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diff --git a/43852-8.txt b/43852-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 5686bcc..0000000 --- a/43852-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4458 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's The Revolutions of Portugal, by Abbot De Vertot - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Revolutions of Portugal - -Author: Abbot De Vertot - -Translator: Gabriel Roussillon - -Release Date: September 30, 2013 [EBook #43852] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVOLUTIONS OF PORTUGAL *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Matthias Grammel and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - -[Illustration: _London Printed for W. Chetwood at Cato's head in Russel -Street Covent Garden_] - - - - - THE - - REVOLUTIONS - - OF - - _PORTUGAL_. - - Written in _French_ by the - - Abbot _DE VERTOT_, - Of the ROYAL ACADEMY of - INSCRIPTIONS. - - Done into _English_ from the last _French_ Edition. - - _O think what anxious Moments pass between - The Birth of Plots, and their last fatal Periods! - Oh! 'tis a dreadful Interval of Time, - Fill'd up with Horror all, and big with Death! - Destruction hangs on ev'ry Word we speak, - On ev'ry Thought, till the concluding Stroke - Determines all, and closes our Design._ - - ADDISON'S Cato. - - - _LONDON_, - - Printed for WILLIAM CHETWOOD, at _Cato_'s- - _Head_, in _Russel-Street, Covent-Garden_. M.DCC.XXI. - - - - -[Illustration] - - - To His GRACE - - _PHILIP_ - - Duke of _Wharton_. - - -_May it please your Grace_; - -I am not ignorant of the Censure I lay my-self open to, in offering so -incorrect a Work to a Person of Your Grace's Judgment; and could not -have had Assurance to do it, if I was unacquainted with Your Grace's -Goodness. As this is not the first time of this Excellent Author's -appearing in _English_, my Undertaking must expose me to abundance of -Cavil and Criticism; and I see my-self reduced to the Necessity of -applying to a Patron who is able to protect me. - -Our modern Dedications are meer Daub and Flattery; but 'tis for those -who deserve no better: Your Grace cannot be flatter'd; every body that -knows the Duke of WHARTON, will say there is no praising him, as there -is no loving him more than he deserves. But like other Great Minds, Your -Grace may be blind to your own Merit, and imagine I am complimenting, or -doing something worse, whilst I am only giving your just Character; for -which reason, however fond I am of so noble a Theme, I shall decline -attempting it. Only this I must beg leave to say, Your Grace can't be -enough admir'd for the Universal Learning which you are Master of, for -your Judgment in discerning, your Indulgence in excusing, for the great -Stedfastness of your Soul, for your Contempt of Power and Grandeur, your -Love for your Country, your Passion for Liberty, and (which is the best -Characteristick) your Desire of doing Good to Mankind. I can hardly -leave so agreeable a Subject, but I cannot say more than all the World -knows already. - -Your Grace's illustrious Father has left a Name behind Him as glorious -as any Person of the Age: it is unnecessary to enter into the -Particulars of his Character; to mention his Name, is the greatest -Panegyrick: Immediately to succeed that Great Man, must have been -extremely to the Disadvantage of any other Person, but it is far from -being so to Your Grace; it makes your Virtues but the more conspicuous, -and convinces us the Nation is not without one Man worthy of being his -Successor. - -I have nothing more to trouble Your Grace with, than only to wish you -the Honours you so well deserve, and to beg you would excuse my -presuming to honour my-self with the Title of, - - _May it please your Grace, - Your Grace's most Obedient, - Humble Servant_, - - Gabriel Roussillon. - - - - -[Illustration] - - -PREFACE. - - -_Amongst the Historians of the present Age, none has more justly -deserv'd, neither has any acquir'd a greater Reputation than the Abbot -~de Vertot~; not only by this Piece, but also by the ~Revolutions -of~ Sweden ~and of~ Rome, which he has since publish'd._ - -_This small History he has extracted from the[A] Writings of several -~French~, ~Spanish~, ~Portuguese~, and ~Italian~ Authors, as -well as from the Testimony of many Persons, who were in ~Lisbon~ at -the time of the Revolution. And I believe that it will be no difficult -matter to persuade the Reader, that this little Volume is written with -much more Politeness and Fidelity than any which has been publish'd on -this Subject._ - -_And indeed there could be no Man fitter to undertake the Work than -Monsieur ~de Vertot~; not only as he was Master of an excellent Style, -and had all the Opportunities imaginable of informing himself of the -Truth, but also as he could have no Interest in speaking partially of -either the one or the other Party; and therefore might say much more -justly than ~Salust, de Conjuratione, Quam verissime potero, paucis -absolvam; eoque magis, quod mihi a Spe, Metu, Partibus Reipublicæ Animus -liber est~._ - -_Would I undertake to prove the Impartiality of my Author, I could -easily do it from several little Circumstances of his History. Does he -not tell us, that the Inquisition is oftner a Terror to honest Men than -to Rogues? Does he not paint the Archbishop of ~Braga~ in all the -Colours of a Traitor? And I am fully persuaded, that if a Churchman will -own and discover the Frailties, or rather the Enormities of those of his -own Cloth, he will tell them in any thing else, and is worthy of being -believed._ - -_There are several Passages in the following Sheets, which really -deserve our Attention; we shall see a Nation involv'd in Woe and Ruin, -and all their Miseries proceeding from the Bigotry and Superstition of -their Monarch, whose Zeal hurries him to inevitable Destruction, and -whose Piety makes him sacrifice the Lives of ~13000~ Christians, -without so much as having the Satisfaction of converting one obstinate -Infidel._ - -_Such was the Fate of the rash Don ~Sebastian~, who seem'd born to be -the Blessing of his People, and Terror of his Foes; who would have made -a just, a wise, a truly pious Monarch, had not his Education been -entrusted to a Jesuit. Nor is he the only unfortunate Prince, who, -govern'd by intriguing and insinuating Churchmen, have prov'd the Ruin -of their Kingdom, and in the end lost both their Crown and Life._ - -_We shall see a People, who, no longer able to bear a heavy Yoke, resolve -to shake it off, and venture their Lives and their Fortunes for their -Liberty: A Conspiracy prevail, (if an Intent to revolt from an Usurping -Tyrant may be call'd a Conspiracy) in which so many Persons, whose -Age, Quality and Interest were very different, are engag'd; and by the -Courage and Publick Spirit of a few, a happy and glorious Revolution -brought about._ - -_But scarce is the new King settled upon his Throne, and endeavouring to -confirm his Authority abroad, when a horrid Conspiracy is forming -against him at home; we shall see a Prelate at the head of the Traitors, -who, tho a bigotted Churchman, makes no scruple of borrowing the -Assistance of the most profess'd Enemies of the Church to deliver her -out of Danger, and to assassinate his Lawful King: but the whole Plot is -happily discover'd, and those who were engaged in it meet with the just -Reward of Treason and Rebellion, the Block and Gallows. Nor is it the -first time that our own Nation has seen an Archbishop doing King and -Country all the harm he could._ - -_After the Death of her Husband, we see a Queen of an extraordinary -Genius, and uncommon Courage, taking the Regency upon her; and tho at -first oppress'd with a Load of Misfortunes, rises against them all, and -in the end triumphs over her Enemies._ - -_Under the next Reign we see the Kingdom almost invaded by the antient -Usurper, and sav'd only by the Skill of a Wife and Brave General, who -had much ado to keep the Foes out, whilst the People were divided at -home, and loudly complain'd of the Riots and Debaucheries of their -Monarch, and the Tyrannick Conduct of his Minister. But we find how -impossible a thing it is, that so violent a Government should last long; -his Brother, a Prince whose Virtues were as famous, as the other's Vices -were odious, to preserve the Crown in their Family, is forced to depose -him, and take the Government upon himself: ~Ita Imperium semper ad -optumum quemq; ab minus bono transfertur~._ - - - - -[Illustration] - - - THE - - REVOLUTION - - OF - - _PORTUGAL_. - - -Portugal is part of that vast Tract of Land, known by the Name of -_Iberia_ or _Spain_, most of whose Provinces are call'd Kingdoms. It is -bounded on the West by the Ocean, on the East by _Castile_. Its Length -is about a hundred and ten Leagues, and its Breadth in the very broadest -part does not exceed fifty. The Soil is fruitful, the Air wholesome; and -tho under such a Climate we might expect excessive Heats, yet here we -always find them allay'd with cooling Breezes or refreshing Rains. Its -Crown is Hereditary, the King's Power Despotick, nor is the grand -Inquisition the most useless means of preserving this absolute -Authority. The _Portuguese_ are by Nature proud and haughty, very -zealous, but rather superstitious than religious; the most natural -Events will amongst them pass for Miracles, and they are firmly -persuaded that Heaven is always contriving something or other for their -Good. - -Who the first Inhabitants of this Country were, is not known, their own -Historians indeed tell us that they are sprung from _Tubal_; for my -part, I believe them descended from the _Romans_ and _Carthaginians_, -who long contended for those Provinces, and who were both at sundry -times in actual possession of them. About the beginning of the fifth -Century, the _Swedes_, the _Vandals_, and all those other barbarous -Nations, generally known by the Name of _Goths_, over-run the Empire; -and, amongst other Places, made themselves Masters of the Provinces of -_Spain_. _Portugal_ was then made a Kingdom, and was sometimes govern'd -by its own Prince, at other times it was reckon'd part of the Dominions -of the King of _Castile_. - -[Sidenote: 712.] - -About the beginning of the eighth Century, during the Reign of -_Roderick_, the last King of the _Goths_, the _Moors_, or rather the -_Arabians_, _Valid Almanzor_ being their Caliph, enter'd _Spain_. They -were received and assisted by _Julian_, an _Italian_ Nobleman, who made -the Conquest of those Places easy, which might otherwise have proved -difficult, not out of any Affection to the _Arabians_, but from a -Desire of revenging himself on _Roderick_, who had debauched his -Daughter. - -[Sidenote: 717.] - -The _Arabians_ soon made themselves Masters of all the Country between -the Streights of _Gibraltar_ and the _Pyrenees_, excepting the Mountains -of _Asturia_; where the Christians, commanded by Prince _Pelagus_, fled, -who founded the Kingdom _Oviedo_ or _Leon_. - -_Portugal_, with the rest of _Spain_, became subject to the Infidels. In -each respective Province, Governours were appointed, who after the Death -of _Almanzor_ revolted from his Successor, made themselves independent -of any other Power, and took the Title of Sovereign Princes. - -They were driven out of _Portugal_ about the beginning of the twelfth -Century, by _Henry_ Count of _Burgundy_, Son to _Robert_ King of -_France_. This Prince, full of the same Zeal which excited so many -others to engage in a holy War, went into _Spain_ on purpose to attack -the Infidels; and such Courage, such Conduct did he show, that -_Alphonso_ VI. King of _Castile_ and _Leon_, made him General of his -Army: and afterwards, that he might for ever engage so brave a Soldier, -he married him to one of his Daughters, named _Teresia_, and gave him -all those Places from which he had driven the _Moors_. The Count, by new -Conquests, extended his Dominions, and founded the Kingdom of -_Portugal_, but never gave himself the Royal Title. - -[Sidenote: 1139.] - -_Alphonso_, his Son, did not only inherit his Father's Dominions, but -his Virtues also; and not content with what the Count his Father had -left him, he vigorously carried on the War, and encreas'd his -Territories. Having obtained a signal Victory over the _Arabians_, his -Soldiers unanimously proclaimed him King; which Title his Successors -have ever since borne. - -And now this Family had sway'd the Scepter of _Portugal_ for almost the -space of five hundred Years, when Don _Sebastian_ came to the Crown; he -was the posthumous Son of Don _John_, who died some time before his -Father, Don _John_ III. Son of the renowned King _Emanuel_. - -[Sidenote: 1557.] - -Don _Sebastian_ was not above three Years of Age when the old King died; -his Grandmother _Catherine_, of the House of _Austria_, Daughter to -_Philip_ I. King of _Castile_, and Sister to the Emperor _Charles_ V. -was made Regent of _Portugal_ during his Minority. Don _Alexis de -Menezes_, a Nobleman noted for his singular Piety, was appointed -Governour to the young King, and Don _Lewis de Camara_, a Jesuit, was -named for his Tutor. - -From such Teachers as these, what might not be expected? They filled his -Mind with Sentiments of Honour, and his Soul with Devotion. But, (which -may at first appear strange or impossible) these Notions were too often, -and too strongly inculcated in him. - -_Menezes_ was always telling the young Prince what Victories his -Predecessors had obtain'd over the _Moors_ in the _Indies_, and in -almost every part of _Africa_. On the other hand, the Jesuit was -perpetually teaching him, that the Crown of Kings was the immediate -Gift of _God_, and that therefore the chiefest Duty of a Prince was to -propagate the Holy Gospel, and to have the Word of the _Lord_ preached -to those Nations, who had never heard of the Name of _Christ_. - -These different Ideas of Honour and Religion made a deep impression on -the Heart of Don _Sebastian_, who was naturally pious. Scarce therefore -had he taken the Government of _Portugal_ upon himself, but he thought -of transporting an Army into _Africa_; and to that end he often -conferr'd with his Officers, but oftener with his Missionaries and other -Ecclesiasticks. - -A Civil War breaking out about this time in _Morocco_, seem'd very much -to favour his Design. The Occasion was this: _Muley Mahomet_ had caus'd -himself to be proclaim'd King of _Morocco_ after the Death of _Abdalla_, -his Father; _Muley Moluc_, _Abdalla_'s Brother, opposed him, objecting -that he had ascended the Throne contrary to the Law of the Cherifs, by -which it is ordained, That the Crown shall devolve to the King's -Brethren, if he has any, and his Sons be excluded the Succession. This -occasion'd a bloody War between the Uncle and the Nephew; but _Muley -Moluc_, who was as brave a Soldier as he was a wise Commander, defeated -_Mahomet_'s Army in three pitch'd Battles, and drove him out of -_Africa_. - -The exil'd Prince fled for Refuge to the Court of _Portugal_, and -finding Access to Don _Sebastian_, told him, that notwithstanding his -Misfortunes, there were still a considerable Number of his Subjects, who -were loyal in their Hearts, and wanted only an Opportunity of declaring -themselves in his favour. That besides this, he was very well assured -that _Moluc_ was afflicted with a lingring Disease, which prey'd upon -his Vitals; that _Hamet_, _Moluc_'s Brother, was not belov'd by the -People; that therefore if Don _Sebastian_ would but send him with a -small Army into _Africa_, so many of his Subjects would come over to -him, that he did not in the least question but that he should soon -re-establish himself in his Father's Dominions: which, if he did recover -by these means, the Kingdom should become tributary to the Crown of -_Portugal_; nay, that he would much rather have Don _Sebastian_ himself -fill the Throne of _Morocco_, than see it in possession of the present -Usurper. - -Don _Sebastian_, who was ever entertaining himself with the Ideas of -future Conquests, thought this Opportunity of planting the Christian -Religion in _Morocco_ was not to be neglected; and therefore promis'd -the _Moorish_ King not only his Assistance, but rashly engaged himself -in the Expedition, giving out that he intended to command the Army in -Person. The wisest of his Counsellors in vain endeavour'd to dissuade -him from the dangerous Design. His Zeal, his Courage, an inconsiderate -Rashness, the common Fault of Youth, as well as some Flatterers, the -Bane of Royalty, and Destruction of Princes, all prompted him to -continue fixed in his Resolution, and persuaded him that he needed only -appear in _Africa_ to overcome, and that his Conquests would be both -easy and glorious. To this end he embarked with an Army of Thirteen -Thousand Men, with which he was to drive a powerful Prince out of his -own Dominions. - -_Moluc_ had timely notice given him of the _Portuguese_ Expedition, and -of their landing in _Africa_; he had put himself at the head of Forty -Thousand Horsemen, all disciplin'd Soldiers, and who were not so much to -be dreaded for their Number and Courage, as they were for the Conduct of -their General. His Infantry he did not at all value himself upon, not -having above Ten Thousand Regular Men; there was indeed a vast Number of -the Militia, and others of the People who came pouring down to his -Assistance, but these he justly look'd upon as Men who were rather come -to plunder than to fight, and who would at any time side with the -Conqueror. - -Several Skirmishes were fought, but _Moluc_'s Officers had private -Orders still to fly before the Foe, hoping thereby to make the -_Portuguese_ leave the Shore, where they had intrench'd themselves. This -Stratagem had its desir'd Effect; for Don _Sebastian_ observing that the -_Moors_ still fled before him, order'd his Army to leave their -Intrenchments, and marched against the Foe as to a certain Victory. -_Moluc_ made his Army retire, as if he did not dare to fight a decisive -Battle; nay, sent Messengers to Don _Sebastian_, who pretended they were -order'd to treat of Peace. The King of _Portugal_ immediately concluded, -that his Adversary was doubtful of the Success of the War, and that -'twould be an easier matter to overcome _Moluc_'s Army, than to join -them; he therefore indefatigably pursued them. But the _Moor_ had no -sooner drawn him far enough from the Shore, and made it impossible for -him to retire to his Fleet, but he halted, faced the _Portuguese_, and -put his Army in Battalia; the Horse making a half Circle, with intent, -as soon as they engaged, to surround the Enemy on every side. _Moluc_ -made _Hamet_, his Brother and Successor, Commander in chief of the -Cavalry; but as he doubted his Courage, he came up to him a little -before the Engagement, told him that he must either conquer or die, and -that should he prove Coward enough to turn his back upon the Foe, he -would strangle him with his own hand. - -The reason why _Moluc_ did not command the Army himself, was, that he -was sensible of the Increase of his lingring Disease, and found that in -all probability this Day would be his last, and therefore resolved to -make it the most glorious of his Life. He put his Army, as I said -before, in Battalia himself, and gave all the necessary Orders with as -much Presence of Mind, as if he had enjoy'd the greatest Health. He went -farther than this; for foreseeing what a sudden Damp the News of his -Death might cast upon the Courage of his Soldiers, he order'd the -Officers that were about him, that if during the Heat of the Battle he -should die, they should carefully conceal it, and that even after his -Death, his _Aides de Camp_ should come up to his Litter, as if to -receive fresh Orders. After this he was carried from Rank to Rank, where -he exhorted his Soldiers to fight bravely for the Defence of their -Religion and their Country. - -But now the Combat began, and the great Artillery being discharg'd, the -Armies join'd. The _Portuguese_ Infantry soon routed the _Moorish_ -Foot-Soldiers, who, as was before mention'd, were raw and undisciplin'd; -the Duke _d'Aviedo_ engaged with a Parry of Horse so happily, that they -gave ground, and retir'd to the very Center of the Army, where the King -was. Enraged at so unexpected a Sight, notwithstanding what his Officers -could say or do, he threw himself out of his Litter; Sword in hand he -clear'd himself a Passage, rallied his flying Soldiers, and led them -back himself to the Engagement. But this Action quite exhausting his -remaining Strength and Spirits, he fainted; his Officers put him into -his Litter, where he just recover'd Strength enough to put his Finger -upon his Mouth once more, to enjoin Secrecy, then died before they could -convey him back to his Tent. His Commands were obey'd, and the News of -his Death conceal'd. - -[Sidenote: _Aug. 4. 1578._] - -Hitherto the Christians seem'd to have the Advantage, but the _Moorish_ -Horse advancing at last, hemm'd in _Sebastian_'s whole Army, and -attack'd them on every side. The Cavalry was drove back upon their -Infantry, whom they trampled under foot, and spread every where amongst -their own Soldiers, Disorder, Fear, and Confusion. The Infidels seiz'd -upon this Advantage, and Sword in hand fell upon the conquer'd Troops; a -dreadful Slaughter ensu'd, some on their knees begg'd for quarter, -others thought to save themselves by flight, but being surrounded by -their Foes, met their Fate in another place. The rash Don _Sebastian_ -himself was slain, but whether he fell amidst the Horror and Confusion -of the Battle, not being known by the _Moors_, or whether he was -resolv'd not to survive the Loss of so many of his Subjects, whom he had -led on to a Field of Slaughter, is doubtful. _Muley Mahomet_ got off, -but passing the River _Mucazen_, was drown'd. Thus perish'd, in one -fatal Day, three Heroick Princes. - -The Cardinal, Don Henry, great Uncle to Don _Sebastian_, succeeded him; -he was Brother to _John_ III. the late King's Grandfather, and Son to -_Emanuel_. During his Reign, his pretended Heirs made all the Interest -they could in the Court of _Portugal_, being well assur'd that the -present King, who was weak and sickly, and sixty-seven Years old, could -not be long-liv'd; nor could he marry, and leave Children behind him, -for he was a Cardinal, and in Priest's Orders. The Succession was -claim'd by _Philip_ II. King of _Spain_; _Catherine_ of _Portugal_, -espous'd to Don _James_, Duke of _Braganza_; by the Duke of _Savoy_; the -Duke of _Parma_; and by _Antonio_, Grand Prior of _Crete_: They all -publish'd their respective Manifesto's, in which every one declar'd -their Pretensions to the Crown. - -_Philip_ was Son to the Infanta _Isabella_, eldest Daughter of King -_Emanuel_. The Dutchess of _Braganza_ was Granddaughter to the same King -_Emanuel_, by _Edward_ his second Son. The Duke of _Savoy_'s Mother was -the Princess _Beatrix_, a younger Sister of the Empress _Isabella_. The -Duke of _Parma_ was Son to _Mary_ of _Portugal_, the second Daughter of -Prince _Edward_, and Sister to the Dutchess of _Braganza_. Don _Lewis_, -Duke of _Beja_, was second Son to King _Emanuel_ by _Violenta_, the -finest Lady of that Age, whom he had debauch'd, but whom the Grand Prior -pretended to have been privately married to that Prince. _Catherine de -Medicis_, amongst the rest, made her Claim, as being descended from -_Alphonso_ III. King of _Portugal_, and _Maud_ Countess of _Bolonia_. -The _Pope_ too put in his Claim; he would have it, that after the Reign -of the _Cardinal_, _Portugal_ must be look'd upon as a fat Living in his -Gift, and to which, like many a modern Patron, he would willingly have -presented himself. - -But notwithstanding all their Pretensions, it plainly appear'd that the -Succession belong'd either to _Philip_ King of _Spain_, or to the -Dutchess of _Braganza_, a Lady of an extraordinary Merit, and belov'd by -the whole Nation. The Duke, her Spouse, was descended, tho not in a -direct Line, from the Royal Blood, and she herself was sprung from -Prince _Edward_; whereas the King of _Spain_ was Son to _Edward_'s -Sister: besides, by the Fundamental Laws of the Kingdom, all Strangers -were excluded the Succession. This _Philip_ own'd, since thereby the -Pretensions of _Savoy_ and _Parma_ vanish'd; but he would by no means -acknowledge himself a Stranger in _Portugal_, which he said had often -been part of the Dominions of the King of _Castile_. Each had their -several Parties at Court, and the _Cardinal_ King was daily press'd to -decide the Difference, but always evaded it; he could not bear to hear -of his Successors, and would willingly have liv'd to have bury'd all his -pretended Heirs: however, his Reign lasted but 17 Months, and by his -Death _Portugal_ became the unhappy Theatre of Civil Wars. - -[Sidenote: 1580.] - -By his last Will he had order'd, that a Juncto, or Assembly of the -States, should be call'd, to settle the Succession; but King _Philip_ -not caring to wait for their Decision, sent a powerful Army into -_Portugal_, commanded by the Duke of _Alba_, which ended the Dispute, -and put _Philip_ in possession of that Kingdom. - -[Sidenote: 1581.] - -We cannot find that the Duke of _Braganza_ us'd any Endeavours to assert -his Right by force of Arms. The Grand Prior indeed did all he could to -oppose the _Castilians_; the Mob had proclaim'd him King, and he took -the Title upon him, as if it had been given by the States of _Portugal_: -and his Friends rais'd some Forces for him, but they were soon cut in -pieces by the Duke of _Alba_, than whom _Spain_ could not have chosen a -better General. As much as the _Portuguese_ hate the _Castilians_, yet -could they not keep them out, being disunited among themselves, and -having no General, nor any Regular Troops on foot. Most of the Towns, -for fear of being plunder'd, capitulated, and made each their several -Treaty; so that in a short time _Philip_ was acknowledg'd their lawful -Sovereign by the whole Nation, as being next Heir Male to his great -Uncle, the late King: of such wondrous use is open Force to support a -bad Cause! - -After him reign'd his Son and Grandson, _Philip_ III. and IV. who us'd -the _Portuguese_ not like Subjects, but like a conquer'd People; and the -Kingdom of _Portugal_ saw itself dwindle into a Province of _Spain_, and -so weaken'd, that there was no hope left of recovering their Liberty: -Their Noblemen durst not appear in an Equipage suitable to their Birth, -for fear of making the _Spanish_ Ministers jealous of their Greatness or -Riches; the Gentry were confin'd to their Country-Seats, and the People -oppress'd with Taxes. - -The Duke of _Olivarez_, who was then first Minister to _Philip_ IV. King -of _Spain_, was firmly persuaded, that all means were to be us'd to -exhaust this new Conquest; he was sensible of the natural Antipathy of -the _Portuguese_ and _Castilians_, and thought that the former could -never calmly behold their chief Posts fill'd with Strangers, or at best -with _Portuguese_ of a _Plebeian_ Extraction, who had nothing else to -recommend 'em but their Zeal for the Service of _Spain_. He thought -therefore, that the surest way of establishing King _Philip_'s Power, -was to remove the Nobility of _Portugal_ from all Places of Trust, and -so to impoverish the People, that they should never be capable of -attempting to shake off the _Spanish_ Yoke. Besides this, he employ'd -the _Portuguese_ Youth in foreign Wars, resolving to drain the Kingdom -of all those who were capable of bearing Arms. - -As politick as this Conduct of _Olivarez_ might appear, yet did he miss -his aim; for carrying his Cruelty to too high a pitch, at a time when -the Court of _Spain_ was in distress, and seeming rather to plunder an -Enemy's Country, than levying Taxes from the _Portuguese_, who daily saw -their Miseries encrease, and be the consequence of their Attempt what it -would, they could never fare worse; unanimously resolv'd to free -themselves from the intolerable Tyranny of Spain. - -[Sidenote: 1640.] - -_Margaret of Savoy_, Dutchess of _Mantua_, was then in _Portugal_, where -she had the Title of Vice-Queen, but was very far from having the Power. -_Miguel Vasconcellos_, a _Portuguese_ by Birth, but attach'd to the -_Spanish_ Interest, had the Name of Secretary of State, but was indeed -an absolute and independent Minister, and dispatch'd, without the -knowledge of the Vice-Queen, all the secret Business; his Orders he -receiv'd directly from _d'Olivarez_, whose Creature he was, and who -found him absolutely necessary for extorting vast Sums of Money from the -_Portuguese_. He was so deeply learn'd in the Art of Intriguing, that he -could perpetually make the Nobility jealous of one another, then would -he foment their Divisions, and encrease their Animosities, whereby the -_Spanish_ Government became every day more absolute; for the Duke was -assur'd, that whilst the Grandees were engag'd in private Quarrels, they -would never think of the Common Cause. - -The Duke of _Braganza_ was the only Man in all _Portugal_, of whom the -_Spaniards_ were now jealous. His Humour was agreeable, and the chief -thing he consulted was his Ease. He was a Man rather of sound Sense, -than quick Wit. He could easily make himself Master of any Business to -which he apply'd his Mind, but then he never car'd much for the Trouble -on't. Don _Theodosius_, Duke of _Braganza_, his Father, was of a fiery -and passionate Temper, and had taken care to infuse in his Son's Mind an -Hereditary Aversion to the _Spaniards_, who had usurp'd a Crown, that of -Right belonged to him; to swell his Mind with the Ambition of -repossessing himself of a Throne, which his Ancestors had been unjustly -depriv'd of; and to fill his Soul with all the Courage that would be -necessary for the carrying on of so great a Design. - -Nor was this Prince's Care wholly lost; Don _John_ had imbib'd as much -of the Sentiments of his Father as were consistent with so mild and easy -a Temper. He abhorr'd the _Spaniards_, yet was not at all uneasy at his -Incapacity of revenging himself. He entertain'd Hopes of ascending the -Throne of _Portugal_, yet did he not shew the least Impatience, as Duke -_Theodosius_, his Father, had done, but contented himself with a distant -Prospect of a Crown; nor would for an Uncertainty venture the Quiet of -his Life, and a Fortune which was already greater than what was well -consistent with the Condition of a Subject. Had he been precisely what -Duke _Theodosius_ wish'd him, he had never been fit for the great -Design; for _d'Olivarez_ had him observ'd so strictly, that had his easy -and pleasant manner of Living proceeded from any other Cause but a -natural Inclination, it had certainly been discover'd, and the Discovery -had prov'd fatal both to his Life and Fortune: at least the Court of -_Spain_ would never have suffer'd him to live in so splendid a manner in -the very Heart of his Country. - -Had he been the most refin'd Politician, he could never have liv'd in a -manner less capable of giving Suspicion. His Birth, his Riches, his -Title to the Crown, were not criminal in themselves, but became so by -the Law of Policy. This he was very sensible of, and therefore chose -this way of Living, prompted to it as well by Nature as by Reason. It -would have been a Crime to be formidable, he must therefore take care -not to appear so: At _Villa-Viciosa_, the Seat of the Dukes of -_Braganza_, nothing was thought of but Hunting-Matches, and other Rural -Diversions; the Brightness of his Parts could not in the least make the -_Spaniards_ apprehend any bold Undertaking, but the Solidity of his -Understanding made the _Portuguese_ promise themselves the Enjoyment of -a mild and easy King, provided they would undertake to raise him to the -Throne. But an Accident soon after happen'd, which very much alarm'd -_Olivarez_. - -Some new Taxes being laid upon the People of _Evora_, which they were -not able to pay, reduc'd 'em to Despair; upon which they rose in a -tumultuous manner, loudly exclaiming against the _Spanish_ Tyranny, and -declaring themselves in favour of the House of _Braganza_. Then, but too -late, the Court of _Spain_ began to be sensible of their Error, in -leaving so rich and powerful a Prince in the Heart of a Kingdom so -lately subdued, and to whose Crown he had such Legal Pretensions. - -This made the Council of _Spain_ immediately determine, that it was -necessary to secure the Duke of _Braganza_, or at best not to let him -make any longer stay in _Portugal_. To this end they nam'd him Governour -of _Milan_, which Government he refus'd, alledging the Weakness of his -Constitution for an Excuse: besides, he said he was wholly unacquainted -with the Affairs of _Italy_, and by consequence not capable of -acquitting himself in so weighty a Post. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: 1640.] - -The Duke _d'Olivarez_, seem'd to approve of the Excuse, and therefore -began to think of some new Expedient to draw him to Court. The King's -marching at the head of his Army to the Frontiers of _Arragon_, to -suppress the rebelling _Catalonians_, was a very good Pretence; he wrote -to the Duke of _Braganza_, "to come at the head of the _Portuguese_ -Nobility to serve the King in an Expedition, which could not but be -glorious, since his Majesty commanded it in Person." The Duke, who had -no great relish for any Favour confer'd by the Court of _Spain_, excus'd -himself, upon pretence that "his Birth would oblige him to be at a much -greater Expence than what he was at present able to support." - -This second Refusal alarm'd _d'Olivarez_. Notwithstanding Don _John_'s -easy Temper, he began to be afraid that the _Evorians_ had made an -impression upon his Thoughts, by reminding him of his Right to the -Throne. It was dangerous to leave him any longer in his Country, and -equally dangerous to hurry him out of it by force; so great a Love had -the _Portuguese_ ever bore to the House of _Braganza_, so great a -Respect did they bear to this Duke in particular. He must therefore -treacherously be drawn into _Spain_, nor could any properer means be -thought of, for compassing this end, than by shewing him all the seeming -Tokens of an unfeigned Friendship. - -_France_ and _Spain_ were at that time engag'd in War, and the _French_ -Fleet had been seen off the Coasts of _Portugal_. This gave the -_Spanish_ Minister a fair opportunity of accomplishing his Ends; for it -was necessary to have an Army on foot, under the Command of some brave -General, to hinder the _French_ from making a Descent, or landing any -where in _Portugal_. The Commission was sent to the Duke of _Braganza_, -with an absolute Authority over all the Towns and Garisons, as well as a -Power over the Maritime Forces; in short, so unlimited was the Command -given him, that the Minister seem'd blindly to have deliver'd all -_Portugal_ into his power: but this was only the better to colour his -Design. Don _Lopez Ozorio_, the _Spanish_ Admiral, had private Orders -sent him, that as soon as Don _John_ should visit any of the Ports, he -should put in, as if drove by stress of Weather; then artfully invite -the General aboard, immediately hoist sail, and with all possible -expedition bring him into _Spain_. But propitious Fortune seem'd to have -taken him into her Protection; a violent Storm arose, which dispers'd -the _Spanish_ Fleet, part of which suffer'd shipwreck, and the rest -were so shatter'd, that they could not make _Portugal_. - -This ill Success did not in the least discourage _Olivarez_, or make him -drop his Project; he attributed the Escape of the Duke of _Braganza_ to -meer Chance: he wrote him a Letter, full of Expressions of Friendship, -and as if he had with him shar'd the Government of the whole Kingdom, -wherein he deplor'd the Loss of the Fleet, and told him, that the King -now expected that he would carefully review all the Ports and their -respective Fortifications, seeing that the Fleet, which was to defend -the Coasts of _Portugal_ from the Insults of the _French_, had miserably -perish'd. And that his Villany might not be suspected, he return'd him -Forty Thousand Ducats to defray his Expences, and to raise more Troops, -in case there should be a necessity of them. At the same time he sent -private Orders to all the Governours of Forts and Citadels, (the -greatest part whereof were _Spaniards_) that if they should find a -favourable occasion of securing the Duke of _Braganza_, they should do -it, and forthwith convey him into _Spain_. - -This entire Confidence which was repos'd in him, alarm'd the Duke; he -plainly saw that there was Treachery intended, and therefore thought it -just to return the Treachery. He wrote an Answer to _Olivarez_, wherein -he told him, that with Joy he accepted the Honour which the King had -confer'd upon him, in naming him his General, and promis'd so to -discharge the important Trust, as to deserve the Continuation of his -Majesty's Favour. - -But now the Duke began to have a nearer Prospect of the Throne; nor did -he neglect this opportunity of putting some of his Friends into Places -of Trust, that they might be the more able to serve him upon occasion; -he also employ'd part of the _Spanish_ Money in making new Creatures, -and confirming those in his Interest whom he had already made. And as he -partly mistrusted the _Spaniards_ Design, he never visited any Fort, but -he was surrounded by such a Number of Friends, that it was impossible -for the Governours to execute their Orders. - -Mean while the Court of _Spain_ loudly murmur'd at the Trust which was -repos'd in Don _John_, they were ignorant of the Prime Minister's Aim, -and therefore some did not stick to tell the King, that his near -Alliance to the House of _Braganza_ made him overlook his Master's -Interest; seeing that it was the highest Imprudence to put so absolute -an Authority into the hands of one who had such Pretensions to the -Crown, and to entrust the Army to the Command of one, who in all -probability might make the Soldiers turn their Arms against their lawful -Sovereign. But the more they complain'd, the better was the King -pleas'd, being persuaded that the Plot was artfully laid, since no one -could unravel the dark Design. Thus _Braganza_ not only had the liberty, -but was oblig'd to visit all _Portugal_, and by that means laid the -Foundation of his future Fortune. The Eyes of the Many were every where -drawn by his magnificent Equipage, all that came to him, he mildly, and -with unequal'd Goodness heard; the Soldiers were not suffer'd to commit -the least Disorders, and he laid hold of all Opportunities of praising -the Conduct of the Officers, and by frequent Recompences bestow'd upon -them, won their Hearts. The Nobility were charm'd with his free -Deportment, he receiv'd every one of them in the most obliging manner, -and paid each the Respect due to his Quality. In short, such was his -Carriage, that the People began to think there could be no greater -Happiness for them upon Earth, than the Restoration of the Prince to the -Throne of his Ancestors. - -Mean while his Party omitted nothing that they thought might contribute -to the establishing of his Reputation. Amongst others, _Pinto Ribeiro_, -Comptroller of his Household, particularly distinguish'd himself, and -was the first who form'd an exact Scheme for the Advancement of his -Master. There was no Man more experienc'd in Business, who at the same -time was so careful, diligent, and watchful: he was firm to the Interest -of the Duke, not doubting but that if he could raise him to the Throne, -he should raise himself to some considerable Post. His Master had often -privately assur'd him, that he would willingly lay hold of any fair -Opportunity for his Restoration, yet would not rashly declare himself, -as a Man who had nothing to lose; that notwithstanding he might -endeavour to gain the Minds of the People, and to make new Creatures, -yet he must do it with that Caution, that it might appear his own Work, -and done without the Consent and Knowledge of the Duke. - -_Pinto_ had spar'd no pains in discovering who were, and the Number of -the Disaffected, which he daily endeavoured to encrease; he rail'd -against the present Government sometimes with Heat, at other times with -Caution, always accommodating himself to the Humour of the Company which -he was in: tho indeed so great was the Hatred which the _Portuguese_ -bore the _Spaniards_, that there was no need of Reserve in complaining -of them. He would often remind the Nobility what honourable Employments -their Forefathers had borne, when _Portugal_ was govern'd by its own -Kings. Then would he mention the Summons which had so much exasperated -the Nobility, and by which they were commanded to attend the King in -_Catalonia_. _Pinto_ us'd to complain of this Hardship as of a kind of -Banishment, from which they would scarce find it possible to return; -that the Pride of the _Spaniards_, who would command them, was -insufferable, and the Expence they should be at intolerable; that this -was only a plausible Pretence to drain _Portugal_ of its bravest Men, -that in all their Expeditions they might be assur'd of being expos'd -where the greatest Danger was, but that they must never hope to share -the least part of the Glory. - -When he was amongst the Merchants and other Citizens, he would bewail -the Misery of his Country, which was ruin'd by the Injustice of the -_Spaniard_, who had transfer'd the Trade, which _Portugal_ carried on -with the _Indies_, to _Cadiz_. Then would he remind them of the Felicity -which the _Dutch_ and _Catalonians_ enjoy'd, who had shaken off the -_Spanish_ Yoke. As for the Clergy, he did not in the least question but -that he should engage 'em in his Interest, and exasperate 'em most -irreconcileably against the _Castilians_; he told them, that the -Immunities and Privileges of the Church were violated, their Orders -contemn'd and neglected, and that all the best Preferments and fattest -Livings were possess'd by foreign Incumbents. - -When he was with those, of whose Disaffection he was already convinc'd, -he would take care to turn his Discourse to his Master, and talk of his -manner of Living. He would often complain, that that Prince shew'd too -little Affection for the Good of his Country, and Concern for his own -Interest; and that at a time when it was in his power to assert his -Title to the Crown, he should seem so regardless of his own Right, and -lead so idle a Life. Finding that these Insinuations made an impression -upon the People, he went still farther: To those who were -publick-spirited, he represented what a glorious thing it would be for -them to lay the Foundations of a Revolution, and to deserve the Name of -_Deliverers of their Country_. Those who had been injur'd and -ill-treated by the _Spaniards_, he would excite to the Desire of -Revenge; and the Ambitious he flatter'd with a Prospect of the Grandeurs -and Preferments they might expect from the new King, would they once -raise him to the Throne. In short, he manag'd every thing with so much -Art, that being privately assur'd of the unshaken Affection of many to -his Master, he procur'd a Meeting of a considerable Number of the -Nobility, with the Archbishop of _Lisbon_ at the head of them. - -This Prelate was of the House of _Acugna_, one of the best Families of -all _Portugal_; he was a Man of Learning, and an excellent Politician, -belov'd by the People, but hated by the _Spaniards_, and whom he had -also just cause to hate, since they had made Don _Sebastian Maltos de -Norognia_, Archbishop of Braga, President of the Chamber of _Opaco_, -whom they had all along prefer'd to him, and to whom they had given a -great share in the Administration of Affairs. - -Another of the most considerable Members of this Assembly, was Don -_Miguel d'Almeida_, a venerable old Man, and who deserv'd, and had the -Esteem of every body; he was very publick-spirited, and was not so much -griev'd at his own private Misfortunes, as at those of his Country, -whose Inhabitants were become the Slaves of an usurping Tyrant. In these -Sentiments he had been educated, and to these with undaunted Courage and -Resolution he still adher'd; nor could the Entreaties of his Relations, -nor the repeated Advices of his Friends, ever make him go to Court, or -cringe to the _Spanish_ Ministers. This Carriage of his had made them -jealous of him. This therefore was the Man whom _Pinto_ first cast his -eyes upon, being well assur'd that he might safely entrust him with the -Secret; besides which, no one could be more useful in carrying on their -Design, his Interest with the Nobility being so great, that he could -easily bring over a considerable Number of them to his Party. - -There were, besides these two, at this first Meeting, Don _Antonio -d'Almada_, an intimate Friend of the Archbishop's, with Don _Lewis_, his -Son; Don _Lewis d'Acugna_, Nephew to that Prelate, and who had married -Don _Antonio d'Almada_'s Daughter; _Mello_ Lord _Ranger_, Don _George_ -his Brother; _Pedro Mendoza_; Don _Rodrigo de Saa_, Lord-Chamberlain: -with several other Officers of the Houshold, whose Places were nothing -now but empty Titles, since _Portugal_ had lost her own natural Kings. - -[Sidenote: Conostagio.] - -The Archbishop, who was naturally a good Rhetorician, broke the Ice in -this Assembly; he made an eloquent Speech, in which he set forth the -many Grievances _Portugal_ had labour'd under since it had been subject -to the Domination of _Spain_. He reminded them of the Number of Nobility -which _Philip_ II. had butchered to secure his Conquest; nor had he been -more favourable to the Church, witness the famous Brief of Absolution, -which he had obtain'd from the Pope for the Murder of Two Thousand -Priests, or others of Religious Orders, whom he had barbarously put to -death, on no other account but to secure his Usurpation: And since that -unhappy time the _Spaniards_ had not chang'd their inhuman Policy; how -many had fallen for no other Crime but their unshaken Love to their -Country! That none of those who were there present, could call their -Lives or their Estates their own: That the Nobility were slighted and -remov'd from all Places of Trust, Profit, or Power: That the Church was -fill'd with a scandalous Clergy, since _Vasconcellos_ had dispos'd of -all the Livings, and to which he had prefer'd his own Creatures only: -That the People were oppress'd with excessive Taxes, whilst the Earth -remain'd untill'd for want of hands, their Labourers being all sent away -by force, for Soldiers to _Catalonia_: That this last Summons for the -Nobility to attend the King, was only a specious Pretence to force them -out of their own Country, lest their Presence might prove an Obstacle to -some cruel Design, which was doubtless on foot: That the mildest Fate -they could hope for, was a tedious, if not a perpetual Banishment; and -that whilst they were ill-treated by the _Castilians_ abroad, Strangers -should enjoy their Estates, and new Colonies take possession of their -Habitations. He concluded by assuring them, that so great were the -Miseries of his Country, that he would rather chuse to die ten thousand -Deaths, than be obliged to see the Encrease of them; nor would he now -entertain one thought of Life, did he not hope that so many Persons of -Quality were not met together in vain. - -This Discourse had its desir'd effect, by reminding every one of the -many Evils which they had suffer'd. Each seem'd earnest to give some -instance of _Vasconcellos_'s Cruelty. The Estates of some had been -unjustly confiscated, whilst others had Hereditary Places and -Governments taken from them; some had been long confin'd in Prisons -thro the Jealousy of the _Spanish_ Ministers, and many bewail'd a -Father, a Brother, or a Friend, either detain'd at _Madrid_, or sent -into _Catalonia_ as Hostages of the Fidelity of their unhappy -Countrymen. In short, there was not one of those who were engag'd in -this Publick Cause, but what had some private Quarrel to revenge: but -nothing provoked them more than the _Catalonian_ Expedition; they -plainly saw, that it was not so much the want of their assistance, as -the desire of ruining them, which made the _Spanish_ Minister oblige -them to that tedious and expensive Voyage. These Considerations, join'd -to their own private Animosities, made 'em unanimously resolve to -venture Life and Fortune, rather than any longer to bear the heavy Yoke: -but the Form of Government which they ought to chuse, caus'd a Division -amongst them. Part of the Assembly were for making themselves a -Republick, as _Holland_ had lately done; others were for a Monarchy, but -could not agree upon the choice of a King: some propos'd the Duke of -_Braganza_, some the Marquis de _Villareal_, and others the Duke -_d'Aviedo_, (all three Princes of the Royal Blood of _Portugal_,) -according as their different Inclinations or Interests byass'd them. But -the Archbishop, who was wholly devoted to the House of _Braganza_, -assuming the Authority of his Character, set forth with great strength -of Reason, That the Choice of a Government was not in their power; that -the Oath of Allegiance which they had taken to the King of _Spain_, -could not in conscience be broken, unless it was with a design to -restore their rightful Sovereign to the Throne of his Fathers, which -every one knew to be the Duke of _Braganza_; that they must therefore -resolve to proclaim him King, or for ever to continue under the Tyranny -of the _Spanish_ Usurper. After this, he made 'em consider the Power and -Riches of this Prince, as well as the great number of his Vassals, on -whom depended almost a third part of the Kingdom. He shew'd 'em it was -impossible for 'em to drive the _Spaniards_ out of _Portugal_, unless he -was at their head: that the only way to engage him, would be by making -him an Offer of the Crown, which they would be under a Necessity of -doing, altho he was not the first Prince of the Royal Blood. Then began -he to reckon all those excellent Qualities with which he was endow'd, as -his Wisdom, his Prudence; but above all, his affable Behaviour, and -inimitable Goodness. In short, his Words prevail'd so well upon every -one, that they unanimously declared him their King, and promis'd that -they would spare no Pains, no Endeavours to engage him to enter into -their Measures: after which, having agreed upon the time and place of a -second Meeting, to concert the ways and means of bringing this happy -Revolution about, the Assembly broke up. - -_Pinto_ observing how well the Minds of the People were dispos'd in -favour of his Master, wrote privately to him, to acquaint him with the -Success of the first Meeting, and advis'd him to come, as if by chance, -to _Lisbon_, that by his Presence he might encourage the Conspirators, -and at the same time get some Opportunity of conferring with them. This -Man spent his whole time in negotiating this grand Affair, yet did it so -artfully, that no one could suspect his having any farther Interest in -it, than his Concern for the Publick Welfare. He seemingly doubted -whether his Master would ever enter into their Measures, objecting his -natural Aversion to any Undertaking which was hazardous and requir'd -Application: then would he start some Difficulties, which were of no -other use but to destroy all Suspicion of his having any Understanding -with his Master, and were so far from being weighty enough to discourage -them, that they rather serv'd to excite their Ardour. - -Upon the Advice given by _Pinto_, the Duke left _Villa-viciosa_, and -came to _Almada_, a Castle near _Lisbon_, on pretence of visiting it as -he had done the other Fortifications of that Kingdom. His Equipage was -so magnificent, and he had with him such a number of the Nobility and -Gentry, as well as of Officers, that he looked more like a King going to -take possession of a Kingdom, than like the Governour of a Province, who -was viewing the Places and Forts under his Jurisdiction: he was so near -_Lisbon_, that he was under an obligation of going to pay his Devoirs to -the Vice-Queen. As soon as he enter'd the Palace-yard, he found the -Avenues crowded with infinite numbers of People, who press'd forward to -see him pass along; and all the Nobility came to wait upon him, and to -accompany him to the Vice-Queen's. It was a general Holiday throughout -the City, and so great was the Joy of the People, that there seem'd only -a Herald wanting to proclaim him King, or Resolution enough in himself -to put the Crown upon his Head. - -But the Duke was too prudent to trust to the uncertain Sallies of an -inconstant People. He knew what a vast difference there was between -their vain Shouts, and that Steddiness which is necessary to support so -great an Enterprize. Therefore after having paid his respects to the -Vice-Queen, and taken leave of her, he return'd to _Almada_, without so -much as going to _Braganza-House_, or passing thro the City, lest he -should encrease the Jealousy of the _Spaniards_, who already seem'd very -uneasy at the Affection which the People had so unanimously express'd -for the Duke. - -_Pinto_ took care to make his Friends observe the unnecessary Caution -which his Master us'd, and that therefore they ought not to neglect this -Opportunity, which his Stay at _Almada_ afforded them, to wait upon that -Prince, and to persuade, nay, as tho it were to force him to accept the -Crown. The Conspirators thought the Counsel good, and deputed him to the -Duke to obtain an Audience. He granted them one, but upon condition -there should come three of the Conspirators only, not thinking it safe -to explain himself before a greater Number. - -_Miguel d'Almeida_, _Antonio d'Almada_, and _Pedro Mendoza_, were the -three Persons pitched upon; who coming by night to the Prince's, and -being introduc'd into his Chamber, _d'Almada_, who was their Spokesman, -represented in few words the present unhappy State of _Portugal_, whose -Natives, of what Quality or Condition soever, had suffer'd so much from -the unjust and cruel _Castilians_: That the Duke himself was as much, if -not more expos'd than any other to their Treachery; that he was too -discerning not to perceive that _d'Olivarez_'s Aim was his Ruin, and -that there was no other Place of Refuge but the Throne; for the -restoring him to which, he had Orders to offer him the Services of a -considerable Number of People of the first Quality, who would willingly -expose their Lives, and sacrifice their Fortunes for his sake, and to -revenge themselves upon the oppressing _Spaniards_. - -He afterwards told them, that the Times of _Charles_ V. and _Philip_ II. -were no more, when _Spain_ held the Ballance of _Europe_ in her hand, -and gave the neighbouring Nations Laws: That this Monarchy, which had -been once so formidable, could scarce now preserve its antient -Territories; that the _French_ and _Dutch_ not only wag'd War against -them, but often overcame 'em; that _Catalonia_ itself employ'd the -greatest part of their Forces; that they scarce had an Army on foot, the -Treasury was exhausted, and that the Kingdom was governed by a weak -Prince, who was himself sway'd by a Minister, abhor'd by the whole -Nation. - -He then observ'd what foreign Protection and Alliances they might depend -on, and be assur'd of; most of the Princes of _Europe_ were profess'd -Enemies to the House of _Austria_; the Encouragement _Holland_ and -_Catalonia_ had met with, sufficiently shew'd what might be expected -from that able[B] Statesman, whose mighty Genius seem'd wholly bent upon -the Destruction of the _Spanish_ King; that the Sea was now open, and he -might have free Communication with whom he pleas'd; that there were -scarce any _Spanish_ Garisons left in _Portugal_, they having been drawn -out to serve in _Catalonia_; that there could never be a more favourable -Opportunity of asserting his Right and Title to the Crown, of securing -his Life, his Fortune, and his Liberty, which were at stake, and of -delivering his Country from Slavery and Oppression. - -We may easily imagine, that there was nothing in this Speech which could -displease the Duke of _Braganza_; however, unwilling to let them see his -Heart, he answer'd the Deputies in such a manner, as could neither -lessen, or encrease their Hopes. He told them, that he was but too -sensible of the Miseries to which _Portugal_ was reduc'd by the -_Castilians_, nor could he think himself secure from their Treachery; -that he very much commended the Zeal which they shew'd for the Welfare -of their Country, and was in an especial manner oblig'd to them for the -Affection which they bore him in particular; that notwithstanding what -they had represented, he fear'd that matters were not ripe for so -dangerous an Enterprize, whose Consequence, should they not bring it to -a happy Period, would prove so fatal to them all. - -Having return'd this Answer, (for a more positive one he would not -return) he caress'd the Deputies, and thank'd them in so obliging a -manner, that they left him, well satisfy'd that their Message was -gratefully receiv'd; but at the same time persuaded, that the Prince -would be no farther concerned in their Design, than giving his content -to the Execution of it, as soon as their Plot should be ripe. - -After their Departure, the Duke confer'd with _Pinto_ about the new -Measures which they must take, and then return'd to _Villa-viciosa_; but -not with that inward Satisfaction of Mind which he had hitherto enjoy'd, -but with a Restlessness of Thought, the too common Companion of Princes. - -As soon as he arriv'd, he communicated those Proportions, which had been -made him, to the Dutchess his Wife. She was of a _Castilian_ Family, -Sister to the Duke of _Medina Sidonia_, a Grandee of _Spain_, and -Governor of _Andalusia_. During her Childhood, her Mind was great and -heroick, and as she grew up, became passionately fond of Honour and -Glory. The Duke, her Father, who perceived this natural Inclination of -hers, took care to cultivate it betimes, and gave the Care of her -Education to Persons who would swell her Breast with[C] Ambition, and -represent it as the chiefest Virtue of Princes. She apply'd herself -betimes to the Study of the different Tempers and Inclinations of -Mankind, and would by the Looks of a Person judge of his Heart; so that -the most dissembling Courtier could scarce hide his Thoughts from her -discerning Eye. She neither wanted Courage to undertake, nor Conduct to -carry on the most difficult things, provided their End was glorious and -honourable. Her Actions were free and easy, and at the same time noble -and majestick; her Air at once inspir'd Love, and commanded Respect. She -took the _Portuguese_ Air with so much ease, that it seem'd natural to -her. She made it her chief Study to deserve the Love and Esteem of her -Husband; nor could the Austerity of her Life, a solid Devotion, and a -perfect Complaisance to all his Actions, fail of doing it. She neglected -all those Pleasures, which Persons of her Age and Quality usually -relish; and the greatest part of her time was employ'd in Studies, which -might adorn her Mind, and improve her Understanding. - -The Duke thought himself compleatly happy in the possession of so -accomplish'd a Lady; his Love could scarce be parallel'd, and his -Confidence in her was entire: He never undertook any thing without her -Advice, nor would he engage himself any farther in a matter of such -consequence, without first consulting with her. He therefore shew'd her -the Scheme of the Revolution; the Names of the Conspirators, and -acquainted her with what had pass'd as well in the Assembly held at -_Lisbon_, as in the Conference he had had with them at _Almada_, and the -Warmth which every one had shown upon this occasion. He told her, That -the Expedition of _Catalonia_ had so incens'd the Nobility, that they -were all resolv'd to revolt, rather than to leave their native Country; -he dreaded, that if he should refuse to lead them on, they would forsake -him, and chuse themselves another Leader. Yet he confess'd, that the -Greatness of the Danger made him dread the Event; that whilst he view'd -the Throne at a distance, the flattering Idea of Royalty was most -agreeable to his Mind, but that now having a nearer Prospect of it, and -of the intervening Obstacles, he was startled; nor could he calmly -behold those Dangers into which he must inevitably plunge himself and -his whole Family, in case of a Discovery: That the People, on whom they -must chiefly depend for the Success, were inconstant, and disheartned by -the least Difficulty: That the Number of Nobility and Gentry which he -had on his side, was not sufficient, unless supported by the Grandees of -the Kingdom; who doubtless, jealous of his Fortune, would oppose it, as -not being able to submit to the Government of one, whom they had all -along look'd upon as their Equal. That these Considerations, as well as -the little Dependance he could make on foreign Assistance, overrul'd his -Ambition, and made him forget the hopes of reigning. But the Dutchess, -whose Soul was truly great, and Ambition her ruling Passion, immediately -declar'd herself in favour of the Conspiracy. She ask'd the Duke, -"Whether in case the _Portuguese_, accepting his Denial, should resolve -to make themselves a Republick, he would side with them, or with the -King of _Spain_?" "With his Countrymen undoubtedly, _he reply'd_; for -whose Liberty he would willingly venture his Life." "And why can you not -do for your own sake, _answer'd she_, what you would do as a Member of -the Commonwealth? The Throne belongs to you, and should you perish in -attempting to recover it, your Fate would be glorious, and rather to be -envy'd than pity'd." After this she urg'd "his undoubted Right to the -Crown; that _Portugal_ was reduc'd to such a miserable State by the -_Castilians_, that it was inconsistent with the Honour of a Person of -his Quality to be an idle Looker-on; that his Children would reproach, -and their Posterity curse his Memory, for neglecting so fair an -Opportunity of restoring them what they ought in justice to have had." -Then she represented the difference between a Sovereign and a Subject, -and the pleasure of ruling, instead of obeying in a servile manner. She -made him sensible, that it would be no such difficult matter to -re-possess himself of the Crown; that tho he could not hope for foreign -Assistance, yet were the _Portuguese_ of themselves able to drive the -_Spaniards_ out of their Country, especially at such a favourable -Juncture as this. In short, so great was her persuasive Art, that she -prevailed upon the Duke to accept the Offer made him, but at the same -time confess'd his Prudence, in letting the Number of the Conspirators -encrease before he join'd with them; nor would she advise him to appear -openly in it, till the Plot was ripe. - -Mean while the Court of _Spain_ grew very jealous or him. Those -extraordinary Marks of Joy, which the _Lisbonites_ had shewn at his -coming thither, had very much alarm'd _d'Olivarez_. It was also -whisper'd about, that there were nightly Meetings and secret Assemblies -held at _Lisbon_: So impossible it is, that a Business of such a -consequence should be wholly conceal'd. - -[Sidenote: _Octob. 20. 1640._] - -Upon this several Councils were held at _Madrid_, in which it was -resolv'd, that the only way to prevent the _Portuguese_ from revolting, -was by taking from them their Leader, in favour of whom it was suppos'd -they intended to revolt. Wherefore _d'Olivarez_ immediately dispatch'd a -Courier to the Duke of _Braganza_, to acquaint him, that the King -desir'd to be inform'd, by his own mouth, of the Strength of every Fort -and Citadel, the Condition of the Sea-Ports, and what Garisons were -plac'd in each of them: to this he added, that his Friends at Court were -overjoy'd at the thoughts of seeing him so soon, and that every one of -them were preparing to receive him with the Respect due to his Quality -and Deserts. - -This News thunder-struck the unhappy Prince; he was well assur'd, that -since so many Pretences were made use of to get him into _Spain_, his -Destruction was resolv'd on, and nothing less than his Life could -satisfy them. They had left off Caresses and Invitations, and had now -sent positive Orders, which either must be obey'd, or probably open -Force would be made use of. He concluded, that he was betray'd. Such is -the Fear of those, whose Thoughts are taken up with great Designs, and -who always imagine that the inquisitive World is prying into their -Actions, and observing all their Steps. Thus did the Duke, whose Conduct -had been always greater than his Courage, dread that he had plung'd -himself into inevitable Destruction. - -But to gain time enough to give the Conspirators notice of his Danger, -by the Advice of the Dutchess, he sent a Gentleman, whose Capacity and -Fidelity he was before assur'd of, to the Court of _Madrid_, to assure -the _Spanish_ Minister, that he would suddenly wait on the King; but had -at the same time given him private Orders to find out all the Pretences -imaginable for the delaying his Journey, hoping in the mean time to -bring the Conspiracy to Ripeness, and thereby to shelter himself from -the impending Storm. - -As soon as this Gentleman arriv'd at _Madrid_, he assur'd the King and -the Duke _d'Olivarez_, that his Master follow'd him. To make his Story -the more plausible, he took a large House, which he furnish'd very -sumptuously, then hir'd a considerable Number of Servants, to whom he -before-hand gave Liveries. In short, he spar'd no Cost to persuade the -_Spaniards_ that his Master would be in a very little time at Court, and -that he intended to appear with an Equipage suitable to his Birth. - -Some days after he pretended to have receiv'd Advice that his Master was -fallen sick. When this Pretence was grown stale, he presented a Memorial -to _d'Olivarez_, in which he desir'd that his Master's Precedence in the -Court might be adjusted. He did not in the least question but that this -would gain a considerable time, hoping that the Grandees, by maintaining -their Rights, would oppose his Claims. But these Delays beginning to be -suspected, the first Minister had the thing soon decided, and always in -favour of the Duke of _Braganza_; so earnestly did he desire to see him -once out of _Portugal_, and to have him safe at _Madrid_. - -The Conspirators no sooner heard of the Orders which the Duke had -receiv'd, but fearing that he might obey them, deputed _Mendoza_ to know -what he intended to do, and to engage him firmly, if possible, to their -Party. This Gentleman was chosen preferably to any other, because he was -Governor of a Town near _Villa-viciosa_; so that he could hide the real -Intent of his Journey from the _Spaniards_, under the specious Pretence -of Business. He did not dare to go directly to the Prince's House, but -took an opportunity of meeting him in a Forest one morning as he was -hunting; they retir'd together into the thickest part of the Wood, where -_Mendoza_ shew'd him what Danger he expos'd himself to, by going to a -place where all were his Enemies: That by this inconsiderate Action the -Hopes of the Nobility, as well as of the People, were utterly -destroy'd: That a sufficient Number of Gentlemen, who were as able to -serve him, as they were willing to do it, or to sacrifice their Lives -for his sake, only waited for his Consent to declare themselves in his -favour: That now was the very Crisis of his Fate, and that he must this -instant resolve to be _Cæsar_ or nothing: That the Business would admit -of no longer Delay, lest the Secret being divulg'd, their Designs should -prove abortive. The Duke, convinc'd of the Truth of what was said to -him, told him that he was of his mind, and that he might assure his -Friends, that as soon as their Plot should be ripe, he would put himself -at the head of them. - -This Conference ended, _Mendoza_ immediately return'd home, for fear of -being suspected, and wrote to some of the Conspirators that he had been -hunting; "We had almost, _continued he_, lost our Game in the Pursuit, -but at last the Day prov'd a Day of good Sport." Some few Days after -_Mendoza_ return'd to _Lisbon_, and acquainted _Pinto_ that his Master -wanted him, who set out as soon as they had together drawn out a shorter -Scheme to proceed upon. Coming to _Villa-viciosa_, the first thing he -acquainted the Duke with, was the Difference which had lately happen'd -at the Court of _Lisbon_, the Vice-Queen loudly complaining of the -haughty Pride and Insolence of _Vasconcellos_; nor could she any longer -bear that all Business should be transacted by him, whilst she enjoy'd -an empty Title, without any the least Authority. What made her -Complaints the juster, was, that she was really a deferring Princess, -and capable of discharging the Trust which was committed to her -Secretary. But it was the Greatness of her Genius, and her other -extraordinary Deserts, which made the Court of _Spain_ unwilling to let -her have a greater share in the Government. _Pinto_ observ'd, that this -Difference could never have happen'd in a better time, seeing that the -Ministers of _Spain_ being taken up with this Business, would not be at -leisure to pry into his Actions, or to observe the Steps he should take. - -The Duke of _Braganza_, since _Mendoza_'s Departure, was fallen into his -wonted Irresolution, and the nearer the Business came to a Crisis, the -more he dreaded the Event: _Pinto_ made use of all his Rhetorick to -excite his Master's Courage, and to draw him into his former Resolution. -Nay, to his Persuasions he added Threatnings; he told him, in spite of -himself, the Conspirators would proclaim him King, and what Dangers must -he run then, when the Crown should be fix'd upon his Head, at a time -when, only for want of necessary Preparation, he was not capable of -preserving it. The Dutchess join'd with this faithful Servant, and -convinc'd the Duke of the Baseness of preferring Life to Honour: he, -charm'd with her Courage, yet asham'd to see it greater than his own, -yielded to their Persuasions. - -Mean while, the Gentleman whom he had sent to _Madrid_, wrote daily to -let him know, that he could no longer defer his Journey on any pretence -whatsoever, and that _Olivarez_ refus'd to hear the Excuses which he -would have made. The Duke, to gain a little longer time, order'd the -Gentleman to acquaint the _Spanish_ Minister, that he had long since -been at _Madrid_, had he had Money enough to defray the Expence of his -Journey, and to appear at Court in a manner suitable to his Quality: -That as soon as he could receive a sufficient Sum, he would immediately -set out. - -This Business dispatch'd, he consulted with the Dutchess and _Pinto_ -about the properest Means of executing their Design: several were -propos'd, but at last this was agreed upon, That the Plot must break out -at _Lisbon_, whose Example might have a good effect upon the other Towns -and Cities of the Kingdom: That the same Day wherein he was proclaim'd -King in the Metropolis, he should be also proclaim'd in every Place -which was under his Dependance; nay, in every Borough and Village, of -which any of the Conspirators were the leading Men, they should raise -the People, so that one half of the Kingdom being up, the other of -course would fall into their Measures, and the few remaining _Spaniards_ -would not know on which side to turn their Arms. His own Regiment he -should quarter in _Elvas_, whose Governour was wholly in his Interest. -That as for the manner of their making themselves Masters of _Lisbon_, -Time and Opportunity would be their best Counsellors; however, the -Duke's Opinion was, that they should seize the Palace in the first -place, so that by securing the Vice-Queen, and the _Spaniards_ of Note, -they would be like so many Hostages in their hands, for the Behaviour of -the Governour and Garison of the Citadel, who otherwise might very much -annoy 'em when they were Masters of the Town. After this, the Duke -having assur'd _Pinto_, that notwithstanding any Change of Fortune, he -should still have the same place in his Affection; he sent him to -_Lisbon_ with two Letters of Trust, one for _Almeida_, the other for -_Mendoza_; wherein he conjur'd 'em to continue faithful to their -Promises, and resolutely and courageously to finish what they had begun. - -As soon as he arriv'd at _Lisbon_, he deliver'd his Letters to _Almeida_ -and _Mendoza_, who instantly sent for _Lemos_ and _Coreo_, whom _Pinto_ -had long since engag'd in the Interest of his Master. These were two -rich Citizens, who had gone thro all the Offices of the City, and had -the People of it very much at their command; as they still carry'd on -their Trade, there were a vast Number of poor People daily employ'd by -'em, and whose Hatred to the _Spaniards_ they had still taken care to -encrease, by insinuating that there were new Taxes to be laid upon -several things at the beginning of the next Year. When they observ'd any -one of a fiery Temper, they would take care to discharge him, on -pretence that the _Castilians_ had utterly ruin'd their Trade, and that -they were no longer able to employ them; but their Aim was to reduce -them to Poverty and Want, insomuch that Necessity should oblige them to -revolt: but still would they extend their Charity towards them, that -they might always have them at their service. Besides this, they had -engag'd some of the ablest Merchants and Tradesmen in every part of -_Lisbon_, and promis'd, that if the Conspirators would give 'em warning -over night of the Hour they intended to rise, punctually at that time -they would have half the City up in Arms. - -_Pinto_ being thus sure of the Citizens, turn'd his Thoughts to the -other Conspirators: he advis'd them to be ready for the Execution of -their Plot upon the first notice given them; that mean while he would -have them pretend they had some private Quarrel, and engage their -Friends to assist them, for many, he observ'd, were not fit to be -entrusted with so important a Secret, and others could not in cold Blood -behold the Dangers they must go thro, and yet both be very serviceable -when Matters were ripe, and only their Swords wanted. - -[Sidenote: _Dec. 1. 1640._] - -Finding every body firm in their Resolutions, and impatient to revenge -themselves upon the _Spaniards_, he conferr'd with _Almeida_, _Mendoza_, -_Almada_, and _Mello_, who fix'd upon Saturday, the first of _December_, -for the great, the important Day: Notice was immediately given to the -Duke of _Braganza_, that he might cause himself to be proclaim'd King -the same day in the Province of _Alentejo_, most part of which belong'd -to him. After which they agreed upon meeting once more before the time. - -On the Twenty-fifth of _November_, according to their Agreement, they -met at _Braganza-House_, where mustering their Forces, they found that -they could depend upon about One Hundred and Fifty Gentlemen, (most of -them Heads of Families) with their Servants and Tenants, and about Two -Hundred substantial Citizens, who could bring with them a considerable -Number of inferior Workmen. - -_Vasconcellos_'s Death was unanimously resolv'd on, as a just Victim, -and which would be grateful to the People. Some urg'd, that the -Archbishop of _Braga_ deserv'd the same Fate, especially considering the -Strength of his Genius, and the Greatness of his Courage; for it was not -to be suppos'd that he would be an idle Looker-on, but would probably be -more dangerous than the Secretary himself could be, by raising all the -_Spaniards_ who were in _Lisbon_, with their Creatures; and that whilst -they were busy in making themselves Masters of the Palace, he, at the -head of his People, might fling himself into the Citadel, or come to the -assistance of the Vice-Queen, to whose Service he was entirely devoted; -and that at such a time as this, Pity was unseasonable, and Mercy -dangerous. - -These Considerations made the greatest part of the Assembly consent to -the Prelate's Death; and he had shar'd _Vasconcellos_'s Fate, had not[D] -Don _Miguel d'Almeida_ interpos'd. He represented to the Conspirators, -that the Death of a Man of the Prelate's Character and Station, would -make them odious to the People; that it would infallibly draw the Hatred -of the Clergy, and of the Inquisition in particular, (a People who at -this Juncture were to be dreaded) upon the Duke of _Braganza_, to whom -they would not only give the Names of Tyrant and Usurper, but whom they -would also excommunicate; that the Prince himself would be sorely -griev'd to have the Day stain'd with so cruel an Action; that he himself -would engage to watch him so closely on that Day, that he should not -have an Opportunity of doing any thing which might be prejudicial to the -common Cause. In short, he urg'd so many things in his behalf, that the -Prelate's Life was granted, the Assembly not being able to deny any -thing to so worthy an Advocate. - -Nothing now remain'd but to regulate the Order of the March and Attack, -which was agreed upon in this manner: They should divide into four -Companies, which should enter the Palace by four different Ways; so that -all the Avenues to it being stopt, the _Spaniards_ might have no -Communication with, or be able to assist one another: That Don _Miguel -d'Almeida_, with his, should fall on the _German_ Guard, at the Entrance -of the Palace: That _Mello_ Lord _Ranger_, his Brother, and Don _Estevan -d'Acugna_, should attack the Guard, which was always set at a Place -call'd the _Fort_: That the Lord-Chamberlain _Emanuel Saa_, _Teillo de -Menezes_, and _Pinto_, should enter _Vasconcellos_'s Apartment, whom -they must immediately dispatch: That Don _Antonio d'Almada_, _Mendoza_, -Don _Carlos Norogna_, and _Antonio Salsaigni_, should seize the -Vice-Queen, and the _Spaniards_ which were with her, to serve for -Hostages, in case of need. Mean while, some of the Gentlemen, with a few -of the most reputable Citizens, should proclaim Don _John_, Duke of -_Braganza_, King of _Portugal_ throughout the City; and that the People -being rais'd by their Acclamations, they should make use of them to -assist, wherever they found any Opposition. After this they resolv'd to -meet on the first of _December_ in the morning, some at _Almeida_'s, -some at _Almada_'s, and the rest at _Mendoza_'s House, where every Man -should be furnish'd with necessary Arms. - -While these things were transacting at _Lisbon_, and that the Duke's -Friends were using all their Endeavours for his Re-establishment, he -receiv'd an Express from _Olivarez_, (who grew very jealous of his -Conduct) with positive Orders to come immediately to _Madrid_; and that -he might have nothing to colour his Delay, he remitted him a Bill upon -the Royal Treasury for Ten Thousand Ducats. - -The Commands laid upon him were so plain and positive, that the Duke -could not put off his Journey without justly encreasing his Suspicion. -He plainly foresaw, that if he did not obey those Orders, the Court of -_Madrid_ would take some such Measures as might prove fatal to him, and -wholly destroy their Projection; he would not therefore refuse to obey, -but made part of his Houshold immediately set out, and take the _Madrid_ -Road. In the presence of the Courier he gave several Orders relating to -the Conduct of those he left his Deputy-Governours, and in all respects -behav'd himself like a Man who was going a long Journey. He dispatch'd a -Gentleman to the Vice-Queen, to give her notice of his Departure, and -wrote to _Olivarez_, that he would be at _Madrid_ in eight Days time at -farthest; and that he might engage the Courier to report all these -things, he made him a considerable Present, under pretence of rewarding -him for his expeditious Haste, in bringing him Letters from the King, -and his first Ministers. At the same time he let the Conspirators know -what new Orders he had receiv'd from Court, that they might see the -Danger of deferring the Execution of their Design; but they were scarce -in a Capacity of assisting him, an Accident having happen'd, which had -almost broken all their Measures. - -There was at _Lisbon_ a Nobleman, who on all Occasions had shewn an -immortal Hatred to the _Spanish_ Government; he never call'd them any -thing but Tyrants and Usurpers, and would openly rail at their unjust -Proceedings, but nothing anger'd him more than the Expedition of -_Catalonia_: _d'Almada_ having taken care to fall often into his -Company, thought there was not a truer-hearted _Portuguese_ in the whole -Kingdom, and that no one would more strenuously labour for their -Liberty. But oh Heaven! how great was his Surprize! when having taken -him aside, and discover'd the whole Conspiracy to him, this base, this -cowardly Wretch, whose whole Courage was plac'd in his Tongue, refus'd -to have any hand in the Business, or to engage himself with the -Conspirators, pretending that their Plot had no solid Foundation: Bold -and adventrous where no Danger was, but fearful and daunted as soon as -it appear'd. "Have you, _said he to_ Almada, Forces enough to undertake -so great a thing? Where is your Army to oppose the Troops of _Spain_, -who upon the first News of the Revolt will enter the Kingdom? What -Grandees have you at your head? Can they furnish you with Money -sufficient to defray the Expence of a Civil War? I fear, _continued he_, -that instead of revenging yourselves on the _Spaniards_, and freeing -_Portugal_ from Slavery, you will utterly ruin it, by giving the -_Spaniards_ a specious Pretence for doing what they have been so long -endeavouring at." - -_D'Almada_, who expected nothing less than such an Answer, and being -very much troubled at his having entrusted the Secret to a Man, who in -all probability would betray it, without replying drew his Sword, and -coming up to the other, his Eyes sparkling with Rage; "Base Wretch, -_said he_, by thy deceitful Words thou hast drawn a Secret from me, with -which thou must take my Life, or by the Loss of thine atone for thy -Treachery." The other, who had always thought it safest to avoid the -nearest Danger, at the sight of _d'Almada_'s naked Sword, promis'd to do -any thing. He offer'd to sign the Conspiracy, and found weighty Reasons -to destroy his former Objections; he swore that he would bury the Secret -in his Heart, and endeavour'd all he could to persuade _Almada_, that -it was neither want of Courage, or Hatred to the _Spaniards_, which had -at first made him averse to what he had propos'd. - -Notwithstanding his Oaths and Promises, _d'Almada_ could not be -thoroughly satisfy'd of this Man's Fidelity; he took care, without -losing sight of him, to let the others know what had happen'd. A general -Consternation immediately spread itself amongst them, and they fear'd, -that the Prospect of the Danger which he must share, or the Hope of a -Reward, would make this Wretch betray them. Upon this they resolv'd to -defer the Execution of their Project, and forc'd _Pinto_ to write to his -Master, to put off his being proclaim'd in his Country, till he should -hear further from them. But _Pinto_, who knew how dangerous it was to -defer such a thing, tho but for a Day, at the same time sent him another -Letter, in which he desir'd him to take no notice of his first, seeing -that it was only the Effect of a panick Fear, which had seiz'd the -Conspirators, and which would be over long before the Express arriv'd. - -Nor was this crafty Man at all deceiv'd; for the next Day finding every -thing still and quiet, and the Person who caus'd the Alarm making fresh -Promises of Secrecy, they concluded that either he had arm'd his Mind -with a generous Resolution of assisting them, or was afraid of -impeaching so many Persons of Quality; and therefore they determin'd to -proceed to Execution on the appointed Day. But another Adventure -happen'd, which disquieted 'em as much as the former. - -There were always in the Palace several of the Conspirators, walking up -and down like Courtiers out of Place, whose Business it was to observe -what was done within; but on the Evening of the last of _November_, they -came in a Fright to their Companions, to tell them that _Vasconcellos_ -(by whose Death they were to begin the mighty Work) was just gone on -board a Yacht, and had cross'd the _Tagus_. Who but Conspirators would -have taken notice of so indifferent a thing? For a thousand Reasons, in -which they were not concern'd, might have made him go on the other side -of the Water; but they immediately concluded, that this artful -Statesman, who had always his Spies abroad, had discover'd their Plot, -and was about to bring into _Lisbon_ those Soldiers which were quarter'd -in the Villages on the other side of the River. Death, in its most -ghastly Shape, appear'd to them, and they fancy'd that they already felt -the cruellest Torments which could be inflicted. Some were resolving to -fly into _Africa_, others into _England_; and all of them spent the -first part of the Night in the greatest Disquiet imaginable, between the -Hopes of Life and Fear of Death. But about the middle of the Night their -Apprehensions vanish'd; for some who had been sauntring about the Port, -to endeavour to discover the Secretary's Design, came and brought them -the welcome News, that _Vasconcellos_ had been only diverting himself -upon the Water, and that he was return'd, with the Musick playing before -him. A sudden Joy succeeded to their Grief, and about an hour after, -being inform'd that every thing was quiet in the Palace, and every body -bury'd in a profound Sleep, they return'd home to enjoy a little Rest; -that they might be fitter for the Morning's Work. - -It was very late, or rather very early, when they parted, and within -some few hours of their appointed time, and yet an Accident happen'd -within those few hours, which had almost betray'd them; so dangerous and -uncertain are Enterprizes of this nature, whilst there are Men, whom -Hopes of Gain, or Fear of Punishment, can work upon to betray their -Fellows. Don _George Mello_, Brother to the Lord _Ranger_, lodg'd at a -Relation's House, in the furthest Suburbs of _Lisbon_. This Gentleman -thought, that now the time was come in which the Conspiracy would break -out, and there was no necessity of hiding it any longer from this -Relation, whom he had reason to believe was his Friend, as also one that -might be serviceable to them, and who otherwise would for ever reproach -him with having distrusted him as one not true to the Interest of his -Country. Wherefore as soon as he came home, he went into his Chamber, -and there reveal'd the Secret, desiring him to join in the Enterprize -with so many Persons of Quality, and to behave himself as a _Portuguese_ -ought to do upon such an occasion. The other, surpriz'd at the -Strangeness of this News, affected a seeming Joy for the approaching -Liberty of his Country, thank'd _Mello_ for the Confidence he repos'd in -him, and assur'd him, that he accounted himself happy in having an -opportunity of exposing his Life in so just and glorious a Cause. - -Upon this _Mello_ retir'd to his Chamber, to lay himself down to sleep, -but scarce was he got thither, when he began seriously to reflect upon -what he had been doing, and could not but think himself guilty of a very -inconsiderate Action, in putting the Lives of so many Persons of Quality -in the power of one, of whose Principles he was not overwell assur'd; -then began he to fancy, that he had observ'd something of Fear in the -Countenance of the Person, at the time when he was advising him to share -the Danger of the Undertaking. - -Full of these Reflections, he could not lay him down to rest, but was -walking in great Disorder about his Chamber, when he thought he -over-heard a kind of whispering Noise. Opening his Window softly, to see -if any body was in the Street, he could perceive a Servant holding his -Relation's Horse, and himself ready to mount. Enrag'd at this, he -snatch'd his Sword, and hastening down stairs, seiz'd his Kinsman, and -ask'd him whither he was going at this unseasonable time. The other -would have forg'd an Excuse, and was hammering out a Lye, but _Mello_ -holding his Point to his Breast, threaten'd to kill him, if he did not -immediately go in again; then order'd he the Keys of the House to be -brought him, and having fasten'd all the Doors himself, he retir'd with -his Kinsman, nor would he lose sight of him till it was time to go to -the Rendevouz, to which he carried him. - -But now the Morning dawn'd, that was to decide whether the Duke of -_Braganza_ should be the King and Deliverer of his Country, or be -accounted a Rebel and Traitor. - -Betimes in the Morning the Conspirators met at the appointed Places, -where they were to be furnish'd with Arms. They all appear'd with so -much Resolution and Courage, that they rather seem'd marching to a -certain Victory, than to an uncertain Enterprize. But what is very much -to be admir'd at, is, that amongst such a Number of Nobility, Gentry, -Citizens, nay Priests, not one should falsify his Word, or break his -Promise, tho their Interests in the Event were very different; but they -all seem'd as impatient for the important Moment, as if each there had -been the Contriver of the Scheme, or at the Head of the Enterprize; or -rather, as if the Crown was to have been the Reward of each individual -Man's Labour. Several Ladies also made themselves famous on that Day. -But the noble Behaviour of Donna _Philippa de Villenes_ ought never to -be forgotten, who with her own hands arm'd both her Sons; and giving -them their Swords, "Go, my Children, _said she_, put an end to a -Tyrant's Power, revenge yourselves on your Enemies, free your Country, -and be assur'd, that if Success does not crown your Undertaking, your -Mother never will live to see the cruel Fate of so many brave and -deserving Patriots." - -Every one being arm'd, they made the best of their way towards the -Palace, most of them in Litters, that they might conceal their Number -and their Arms. There they divided into four Companies, and waited with -impatience till the Palace-Clock struck Eight; that, and the firing of a -Pistol, being the appointed Signal. Never did time seem so long; they -fear'd that their being at that Place so early, and in such a Number, -might make the Secretary jealous of their Design: but at last the -long-expected Hour struck, and _Pinto_ firing a Pistol, they rush'd -forward to execute their bold Design. - -Don _Miguel d'Almeida_, with those that accompany'd him, fell upon the -_German_ Guard, who were so far from expecting any Attack, that they -were sitting very carelessly, few of them having their Arms in hand; so -that they were cut to pieces, without scarce making any resistance. - -The Lord _Ranger_, with his Brother _Mello_, and Don _Estevan d'Acugna_, -fell on the _Spaniards_ who kept Guard at a Place before the Palace, -call'd the _Fort_. These Nobles, followed by most of the Citizens who -were engag'd in the Conspiracy, fell upon the _Castilians_ Sword in -hand, and fought most resolutely; but no one behav'd himself more -bravely than one of the City Priests: this Reverend Man, with a Crucifix -in one hand, and a Sword in the other, appear'd at the head of his -Party, and encourag'd the People, both by his Words and his Example, to -cut their Enemies in pieces. The _Spaniards_, aw'd at the sight of so -religious an Object, neither durst offend him, nor defend themselves, -but fled before him. In short, after some small Resistance, the Officer -of the Guard, willing to save his own Life, was forc'd to cry out with -the rest, _Long live the Duke of_ Braganza, _King of_ Portugal! - -_Pinto_ having forced his way into the Palace, march'd at the head of -those, who were to enter _Vasconcellos_'s Apartment, so undauntedly, and -with so little concern, that meeting with an Acquaintance, who, -surpriz'd and frighted, ask'd him, whither he was going with such a -Number of arm'd Men, and what they design'd to do; "Nothing, _said he -smiling_, but change our Master, rid you of a Tyrant, and give -_Portugal_ their rightful King." - -Entring the Secretary's Apartment, the first Person they met with was -the[E] _Civil Corregidor_; who, thinking that the Noise he heard -proceeded from some private Quarrel, would have interpos'd his -Authority, but hearing a Cry of _Long live the Duke of_ Braganza, _&c._ -thought he was in honour oblig'd to cry out _Long live the King of_ -Spain _and_ Portugal: but he lost his Life for his ill-tim'd Loyalty, -one of the Conspirators immediately shooting him thro the Head. - -_Antonio Correa_, first Clerk of the Secretary's Office, ran out to know -the Occasion of this Tumult. This was the Man who was employ'd in -oppressing the People, and who, after the Example of his Master, treated -the Nobility of the Kingdom with Scorn and Contempt; therefore as soon -as he appear'd, Don _Antonio de Menezes_ plung'd his Sword into his -Bosom. But the Blow not ending either his Life or Pride, and thinking -that they had mistaken him, he turn'd towards _Menezes_, his Eyes -sparkling with Rage and Indignation, and, in a passionate manner, cry'd -out, _Villain! darest thou strike me?_ But _Menezes_, without answering, -redoubled his Blows; and the other, having receiv'd four or five Stabs, -fell down: However, none of the Wounds prov'd mortal, and he escap'd at -that time, to lose his Life afterwards in an ignominious manner, by the -hands of the common Hangman. - -This Business had stop'd the Conspirators, but as soon as _Correa_ fell, -they all rush'd forwards towards _Vasconcellos_'s Apartment. There was -with him, at that time, Don _Garcez Palleia_, a Captain of Foot; who -seeing so many arm'd Men, immediately concluded, that their Design was -to butcher the Secretary. And altho' he was under no manner of -Obligation to that Minister, yet he thought himself in honour oblig'd to -lend him what Assistance he could; wherefore standing at the Door, with -his Sword in hand, he barr'd that Passage: but one of the Conspirators -running him thro' the Arm, and several, who were unwilling to give him -fair play, pressing forward, he was glad to make his Escape, by leaping -out of a Window. - -Upon this all the Company, that was with _Pinto_, enter'd the Chamber at -once, and sought _Vasconcellos_; they overturn'd the Bed and Tables, -broke open the Trunks, and every one was desirous of giving him the -first Blow; yet, spite of their Endeavour, they could not find him, and -they began to fear that he had made his Escape: but at last an old -Maid-Servant being threaten'd with Death, unless she would tell where -her Master was; and seeing the uplifted Swords, pointed to a Press which -was made within the Wall, and in which they found the Secretary bury'd -under a heap of Papers. - -So great was his fear of Death, which he saw surrounding him on every -side, that it prevented his Speech. Don _Roderigo de Saa_, Lord -Chamberlain, was the Man who kill'd him, by shooting him through the -Head with a Pistol; after which several of the Conspirators stabb'd him, -then threw him out of the Window, crying, _Liberty! Liberty! The Tyrant -is dead! Long live Don_ John _King of_ Portugal! - -The Noise which all this had made, had drawn a vast number of People to -the Palace-Court, who seeing the Secretary's Body thrown out, shouted in -a most joyful manner; then rushing upon the Carcase, they mangled it, -every one being eager to give him a Stab, thinking that, thro his sides, -they wounded Tyranny. - -Thus perish'd _Miguel Vasconcellos_, a _Portuguese_ by Birth, but by -Inclination a _Spaniard_, and an Enemy to his Country. He had an -excellent Genius for Business, was crafty, politick, nor could any Man -apply himself closer to it than he did. He was always inventing new -ways of extorting Money from the People, was unmerciful, inexorable, and -cruel, without the least regard to Friend or Relation; so fix'd, that -after he had taken a Resolution, no one could byass his Temper; and so -harden'd, that he never knew what the Stings of Conscience were. He had -a Soul that was not capable of relishing any pleasure, but that of -hoarding up Money; so that he left vast Sums behind him, part of which -the People plunder'd, being willing to repay themselves, in some -measure, that which had been extorted from them. - -_Pinto_, without loss of time, march'd directly to join the other -Conspirators, who were to make themselves Masters of the Palace, and to -seize the Vice-Queen; he found that the Business was already done, and -that Success had every where crown'd their Undertakings. Those who were -appointed for that Expedition, came directly up to her Chamber, and the -furious Mob, who follow'd them, threatning to set her Apartment on fire, -if the Door was not immediately open'd; the Vice-Queen thinking by her -Presence to pacify the Nobility, and awe the People, came out, attended -by her Maids of Honour, and the Archbishop of _Braga_; and addressing -herself to the chief Conspirators, "I own, Gentlemen, _said she_, that -the Secretary justly deserv'd your Hatred and Indignation; his Cruelty -and his haughty Insolence were intolerable, nor can his Death be charg'd -upon you as a Crime, since you have only deliver'd yourselves from an -oppressing Minister: But cannot his Blood satisfy you? Or what other -Victim would you sacrifice to your Resentment? Think seriously, that -altho' his illegal Conduct may excuse this Insurrection, yet should you -any longer continue in Arms, Rebellion will be laid at your doors, and -you will put it out of my power to make your Peace with the King." - -Don _Antonio de Menezes_ answer'd, and assur'd her, "That so many -Persons of Quality had not taken up Arms to murder a Wretch, who ought -to have lost his Life by the hands of the common Hangman; but that their -Design was to restore the Crown to the Duke of _Braganza_, to whom it -lawfully belong'd, and which the King of _Spain_ had unjustly usurp'd; -and that they were all ready to sacrifice their Lives in so glorious a -Cause." She was about to reply, and to interpose the King's Authority; -but _d'Almeida_, who fear'd that such a Speech might have a dangerous -effect upon the People, or at least cool their Courages, interrupted -her, saying, "That _Portugal_ acknowledg'd no other King but the Duke of -_Braganza_." Upon which the People shouted again, crying, _Long live -Don_ John, _King of_ Portugal! - -The Vice-Queen believing that her Presence might be of service in the -City, and have a good effect upon the People every where, where the -Conspirators were not present, was going in haste down stairs, but Don -_Carlos Norogna_ stopp'd her, desiring that she would retire to her own -Apartment, assuring her that she should be treated with as much Respect -as if she still had the supreme Command in the Kingdom; but told her -that it would be dangerous for so great a Princess to expose herself to -the Insults of a furious People, who were jealous of their Liberties, -and enflam'd with Thirst of Revenge. The Queen easily understood the -meaning of his words, and found that she was their Prisoner. Enrag'd at -this, "And what can the People do to me?" _cry'd she_. "Nothing, Madam, -_reply'd_ Norogna _in a passion_, but fling your Highness out of the -Window." - -The Archbishop of _Braga_ hearing this Answer, grew furious, and -snatching a Sword from one of the Soldiers who stood next him, he flew -towards _Norogna_, resolving to revenge the Vice-Queen, and had -certainly met with Death, the just Reward of his Rashness, had not Don -_Miguel d'Almeida_ laid hold of him, and embracing him, begg'd him to -consider what Danger he expos'd himself to, telling him that he was -already hated enough by the Conspirators; nor had he found it an easy -Task to obtain a Promise of them that they would spare his Life, why -then would he urge them by an Action, which would not only be -unprofitable to his Cause, but which also so highly misbecame his -Character. The Prelate, convinc'd of the Truth of what his Friend said, -was obliged to dissemble his Anger; however, he hoped that he should -meet with some favourable Opportunity of revenging himself on _Norogna_, -and doing something for the service of _Spain_, to whose Interest he was -entirely devoted. - -The rest of the _Spaniards_ who were in the Palace, were made Prisoners -by the other Conspirators: Amongst these were the Marquiss of _Puebla_, -Major-Domo to the Vice-Queen, and elder Brother to the Marquiss _de -Leganez_; Don _Didaco Cardenas_, Lieutenant-General of the Cavalry; Don -_Ferdinand de Castro_, Comptroller of the Navy-Office; the Marquiss _de -Baynetto_, an _Italian_, Gentleman-Usher to the Vice-Queen: with some -Sea-Officers, who lay on shore, and whose Ships were in the Harbour. All -this was done as regularly and as quietly, as if they had been taken up -by an Order from the King of _Spain_, nobody stirring to their -Assistance, and they not being able to defend themselves, most of them -having been seiz'd in their Beds. - -This done, Don _Antonio de Salsaigni_, follow'd by a Crowd of Friends, -and an innumerable Multitude of People, went up into the Hall, where the -Court of Justice was then sitting, and in an elegant Speech laid before -them the present Happiness of _Portugal_, who had restor'd their own -lawful King; he told them, that Tyranny was now no more, and that the -Laws, which had been long slighted and neglected, should henceforward -take their regular Course. This Speech was applauded by the whole Court, -and they chang'd the Title of their Decrees, which they no longer made -in the Name of the King of _Spain_, but in the Name of Don _John_, King -of _Portugal_. - -Whilst _Salsaigni_ was thus persuading the high Court of Justice to -adhere to the Duke of _Braganza_'s Interest, Don _Gaston Coutingno_ was -taking out of Prison those who had been thrown into it by the Cruelty of -the _Spanish_ Minister. These unhappy Wretches, who had all along been -persuaded, that they should end their Lives in their dismal Dungeons, -unless taken out to be led to a cruel Death; seeing themselves now at -liberty, and their Country in a fair way of being freed, and resolving -to suffer any thing, rather than to return to their dark Prisons, form'd -a Body no less formidable than that of the Conspirators, and who were as -fully resolv'd to set the Duke of _Braganza_ on the Throne. - -But in the midst of this general Joy, _Pinto_, with the rest of the -Leaders, were under great Apprehensions: The _Spaniards_ were yet -Masters of the Citadel, from whence they could easily burn and destroy -the Town; besides which, the Port was open to the _Spanish_ Fleet: -therefore thinking that they had done nothing till they had taken that -Place, they went up to the Vice-Queen, and desir'd her to sign a Warrant -to the Governour, by virtue of which he should be oblig'd to give them -possession of the Citadel. - -She, far from granting what they ask'd, upbraided them as Rebels and -Traitors, and with Indignation ask'd them, Whether they had a mind to -make her an Accomplice? But _d'Almada_, who knew how dangerous it was to -leave the Enemies any longer in that Fort, and being provok'd at the -Vice-Queen's Denial, his Eyes sparkling with Rage, swore violently, that -if she did not sign the Warrant, he would forthwith put every one of the -_Spaniards_ to death, whom they had taken in the Palace. - -The poor Princess, frightened with these Threats, and unwilling to be -the Occasion of the Death of so many Persons of Quality, was obliged to -comply, thinking at the same time that the Governour knew his Duty too -well, to obey an Order, which he might be assur'd was sign'd by -Compulsion; but she was very much mistaken in her Conjecture, for Don -_Lewis del Campo_, the _Spanish_ Governour, was a Man of no Resolution -at all, and seeing the Conspirators coming arm'd towards the Citadel, -and all the People of the Town following them, who threaten'd to cut him -and his Garison in pieces, unless he immediately surrender'd, was glad -to see the Warrant, and have so fair an Excuse for his Cowardice; -wherefore he immediately obey'd the Order, and gave up the Fort. - -Proud of having dispatch'd their Business so happily, the Conspirators -forthwith deputed _Mendoza_ and the Lord _Ranger_ to the Duke of -_Braganza_, to acquaint him with their Success, and assure him, that -nothing was now wanting but the Presence of their King, to compleat the -Happiness of his Subjects. - -Notwithstanding their Message, his Presence was not equally coveted by -every body. The Grandees of the Kingdom could not see him rais'd to the -Throne, without being inwardly jealous of his Fortune; and those of the -Nobility, who were not let into the Secret, refus'd as yet to declare -themselves; nay, some went so far as to assure the People, that the Duke -would never approve of so rash an Action, and whose consequence might be -so fatal to them all. Those who were in the _Spanish_ Interest, were in -a strange Consternation, and did not dare so much as stir abroad, lest -they should be sacrific'd by the People, whose Rage was not yet -appeas'd: In short, every body seem'd at an uncertainty, and waited -impatiently for the Resolutions of the Duke of _Braganza_. - -But his Friends, who were better acquainted with his Intentions, still -pursued what they had so happily began, and assembled in the Palace, to -give the necessary Orders. The Archbishop was unanimously chosen -President of the Council, and Lord-Lieutenant of _Portugal_ till the -King's Arrival. He would at first have refus'd the Office, declaring -that his opinion was, that they had more need of a good General at their -head, than of a Man of his Character. However, being press'd by the -Assembly to accept the Place, he consented to it, on condition that he -might have the Archbishop of _Braga_ for his Collegue; who, he said, was -well acquainted with the Business, and might be very serviceable to him -during the King's Absence. - -This cunning Prelate chose his Brother Archbishop sooner than any other -Man, well knowing that if he did accept it, he made himself an -Accomplice in what he call'd Rebellion, and would be accounted criminal -by the _Spanish_ Minister: Besides which, he would have only had the -Title of one of the Lord-Lieutenants, without any share of the Power. -But if, on the other hand, he refus'd it, he should for ever put him out -of the King's Favour, and make him odious to all the People, who -henceforwards would look on him as an open and profess'd Enemy to his -Country. - -The Archbishop of _Braga_ was very sensible of the Snare which was laid -for him, but as he was wholly devoted to the Vice-Queen, and firm to the -_Spanish_ Interest, he refus'd having any thing to do with the -Administration; so that the whole Burden of the publick Affairs fell -upon the Archbishop of _Lisbon_: to ease him of part of which, they gave -him for Assistants Don _Miguel d'Almeida_, _Pedro Mendoza_, and Don -_Antonio d'Almada_. - -One of the first Orders which the new Governour gave, was to seize upon -the three _Spanish_ Galloons which were then in the Harbour; upon which -they arm'd a few Barks, and in them went most part of the _Lisbon_ -Youth, so desirous were they of shewing their Affection to the King: but -the Galloons were taken without Resistance, the Officers, and the -greatest part of the Ships Crew, having been seiz'd in the Morning -ashore. - -That very Evening Couriers were dispatch'd to every Province, to exhort -the People to give thanks for the Recovery of their Liberties, and the -Restoration of the Duke of _Braganza_; with Orders at the same time to -all Governours of Towns, and other Magistrates, to have him proclaim'd -King of _Portugal_, and to take all the _Spaniards_, in their respective -Districts, into custody. - -And now they began to prepare every thing at _Lisbon_ for the Reception -of the new King, and the Archbishop sent word to the late Vice-Queen, -that she would very much oblige them, in leaving the Palace where she -was, for he thought the King would want her Apartment, and that he had -prepar'd every thing for her Reception at the Palace of _Xabregas_, -which was at the farther end of the Town. This Princess receiv'd the -Order with a scornful Look, and without answering a word, obey'd it. She -went thro the Street, but without the usual Train of Courtiers and Crowd -of People; there was only the Archbishop of _Braga_ with her, who still -gave her manifest Tokens of his Respect, even now when he expos'd his -Life by so doing. - -Mean while the Duke of _Braganza_ continued in the cruel State of -Uncertainty, sometimes flattering himself with the most pleasing Ideas -which a lively Hope can form, and sometimes under the most dismal -Apprehensions which frighten'd Fancy can suggest. The Distance between -_Villa-viciosa_ and _Lisbon_ being thirty Leagues, he could not know -what pass'd in his behalf so soon as he could have wish'd. All that he -knew was, that on this Day his Life and Fortune were at stake. He had at -first resolv'd to have himself proclaim'd at the same time in all the -Towns which were under his Dependance; but his mind chang'd, and he -determin'd to wait for the News of what had pass'd at _Lisbon_, before -he undertook any thing. There still remain'd the Kingdom of _Algarva_, -and the Citadel of _Elvas_, to which he could retire, in case his Party -at _Lisbon_ should fail; nay, he thought he could clear himself of -having any hand in the Conspiracy, especially at a time when the -_Spaniards_ would be glad to believe him innocent. - -He had planted several Couriers on the Road to _Lisbon_, and thereby -expected to have an Account of what had pass'd betimes; but he had -waited with impatience all the Day, and the greatest part of the Night, -without hearing any thing, and the next Morning was already near at -hand, when _Mello_ and _Mendoza_, who had rode post from _Lisbon_, -arriv'd. They threw themselves at the Duke's feet, by which Action, as -well as by the Joy which appear'd in their Faces, the Success of their -Undertaking might be better read, than it was possible for them to -express. - -They were about to give him an exact Account of every thing, but the -Duke, without hearing a word of what they had to tell him, conducted -them to the Dutchess's Apartment. The two Noblemen saluted her with the -same Respect, as if she had actually been upon the Throne; they assur'd -her of the Good-Wishes and Fidelity of her Subjects: and to shew her -that they acknowledg'd her their Queen, they now gave her the Title of -_Majesty_, whereas the Kings and Queens of _Portugal_ had hitherto been -always call'd their _Highnesses_. - -We may easily judge of what pass'd in the Heart of this Royal Pair, if -we consider the Fears and Agitations which they were before in, and to -what Grandeur they were now rais'd. Nothing but Shouts of Joy were heard -throughout the Palace, the happy News soon spread, and the same Morning -the King was proclaim'd in all those Places, where it should have been -done the Day before; _Mello_ and _Alphonso_ also had him proclaim'd at -_Elvas_. The People came in Crouds to pay their Homage to the new King; -which, tho in a confus'd manner, was no less agreeable to him, than what -he afterwards receiv'd in all the formal Pomp of Ceremony. - -The King immediately set out for _Lisbon_, with the same Equipage which -had been prepar'd for his setting out for _Madrid_. He was accompany'd -by the Marquiss _de Ferreira_, a Relation of his; the Count _de -Vimioso_; and several other Persons of Quality, who were come to wait -upon him to the Capital. - -[Sidenote: _Decem. 6._] - -The Queen he left at _Villa-viciosa_, knowing that her Presence was -necessary there, to keep the Provinces in awe. Every where, upon the -Roads to _Lisbon_, they met with infinite Numbers of People, who crouded -forwards to see the King; who had the satisfaction every where of -hearing the People blessing him, and cursing the _Spaniards_. All the -Nobility, with the whole Court, and the Magistrates of the City, met him -at a great distance from _Lisbon_, and he enter'd the Town amidst the -Acclamations of a joyful People. - -That Evening there were Illuminations every where, and Fireworks in -every publick Place; each Citizen in particular had a Bonfire before his -door, which made a _Spaniard_ say, "The Duke of _Braganza_ was a happy -Prince, who had got a whole Kingdom for a Bonfire." Nor was it long -indeed before he was Master of the whole Kingdom, every Town follow'd -the Example of their Capital, and seem'd as if they had a Plot ripe for -Execution. Fresh Couriers every day arriv'd, who brought News of Towns, -and sometimes of whole Provinces, which had driven the _Castilians_ out, -and proclaim'd the Duke of _Braganza_. Nor were many of the _Spanish_ -Governours more resolute than the Commander of the Citadel of _Lisbon_; -and whether they wanted Soldiers, Ammunition, or Courage, is uncertain, -but most of them surrender'd, without so much as giving the _Portuguese_ -the trouble of firing a Gun. In short, they fled the Kingdom like so -many Criminals who had broke out of Prison; each Man dreaded -_Vasconcellos_'s Fate, and trembled at the sight of an incens'd -Multitude: nor was there a _Spaniard_ left in the whole Kingdom, but -those who were taken into Custody, and all this in less than a -Fortnight's time. - -Don _Ferdinand de la Cueva_, Commander of the Citadel of _St. Juan_, at -the Mouth of the _Tagus_, was the only Man who offer'd to make any -resistance, and to preserve the Place for the King his Master. The -Garison was wholly compos'd of _Spaniards_, the Officers brave, and -resolv'd to hold it out to the last; and therefore, as soon as the -_Portuguese_ approach'd them, made a vigorous Defence. They were oblig'd -to besiege it in form; to that end they brought Cannon from _Lisbon_, -and open'd the Trenches before it, which they carry'd as far as the -Counterscarp, spite of the Besieged's continual Fire, and their frequent -Sallies. But the King, who knew that treating with the Commander would -be not only the safest, but the shortest way, made him such advantageous -Proposals, that the Governour could not resist the Temptation; but -dazled with the Prospect of the vast Sum which was offer'd, besides a -Commandry of the _Order of Christ_, and pretending that his Garison was -not strong enough to hold out a Siege, he surrender'd upon Terms, spite -of the chief Officers, who refus'd to sign the Capitulation. - -This done, the King thought it best not to defer his Coronation, that he -might thereby confirm his Royalty, and consecrate his Majesty. The -Ceremony was perform'd on the Fifteenth of _December_ with all the -Magnificence imaginable; the Duke _d'Aveiro_, the Marquiss _de -Villareal_, the Duke _de Carmino_, his Son, the Count _de Monsano_, and -all the other Grandees of the Kingdom, being present. The Archbishop of -_Lisbon_, at the head of all the Clergy of his Diocese, and accompany'd -by several other Bishops, met him at the Door of the Cathedral; there he -was solemnly acknowledg'd by the States of the Kingdom their Rightful -and Lawful King: after which every one of them took the Oath of -Allegiance. - -Some few Days after the Coronation, the Queen arriv'd at _Lisbon_ with a -sumptuous Equipage and numerous Retinue. All the Court went out of Town -to meet her, and she already had with her all the Officers of her -Houshold. The King himself met her at some distance from the Town. This -Prince omitted nothing which might make her Entry appear magnificent, -and convince the People that he believ'd she had very much contributed -to the placing the Crown upon his Head. Every one observ'd, that -notwithstanding her Fortune was alter'd, yet was not the Queen in the -least chang'd, but behav'd herself as majestically, as if she had been -born to, and was educated for the Possession of a Throne. - - * * * * * - -Such was the Success of this great Enterprize, as happily finish'd, as -it was prudently begun; which may be reckon'd a sort of Miracle, -considering the vast Number of Persons, and the different Quality and -Inclinations of those who were let into the Secret: Nor can it be -accounted for, but from the natural Hatred which the _Portuguese_ had to -a _Spanish_ Government; a Hatred! which took its first Rise from the -frequent Wars which these neighbouring Nations waged against one -another, ever since they had been Monarchies; as well as from their -being both concern'd in the Discovery of the _Indies_, and the frequent -Debates which they had concerning their Commerce; these at last grew -into an inveterate Hatred, which was now encreas'd by the Tyranny of -_Spain_. - -The News of the Revolution soon reach'd the Court of _Spain_. -_D'Olivarez_ was almost driven to Despair at the hearing it; he saw his -own Project miscarry, and Ruin threatning his Country, which might have -been easily prevented, but could not now be remedy'd. Nor had _Spain_ -any need of acquiring new Enemies, the _French_ and _Dutch_ Troops -already employ'd their utmost Forces, with much ado they resisted their -combin'd Strength; and the Revolt of _Catalonia_, he fear'd, might -invite other Provinces to do the like. - -There was no one now in the Court of _Madrid_ ignorant of the News, but -the King himself; every one thought that he ought to be inform'd of it, -yet no one dar'd undertake the ungrateful Task, for fear of incurring -the Minister's Displeasure, whose implacable Temper they knew too well, -to hope that he would ever forgive an Offence of this nature. At last -the Duke, seeing that the Story was too well known to be any longer -conceal'd from the King, and fearing that some of his Enemies, either to -ingratiate or revenge themselves, should tell it in such a manner, that -the whole Fault would seem to fall upon him, he resolv'd to be himself -the Messenger, and coming up to the King, with a serene Look, and a Face -on which a dissembled Joy sat confess'd, "I wish your Majesty Joy," _said -he_, "of a noble Dutchy, and a fine Estate, which are lately fallen to -you." "How _Olivarez!" answer'd the King_; "what do you mean?" "Mean!" -_reply'd the Minister_; "why the Duke of _Braganza_ is run mad, the Mob -have proclaimed him King of _Portugal_, and he has accepted the Title; -so that now all he has is confiscated, and you have a good Pretence to -rid yourself of the whole Family: Henceforwards you may reign King of -_Portugal_, nor fear that any one will dispute your Title to that -Kingdom." - -As weak a Prince as _Philip_ was, he easily comprehended the meaning of -these words; but as he could no longer see but thro his Minister's Eyes, -he only told him, That he must take care betimes to put an end to a -Rebellion, whose Consequence might otherwise prove dangerous. - -[Sidenote: _Jan. 28. 1644._] - -Mean while the King of _Portugal_ took all the necessary Measures to -confirm his new Authority. As soon as he came to _Lisbon_, he nam'd -Governours for every Town of _Portugal_, as much distinguish'd for -their Fidelity to him, as for their Experience and approv'd Valour; who -immediately, with what Soldiers they could get together, went to take -possession of their Command, and to put the Place in a posture of -Defence. At the same time recruiting Commissions were given out; and the -Solemnity of his Coronation being over, he call'd together the States of -the Kingdom: in which, to prevent all the Doubts and Scruples which -might rise in the Minds of the People, his Pretensions to the Crown were -examin'd, and by a solemn Decree of the States he was acknowledg'd -Rightful and Lawful King, as being descended from Prince _Edward_, Son -to King _Emanuel_; whereas the King of _Spain_ was only descended from a -Daughter of the same King _Emanuel_, who also by the Fundamental Laws of -_Portugal_ was excluded the Succession, having espous'd a foreign -Prince. - -In this Assembly the King declar'd, that he would content himself with -his own Estate, and that the usual Royal Revenue should be apply'd to -the defraying of the extraordinary Expences, and paying the Debts of the -Kingdom. And the better to ingratiate himself with the People, he took -off all the Taxes which the oppressing _Spaniards_ had laid upon them. - -To all the considerable Offices and Employments he promoted those of the -Conspirators, whose Birth and Capacity might give them just Pretensions -to it, and who had shewn the greatest Desire of raising him to the -Throne. In this Promotion no notice was taken of _Pinto_; the King did -not think his Royalty sufficiently confirm'd, to venture at raising one -of his Servants, and whose Extraction was but mean. However, the Prince -was not in the least unmindful of his Service, and without having the -Title of a Minister of State, he had the Authority of one; so great was -his Influence over his Master, and such entire Confidence did he repose -in him. - -Having given all the necessary Orders within the Kingdom, he resolv'd to -assure himself of some foreign Assistance in case of necessity, as well -by making strict Alliances with all the Enemies of _Spain_, as by -raising them new ones. To this end he endeavour'd to persuade the Duke -of _Medina Sidonia_, Governour of _Andalusia_, and his Brother-in-law, -to follow his Example, shake off the _Spanish_ Yoke, and make himself an -independent Prince. The Marquiss _Daiamonti_, a _Spanish_ Nobleman, and -related to the Queen of _Portugal_, was to negotiate this Business, the -Success of which will be seen in the Sequel of this History. - -The King of _Portugal_ made a League offensive and defensive with the -_Dutch_; _France_ promis'd him its Protection, and he sent Ambassadors -to all the Courts of _Europe_, that his Title might be acknowledg'd by -their Princes. But the King of _Spain_ was so destitute of Men, -_Catalonia_ employing all his Forces, that he did very little all that -Campaign for the Recovery of _Portugal_, and even what he did undertake -met with no Success. - -Some little time after this, News was brought that _Goa_, and all those -other Places which belong'd to _Portugal_, whether in the _Indies_, -_Africa_, or in _Peru_, had follow'd the Example of their _European_ -Masters, and revolted from the _Spaniards_. Thus was the King flatter'd -with the Prospect of a happy Reign, and rejoic'd to see Peace and -Tranquillity preserv'd within his Kingdom, whilst his Arms met with -Success abroad; little suspecting the Danger which threaten'd his Life -and Crown, both which he had almost lost by a cursed Conspiracy, which -was form'd even in the midst of that Prince's Court. - -The Archbishop of _Braga_, as has before been observ'd, was wholly -devoted to the King of _Spain_, during whose Reign in _Portugal_ he had -had a great share in the Ministry. He now plainly saw, that he must -never hope for any Preferment, unless the _Spanish_ Government could be -again introduc'd into that Kingdom; besides, he fear'd that the new -King, who out of a tender regard to his Character, had not had him put -into Prison with the other _Spaniards_, might alter his Mind, and seeing -his Authority once confirm'd, and dreading no longer the Danger of -incensing the People, or provoking the Inquisition, might make him share -the Fate of those, whose Courage or Politicks 'twas thought might prove -prejudicial to the new King's Government, and who had all been depriv'd -of their Liberty. But the chief Motive which induc'd him to undertake -something for their Cause, was his Affection to the late Vice-Queen: -with impatience he beheld that Princess under Confinement, especially in -a Place where he thought it was her Right to rule; and his Rage was -violently increas'd by the Orders which were given her Guards to admit -neither the Prelate, nor any other Person of Quality, the King having -been inform'd that she endeavour'd to infuse Sentiments of Rebellion -into all those _Portuguese_ who went to visit her; and therefore thought -fit to deprive her of that Liberty, which she so palpably abus'd. As -just and as necessary as this Proceeding was, the Archbishop call'd it -cruel and tyrannick; and as he had some Notions of Gratitude, believ'd -himself under an Obligation of doing something for the Liberty of a -Princess, who had done so much for him. The remembrance of her past -Kindness enflam'd his Soul with Anger, and made him resolve to embrace -any Opportunity whatsoever of revenging himself on her Enemies, and -delivering her out of their hands. But as he plainly saw it would be -impossible either to surprize or corrupt her Guards, he could not think -of any surer way than going directly to the Fountain-head, and by the -Death of the King to restore her Liberty and Authority both at once. - -Being fully confirm'd in this Resolution, he began to think of the -speediest Means of putting it in execution, well knowing that he should -not long enjoy the Place of President of the Palace, which was not as -yet taken from him. He plainly saw that it was in vain to follow the -King's Measures, by endeavouring to win the People, and make them join -with him; their Hatred to the _Spaniards_ being too deeply rooted in -their Hearts. The Nobility, he was assur'd, wou'd not assist him, since -by their means the Crown was placed upon the Duke of _Braganza_'s Head: -he could therefore only depend upon the Grandees, who with envy beheld -one that had been their Equal, upon the Throne. The first thing he did, -was to assure himself of _Olivarez_'s Protection and Assistance: after -which, he began to work upon the Marquiss of _Villareal_; to whom he -represented, that the new King was timorous and diffident, for which -reason he sought all opportunities of ruining his Family, lest he should -leave a Subject who was capable of disputing the Crown with his -Successor: That he and the Duke _d'Aveiro_, who were both of the Royal -Blood, were not thought worthy of any Office or Employment; whilst all -Places of Trust were fill'd by a company of factious and seditious -People: That with indignation the People saw how little he was valued, -and were very much troubled to think that a Person of his Quality and -Capacity must spend his time at a Country-Seat, and in an inglorious -Ease: That one of his Birth and Estate was too great to be the Subject -of so petty a Prince as the King of _Portugal_: That he had lost a -Master in the King of _Spain_, who only was capable of bestowing such -Employments on him as he deserv'd, by reason of the many Kingdoms of -which he was Sovereign, and over which he must establish Governours. - -Seeing that this Discourse made an impression on the Mind of the -Marquiss, he went so far as to assure him, that he had Orders from the -King of _Spain_ to promise him the Viceroyalty of _Portugal_, as a -Reward of his Loyalty, in case he would assist him in his Design of -recovering that Kingdom. - -Notwithstanding what the Archbishop promis'd, the thing was very far -from his Heart; his chief Aim being to restore the Dutchess of _Mantua_ -to her Liberty and former Authority: for the compassing of which, he -thought it very lawful to promise what he never intended to perform; and -he knew that ambitious Motives were the likeliest to engage the Marquiss -_de Villareal_, upon whom his fair Speeches had at last such an effect, -that he yielded to his Persuasions, and promis'd that he, with his Son -the Duke of _Camino_, would be at the head of the Enterprize. - -This Prelate being thus assur'd of these two Princes, made it his next -business to engage the Grand Inquisitor, who was his intimate Friend, -and than whom no one could be more necessary in carrying on their great -Design; seeing that by his means he should also prevail upon all the -Officers belonging to the Inquisition, a People more to be dreaded by -honest Men than Rogues, and who bear a great sway amongst the -_Portuguese_. He endeavour'd at first to alarm his Conscience, by -reminding him of the Oath of Allegiance which he had taken to the King -of _Spain_, and which he ought not to break in favour of an usurping -Tyrant; but finding the Inquisitor a true Churchman, over whom Interest -had a greater sway than Conscience, he told him that he must join in the -Plot, if he hoped to keep his Place much longer, for that the new King -made it his business to give all the Employments to Persons whose -Fidelity he could depend upon. - -After this, he spent several Months in encreasing the Number of -Conspirators, the chief of which were the Commissary _de la Crusada_; -the Count _d'Armamar_, Nephew to the Archbishop; the Count _de -Ballerais_; Don _Augustin Emanuel_; _Antonio Correa_, that Clerk of -_Vasconcellos_, to whom _Menezes_ had given divers Stabs on the first -Day of the Revolution; _Laurento Pidez Carvable_, Keeper of the Royal -Treasury; with several others, who were the Creatures of the _Spanish_ -Ministers, to whom they ow'd their Fortunes and their Places, and which -they could not hope to keep long, unless by once more introducing the -_Spanish_ Government. - -There were also a vast number of _Jews_ who were concern'd in the Plot, -and who had long liv'd at _Lisbon_ in an outward Profession of the -Christian Faith. These had lately offer'd the King a vast Sum of Money, -if he would free them from the Persecution of the Inquisitors, and let -them have their Synagogues at _Lisbon_; but the Prince rejected their -Offer, and deny'd their Petition. This had thrown the chief of them into -a great Consternation, for appearing at the head of the Petitioners, -they had made themselves known, and thereby expos'd themselves to all -the Torments which the Inquisition could invent. - -With these the Archbishop took care to get acquainted, and taking -advantage of the Confusion they were in, promis'd them his Protection, -which was not to be despis'd, since he had such an Influence over the -Grand Inquisitor; but insinuated at the same time, that they were in -danger of being banish'd _Portugal_ by the King, who affected very much -to be thought a true and pious Catholick: and at the same time promis'd -in the Name of the King of _Spain_, that if they would be instrumental -to his Restoration, they should have Liberty of Conscience, and Leave -openly to profess their Religion. - -So violent was the Passion of the Archbishop, that he was not asham'd to -make use of the profess'd Enemies of _Jesus Christ_, to drive a -_Christian_ Prince from a Throne, which rightfully belong'd to him; and -this was perhaps the first time that ever the Inquisition and Synagogue -went hand in hand together. - -Several Schemes were propos'd, but at last this, which was drawn by the -Archbishop, and approv'd of by the first Minister of _Spain_, was agreed -upon; That the _Jews_ should set fire to the four Corners of the Palace -on the 5th of _August_, and at the same time to several Houses both in -the City and Suburbs, that the People might every where be employ'd in -extinguishing the Fire; that the Conspirators should all fly to the -Palace under pretence of assisting, and that amidst the Horrour and -Confusion which this vast Conflagration would cause, some of them should -assassinate the King; that the Duke _de Camino_ should seize the Queen -and her Children, who might be as serviceable to them in regaining the -Citadel, as the Dutchess of _Mantua_ had been to their Enemies; that at -the same time there should be Fireworks ready to be play'd off, to set -the _Portuguese_ Fleet on fire; that the Archbishop, with the Grand -Inquisitor and all his Officers, should march thro the Town, to keep the -People in awe, and prevent their coming to the Assistance of the King, -so much do they dread the Power of the Inquisition; and that the -Marquiss _de Villareal_ should take the Administration upon him, till -they had receiv'd Orders from the Court of _Spain_. - -But as they had not the least reason to hope that the People would -second them, they thought it necessary to make sure of some Troops, and -to that end wrote to _Olivarez_ to send a Fleet towards the Coasts of -_Portugal_, which should be ready to enter the Port of _Lisbon_ at the -time when the Conspiracy should break out; and that there should be some -Forces on foot on the Frontiers of the Kingdom, which should be in a -readiness to act against any Place, which would not willingly surrender -to the King of _Spain_. - -But the most difficult part of their Labour was to keep an exact -Correspondence with the _Spanish_ Minister: for since the King had been -inform'd that the Dutchess of _Mantua_ had sent Letters to _Madrid_, -there was such a strict Guard kept upon the Frontiers of the Kingdom, -that no one could go into _Castile_ without the King's own Passport; nor -did they dare attempt to corrupt the Guards, lest they should reveal -what had been offer'd them. - -But at last, seeing themselves under an absolute Necessity of -acquainting the _Spanish_ Minister with their Design, without which all -their Measures would infallibly be broken; they cast their Eyes upon a -rich Merchant of _Lisbon_, who was Treasurer of the Custom-House, and -who, by reason of his great Trade, had the King's immediate leave to -send Letters into _Castile_ at any time. This Man's Name was _Baeze_; he -outwardly profess'd the Christian Religion, but was suppos'd to be a -conceal'd Observer of the _Jewish_ Law. To him they offer'd vast Sums of -Money for his Assistance; which, together with the Persuasions of the -_Jews_ who were engag'd in the Conspiracy, prevail'd upon him so far, -that he promis'd to take care that their Letters should be deliver'd to -the Duke _d'Olivarez_. - -To this end he enclos'd the Pacquet directed to the Marquiss -_Daiamonti_, Governour of the first Town on the Frontiers of _Spain_, -believing his Letters safe, when once out of the Dominions of -_Portugal_. - -The Marquiss, who was nearly related to the Queen, and was at that time -negotiating a Business for the King of _Portugal_, was very much -surpriz'd to see Letters seal'd with the Great Seal of the Inquisition, -and directed to the first Minister of _Spain_; and beginning to fear -that his own Business was discover'd, and notice of it hereby given to -_Olivarez_, he open'd them, and found that they contain'd the Scheme of -a Conspiracy against the Royal Family, and which was speedily to be put -in execution. - -Startled at the Contents, he dispatch'd a Courier to the Court of -_Portugal_ with the intercepted Letters. It is impossible to express the -Surprize of the King, when he saw that three Princes, who were so nearly -related to him, with the Archbishop, and several Grandees of the -Kingdom, were contriving how to take away his Life, and give his Crown -to a Stranger. - -He immediately communicated their intended Treason to his Privy-Council, -who after a small Deliberation came to a Resolution, which some few days -afterwards was executed. The fifth of _October_ was the Day appointed by -the Conspirators, and the Time Eleven at Night. That very Morning, about -Ten of the Clock, all the Soldiers who were quarter'd in the -neighbouring Villages, march'd into _Lisbon_, it having been given out -that they were then to be review'd in the Court of the Palace. The King -at the same time gave Notes with his own hand to several Officers and -others of his Court, which were seal'd up, with positive Orders not to -open them till Twelve, and then punctually to execute the Contents. - -A little before Noon the Archbishop and the Marquiss _de Villareal_ were -sent for to the Palace about some Business, and coming into the King's -Apartment, were arrested without the least noise, or any body's knowing -it; and at the same time one of the Captains of the Guard made the Duke -_de Camino_ a Prisoner. Those who had receiv'd the seal'd Notes having -open'd them, found Orders to arrest such a Man, whom they should convey -to such a Prison, and not lose sight of him till farther Orders. In -short, Matters were manag'd so prudently, that in less than an hour's -time the Forty-seven Conspirators were seiz'd, without so much as giving -any one of them time enough to escape, or even the least suspicion that -their Plot was discover'd. - -The News of their intended Barbarity reaching the ears of the People, -they came flocking towards the Palace, and in a tumultuous manner -demanded the Prisoners, that they might tear them piece-meal. - -Tho the King was well pleas'd with the Affection and Loyalty of his -Subjects, yet was he a little troubled to see how easily they could be -gather'd together, and what mischief they were at such a time able to -do. Wherefore having thank'd them for the care which they took of him, -and having promis'd that the Traitors should be punish'd according to -Law, he order'd the Magistrates to disperse them. - -But as he knew that the most violent Passions of an incens'd People will -soon grow cool, and perhaps dwindle into Compassion, when they no longer -should consider the Criminals as the worst of Villains, who would have -destroy'd their King and Country, but as unhappy Wretches, who must -shortly suffer an ignominious Death; he took care to publish, that the -Conspirators Intent was to assassinate him and all the Royal Family, to -set the whole Town on fire, and those who escaped the raging Flames, -should have fallen by the Sword of the Rebels: That _Spain_ being -resolv'd to have nothing more to fear from the _Portuguese_, would have -sent all their Citizens into _America_, to toil like Slaves, and be -bury'd alive in those Mines, where so many had already perish'd, and to -people the City of _Lisbon_ with a Colony of _Castilians_. - -After this the King order'd the Traitors to be brought to their Tryal, -and to this end he appointed Judges, which he took out of the supreme -Court of Judicature, and to whom he added two Grandees of the Kingdom, -upon account of the Archbishop of _Braga_, the Marquiss _de Villareal_, -and the Duke _de Camino_. - -The King put their Letters, which they had sent to _Olivarez_, into the -hands of those who were appointed to prosecute them; but with Orders not -to make use of them, if they could by any other means prove them guilty -of High Treason, lest the Court of _Spain_ should thereby discover the -Correspondence which he held with the Marquiss _Daiamonti_: but there -was no necessity of producing them to discover the Truth; for _Baeze_, -who was the first that was brought to the Bar, contradicted himself in -almost every Question which was ask'd him, and being put to the Torture, -his Courage fail'd him, he confess'd his Crime, and discover'd the whole -Plan of the Conspiracy. He own'd that their Design was to kill the King, -that the Office of the Inquisition was now full of Arms, and that they -waited only for _Olivarez_'s Answer to execute their Design. - -Most of the other Conspirators were put to the Torture, and their -Deposition entirely agreed with _Baeze_'s. The Archbishop, the Grand -Inquisitor, the Marquiss _de Villareal_, and the Duke _de Camino_, being -unwilling to suffer the Torments of the Question, confess'd their Crime. -These two last were condemn'd to be beheaded, the rest of the -Lay-Traitors to be hang'd, drawn and quarter'd, and the Sentence of the -Ecclesiasticks was refer'd to the King himself. Upon this the King -immediately assembled his Council, and told them, that the consequence -of putting so many Persons of Quality to death, altho they were -criminal, might be fatal: That the chief Conspirators were of the first -Families of the Kingdom, whose Relations would be for ever his conceal'd -Enemies, and that the Desire of revenging their Death would be the -unhappy Source of new Plots: That the Consequence of the Death of Count -_d'Egmont_ in _Flanders_, and of the _Guises_ in _France_, had prov'd -fatal: That if he pardon'd some of them, and chang'd the Sentence of the -others into a Punishment less severe than Death, he should for ever win -theirs, their Friends, and their Kindreds Hearts, and bind them to his -Service by the Ties of Gratitude: but yet, That notwithstanding he -himself was inclin'd to Mercy, he had assembled his Council to know -their Opinions, and to follow that which should seem the most -reasonable, and the most just. - -The Marquiss _de Ferreira_ was the first who spoke, and was for having -them executed without delay: he represented, That in such cases as these -Justice only ought to be consulted, and that Mercy was most dangerous: -That Pardon would seem not so much the Effect of the Goodness, as -Weakness of the Prince, or the Fear of their threatning powerful -Friends: That if these should go unpunish'd, it would bring the -Government into Contempt, and encourage their Relations to deliver them -out of Prison, or perhaps to carry Matters farther: That now, at his -Accession to the Crown, he ought, by an Example of Severity, to deter -others from ever attempting the like. He urg'd farther, That they were -Traitors not only to the King, but also to the State, whose present -Constitution they had endeavour'd to subvert: That he ought rather to -hearken to the Justice which he ow'd his People, and punish these -Criminals, than to his own Inclination of forgiving them, especially at -a time when his Preservation and the publick Safety were inseparable. - -The whole Council being of the same opinion, the King yielded, and the -next day Sentence was executed. The Archbishop of of _Lisbon_ being -willing to save one of his Friends, came to the Queen, and sollicited -her for a Pardon, with all the Assurance of a Man, who thought that -nothing could be deny'd him, and that his former Services might claim a -much greater Favour. But the Queen, who was convinc'd of the Justice and -absolute Necessity of their suffering the Law, and how much a -Distinction of this nature would incense the Friends and Relations of -the rest, answer'd the Archbishop in few words, but with such a Tone, as -made him see it would be in vain to urge his Request any farther; "My -Lord, the only Favour I can now grant you, is to forget that you ever -ask'd me this." - -The King, unwilling to disoblige the Clergy, and especially the Court of -_Rome_, who had not as yet acknowledg'd him King, or receiv'd his -Ambassadors, would not suffer the Archbishop of _Braga_, or the Grand -Inquisitor, to be executed, but condemn'd them to a perpetual -Imprisonment; where the Archbishop shortly after died of a violent -Fever, a Disease often fatal to State-Prisoners, who for some politick -Reason must not be led to open Execution. - -Nothing could be equal to the Surprize of _Olivarez_, when this News was -brought him; he could not imagine by what means the King of _Portugal_ -had discover'd their Design, nor would it ever have been known, had not -an Accident happen'd, which made him see that it was the Marquiss -_Daiamonti_, who had unravel'd the dark Design, and acquainted the King -with it. - -This Prince still kept a very good Correspondence with the Enemies of -_Spain_, his Ports were open to the Fleets of _France_ and _Holland_; he -had a Resident at _Barcelona_, and encourag'd the revolting -_Catalonians_: in short, he did all he could to weaken _Spain_, not only -by increasing the Rage of its Foes, but also by endeavouring to raise up -new ones. To this end, he had already inclin'd the Duke _de Medina -Sidonia_, his Brother-in-law, to rebel; whom the Marquiss _Daiamonti_, a -_Castilian_, and their mutual Confidant, at length entirely seduced. -This Nobleman was, as has been before observ'd, nearly related to the -Queen of _Portugal_, and the Duke of _Medina_: He was Governour of a -Place at the Mouth of the _Guadiano_, and just on the Frontiers of -_Portugal_, which made it easy for him to keep a good Correspondence -with that Court; nor did he question, but that by being serviceable to -two such powerful Families, he should easily make his own Fortune. He -was valiant, enterprizing, hated the first Minister, and at the same -time did not in the least value his Life; a Quality so very necessary -to those who embark themselves in any dangerous Design. - -He wrote privately to the Duke, to congratulate him upon the Discovery -of the Archbishop's Plot, and the Preservation of the Life of the Queen -his Sister, and all the Royal Family; he at the same time observ'd how -grateful it must be to him to see the Crown of _Portugal_ one day adorn -the Head of his Nephews, which made that Kingdom a sure Refuge for him -in time of Distress: which perhaps might be too near at hand, since he -could never reckon himself safe while _Olivarez_ was at the head of -Affairs, whose only aim was to ruin all the Grandees; nor was it to be -suppos'd that the crafty Statesman would long leave him Governour of so -large a Province, and in the Neighbourhood of _Portugal_: That he would -advise him seriously to reflect on all these things, and let him know -his Resolutions; to which end he should send him a Person in whom he -could confide, and to whom they both might safely trust their Secret. - -The Duke was naturally proud and ambitious, and with Envy had beheld his -Brother-in-law raising himself to the Throne; nor would he, on his side, -willingly neglect any Opportunity of doing the like. Believing by what -the Marquiss said, that he had some very advantageous Proposal of this -kind to make him, he sent _Lewis de Castile_, his Confidant, to -_Daiamonti_, who seeing his Credentials, at once open'd his Mind, and -bid him remember with what ease the Duke of _Braganza_ had made himself -Master of the Crown of Portugal; nor could there ever be a more -favourable time for the Duke of _Medina Sidonia_ to do the like, and -make himself independent of the Crown of _Spain_. - -After this he represented the Weakness of that Kingdom, which was -exhausted by the Wars which the _French_ and _Dutch_ had continually -waged against them: That _Catalonia_ now employ'd all its Forces, nor -would the King know how to help himself, should _Andalusia_ rise in Arms -against him, and the War be thus carry'd into the very Heart of the -Kingdom: That the People would certainly side with him, being always -fond of a new Government; besides which, they had reason enough to -complain of the old one, which had so oppress'd them with Taxes, and -extorted such vast Sums from them: That the Duke of _Medina_ was as well -beloved by the _Andalusians_, as the Duke of _Braganza_ was at the time -of the Revolution by the _Portuguese_: That the only thing which now -remain'd to be done, was to gain all those, who, under him, were -Governours of Towns and Forts, without entrusting them with the Secret, -which might be done; and to fill all Places of Trust with his surest -Friends: That as soon as the Galloons, which were expected from the -_Indies_, arriv'd, he should seize them, and the Riches which were on -board would defray the Expences of this Enterprize: That the King of -_Portugal_, with his Allies, should have a Fleet ready to enter _Cadiz_, -and there land a sufficient Number of Forces, to subdue those who would -unseasonably shew their Loyalty to _Spain_. - -_Lewis de Castile_ being return'd to his Master, gave him a faithful -Account of all that had pass'd between him and the Marquiss. The Duke, -dazled with the Prospect of a Crown, resolv'd to hazard every thing, -rather than fail of obtaining one. He was chief Commander there both by -Sea and Land, as Captain-General of the Ocean, and Governour of the -Province, in which he also had a very large Estate, and several Towns -under his own immediate Jurisdiction. This seem'd very much to -facilitate his Design, and made him believe, that it was in his power to -put a Crown upon his Head whenever he pleas'd. - -Upon this he sent _Lewis de Castile_ back to the Marquiss, that they -might together agree upon the properest Measures of accomplishing their -Project, and especially of engaging the Crown of _Portugal_ to lend them -all the Assistance it possibly could. Mean while, he himself was -disposing every thing for the intended Revolution; he put his own -Creatures in all those Places where their Assistance would be most -serviceable to him; he frequently would pity the Soldiers, who were not -paid as they ought to be, and the People, who were over-burden'd with -excessive Taxes. - -The Marquiss _Daiamonti_ was well pleas'd to see the Duke in that -Disposition he had long wish'd to see him in; he wanted to acquaint the -King of _Portugal_ with it, but was unwilling to trust to Letters, and -fear'd he could not send a Messenger so privately, but that the Court of -_Spain_ might discover it, and have just cause to mistrust his Fidelity: -However, at last he cast his eyes upon a crafty and intriguing Monk, who -for love of Money, or hope of Preferment, would undertake any thing; he -was call'd Father _Nicholas de Valasco_, of the Order of _St. Francis_. -No one could be fitter for his purpose, since in the Countries where the -Inquisition is, this Habit is so much respected, that no one would dare -to pry into his Actions, and observe his Steps. - -As soon as he had receiv'd his Instructions, he came to _Castro-Marino_, -the first Town on the Frontiers of _Portugal_, pretending to ransom some -_Castilian_ Prisoners which were detain'd in _Portugal_. The King, who -had notice given him of it, by a Letter from the Marquiss _Daiamonti_, -was desir'd to seize him, and bring him to Court: This was accordingly -done; he was arrested as a Spy, loaded with Chains, and brought to -_Lisbon_ as a State-Criminal, whom the Ministry themselves would -examine; where he was immediately cast into Prison, and seemingly -watch'd very strictly: some time after he was set at liberty, since upon -Examination it appear'd, that his only Intent was to ransom some -_Castilian_ Prisoners; and partly, to make him amends for his former ill -Usage, he was permitted to come to Court, to treat with the proper -Officer about it. - -The King saw him himself several times, and promis'd him, that as a -Reward of his Industry and faithful Service, he would give him a -Bishoprick. The Monk, flatter'd with the hopes of the Mitre, would never -stir from the Palace; he made his court to the Queen, and was always -waiting upon the Ministers: He wanted to be let into all the -State-Intrigues, and did all he could to shew what Credit he had at -Court; and thus, without directly revealing his Secret, he betray'd it -by his Pride and Inconsiderateness. It plainly appear'd, that the -Severity of his Prison was only a blind, and the Examination of the -Ministry a pretence to introduce him into Court. Many and various were -the Conjectures which were made about his real Business there; but at -last a _Castilian_, who was Prisoner at _Lisbon_, discover'd the whole -Intrigue. - -This _Castilian_, nam'd _Sancho_, was a Creature of the Duke of _Medina -Sidonia_'s, and, before the late Revolution, Pay-Master of the _Spanish_ -Army in _Portugal_. He, with the rest of his Countrymen who were taken -up at that time, groan'd in Confinement, nor had they any prospect of -Liberty; but hearing of this Monk, and being inform'd of his Country, -his extravagant Conduct, his Credit at Court, and several other -Circumstances, which made it plain that he was there employ'd in some -secret Business; he thought he had now an opportunity of obtaining his -Liberty, and with this hope he wrote the Monk a long Letter, full of -Expressions fit to sooth his Vanity; in it he complain'd, that the King -of _Portugal_ detain'd him in Prison, (with the other _Castilians_) who -was a Servant and Creature of the Duke his Brother-in-law: and to -confirm it, he sent him several Letters, wrote to him by that Prince -himself some little time before the Revolution, in which he treated him -as one in whom he repos'd an entire Confidence. - -The _Franciscan_ answer'd _Sancho_'s Letter, and assur'd him, that -nothing could recommend him more to him, than his belonging to the Duke -of _Medina_; that he would use all his endeavour to procure him his -Liberty, but in the mean time he must take care not so much as to open -his mouth about it. The _Spaniard_ waited some days for the Effect of -his Promise, and at last sent him a second Epistle, in which he -represented, that seven Months were expir'd since he was cast into -Prison; that the _Spanish_ Minister seem'd to have quite forgotten him, -since he neither talk'd of ransoming or exchanging him; and that -therefore he had no hopes of Liberty left, but what were built upon the -Charity and Interest of the Reverend Father. - -The Monk, who thought he should very much oblige the Duke of _Medina_, -by procuring _Sancho_ his Freedom, begg'd it of the King, and obtain'd -it. He went to the Prison himself, to fetch him out of it, and offer'd -to have him included in a Passport, which was to be given to some of the -Dutchess of _Mantua_'s Servants, who were then returning to _Madrid_. -But the crafty _Castilian_ answer'd him, that _Madrid_ was a Place to -which he could never more return; that he must not pretend to appear at -Court, unless he desir'd to be thrown into Prison again, seeing that -_Olivarez_ was so severe and unjust, that he would expect his Accounts -to be made up, altho in the late Revolution he had been stript not only -of his Money, but had had his Books also taken from him: To this he -added, that he desir'd nothing more than to be near the Duke of -_Medina_, his Patron, who was both able and willing, he did not -question, to advance him. - -The _Franciscan_ wanting somebody whom he could trust his Secret to, and -by whom he might give the Marquiss _Daiamonti_ a strict Account of his -Negotiation, cast his eyes upon the _Castilian_, who seem'd very much -attach'd to the Interest of the Duke of _Medina_. To this end he -detain'd the _Spaniard_ some time, pretending that he could not as yet -procure him a Passport, tho his Intent was to observe him, and see -whether or not he was a Person fit to be entrusted. Their being -frequently together begat an intimate Acquaintance, which they both -mutually desir'd; the Monk, that he might engage the _Spaniard_ to serve -him; and the _Spaniard_, that he might make himself Master of the Monk's -Secret. - -This holy Man, like the rest of his Brethren, puff'd up with Vanity, -could not forbear one day telling his Friend, that he would not long see -him in that Garb in which he was, that he had a Bishoprick promis'd -him, and that he did not despair of obtaining the _Roman_ Purple. -_Sancho_, to make him prattle the faster, pretended that he did not -believe a word of what he said. The Fryar laugh'd at his Incredulity: -"And I suppose, _continued he_, you would not believe me neither, if I -should tell you, that the Duke of _Medina_ will shortly be a King." The -other, to get the Secret quite out of him, urg'd the Impossibility of -it; upon which the Monk told him the whole Story: That _Andalusia_ must -in a little time acknowledge the Duke for their Sovereign: That the -Marquiss _Daiamonti_, who had also discover'd the _Spanish_ Plot to the -King of _Portugal_, was the chief Negotiator and Instrument of this -intended Revolution: That he should shortly see strange Alterations in -_Spain_, and that he had now an opportunity of making his Fortune only -by being secret, and taking care to deliver some Letters from him to the -Duke and Marquiss. - -_Sancho_, well pleas'd at the Discovery of this Secret, which he had -long labour'd to get out of him, renew'd his Protestations of Fidelity -and Secrecy, and his Offers of Service; and having taken _Velasco_'s -Letters, told him, that he should be proud of the Opportunity of serving -the Prince, and hoped that he should be thought worthy of the Honour of -bringing him an Answer. Upon this the _Castilian_ set out for -_Andalusia_, but was no sooner got into the _Spanish_ Territories, than -he took the _Madrid_ Road; and as soon as he arriv'd, went strait to -the Minister's House, and sent him word that _Sancho_, Pay-Master of the -Army in _Portugal_, was just escaped out of Prison, where he had been -confin'd by the Usurper, and had some important Business to communicate -to him. - -It was a very hard matter to gain Access to _Olivarez_, who had his set -Hours of granting Audience, and at which time he sent word the -Pay-Master must return. Enrag'd at this Refusal, _Sancho_ cry'd he must, -he would speak to him; that his Business was no Trifle, but the Safety -of the Kingdom depended on its being immediately reveal'd. - -This being told _Olivarez_, he order'd him to be admitted: _Sancho_ -enter'd the Room, and threw himself at his feet, crying the Kingdom was -sav'd from the Ruin which threaten'd it, since he had gain'd Admittance -to one, in whose power it was to prevent it; then told the whole Story -of the Duke of _Medina_'s Intent, encourag'd in it by the King of -_Portugal_, and persuaded to it by the Marquiss _Daiamonti_, his Design -of seizing upon the Galloons, and of making the Soldiers of _Andalusia_ -turn their Arms against their King: to justify all which, he deliver'd -those Letters given him by the _Franciscan_ for the Duke and Marquiss, -and which contain'd the Scheme of the Conspiracy. - -_Olivarez_, was so surpriz'd at the Strangeness of this News, that he -could not for some time utter a word, but at last recovering himself, he -prais'd _Sancho_ for his Loyalty, and told him that he deserv'd a -double Reward, not only as he had reveal'd the Plot, but also as he had -not been afraid to discover it even to the nearest Relation of the chief -Conspirator. Then order'd he the _Spaniard_ to be conducted into a -private Apartment, and be debarr'd the liberty of speaking to any one. - -Mean while the Minister went into the King's Apartment, and told him all -that _Sancho_ had related, and shew'd him the Letters which he had -deliver'd him. - -Never was Prince in a greater Consternation than _Philip_ was, long had -he observ'd and dreaded the haughty Carriage of the _Gusmans_; and as -the Loss of _Portugal_, which he thought was owing to the Dutchess of -_Braganza_, was still fresh in his Memory, he could not forbear telling -_Olivarez_, in a reproachful manner, that all the Misfortunes which the -_Spaniards_ had lately suffer'd, they were beholden to his Family for. -This Prince wanted neither Wit or Judgment, but he was so addicted to -Pleasure, that he would never apply himself to any thing that carry'd -the face of Business, but would rather have lost half his Dominions, -than be oblig'd to quit his indolent and effeminate manner of Living: -Wherefore having vented his Passion in this Reproach, he gave the -_Franciscan_'s Letters back to _Olivarez_, without so much as opening -them; ordering him to have them examin'd by a Committee, compos'd of -three Members of his Privy-Council, who should make their Report to -him. - -This was all that _Olivarez_ desir'd, for now he could give the Business -what Turn he pleas'd. He chose three of his own Creatures for the -Commissioners, into whose hands the Letters were put, and by whom -_Sancho_ was examin'd several times; all their Aim was to acquit the -Duke of _Medina_, to which end _Olivarez_, himself came to _Sancho_, and -affecting an affable Behaviour, and an extraordinary Kindness for the -Man; "How, my dear _Sancho, said_ he, shall we contrive to acquit the -Duke of _Medina_ of a Crime, which is testify'd only by the Letters of -an unknown Monk, and who probably was bribed by the Duke's Enemies to -lay this to his charge; for certain it is, that never Governour of -_Andalusia_ discharg'd his Duty better, both towards the King and his -Province." - -_Sancho_, who was fully persuaded of the Truth of his Deposition, and -fear'd that any of the Criminals should be acquitted, lest he should -lose his hoped-for Reward, still maintain'd, that he was well assur'd -that there was an horrid Conspiracy form'd against the Government in -favour of the Duke, who was also at the head of it; that the Marquiss -_Daiamonti_ was the Contriver of the Plot; and that he himself had read -several of their Letters, which were shewn him by the _Franciscan_, and -was certain, that if _Olivarez_ did not prevent it in time, all -_Andalusia_ would be up in Arms, to make their Governour their Monarch. - -_Olivarez_, very unwilling that this Business should be too narrowly -search'd into, took an opportunity of telling the King, that the Monk's -Letters had been decypher'd and examin'd, and that he really believ'd -him to be some Wretch who had been bribed to calumniate the Duke; for -there was no Letter of his produc'd, nor did _Sancho_ make any formal -Deposition against him. However, as it was impossible to be too cautious -in such a case as this, his Opinion was, that the Duke must be artfully -drawn to Court, for if he had any such Design on foot, it was not safe -to arrest him in _Andalusia_; that some Forces must be sent to _Cadiz_, -under a new Governour; that the Marquiss _Daiamonti_ must be taken up at -the same time, and if they were found guilty, his Majesty might deliver -them over to the Severity of the Law. - -This haughty Minister's Will was not only generally a Law to the -Subjects of _Spain_, but was always one to the King; who told him, that -he should manage this Business as he thought fit, for he left it -entirely to him. Upon this _Olivarez_ sent his Nephew, Don _Lewis -d'Haro_, to the Duke of _Medina_, to tell him what had been depos'd -against him, and with Orders, that guilty or not guilty, he should -immediately come to Court, which if he did, his Pardon should be -granted; but that if he defer'd his Journey, it would no longer be in -his power to procure it. - -This Message thunder-struck the Duke of _Medina_, and he saw himself -under a necessity of obeying, or immediately flying into _Portugal_: but -then considering how ignominious it was to spend his days in Indolence, -and live a banish'd Man, especially in a Country where there was no -Employment worthy of him, and at the same time knowing how great -_Olivarez_'s Power was; he resolv'd to trust him: and set out for -_Madrid_, and with such diligence did he pursue his Journey, that the -King was immediately inclin'd to believe him innocent, or to forgive -him, should he be found guilty. - -Whilst Don _Lewis d'Haro_ was employ'd in this Business, a Messenger was -sent to take up the Marquiss _Daiamonti_; and the Duke of _Ciudad-real_ -march'd into _Cadiz_ at the head of 5000 Men. - -As soon as the Duke of _Medina_ arriv'd at _Madrid_, he went and -alighted at _Olivarez_'s House, to whom he confess'd the Conspiracy, -shew'd him the Scheme by which they were to proceed, but cast all the -Odium of it upon the Marquiss. _Olivarez_ that instant introduc'd him -into the King's Closet, where he threw himself at his Majesty's feet, -and with Tears confess'd his Crime, and begg'd his pardon. _Philip_, who -was of a soft and compassionate nature, mix'd his Tears with the Duke's, -and easily forgave him. But as it would have been very imprudent to have -expos'd him to the same Temptation a second time, he was order'd to stay -at Court; part of his Estate was also confiscated, the King being -sensible, that had he not been too rich, and too powerful, he would -never have made an Attempt of this kind: and a Governour and a Garison -were plac'd in _Saint Lucar de Barameda_, the Town in which the Dukes of -_Medina Sidonia_ generally resided. - -_Olivarez_, to persuade the King that his Relation's Repentance was -sincere, advis'd him to send a formal Challenge to the Duke of -_Braganza_; which he refus'd at first, objecting that both Divine and -Human Laws forbad Duels. But _Olivarez_ persisting in his Resolution of -having one sent, _Medina_ reply'd, that he could not in Conscience come -to this Extremity with his Brother-in-law, unless the King would obtain -a Bull from the Pope, which should secure him from the Censure of the -Church, which always excommunicated Duelists. - -_Olivarez_ answer'd him, that this was not a time for Scruples of -Conscience, but that he must now think of satisfying both the King and -People of the Sincerity of his Repentance; that in short it was no -matter whether he would fight or not, provided he would not disown a -Challenge, which he would publish in his Name. The Duke, who now plainly -saw that _Olivarez_'s Intent was only to amuse the People, consented to -it, and the Minister drew up one himself. Several of them were sent into -_Portugal_, as well as into most Courts of _Europe_. A Copy of it may -probably not be displeasing to the Reader, who will be surpriz'd to see -a Challenge, which by its Length, Formality, and Stile, would better -have became a Knight-Errant of old, than such a Prince as the Duke of -_Medina Sidonia_ was. - -[Illustration] - - - - - Don _GASPAR ALONCO Perez de Gusman_, Duke of _Medina Sidonia_, - Marquiss, Earl, and Baron of _Saint Lucar de Barameda_, Captain - General of the Ocean, of the Coasts of _Andalusia_, and of the - Armies of _Portugal_, Gentleman of the Bed-Chamber to his Catholick - Majesty; - - Whom God Preserve. - - -_Whereas nothing has been more conspicuous to the whole World, than the -treasonable Practices of ~John~ late Duke of ~Braganza~; Be also_ -_his damnable Intentions known, of seducing and tainting with Disloyalty -the faithful Family of the ~Gusmans~, which ever has been, and for the -future ever shall be most true and loyal to the King their Master, in -whose Service so many of them have shed their Blood. This Usurper has -endeavour'd to insinuate into the Minds of Foreign Princes, as well as -of his own Rebel ~Portuguese~, that I would aid and assist him, and -enter into his Measures; hoping thereby to keep up the Spirits of those -who have join'd with him, and to put me out of favour with the King my -Master, (whom God preserve) thinking that by these means he should -alienate my Duty and Affection from my Master, and then I should consent -to his cursed Designs, without that Repugnance_ _which he has found in -me. And the better to accomplish his Design, he has made use of a Monk, -who was sent by the Town of ~Daiamonti~ to ~Castro-Marino~ in -~Portugal~, to treat about the Ransom of a prisoner: which Monk being -carried to ~Lisbon~, was suborn'd, and persuaded to give out that I -was engag'd in the Conspiracy, and that I would permit any Foreign Army -to land in ~Andalusia~, to favour their Designs: and to give the -better colour to his Story, he shew'd some forg'd Letters, and which he -pretended to have receiv'd from me._ - -_All this was done with a Design to persuade several Princes to send him -some Forces, and would to God they had, that I might have shewn my -Loyalty, by destroying them and their_ _Ships; which will easily appear -to have been my Intent, by the Orders which I left on all the Coasts._ - -_These things have been a sore Affliction to me; but what grieves me -still more, is, that his Wife should be my Sister, whose Blood I would -gladly shed, since by Rebellion tainted and corrupted, that I might give -an evident Proof of my Loyalty to my King, and efface all those -Suspicions, which these Rumours may have imprinted in the Minds of the -People._ - -[Sidenote: 1641.] - -_For these Reasons therefore I challenge the said ~John~ late Duke of -~Braganza~, as being a Traitor both to God and his King, and invite -him to meet me in Person, and in single Combat try our Fortune, with or -without Seconds, and arm'd in_ _what manner he please; the Place shall -be near ~Valentia d'Alcantra~, which is on the Frontiers both of -~Castile~ and ~Portugal~, and where I will wait for him four-score -Days, from the first of ~October~ to the nineteenth of ~December~ of -this present Year. The twenty last Days I will wait for him in Person, -and on the time which he shall appoint I will enter the Lists; which -time, though it be long, I give him, not only that he the said Tyrant, -but also that all ~Europe~, nay, that the whole World may know it. To -this end, I will send Ten Chevaliers a League within ~Portugal~; as -also, he shall send Ten a League within ~Castile~, as Hostages, and on -that day I will shew him the Heinousness and Baseness of his Crime._ - -_But if he the said ~John~ late Duke of ~Braganza~, should fail -meeting me, to give me Gentleman-like Satisfaction, and thereby deprive -me of the Opportunity of shewing my Loyalty to the King my Master, and -the natural Hatred which our Family has to Traitors; I offer (with -Submission to his Catholick Majesty, whom God preserve) my good Town of -~St. Lucar de Barameda~, which always has been the Seat of the Dukes -of ~Medina Sidonia~, to any Man who shall kill him. To which end, I -beg of his Catholick Majesty, that I may not have any longer the Command -of the Army which is to march against him, being so transported with -Rage, that I should not be Master of that Sedateness and Conduct, which -are so necessary to_ _a General; but that his Majesty would give me -leave to be only at the head of a Thousand of my own People, on whose -Courage, as well as my own, I may rely, that in case the said Usurper -should not accept my Challenge, we may bring him dead or alive to his -said Majesty. And that I may not be thought to be wanting in my Duty to -my King, I offer one of my best Towns to the first Governour, or other -Officer, belonging to the Usurper, who will surrender any Place to the -King my Master; never thinking that I can do enough for his Service, -since to him, and to his glorious Ancestors, I owe all that I enjoy._ - - Given at _Toledo_ the 29th of _September_, 1641. - - - - - -[Illustration] - - -According to his Promise, the Duke of _Medina_ appear'd in the Lists, -follow'd by Don _John de Garray_, Lieutenant-General of the _Spanish_ -Cavalry; there the Duke of _Braganza_ was summon'd in a formal manner: -But that Prince was too prudent to play a part in this Farce; or had the -thing been of a more serious nature, a Sovereign Prince was not to -venture his Life against a Subject of his Enemy. - -Whilst _Olivarez_ amus'd the People in this manner, he was also taking -care to turn the Resentment of the King and People upon the Marquiss -_Daiamonti_, whom he intended to prove the only guilty Person: to this -end he flatter'd him with the Hopes of a Pardon, and that, as well as -the Duke of _Medina_, he should taste the Bounties of a merciful Prince, -provided he would be open in his Confession; but that Kings, like God, -whose Images they were, never forgave any, but those who heartily and -sincerely repented them of their Crimes. - -The Marquiss trusting to this Promise, which the Duke of _Medina_'s -Example gave him no room to doubt of, sign'd a Paper which _d'Olivarez_ -brought him, and which he immediately put into the hands of those who -were to try him. Upon this Confession of his he was indicted, and -condemn'd to be beheaded. When the Judge pass'd Sentence, he heard it -without the least Concern, or so much as murmuring at _Olivarez_ or the -Duke. That same Night he supp'd as heartily as usual, and when they came -to lead him to Execution the next Morning, he was still asleep. He -ascended the Block without speaking one word, whilst a Contempt of Death -might be read in his Looks, and died with a Courage and Resolution -worthy of a better Cause. Such was the end of a Conspiracy, from which -the King of _Spain_ escaped meerly by Accident, or rather by a Decree of -Providence, which cannot connive at Crimes of this nature, and will -seldom suffer Treachery to prevail. - -The King of _Portugal_ seeing this Project miscarry, resolv'd to -maintain himself on the Throne no longer by such clandestine Means, but -by open Force, and the Assistance of his Allies. _France_ seem'd -particularly to take the House of _Braganza_ under its Protection, as -being the most antient Branch of their own Royal Family. - -The foreign War so employ'd the _Spanish_ Forces, that the _Portuguese_ -had always the advantage over them, and they drove them still farther -from their Frontiers. The King might easily at that time have enter'd -into the very Center of _Castile_, had he had a good General, and -disciplin'd Soldiers; but his Army was chiefly compos'd of Militia, -fitter to make sudden Incursions into the Enemy's Country, than to bear -the Fatigue of a regular Campaign. Another thing that hinder'd his -making a greater Progress with his Army, was, that he had not Money -enough to pay them, and consequently not Forces enough on foot; for as -at his coming to the Crown, he had taken off all Taxes from the People, -that they might the better relish his Government, and had only his own -Estate to defray the Expences of the War; nor would he ever venture to -lay new Taxes upon them. But this Want of his was partly recompens'd by -the Necessity of _Spain_, who at that time had no better Generals than -the _Portuguese_, and whose Treasures, towards the latter end of -_Philip_ the Fourth's Reign, were exhausted. - -On the sixth of _November_, 1656. died this Prince: in all the Encomiums -and Panegyricks made upon him by the _Portuguese_, he is celebrated for -his Piety and Moderation. Foreign Historians upbraid him with Cowardice, -and report, that he always distrusted both himself and others; that it -was a difficult point, especially for the Grandees, to get Access to -him; and that he was free with no one but his ancient domestick -Servants, especially with one that was always in company with his -Confessor. In short, from what we can gather of his Life, he was a -peaceable and religious Prince, and endow'd with Qualities which would -better have became a private Gentleman than a Monarch; so that we can -attribute his being rais'd to the Throne only to the inveterate Hate -which the _Portuguese_ bore the _Castilians_, and to the Ambition, -Courage, and Counsels of his Queen, whom by his last Will he nam'd -Regent of the Kingdom during his Son's Minority; not doubting but that -one who could raise herself to a Throne, would not want Courage to -preserve it for her Children. He left behind him two Sons and a -Daughter; the elder of the Sons was Don _Alphonso_, of a peevish and -melancholy Temper, who had quite lost the Use of one Side, and was at -the time of his Father's Death near thirteen Years old: Don _Pedro_, the -younger, was but eight: Donna _Catharina_ their Sister, was older than -either of them, and was born before the Revolution. - -Don _Alphonso_ was immediately shewn to the People, and proclaim'd King, -and the Queen took the Regency upon her. This Princess would willingly -have signaliz'd herself by some glorious Action, but the Commanders of -the _Portuguese_ Army were fitter for Soldiers than Generals, and there -was not an Officer amongst them, who was Engineer enough to know how to -fortify a Place, or besiege a Town. Nor was there a Man in the -Privy-Council, who could be look'd upon as a Statesman; most of them -could indeed make fine Speeches and elaborate Discourses upon the -Necessities of the State, and the Misfortunes in which it would probably -fall, but never a one of them knew how to prevent or remedy them. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: 1657.] - -To these Evils we must attribute the ill Success of her Arms before -_Olivenza_ and _Badajos_, where the _Spaniards_ obliged them to raise -the Siege. Besides this, they had fallen out with the _Dutch_ about the -Trade to the _Indies_; and the _French_, after the _Pyrenean_ Treaty, -seem'd to have forgotten them. - -The Queen finding herself without any regular Troops, without able -Officers or good Counsellors, and without foreign Alliances, was obliged -by her Courage, Capacity, and Application, to supply the want of all -these; she herself discharg'd the Duty of a Secretary of State, and took -care to keep a good Correspondence with all the Courts of _Europe_, -which might be serviceable to her: In short, had she never encounter'd -all these Difficulties, she could not have reveal'd all those _hidden -Vertues, which shun the Day, and lie conceal'd in the smooth Seasons, -and the Calms of Life_. - -By such Care and Diligence for a long time she sav'd _Portugal_ from -that Ruin which threaten'd it; but _Spain_ now pouring all its Forces in -upon her, she found herself unable to resist them, unless she could -procure better Officers. To this end she cast her Eyes upon _Frederick_ -Count of _Schomberg_, whose Name and Valour were already sufficiently -known. She would willingly have given him the chief Command of the Army, -but was afraid at this juncture of disobliging her Generalissimo; -wherefore she order'd the Count _de Soure_, her Ambassador in _France_, -to treat with the Count _de Schomberg_ about his coming into _Portugal_, -where he should have only the Title of Lieutenant-General; but in case -of the Death or Resignation of the present Commander, he should be made -Generalissimo of all her Forces. - -The Count set out for _Lisbon_ with four-score Officers, and above four -hundred Horsemen, all Veterans, who perfectly understood the Discipline -of an Army, and would upon occasion make good Leaders. - -Before the Count went into _Portugal_, he made a Voyage into _England_, -where he saw King _Charles_ the Second, who was lately restor'd: He had -private Orders from the Regent, to endeavour to discover whether King -_Charles_ might be brought to marry the Infanta of _Portugal_. The Count -negotiated this Business with so much Address, that he made both the -King and Chancellor _Hyde_ desirous of this Alliance. The Queen, -extremely satisfy'd with what he had done, desir'd him to hasten into -_Portugal_, and sent the Marquiss _de Sande_ to conclude the Business. - -[Sidenote: _May 31. 1662._] - -But the King of _Spain_, foreseeing what might be the consequence of -this Match, did all he could to prevent it; he offer'd to give any -Protestant Princess Three Millions for her Portion, provided the King -would marry her; and by his Ambassador propos'd the Princesses of -_Denmark_, _Saxony_, or _Orange_. But the Chancellor represented to the -King how nearly it concern'd him to maintain the House of _Braganza_ on -the Throne, and not let _Philip_ become Master of all _Spain_ and the -_Indies_. His Speech produc'd the desir'd Effect, and King _Charles_ -married the Infanta. Thus did a Protestant Statesman persuade his -Sovereign to marry a Catholick Princess, whilst a Prince of the _Roman_ -Communion, who valued himself in a particular manner upon the Title of -the most Catholick King, offer'd him vast Sums of Money, to engage him -to wed a Protestant. - -Shortly after King _Charles_, by his Mediation, establish'd a Treaty of -Commerce between the States of _Holland_ and the Crown of _Portugal_; -after which he sent a considerable Number of Troops into that Kingdom, -commanded by the Earl of _Inchequin_: but having recall'd him, he -order'd that the Forces should stay under the Command of _Schomberg_; so -that the Count shortly saw himself at the head of the chosen Forces of -three Kingdoms. Not but that there was a _Portuguese_ Generalissimo, or -at least one who had the Title, but the Count had all the Authority, -which he made use of to establish an exact and regular Discipline -amongst the _Portuguese_: He taught them the Order of marching, -encamping, besieging, and regularly fortifying a Town; so that all those -Places on the Frontiers of the Kingdom, which were before naked and -defenceless, soon became capable of making a vigorous Defence. - -The Regent Queen, proud of having met with such a General, carry'd the -War vigorously on, and her Arms were almost every where crown'd with -Success; never were the _Portuguese_ Forces better disciplin'd, the -People bless'd her Government, the Grandees continu'd in perfect -Submission to it through Fear and Respect: but though Fortune favour'd -her abroad, she met with domestick Cares and Troubles, which chang'd the -face of every thing. - -Whilst the Regent was taking care to place the Crown with Surety on her -Son's Head, he, on the other hand, endeavour'd to make himself unworthy -of it, by his irregular Manner of Living; he was mean-spirited, -melancholy, and cruel, could not bear the Authority of his Mother, and -despis'd the Advices of his Governours and Ministers; he always refus'd -the Company of the Lords of his Houshold, and would divert himself with -none but Negroes, Mulattoes, and all the Scum of the _Lisbonite_ Youth: -and spite of the Care of his Governours, he had got a little Court -compos'd of such like People, whom he call'd his Bravoes, with whom he -us'd to scour the Streets at Night, and insult all those who -unfortunately fell into his way. - -This Disorder of Mind had been first caus'd by a Palsy, which had -afflicted him when about four Years of Age, and which had made fatal -Impressions not only on his Limbs, but also on his Brain. Whilst he was -young, his Faults had been wink'd at by his Tutors, who thought that so -infirm a Child could never bear the Fatigues of a severe Education, and -hoped that Time would both strengthen his Body, and sweeten his Temper: -but this Indulgence ruin'd him. 'Tis true, that by the assistance of -Remedies, and help of Time, his Constitution grew stronger, he could -fence, ride, and bear any Fatigue; but his Temper never became better. -His Passions encreasing with his Age, they soon prevail'd over his -Reason, which was but weak, and he gave a loose to Licentiousness and -Debauchery. He would bring common Prostitutes into the Palace, fetch -them himself from the Stews, and very often spend whole Nights amongst -them there. - -The Queen, overwhelm'd with Grief, and fearing that the Irregularity of -her Son would at once destroy the Labours of her whole Life, resolv'd -several times within herself to have him confin'd, and make his Brother -reign in his stead; but dreading to excite a Civil War, which would have -favour'd the _Spanish_ Arms, she dropp'd the bold Design: sometimes she -hoped the King might yet be reclaim'd, especially if he was depriv'd of -the Company of _Conti_, a Merchant's Son, his first Favourite, and -Companion of all his Debaucheries. To this end she had _Conti_ privately -seiz'd, and carry'd on board a Ship which was bound for _Brazil_, with -Orders that he should never return to _Portugal_ on pain of Death. - -The King at first seem'd very much griev'd at the Loss of his Favourite, -but comforting himself by little and little, he was at last pacify'd, -and seem'd very much alter'd for the better, would hearken to Advice, -and paid the Queen an unusual Respect, who was congratulated by the -Ministry and the whole Court, upon the extraordinary Success of her -Enterprize. - -But this apparent Tranquillity and Alteration of the King's, was only a -Veil to cover a deep Design, and of which his Mother never thought him -capable; so that this Princess, who could read in the very Hearts of the -most dissembling Courtiers, was overreach'd by a half-witted Youth. - -The King had complain'd of _Conti_'s Banishment to the Count _de -Castel-Melhor_, a _Portuguese_ Nobleman, of an illustrious Birth, subtle -and insinuating, but fitter to manage a Court-Intrigue, than a Business -of Importance. The Count thought that a fair Opportunity offer'd of -supplying _Conti_'s Place in the King's Favour; wherefore to ingratiate -himself, he deplor'd the Exile's Misfortune, and promis'd to use his -utmost Endeavours to have him recall'd. He told the Prince at the same -time, that it was in his own power to remedy this, or any Grievance of -the like nature; that he was of Age, and had been so a great while; that -he might as soon as he pleased take the Supreme Command upon himself, -then recall _Conti_, and let him triumph over the Queen, and all his -other Enemies. - -The King was pleas'd with this Advice, and determin'd to follow it; the -Count was his sole Confidant and Favourite: however, he desir'd the King -that their Intimacy should still be a Secret, that the Queen might not -suspect him: but it could not be long conceal'd from this Princess, who -meeting him one day in the King's Train, caught him by the Arm, and -staring him in the face with that Majestick Air, which made every one -tremble; "I am inform'd, Count, _said she_, that the King is wholly -govern'd by your Counsels; take therefore good care of him, for if he -does any thing to thwart me, your Life shall answer it." - -The Count, without answering, made a submissive Bow, and follow'd the -King, who call'd him. As soon as he was alone with him, he gave him an -account of what the Queen had said: "I suppose, _continued he_, that I -shall shorty share _Conti_'s Fate, but yet with Joy should I go to -Banishment, could I at the same time see my King shake off the Authority -of an imperious Mother, who will let him enjoy the Title, but never the -Power of a Sovereign." - -This artful Discourse threw the Prince into a violent Passion, and he -would go immediately and take the Royal Authority from the Queen, by -taking the Great Seal, which is the Mark of it; but the Count, who knew -too well what the consequence of this would be, advis'd him to retire to -_Alcantra_, and from thence to send Couriers to the Magistrates of -_Lisbon_, and to all the Governours of Provinces, to let them know that -he was of Age, and had taken the Government upon himself. - -The King approv'd the Counsel, and having that Evening disguis'd -himself, he left the Palace, follow'd only by the Count and a few -Friends. That Night they arriv'd at _Alcantra_, from whence he sent -Orders to the Secretaries of State, and to the _German_ Guard, to come -to him; and at the same time dispatch'd Couriers to every Town of -_Portugal_, to let them know that he was of Age, and by consequence the -Regency of the Queen at an end. - -Most of the Court set out for _Alcantra_, and the Queen saw herself in a -manner forsaken; notwithstanding which, she resolv'd to lay down her -Authority as became her: wherefore she wrote to the King, to ask him the -reason why he took possession of the Throne like an Usurper, that had no -Right to it; and added, that if he would return to _Lisbon_, she would -lay down her Authority in presence of the Grandees and the Magistrates. -The King accordingly return'd, and the Queen having summon'd the -Grandees, Magistrates, and others of the Nobility, to attend her, in -presence of the Assembly took the Seals out of the Great Purse, and -putting them into her Son's Hand, "Here are, _said she_, the Seals, -which, together with the Regency, were entrusted to my Care by the Will -of my late Sovereign Lord: I return them to your Majesty with all the -Authority, which they are the Emblems of; I heartily pray God that you -may make a good use of them, and that your Reign may be as prosperous as -I can wish it." The King took the Seals, and gave them to the first -Secretary of State; after which the Prince, and all the Grandees, kiss'd -his Hand, and acknowledg'd him their Sovereign. - -The Queen Dowager had given out, that she intended in six Months time to -retire into a Convent, but that six Months she would spend at Court, to -see what Measures the young King would take. But the Favourite Count, -who still dreaded that Princess, who knew her tow'ring Genius, and was -sensible of the natural Sway which a Mother has over the Mind of her -Son, persuaded the King to treat her most inhumanly, that by frequent -Affronts he might oblige her to leave the Court much sooner than she -intended. The Queen, who was of a haughty Temper, could not bear to be -thus us'd, but immediately threw herself into a Convent; where, being -fully satisfy'd of the Vanities of human Greatness, she spent the -Remainder of her Time, which was scarce a Year, in preparing herself for -another World, and died on the eighteenth of _February_, 1666. lamented -by the whole Nation: for never was there a Princess of a more -extraordinary Genius, or more amply endow'd with all the Vertues -requisite to either the one or the other Sex. Whilst on the Throne, she -shew'd a truly great and heroick Soul; when she quitted it for a -religious Life, she seem'd entirely to have forgotten what Pomp and -Grandeur were, and all her Ambition then was to deserve Heaven. - -The King, who now saw himself fully at liberty, and no longer fear'd the -prudent Queen's just Reproofs, gave a loose to his Passions, and -indulg'd his pernicious Inclinations. He would scour the Streets at -Night with his Bravoes, and abuse every one he met with; nor did the -Watch fare better than their Neighbours. Never a Night did he ramble, -but the next Morning tragical Histories were publish'd, of several who -had been wounded or murder'd in the Streets; and People fled before him -with greater Fear than they would before a hungry Lion, just broke loose -from his Den. - -The Count _de Castel-Melhor_ was his first Minister; he was an -intriguing, insinuating Courtier, but far from being an able Statesman: -haughty in Prosperity, fawning and timorous in Adversity. In his hands -were the Reins of the Government, the King reserving no Authority to -himself, but that of doing what mischief he pleas'd unpunish'd; nor did -the Count ever make it his business to reclaim him, well knowing that -the King's Follies and his Authority were inseparable. - -The _Spaniards_ flatter'd themselves with the Hopes of easily reducing -_Portugal_, whilst it had such a Monarch as Don _Alphonso_. To this end -they sent a strong Army against it, under the Command of Don _John_ of -_Austria_, natural Son to _Philip_ IV. The King of _Portugal_ sent -_Schomberg_ to oppose him, notwithstanding the Count _de Villa-Flor_ had -the Title of Generalissimo. And to the Count of _Schomberg_'s Courage -and Conduct it was that Don _Alphonso_ ow'd the Preservation of his -Crown: He beat the _Spaniards_ several times, notwithstanding what -_Villa-Flor_ did; who, jealous of his Glory, endeavour'd all he could -to cross his Measures, and had effectually done it, had not -_Schomberg_'s Interest been greater both at Court and in the Army, which -joyfully obey'd the Commands of their brave Leader, who always led them -to a certain Victory. - -_Castel-Melhor_ did all he could to persuade the People, that this happy -Success was owing to him; though if the Truth had been search'd into, it -would have appear'd that all he could justly boast of, was his being the -first Man to whom the News was sent. By these means the Minister's -Credit encreas'd, and he actually enjoy'd the Sovereign Authority. The -King was nothing but a piece of Clock-work, whose Springs he could wind -up, and put into what Motion he pleas'd. The Barbarity of his Temper he -made use of, to ruin and destroy all those of whom he was jealous; -amongst these were the greatest part of the late Queen's Ministry: so -that there was a strange Alteration at Court, all Places were fill'd -with the Count's Creatures; nor could any one hope for Favour, but those -who took care to please the Favourite. _Melhor_ went farther than this, -for _Conti_ being recall'd, he got him banish'd a second time; for no -sooner was he landed, but the King sent him an Express, to congratulate -him upon his safe Arrival, and _Melhor_, by the same Express, sent him -Orders not to come near the Court: such a Sway had this Minister over -his Sovereign, that he durst not contradict his Orders, but for fear of -dipleasing him, was obliged to see _Conti_ in private. The Count had -notice of it, and fearing that should their antient Intimacy be renew'd, -there would be no place left for him in the King's Favour, had him -accus'd of a Design upon the Prince's Life; and tho there were no -Witnesses found, no Proofs, no Probabilities of his Guilt, yet Sentence -of Banishment was pass'd upon him. - -The Count, no longer apprehensive of _Conti_, began to consider how he -should secure his Interest at Court, in case of any Accident. To this -end he endeavour'd to ingratiate himself with Don _Pedro_, the King's -Brother, but a Prince of a quite different Character: His Soul was truly -great, and his Inclinations noble; his Actions princely, and his manner -of Living regular: the _Portuguese_ admir'd, or rather ador'd him, for -he had not his own Vertues only, but his Brother's Vices also, to set -him off. - -To this end, _Melhor_ plac'd a Brother of his in the Prince's Houshold, -and bad him do all he could to insinuate himself into his Master's -Favour, as he had into the King's; hoping by these means to govern both -the Princes. - -Don _Pedro_ us'd him with all the Civility imaginable, and shew'd him -more than common Respect; but as for giving him any place in his Favour, -or Confidance, he could not; the whole was taken up. The late Queen -having always look'd upon her younger Son as the Hopes and Support of -her Family, she had taken care to put about him none but those, whose -Wisdom, Learning, and Integrity might entitle them to a share of the -Prince's Love; such were his Governours, and of such chiefly was his -Houshold compos'd. These had taken care to let the Prince know, that he -need not despair of one day wearing the Crown of _Portugal_, for that -there was no great likelihood of his Brother's ever having any Children; -but at the same time they told him, that there was nothing but _Melhor_ -was capable of doing, to keep him from inheriting the Crown, since he -was well assur'd that he must never hope for any share in the Ministry, -when Don _Pedro_ should ascend the Throne. - -By degrees these different Views and Interests divided the Court into -two Cabals; the Count indeed had the greatest Number on his side, there -being more who love to swim with the Stream, than against it. But the -ablest Statesmen, who plainly saw that so violent and arbitrary a -Government could not last long, with all the Grandees, and the best of -the Nobility, who would not cringe to such a Favourite as the King's -was, were always about the Prince, to whom they paid their Respects as -to the Heir apparent. - -The Count being sensible that the Hope of the adverse Faction was -founded upon the Infirmity of the King, determin'd to destroy it at -once, by marrying him; and by his Advice a Match was propos'd and -concluded between the King and _Mary-Elizabeth-Frances_ of _Savoy_, -Daughter to _Charles_ Duke of _Nemours_, and _Elizabeth de Vendome_. -_Cæsar d'Estrées_, a Relation of hers, Bishop and Duke of _Laon_, and -known all over _Europe_ by the Name of the illustrious Cardinal -_d'Estrées_, conducted her into _Portugal_, accompany'd with the -Marquiss _de Ruvigni_, the _French_ Ambassador, and several other -Persons of Quality. - -This Marriage was celebrated with all the Pomp and Magnificence -imaginable. The whole Court admir'd the young Queen's extraordinary -Beauty, but no one was more sensibly affected with it than the Prince. -The King was the only Person who seem'd regardless of her Charms, and -who by his Indifference soon convinc'd the whole Nation, that he had -taken the Name of a Husband, but was not capable of discharging the Duty -of one. - -Count _Melhor_ had at first flatter'd himself with the Hopes of -governing the Queen as well as the King, but soon found that she had too -great a Spirit for such a Submission. Enrag'd at this, he resolv'd to -lose no Opportunity of revenging himself, all publick Business was -carefully hid from her, all her Desires were cross'd; her Recommendation -certainly excluded any Person from the Place to which she recommended -him. Shortly after, neither the Expences of her Houshold, nor her own -Pensions were paid, under pretence that the War and other Necessities of -the State had exhausted the Royal Treasury. And so insolent was this -haughty Minister to every body, to the Prince himself, but especially to -the Queen, that she has been often seen coming out of the King's -Apartment bath'd in Tears. - -Her Beauty, her Merits, her Misfortunes, and the Complaints of all the -Ladies of the Court, and the Officers of the Queen's Houshold, whose -Salaries were stopp'd, touch'd the Hearts of all those who had not an -immediate Dependence on the Minister; and these form'd a third Party at -Court, where nothing now was talk'd of but the Improbability of the -Queen's having any Children, tho she had not yet been married a Year. - -What encreas'd every one's Suspicion, was the Report which was spread of -a private Door, which by the King's Order was made in the Queen's -Chamber, and open'd just against her Bed-side, and of which he himself -kept the Key. The Queen was alarm'd at the Novelty of the thing, and the -Danger to which she saw her Honour expos'd. And many concluded, that -this was an Artifice of _Melhor_'s, who, notwithstanding the Infirmity -of the King, was nevertheless resolv'd that the Queen should have -Children. - -The poor unfortunate Princess discover'd her Apprehensions to her -Confessor, with Orders to impart them to the Prince's. These two -Religious Men advis'd them to unite their Cabals, and go hand in hand -together in a Matter so much the Concern of them both. The Count of -_Schomberg_ was easily drawn into this Party, and the Prince took care -to make himself beloved by the Magistrates of the City, and all those -who had any influence over the People. - -It would have been a very easy matter to have push'd the King from out -his Throne, had he not had a Minister to support him, who was ambitious, -could govern the King as he pleas'd, make him do any thing, and who -would spare no pains to preserve himself at the head of Affairs; the -only way therefore of compassing their Ends, was to remove this Man, -which was at last brought about in this manner. One of his Friends was -bribed to tell him, that the Prince had swore he would sacrifice him, if -he continued any longer at Court. The Count upon this Information -doubled the Guards, arm'd all the Officers of the Household, and would -have had the King go at the head of them, and seize the Prince. But as -furious as the King was in his Midnight-Revels and Debauches, he had not -Courage enough to attempt any thing of this nature, justly fearing that -he should meet with no small Resistance. Wherefore he only wrote a -Letter to the Prince, to order him to come to the Palace. He excus'd -himself, objecting that he could not come whilst the Count was at Court, -who had spread so many Stories to his disadvantage, and endeavour'd all -he could to blast his Reputation; besides which, the Count was Master of -the Palace, and that therefore he fear'd he could not be in safety -there. Several Letters pass'd between the King and Prince; the former -offer'd, that _Melhor_ should come, and on his Knees beg his pardon. -But this was not what the Prince wanted, and he openly refus'd to come -to Court till _Melhor_ was banish'd from it. - -The News of this had put _Lisbon_ into a strange Confusion, and a Civil -War was just breaking out; but _Melhor_ with grief perceiv'd that -_Schomberg_ favour'd the other Party, and that the Grandees of the -Kingdom had all unanimously declar'd themselves in favour of the Prince; -who, assisted also by the Queen's Friends, grew too powerful for him. -Nay, _Melhor_'s very Relations, and those whom he had rais'd, forsook -him, and told him, that if he must sink, he should sink alone. Wherefore -disguising himself, he by Night escaped from the Palace, and retired to -a Monastery seven Leagues from _Lisbon_; which he soon after left, to -seek a sure Refuge in the Court of _Turin_. - -Upon this the Prince immediately came to the Palace, to pay his Devoirs -to the King; every thing fell under his Management, and he soon -dispersed all the late Favourite's Creatures. The King, destitute of -Counsel, lay at the Prince's mercy, who had a Design upon, but durst not -as yet touch his Crown, for fear of being thought an Usurper; but waited -with patience till it should be given him by Lawful Authority, that is, -by a Decree of the States of the Kingdom. - -But then it was in the King's power only to call together this Assembly -of the States, which he was often advis'd to do, there being an -absolute Necessity of their Meeting, to remedy the present Grievances of -the Nation. - -The King was not so weak, but he plainly perceiv'd that this Advice was -given him, with a design to transfer the Royalty from himself to his -Brother; wherefore he long refus'd it, but was at last so press'd to it -both by his Council, and by different Petitions from several Parts of -the Kingdom, that he call'd them together, and they were order'd to meet -on the first of _January_, 1688. - -The Prince having obtain'd this, which he look'd upon as a sure step to -the Throne, gave the Queen notice, that it was time for her now to -appear, and play her part. Upon which she immediately retired into a -Convent, and wrote a Letter to the King, to tell him, that she thought -herself in Conscience obliged to quit the Palace, since he was not -capable of being her Husband; that he was very sensible that their -Marriage was never consummated, and that therefore she begg'd that he -would repay her her Portion, and give her leave to return to her -Country, and amongst her own Relations. - -Upon the Receipt of this Letter, the King in a great Rage flew towards -the Convent, to fetch the Queen back to the Palace by force; but the -Prince, who foresaw the Effect of her Message, took care to be at the -Convent-Door, with all the Nobility, and told his Brother this was a -Place too sacred to have any Violence us'd in it, and persuaded, or -rather forc'd the King to return to the Palace, who all the way -complain'd of being calumniated, and was for bringing half the -Prostitutes of _Lisbon_ to prove his Virility, and swore that he would -be reveng'd both on the Queen and the Prince. - -[Sidenote: _Nov. 23. 1667._] - -But Don _Pedro_ was not in the least frightned at his Menaces, knowing -that the whole Power of the Kingdom was in his own hands; and the next -Morning (thinking it unsafe to delay the mighty Work any longer) order'd -the Council to assemble, and follow'd by the Nobility, the Magistracy, -and a whole Crowd of People, who wanted to see the Event of this -Business, he went into the Palace to them; and after a short Debate, an -Order was sent by the Prince to arrest the King, who shortly after this -sign'd his own Abdication. - -Notwithstanding this, the Prince would not take any other Title, but -that of Regent; under which Name the States of the Kingdom took the Oath -of Allegiance to him. - -[Sidenote: _Febr. 13. 1668._] - -The next thing he did, was to secure a Peace with _Spain_; the King of -_England_ made himself their Mediator, and _Spain_, by a solemn Treaty, -acknowledg'd the Crown of _Portugal_ independent of the Crown of -_Spain_. - -[Sidenote: _Nov. 22. 1667._] - -[Sidenote: _Mar. 24. 1668._] - -But one thing was still wanting to compleat the Regent's Happiness: he -loved his Sister-in-law; who, as soon as she was got into the Convent, -had presented a Petition to the Chapter of the Cathedral of _Lisbon_, -to desire them, during the Vacancy of the Holy See, to declare her -Marriage void; since, notwithstanding fifteen Months Cohabitation with -her Husband, it had not been consummated. The Chapter, without waiting -for any farther Proof, immediately declar'd the Marriage void. - -[Sidenote: _March 2. 1668._] - -[Sidenote: _Dec. 10. 1668._] - -By these means the Regent saw himself at liberty to marry his -Sister-in-law; however, he was advis'd, for fear of scandalizing any -one, to get a Dispensation from the See of _Rome_. Just at this time the -Cardinal _de Vendome_, Legate _à Latere_, was order'd by the See to put -on the Papal Dignity, that he might assist as Pope at the Christening of -the Dauphin of _France_; from him was the Dispensation obtain'd, which -Mr. _Verjus_ arriv'd with in _Portugal_ about the time that the Chapter -pronounced their Sentence. All which Accidents falling out together, -made some People imagine that they were premeditated. The Bishop of -_Targa_, Coadjutor to the Archbishop of Lisbon, married them in virtue -of this Brief, which was afterwards confirm'd by Pope _Innocent_ IX. - -Don _Alphonso_ was banish'd to the Isle of _Tercera_, which belongs to -the _Portuguese_. This something displeas'd the People, who generally -pity the Unfortunate, and who now cry'd out, that it was enough to rob -him of his Wife and Crown, without driving him from his Country; but -however, no one dar'd speak to the Regent about it. He continued in this -Exile till the Year 1675, at which time the Regent recall'd him, being -inform'd that there were some discontented People contriving how to -fetch him from _Tercera_, and reinstate him in the Throne. He died not -far from _Lisbon_, 1683, and at his Death Don _Pedro_ was proclaim'd -King; a Title he would not, during his Brother's Life, accept, and the -only thing of which he had not depriv'd that unfortunate Prince. - - - _=FINIS=._ - -[Illustration] - - - - -[Illustration] - - -INDEX. - - - A. - - Abdalla, _King of ~Morocco~_, 5. - - Acugna, _Archbishop of ~Lisbon~, his Character_, 24. - _His Speech to the Confederate Nobility_, 25. - _Is made Lord-Lieutenant of ~Portugal~ after the Revolution_, 65. - - Aiamonti, _a ~Castilian~ Nobleman, related to the Queen of - ~Portugal~_, 76. - _Negotiates a Business between the King of ~Portugal~ and the - Governour of ~Andalusia~_, ibid. - _Discovers the ~Spanish~ Plot_, 85. - _His Character_, 91. - _Writes to the Duke of ~Medina Sidonia~, to persuade him to - revolt_, 92. - _Is seiz'd as a Traitor_, 104. - _Deceiv'd by ~Olivarez~_, 114. - _His Courage when led to Execution_, 115. - - Alba, _the Duke of, General to ~Philip II.~ King of ~Spain~, - conquers ~Portugal~_, 12 - - Almada, _a Castle near ~Lisbon~_, 29 - - Almada, _~Antonio~ and ~Lewis~, two of the Conspirators_, 25 - - Almanzor, _the Caliph, conquers ~Spain~_, 2 - - Almeida, _one of the chief Conspirators, his Character_, 24. - _Is deputed with two more to confer with the Duke of - ~Braganza~_, 30 - - Alphonso VI. _King of ~Castile~ and ~Leon~, gives ~Portugal~ - in Dowry with his Daughter to ~Henry~ Count of ~Burgundy~_, 3 - - Alphonso, _Son to the former, first King of ~Portugal~_, 4 - - Alphonso VI. _King of ~Portugal~, is but thirteen Years old when - his Father dies_, 117. - _His Character_, 121. - _Debaucheries_, 122. - _Retires to ~Alcantra~_, 124. - _Takes the Government upon himself_, 125. - _Marries ~Mary-Elizabeth-Frances~ of ~Savoy~, Princess of - ~Nemours~_, 130. - _Signs his Abdication_, 136. - _Is banish'd to ~Tercera~_, 137. - _Recall'd, and dies near ~Lisbon~_, 138 - - Antonio, _Grand-Prior of ~Crato~, pretends to the Crown of - ~Portugal~_, 10. - _Is proclaim'd King by the People, and defeated by the Duke of - ~Alba~_, 12 - - Aviedo, _the Duke of, an Officer in ~Africa~ under ~Don - Sebastian~_, 9 - - - B. - - Baeze, _a rich ~Jew~ of ~Lisbon~, drawn into the Conspiracy against - the King of ~Portugal~_, 84. - _Sends Letters for the other Conspirators_ - _into Castile_, ibid. - _Is examin'd, and confesses_, 88 - - Baynetto, _an ~Italian~ Nobleman, arrested at ~Lisbon~_, 62 - - Braganza, _Don ~James~ Duke of, claims the Crown of ~Portugal~ at - the Death of the Cardinal King_, 10. - _But does not assert his Right by Force of Arms_, 12 - - Braganza, _~Theodossus~, Son to the former, his Character_, 15 - - Braganza, _Don ~John~, Grandson to Don ~James~, his Character_, 15. - _Stratagems us'd to draw him out of ~Portugal~_, 17. - _Is made Governour of that Kingdom, and General of the ~Spanish~ - Forces in it_, 18. - _~Olivarez~'s Design to arrest him when on board the Admiral's - Ship_, ibid. - _All Governours of Forts and strong Places order'd to seize him_, 19. - _He disappoints them_, 20. - _Comes to ~Lisbon~_, 29. - _His Answer to the Confederate Nobility_, 32. - _Is proclaim'd King_, 56. - _Endeavours to make the Governour of ~Andalusia~ rebel against the - King of ~Spain~_, 76. - _His Death and Character_, 116 - - Braganza, _~Louisa de Gusman~, married to Don ~John~, her - Character_, 33. - _Her Answers to the Duke when he talk'd about his Restoration_, 36. - _Her Answer to the Archbishop of ~Lisbon~, when he begg'd the Life - of a Traitor_, 90. - _Is made Regent_, 117. - _Engages the Earl of ~Schomberg~ to come and command her Forces_, - 118. - _Marries her Daughter to King ~Charles II.~ of England_, 119. - _Her Speech to the Count ~de Castel-Melhor~_, 124. - _To her Son when she resign'd the Regency_, 125. - _Retires into a Convent, and dies_, 126 - - - C. - - Camino, _the Duke of, assists at the King's Coronation_, 72. - _Conspires against him_, 80. - _Is arrested_, 86. - _Executed_, 90 - - Cardenas, _Don ~Didaco~, Lieutenant-General of the ~Spanish~ - Cavalry, is arrested at ~Lisbon~ at the time of the - Revolution_, 62 - - Castel-Melhor, _Favourite and first Minister of State to ~Alphonsus - VI.~ King of ~Portugal~, his Character_, 123. - _Persuades the King to take the Government upon himself_, ibid. - _To affront the Queen his Mother, that she might retire from - Court_, 126. - _Places his Brother near the Prince_, 129. - _Marries the King_, 130. - _Yet cannot agree with the Queen_, 131. - _Persuades the King to go himself and arrest the Prince_, 133. - _Is forc'd to leave the Court, and fly to ~Turin~_, 134 - - Catherine _of ~Austria~, Regent of ~Portugal~ during the Minority - of Don ~Sebastian~_, 4 - - Catherine de Medicis _pretends to the Crown of ~Portugal~_, 11 - - Catherine, _Daughter to King ~John IV.~ of ~Portugal~, married to - King ~Charles II.~_, 119 - - Castro-Marino, _a Town in ~Portugal~_, 95 - - Challenge _sent to the King of ~Portugal~_, 107 - - Cherifs, _a Law of theirs_, 5 - - Ciudad-real, _the Duke of, enters ~Cadiz~ with ten thousand Men_, 104. - - Conti, _the Son of a Merchant of ~Lisbon~, ~Alphonsus~'s first - Favourite_, 122. - _Is banish'd by the Regent Queen into ~Brazil~_, ibid. - _Recall'd by the King, but banish'd again by ~Castel-Melhor~_, 128 - - Correa, _a Clerk of ~Vasconcellos~'s, runs out as the Conspirators - are coming up to the Secretary's Apartment_, 56. - _And receives several Stabs, but does not die_, 57. - _Conspires against the King of ~Portugal~_, 81. - _And is executed with the other Traitors_, 90 - - Coreo, _a Citizen of ~Lisbon~, an Instrument of the Revolution_, 43 - - Coutingno, _Don ~Gaston~, during the time of the Revolution delivers - the Prisoners_, 63 - - - D. - - Del Campo, _Governor of the Citadel of ~Lisbon~, surrenders to the - Confederate Nobility_, 64 - - Diego Garcez Palleia, _a Captain of Foot, defends ~Vasconcellos~ for - some time_, 57 - - Daiamonti, _vid. ~Aiamonti~_. - - - E. - - Estrees _related to the young Queen of ~Portugal~, Bishop and Duke - of ~Laon~, and known by the Name of the Cardinal ~d'Estrees~_, 130 - - Evora, _the People of, rise in a tumultuous manner, and declare - themselves for the House of ~Braganza~_, 16 - - - F. - - Ferdinand de Castro, _Comptroller of the Navy-Office, arrested at - ~Lisbon~ at the time of the Revolution_, 62 - - Ferdinand de la Cueva, _Governour of the Citadel of ~St. John~'s, - surrenders upon Terms_, 71 - - Ferreira, _the Marquiss of, is of opinion that all the Traitors ought - to be executed_, 89 - - - G. - - Goa, _and all the other Places in ~India~ and ~Africa~, which - formerly belong'd to ~Portugal~, revolt from the King of - ~Spain~, and acknowledge the Duke of ~Braganza~_, 77 - - Garray, _Don ~John~, Lieutenant-General of the ~Spanish~ Forces, - Second to the Duke of ~Medina~_, 114 - - George, _Brother to the Lord ~Ranger~, a Conspirator_, 25. - _Reveals the Conspiracy to a Relation_, 52 - - - H. - - Hamet, _Brother to ~Muley-Moluc~, King of ~Morocco~, commands the - Army_, 8 - - D'Haro, _Don ~Lewis~, Nephew to ~Olivarez~_, 103 - - Henry, _Count of ~Burgundy~, Son to ~Robert~ King of ~France~, - drives the ~Moors~ from ~Portugal~_, 3 - - Henry, _Cardinal and Archbishop of ~Evora~, succeeds Don - ~Sebastian~_, 10. - _Refuses to name his Successor_, 12 - - Hyde, _Chancellor of ~England~, persuades King ~Charles II.~ to - marry the Infanta of ~Portugal~_, 119 - - - I. - - Jews _conspire against the King of ~Portugal~_, 82 - - Inchequin, _General of the ~English~ Forces in ~Portugal~_, 120 - - Inquisitor, _the ~Grand~, conspires against the King_, 81. - _Is arrested_, 86. - _And condemn'd to perpetual Imprisonment_, 90 - - John, _Don, Prince of ~Portugal~, Son to King ~John III.~ dies - before his Father_, 4 - - John, _Don, of ~Austria~, natural Son to ~Philip IV.~ King of - ~Spain~, and General of the Troops sent against ~Portugal~_, 127 - - Julian, _an ~Italian~ Nobleman, invites the ~Moors~ into - ~Spain~_, 2 - - - L. - - Lemos, _a Merchant of ~Lisbon~, and an Instrument of the - Revolution_, 43 - - Lewis de Camara, _a Jesuit, Tutor to Don ~Sebastian~_, 4 - - Lewis de Castile, _is sent by the Duke of ~Medina~ to the Marquis - ~Daiamonti~_, 92. - _Returns back to the Duke_, 94 - - - M. - - Margaret _of ~Savoy~, Dutchess of ~Mantua~, Vice-Queen of - ~Portugal~_, 14. - _Complains of ~Vasconcellos~'s Conduct_, 40. - _Endeavours to appease the Confederate Nobility_, 59. - _Is confin'd_, 61. - _Removes to ~Xabregas~-House_, 67 - - Mattos, _Don ~Sebastian de Norogna~, Archbishop of ~Braga~, and - President of the Chamber of ~Opaco~_, 24. - _Conspires against the King of ~Portugal~_, 78. - _Confesses his Crime_, 88. - _Dies in Prison_, 90 - - Mello, _Lord ~Ranger~, one of the Conspirators_, 25. - _Cuts the ~Spanish~ Guard to pieces_, 55. - _Acquaints the Duke and Dutchess of ~Braganza~ with the Success - of their Enterprize_, 69 - - Mendoza, _another of the chief Conspirators_, 25. - _Meets the Duke of ~Braganza~ in a Forest, and confers with him_, 39. - _Goes with ~Mello~ to ~Villa-viciosa~_, 69 - - Menezes, _~Alexis~, Governour to Don ~Sebastian~_, 4 - - Menezes, _~Antonio~, his Answer to the Vice-Queen_, 60 - - Medina Sidonia, _~Gaspar Perez de Gusman~, Duke of, Brother-in-law to - the King of ~Portugal~, resolves to have himself crown'd King - of ~Andalusia~_, 92. - _Sends his Confidant to the Marquiss ~Daiamonti~_, 94. - _His Intent discover'd_, 100. - _Is sent for to the Court of ~Spain~_, 103. - _And pardon'd_, 104. - _He challenges the King of ~Portugal~_, 107 - - Monsano, _the Count ~de~_, 72 - - Muley Mahomet, _flies to the Court of ~Portugal~ for Refuge_, 5. - _Goes into ~Africa~ with Don ~Sebastian~_, 7. - _Is drown'd in the River ~Mucazen~_, 10 - - Muley Moluc, _takes possession of the Kingdom of ~Morocco~_, 5. - _Gives the Command of the Army to his Brother ~Hamet~_, 8. - _Dies during the Battle_, 9 - - - N. - - Norogna, _one of the Confederate Nobility, his passionate Answer to - the Vice-Queen_, 61 - - - O. - - Olivarez, _the Duke of, of the House of the ~Gusmans~, first - Minister to ~Philip IV.~ King of ~Spain~_, 13. - _His Policy_, ibid. - _Orders the Duke of ~Braganza~ to come immediately into - ~Spain~_, 47. - _His artful way of acquainting the King with the Revolution_, 74. - _Obtains the Duke of ~Medina~'s Pardon_, 104. - _And then makes him challenge the King of ~Portugal~_, 105 - - Ozorio, _Don ~Lopez~, the ~Spanish~ Admiral, has private Orders - to seize the Duke of ~Braganza~, and bring him into - ~Spain~_, 18 - - - P. - - Parma, _the Duke of, pretends to the Crown of ~Portugal~_, 10 - - Pelagus, _founds the Kingdom of ~Leon~_, 3 - - Pedro, _Don, Prince of ~Portugal~, his Character_, 129. - _Is misused by Count ~Castel-Melhor~_, ibid. - _Arrests the King_, 136. - _Is declared Regent_, ibid. - _Marries the young Queen_, 137. - _After his Brother's Death is proclaim'd King_, 138 - - Philip II. _King of ~Spain~, claims the Crown of ~Portugal~_, 10. - _Takes possession of it by force of Arms_, 12 - - Philip IV. _King of ~Spain~, his Character_, 101. - _Offers King ~Charles~ three Millions to marry a Protestant - Princess_, 119 - - Pinto Ribeiro, _Comptroller of the Duke of ~Braganza~'s Houshold, - his Policy_, 22. - _His Answer to a Friend_, 56. - _Is not promoted by the King_, 76 - - Portugal, _its Description_, 1. - _Acknowledg'd to be a Kingdom independent of the Crown of - ~Spain~_, 136 - - Portuguese, _their Character_, 2 - - Puebla, _the Marquiss of, Major-Domo to the Vice-Queen, is arrested - at the time of the Revolution_, 62 - - - R. - - Richelieu, _the Cardinal of_, 32 - - Roderick, _the last King of the ~Goths~ who reign'd in - ~Portugal~_, 2 - - Ruvigni, _the Marquiss of, the ~French~ Ambassador, accompanies the - Princess of ~Nemours~ into ~Portugal~_, 131 - - - S. - - Saa, _Lord-Chamberlain, one of the Conspirators_, 25. - _Shoots ~Vasconcellos~ thro the Head_, 58 - - Saldaigni, _another of the Conspirators_, 62 - - Sancho, _Paymaster of the ~Spanish~ Troops in ~Portugal~, is - detain'd Prisoner there_, 96. - _Discovers to ~Olivarez~ the Duke of ~Medina~'s Intent to - revolt_, 100 - - Sande, _the Marquiss of, sent into ~England~ by the Regent of - ~Portugal~ to conclude the Match between the Infanta and King - ~Charles II.~_, 119 - - Savoy, _~Philibert-Emanuel~, Duke of, pretends to the Crown of - ~Portugal~_, 10 - - Schomberg, _~Frederick~, Count of, is invited by the Queen of - ~Portugal~ to be her General_, 118. - _Takes his way thro ~England~, and treats of a Marriage between - the Infanta and King ~Charles~_, 119. - _Beats the ~Spaniards~ during the Regent's time_, 120. - _As also under the Reign of ~Alphonso~_, 127 - - Soarez d'Albergaria, _the Corregidor, is kill'd at the time of the - Revolution_, 56 - - Soure, _the Portuguese Ambassador in ~France~, treats with - ~Schomberg~_, 118 - - - T. - - Tubal, _the ~Portuguese~ pretend to be descended from him_, 2 - - - V. - - Vasconcellos, _Secretary to the ~Spanish~ Regency in - ~Portugal~_, 14. - _His Haughtiness and Cruelty_, 26, 27. - _Is killed in the Revolution_, 58. - _His Character_, 59 - - Velasco, Nicholas de, _of the Order of ~St. Francis~, is sent by the - Marquiss ~Daiamonti~ into ~Portugal~_, 95. - _His Pride and Inconsiderateness_, 96. - _Discovers his Business to ~Sancho~, who betrays him_, 99 - - Villa-Flor, _the ~Portuguese~ Generalissimo_, 127 - - Villa-Viciosa, _the Seat of the Dukes of ~Braganza~_, 16 - - Villareal, _the Marquiss of, assists at the King of ~Portugal~'s - Coronation_, 72. - _Conspires against him_, 80. - _Is arrested_, 86. - _And executed_, 90 - - Villenes, _her Behaviour and Speech to her Sons_, 54. - - - X. - - Xabregas, _a Palace of ~Lisbon~_, 67 - - - _The End of the Index._ - - - - - _BOOKS Printed, and Sold, by ~W. 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Never printed before. Adorn'd with -various Cuts relating to the several Games. The sixth Edition, with -large Additions. 5 _s._ - - -_Now in the Press, and will speedily be Publish'd, the following BOOKS._ - -1. Archæology: or, Thoughts of the antient Philosophers, concerning the -Original of Things. Written in _Latin_ by Dr. _Burnet_ of the -_Charter-house_, Author of _The Theory of the Earth_, and translated by -several Hands. - -2. Novels, Stories, and Tales, written by _Margaret de Valois_, Queen of -_Navarre_, never printed in _English_ before. - -3. The Jealous Lovers; or, the Mistakes: Written originally in -_Spanish_, by that famous Dramatick Poet _Lopez de Vega_. - -4. The two Queens of _Brentford_, or _Bayes_ no Poetaster; being the -Sequel of the _Rehearsal_, a Comedy. - -5. The _Grecian_ Heroine, or the Fate of Tyranny, a Tragedy. - -6. The Triumphs of _Bacchus_, an Opera. - -7. The _Athenian_ Jilt, or intriguing Cullies. - -8. The Plague of Impertinence, or a Barber a Fury. - -9. _Socrates_ and _Timandra_, or Love the best Philosopher: With several -Poems and Songs. These 6 last written by Mr. _D'Urfey_. - - - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote A: Jo. Marianæ Histor. Hispania illustrata. Hist. de Turquet. -Reusendius de Antiq. Monarchia Lusitana. Connestag. Philippus Rex -Lusitaniæ. Histoire de Portugal, par Monsieur de la Neufvil. Lusitan. -Vindic. Caëtan Passar de Bello Lusita. Portugal Restaurado de Menezes. -Siry Mem. Recond. Mercure François. Troubles de Portugal. Mem. d'Ablan.] - -[Footnote B: _Cardinal_ Richelieu.] - -[Footnote C: Ad hæc politicas Artes, bonos & malos Regiminis Dolos, -Dominationis Arcana, humani Latibula ingenii, non modo intelligere -Mulier, sed & pertractare quoque ac provehere, tam Naturâ quam -Disciplinâ mirificè instructa fuit. Caëtan. Passar. de Bello Lusitan._] - -[Footnote D: Macedo _tells us, that it was Don_ Antonio d'Almada.] - -[Footnote E: _The Judge in Capital Cases._] - - - - -Transcriber's notes: - -gesspert is indicated with = - -antiqua font is indicated with ~ - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Revolutions of Portugal, by Abbot De Vertot - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVOLUTIONS OF PORTUGAL *** - -***** This file should be named 43852-8.txt or 43852-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/8/5/43852/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Matthias Grammel and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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