @@ possessed of a knowledge of medicine and physical science and all pertaining to it. There were in Portugal hardly any but Jewish, that is to say, Marrano physicians. When, however, other influences -were brought to bear on Joo, and he gradually +were brought to bear on João, and he gradually freed himself from these wise counselors, his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489">489</a></span> fanatical detestation of the converts gained the upper hand. Queen Catherine, a Spanish Infanta, @@ -20055,7 +20017,7 @@ the king with complaints of the disgraceful and wicked conduct of the Marranos towards the Christian faith, and urged him to put a stop to the proceedings of the Marranos by instituting an Inquisition. -Joo III thereupon commissioned George Themudo +João III thereupon commissioned George Themudo to inquire into the life of the Marranos in Lisbon, their headquarters, and to report to him upon it. Themudo was probably not far from the truth when @@ -20070,11 +20032,11 @@ not in a churchyard, that they had no masses said for their departed relatives, and committed other offenses of a similar character.</p> -<p>But Joo was not satisfied with Themudo's report; +<p>But João was not satisfied with Themudo's report; the Marranos were put under an espionage system. A convert, an emigrant from Spain, named Henrique Nunes, who afterwards received from the -church the honorary title Firme-F, was chosen by +church the honorary title Firme-Fé, was chosen by the king to spy upon them. In the school of the bloodthirsty Lucero he had acquired a fierce hatred of the Marranos, and it was his ardent wish to see @@ -20084,7 +20046,7 @@ families of the converts, to associate with them as a brother and companion in adversity, to observe them and report upon all the information he could gain. Blinded by fanaticism and hatred of his own race, -Nunes did not consider how contemptible a rle, +Nunes did not consider how contemptible a rôle, that of a common spy, was allotted to him. He undertook<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490">490</a></span> the work only too willingly, learned all the secrets of the unhappy Marranos in Lisbon, Evora @@ -20097,7 +20059,7 @@ houses, that they had no holy images among their ornaments or on their plate, that they did not care for rosaries and other things of that kind, but he gave the names of the Jewish Marranos, making -hateful accusations against them. As soon as Joo +hateful accusations against them. As soon as João received the desired intelligence, he resolved to introduce the Inquisition on the Spanish model into his country, and secretly sent the trusty Nunes to @@ -20105,7 +20067,7 @@ Charles V in Spain to learn something more about it. The Marranos had got wind of this, and were so furious with the treacherous spy, that two of them followed him to punish his perfidy with death. -These were Diego Vaz, of Olivena, and Andr +These were Diego Vaz, of Olivença, and André Dias, of Vianna, who were Franciscans, or disguised themselves in monks' dress. They reached him not far from the Spanish frontier, near Badajoz, and @@ -20116,7 +20078,7 @@ called them, were discovered, brought to trial, stretched on the rack to betray their accomplices, and finally condemned to the gallows. But the traitor Nunes was regarded as a martyr, almost -canonized, and given the honorary title of "Firme-F" +canonized, and given the honorary title of "Firme-Fé" (Firm Believer).</p> <p>One would have expected the fanatical king after @@ -20126,7 +20088,7 @@ against the Jewish Marranos whose names he had obtained from Nunes. The king did, indeed, institute a strict inquiry to discover the accomplices of the two Marrano monks. Contrary to expectation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491">491</a></span> -Joo issued no restrictions against the Marranos. +João issued no restrictions against the Marranos. Also the inquiry about the conspirators for Nunes' death seems to have been intentionally protracted as much as possible. Documents plainly say that @@ -20223,7 +20185,7 @@ treated with respect and politeness by the Vatican, and were convinced that there must be at least a grain of truth in David's report. Roman and foreign Jews pressed round him who seemed to -open a hopeful future to them. Seora Benvenida +open a hopeful future to them. Señora Benvenida Abrabanela, wife of the rich Samuel Abrabanel, sent him great sums of money from Naples, a costly silk banner embroidered with the Ten Commandments, @@ -20235,7 +20197,7 @@ Jews at a respectful distance.</p> of Portugal, summoning David Reubeni to his court. The latter left Rome, traveling by sea with a Jewish flag on his ship. In Almeirin, the residence of king -Joo III near Santarem, where David arrived, like a +João III near Santarem, where David arrived, like a wealthy prince, with a numerous retinue bearing beautifully embroidered banners, he was also treated with the greatest honor, and a scheme was discussed @@ -20243,9 +20205,9 @@ with him as to how the weapons and cannons could be transported from Portugal for the Israelite army in Arabia and Nubia. David's appearance in Portugal seems to have changed the feeling towards -the Marranos, and Joo was persuaded to give up +the Marranos, and João was persuaded to give up the intended persecution of them. For so great an -undertaking Joo would need their support, their +undertaking João would need their support, their money and their advice. If he wished for an alliance with the Hebrew king and people, he must<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_494" id="Page_494">494</a></span> not persecute the half-Jews in his own country. So @@ -20429,7 +20391,7 @@ image of the Virgin Mary, again induced the king to consider the scheme of establishing a court of Inquisition. David Reubeni's favor with the king of Portugal was of brief duration. He was at first -received by Joo III with extraordinary friendliness, +received by João III with extraordinary friendliness, and often admitted to audience (when conversation was carried on by means of an Arab and Portuguese interpreter), and received the distinct promise that @@ -20467,14 +20429,14 @@ in Spain, where he was forced to appear before the Inquisition. However, before that could take place, Emperor Charles set him free, and David Reubeni betook himself to Avignon, under papal jurisdiction. -As soon as King Joo broke with David Reubeni, +As soon as King João broke with David Reubeni, every reason for sparing the Marranos vanished. The vacillating king was hard-pressed by the queen, the Dominicans, and some of the nobles, to decide on introducing the Inquisition. The bishop of Ceuta, Henrique, formerly a Franciscan monk and a fanatical priest, brought about the decision. In his diocese -of Olivena five new-Christians were suspected of +of Olivença five new-Christians were suspected of Jewish practices. He made short work of them. Without greatly troubling as to whether the tribunal of the Inquisition was or was not sanctioned by the @@ -20486,7 +20448,7 @@ him, and celebrated the murder of these Jewish-Christians with bull-fights. Far from wishing to hide his deed, Henrique boasted of it, and pressed the king to commence in earnest the chastisement -of the heretical and sinful new-Christians. Joo decided<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_500" id="Page_500">500</a></span> +of the heretical and sinful new-Christians. João decided<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_500" id="Page_500">500</a></span> to address himself to Pope Clement respecting the organization of commissions of inquiry in Portugal.</p> @@ -20808,7 +20770,7 @@ so long prayed for (December 17th, 1531), although Cardinals Egidio de Viterbo, Elias Levita's disciple, and Geronimo de Ghinucci, had declared against it. As though this mild-tempered pope were -ashamed of allowing his former <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">protgs</i> to be persecuted, +ashamed of allowing his former <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">protégés</i> to be persecuted, he bracketed the Lutherans with them. He was careful, too, not to permit the fanatical<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_508" id="Page_508">508</a></span> Dominicans to acquire power over the Marranos. @@ -20960,7 +20922,7 @@ faith was pinned to him, and various fictions respecting him were invented. In Italy and Turkey numbers believed that he had on this occasion, as once before, escaped death. Some said that they -had seen him a week after his auto-da-f; others +had seen him a week after his auto-da-fé; others gave out that he had visited his bride at Safet. Joseph Karo, whose name was soon to be widely known, longed for martyrdom like Molcho's. Even @@ -21006,7 +20968,7 @@ looked after the interests of Portuguese new-Christians. He was himself of Marrano descent, and as a reward for his services to the Portuguese court in Africa had obtained an important post and the confidence -of King Joo III. Chosen by the king to +of King João III. Chosen by the king to perform a secret mission, and made a knight of the order of Christ (styled also Commendatore) on the day of his departure, he set out, not for the appointed @@ -21030,7 +20992,7 @@ the Inquisition until further notice. Duarte de Paz continued his efforts in order to procure a general pardon for all Marranos denounced or imprisoned. It appears that intrigues were set on foot in favor -of the Marranos even at the court of Joo III. The +of the Marranos even at the court of João III. The party in favor of the Inquisition worked for Spanish interests, and, in view of the probability of the king's remaining without issue, was eagerly bent on @@ -21139,7 +21101,7 @@ Pinto, spared no effort to oppose the contemplated change of policy. Gold also was not wanting.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_516" id="Page_516">516</a></span> Duarte de Paz, although apparently engaged in a traitorous correspondence with the king, Don -Joo, offered Cardinal Santiquatro, the partisan of +João, offered Cardinal Santiquatro, the partisan of Portugal, a yearly pension of 800 crusados, if he would give his support to the Marranos. The pope, diplomatically cautious as he was, and disinclined @@ -21158,14 +21120,14 @@ of Marranos in inaccessible dungeons and against the confiscation of their property. But the Catholic kings of that day showed obedience to the papal see only as long as it suited them and their -interest; so Joo III paid but small heed to the +interest; so João III paid but small heed to the pope's admonition. His envoy even advised him, in order to carry on the Inquisition, to cut himself adrift from the Romish Church as England had done. A complete web of intrigues was spun over this affair in Rome and Portugal. In Portugal the court was on the one side, and the Marrano leaders, -Thom Sarro and Manuel Mendes, with the papal +Thomé Sarrão and Manuel Mendes, with the papal legate on the other—at Rome, Duarte de Paz and Pinto, against or with the Portuguese ambassador and against Cardinal Santiquatro.</p> @@ -21251,7 +21213,7 @@ the confiscation of condemned Marranos' goods should take place only after the expiration of ten years. Personally, the pope recommended gentle measures in dealing with pseudo-Christians. Don -Joo's joy at the ultimate fulfillment of his heart's +João's joy at the ultimate fulfillment of his heart's desire was so great that he accepted the conditions. But the concession was only a pretense; in reality, the same rigor was employed against the Portuguese @@ -21274,7 +21236,7 @@ on the other, because the Portuguese Marranos were more steadfast than their Spanish brethren, and finally, because the common people supported the Inquisition, and took part against the new-Christians. -Joo III even made them wear a distinguishing mark +João III even made them wear a distinguishing mark to separate them visibly from other Christians.</p> <p>They did not, however, accept their defeat inactively, @@ -21369,7 +21331,7 @@ of this opportunity to enforce the rules of the Inquisition with increased severity and bloodthirstiness, and to thwart the nuncio's efforts. The maddest fanatics were at once elected inquisitors, to the great -anger of the pope and his nuncio. Joo Soares, whom +anger of the pope and his nuncio. João Soares, whom the pope himself once described as "not a learned, but a most daring and ambitious, monk, with opinions and ideas of the very worst kind, who takes pride @@ -21488,7 +21450,7 @@ hands, in Rome and elsewhere, and for all times to refute the lying reports and statements of the Portuguese court, drew up a bulky memorial (1544), detailing their troubled lot, from the time of King -Joo II and Manoel, who forced them to accept +João II and Manoel, who forced them to accept Christianity, until the most recent times, and verifying their statements by documentary evidence—a monument of everlasting disgrace to that age.</p> @@ -21500,7 +21462,7 @@ had once been called into existence, the pope and the Marranos felt how extremely important it was for them to secure at least two concessions. First, free right of emigration from Portugal for new-Christians; -second, a general absolution (Perda) +second, a general absolution (Perdaõ) for those already denounced or imprisoned, provided they would promise to give up their Jewish creed and remain good Christians in the future. But these @@ -22196,7 +22158,7 @@ through deep research into the Bible.</p> called forth in the first decades, there arose some which nearly approached Judaism, and whose adherents were stigmatized by the ruling party as half-Jews -or Judaizers (Judazantes, Semijudi). These +or Judaizers (Judaïzantes, Semijudæi). These found the doctrine of the Trinity a stumbling-block, and maintained that God must be conceived as an absolute Unity. Michael Servetus, an Aragonese, @@ -22358,7 +22320,7 @@ Neuburg in Bavaria, was missed, and suspicions arose that he was with the Jews. After Easter the boy was discovered by means of a dog, and enemies of the Jews pretended to see signs of Jewish torture -on his body. Upon this the bishop of Eichstdt +on his body. Upon this the bishop of Eichstädt caused certain Jews to be seized and dragged to his residence that they might be tried, and sent a request to the neighboring princes to seize the Jews @@ -22366,7 +22328,7 @@ in their domains. But the inquiry did not prove the guilt of the Jews. On this occasion Duke Otto Henry of Neuburg warmly espoused the cause of the Jews, and exerted his influence to oppose the -bishop of Eichstdt. The latter moved heaven and +bishop of Eichstädt. The latter moved heaven and earth to have them banished at least. A courageous writer, probably at the suggestion of the duke, boldly defended the Jews against the prejudice of Christians @@ -22411,11 +22373,11 @@ been made under torture, and could not be received as evidence.</p> <p>Fanatical Catholic priests, especially the bishop -of Eichstdt, saw with indignation that Jews, instead +of Eichstädt, saw with indignation that Jews, instead of being abhorred and persecuted, were glorified in this book, and hastened to efface the impression. Dr. John Eck, so notorious in the history of -the Reformation, a favorite of the bishop of Eichstdt,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_547" id="Page_547">547</a></span> +the Reformation, a favorite of the bishop of Eichstädt,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_547" id="Page_547">547</a></span> was commissioned to write an answer, to prove the crime of bloodguiltiness, and to defame the Jews. This lawyer-theologian, with the broad @@ -22470,7 +22432,7 @@ narrowness could not at all comprehend Judaism with its laws, which brought forth and developed not the faith, but the morality and elevation, of man. He became enraged when his colleagues, Karlstadt, -Mnzer, etc., referred for example to the year of +Münzer, etc., referred for example to the year of Jubilee, and the enfranchisement of the slaves and serfs. A pamphlet, in the form of a dialogue, in which Judaism was involved in a contest with Christianity, @@ -22500,7 +22462,7 @@ through the harshness of Christians, therefore, they must be rejected, and the Saviour of the world must have appeared!</p> -<p>This is medival logic. But it exceeds the +<p>This is mediæval logic. But it exceeds the limits of indulgence towards the peculiarities of a strong character, when Luther, in his uncharitableness towards Jews, employs language such as @@ -22592,7 +22554,7 @@ Luther even stirred up the robber-nobles against them. He had heard that a rich Jew was traveling through Germany with twelve horses. This Jew was known as the wealthy Michael, of Frankfort, the -protg of the Margrave of Brandenburg; if the +protégé of the Margrave of Brandenburg; if the princes did not close the road against him and his fellow-believers, Luther urged the robber-knights to do so, for Christians might learn from his pamphlet @@ -23335,7 +23297,7 @@ Amatus (Chabib) Lusitanus (born 1511, died 1568), a sensible and intelligent man, a skillful physician, a noted scholar, and a man of equal conscientiousness and amiability. As a pretended Christian he had -borne the name of Joo Rodrigo de Castel-Branco. +borne the name of João Rodrigo de Castel-Branco. He appears to have been driven from his home by the introduction of the Inquisition into Portugal. He had been for some time in Antwerp, then the @@ -23456,7 +23418,7 @@ frustrate the Inquisition, went through her hands and her brother-in-law's. The Mendes family acquired a high position in Antwerp, where there were many Marranos. Mendesia's young, handsome and -clever nephew, Joo Miques, associated with the +clever nephew, João Miques, associated with the first people in the city, and was much beloved by Maria, ruler of the Netherlands, formerly queen of Hungary, sister to Charles V.</p> @@ -23505,7 +23467,7 @@ repaid by the emperor.</p> <p>At length the hour of deliverance seemed to be at hand, when she might leave Antwerp, and proceed to Venice. A story circulated that her nephew, -Joo Miques, had fled to Venice with her daughter +João Miques, had fled to Venice with her daughter Reyna, for whose hand several Christian noblemen had sued. Perhaps this was a story sedulously spread by the Mendes family so as to afford a pretext @@ -23555,7 +23517,7 @@ Mendes property in France. King Henry II also held himself exempt from repaying his debt to the family. The unfortunate Mendesia was meantime endeavoring to divert these blows aimed at herself -and her property. Her nephew, Joo Miques, gave +and her property. Her nephew, João Miques, gave liberal assistance to prevent losses and to set his noble relative free. Either he or his aunt found a way to induce Sultan Solyman to embrace their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_575" id="Page_575">575</a></span> @@ -23624,7 +23586,7 @@ strength in thy weakness."</p></blockquote> <p>The two editors of the Ferrara Spanish Bible, Abraham Usque and Athias, who dedicated it to -"Her Highness the Seora Donna Gracia," described +"Her Highness the Señora Donna Gracia," described her invaluable services in a few words:</p> <blockquote> @@ -23663,7 +23625,7 @@ like a mother for all the members of her family, she carried out her long-cherished intention, and betook herself to the Turkish capital to escape the many annoyances to which she was subject in -Christian territory. Her gifted nephew, Joo Miques, +Christian territory. Her gifted nephew, João Miques, who was betrothed to her daughter Reyna, and who had undertaken long journeys to Lyons, Marseilles, Rome, and Sicily on business affairs, had by his @@ -23674,7 +23636,7 @@ a hearty recommendation to Constantinople from M. de Lansac, the ambassador at the French court, with whom the Mendes-Nassi family had been at enmity, and so met with a favorable reception there. In -Constantinople, Joo Miques made open avowal +Constantinople, João Miques made open avowal of Judaism, assuming the name of Joseph Nassi, and marrying his wealthy cousin Reyna. He did not go thither alone, but took with him a great following of @@ -24220,7 +24182,7 @@ reason for robbery, confusing questions upon Christianity were put at a formal hearing before the tribunal of the Inquisition; for example, whether the Jews regarded Catholics as idolaters; whether -the forms of imprecation against the Minans, and +the forms of imprecation against the Minæans, and the "Kingdom of Sin" in the prayers referred to Christians and the papacy, and especially whether the story, in a work but little read, about a "Bastard, @@ -24356,7 +24318,7 @@ frustrated by Jewish hands, and their internal complications rendered more and more involved and entangled. The down-trodden worm might yet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_594" id="Page_594">594</a></span> become an annoyance to its tormentors. Joseph -Nassi, or Joo Miques, the outlawed Marrano of +Nassi, or João Miques, the outlawed Marrano of Portugal, caused anxious hours to many a Christian ruler and diplomatist, who were obliged to flatter him in an abject manner, though they would have @@ -24366,7 +24328,7 @@ mighty kingdom of Spain, the conceited government of France, and even the haughty papacy, all saw themselves endangered by him.</p> -<p>Joo Miques, or Don Joseph Nassi, who had been +<p>João Miques, or Don Joseph Nassi, who had been well recommended to the Turkish court by French statesmen when first he entered Turkey, had become yet more popular by his agreeable presence, his inventive @@ -24473,7 +24435,7 @@ but a small tribute. He also granted him the collection of the duties paid in the Black Sea on imported wines.</p> <p>Thus a Jew was able to issue his commands in the -following grandiose style: "We, Duke of the gean +following grandiose style: "We, Duke of the Ægean Sea, Lord of Andro." Joseph did not reside in the capital of his duchy, where he would have been too<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_597" id="Page_597">597</a></span> far away from the center of affairs, but remained in @@ -25061,7 +25023,7 @@ energy to the little Jewish state; his plans were far more extensive, and thus New Tiberias never became an important place. He next endeavored to obtain the island of Naxos as a dukedom, -together with the adjacent islands of the gean +together with the adjacent islands of the Ægean Sea, and when he was fortunate enough to be appointed duke by Sultan Selim, he thought no more about peopling his little island state with Jews; @@ -25172,7 +25134,7 @@ have been able to purify Judaism from the dross of centuries of hardship, if the tendency of the age had not run counter to this endeavor, or if he had had greater courage in opposing it. Azarya -ben Moses de Rossi (born at Mantua about 1514, +ben Moses deï Rossi (born at Mantua about 1514, died in 1578), descended from an old Italian family, had buried himself so deeply in books, that his body bore traces of severe suffering from over-study. @@ -25201,23 +25163,23 @@ which were far apart—the Talmud and its offshoots, with Philo, Josephus, and the works of the Church Fathers, proving the truth of historical narratives from the mouths of many witnesses. -De Rossi, too, was the only one not satisfied +Deï Rossi, too, was the only one not satisfied with the data of tradition; he accepted nothing as truth till he had subjected it to a searching examination.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_615" id="Page_615">615</a></span> Chance brought to light the mental treasures of -De Rossi. Ferrara, where, after leaving Bologna, +Deï Rossi. Ferrara, where, after leaving Bologna, he had settled shortly before, had been visited by a terrible earthquake (November 18th, 1570), and the inhabitants were compelled to leave their ruined and crumbling houses and seek places of refuge -outside the city. In one of the villages De Rossi +outside the city. In one of the villages Deï Rossi happened to meet a learned Christian, who was trying to overcome the gloomy thoughts caused by the earthquake by reading a Greek book of Jewish -antiquity. In conversation De Rossi became aware +antiquity. In conversation Deï Rossi became aware that his co-religionists, even those possessed of some culture, owing to their one-sided absorption in the Talmud or obsolete philosophical writings, knew @@ -25233,13 +25195,13 @@ This was the first-fruit of his learning, and it led him on to further undertakings. His principal work, "Light of the Eyes," consists chiefly of parallel passages from Talmudic and profane sources upon the -same subjects. De Rossi's distinction rests upon +same subjects. Deï Rossi's distinction rests upon the fact that he did not adhere to tradition, but applied the methods of scientific inquiry to what the multitude regarded as unassailable truths, and that he used profane sources in elucidating them. The actual results of this historical investigation, for the -most part, have proved unsound. Strong as De +most part, have proved unsound. Strong as Deï Rossi was in removing obstructive rubbish, his power of reconstruction was small.</p> @@ -25268,22 +25230,22 @@ nearly forty years, is a confused medley of authentic historical narratives and mere fables. But in spite, or perhaps because, of its legendary contents, his book has found more acceptance among -Jews than the researches of De Rossi. When the +Jews than the researches of Deï Rossi. When the first edition of the latter's "Light of the Eyes" found its way to Safet, the orthodox of that town declared its contents to be heretical. Joseph Karo commissioned Elisha Gallaico, one of the members of his rabbinical college, to draw up an indictment, -to be distributed amongst all Jews, ordering De +to be distributed amongst all Jews, ordering Deï Rossi's work to be burned. The people of Safet likewise had an inquisition. But Joseph Karo died (in Nisan, <i class="abbrev">i.e.</i>, April, 1575) before he had signed the indictment. The Italian Jews were not so fanatical -as to condemn De Rossi, for they knew him to +as to condemn Deï Rossi, for they knew him to be a pious and pure Jew. But the rabbis of Mantua employed the procedure of Ben Adret concerning the study of profane literature, that is, they forbade the -reading of De Rossi's works by young people under +reading of Deï Rossi's works by young people under twenty-five years of age. In consequence of this semi-official sentence of heresy, the book exercised but little influence upon the Jewish world of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_617" id="Page_617">617</a></span> @@ -25291,7 +25253,7 @@ that day, or the generation immediately succeeding it, and has been appreciated only in quite recent times, when it created a new, enlightened view of history in Jewish circles. But in the Christian -world De Rossi's work was noticed much sooner, +world Deï Rossi's work was noticed much sooner, and was annotated, and translated into Latin.</p> <p>How, indeed, could a sober, critical method of @@ -25336,7 +25298,7 @@ Isaac Lurya and his disciple Chayim Vital Calabrese.</p> died 1572) was descended from a German family. Left an orphan at an early age by the death of his father, young Isaac came to Egypt, to the house of -a rich uncle, Mardocha Francis, a tax-farmer, and +a rich uncle, Mardochaï Francis, a tax-farmer, and began to study the Talmud. The dry study of the Talmud, which filled the mind with voluminous learning, unfruitful hairsplitting, and mere formulas, @@ -25362,7 +25324,7 @@ he became a confirmed visionary. The mystic book, the Zohar, his constant companion in this seclusion, aided in exciting his imagination. Firmly convinced of its authenticity as the work of -Simon bar Yocha, and also of the divine character +Simon bar Yochaï, and also of the divine character of all the fantasies and follies therein revealed, Lurya persisted in seeing in it high allusions and profound wisdom. In his heated imagination he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_619" id="Page_619">619</a></span> @@ -25488,7 +25450,7 @@ impurities that possess them.</p> transmigration and combination of souls. It also seemed to him important to know the sex of a soul, for feminine souls are found in masculine bodies, -and <i xml:lang="la" lang="la">vice vers</i>, according to the transmigration and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_622" id="Page_622">622</a></span> +and <i xml:lang="la" lang="la">vice versâ</i>, according to the transmigration and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_622" id="Page_622">622</a></span> attraction in each case. It is especially important in contracting a marriage to know whether the souls of man and wife harmonize with each other in @@ -25510,7 +25472,7 @@ of flames. He saw how at death the souls were set free from the body, how they hovered in the air, or rose out of their graves. He held intimate intercourse with the saints of the Bible, the Talmud, and -with the rabbis, in particular with Simon bar Yocha. +with the rabbis, in particular with Simon bar Yochaï. In short, Lurya was a ghost-seer and raiser of the dead, a second Abraham Abulafia, or Solomon Molcho, arousing hopes of the coming of the Messiah @@ -25561,8 +25523,8 @@ turned to Lurya's Kabbala. It is not known which of these two men first sought the other, but it is certain that each, without wishing it, deceived the other. Together they visited desolate places and -graves, particularly the grave of Simon bar Yocha, -the feigned author of the Zohar, in Meron. This +graves, particularly the grave of Simon bar Yochaï, +the feigned author of the Zohar, in Meïron. This was Lurya's favorite spot, because there he fancied he could draw down upon himself the spirit of this supposed chief of the mystics. Now and again @@ -26677,7 +26639,7 @@ heresy, suspected of secret conversion to Judaism, and stigmatized as a rabbi. Thus, Europe seemed to be actually making a retrograde movement, only with this distinction—what had formerly been cheery, -nave credulity now became sinister, aggressive +naïve credulity now became sinister, aggressive fanaticism.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_652" id="Page_652">652</a></span> @@ -26711,7 +26673,7 @@ was not greatly prejudiced against Jews. Weak and vacillating, he was not able to check the persecutions directed against them, but at least he did not encourage them. He issued an edict to one -bishop (of Wrzburg) that the Jews should not be +bishop (of Würzburg) that the Jews should not be deprived of their privileges, and to another (of Passau) that they should not be tortured on the rack. But, in order not to be decried by his contemporaries @@ -26846,7 +26808,7 @@ for past offenses, <i class="abbrev">i.e.</i>, for condemnations on account of the possession of religious books. Moreover, he forbade the Knights of Malta to make slaves of Jews traveling by sea from Europe to the -Levant, or <i xml:lang="la" lang="la">vice vers</i>, a practice to which these consecrated +Levant, or <i xml:lang="la" lang="la">vice versâ</i>, a practice to which these consecrated champions of God had hitherto been addicted. Pope Sixtus knew how to secure obedience to his command when it became law, and the Jews @@ -27113,7 +27075,7 @@ others sprang, as from the Hydra of old. It was a matter of course that in this sanguinary struggle which transformed the whole land into an arena of battle, there was no place for Jews. Upon the -advice of Arnheim and Ztphen, Alva had issued +advice of Arnheim and Zütphen, Alva had issued an edict that if Jews were found there, they were to be kept in custody until such time as he should pass judgment upon them. It was well known what this @@ -27177,10 +27139,10 @@ the horrors of the Inquisition. When a ship sailed from Portugal with a load of fugitive Marranos, under the leadership of one Jacob Tirado, Mayor Rodrigues intrusted to this vessel her charming and -beautiful daughter, Maria Nues, and also her son. +beautiful daughter, Maria Nuñes, and also her son. The mother appears to have relied upon the magic of her daughter's charms; the extraordinary beauty -of Maria Nues was to serve as an gis to these +of Maria Nuñes was to serve as an ægis to these wanderers, surrounded by dangers on all sides, and secure to them a place of refuge. As a matter of fact, her beauty was successful in averting the first @@ -27189,7 +27151,7 @@ of ten persons, men, women and children. They were captured by an English ship making raids upon vessels sailing under the Spanish-Portuguese flag, and were taken to England. Maria -Nues so bewitched the captain, an English duke, +Nuñes so bewitched the captain, an English duke, that he offered her his hand, thinking that she belonged to the rank of the Portuguese grandees; but she refused this honorable offer, because she @@ -27201,7 +27163,7 @@ beauty, inaccessible even to the love of a duke. She invited her to an audience, and drove with her in an open carriage through the streets of the capital. Probably owing to the mediation of Maria -Nues, the fugitive Jews were allowed to leave +Nuñes, the fugitive Jews were allowed to leave England unharmed, and set sail for Holland. After enduring a most stormy voyage, they were able to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_665" id="Page_665">665</a></span> make for the harbor of Emden, where, as in the @@ -27300,13 +27262,13 @@ carried secretly to Spain and Portugal, afforded additional inducement to emigration. Mayor Rodrigues Homem, the first promoter of this course, also found an opportunity of escaping from Portugal and -joining her beautiful daughter, Maria Nues (about +joining her beautiful daughter, Maria Nuñes (about 1598). She brought her younger son and daughter with her; her husband had probably died before this time. Simultaneously, barely escaping the Inquisition, another eminent family arrived from Portugal, that of Franco Mendes, including the parents and -two sons, Francisco Mendes Mederos, a cultured +two sons, Francisco Mendes Medeïros, a cultured literary man, who took the Hebrew name of Isaac, and Christoval Mendes Franco, rich and benevolent, who called himself Mordecai. Both played important @@ -27349,7 +27311,7 @@ the Inquisition. They now had a goal to which to direct their steps. An extraordinary occurrence in Lisbon had excited the most lukewarm apostate Jews to return to Judaism. A Franciscan monk, -Diogo de la Asumo, of an ancient Christian family, +Diogo de la Asumção, of an ancient Christian family, had become convinced of the truth of Judaism and the falsity of Christianity by reading the Bible—Bible reading has its dangers—and had openly expressed @@ -27369,7 +27331,7 @@ order and Christendom in general; but in vain.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Pag Diogo remained true to his belief in the truth of Judaism. After he had spent about two years in the dungeons of the Inquisition, he was finally burnt -alive at a solemn auto-da-f in Lisbon, in the presence +alive at a solemn auto-da-fé in Lisbon, in the presence of the regent (August, 1603).</p> <p>The fact that a Christian by birth, a monk to boot, @@ -27383,7 +27345,7 @@ were rushing upon death. David Jesurun, a young poet, a favorite of the Muses since his childhood, on this account called "the little poet" by his acquaintances, celebrated the burning of the martyr, -Diogo de la Asumo, in a fiery Portuguese sonnet:</p> +Diogo de la Asumção, in a fiery Portuguese sonnet:</p> <div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"> <span class="i0">"Thou wast the gold, buried in the dark vaults of the tribunal of blood;<br /></span> @@ -27428,7 +27390,7 @@ Pina from his purpose and win him back to the religion of his fathers. He seems to have succeeded only in so far that De Pina abandoned his journey to Rome, went off to Brazil, and then returned to -Lisbon. The martyrdom of Diogo de la Asumo +Lisbon. The martyrdom of Diogo de la Asumção appears to have finally decided him against Christianity. He hastened to Amsterdam with the sad news (1604), became an eager convert to Judaism, @@ -27450,7 +27412,7 @@ belonged. The court owed them large sums which it could not pay in consequence of the increasing poverty of both countries. The Marranos offered to release Philip III from this debt, and give in -addition a present of 1,200,000 crusados (120,000), +addition a present of 1,200,000 crusados (£120,000), if the imprisoned Jews were pardoned. They also<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_671" id="Page_671">671</a></span> spent 150,000 crusados to persuade the councilors to make the king grant this favor. Hence the court @@ -27464,7 +27426,7 @@ same, and issued a bull pardoning the imprisoned Jews (August 23d, 1604). The Inquisition contented itself with the hypocritical repentance of its prisoners. Several hundred of them, clad in the garb of -penitents, were led to the auto-da-f at Lisbon (January +penitents, were led to the auto-da-fé at Lisbon (January 10th, 1605), not, however, to mount the stake, but to make public confession of their guilt, and be condemned to deprivation of all civic rights. All, or @@ -27475,7 +27437,7 @@ with shattered health and the loss of his property. He took with him his son Manasseh—or whatever his name may have been as a pseudo-Christian—then a child, subsequently destined to fill a distinguished -rle in Jewish history.</p> +rôle in Jewish history.</p> <p>Moses Uri (born 1544, died 1620) at different times received into the Hebrew faith two hundred @@ -27490,7 +27452,7 @@ synagogue Beth Jacob, built by Tirado, no longer sufficed for the accommodation of its worshipers, and a new one had to be built in 1608, called "Neve Shalom." It was founded by Isaac Francisco Mendes -Mederos and his relatives. As the discoverers of +Medeïros and his relatives. As the discoverers of a new country regard every step they take in it,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_672" id="Page_672">672</a></span> every new path into which they strike out, and every person prominent in the enterprise, as important and @@ -27756,7 +27718,7 @@ This devotedness was reflected in their conduct, and embodied in verses composed in the language of their persecutors.</p> -<p>Paul de Pina, or Ruel Jesurun, the poet, who +<p>Paul de Pina, or Rëuel Jesurun, the poet, who had once been on the point of becoming a monk, composed for a sacred festival part songs in Portuguese, performed by seven youths to do honor to @@ -28007,7 +27969,7 @@ heresy. The Amsterdam rabbis introduced the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6 innovation of bringing religious opinions and convictions before their judgment-seat, of constituting themselves a sort of inquisitional tribunal, and instituting -autos-da-f, which, even if bloodless, were not +autos-da-fé, which, even if bloodless, were not less painful to the sufferers. The character and organization of the largest Portuguese community in Europe had a powerful influence on the course of @@ -28054,7 +28016,7 @@ they were willing to submit to any conditions. He adduced that Jews were tolerated not only in Catholic, but also in evangelical countries, both in the West, at Frankfort and Worms, and in northern -Germany, in Hanover, Minden, Hildesheim, Gttingen, +Germany, in Hanover, Minden, Hildesheim, Göttingen, Norden, Dortmund, Hamm, Lippe, and Emden. All was in vain. Hamburg, then delighting in popish quarreling about orthodoxy and heresy, refused @@ -28320,7 +28282,7 @@ meet with great success. The citizens gradually got accustomed to Jews, and learnt to respect them. Some of them were appointed business agents or residents even by high Catholic potentates. The -king of Portugal first appointed Duarte Nues da +king of Portugal first appointed Duarte Nuñes da Costa, and then Jacob Curiel, as his agents, and his Catholic majesty, Philip IV, elevated Immanuel Rosales, a Jewish author of Portuguese descent, to @@ -28412,7 +28374,7 @@ almost stronger antipathy to Jews prevailed than in<span class="pagenum"><a name Hamburg, having its root in the narrow-mindedness of the Philistine citizens and the guilds rather than in religious antipathy. Both cities treated the Jews -within their walls as their "servi camer," and appealed +within their walls as their "servi cameræ," and appealed in all seriousness to a deed of Emperor Charles IV, declaring that they had been sold to them in person and property. When Portuguese @@ -28427,7 +28389,7 @@ and obtained very favorable terms.</p> <p>The bitterness of the people of Frankfort against their Jewish neighbors was crystallized in a most revolting and absurd legislative enactment, entitled -"the permissive residence of Jews" (Judenstttigkeit), +"the permissive residence of Jews" (Judenstättigkeit), and defining under what conditions or restrictions Jews might breathe the Frankfort air, or rather the pestilential atmosphere of the Jewish quarter. @@ -29007,9 +28969,9 @@ them by.</p> <span class="ixsub1">his school accepts the Zohar, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</span></p> <p>Abulafia, Joseph, Kabbalist, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</p> <p>Abulafia, Levi, Kabbalist, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</p> -<p>Abulafia, Mer, Maimuni's adversary, alluded to, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</p> +<p>Abulafia, Meïr, Maimuni's adversary, alluded to, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</p> <p>Abulafia-Halevi, prominent family of Toledo, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</p> -<p id="Abulafia-Halevi">Abulafia-Halevi, Samuel ben Mer, (Allavi), privado of Pedro the Cruel, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>–<a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br /> +<p id="Abulafia-Halevi">Abulafia-Halevi, Samuel ben Meïr, (Allavi), privado of Pedro the Cruel, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>–<a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">builds synagogues, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>–<a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">charged with peculation, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</span></p> <p>Abulafia-Halevi, Todros ben Joseph, Kabbalist, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>–<a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br /></p> @@ -29057,7 +29019,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Alcala, academy at, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">Jews of, mocked at, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</span></p> <p>Alcaldes appointed by the Jews of Castile, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</p> -<p>Alcaiz, Jews of, converted, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</p> +<p>Alcañiz, Jews of, converted, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</p> <p>Alcantara, Order of, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>–<a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</p> <p>Alcolea, Jews of, converted, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</p> <p>Aldobrandini protects the Jews of Ferrara, <a href="#Page_660">660</a>–<a href="#Page_661">661</a>.</p> @@ -29093,12 +29055,12 @@ them by.</p> <p>Algiers, Jews in, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>–<a href="#Page_391">391</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">Jews settle in, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>–<a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">Spanish exiles flee to, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span><br /></p> -<p>Alguades, Mer, physician and rabbi, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_711" id="Page_711">711</a></span><br /> +<p>Alguades, Meïr, physician and rabbi, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_711" id="Page_711">711</a></span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">executed, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>–<a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">translator of Aristotle's Ethics, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</span></p> <p>Alkabez, Solomon, Kabbalist, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.</p> <p>Allatif. See <a href="#Ibn-Latif">Ibn-Latif, Isaac</a>.</p> -<p>Allavi. See <a href="#Abulafia-Halevi">Abulafia-Halevi, Samuel ben Mer</a>.</p> +<p>Allavi. See <a href="#Abulafia-Halevi">Abulafia-Halevi, Samuel ben Meïr</a>.</p> <p>Allegorizing of the Scriptures, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>–<a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</p> <p>Allorqui. See <a href="#Joshua-ben-Joseph">Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives</a>.</p> <p>Almosnino, Moses, historian, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>–<a href="#Page_608">608</a>.</p> @@ -29151,7 +29113,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Aranda, de, bishop, expelled, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</p> <p>Arbues, Pedro, inquisitor, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">plot against, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>–<a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</span></p> -<p>Argentire, Jews of, side with Abba-Mari, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</p> +<p>Argentière, Jews of, side with Abba-Mari, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</p> <p>Arias, Juan, bishop, instigates a persecution, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</p> <p>Aristotle, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">Ethics of, in Hebrew, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</span><br /> @@ -29186,7 +29148,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Astruc En-Duran. See <a href="#Abba-Mari">Abba-Mari ben Moses</a>.</p> <p>Athias, editor of the Spanish Bible translation, <a href="#Page_576">576</a>.</p> <p>Athias, Isaac, rabbi at Hamburg, <a href="#Page_689">689</a>.</p> -<p>Aubriot, Hugues, prevt of Paris, protects the Jews, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</p> +<p>Aubriot, Hugues, prevôt of Paris, protects the Jews, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</p> <p>Auditeurs des Juifs, superintendents over French Jews, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</p> <p>"Augenspiegel," work by Reuchlin, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>–<a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">approved, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.</span><br /> @@ -29199,7 +29161,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Austria, Jews of, accused as poisoners, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">expelled, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>–<a href="#Page_586">586</a>, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">persecuted, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>–<a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</span></p> -<p>Auto-da-f, the first in Spain, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</p> +<p>Auto-da-fé, the first in Spain, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</p> <p>Averroes, alluded to, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</p> <p>Avignon, Jews of, expelled, <a href="#Page_592">592</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">protected, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</span><br /> @@ -29262,7 +29224,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Benavente, Jews of, baptized, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</p> <p>Benedict XII, pope, friendly to Jews, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</p> <p id="Benedict-XIII">Benedict XIII (Pedro de Luna), anti-pope, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_655">655</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">at Peiscola, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">at Peñiscola, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">at the Tortosa disputation, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>–<a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">favors Paul Burgensis, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">issues a bull against the Jews, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>–<a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</span><br /> @@ -29291,7 +29253,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Beth Israel, third synagogue in Amsterdam, <a href="#Page_680">680</a>.</p> <p>Beth Jacob, first synagogue in Amsterdam, <a href="#Page_667">667</a>, <a href="#Page_671">671</a>.</p> <p>Beya, de, Abraham, Portuguese traveler, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</p> -<p>Bziers, Jews of, expelled, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</p> +<p>Béziers, Jews of, expelled, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</p> <p>Bibago, Abraham, employed by John II, of Aragon, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</p> <p id="Bible">Bible, the, allegorized, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">Christian doctrines in, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>–<a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span><br /> @@ -29344,7 +29306,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Broussa, Spanish exiles in, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</p> <p>Bruna, Israel, rabbi of Ratisbon, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>–<a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</p> <p>Brunetta, of Trent, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</p> -<p>Brnn, Jews of, banished, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</p> +<p>Brünn, Jews of, banished, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</p> <p>Brunswick, Jews of, expelled, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.</p> <p>Brussels, Jews of, killed, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">Jews settle in, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>.</span></p> @@ -29391,7 +29353,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Calatayud, conversions in, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</p> <p>Calatrava, Grand Master of, executed, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</p> <p>Calixtus, pope, alluded to, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</p> -<p>"Calumniator, The," sobriquet of Geronimo de Santa F, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</p> +<p>"Calumniator, The," sobriquet of Geronimo de Santa Fé, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</p> <p>Campanton, Isaac ben Jacob, Talmudist, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</p> <p>Campeggio, cardinal, opposes the Portuguese Inquisition, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>–<a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</p> <p>Candia, Spanish exiles in, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>–<a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</p> @@ -29400,7 +29362,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Capnion. See <a href="#Reuchlin">Reuchlin, John</a>.</p> <p>Capron, Ruy, alluded to, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</p> <p>Caraffa, Pietro. See <a href="#Paul-IV">Paul IV</a>.</p> -<p>ara, Samuel, quoted, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> +<p>Çarça, Samuel, quoted, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">writes a commentary, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</span></p> <p>Cardozo, Elihu Aboab, erects a synagogue at Hamburg, <a href="#Page_689">689</a>.</p> <p>Caro, Isaac ben Joseph, victim of Portuguese persecution, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</p> @@ -29410,7 +29372,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Casimir IV, of Poland, bestows privileges upon the Jews, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>–<a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">revokes the privileges of the Jews, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</span></p> <p>Caspe, Jews of, converted, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_715" id="Page_715">715</a></span></p> -<p>Castel-Branco, de, Joo Rodrigo. See <a href="#Lusitanus">Lusitanus, Amatus</a>.</p> +<p>Castel-Branco, de, João Rodrigo. See <a href="#Lusitanus">Lusitanus, Amatus</a>.</p> <p>Castile, center of Jewish culture, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">civil war in, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>–<a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>–<a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">cortes of, hostile to Jews, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span><br /> @@ -29463,7 +29425,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Chacon, of Vitoria, employed by Henry IV of Castile, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</p> <p>"Chain of Tradition, The," by Gedalya Ibn-Yachya, <a href="#Page_616">616</a>.</p> <p>Chaldee, language of the Zohar, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</p> -<p>Chambry, center for the supposed Black Death poisoners, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</p> +<p>Chambéry, center for the supposed Black Death poisoners, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</p> <p>Chanceller, assistant of Ar-Rabbi Mor, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</p> <p>Chanina, Ishmael, rabbi of Bologna, <a href="#Page_591">591</a>.</p> <p>Charisi, as a character in Immanuel Romi's works, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.<br /> @@ -29471,7 +29433,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Charles IV, emperor, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_695">695</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">and the Jews of Nuremberg, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">and the Jews of Worms, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">grants "servi camer" to electors, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">grants "servi cameræ" to electors, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">protects Jews, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">punishes murderers of Jews, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</span></p> <p>Charles V, emperor, and Clement VII, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.<br /> @@ -29496,7 +29458,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Charles VIII, of France, alluded to, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</p> <p>Charles IX, of France, alluded to, <a href="#Page_604">604</a>.</p> <p>Charles III, of Navarre, alluded to, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</p> -<p id="Chasdai">Chasda ben Abraham Crescas, philosopher, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>–<a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.<br /> +<p id="Chasdai">Chasdaï ben Abraham Crescas, philosopher, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>–<a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">appealed to, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">articles of faith by, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">attacked by Paul Burgensis, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</span><br /> @@ -29507,7 +29469,7 @@ them by.</p> <span class="ixsub1">philosophical work of, translated, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">philosophy of, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>–<a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">treats of Christian doctrines, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>–<a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</span></p> -<p>Chasda ben Solomon, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.<br /> +<p>Chasdaï ben Solomon, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">denounces Chayim ben Gallipapa, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</span></p> <p>Chastelard, Jews of, tortured, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</p> <p>Chatel, Jews of, imprisoned, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>–<a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</p> @@ -29620,7 +29582,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Cremona, Jews of, expelled, <a href="#Page_660">660</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">Talmudic center, <a href="#Page_582">582</a>.</span></p> <p id="Crescas">Crescas Barfat, imprisoned, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</p> -<p>Crescas, Chasda. See <a href="#Chasdai">Chasda ben Abraham Crescas</a>.</p> +<p>Crescas, Chasdaï. See <a href="#Chasdai">Chasdaï ben Abraham Crescas</a>.</p> <p>Crescas Vidal, partisan of Abba-Mari, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>–<a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p> <p>Cretensis, Elias. See <a href="#Del-Medigo">Del Medigo, Elias</a>.</p> <p>"Crown of Israel," Toledo, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</p> @@ -29640,7 +29602,7 @@ them by.</p> <span class="ixsub1">quoted, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</span></p> <p>Daroca, conversions in, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</p> <p>Daud (David), physician, hostile to Joseph Nassi, <a href="#Page_598">598</a>–<a href="#Page_599">599</a>.</p> -<p>Dauphin, Jews protected in, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</p> +<p>Dauphiné, Jews protected in, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</p> <p>David, king, as a character in Immanuel Romi's work, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</p> <p>David, an immigrant, urges Jews to go to Turkey, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</p> <p>"Day of Hosannas" in Lurya's system, <a href="#Page_626">626</a>.</p> @@ -29652,10 +29614,10 @@ them by.</p> <p>Della Rovere, Francesco Maria, duke of Urbino, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_657">657</a>.</p> <p>Della Ruvere, Marco, nuncio, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>.</p> <p>Desfar, Juan, governor of Palma, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</p> -<p>Desmastre, Bonastruc, delegate at the Tortosa disputation, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</p> +<p>Desmaëstre, Bonastruc, delegate at the Tortosa disputation, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</p> <p>Deutz, Cologne Jews settle at, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</p> <p>Deza, second inquisitor-general of Spain, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>–<a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</p> -<p>Dias, Andr, assassin of Henrique Nunes, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>.</p> +<p>Dias, André, assassin of Henrique Nunes, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>.</p> <p>"Dialogues of Love," work by Judah Abrabanel, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>–<a href="#Page_481">481</a>.</p> <p>Diego de Valencia, convert, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</p> <p>Diokna Kadisha, holy likeness, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.</p> @@ -29678,7 +29640,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Edles, Samuel, Talmudist, <a href="#Page_703">703</a>.</p> <p>Edom, Christendom, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>.</p> <p id="Educational">Educational institutions (Hebrew), <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_681">681</a>, <a href="#Page_685">685</a>.</p> -<p>Efodi (Ephodus). See <a href="#Profiat-Duran">Profiat Duran</a>.</p> +<p>Efodi (Ephodæus). See <a href="#Profiat-Duran">Profiat Duran</a>.</p> <p>Efrati, Amram, alluded to, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</p> <p>Egidio de Viterbo, cardinal, <a href="#Page_564">564</a>, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">and the Kabbala, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.</span><br /> @@ -29704,12 +29666,12 @@ them by.</p> <p>England at war with Castile, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</p> <p>Enns, Jews of, charged with host-desecration, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</p> <p>Enoch, book of, source for the Kabbala, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</p> -<p>"Epistol Obscurorum Virorum," a satire, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>–<a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</p> +<p>"Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum," a satire, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>–<a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</p> <p>Erasmus, humanist, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">quoted, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>–<a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</span></p> <p>Erfurt, Jews of, perish, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</p> <p>Eschenloer, quoted, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</p> -<p>Escrivo, assistant of Ar-Rabbi Mor, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</p> +<p>Escrivão, assistant of Ar-Rabbi Mor, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</p> <p>Eski-Crim, Karaite stronghold, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</p> <p>Esperaindo, de, Juan, assassin of Arbues, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</p> <p>Estella, Jews of, persecuted, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>–<a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</p> @@ -29774,7 +29736,7 @@ them by.</p> <span class="ixsub1">converts Jews, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>–<a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">his character, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>–<a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">in Aragon, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>–<a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">opposed by Joo I, of Portugal, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">opposed by João I, of Portugal, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">preaches against Benedict XIII, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>–<a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">preaches Christianity in synagogues, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>–<a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</span></p> <p>Ferrus, Pero, convert, ridicules Jews, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</p> @@ -29782,7 +29744,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Fez, Jews in, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">Marranos emigrate to, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">Spanish exiles settle in, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span></p> -<p>Firme-F. See <a href="#Nunes">Nunes, Henrique</a>.</p> +<p>Firme-Fé. See <a href="#Nunes">Nunes, Henrique</a>.</p> <p>Fiesco's conspiracy, alluded to, <a href="#Page_555">555</a>.</p> <p>Flagellants persecute Jews, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</p> <p>Florence, commerce of, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br /> @@ -29797,14 +29759,14 @@ them by.</p> <p>France, Jews of, and lepers, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">and the ban against science, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">banished, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>–<a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">claimed as "servi camer," <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">claimed as "servi cameræ," <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">fix the conditions of their return, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>–<a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>–<a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">hardships of the, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>–<a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">impoverished, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>–<a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">massacred by the Shepherds, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>–<a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">persecuted, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>–<a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>–<a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">privileges extended, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>–<a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_720" id="Page_720">720</a></span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">protest against Mer Halevi, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>–<a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">protest against Meïr Halevi, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>–<a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">Talmudical studies, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">usurers, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">wear badges, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</span></p> @@ -29840,7 +29802,7 @@ them by.</p> <p class="p2">Galatino, and the Kabbala, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>.</p> <p>Galilee, Kabbalistic center, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>.</p> -<p>Gallaico, Elisha, indicts Azarya de Rossi, <a href="#Page_616">616</a>.</p> +<p>Gallaico, Elisha, indicts Azarya deï Rossi, <a href="#Page_616">616</a>.</p> <p>Gama, da, Vasco, alluded to, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</p> <p>Gans, David, historian, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>–<a href="#Page_639">639</a>.</p> <p>Gaon of Castile, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</p> @@ -29879,10 +29841,10 @@ them by.</p> <span class="ixsub1">charged with the blood-accusation, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">treated with hostility, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</span></p> <p>George, elector of Bavaria, and Reuchlin, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>–<a href="#Page_455">455</a>.</p> -<p>Gerlach, archbishop, obtains "servi camer," <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</p> +<p>Gerlach, archbishop, obtains "servi cameræ," <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</p> <p>Gerona, seat of the Kabbala, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">Jews of, massacred, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</span></p> -<p id="Geronimo">Geronimo de Santa F (Joshua Lorqui), convert, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.<br /> +<p id="Geronimo">Geronimo de Santa Fé (Joshua Lorqui), convert, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">and the Tortosa disputation, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>–<a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_721" id="Page_721">721</a></span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">as the censor of the Talmud, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">called "The Calumniator," <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</span><br /> @@ -29891,7 +29853,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Gerundensis, Moses, alluded to, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</p> <p>Gerundi. See <a href="#Nissim">Nissim Gerundi ben Reuben</a>.</p> <p>Gerundi, En-Vidal Ephraim, alluded to, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</p> -<p>Gesereth ha-Rom, massacre of the Shepherds, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>–<a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</p> +<p>Gesereth ha-Roïm, massacre of the Shepherds, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>–<a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</p> <p>Gesereth Mezoraim, the leper persecutions, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>–<a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</p> <p>Ghent, Jews settle in, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>.</p> <p>Ghinucci, de, Geronimo, cardinal, opposes the Inquisition, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>.</p> @@ -29899,7 +29861,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Gil-Nunjoz, bishop, imprisons Jews of Palma, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</p> <p>Glogau, Jews of, massacred, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</p> <p>God-flesh (Dios-Carne), Francisco (Astruc Raimuch), conversionist, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</p> -<p>Godfrey, of Wrzburg, bishop, expels Jews, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>–<a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</p> +<p>Godfrey, of Würzburg, bishop, expels Jews, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>–<a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</p> <p>"Golden Bull" promulgated at Nuremberg, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</p> <p>Gomez, archbishop, presides over a religious discussion, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</p> <p>Gomez, Duarte (Solomon Usque), poet, alluded to, <a href="#Page_558">558</a>.</p> @@ -29920,14 +29882,14 @@ them by.</p> <span class="ixsub1">negotiates with Martinez, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">war in, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>–<a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</span></p> <p>Graes, de, Ortuin (Ortuinus Gratius), Jew hater, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>–<a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</p> -<p>Gratio, Ezra, author of a commentary, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</p> +<p>Gratiño, Ezra, author of a commentary, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</p> <p>Gratius, Ortuinus (Ortuin de Graes), Jew hater, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>–<a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</p> <p>"Great Defender," Jacob ben Yechiel Loans, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</p> <p>Gregory XIII, pope, attempts to convert Jews, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>–<a href="#Page_655">655</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">prohibits the employment of Jewish physicians, <a href="#Page_653">653</a>–<a href="#Page_654">654</a>.</span></p> <p>Grimani, Dominico, cardinal, summons Hoogstraten, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.</p> <p>Groede, first Jewish burial place in Holland, <a href="#Page_672">672</a>.</p> -<p>Grnigen, von, Martin, translates the "Augenspiegel," <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</p> +<p>Grönigen, von, Martin, translates the "Augenspiegel," <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</p> <p>"Guide of the Perplexed," <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">and the Roman Jews, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">attacked by Aaron ben Elia, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</span><br /> @@ -30056,9 +30018,9 @@ them by.</p> <p id="Ibn-Latif">Ibn-Latif, Isaac, Kabbalist, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>–<a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</p> <p>Ibn-Musa, Chayim, controversial writer, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>–<a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</p> <p>Ibn-Nagrela, Samuel, alluded to, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</p> -<p>Ibn-Nuez, Jacob, physician of Henry IV of Castile, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</p> +<p>Ibn-Nuñez, Jacob, physician of Henry IV of Castile, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</p> <p>Ibn-Said, Isaac (Zag), publishes the Alfonsine Tables, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</p> -<p>Ibn-Shaprut, Chasda, alluded to, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</p> +<p>Ibn-Shaprut, Chasdaï, alluded to, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</p> <p>Ibn-Shem Tob, Joseph ben Shem Tob, controversial writer, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">holds office in Castile, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>–<a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">philosopher, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>–<a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</span></p> @@ -30081,7 +30043,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Ibn-Yachya, Joseph, intercedes for the Spanish exiles in Portugal, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</p> <p>Ibn-Yachya, Moses, philanthropist, <a href="#Page_609">609</a>.</p> <p>Ibn-Yachya Negro, favorites of Alfonso V, of Portugal, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</p> -<p>Ibn-Yachya Negro, Judah, counselor of Joo I, of Portugal, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</p> +<p>Ibn-Yachya Negro, Judah, counselor of João I, of Portugal, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</p> <p>Ibn-Yaish, officer at the court of Castile, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</p> <p>Ibn-Zachin, martyr, <a href="#Page_576">576</a>.</p> <p>Ibn-Zarzal, Abraham, physician of Pedro the Cruel, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</p> @@ -30170,7 +30132,7 @@ them by.</p> <p class="p2">Jaabez, Joseph, opponent of free thought, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.</p> <p id="Jacob-ben-Asheri">Jacob ben Asheri, son of Asher ben Yechiel, Talmudist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>–<a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">his code commented upon by Karo, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>.</span></p> -<p id="Jacob-ben-Moses">Jacob ben Moses Mlin Halevi (Maharil), rabbi, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.<br /> +<p id="Jacob-ben-Moses">Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi (Maharil), rabbi, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">arranges the ritual, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">compiles Jewish customs, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span></p> <p id="Jacob-ben-Machir">Jacob ben Machir Tibbon (Profatius), scientist, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>–<a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br /> @@ -30184,7 +30146,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Jaen, Inquisition at, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">Jews of, imprisoned, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</span></p> <p>Jafa, Mordecai, president of the Polish synods, <a href="#Page_645">645</a>.</p> -<p>Jger, Johann (Crotus Rubianus), author of the "Epistol Obscurorum Virorum," <a href="#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</p> +<p>Jäger, Johann (Crotus Rubianus), author of the "Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum," <a href="#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</p> <p>Jargon, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>–<a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</p> <p>Jaroslaw, meeting-place of Talmudists, <a href="#Page_640">640</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">of the Polish synods, <a href="#Page_644">644</a>.</span></p> @@ -30202,7 +30164,7 @@ them by.</p> <span class="ixsub1">Spanish exiles settle in, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>–<a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</span></p> <p>Jesiba de los Pintos, Hebrew institute at Rotterdam, <a href="#Page_685">685</a>.</p> <p>Jesuits, order of, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>–<a href="#Page_525">525</a>.</p> -<p>Jesurun, Ruel, (Rohel Jesurun, Paul de Pina), poet, <a href="#Page_669">669</a>–<a href="#Page_670">670</a>, <a href="#Page_678">678</a>–<a href="#Page_679">679</a>.</p> +<p>Jesurun, Rëuel, (Rohel Jesurun, Paul de Pina), poet, <a href="#Page_669">669</a>–<a href="#Page_670">670</a>, <a href="#Page_678">678</a>–<a href="#Page_679">679</a>.</p> <p>Jesurun, David, poet, quoted, <a href="#Page_669">669</a>.</p> <p>Jesus in the Old Testament, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</p> <p>Jew badges, abolished by Pius IV, <a href="#Page_588">588</a>.<br /> @@ -30242,16 +30204,16 @@ them by.</p> <p>Jikatilla, Joseph ben Abraham, Kabbalist, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</p> <p>Joachim I, elector of Brandenburg, persecutes the Jews, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</p> <p>Joachim II, elector of Brandenburg, alluded to, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.</p> -<p>Joo, Infante of Portugal, and Leonora, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</p> -<p>Joo I, of Portugal, protects new-Christians, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>–<a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</p> -<p>Joo II, of Portugal, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br /> +<p>João, Infante of Portugal, and Leonora, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</p> +<p>João I, of Portugal, protects new-Christians, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>–<a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</p> +<p>João II, of Portugal, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">and Isaac Abrabanel, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">and Judah Abrabanel, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">and the Spanish exiles, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>–<a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>–<a href="#Page_371">371</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">lays restrictions upon Marranos, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">summons an astronomical congress, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">transports Jewish children, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.</span></p> -<p>Joo III, of Portugal, and David Reubeni, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.<br /> +<p>João III, of Portugal, and David Reubeni, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">institutes a Jew badge, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>.</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_726" id="Page_726">726</a></span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">plans the Inquisition, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>–<a href="#Page_491">491</a>, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>–<a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</span></p> <p>Joanna, of Castile, alluded to, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.</p> @@ -30278,7 +30240,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Jonah, rabbi of Vienna, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</p> <p id="Joshua-ben-Joseph">Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives (Joshua Allorqui), opponent of Paul Burgensis, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>–<a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</p> <p>Joshua, father of Narboni, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</p> -<p>Jos ben Jos, Hebrew poet, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</p> +<p>José ben José, Hebrew poet, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</p> <p>Joseph, son of Manessier de Vesoul, convert, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</p> <p>Joseph ben Abraham Ibn-Benveniste Halevi. See <a href="#Joseph-of-Ecija">Joseph of Ecija</a>.</p> <p>Joseph ben Abraham Jikatilla, Kabbalist, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</p> @@ -30292,7 +30254,7 @@ them by.</p> <span class="ixsub1">work of, translated, <a href="#Page_608">608</a>.</span></p> <p>Joslin of Rosheim. See <a href="#Loans">Loans, Joseph ben Gershon</a>.</p> <p>Juan Alfonso de Albuquerque, minister of Pedro the Cruel, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</p> -<p>Juan de Espaa (Juan the Old), convert, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</p> +<p>Juan de España (Juan the Old), convert, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</p> <p>Juan de Lucena, executes the edict of banishment, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>–<a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</p> <p>Juan de Seville. See <a href="#Abrabanel-Samuel">Abrabanel, Samuel (I)</a>.</p> <p>Juan Emanuel, regent of Castile, favors Jews, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>–<a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</p> @@ -30318,7 +30280,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Judaism and the Reformation, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>–<a href="#Page_476">476</a>.</p> <p>"Judaism, or the Jewish Doctrine," by John Miller, <a href="#Page_692">692</a>.</p> <p>Judenmeister, three rabbis in Germany, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</p> -<p>"Judenstttigkeit" residence of Jews in Frankfort and Worms, <a href="#Page_695">695</a>–<a href="#Page_696">696</a>.<br /> +<p>"Judenstättigkeit" residence of Jews in Frankfort and Worms, <a href="#Page_695">695</a>–<a href="#Page_696">696</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">abolished, <a href="#Page_700">700</a>.</span></p> <p>Juderia, Jew quarter, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</p> <p>Juglar, Gaspar, inquisitor, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</p> @@ -30389,11 +30351,11 @@ them by.</p> <p>Klonowicz, Polish poet, <a href="#Page_643">643</a>.</p> <p>Kodesh ha-Kodashim, work by Ibn-Labi Ferrer, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</p> <p>Kolon, Joseph ben Solomon, rabbi of Mantua, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>–<a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</p> -<p>Knigsberg, Jews of, burnt, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>–<a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</p> +<p>Königsberg, Jews of, burnt, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>–<a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</p> <p>Krems, Jews of, commit suicide, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</p> <p>Kunigunde, influences Emperor Maximilian against the Jews, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>–<a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.</p> -<p class="p2">La Asumo, de, Diogo, convert to Judaism, <a href="#Page_668">668</a>–<a href="#Page_669">669</a>, <a href="#Page_670">670</a>.</p> +<p class="p2">La Asumção, de, Diogo, convert to Judaism, <a href="#Page_668">668</a>–<a href="#Page_669">669</a>, <a href="#Page_670">670</a>.</p> <p>La Caballeria, de, Pedro, apostate, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</p> <p>Ladislaus, of Bohemia, and the Ratisbon Jews, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</p> <p>Ladislaus, of Hungary, and the Jews of Bohemia, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.<br /> @@ -30401,7 +30363,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>La Fuente, de, Juan, inquisitor, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</p> <p>Lagarto, Jacob, first American Talmudical author, <a href="#Page_693">693</a>.</p> <p>La Guardia, Jews of, accused of child-murder, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</p> -<p>Lmmlein, Asher, forerunner of the Messiah, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>–<a href="#Page_483">483</a>.</p> +<p>Lämmlein, Asher, forerunner of the Messiah, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>–<a href="#Page_483">483</a>.</p> <p>Languedoc, Jews of, and the ban against science, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">protected by the governor, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_728" id="Page_728">728</a></span></p> <p>Lansac, de, French ambassador, <a href="#Page_577">577</a>.</p> @@ -30431,7 +30393,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Lerida, Jews of, converted, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">massacred, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</span></p> <p>Lerida opposes the Inquisition, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p> -<p>"Letter of Aristas" translated by De Rossi, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>.</p> +<p>"Letter of Aristas" translated by Deï Rossi, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>.</p> <p>"Letter of Warning," by Solomon Alami, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</p> <p>"Letters of Obscurantists," a satire, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>–<a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</p> <p>Levi, Abraham, Kabbalist, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.</p> @@ -30451,12 +30413,12 @@ them by.</p> <span class="ixsub1">revives anti-Jewish laws, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>–<a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">work by, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</span></p> <p>Levita, Elias. See <a href="#Elias">Elias Levita</a>.</p> -<p>"Light of the Eyes," work by De Rossi, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>, <a href="#Page_616">616</a>.</p> +<p>"Light of the Eyes," work by Deï Rossi, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>, <a href="#Page_616">616</a>.</p> <p>Lima, de, David, builds the third Hamburg synagogue, <a href="#Page_691">691</a>.</p> <p>Limpo, Balthasar, bishop, and Pope Paul III, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>–<a href="#Page_526">526</a>.</p> <p>Lindau, Jews of, charged with the blood-accusation, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">persecuted, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span></p> -<p id="Lipmann">Lipmann of Mhlhausen (Tab-Yomi), scholar, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</p> +<p id="Lipmann">Lipmann of Mühlhausen (Tab-Yomi), scholar, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</p> <p>Lippold, physician, tortured, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.</p> <p>Lisbon, port for exiles, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">council of, hostile to the Jews, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</span><br /> @@ -30471,11 +30433,11 @@ them by.</p> <p id="Loans">Loans, Joseph ben Gershon, and Molcho, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">representative of Jews, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</span></p> <p>Lodi, Jews of, expelled, <a href="#Page_660">660</a>.</p> -<p>Logroo, Jews of, persecuted, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</p> +<p>Logroño, Jews of, persecuted, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</p> <p>Longo, Saadio, Hebrew poet, <a href="#Page_609">609</a>.</p> <p>Lopes de Almeida, Portuguese ambassador to Rome, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</p> <p>Lopez, Pedro, poet and chronicler, quoted, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</p> -<p>Lorqui, Joseph. See <a href="#Geronimo">Geronimo de Santa F</a>.</p> +<p>Lorqui, Joseph. See <a href="#Geronimo">Geronimo de Santa Fé</a>.</p> <p>Lost Islands, Jewish children at the, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.</p> <p>Louis, duke of Bavaria, and the Jews of Ratisbon, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>–<a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_729" id="Page_729">729</a></span></p> <p>Louis, duke of Landshut (the Rich), persecutes Jews, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>–<a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</p> @@ -30494,11 +30456,11 @@ them by.</p> <p>Lucero, Diego Rodriguez, hangman in Cordova, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>.</p> <p>Luna, de, Alvaro, minister of Juan II, of Castile, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</p> <p>Luna, de, Pedro. See <a href="#Benedict-XIII">Benedict XIII</a>.</p> -<p>Lnel, Jews of, accused of desecrating Christian symbols, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br /> +<p>Lünel, Jews of, accused of desecrating Christian symbols, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">expelled, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">side with Abba-Mari, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</span></p> <p id="Lusitano">Lusitano, Abraham Zacuto, physician, <a href="#Page_678">678</a>.</p> -<p id="Lusitanus">Lusitanus, Amatus (Joo Rodrigo de Castel-Branco), physician of Pope Julius III, <a href="#Page_569">569</a>–<a href="#Page_570">570</a>.<br /> +<p id="Lusitanus">Lusitanus, Amatus (João Rodrigo de Castel-Branco), physician of Pope Julius III, <a href="#Page_569">569</a>–<a href="#Page_570">570</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">death, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">leaves Pesaro, <a href="#Page_581">581</a>.</span></p> <p>Luther, Martin, reformer, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.<br /> @@ -30521,7 +30483,7 @@ them by.</p> <span class="ixsub1">refuted, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</span></p> <p class="p2">Maamad, rabbinical councils at Amsterdam, <a href="#Page_684">684</a>.</p> -<p>"Maas Efod," Hebrew grammar by Profiat Duran, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</p> +<p>"Maasé Efod," Hebrew grammar by Profiat Duran, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</p> <p>Maccabees, the, and the biblical prophecies, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</p> <p>Machault, Denys, convert, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</p> <p>Madrid, cortes of, and usurers, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</p> @@ -30529,7 +30491,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Magdeburg, Jews of, banished, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">persecuted, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</span></p> <p>Maggid, dream-prompter, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>–<a href="#Page_538">538</a>.</p> -<p>Maharil. See <a href="#Jacob-ben-Moses">Jacob ben Moses Mlin Halevi</a>.</p> +<p>Maharil. See <a href="#Jacob-ben-Moses">Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi</a>.</p> <p>Mahomet II, sultan, and the Jews, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>–<a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</p> <p>Mahomet IV, sultan, alluded to, <a href="#Page_629">629</a>.</p> <p>Maillotins, rising of the, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</p> @@ -30595,7 +30557,7 @@ them by.</p> <span class="ixsub1">of Ferrara, <a href="#Page_581">581</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">of Pesaro, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>–<a href="#Page_582">582</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">petition Alexander VI, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>–<a href="#Page_380">380</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="ixsub1">protected by Joo I, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">protected by João I, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">signs of, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>–<a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">sufferings of, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>–<a href="#Page_490">490</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">troublesome to the church, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>–<a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</span><br /> @@ -30630,7 +30592,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Masserano, Bezalel, pleads for the Talmud, <a href="#Page_658">658</a>.</p> <p>Matathiah ben Joseph Provenci, chief rabbi, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</p> <p>Matronita, Kabbalistic term, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</p> -<p>Matthias, emperor, abolishes Judenstttigkeit, <a href="#Page_700">700</a>.</p> +<p>Matthias, emperor, abolishes Judenstättigkeit, <a href="#Page_700">700</a>.</p> <p>Maurice, of Orange, favorable to Jews, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>, <a href="#Page_678">678</a>.</p> <p>Maximilian I, emperor, and Jews, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>–<a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>–<a href="#Page_429">429</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">and the German Jews, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>–<a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</span><br /> @@ -30642,7 +30604,7 @@ them by.</p> <span class="ixsub1">exiles from, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</span></p> <p>Mayence, Jews of, banished, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">massacred, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</span></p> -<p>Mederos, Francisco (Isaac) Mendes, Marrano, <a href="#Page_667">667</a>, <a href="#Page_671">671</a>.</p> +<p>Medeïros, Francisco (Isaac) Mendes, Marrano, <a href="#Page_667">667</a>, <a href="#Page_671">671</a>.</p> <p>Medici, family of, alluded to, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.</p> <p>Medicine, study of, allowed, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</p> <p>Medigo, Leon. See <a href="#Abrabanel-Judah">Abrabanel, Judah Leon</a>.</p> @@ -30650,15 +30612,15 @@ them by.</p> <span class="ixsub1">Jews of, burnt, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</span></p> <p>Medina-Sidonia, Marranos take refuge in, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</p> <p>Medina-Sidonia, duke of, and Marranos, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</p> -<p>Megadef, sobriquet of Geronimo de Santa F, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</p> -<p>Mel Zedek. See <a href="#Menachem">Menachem of Merseburg</a>.</p> -<p>Mer ben Baruch Halevi, rabbi, and the French Jews, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>–<a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br /> +<p>Megadef, sobriquet of Geronimo de Santa Fé, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</p> +<p>Meïl Zedek. See <a href="#Menachem">Menachem of Merseburg</a>.</p> +<p>Meïr ben Baruch Halevi, rabbi, and the French Jews, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>–<a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">compiles Jewish customs, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span></p> -<p>Mer ben Gabbai, Kabbalist, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.</p> -<p>Mer of Rothenburg, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</p> -<p>Mer, son-in-law of Abraham Benveniste, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</p> -<p>Meri, rabbi of Perpignan, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>–<a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p> -<p>Meron, Simon bar Yocha buried in, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>.</p> +<p>Meïr ben Gabbai, Kabbalist, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.</p> +<p>Meïr of Rothenburg, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</p> +<p>Meïr, son-in-law of Abraham Benveniste, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</p> +<p>Meïri, rabbi of Perpignan, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>–<a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p> +<p>Meïron, Simon bar Yochaï buried in, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>.</p> <p>Meles, Moses Iskafat, partisan of Ben Adret, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</p> <p>Meliza, poetical prose, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</p> <p>Menachem ben Aaron ben Zerach, rabbi of Toledo, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>–<a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</p> @@ -30690,15 +30652,15 @@ them by.</p> <p>Michael, of Frankfort, and Luther, <a href="#Page_551">551</a>.</p> <p>Michael, the Old, Karaite, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</p> <p>Middelburg refuses Portuguese Marranos, <a href="#Page_663">663</a>.</p> -<p>Midrash of Simon bar Yocha, the Zohar, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</p> +<p>Midrash of Simon bar Yochaï, the Zohar, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</p> <p>Milan, Jews of, expelled, <a href="#Page_660">660</a>.</p> -<p>Milchamoth Adona, work by Gersonides, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</p> +<p>Milchamoth Adonaï, work by Gersonides, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</p> <p>Miliana, Jews settle in, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</p> <p>Miller, John, and the Hamburg Jews, <a href="#Page_691">691</a>–<a href="#Page_692">692</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">quoted, <a href="#Page_690">690</a>.</span></p> <p>Minim imprecated in Jewish prayers, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</p> <p>Minyan Yavanim, Seleucidan chronology, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>–<a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</p> -<p>Miques, Joo. See <a href="#Nassi">Nassi, Joseph</a>.</p> +<p>Miques, João. See <a href="#Nassi">Nassi, Joseph</a>.</p> <p>"Mirror for Admonition," work by Ortuinus Gratius, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</p> <p>"Mirror of Morals," work by Solomon Alami, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</p> <p>Mistress, Kabbalistic term, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</p> @@ -30714,7 +30676,7 @@ them by.</p> <span class="ixsub1">in Italy, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>–<a href="#Page_507">507</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">predicts the Messiah, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">saved by Clement VII, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>.</span></p> -<p>Mlin, Jacob. See <a href="#Jacob-ben-Moses">Jacob ben Moses Mlin Halevi</a>.</p> +<p>Mölin, Jacob. See <a href="#Jacob-ben-Moses">Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi</a>.</p> <p>Moncado de, Abraham, official at Recife, <a href="#Page_693">693</a>.</p> <p>Moncilla, Jews of, persecuted, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</p> <p>Montpellier, Jews of, and free inquiry, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>–<a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>–<a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.<br /> @@ -30749,7 +30711,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Mucate, Jacob, official at Recife, <a href="#Page_693">693</a>.</p> <p>Muley Abu-Abdallah (Boabdil), last king of Granada, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</p> <p>Munich, Jews of, persecuted, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</p> -<p>Mnster, Sebastian, disciple of Reuchlin, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</p> +<p>Münster, Sebastian, disciple of Reuchlin, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</p> <p>Murad III, sultan, and Joseph Nassi, <a href="#Page_627">627</a>–<a href="#Page_628">628</a>, <a href="#Page_629">629</a>.</p> <p>Murviedro, Jews of, protected, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</p> <p>Musaphia, Benjamin, physician to Christian IV, <a href="#Page_692">692</a>.</p> @@ -30766,7 +30728,7 @@ them by.</p> <p id="Narboni">Narboni, Moses ben Joshua (Maestro Vidal), philosopher, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>–<a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.</p> <p>Nassi, Gracia. See <a href="#Mendesia">Mendesia, Gracia</a>.</p> <p>Nassi, Gracia, the younger, <a href="#Page_572">572</a>, <a href="#Page_577">577</a>.</p> -<p id="Nassi">Nassi, Joseph (Joo Miques), duke of Naxos, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>–<a href="#Page_597">597</a>, <a href="#Page_611">611</a>.<br /> +<p id="Nassi">Nassi, Joseph (João Miques), duke of Naxos, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>–<a href="#Page_597">597</a>, <a href="#Page_611">611</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">accused of treason, <a href="#Page_598">598</a>, <a href="#Page_599">599</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">aids Gracia Mendesia, <a href="#Page_574">574</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">as a statesman, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>–<a href="#Page_602">602</a>.</span><br /> @@ -30812,24 +30774,24 @@ them by.</p> <span class="ixsub1">imprisoned, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">preaches against Messianic speculations, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</span></p> <p>Nizuz, Kabbalistic term, <a href="#Page_620">620</a>.</p> -<p>Nfeth Zufim, work by Messer Leon, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</p> -<p>Nrdlingen, Jews of, banished, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.<br /> +<p>Nófeth Zufim, work by Messer Leon, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</p> +<p>Nördlingen, Jews of, banished, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">murdered, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</span></p> <p>Notaricon, Kabbalistic term, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</p> <p>Novak, Peter, bishop, and Capistrano, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</p> <p>Novi, Jews settle in, <a href="#Page_553">553</a>–<a href="#Page_554">554</a>.</p> <p>Numeo, a character in Samuel Usque's "Consolation," <a href="#Page_558">558</a>.</p> -<p>Nues, Duarte, da Costa, Portuguese agent at Hamburg, <a href="#Page_692">692</a>.</p> -<p id="Nunes">Nunes, Henrique (Firme-F) informs against Marranos, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>–<a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</p> -<p>Nues, Maria, Marrano captured by the English, <a href="#Page_664">664</a>–<a href="#Page_665">665</a>.</p> -<p>Nuez, Alvar, officer of Alfonso XI, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</p> +<p>Nuñes, Duarte, da Costa, Portuguese agent at Hamburg, <a href="#Page_692">692</a>.</p> +<p id="Nunes">Nunes, Henrique (Firme-Fé) informs against Marranos, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>–<a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</p> +<p>Nuñes, Maria, Marrano captured by the English, <a href="#Page_664">664</a>–<a href="#Page_665">665</a>.</p> +<p>Nuñez, Alvar, officer of Alfonso XI, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</p> <p>Nuremberg, diet at, promulgates the "Golden Bull," <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</p> <p>Nuremberg, Jews of, expelled, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>–<a href="#Page_416">416</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">persecuted, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>–<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</span></p> <p>Nuremberg, synod at, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</p> <p class="p2">Obadiah di Bertinoro, rabbi at Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>–<a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_704">704</a>.</p> -<p>Ocaa, cortes of, discuss the Jewish question, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.<br /> +<p>Ocaña, cortes of, discuss the Jewish question, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">Jews of, persecuted, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</span></p> <p>"Of the Cross," bull, <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.</p> <p>Ojeda, de, Alfonso, and the Spanish Inquisition, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</p> @@ -30837,14 +30799,14 @@ them by.</p> <p>Old Testament. See <a href="#Bible">Bible, the</a>.</p> <p>Olesnicki, Zbigniev, cardinal, and the Jews, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</p> <p>Olligoyen, Pedro, instigates a persecution of the Jews, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</p> -<p>Olmtz, Jews of, banished, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</p> +<p>Olmütz, Jews of, banished, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</p> <p>"On the Errors of the Trinity," work by Servetus, <a href="#Page_646">646</a>–<a href="#Page_647">647</a>.</p> <p>Oporto, a port for Jewish exiles, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</p> <p>Oppenheim, Jews of, commit suicide, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</p> <p>Orabuena, Joseph, rabbi and physician in Navarre, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</p> <p>Oran, Jews settle in, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">Spanish exiles flee to, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</span></p> -<p>Ordenaoens, Portuguese code, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>–<a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</p> +<p>Ordenaçoens, Portuguese code, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>–<a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</p> <p>Ordination revived, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>–<a href="#Page_535">535</a>.</p> <p>Orleans, college of, dispersed, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</p> <p>Osorio, David, founder of the third synagogue in Amsterdam, <a href="#Page_680">680</a>.</p> @@ -31112,7 +31074,7 @@ them by.</p> <span class="ixsub1">and Shemarya Ikriti, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">patron of learning, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">taught by Leo Romano, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</span></p> -<p>Rom, shepherds, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>–<a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</p> +<p>Roïm, shepherds, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>–<a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</p> <p>Romano, Leone. See <a href="#Jehuda-ben-Moses">Jehuda ben Moses ben Daniel</a>.</p> <p>Romano, Solomon (John Baptista), denounces the Talmud, <a href="#Page_564">564</a>.</p> <p>Rome, the oldest European Jewish community, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.<br /> @@ -31123,14 +31085,14 @@ them by.</p> <span class="ixsub1">See also <a href="#Italy">Italy</a>.</span></p> <p>Romi. See <a href="#Immanuel-ben-Solomon">Immanuel ben Solomon Romi</a>.</p> <p>Rosales, Immanuel, author, <a href="#Page_692">692</a>.</p> -<p>Rossi, de, Azarya ben Moses, critic, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>–<a href="#Page_615">615</a>.<br /> +<p>Rossi, deï, Azarya ben Moses, critic, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>–<a href="#Page_615">615</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">opposition to, <a href="#Page_616">616</a>–<a href="#Page_617">617</a>.</span></p> <p>Rouelle, French Jew-badge, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</p> <p>Roussillon, French exiles in, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_737" id="Page_737">737</a></span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">Jews of, devoted to science, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</span></p> <p>Rotterdam, Jews settle in, <a href="#Page_685">685</a>.</p> -<p>Rttingen, Jews of, persecuted, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</p> -<p>Rubianus, Crotus (Johann Jger), author of the "Letters of Obscurantists," <a href="#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</p> +<p>Röttingen, Jews of, persecuted, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</p> +<p>Rubianus, Crotus (Johann Jäger), author of the "Letters of Obscurantists," <a href="#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</p> <p>Rudolph II, emperor, and the Jews, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.</p> <p>Ruez, Juan, Spanish inquisitor, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</p> @@ -31152,7 +31114,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Samael, Kabbalistic term, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</p> <p>Sambation, a mythical river, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p> <p>Samiel, Kabbalistic term, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</p> -<p>Samson ben Mer, partisan of Abba-Mari, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</p> +<p>Samson ben Meïr, partisan of Abba-Mari, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</p> <p>Samson of Sens denounces the Karaites, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</p> <p>Samuel, Kabbalist, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</p> <p>Samuel, prophet, pilgrimages to grave of, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</p> @@ -31164,7 +31126,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Sancho IV, of Castile, employs Todros Abulafia, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</p> <p>Sangisa, sister of Pope John XXII, hostile to Jews, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</p> <p>Santa Cruz, de, Gaspard, conspirator against Arbues, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>–<a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p> -<p>Santa F, de, Francisco, conspirator against Arbues, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</p> +<p>Santa Fé, de, Francisco, conspirator against Arbues, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</p> <p>Santillano, de, Diego and Francisco, plead for the Inquisition, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</p> <p>Santob (Shem Tob) de Carrion, troubadour, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>–<a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</p> <p>Saporta, Enoch, influences Karaites to Rabbinism, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</p> @@ -31174,7 +31136,7 @@ them by.</p> <span class="ixsub1">rising against the Marranos of, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</span></p> <p>Saragossi, Joseph, Kabbalist, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</p> <p>Sariel, Kabbalistic term, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</p> -<p>Sarro Thom, Marrano leader, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>.</p> +<p>Sarrão Thomé, Marrano leader, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>.</p> <p>Saruk, Israel, Kabbalist, <a href="#Page_625">625</a>.</p> <p>Savoy, duke of, invites Jews, <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">expelled, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</span></p> @@ -31216,7 +31178,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Serachya ben Shaltiel, promoter of culture among Italian Jews, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</p> <p>Serkes, Joel, Talmudist, <a href="#Page_703">703</a>.</p> <p>Servetus, Michael, anti-Trinitarian, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>, <a href="#Page_646">646</a>.</p> -<p>"Servi camer," coveted by petty rulers, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> +<p>"Servi cameræ," coveted by petty rulers, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">Jews of France claimed as, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">protected by Charles of Luxemburg, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">under Louis the Bavarian, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</span></p> @@ -31259,7 +31221,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Silesia, Jews of, persecuted, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>–<a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</p> <p>Silva, de, Diogo, inquisitor-general of Portugal, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>.</p> <p>Silva, de, Miguel, opposes David Reubeni, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>–<a href="#Page_499">499</a>.</p> -<p>Simon bar Yocha, pretended author of the Zohar, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>–<a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_618">618</a>, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>.</p> +<p>Simon bar Yochaï, pretended author of the Zohar, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>–<a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_618">618</a>, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>.</p> <p id="Simon-ben-Zemach">Simon ben Zemach Duran, rabbi of Algiers, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>–<a href="#Page_200">200</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">at Palma, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">controversial writer, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</span></p> @@ -31275,7 +31237,7 @@ them by.</p> <span class="ixsub1">votary of the Kabbala, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</span></p> <p>Sixtus V, permits the printing of the Talmud, <a href="#Page_658">658</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">removes Jewish restrictions, <a href="#Page_655">655</a>–<a href="#Page_659">659</a>.</span></p> -<p>Soares, Joo, inquisitor, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.</p> +<p>Soares, João, inquisitor, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.</p> <p>Socinians, anti-Trinitarians, <a href="#Page_647">647</a>.</p> <p>Socinus, religious reformer, <a href="#Page_647">647</a>.</p> <p>Sokolli, Mahomet, vizir of Selim II, and Joseph Nassi, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>, <a href="#Page_599">599</a>, <a href="#Page_611">611</a>, <a href="#Page_627">627</a>–<a href="#Page_628">628</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_739" id="Page_739">739</a></span><br /> @@ -31305,7 +31267,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Soranzo, Jacopo, Venetian agent in Constantinople, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.</p> <p>Soria, cortes of, deprive the Jews of criminal jurisdiction, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</p> <p>Spain, exiles from, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>–<a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>–<a href="#Page_392">392</a>.<br /> -<span class="ixsub1">first auto-da-f in, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</span><br /> +<span class="ixsub1">first auto-da-fé in, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">Inquisition established in, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">See <a href="#Inquisition">Inquisition</a>.</span></p> <p id="Spain">Spain, Jews of, banished, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>–<a href="#Page_348">348</a>.<br /> @@ -31353,7 +31315,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Synods of the Four Countries, <a href="#Page_643">643</a>–<a href="#Page_645">645</a>.</p> <p>Syria conquered by Selim I, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</p> -<p class="p2">Tab Yomi. See <a href="#Lipmann">Lipmann of Mhlhausen</a>.</p> +<p class="p2">Tab Yomi. See <a href="#Lipmann">Lipmann of Mühlhausen</a>.</p> <p>"Table-cloth," work by Moses Isserles, <a href="#Page_637">637</a>.</p> <p>Talith, Kabbalistic use of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_740" id="Page_740">740</a></span></p> <p>Talmud, the, and the Kabbala, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.<br /> @@ -31413,14 +31375,14 @@ them by.</p> <p>Tiberinus, Matthias, and Simon of Trent, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</p> <p>Tilly, general, alluded to, <a href="#Page_701">701</a>.</p> <p>Tirado, Jacob, and Marrano fugitives, <a href="#Page_664">664</a>–<a href="#Page_665">665</a>, <a href="#Page_666">666</a>, <a href="#Page_667">667</a>.</p> -<p>Tlemen, Jews in, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.<br /> +<p>Tlemçen, Jews in, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">Jews settle in, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</span></p> <p>Tob-Elem, Joseph, author of a commentary, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</p> <p>Tobias, a physician of Trent, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</p> <p>Todros, of Beaucaire, ally of Abba-Mari, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p> <p>Tokat, Jews of, charged with murder, <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">Spanish exiles in, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</span></p> -<p>Toledo, autos-da-f at, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.<br /> +<p>Toledo, autos-da-fé at, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">Black Death in, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">Inquisition at, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</span></p> <p>Toledo, Jews of, Arabic scholars, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.<br /> @@ -31526,7 +31488,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Valladolid, Marranos attacked in, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</p> <p>Vayol, Hans, convert, maligns Israel Bruna, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</p> <p>Vaz, Diego, assassin of Henrique Nunes, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>.</p> -<p>Vecinho, Joseph, physician to Joo II, of Portugal, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</p> +<p>Vecinho, Joseph, physician to João II, of Portugal, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</p> <p>Vega, Judah, rabbi at Amsterdam, <a href="#Page_680">680</a>.</p> <p>Velasquez de Tordesillas, bishop, arrests Jews, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</p> <p>Venaissin, Jews of, expelled, <a href="#Page_592">592</a>.<br /> @@ -31541,7 +31503,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Viana, Jews of, persecuted, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</p> <p>Vidal (Maestro). See <a href="#Narboni">Narboni</a>.</p> <p id="Vidal">Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi. See <a href="#Ibn-Labi">Ibn-Labi, Vidal ben Benveniste</a>.</p> -<p>Vidal Menachem ben Solomon Meri, rabbi, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>–<a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p> +<p>Vidal Menachem ben Solomon Meïri, rabbi, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>–<a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p> <p>Vieira, Antonio, quoted, <a href="#Page_683">683</a>.</p> <p>Vienna, Jews of, blood-accusation against, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">commit suicide, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</span><br /> @@ -31550,7 +31512,7 @@ them by.</p> <p>Villadiego, Jews of, annihilated, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</p> <p>Villareal, Inquisition at, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</p> <p>Villaris, treasurer of Ferdinand and Isabella, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</p> -<p>Viseu, de, Jos, physician, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</p> +<p>Viseu, de, José, physician, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</p> <p>Vitoria, Jews of, prepare for exile, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">lacks physicians, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</span></p> @@ -31573,7 +31535,7 @@ them by.</p> <span class="ixsub1">persecuted, <a href="#Page_698">698</a>–<a href="#Page_700">700</a>.</span><br /> <span class="ixsub1">threatened, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>–<a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</span></p> <p>Worms, synod at, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>–<a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</p> -<p>Wrzburg, Jews of, persecuted, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</p> +<p>Würzburg, Jews of, persecuted, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</p> <p>Wycliffe, alluded to, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</p> <p class="p2">Ximenes de Cisneros, inquisitor general, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</p> @@ -31592,7 +31554,7 @@ them by.</p> <span class="ixsub1">pronounces the funeral oration over Isaac Aboab, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</span></p> <p>Zacuto, Moses, Kabbalist, <a href="#Page_682">682</a>.</p> <p>Zacuto, Samuel, son of Abraham Zacuto, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</p> -<p>Zhringen, council of, and the poison made by Jews, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</p> +<p>Zähringen, council of, and the poison made by Jews, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</p> <p>Zamora, council of, hostile to Jews, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br /> <span class="ixsub1">Jews of, baptized, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_743" id="Page_743">743</a></span></p> <p>Zapateiro, Joseph, Portuguese traveler, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</p> @@ -31621,7 +31583,7 @@ them by.</p> <span class="ixsub1">spuriousness, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>–<a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</span></p> <p>Zosina, adherent of a Judaizing sect, <a href="#Page_633">633</a>.</p> <p>Zurich, Jews of, accused of poisoning the wells, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</p> -<p>Ztphen, counselor of Alva, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>.</p> +<p>Zütphen, counselor of Alva, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>.</p> <p>Zwingli and the Reformation, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.<br /> </p> @@ -31660,7 +31622,7 @@ referenced text.</p> <p>Page <a href="#Page_205">205</a>: "wordly-minded" changed to "worldly-minded"; the latter occurs elsewhere in this text.</p> -<p>Page <a href="#Page_331">331</a>: "Francisco de Santa F" was printed as "Sante-F", but was +<p>Page <a href="#Page_331">331</a>: "Francisco de Santa Fé" was printed as "Sante-Fé", but was changed to be consistent with all similar constructs in this book.</p> <p>Page <a href="#Page_419">419</a>: "For though, constrained" was punctuated that way.</p> @@ -31676,7 +31638,7 @@ to match the spelling on page <a href="#Page_287">287</a>. The next entry, "Gon changed, as it is spelled "Gonzago" on page <a href="#Page_659">659</a>. In modern references, both names are spelled "Gonzaga".</p> -<p>Page <a href="#Page_721">721</a>: "Gratio" is spelled "Gatio" on the page it references; neither has been +<p>Page <a href="#Page_721">721</a>: "Gratiño" is spelled "Gatiño" on the page it references; neither has been changed here. The Index contains similar discrepancies, most of which are not mentioned in these notes.</p> @@ -31687,384 +31649,6 @@ changed to match the spelling on the three pages this entry references.</p> in the Index contain indeterminate references that have not been linked.</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the Jews, Vol. IV (of VI), by -Heinrich Graetz - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE JEWS, VOL. 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