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diff --git a/43646-h/43646-h.htm b/43646-h/43646-h.htm index 2e8d653..7cb3b17 100644 --- a/43646-h/43646-h.htm +++ b/43646-h/43646-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Female Warriors, Vol. I, by Ellen C. Clayton. @@ -120,47 +120,7 @@ table { </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's Female Warriors, Vol. I (of 2), by Ellen C. Clayton - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Female Warriors, Vol. I (of 2) - Memorials of Female Valour and Heroism, from the - Mythological Ages to the Present Era. - -Author: Ellen C. Clayton - -Release Date: September 5, 2013 [EBook #43646] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FEMALE WARRIORS, VOL. I (OF 2) *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43646 ***</div> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 518px;"> <img src="images/cover.jpg" width="518" height="800" alt="cover" /> @@ -239,20 +199,20 @@ MADAME RONNIGER.<br /> <tr><td align="center"><br />CHAPTER I.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><div class='hang1'>Mythology—Warlike Goddesses—The Amazons—The Sarmatians—The Machlyes and Auses—The Zaveces—More Modern Tribes of Amazons in Asia and Africa</div></td><td align='right' valign="bottom"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="center"><br />CHAPTER II.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><div class='hang1'>Semiramis, Queen of Assyria—Harpalyce, daughter of Lycurgus, King of Thrace—Atalanta (Argonautic Expedition)—Camilla, Queen of the Volscians—Tomyris, Queen of the Massagetæ—Telesilla the Poetess—The Two Artemisias (I. and II.) Queens of Caria—Mania, Governess of Æolia—Cratesipolis of Sicyon—Arsinoe, Queen of Egypt</div></td><td align='right' valign="bottom"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><div class='hang1'>Semiramis, Queen of Assyria—Harpalyce, daughter of Lycurgus, King of Thrace—Atalanta (Argonautic Expedition)—Camilla, Queen of the Volscians—Tomyris, Queen of the Massagetæ—Telesilla the Poetess—The Two Artemisias (I. and II.) Queens of Caria—Mania, Governess of Æolia—Cratesipolis of Sicyon—Arsinoe, Queen of Egypt</div></td><td align='right' valign="bottom"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="center"><br />CHAPTER III.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><div class='hang1'><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span>Hypsicrates, Queen of Mithridates the Great—Cleopatra—Candace, Queen of Ethiopia—Boadicea and her Daughters—Ancient British, Caledonian, and German Female Warriors—Combats of Roman Ladies—Nero's Amazons—Victoria, Empress of the West—Zenobia, Queen of the East—Empress Hunila, and other Gothic Amazons—Mavia, Queen of Pharan—Pharandsem, Queen of Armenia</div></td><td align='right' valign="bottom"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="center"><br />CHAPTER IV.</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">THE ARABS.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><div class='hang1'>Henda, Wife of Abu Sofian, an Arab Chief—Forka, an Arabian Lady—Woman of Yemaumah—Arab and Greek Heroines at the Siege of Damascus—Khaullah—Prefect of Tripoli's Daughter—Ayesha, Widow of the Prophet—Cahina the Sorceress, Queen of the Berbers—Saidet, Queen of Persia—Turkhan-Khatun, Sultana of Kharezmé—Hadee'yah, title of a Maiden who precedes the Bedouin Arabs in battle at the present day</div></td><td align='right' valign="bottom"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><div class='hang1'>Henda, Wife of Abu Sofian, an Arab Chief—Forka, an Arabian Lady—Woman of Yemaumah—Arab and Greek Heroines at the Siege of Damascus—Khaullah—Prefect of Tripoli's Daughter—Ayesha, Widow of the Prophet—Cahina the Sorceress, Queen of the Berbers—Saidet, Queen of Persia—Turkhan-Khatun, Sultana of Kharezmé—Hadee'yah, title of a Maiden who precedes the Bedouin Arabs in battle at the present day</div></td><td align='right' valign="bottom"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="center"><br />CHAPTER V.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><div class='hang1'>Libyssa and Valasca, Queens of Bohemia—Wanda, Queen of Poland—Moors in Spain—Women of Tudmir—Female Knights of Tortosa—Alleged Origin of the word "Infantry"—Queen Carcas—Elfrida, Daughter of Alfred the Great—Igor, Grand Duchess of Russia—Richilda, Countess of Hainault</div></td><td align='right' valign="bottom"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="center"><br />CHAPTER VI.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><div class='hang1'><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span><span class="smcap">The Crusades</span>—French, German, and Genoese Amazons—Eleonora of Aquitaine—Matilda of Boulogne—Empress Maud—Aldrude, Countess of Bertinoro—Empress Constantia—Nichola de Camville (Barons' Wars)—Blanche of Castille, Queen-Regent of France—Women of Culm—Blanch de Rossi—Black Agnes, Countess of March—Countess de Montfort—Julia du Guesclin—Jane de Belleville, Lady of Clisson—Marzia—Margaret, Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the Semiramis of the North—Fair Maiden Lilliard (Chevy Chase)—Lady Pelham—Philippa, Queen of Denmark</div></td><td align='right' valign="bottom"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="center"><br />CHAPTER VII.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><div class='hang1'>Jeanne d'Arc, the Maid of Orleans.—Margaret de Attendoli, Sister of Sforza—Bona Lombardi and Onorata Rodiana, Female Condottieri—Marulla (Turks in Europe)—Margaret of Anjou—Jeanne Hachette—Doña Aldonza de Castillo, and Doña Maria Sarmiento (Civil Wars in Castile)—Isabel the Catholic—Caterina Sforza</div></td><td align='right' valign="bottom"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><div class='hang1'>Jeanne d'Arc, the Maid of Orleans.—Margaret de Attendoli, Sister of Sforza—Bona Lombardi and Onorata Rodiana, Female Condottieri—Marulla (Turks in Europe)—Margaret of Anjou—Jeanne Hachette—Doña Aldonza de Castillo, and Doña Maria Sarmiento (Civil Wars in Castile)—Isabel the Catholic—Caterina Sforza</div></td><td align='right' valign="bottom"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="center"><br />CHAPTER VIII.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><div class='hang1'><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[xii]</a></span>Maria d'Estrada, and other Spanish Women serving under the command of Cortez—Catalina de Erauso, the Monja Alferez (Nun-Lieutenant)—Doña Maria Pacheco (Confederacy of the Holy Junta in Castile)—Eleonora of Toledo, Grand Duchess of Tuscany—Turks in Hungary—Courage of a Jewess at Buda—Bravery of the Women of Temesvar, Erlau, Valpon, Agria, and Szigeth in Hungary, and of Famagosta in Cyprus—Louise Labé—Mary of Hungary—Granu Weal—<span class="smcap">Female Warriors of the Reformation</span>—Kenan Simonz Hasselaar—Women of Alkmaar—Mary, Queen of Scots—Magdalaine de Saint-Nectaire—Constance de Cezelli—Christine de Lalaing, Princess d'Espinoy—Queen Elizabeth—English and Scottish Heroines—Barbara of Ernecourt (Thirty Years' War)—Christina of Sweden</div></td><td align='right' valign="bottom"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><div class='hang1'><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[xii]</a></span>Maria d'Estrada, and other Spanish Women serving under the command of Cortez—Catalina de Erauso, the Monja Alferez (Nun-Lieutenant)—Doña Maria Pacheco (Confederacy of the Holy Junta in Castile)—Eleonora of Toledo, Grand Duchess of Tuscany—Turks in Hungary—Courage of a Jewess at Buda—Bravery of the Women of Temesvar, Erlau, Valpon, Agria, and Szigeth in Hungary, and of Famagosta in Cyprus—Louise Labé—Mary of Hungary—Granu Weal—<span class="smcap">Female Warriors of the Reformation</span>—Kenan Simonz Hasselaar—Women of Alkmaar—Mary, Queen of Scots—Magdalaine de Saint-Nectaire—Constance de Cezelli—Christine de Lalaing, Princess d'Espinoy—Queen Elizabeth—English and Scottish Heroines—Barbara of Ernecourt (Thirty Years' War)—Christina of Sweden</div></td><td align='right' valign="bottom"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="center"><br />CHAPTER IX.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><div class='hang1'>THE AMAZONS IN SOUTH AMERICA</div></td><td align='right' valign="bottom"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="center"><br />CHAPTER X.</td></tr> @@ -276,7 +236,7 @@ PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.</h2> <li>Hearne's Justin.</li> <li>Murphy's Tacitus.</li> <li>Suetonius (Bohn's Classical Library).</li> -<li>Abbé Guyon. Histoire des Amazones. Paris, 1740.</li> +<li>Abbé Guyon. Histoire des Amazones. Paris, 1740.</li> <li>Rollin. Histoire Ancienne.</li> <li>Grote. History of Greece.</li> <li>Gibbon. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.</li> @@ -295,7 +255,7 @@ PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.</h2> <li>Motley. Rise of the Dutch Republic.</li> <li>Berriat St. Prix. Jeanne d'Arc. Paris, 1817.</li> <li>Lebrun des Charmettes. Hist. de Jeanne d'Arc. Paris, 1817.</li> -<li>Jollois. Hist. Abrégée de la Vie et Exploits de Jeanne d'Arc. Paris, 1821.</li> +<li>Jollois. Hist. Abrégée de la Vie et Exploits de Jeanne d'Arc. Paris, 1821.</li> <li>Prescott. Conquest of Mexico.</li> <li>Ralegh's Guiana. With Introduction and Notes, by Sir Robert Schomburgh (Hackluyt Society).</li> <li>Life of Mrs. Christian Davies, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">alias</i> Mother Ross. London, 1741 (Defoe).</li> @@ -313,8 +273,8 @@ PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.</h2> <li>Bruce's Travels.</li> <li>Winwood Reade. Savage Africa. 1864.</li> <li>Duncan. Travels in Dahomey. 1847.</li> -<li>Captain Burton. Mission to Dahomé. 1864.</li> -<li>Matilda Betham. Cyclopædia of Female Biography.</li> +<li>Captain Burton. Mission to Dahomé. 1864.</li> +<li>Matilda Betham. Cyclopædia of Female Biography.</li> <li>Mrs. Ellet. Women Artists.</li> <li>Fullom. History of Woman.</li> <li>Mrs. Hale. Woman's Record.</li> @@ -670,7 +630,7 @@ Egypt to Greece, about 1550 <span class="small">B.C.</span></p> <p>Lampedo and Marpesia were the first Amazon queens whose names became known beyond their -own dominions. To give greater <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">éclat</i> to their numerous +own dominions. To give greater <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">éclat</i> to their numerous victories, they claimed to be daughters of the God Mars—a common expedient in the olden times. Taking it in turn to defend the frontier and invade @@ -806,7 +766,7 @@ Great, <span class="small">B.C.</span> 66. But the only ground for this assertion consisted in the fact that some painted shields and buskins were found on the battle-field.</p> -<p>If we may believe Herodotus, the Sauromatæ, +<p>If we may believe Herodotus, the Sauromatæ, or Sarmatians, in Scythia, were descended from the Amazons. This historian relates how, after a victory gained by the Greeks over the Amazons near @@ -817,7 +777,7 @@ guards and put them to death. Being totally ignorant of navigation and the management of sails, oars, or rudder, they resigned themselves to the mercy of winds and waves. They were carried to -the Palus Mæotis (the Sea of Azof), where the +the Palus Mæotis (the Sea of Azof), where the liberated Amazons resumed their arms, sprang on shore, and meeting a stud of horses, mounted them, and commenced plundering the natives.</p> @@ -1050,8 +1010,8 @@ Abyssinia.</p> <p>Semiramis, Queen of Assyria—Harpalyce, daughter of Lycurgus, King of Thrace—Atalanta (Argonautic Expedition)—Camilla, Queen of the Volscians—Tomyris, Queen of the -Massagetæ—Telesilla the Poetess—The Two Artemisias (I. -and II.) Queens of Caria—Mania, Governess of Æolia—Cratesipolis +Massagetæ—Telesilla the Poetess—The Two Artemisias (I. +and II.) Queens of Caria—Mania, Governess of Æolia—Cratesipolis of Sicyon—Arsinoe, Queen of Egypt.</p></blockquote> @@ -1265,7 +1225,7 @@ resemble in some respects that of Semiramis. It appears to have been a favourite custom, during the primitive ages, to have children nursed by birds or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> beasts. Harpalyce, daughter of Harpalycus, or -Lycurgus, king of the Amymnæans, in Thrace, +Lycurgus, king of the Amymnæans, in Thrace, having lost her mother during infancy, was fed with the milk of cows and horses. Her father trained her in every manly and warlike exercise, riding, racing, @@ -1305,7 +1265,7 @@ the girl learned many of the habits of her shaggy nurse. But, she also, through constant exercise, acquired marvellous dexterity in using the bow and arrow; and with this weapon she once -slew the Centaurs Rhœcus and Hylæus.</p> +slew the Centaurs Rhœcus and Hylæus.</p> <p>Atalanta was one of those brave warriors who sailed in the Argonautic expedition, <span class="small">B.C.</span> 1263; and @@ -1313,7 +1273,7 @@ throughout the voyage she earned the praises of her comrades by her bravery and military skill. After her return to Greece she assisted in the chase of the Calydonian boar, a savage brute of monster size -who was ravaging Ætolia. She was the first to +who was ravaging Ætolia. She was the first to wound this beast; hence Meleager awarded her the first prize. His uncles, jealous of the honour thus conferred upon a woman, endeavoured to wrest @@ -1332,7 +1292,7 @@ she was at last defeated.</p> distinguished themselves during the siege of Troy; though it is not unlikely that many of the Greek soldiers were secretly accompanied by their wives. -When Æneas landed in Italy, a few years after the +When Æneas landed in Italy, a few years after the fall of Troy, he found, amongst the sovereigns confederated against him, Camilla, the Amazon queen of the Volscians, renowned for her high courage, her @@ -1361,7 +1321,7 @@ slain by a Tuscan chief.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p> <p>Virgil's description of her death is one of the -most beautiful passages in the Æneid.</p> +most beautiful passages in the Æneid.</p> <hr class="tb" /> @@ -1371,11 +1331,11 @@ at the hands of a female general. Many historians describe him as dying peaceably in his bed, surrounded by his family; but others relate that, still thirsting for fresh conquests, he cast his eyes, in an -unlucky moment, on the land of the Massagetæ, a +unlucky moment, on the land of the Massagetæ, a warlike people governed by Queen Tomyris, a widow, and a woman possessing both courage and energy. Her country extended beyond the broad stream of -the Araxes, to the Caucasus. The Massagetæ were +the Araxes, to the Caucasus. The Massagetæ were a savage, hardy race, resembling the Scythians in their mode of life. Agriculture was neglected, and they subsisted entirely upon their cattle and the fish @@ -1388,12 +1348,12 @@ invader.</p> <p>It was against this indomitable race that Cyrus marched, at the head of two hundred thousand men, B.C. 529. By means of a stratagem he was at first -successful. Knowing the Massagetæ to be ignorant +successful. Knowing the Massagetæ to be ignorant of Persian delicacies and the flavour of wine, he spread out a banquet, accompanied with flowing goblets of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> wine; and, leaving a few hundreds of his worst soldiers to guard the camp, retired to some distance. When -the Massagetæ, commanded by Spargapises, nephew +the Massagetæ, commanded by Spargapises, nephew of Tomyris, had taken the camp, they feasted and drank, till, overcome by drunkenness and sleep, they afforded an easy victory to Cyrus. The greater @@ -1419,7 +1379,7 @@ thirst after, yet could never satisfy thy appetite."</p> <hr class="tb" /> <p>A few years prior to the invasion of Greece by -Xerxes, Cleomenes, King of Lacedæmon, who arrogated +Xerxes, Cleomenes, King of Lacedæmon, who arrogated to his state the first rank in Greece, went to war with the people of Argos. Having learned from an oracle that he would be victorious, the Spartan @@ -1513,7 +1473,7 @@ The way she escaped displayed great presence of mind, though it also showed how unscrupulous she was in the choice of stratagems. Closely pursued by an Athenian ship (commanded by Aminias of -Pallene, the brother of Æschylus), escape seemed +Pallene, the brother of Æschylus), escape seemed impossible. But with her customary decision of mind, the queen hung out Grecian colours, and turned her arms against a Persian vessel. This cost<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> @@ -1606,7 +1566,7 @@ liberty.</p> <p>During the reign of Artaxerxes Nmenon, King of Persia, and brother of Cyrus the younger, the -province of Æolia was governed—under the +province of Æolia was governed—under the authority of Pharnabasus, satrap of Asia Minor—by Zenis the Dardanian. When the latter died, Mania, his widow, went to Pharnabasus with @@ -1626,7 +1586,7 @@ not only with her troops, but by her advice. She was a regular attendant at all his councils, and her suggestions contributed to the success of more than one enterprise. The satrap knew how to estimate -her merit; and the Governess of Æolia was treated +her merit; and the Governess of Æolia was treated with greater distinction than any of her fellow-governors.</p> <p>Her army was in better condition than that of @@ -1644,7 +1604,7 @@ family circle. Midias, her son-in-law, thinking it a reproach on him that a woman should command<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> where he was subordinate, strangled her and her son, <span class="small">B.C.</span> 399, and seized two fortresses in which she had -secured her treasures. The other cities of Æolia at +secured her treasures. The other cities of Æolia at once declared against him; and he did not very long enjoy the fruits of his crime. Dercyllidas, commander of the Greek forces in Asia, arrived at this @@ -1811,7 +1771,7 @@ being valiant, she was exceedingly beautiful and highly accomplished, as a queen should be.</p> <p>After the defeat of Mithridates by Lucullus, the -gourmand, on the plains of Cabiræ, <span class="small">B.C.</span> 71, the unfortunate +gourmand, on the plains of Cabiræ, <span class="small">B.C.</span> 71, the unfortunate monarch sent a messenger to the ladies of his court, enjoining them to die by their own hands rather than fall alive into those of the Romans. All obeyed @@ -1867,22 +1827,22 @@ when her brother Ptolemy deprived her of her share in the throne. She withdrew to Syria, raised troops there, and re-entered Egypt at the head of her forces shortly after the battle of Pharsalia. Pompey, routed -by Cæsar, fled to Egypt, where he was assassinated +by Cæsar, fled to Egypt, where he was assassinated by order of the king. Scarcely had he breathed his -last, when Cæsar landed. He assumed the right to +last, when Cæsar landed. He assumed the right to arbitrate between Ptolemy and Cleopatra. The former refused to accept him as referee, and for several weeks -the great Cæsar had to contend with the soldiers of +the great Cæsar had to contend with the soldiers of the king as well as with the infuriated citizens of Alexandria. However, the war was soon terminated by the defeat and death of Ptolemy; and the crown was bestowed upon Cleopatra.</p> -<p>After the assassination of Julius Cæsar, Cleopatra<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> +<p>After the assassination of Julius Cæsar, Cleopatra<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> declared for the Triumvirs, Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus. She prepared a powerful fleet, designing to take the command, and sail to the assistance of -Cæsar's avengers. Violent storms prevented the +Cæsar's avengers. Violent storms prevented the squadron from setting out; but some time subsequently the queen sailed with a well-equipped fleet to join the Triumvirs. Again she was frustrated by @@ -1916,7 +1876,7 @@ her example being followed by nearly all the Egyptian fleet, which numbered sixty ships. Antony, when he saw the queen's galley take to flight, forgot everything but her, and precipitately followed. And thus -he yielded to Cæsar not merely the victory, but the +he yielded to Cæsar not merely the victory, but the Sovereignty of the World.</p> <hr class="tb" /> @@ -1925,13 +1885,13 @@ Sovereignty of the World.</p> of Egypt, the neighbouring kingdom of Ethiopia was ruled over by another warlike queen, Candace, whose kingdom comprised that part of the Nile valley, -which, under the name of Meröe, contained numberless +which, under the name of Meröe, contained numberless towns and cities in a high state of civilization. Very little is known concerning this queen, save what we glean from Strabo. The year before the battle of Actium, Candace invaded Egypt, and compelled the Roman garrisons of Syene, Elephantine, -and Philæ to surrender. Caius Petronius, Roman +and Philæ to surrender. Caius Petronius, Roman prefect of Egypt, marched against the Ethiopians, and routed Candace near Pselcha, after which the victor ravaged great part of Ethiopia.</p> @@ -1939,7 +1899,7 @@ ravaged great part of Ethiopia.</p> <p>When Petronius left the country, Candace attacked the garrison he had left in Premnis. But directly the prefect heard of this he returned hastily to -Meröe, again defeated the Ethiopians, and imposed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> +Meröe, again defeated the Ethiopians, and imposed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> a heavy tribute on the kingdom. Candace sent an embassy to Octavius, who was then at Samos, suing for peace. The dictator not only granted @@ -2419,7 +2379,7 @@ libraries, fostered by the care of Zenobia, encouraged and aided the arts and literature.</p> <p>At last the stern, the inflexible Aurelian ascended -the throne of the Cæsars. Firmly resolved to rid the +the throne of the Cæsars. Firmly resolved to rid the empire of every usurper, great or small, he began by re-conquering Gaul and making prisoner the Western usurper, Tetricus. He then passed into Asia, <span class="small">A.D.</span> @@ -2457,7 +2417,7 @@ character and of the power of Zenobia. It is impossible to enumerate her warlike preparations of stones, of arrows, and of every species of missile weapons. Every part of the walls is provided with -two or three balistæ, and artificial fires are thrown +two or three balistæ, and artificial fires are thrown from her military engines. The fear of punishment has armed her with a desperate courage."</p> @@ -2527,7 +2487,7 @@ battle.</p> <p>Hunila, or Hunilda, one of these Gothic women, was afterwards married to Bonosus, a wealthy and -influential Roman general, Governor of Rhætia.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +influential Roman general, Governor of Rhætia.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> She was admired and distinguished amongst her new friends for her beauty, wit, and virtue. But the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">ci-devant</i> Amazon kept up communications with her @@ -2635,7 +2595,7 @@ an Arabian Lady—Women of Yemaumah—Arab and Greek heroines at the Siege of Damascus—Khaullah—Prefect of Tripoli's Daughter—Ayesha, Widow of the Prophet—Cahina the Sorceress, Queen of the Berbers—Saidet, Queen of Persia—Turkhan-Khatun, -Sultana of Kharezmé—Hadee'yah a +Sultana of Kharezmé—Hadee'yah a Maiden who precedes the Bedouin Arabs in Battle.</p></blockquote> @@ -3008,7 +2968,7 @@ without scruple.</p> <hr class="tb" /> <p>In these days few persons, save students of Oriental -history, have even so much as heard of Kharezmé, +history, have even so much as heard of Kharezmé, in Tartary; yet in the eleventh and twelfth centuries it was considered by surrounding nations as the most powerful state in Asia, and its court the @@ -3018,7 +2978,7 @@ governed by Turkhan Khatun, mother of the reigning Sultan. In those days the Mongols, under the irresistible Jenghiz Khan, were advancing with rapid strides towards Europe. It was not long -before they besieged the capital of Kharezmé. The +before they besieged the capital of Kharezmé. The city held out for twelve months against the Mongol hordes commanded by the three sons of Jenghiz<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> Khan. The inhabitants, male and female, made a @@ -3035,7 +2995,7 @@ one hundred thousand Kharezmians were slain during the siege. The valour displayed by the women became so famous throughout Asia, that many Oriental historians, by way of accounting for it, -gravely assert that the people of Kharezmé were +gravely assert that the people of Kharezmé were descended from the Amazons.</p> <hr class="tb" /> @@ -3104,7 +3064,7 @@ most daring.</p> very generally disregarded—if indeed it had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> introduced as yet; for we read of more than one queen who ruled alone over the more or less barbarous -kingdoms of Europe. Æneas Sylvius narrates +kingdoms of Europe. Æneas Sylvius narrates how a warlike queen named Libyssa ascended the throne of Bohemia on the death of her father, King Crocus. Her husband, Przemislas, whom she espoused @@ -4090,7 +4050,7 @@ in safety. In five days she returned, cut her way through the camp of Charles, and re-entered the town. By this time, however, the breaches in the walls had grown so numerous that the place was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> -deemed untenable. The bishop of Léon, despite +deemed untenable. The bishop of Léon, despite the entreaties, the prayers of Jane, resolved to capitulate, and opened negotiations with the enemy. Jane mounted the highest turret and turned her @@ -4432,8 +4392,8 @@ retired to a convent, where she died shortly after.</p> <p>Jeanne d'Arc, the Maid of Orleans—Margaret de Attendoli, Sister of the great Sforza—Bona Lombardi and Onerata Rodiana, Female Condottieri—Marulla (Turks in Europe)—Margaret -of Anjou—Jeanne Hachette—Doña Aldonza de -Castillo, and Doña Maria Sarmiento (Civil Wars in Castile)—Isabel +of Anjou—Jeanne Hachette—Doña Aldonza de +Castillo, and Doña Maria Sarmiento (Civil Wars in Castile)—Isabel the Catholic—Caterina Sforza.</p></blockquote> @@ -4618,7 +4578,7 @@ English,' and then I used to go boldly in myself." Her duties were chiefly confined to bearing at the head of the army the consecrated sword and the sacred banner—the latter made of white satin, -semée with fleurs-de-lis, with the words "Jesus +semée with fleurs-de-lis, with the words "Jesus Maria," and a representation of Our Saviour in his glory embroidered on its surface. Her conduct was never stained by unfeminine cruelty. It appears @@ -4630,7 +4590,7 @@ when hard pressed, use the consecrated sword as a weapon of offence.</p> <p>When the Earl of Suffolk retired from before -Orleans he established his head-quarters at Méhun-sur-Loire, +Orleans he established his head-quarters at Méhun-sur-Loire, and afterwards at Jargeau. Jeanne hastened to Tours, where Charles was residing with his court, and urged him at once to go to Rheims to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span> @@ -4648,13 +4608,13 @@ violent a blow on the head, that her helmet was shattered, and she fell heavily to the foot of the wall. Rising on the instant, she cried:—</p> -<p>"Amis, amis! sus, sus! Notre Seigneur a condamné -les Anglais. Ils sont à nous. Bon courage!"</p> +<p>"Amis, amis! sus, sus! Notre Seigneur a condamné +les Anglais. Ils sont à nous. Bon courage!"</p> <p>The Earl of Suffolk was made prisoner during the assault.</p> -<p>Beaugency and Méhun capitulated shortly after +<p>Beaugency and Méhun capitulated shortly after the fall of Jargeau; and the English, commanded by Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, the "English Achilles," retreated towards Paris. They were pursued @@ -4704,7 +4664,7 @@ exemption from taxation, which they enjoyed until the equalisation of public imposts in 1789.</p> <p>In the spring of 1429, the Duke of Burgundy -besieged Compiégne. Jeanne d'Arc threw herself into +besieged Compiégne. Jeanne d'Arc threw herself into the town on the 21st of May. Believing that her presence now would work the same miracles as of old, she insisted, the evening of her arrival, that the @@ -4714,7 +4674,7 @@ command of the rear-guard, and tried to rally her countrymen. A Burgundian archer pulled her from her horse; and while lying on the ground she was obliged to surrender to Lyonnel, the Bastard of -Vendôme. There is good reason for supposing that +Vendôme. There is good reason for supposing that Guillaume de Flavy, governor of the fortress, envious of her military renown, betrayed Jeanne into the hands of her enemies.</p> @@ -4745,7 +4705,7 @@ cut off from the Church, and delivered to the secular judges.</p> <p>On the 24th of May, 1431, she was carried to the -stake, which had been erected in the Vieux Marché of +stake, which had been erected in the Vieux Marché of Rouen. At sight of the pile her courage deserted her. She submitted to the Church, and confessed that her visions were the work of Satan. Her punishment @@ -4754,7 +4714,7 @@ not considered expedient to let her live; so she was condemned as a relapsed heretic, and dragged to the stake, May 30th. She was dressed in female attire; and on her head was a mitre, covered with the words -"Apostate," "Relapse," "Idolâtre," "Hérétique."</p> +"Apostate," "Relapse," "Idolâtre," "Hérétique."</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span></p> @@ -4763,7 +4723,7 @@ While they were putting the cap on her head, she said to one of the Dominican friars who stood by her side:—</p> -<p>"Maître, par la grâce de Dieu, je serai ce soir en +<p>"Maître, par la grâce de Dieu, je serai ce soir en paradis."</p> <p>Falling on her knees, she prayed fervently for a @@ -4817,7 +4777,7 @@ been falsely condemned.</p> <p>The citizens of Orleans celebrate the annual Festival of Jeanne d'Arc on the 8th of May; the -villagers of Domremy hold an annual fête on the 6th +villagers of Domremy hold an annual fête on the 6th of January, the birth-day of the heroine. It is said that the girls of the village have so much military <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">esprit</i> that they will hardly deign to look upon a @@ -5029,7 +4989,7 @@ The latter, growing stronger every day, soon made their name the terror of southern Europe. A few years after the fall of Constantinople (captured by Mohammed II. in 1453), the Ottomans besieged -Coccino, capital of the isle of Lemnos, in the Ægean +Coccino, capital of the isle of Lemnos, in the Ægean Sea. The city was defended with the most obstinate bravery by the inhabitants, men and women. Amongst the bravest of the women was Marulla, a @@ -5188,7 +5148,7 @@ the attack was fierce.</p> <p>There dwelt in Beauvais a girl named Jeanne Fourquet, born November 14th, 1454, the daughter of an officer in the king's guards. She was adopted, -after her father's death, by a lady named Laisné. +after her father's death, by a lady named Laisné. From childhood Jeanne had taken a great interest in tales of warlike valour; she always revered Jeanne d'Arc as a saint. She now displayed her military @@ -5234,7 +5194,7 @@ marched away towards Normandy.</p> <p>Jeanne Fourquet deposited the flag she had taken in one of the churches of Beauvais—doubtless that of the Jacobins, where it was preserved for many -years. It may now be seen at the Hôtel de Ville. +years. It may now be seen at the Hôtel de Ville. Louis XI. granted to her the privilege of bearing this standard at the head of the French army. Some years after this great event, Jeanne married Collin @@ -5265,13 +5225,13 @@ the close of the century, the fortress of Toro was, by a curious coincidence, twice defended by female commanders, the wives of two brothers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span> opposed to one another in politics. In 1475 it was -held for Isabel the Catholic by Doña Aldonza de +held for Isabel the Catholic by Doña Aldonza de Castillo, wife of the Alcayde, Don Rodrigo de Ulloa, governor of the fortress. After the retreat of Ferdinand, husband of Isabel, she was compelled to surrender. In the following year the fortress was defended against the troops of Ferdinand and Isabel -by Doña Maria Sarmiento, wife of Don Juan de Ulloa. +by Doña Maria Sarmiento, wife of Don Juan de Ulloa. All hopes of assistance having been dispelled, she obtained honourable terms of capitulation.</p> @@ -5336,7 +5296,7 @@ children to death.</p> and married John de' Medici, a man of noble family, though not very distinguished for genius or bravery. In 1500 she defended Forli against the talented -Cæsar Borgia; being compelled to surrender, she +Cæsar Borgia; being compelled to surrender, she was imprisoned in the castle of San Angelo, at Rome. Soon, however, she was restored to liberty; but her dominions were never given back to her. @@ -5364,12 +5324,12 @@ She died shortly after her release.</p> <blockquote> <p>Maria d'Estrada, and other Spanish Women serving under -Cortez—Catalina de Erauso, the Monja Alferez (Nun-Lieutenant)—Doña +Cortez—Catalina de Erauso, the Monja Alferez (Nun-Lieutenant)—Doña Maria Pacheco (Confederacy of the Holy Junta)—Eleonora of Toledo, Grand-Duchess of Tuscany—<span class="smcap">Turks in Hungary</span>—Courage of a Jewess at Buda—Bravery of the Women of Temesvar, Erlau, Valpon, Agria, and Szigeth in -Hungary and of Famagosta in Cyprus—Louise Labé—Mary +Hungary and of Famagosta in Cyprus—Louise Labé—Mary of Hungary—Granu Weal—<span class="smcap">The Reformation</span>—Kenan Simonz Hasselaar—Women of Alkmaar—Mary, Queen of Scots—Magdalaine de Saint-Nectaire—Constance de Cezelli—Christine @@ -5491,7 +5451,7 @@ profession of soldier, sailor, or even lawyer.</p> a curious accident. Her violent deeds having again provoked the guardians of the law, she was compelled to fly for refuge for sanctuary to a church at -Guámango, in Peru. The bishop, a pious man, +Guámango, in Peru. The bishop, a pious man, tried to convert the young criminal, animadverting on the wicked life the latter had been leading, and exhorting her to repentance. The stubborn heart @@ -5525,7 +5485,7 @@ V.'s reign, the nobles of Castile formed a confederacy called the Holy Junta, and took up arms to recover their traditional rights and privileges. John de Padilla, a young noble, was at the head of this -insurrection; but it was his wife, Doña Maria +insurrection; but it was his wife, Doña Maria Pacheco, who really conducted the confederacy. She was highly gifted and extremely ambitious, though, like most ambitious people, not at all @@ -5533,7 +5493,7 @@ scrupulous as to the means employed, so long as the event turned out according to her wishes.</p> <p>The Junta soon began to languish for want of -money, so Doña Maria persuaded the people to strip +money, so Doña Maria persuaded the people to strip the cathedral at Toledo of its plate and jewellery. In 1521 Padilla was captured, and sentenced to death. He wrote to his wife, telling her not to @@ -5541,7 +5501,7 @@ grieve, but rather to consider his death as his deliverance from a weary life. But his capture proved fatal to the confederacy. Toledo, the head-quarters of the rebels, was soon invested by the -king's troops. Doña Maria used every means to +king's troops. Doña Maria used every means to secure her position. She even wrote to the French<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> general on the Spanish frontier, inviting him to invade Navarre. By keeping the death of Padilla @@ -5740,7 +5700,7 @@ or climbing to the attack.</p> <hr class="tb" /> <p>In the annals of French poetry few names stand -higher than that of Louise Labé, <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">La Belle Cordière</i>. +higher than that of Louise Labé, <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">La Belle Cordière</i>. She was born at Lyons in 1526 or 1527. Nature was lavish in her gifts; to personal beauty and an exquisite voice, were added talents for literature and @@ -5754,7 +5714,7 @@ Some say she followed her father, others her lover to the field; but whatever was the cause of her presence in camp, she earned great praises for her courage. But the French were obliged to raise the -siege; and Louise Labé, after sharing in the fêtes +siege; and Louise Labé, after sharing in the fêtes and tournaments held by the Dauphin, gave up the military profession, henceforth devoting her time to music and poetry.</p> @@ -5768,7 +5728,7 @@ spacious and tastefully laid-out gardens became the resort of nobles, poets, savants, wits, artists, musicians, and men of genius of every kind; and at these re-unions the musical skill of <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">La Belle -Cordière</i> showed to advantage. She excited at the +Cordière</i> showed to advantage. She excited at the same time the admiration of the poets and the envy of the ladies. The street in Lyons where she lived was christened after her. She died in 1566, one year @@ -5776,7 +5736,7 @@ after her husband, who had left her sole heir to his large property.</p> <p>Her chief works were an "Epistle to Clemence de -Bourges," the "Débat de la Folie et de l'Amour," a +Bourges," the "Débat de la Folie et de l'Amour," a drama in prose, three elegies, and twenty-four sonnets. The first edition of her writings appeared in 1555.</p> @@ -6035,7 +5995,7 @@ from Glasgow.</p> <p>It is not quite clear whether Mary took an active part in the battle of Langside, which for ever crushed -her hopes. Brantôme declares "the Queen-mother +her hopes. Brantôme declares "the Queen-mother of France assured him that Mary mounted her good hackney and rode into the battle like another Zenobia, to encourage her troops to advance, and @@ -6057,7 +6017,7 @@ Castle. According to a local history, Lord Livingstone, at the head of "the bairns of Falkirk," rode with the queen to the battle-field, and afterwards aided her to escape; and this would seem to -corroborate what Brantôme has said.</p> +corroborate what Brantôme has said.</p> <hr class="tb" /> @@ -6066,18 +6026,18 @@ during the religious wars in France, was Magdalaine de Saint-Nectaire,—also called Se' nectaire, or Sennetaire. She was a staunch Protestant, and after the death of her husband, Gui di Saint -Exuperi, she retired to her château at Miremont, in +Exuperi, she retired to her château at Miremont, in Limousin, armed sixty of her retainers, and commenced a series of raids against the Roman Catholics. In 1575, during the reign of the weak and frivolous Henry III., Montal, Lieutenant du Roi, in Limousin, whose soldiers had often been defeated by Magdalaine, resolved to besiege the heroine in her -château. With fifteen hundred foot and two +château. With fifteen hundred foot and two hundred horse he arrived before the gates. Magdalaine made a sally, and cut to pieces a detachment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span> of fifty men; but on her return she found that -the château had been captured. She gallopped to +the château had been captured. She gallopped to Turene, a neighbouring town, to gather reinforcements, returning thence with four companies of mounted arquebusiers. Montal awaited her in a @@ -6166,7 +6126,7 @@ Spaniards had been repulsed.</p> impossible to hold the place any longer. The walls were gradually undermined from without, and the fidelity of the garrison was tampered with by Father -Géry, a Dominican friar. The Protestants in the city, +Géry, a Dominican friar. The Protestants in the city, not knowing what moment an insurrection would break out amongst the Catholic inhabitants, insisted upon surrendering the place. Christine finding herself<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span> @@ -6200,7 +6160,7 @@ representing Tomyris, that Scythian princesse, or rather diuine Pallas her selfe."</p> <p>On the 8th of August, Queen Elizabeth, mounted -on a white charger, a marshal's <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">bâton</i> grasped in her +on a white charger, a marshal's <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">bâton</i> grasped in her hand, rode through the camp, where she was received with enthusiastic acclamations by both volunteers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span> and regulars drawn up on a hill near Tilbury church. @@ -6263,7 +6223,7 @@ between Verdun and Bar. She belonged to a good family in Lorraine, and from her earliest childhood she trained herself in military exercises and the use of arms. Her chief delight was hunting, -and every kind of field sport, which the Abbé +and every kind of field sport, which the Abbé Arnould remarks, "is a kind of war." One day when she was engaging in her favourite pastime,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span> she met with the Count de St. Belmont, and, @@ -6275,7 +6235,7 @@ married, and at this time her face was excessively pretty, though it was afterwards spoiled by the small pox—when, so far from being made unhappy by the loss of her beauty, "she was as pleased," -says the Abbé Arnould, "to be marked with it as +says the Abbé Arnould, "to be marked with it as other women are afflicted on a similar occasion, and said that it would enable her to look more like a man." Her figure, however, was small and @@ -6481,7 +6441,7 @@ made war on the Indians.</p> <p>Thenceforth a legend existed among the European adventurers that a nation of female warriors dwelt somewhere on the South American continent. The -river, hitherto called the Marañon, from its first +river, hitherto called the Marañon, from its first discoverer, was re-christened as the Amazons' river; and a large tract of country, with indefinable limits, was set down in the maps under the somewhat @@ -6532,7 +6492,7 @@ But knowing the object of their visitors, they lay these weapons down, and welcome as their guests the strangers, who remain with them a few days."</p> -<p>André Thevet, in his work "Les Singularités de la +<p>André Thevet, in his work "Les Singularités de la France Antarctique," Paris, 1558, makes the arrival of the Amazons' guests the subject of a pictorial illustration.</p> @@ -6590,9 +6550,9 @@ figures of several Amazons preparing huge fires.</p> Cyprian Baraza, a Jesuit missionary who went among the South American Indians, gave an account<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span> of some Amazonian tribes who dwelt to the west -of the Paraquay, in 12° south latitude. M. de Condamine, -who read a "Relation abrégée d'un Voyage," -etc., before the Académie des Sciences in 1745, +of the Paraquay, in 12° south latitude. M. de Condamine, +who read a "Relation abrégée d'un Voyage," +etc., before the Académie des Sciences in 1745, brought forward several testimonies to the existence of the Amazons, whom he described as a society of independent women, who were visited by the sterner @@ -6613,16 +6573,16 @@ alone") dwelt on the banks of the Cuchinero, which falls into the Orinoco opposite the island of Taran, between Cayeara and Alta Gracia.</p> -<p>Count Pagan, in his "Relation de la Rivière des +<p>Count Pagan, in his "Relation de la Rivière des Amazones," after testifying to the existence of the nation, observes, in his florid style "Que l'Asie ne -se vante plus de ses comptes véritables ou fabuleuses -des Amazones. L'Amérique ne lui céde point cet +se vante plus de ses comptes véritables ou fabuleuses +des Amazones. L'Amérique ne lui céde point cet avantage.... Et que le fleuve de Thermodoon ne<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span> -soit plus enflé de la gloire de ces conquérantes les -guerrières."</p> +soit plus enflé de la gloire de ces conquérantes les +guerrières."</p> -<p>The Abbé Guyon, in his "Histoire des Amazons," +<p>The Abbé Guyon, in his "Histoire des Amazons," Paris, 1740, expresses great faith in the story of these South American dames; and suggests that they were colonised by the African Amazons, who might, he @@ -6721,7 +6681,7 @@ and Mary—Mademoiselle de la Charce.</p></blockquote> <img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-t.png" width="95" height="94" alt="T" /> </div> <p class="drop-cap4">"THERE are three sorts of things in the -world," says the Abbé Brotier, "that +world," says the Abbé Brotier, "that know no kind of restraint, and are governed by passion and brutality—family quarrels, religious disputes, and civil wars." @@ -7130,7 +7090,7 @@ between Louis Quatorze and the Duke of Savoy, was the daughter of Pierre de la Tour du Pin, Marquis de la Charce, lieutenant-general of the king's armies. In 1692 the Piedmontese invaded -Dauphiné. Madlle. de la Charce, arming the +Dauphiné. Madlle. de la Charce, arming the villagers on her estates, placed herself at their head, and harassed the enemy in the mountains; her mother, meanwhile, addressed the people in the @@ -7138,14 +7098,14 @@ plains, exhorting them to remain faithful. The sister of Madlle. de la Charce caused the cables of the enemy's vessels to be cut. This brave family contributed so greatly towards driving the Duke of -Savoy from Dauphiné, that Louis XIV. granted +Savoy from Dauphiné, that Louis XIV. granted Philis a pension, the same as he would have given to a brave general, and allowed her to place her sword and armour in the treasury of St. Denis.</p> <p>Madlle. de la Charce was fond of literature, and composed some very pretty verses. An anonymous -work appeared in 1731, under the title of "Mémoires<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span> +work appeared in 1731, under the title of "Mémoires<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span> de Madlle. de la Charce." This little romance, says Langlet-Dufresnoy, is well written, and contains many historical anecdotes connected with the reign @@ -7272,7 +7232,7 @@ By <span class="smcap">Pericles Tzikos</span>.<br /> <br /> 3 Vols.</div> <div class='blockquot'> -<p>"Is an interesting and promising romance."—<cite>Athenæum.</cite></p> +<p>"Is an interesting and promising romance."—<cite>Athenæum.</cite></p> <p>"We can recommend it cordially to those who like a novel which treats of scenes and persons removed from the commonplace class of @@ -7290,7 +7250,7 @@ TINSLEY BROTHERS, 8, CATHERINE ST., STRAND.<br /> <p>Obvious punctuation errors repaired.</p> -<p>Page xi, "Dona" changed to "Doña" (Doña Maria Pacheco)</p> +<p>Page xi, "Dona" changed to "Doña" (Doña Maria Pacheco)</p> <p>Page xiv, "theGirondists" changed to "the Girondists" (of the Girondists)</p> @@ -7334,382 +7294,6 @@ TINSLEY BROTHERS, 8, CATHERINE ST., STRAND.<br /> <img src="images/plain_cover.jpg" width="324" height="500" alt="original cover" /> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Female Warriors, Vol. I (of 2), by Ellen C. 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