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diff --git a/43791-h/43791-h.htm b/43791-h/43791-h.htm index 715ddc3..678c5e8 100644 --- a/43791-h/43791-h.htm +++ b/43791-h/43791-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Natural Philosophy, by Wilhelm Ostwald. @@ -165,47 +165,7 @@ div.tnotes {background-color: #eeeeee; border: 1px solid black;} <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Natural Philosophy, by Wilhelm Ostwald - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Natural Philosophy - -Author: Wilhelm Ostwald - -Translator: Thomas Seltzer - -Release Date: September 22, 2013 [EBook #43791] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NATURAL PHILOSOPHY *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, John Welch and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43791 ***</div> <div class="tnotes covernote"> <p>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> @@ -262,7 +222,7 @@ RAHWAY N. J. <p class = "p6 underspaced"> The original of this book was published -as volume I in Reclam's <span class="smcap">Bücher der +as volume I in Reclam's <span class="smcap">Bücher der Naturwissenschaft</span>. </p> <hr class="chap" /> @@ -1784,8 +1744,8 @@ be equally false to assert that it was the sieves that by experience we have found a proposition of the content, If A is, then B is also, the two concepts A and B generally consist of several elements which -we will designate as a, a´, a´´, a´´´, etc., and as b, -b´, b´´, b´´´. Now the question arises, whether or +we will designate as a, a´, a´´, a´´´, etc., and as b, +b´, b´´, b´´´. Now the question arises, whether or not all these elements are essential for the relation in question. It is quite possible, in fact, even highly probable, that at first only a special instance of the @@ -1797,7 +1757,7 @@ which are not at all requisite to the appearance of B.</p> <p>The general method of convincing oneself of this is by eliminating one by one the component parts of -the concept A, namely, a, a´, a´´, etc., and then seeing +the concept A, namely, a, a´, a´´, etc., and then seeing whether B still appears. It is not always easy to carry out this process of elimination. Our greater or less ability to conduct such investigations depends @@ -1810,22 +1770,22 @@ which we can influence. In the latter case one or another factor is usually found which can be eliminated without the disappearance of B, and then we must proceed in such a way as to form a corresponding -new concept A´ from the factors recognized as +new concept A´ from the factors recognized as necessary (which new concept will be more general than the former A), and to express the given -proposition in the improved form: If A´ is, then B +proposition in the improved form: If A´ is, then B is also.</p> <p>Quite similar is the case with the other member of -this relation. It often happens that when a, or a´´, -a´´´ is found, somewhat different things appear, which +this relation. It often happens that when a, or a´´, +a´´´ is found, somewhat different things appear, which do not fit the concept as first constructed. Then we must multiply the experiences as much as possible in order to determine what constant elements are found in the concept B, and to form from these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> -constant elements the corresponding concept B´. -The improved proposition will then read: if A´ is, -then B´ is also.</p> +constant elements the corresponding concept B´. +The improved proposition will then read: if A´ is, +then B´ is also.</p> <p>This entire process may be called the purification of the causal relation. By this term we express the @@ -1879,7 +1839,7 @@ cases, and its absence is not noticed because it is not contained in A. Then it is necessary to seek this part, and after it has been found, to embody it in the concept A, which thus passes into the new concept -A´.</p> +A´.</p> <p>This case is the obverse of the former one. Here the more suitable concept proves to be less general @@ -3133,7 +3093,7 @@ linear character of the inner experience is immediately restored. Of certain specially powerful intellects it is recorded that they could keep up several lines of thought for a considerable length of time—Julius -Cæsar, for instance.</p> +Cæsar, for instance.</p> <p>The biologic peculiarity here mentioned of the linear juxtaposition of the contents of our consciousness @@ -3180,7 +3140,7 @@ We see at once that in free groups the number of different orders possible is the greater, the greater the group itself. The theory of combinations teaches how to calculate these numbers which play -a very important rôle in the various provinces of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> +a very important rôle in the various provinces of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> mathematics. The naturally ordered groups always represent a single instance out of these possibilities, the source of which always lies outside the group @@ -4241,7 +4201,7 @@ division. All that can be said, therefore, is that the length must lie <i>between n and <span class="locked">n + 1</span> units</i>, and even if a definite number is given, the scientifically trained person will supplement this number by the -sign ± <i>f</i>, in which <i>f</i> denotes the possible errors, that +sign ± <i>f</i>, in which <i>f</i> denotes the possible errors, that is, the limit within which the given number may be false.</p> @@ -4611,7 +4571,7 @@ becomes very clear.</p> a nature that there is no special science of time. What we need to know about it appears as part of physics, especially of mechanics. Nevertheless -time plays an essential rôle in <i>phoronomy</i>, a +time plays an essential rôle in <i>phoronomy</i>, a subject which we shall consider presently. In phoronomy, however, time appears only in its simplest form as a one-seried continuous manifoldness.</p> @@ -4776,7 +4736,7 @@ geometry.</p> <p class ="p0">Before we proceed to consider the fundamentals of other sciences, it is well to -make a general résumé of the field so far traversed. +make a general résumé of the field so far traversed. Since the later sciences, as we have already observed, make use of the entire apparatus of the earlier sciences, the mastery of them must be assured in @@ -4903,7 +4863,7 @@ different temperature, and different luminosity, can be traced back always and entirely to the different kinds of energy acting in the geometric space in question. The concept of energy, therefore, -plays approximately the same rôle in the physical +plays approximately the same rôle in the physical sciences as the concept of thing in the formal sciences, and the essentials of this new field of science are the comprehensive knowledge and development @@ -5032,7 +4992,7 @@ to connect with the word substance a tacit secondary sense of ponderability. But this is a remnant of the still very widely spread mechanistic theory of the universe, which, though it has almost -finished its rôle in physics, will presumably continue +finished its rôle in physics, will presumably continue to persist for a long time to come in the popularly scientific consciousness in accordance with the laws of collective thought.</p> @@ -5429,7 +5389,7 @@ future explanation.</p> <p>We need only think of the content of this hypothesis with an unbiased mind to lose all relish for it -at once. In fact, it has no other <i>raison d'être</i> than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> +at once. In fact, it has no other <i>raison d'être</i> than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> the presumption that the mental and the mechanical world are opposed to each other. As soon as we abandon the thesis that the non-mental world is exclusively @@ -6959,7 +6919,7 @@ must inevitably die out.</p></div></div> <li class="indx">Botany, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> -<li class="ifrst">Cæsar, Julius, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> +<li class="ifrst">Cæsar, Julius, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> <li class="indx">Capillary phenomena, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> @@ -8072,387 +8032,6 @@ HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Natural Philosophy, by Wilhelm Ostwald - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NATURAL PHILOSOPHY *** - -***** This file should be named 43791-h.htm or 43791-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/7/9/43791/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, John Welch and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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