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+The Project Gutenberg Etext of Beyond Good and Evil, by Friedrich Nietzsche
+(Helen Zimmern translation)
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+Title: Beyond Good and Evil
+
+Author: Friedrich Nietzsche
+        (Translated by Helen Zimmern)
+
+Release Date: August, 2003  [Etext #4363]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on January 15, 2002]
+[Date last updated: December 12, 2005]
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+Edition: 10
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+Language: English
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+The Project Gutenberg Etext of Beyond Good and Evil, by Friedrich Nietzsche
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+
+BEYOND GOOD AND EVIL
+
+BY FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
+
+(HELEN ZIMMERN TRANSLATION)
+
+
+
+INFORMATION ABOUT THIS E-TEXT EDITION
+
+
+
+The following is a reprint of the Helen Zimmern translation from
+German into English of "Beyond Good and Evil," as published in
+The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche (1909-1913). Some
+adaptations from the original text were made to format it into
+an e-text. Italics in the original book are capitalized in this
+e-text, except for most foreign language phrases that were
+italicized. Original footnotes are put in brackets "[]" at the
+points where they are cited in the text. Some spellings were
+altered. "To-day" and "To-morrow" are spelled "today" and
+"tomorrow." Some words containing the letters "ise" in the original
+text, such as "idealise," had these letters changed to "ize," such
+as "idealize." "Sceptic" was changed to "skeptic."
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+BEYOND GOOD AND EVIL
+
+    CHAPTER I:    PREJUDICES OF PHILOSOPHERS
+    CHAPTER II:   THE FREE SPIRIT
+    CHAPTER III:  THE RELIGIOUS MOOD
+    CHAPTER IV:   APOPHTHEGMS AND INTERLUDES
+    CHAPTER V:    THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MORALS
+    CHAPTER VI:   WE SCHOLARS
+    CHAPTER VII:  OUR VIRTUES
+    CHAPTER VIII: PEOPLES AND COUNTRIES
+    CHAPTER IX:   WHAT IS NOBLE?
+
+FROM THE HEIGHTS (POEM TRANSLATED BY L.A. MAGNUS)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+
+SUPPOSING that Truth is a woman--what then? Is there not ground
+for suspecting that all philosophers, in so far as they have been
+dogmatists, have failed to understand women--that the terrible
+seriousness and clumsy importunity with which they have usually
+paid their addresses to Truth, have been unskilled and unseemly
+methods for winning a woman? Certainly she has never allowed
+herself to be won; and at present every kind of dogma stands with
+sad and discouraged mien--IF, indeed, it stands at all! For there
+are scoffers who maintain that it has fallen, that all dogma lies
+on the ground--nay more, that it is at its last gasp. But to
+speak seriously, there are good grounds for hoping that all
+dogmatizing in philosophy, whatever solemn, whatever conclusive
+and decided airs it has assumed, may have been only a noble
+puerilism and tyronism; and probably the time is at hand when it
+will be once and again understood WHAT has actually sufficed for
+the basis of such imposing and absolute philosophical edifices as
+the dogmatists have hitherto reared: perhaps some popular
+superstition of immemorial time (such as the soul-superstition,
+which, in the form of subject- and ego-superstition, has not yet
+ceased doing mischief): perhaps some play upon words, a deception
+on the part of grammar, or an audacious generalization of very
+restricted, very personal, very human--all-too-human facts. The
+philosophy of the dogmatists, it is to be hoped, was only a
+promise for thousands of years afterwards, as was astrology in
+still earlier times, in the service of which probably more
+labour, gold, acuteness, and patience have been spent than on any
+actual science hitherto: we owe to it, and to its "super-
+terrestrial" pretensions in Asia and Egypt, the grand style of
+architecture. It seems that in order to inscribe themselves upon
+the heart of humanity with everlasting claims, all great things
+have first to wander about the earth as enormous and awe-
+inspiring caricatures: dogmatic philosophy has been a caricature
+of this kind--for instance, the Vedanta doctrine in Asia, and
+Platonism in Europe. Let us not be ungrateful to it, although it
+must certainly be confessed that the worst, the most tiresome,
+and the most dangerous of errors hitherto has been a dogmatist
+error--namely, Plato's invention of Pure Spirit and the Good in
+Itself. But now when it has been surmounted, when Europe, rid of
+this nightmare, can again draw breath freely and at least enjoy a
+healthier--sleep, we, WHOSE DUTY IS WAKEFULNESS ITSELF, are the
+heirs of all the strength which the struggle against this error
+has fostered. It amounted to the very inversion of truth, and the
+denial of the PERSPECTIVE--the fundamental condition--of life, to
+speak of Spirit and the Good as Plato spoke of them; indeed one
+might ask, as a physician: "How did such a malady attack that
+finest product of antiquity, Plato? Had the wicked Socrates
+really corrupted him? Was Socrates after all a corrupter of
+youths, and deserved his hemlock?" But the struggle against
+Plato, or--to speak plainer, and for the "people"--the struggle
+against the ecclesiastical oppression of millenniums of
+Christianity (FOR CHRISTIANITY IS PLATONISM FOR THE "PEOPLE"),
+produced in Europe a magnificent tension of soul, such as had not
+existed anywhere previously; with such a tensely strained bow one
+can now aim at the furthest goals. As a matter of fact, the
+European feels this tension as a state of distress, and twice
+attempts have been made in grand style to unbend the bow: once by
+means of Jesuitism, and the second time by means of democratic
+enlightenment--which, with the aid of liberty of the press and
+newspaper-reading, might, in fact, bring it about that the spirit
+would not so easily find itself in "distress"! (The Germans
+invented gunpowder--all credit to them! but they again made things
+square--they invented printing.) But we, who are neither Jesuits,
+nor democrats, nor even sufficiently Germans, we GOOD EUROPEANS,
+and free, VERY free spirits--we have it still, all the distress
+of spirit and all the tension of its bow! And perhaps also the
+arrow, the duty, and, who knows? THE GOAL TO AIM AT. . . .
+
+Sils Maria Upper Engadine, JUNE, 1885.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+PREJUDICES OF PHILOSOPHERS
+
+
+1. The Will to Truth, which is to tempt us to many a hazardous
+enterprise, the famous Truthfulness of which all philosophers
+have hitherto spoken with respect, what questions has this Will
+to Truth not laid before us! What strange, perplexing,
+questionable questions! It is already a long story; yet it seems
+as if it were hardly commenced. Is it any wonder if we at last
+grow distrustful, lose patience, and turn impatiently away? That
+this Sphinx teaches us at last to ask questions ourselves? WHO is
+it really that puts questions to us here? WHAT really is this
+"Will to Truth" in us? In fact we made a long halt at the
+question as to the origin of this Will--until at last we came to
+an absolute standstill before a yet more fundamental question. We
+inquired about the VALUE of this Will. Granted that we want the
+truth: WHY NOT RATHER untruth? And uncertainty? Even ignorance?
+The problem of the value of truth presented itself before us--or
+was it we who presented ourselves before the problem? Which of us
+is the Oedipus here? Which the Sphinx? It would seem to be a
+rendezvous of questions and notes of interrogation. And could it
+be believed that it at last seems to us as if the problem had
+never been propounded before, as if we were the first to discern
+it, get a sight of it, and RISK RAISING it? For there is risk in
+raising it, perhaps there is no greater risk.
+
+2. "HOW COULD anything originate out of its opposite? For
+example, truth out of error? or the Will to Truth out of the will
+to deception? or the generous deed out of selfishness? or the
+pure sun-bright vision of the wise man out of covetousness? Such
+genesis is impossible; whoever dreams of it is a fool, nay, worse
+than a fool; things of the highest value must have a different
+origin, an origin of THEIR own--in this transitory, seductive,
+illusory, paltry world, in this turmoil of delusion and cupidity,
+they cannot have their source. But rather in the lap of Being, in
+the intransitory, in the concealed God, in the 'Thing-in-itself--
+THERE must be their source, and nowhere else!"--This mode of
+reasoning discloses the typical prejudice by which metaphysicians
+of all times can be recognized, this mode of valuation is at the
+back of all their logical procedure; through this "belief" of
+theirs, they exert themselves for their "knowledge," for
+something that is in the end solemnly christened "the Truth." The
+fundamental belief of metaphysicians is THE BELIEF IN ANTITHESES
+OF VALUES. It never occurred even to the wariest of them to doubt
+here on the very threshold (where doubt, however, was most
+necessary); though they had made a solemn vow, "DE OMNIBUS
+DUBITANDUM." For it may be doubted, firstly, whether antitheses
+exist at all; and secondly, whether the popular valuations and
+antitheses of value upon which metaphysicians have set their
+seal, are not perhaps merely superficial estimates, merely
+provisional perspectives, besides being probably made from some
+corner, perhaps from below--"frog perspectives," as it were, to
+borrow an expression current among painters. In spite of all the
+value which may belong to the true, the positive, and the
+unselfish, it might be possible that a higher and more
+fundamental value for life generally should be assigned to
+pretence, to the will to delusion, to selfishness, and cupidity.
+It might even be possible that WHAT constitutes the value of
+those good and respected things, consists precisely in their
+being insidiously related, knotted, and crocheted to these evil
+and apparently opposed things--perhaps even in being essentially
+identical with them. Perhaps! But who wishes to concern himself
+with such dangerous "Perhapses"! For that investigation one must
+await the advent of a new order of philosophers, such as will
+have other tastes and inclinations, the reverse of those hitherto
+prevalent--philosophers of the dangerous "Perhaps" in every sense
+of the term. And to speak in all seriousness, I see such new
+philosophers beginning to appear.
+
+3. Having kept a sharp eye on philosophers, and having read
+between their lines long enough, I now say to myself that the
+greater part of conscious thinking must be counted among the
+instinctive functions, and it is so even in the case of
+philosophical thinking; one has here to learn anew, as one
+learned anew about heredity and "innateness." As little as the
+act of birth comes into consideration in the whole process and
+procedure of heredity, just as little is "being-conscious"
+OPPOSED to the instinctive in any decisive sense; the greater
+part of the conscious thinking of a philosopher is secretly
+influenced by his instincts, and forced into definite channels.
+And behind all logic and its seeming sovereignty of movement,
+there are valuations, or to speak more plainly, physiological
+demands, for the maintenance of a definite mode of life For
+example, that the certain is worth more than the uncertain, that
+illusion is less valuable than "truth" such valuations, in spite
+of their regulative importance for US, might notwithstanding be
+only superficial valuations, special kinds of _niaiserie_, such as
+may be necessary for the maintenance of beings such as ourselves.
+Supposing, in effect, that man is not just the "measure of
+things."
+
+4. The falseness of an opinion is not for us any objection to it:
+it is here, perhaps, that our new language sounds most strangely.
+The question is, how far an opinion is life-furthering, life-
+preserving, species-preserving, perhaps species-rearing, and we
+are fundamentally inclined to maintain that the falsest opinions
+(to which the synthetic judgments a priori belong), are the most
+indispensable to us, that without a recognition of logical
+fictions, without a comparison of reality with the purely
+IMAGINED world of the absolute and immutable, without a constant
+counterfeiting of the world by means of numbers, man could not
+live--that the renunciation of false opinions would be a
+renunciation of life, a negation of life. TO RECOGNISE UNTRUTH AS
+A CONDITION OF LIFE; that is certainly to impugn the traditional
+ideas of value in a dangerous manner, and a philosophy which
+ventures to do so, has thereby alone placed itself beyond good
+and evil.
+
+5. That which causes philosophers to be regarded half-
+distrustfully and half-mockingly, is not the oft-repeated
+discovery how innocent they are--how often and easily they make
+mistakes and lose their way, in short, how childish and childlike
+they are,--but that there is not enough honest dealing with them,
+whereas they all raise a loud and virtuous outcry when the
+problem of truthfulness is even hinted at in the remotest manner.
+They all pose as though their real opinions had been discovered
+and attained through the self-evolving of a cold, pure, divinely
+indifferent dialectic (in contrast to all sorts of mystics, who,
+fairer and foolisher, talk of "inspiration"), whereas, in fact, a
+prejudiced proposition, idea, or "suggestion," which is generally
+their heart's desire abstracted and refined, is defended by them
+with arguments sought out after the event. They are all advocates
+who do not wish to be regarded as such, generally astute
+defenders, also, of their prejudices, which they dub "truths,"--
+and VERY far from having the conscience which bravely admits this
+to itself, very far from having the good taste of the courage
+which goes so far as to let this be understood, perhaps to warn
+friend or foe, or in cheerful confidence and self-ridicule. The
+spectacle of the Tartuffery of old Kant, equally stiff and
+decent, with which he entices us into the dialectic by-ways that
+lead (more correctly mislead) to his "categorical imperative"--
+makes us fastidious ones smile, we who find no small amusement in
+spying out the subtle tricks of old moralists and ethical
+preachers. Or, still more so, the hocus-pocus in mathematical
+form, by means of which Spinoza has, as it were, clad his
+philosophy in mail and mask--in fact, the "love of HIS wisdom,"
+to translate the term fairly and squarely--in order thereby to
+strike terror at once into the heart of the assailant who should
+dare to cast a glance on that invincible maiden, that Pallas
+Athene:--how much of personal timidity and vulnerability does
+this masquerade of a sickly recluse betray!
+
+6. It has gradually become clear to me what every great
+philosophy up till now has consisted of--namely, the confession
+of its originator, and a species of involuntary and unconscious
+auto-biography; and moreover that the moral (or immoral) purpose
+in every philosophy has constituted the true vital germ out of
+which the entire plant has always grown. Indeed, to understand
+how the abstrusest metaphysical assertions of a philosopher have
+been arrived at, it is always well (and wise) to first ask
+oneself: "What morality do they (or does he) aim at?"
+Accordingly, I do not believe that an "impulse to knowledge" is
+the father of philosophy; but that another impulse, here as
+elsewhere, has only made use of knowledge (and mistaken
+knowledge!) as an instrument. But whoever considers the
+fundamental impulses of man with a view to determining how far
+they may have here acted as INSPIRING GENII (or as demons and
+cobolds), will find that they have all practiced philosophy at
+one time or another, and that each one of them would have been
+only too glad to look upon itself as the ultimate end of
+existence and the legitimate LORD over all the other impulses.
+For every impulse is imperious, and as SUCH, attempts to
+philosophize. To be sure, in the case of scholars, in the case of
+really scientific men, it may be otherwise--"better," if you
+will; there there may really be such a thing as an "impulse to
+knowledge," some kind of small, independent clock-work, which,
+when well wound up, works away industriously to that end, WITHOUT
+the rest of the scholarly impulses taking any material part
+therein. The actual "interests" of the scholar, therefore, are
+generally in quite another direction--in the family, perhaps, or
+in money-making, or in politics; it is, in fact, almost
+indifferent at what point of research his little machine is
+placed, and whether the hopeful young worker becomes a good
+philologist, a mushroom specialist, or a chemist; he is not
+CHARACTERISED by becoming this or that. In the philosopher, on
+the contrary, there is absolutely nothing impersonal; and above
+all, his morality furnishes a decided and decisive testimony as
+to WHO HE IS,--that is to say, in what order the deepest impulses
+of his nature stand to each other.
+
+7. How malicious philosophers can be! I know of nothing more
+stinging than the joke Epicurus took the liberty of making on
+Plato and the Platonists; he called them Dionysiokolakes. In its
+original sense, and on the face of it, the word signifies
+"Flatterers of Dionysius"--consequently, tyrants' accessories and
+lick-spittles; besides this, however, it is as much as to say,
+"They are all ACTORS, there is nothing genuine about them" (for
+Dionysiokolax was a popular name for an actor). And the latter is
+really the malignant reproach that Epicurus cast upon Plato: he
+was annoyed by the grandiose manner, the mise en scene style of
+which Plato and his scholars were masters--of which Epicurus was
+not a master! He, the old school-teacher of Samos, who sat
+concealed in his little garden at Athens, and wrote three hundred
+books, perhaps out of rage and ambitious envy of Plato, who
+knows! Greece took a hundred years to find out who the garden-god
+Epicurus really was. Did she ever find out?
+
+8. There is a point in every philosophy at which the "conviction"
+of the philosopher appears on the scene; or, to put it in the
+words of an ancient mystery:
+
+Adventavit asinus, Pulcher et fortissimus.
+
+9. You desire to LIVE "according to Nature"? Oh, you noble
+Stoics, what fraud of words! Imagine to yourselves a being like
+Nature, boundlessly extravagant, boundlessly indifferent, without
+purpose or consideration, without pity or justice, at once
+fruitful and barren and uncertain: imagine to yourselves
+INDIFFERENCE as a power--how COULD you live in accordance with
+such indifference? To live--is not that just endeavouring to be
+otherwise than this Nature? Is not living valuing, preferring,
+being unjust, being limited, endeavouring to be different? And
+granted that your imperative, "living according to Nature," means
+actually the same as "living according to life"--how could you do
+DIFFERENTLY? Why should you make a principle out of what you
+yourselves are, and must be? In reality, however, it is quite
+otherwise with you: while you pretend to read with rapture the
+canon of your law in Nature, you want something quite the
+contrary, you extraordinary stage-players and self-deluders! In
+your pride you wish to dictate your morals and ideals to Nature,
+to Nature herself, and to incorporate them therein; you insist
+that it shall be Nature "according to the Stoa," and would like
+everything to be made after your own image, as a vast, eternal
+glorification and generalism of Stoicism! With all your love for
+truth, you have forced yourselves so long, so persistently, and
+with such hypnotic rigidity to see Nature FALSELY, that is to
+say, Stoically, that you are no longer able to see it otherwise--
+and to crown all, some unfathomable superciliousness gives you
+the Bedlamite hope that BECAUSE you are able to tyrannize over
+yourselves--Stoicism is self-tyranny--Nature will also allow
+herself to be tyrannized over: is not the Stoic a PART of
+Nature? . . . But this is an old and everlasting story: what
+happened in old times with the Stoics still happens today, as
+soon as ever a philosophy begins to believe in itself. It always
+creates the world in its own image; it cannot do otherwise;
+philosophy is this tyrannical impulse itself, the most spiritual
+Will to Power, the will to "creation of the world," the will to
+the causa prima.
+
+10. The eagerness and subtlety, I should even say craftiness,
+with which the problem of "the real and the apparent world" is
+dealt with at present throughout Europe, furnishes food for
+thought and attention; and he who hears only a "Will to Truth" in
+the background, and nothing else, cannot certainly boast of the
+sharpest ears. In rare and isolated cases, it may really have
+happened that such a Will to Truth--a certain extravagant and
+adventurous pluck, a metaphysician's ambition of the forlorn
+hope--has participated therein: that which in the end always
+prefers a handful of "certainty" to a whole cartload of beautiful
+possibilities; there may even be puritanical fanatics of
+conscience, who prefer to put their last trust in a sure nothing,
+rather than in an uncertain something. But that is Nihilism, and
+the sign of a despairing, mortally wearied soul, notwithstanding
+the courageous bearing such a virtue may display. It seems,
+however, to be otherwise with stronger and livelier thinkers who
+are still eager for life. In that they side AGAINST appearance,
+and speak superciliously of "perspective," in that they rank the
+credibility of their own bodies about as low as the credibility
+of the ocular evidence that "the earth stands still," and thus,
+apparently, allowing with complacency their securest possession
+to escape (for what does one at present believe in more firmly
+than in one's body?),--who knows if they are not really trying to
+win back something which was formerly an even securer possession,
+something of the old domain of the faith of former times, perhaps
+the "immortal soul," perhaps "the old God," in short, ideas by
+which they could live better, that is to say, more vigorously and
+more joyously, than by "modern ideas"? There is DISTRUST of these
+modern ideas in this mode of looking at things, a disbelief in
+all that has been constructed yesterday and today; there is
+perhaps some slight admixture of satiety and scorn, which can no
+longer endure the BRIC-A-BRAC of ideas of the most varied origin,
+such as so-called Positivism at present throws on the market; a
+disgust of the more refined taste at the village-fair motleyness
+and patchiness of all these reality-philosophasters, in whom
+there is nothing either new or true, except this motleyness.
+Therein it seems to me that we should agree with those skeptical
+anti-realists and knowledge-microscopists of the present day;
+their instinct, which repels them from MODERN reality, is
+unrefuted . . . what do their retrograde by-paths concern us!
+The main thing about them is NOT that they wish to go "back,"
+but that they wish to get AWAY therefrom. A little MORE strength,
+swing, courage, and artistic power, and they would be OFF--and
+not back!
+
+11. It seems to me that there is everywhere an attempt at present
+to divert attention from the actual influence which Kant
+exercised on German philosophy, and especially to ignore
+prudently the value which he set upon himself. Kant was first and
+foremost proud of his Table of Categories; with it in his hand he
+said: "This is the most difficult thing that could ever be
+undertaken on behalf of metaphysics." Let us only understand this
+"could be"! He was proud of having DISCOVERED a new faculty in
+man, the faculty of synthetic judgment a priori. Granting that he
+deceived himself in this matter; the development and rapid
+flourishing of German philosophy depended nevertheless on his
+pride, and on the eager rivalry of the younger generation to
+discover if possible something--at all events "new faculties"--of
+which to be still prouder!--But let us reflect for a moment--it
+is high time to do so. "How are synthetic judgments a priori
+POSSIBLE?" Kant asks himself--and what is really his answer? "BY
+MEANS OF A MEANS (faculty)"--but unfortunately not in five words,
+but so circumstantially, imposingly, and with such display of
+German profundity and verbal flourishes, that one altogether
+loses sight of the comical niaiserie allemande involved in such
+an answer. People were beside themselves with delight over this
+new faculty, and the jubilation reached its climax when Kant
+further discovered a moral faculty in man--for at that time
+Germans were still moral, not yet dabbling in the "Politics of
+hard fact." Then came the honeymoon of German philosophy. All the
+young theologians of the Tubingen institution went immediately
+into the groves--all seeking for "faculties." And what did they
+not find--in that innocent, rich, and still youthful period of
+the German spirit, to which Romanticism, the malicious fairy,
+piped and sang, when one could not yet distinguish between
+"finding" and "inventing"! Above all a faculty for the
+"transcendental"; Schelling christened it, intellectual
+intuition, and thereby gratified the most earnest longings of the
+naturally pious-inclined Germans. One can do no greater wrong to
+the whole of this exuberant and eccentric movement (which was
+really youthfulness, notwithstanding that it disguised itself so
+boldly, in hoary and senile conceptions), than to take it
+seriously, or even treat it with moral indignation. Enough,
+however--the world grew older, and the dream vanished. A time
+came when people rubbed their foreheads, and they still rub them
+today. People had been dreaming, and first and foremost--old
+Kant. "By means of a means (faculty)"--he had said, or at least
+meant to say. But, is that--an answer? An explanation? Or is it
+not rather merely a repetition of the question? How does opium
+induce sleep? "By means of a means (faculty)," namely the virtus
+dormitiva, replies the doctor in Moliere,
+
+    Quia est in eo virtus dormitiva,
+    Cujus est natura sensus assoupire.
+
+But such replies belong to the realm of comedy, and it is high
+time to replace the Kantian question, "How are synthetic
+judgments a PRIORI possible?" by another question, "Why is belief
+in such judgments necessary?"--in effect, it is high time that we
+should understand that such judgments must be believed to be
+true, for the sake of the preservation of creatures like
+ourselves; though they still might naturally be false judgments!
+Or, more plainly spoken, and roughly and readily--synthetic
+judgments a priori should not "be possible" at all; we have no
+right to them; in our mouths they are nothing but false
+judgments. Only, of course, the belief in their truth is
+necessary, as plausible belief and ocular evidence belonging to
+the perspective view of life. And finally, to call to mind the
+enormous influence which "German philosophy"--I hope you
+understand its right to inverted commas (goosefeet)?--has
+exercised throughout the whole of Europe, there is no doubt that
+a certain VIRTUS DORMITIVA had a share in it; thanks to German
+philosophy, it was a delight to the noble idlers, the virtuous,
+the mystics, the artiste, the three-fourths Christians, and the
+political obscurantists of all nations,  to find an antidote to
+the still overwhelming sensualism which overflowed from the last
+century into this, in short--"sensus assoupire." . . .
+
+12. As regards materialistic atomism, it is one of the best-
+refuted theories that have been advanced, and in Europe there is
+now perhaps no one in the learned world so unscholarly as to
+attach serious signification to it, except for convenient
+everyday use (as an abbreviation of the means of expression)--
+thanks chiefly to the Pole Boscovich: he and the Pole Copernicus
+have hitherto been the greatest and most successful opponents of
+ocular evidence. For while Copernicus has persuaded us to
+believe, contrary to all the senses, that the earth does NOT
+stand fast, Boscovich has taught us to abjure the belief in the
+last thing that "stood fast" of the earth--the belief in
+"substance," in "matter," in the earth-residuum, and particle-
+atom: it is the greatest triumph over the senses that has
+hitherto been gained on earth. One must, however, go still
+further, and also declare war, relentless war to the knife,
+against the "atomistic requirements" which still lead a dangerous
+after-life in places where no one suspects them, like the more
+celebrated "metaphysical requirements": one must also above all
+give the finishing stroke to that other and more portentous
+atomism which Christianity has taught best and longest, the SOUL-
+ATOMISM. Let it be permitted to designate by this expression the
+belief which regards the soul as something indestructible,
+eternal, indivisible, as a monad, as an atomon: this belief ought
+to be expelled from science! Between ourselves, it is not at all
+necessary to get rid of "the soul" thereby, and thus renounce one
+of the oldest and most venerated hypotheses--as happens
+frequently to the clumsiness of naturalists, who can hardly touch
+on the soul without immediately losing it. But the way is open
+for new acceptations and refinements of the soul-hypothesis; and
+such conceptions as "mortal soul," and "soul of subjective
+multiplicity," and "soul as social structure of the instincts and
+passions," want henceforth to have legitimate rights in science.
+In that the NEW psychologist is about to put an end to the
+superstitions which have hitherto flourished with almost tropical
+luxuriance around the idea of the soul, he is really, as it were,
+thrusting himself into a new desert and a new distrust--it is
+possible that the older psychologists had a merrier and more
+comfortable time of it; eventually, however, he finds that
+precisely thereby he is also condemned to INVENT--and, who knows?
+perhaps to DISCOVER the new.
+
+13. Psychologists should bethink themselves before putting down
+the instinct of self-preservation as the cardinal instinct of an
+organic being. A living thing seeks above all to DISCHARGE its
+strength--life itself is WILL TO POWER; self-preservation is only
+one of the indirect and most frequent RESULTS thereof. In short,
+here, as everywhere else, let us beware of SUPERFLUOUS
+teleological principles!--one of which is the instinct of self-
+preservation (we owe it to Spinoza's inconsistency). It is thus,
+in effect, that method ordains, which must be essentially economy
+of principles.
+
+14. It is perhaps just dawning on five or six minds that natural
+philosophy is only a world-exposition and world-arrangement
+(according to us, if I may say so!) and NOT a world-explanation;
+but in so far as it is based on belief in the senses, it is
+regarded as more, and for a long time to come must be regarded as
+more--namely, as an explanation. It has eyes and fingers of its
+own, it has ocular evidence and palpableness of its own: this
+operates fascinatingly, persuasively, and CONVINCINGLY upon an
+age with fundamentally plebeian tastes--in fact, it follows
+instinctively the canon of truth of eternal popular sensualism.
+What is clear, what is "explained"? Only that which can be seen
+and felt--one must pursue every problem thus far. Obversely,
+however, the charm of the Platonic mode of thought, which was an
+ARISTOCRATIC mode, consisted precisely in RESISTANCE to obvious
+sense-evidence--perhaps among men who enjoyed even stronger and
+more fastidious senses than our contemporaries, but who knew how
+to find a higher triumph in remaining masters of them: and this
+by means of pale, cold, grey conceptional networks which they
+threw over the motley whirl of the senses--the mob of the senses,
+as Plato said. In this overcoming of the world, and interpreting
+of the world in the manner of Plato, there was an ENJOYMENT
+different from that which the physicists of today offer us--and
+likewise the Darwinists and anti-teleologists among the
+physiological workers, with their principle of the "smallest
+possible effort," and the greatest possible blunder. "Where there
+is nothing more to see or to grasp, there is also nothing more
+for men to do"--that is certainly an imperative different from
+the Platonic one, but it may notwithstanding be the right
+imperative for a hardy, laborious race of machinists and bridge-
+builders of the future, who have nothing but ROUGH work to
+perform.
+
+15. To study physiology with a clear conscience, one must insist
+on the fact that the sense-organs are not phenomena in the sense
+of the idealistic philosophy; as such they certainly could not be
+causes! Sensualism, therefore, at least as regulative hypothesis,
+if not as heuristic principle. What? And others say even that the
+external world is the work of our organs? But then our body, as a
+part of this external world, would be the work of our organs! But
+then our organs themselves would be the work of our organs! It
+seems to me that this is a complete REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM, if the
+conception CAUSA SUI is something fundamentally absurd.
+Consequently, the external world is NOT the work of our organs--?
+
+16. There are still harmless self-observers who believe that
+there are "immediate certainties"; for instance, "I think," or as
+the superstition of Schopenhauer puts it, "I will"; as though
+cognition here got hold of its object purely and simply as "the
+thing in itself," without any falsification taking place either
+on the part of the subject or the object. I would repeat it,
+however, a hundred times, that "immediate certainty," as well as
+"absolute knowledge" and the "thing in itself," involve a
+CONTRADICTIO IN ADJECTO; we really ought to free ourselves from
+the misleading significance of words! The people on their part
+may think that cognition is knowing all about things, but the
+philosopher must say to himself: "When I analyze the process that
+is expressed in the sentence, 'I think,' I find a whole series of
+daring assertions, the argumentative proof of which would be
+difficult, perhaps impossible: for instance, that it is _I_ who
+think, that there must necessarily be something that thinks, that
+thinking is an activity and operation on the part of a being who
+is thought of as a cause, that there is an 'ego,' and finally,
+that it is already determined what is to be designated by
+thinking--that I KNOW what thinking is. For if I had not already
+decided within myself what it is, by what standard could I
+determine whether that which is just happening is not perhaps
+'willing' or 'feeling'? In short, the assertion 'I think,'
+assumes that I COMPARE my state at the present moment with other
+states of myself which I know, in order to determine what it is;
+on account of this retrospective connection with further
+'knowledge,' it has, at any rate, no immediate certainty for
+me."--In place of the "immediate certainty" in which the people
+may believe in the special case, the philosopher thus finds a
+series of metaphysical questions presented to him, veritable
+conscience questions of the intellect, to wit: "Whence did I get
+the notion of 'thinking'? Why do I believe in cause and effect?
+What gives me the right to speak of an 'ego,' and even of an
+'ego' as cause, and finally of an 'ego' as cause of thought?" He
+who ventures to answer these metaphysical questions at once by an
+appeal to a sort of INTUITIVE perception, like the person who
+says, "I think, and know that this, at least, is true, actual,
+and certain"--will encounter a smile and two notes of
+interrogation in a philosopher nowadays. "Sir," the philosopher
+will perhaps give him to understand, "it is improbable that you
+are not mistaken, but why should it be the truth?"
+
+17. With regard to the superstitions of logicians, I shall never
+tire of emphasizing a small, terse fact, which is unwillingly
+recognized by these credulous minds--namely, that a thought comes
+when "it" wishes, and not when "I" wish; so that it is a
+PERVERSION of the facts of the case to say that the subject "I"
+is the condition of the predicate "think." ONE thinks; but that
+this "one" is precisely the famous old "ego," is, to put it
+mildly, only a supposition, an assertion, and assuredly not an
+"immediate certainty." After all, one has even gone too far with
+this "one thinks"--even the "one" contains an INTERPRETATION of
+the process, and does not belong to the process itself. One
+infers here according to the usual grammatical formula--"To think
+is an activity; every activity requires an agency that is active;
+consequently" . . . It was pretty much on the same lines that the
+older atomism sought, besides the operating "power," the material
+particle wherein it resides and out of which it operates--the
+atom. More rigorous minds, however, learnt at last to get along
+without this "earth-residuum," and perhaps some day we shall
+accustom ourselves, even from the logician's point of view, to
+get along without the little "one" (to which the worthy old "ego"
+has refined itself).
+
+18. It is certainly not the least charm of a theory that it is
+refutable; it is precisely thereby that it attracts the more
+subtle minds. It seems that the hundred-times-refuted theory of
+the "free will" owes its persistence to this charm alone; some
+one is always appearing who feels himself strong enough to refute
+it.
+
+19. Philosophers are accustomed to speak of the will as though it
+were the best-known thing in the world; indeed, Schopenhauer has
+given us to understand that the will alone is really known to us,
+absolutely and completely known, without deduction or addition.
+But it again and again seems to me that in this case Schopenhauer
+also only did what philosophers are in the habit of doing--he
+seems to have adopted a POPULAR PREJUDICE and exaggerated it.
+Willing seems to me to be above all something COMPLICATED,
+something that is a unity only in name--and it is precisely in a
+name that popular prejudice lurks, which has got the mastery over
+the inadequate precautions of philosophers in all ages. So let us
+for once be more cautious, let us be "unphilosophical": let us
+say that in all willing there is firstly a plurality of
+sensations, namely, the sensation of the condition "AWAY FROM
+WHICH we go," the sensation of the condition "TOWARDS WHICH we
+go," the sensation of this "FROM" and "TOWARDS" itself, and then
+besides, an accompanying muscular sensation, which, even without
+our putting in motion "arms and legs," commences its action by
+force of habit, directly we "will" anything. Therefore, just as
+sensations (and indeed many kinds of sensations) are to be
+recognized as ingredients of the will, so, in the second place,
+thinking is also to be recognized; in every act of the will there
+is a ruling thought;--and let us not imagine it possible to sever
+this thought from the "willing," as if the will would then remain
+over! In the third place, the will is not only a complex of
+sensation and thinking, but it is above all an EMOTION, and in
+fact the emotion of the command. That which is termed "freedom of
+the will" is essentially the emotion of supremacy in respect to
+him who must obey: "I am free, 'he' must obey"--this
+consciousness is inherent in every will; and equally so the
+straining of the attention, the straight look which fixes itself
+exclusively on one thing, the unconditional judgment that "this
+and nothing else is necessary now," the inward certainty that
+obedience will be rendered--and whatever else pertains to the
+position of the commander. A man who WILLS commands something
+within himself which renders obedience, or which he believes
+renders obedience. But now let us notice what is the strangest
+thing about the will,--this affair so extremely complex, for
+which the people have only one name. Inasmuch as in the given
+circumstances we are at the same time the commanding AND the
+obeying parties, and as the obeying party we know the sensations
+of constraint, impulsion, pressure, resistance, and motion, which
+usually commence immediately after the act of will; inasmuch as,
+on the other hand, we are accustomed to disregard this duality,
+and to deceive ourselves about it by means of the synthetic term
+"I": a whole series of erroneous conclusions, and consequently of
+false judgments about the will itself, has become attached to the
+act of willing--to such a degree that he who wills believes
+firmly that willing SUFFICES for action. Since in the majority of
+cases there has only been exercise of will when the effect of the
+command--consequently obedience, and therefore action--was to be
+EXPECTED, the APPEARANCE has translated itself into the
+sentiment, as if there were a NECESSITY OF EFFECT; in a word, he
+who wills believes with a fair amount of certainty that will and
+action are somehow one; he ascribes the success, the carrying out
+of the willing, to the will itself, and thereby enjoys an
+increase of the sensation of power which accompanies all success.
+"Freedom of Will"--that is the expression for the complex state
+of delight of the person exercising volition, who commands and at
+the same time identifies himself with the executor of the order--
+who, as such, enjoys also the triumph over obstacles, but thinks
+within himself that it was really his own will that overcame
+them. In this way the person exercising volition adds the
+feelings of delight of his successful executive instruments, the
+useful "underwills" or under-souls--indeed, our body is but a
+social structure composed of many souls--to his feelings of
+delight as commander. L'EFFET C'EST MOI. what happens here is
+what happens in every well-constructed and happy commonwealth,
+namely, that the governing class identifies itself with the
+successes of the commonwealth. In all willing it is absolutely a
+question of commanding and obeying, on the basis, as already
+said, of a social structure composed of many "souls", on which
+account a philosopher should claim the right to include willing-
+as-such within the sphere of morals--regarded as the doctrine of
+the relations of supremacy under which the phenomenon of "life"
+manifests itself.
+
+20. That the separate philosophical ideas are not anything
+optional or autonomously evolving, but grow up in connection and
+relationship with each other, that, however suddenly and
+arbitrarily they seem to appear in the history of thought, they
+nevertheless belong just as much to a system as the collective
+members of the fauna of a Continent--is betrayed in the end by
+the circumstance: how unfailingly the most diverse philosophers
+always fill in again a definite fundamental scheme of POSSIBLE
+philosophies. Under an invisible spell, they always revolve once
+more in the same orbit, however independent of each other they
+may feel themselves with their critical or systematic wills,
+something within them leads them, something impels them in
+definite order the one after the other--to wit, the innate
+methodology and relationship of their ideas. Their thinking is,
+in fact, far less a discovery than a re-recognizing, a
+remembering, a return and a home-coming to a far-off, ancient
+common-household of the soul, out of which those ideas formerly
+grew: philosophizing is so far a kind of atavism of the highest
+order. The wonderful family resemblance of all Indian, Greek, and
+German philosophizing is easily enough explained. In fact, where
+there is affinity of language, owing to the common philosophy of
+grammar--I mean owing to the unconscious domination and guidance
+of similar grammatical functions--it cannot but be that
+everything is prepared at the outset for a similar development
+and succession of philosophical systems, just as the way seems
+barred against certain other possibilities of world-
+interpretation. It is highly probable that philosophers within
+the domain of the Ural-Altaic languages (where the conception of
+the subject is least developed) look otherwise "into the world,"
+and will be found on paths of thought different from those of the
+Indo-Germans and Mussulmans, the spell of certain grammatical
+functions is ultimately also the spell of PHYSIOLOGICAL
+valuations and racial conditions.--So much by way of rejecting
+Locke's superficiality with regard to the origin of ideas.
+
+21. The CAUSA SUI is the best self-contradiction that has yet
+been conceived, it is a sort of logical violation and
+unnaturalness; but the extravagant pride of man has managed to
+entangle itself profoundly and frightfully with this very folly.
+The desire for "freedom of will" in the superlative, metaphysical
+sense, such as still holds sway, unfortunately, in the minds of
+the half-educated, the desire to bear the entire and ultimate
+responsibility for one's actions oneself, and to absolve God, the
+world, ancestors, chance, and society therefrom, involves nothing
+less than to be precisely this CAUSA SUI, and, with more than
+Munchausen daring, to pull oneself up into existence by the hair,
+out of the slough of nothingness. If any one should find out in
+this manner the crass stupidity of the celebrated conception of
+"free will" and put it out of his head altogether, I beg of him
+to carry his "enlightenment" a step further, and also put out of
+his head the contrary of this monstrous conception of "free
+will": I mean "non-free will," which is tantamount to a misuse of
+cause and effect. One should not wrongly MATERIALISE "cause" and
+"effect," as the natural philosophers do (and whoever like them
+naturalize in thinking at present), according to the prevailing
+mechanical doltishness which makes the cause press and push until
+it "effects" its end; one should use "cause" and "effect" only as
+pure CONCEPTIONS, that is to say, as conventional fictions for
+the purpose of designation and mutual understanding,--NOT for
+explanation. In "being-in-itself" there is nothing of "casual-
+connection," of "necessity," or of "psychological non-freedom";
+there the effect does NOT follow the cause, there "law" does not
+obtain. It is WE alone who have devised cause, sequence,
+reciprocity, relativity, constraint, number, law, freedom,
+motive, and purpose; and when we interpret and intermix this
+symbol-world, as "being-in-itself," with things, we act once more
+as we have always acted--MYTHOLOGICALLY. The "non-free will" is
+mythology; in real life it is only a question of STRONG and WEAK
+wills.--It is almost always a symptom of what is lacking in
+himself, when a thinker, in every "causal-connection" and
+"psychological necessity," manifests something of compulsion,
+indigence, obsequiousness, oppression, and non-freedom; it is
+suspicious to have such feelings--the person betrays himself. And
+in general, if I have observed correctly, the "non-freedom of the
+will" is regarded as a problem from two entirely opposite
+standpoints, but always in a profoundly PERSONAL manner: some
+will not give up their "responsibility," their belief in
+THEMSELVES, the personal right to THEIR merits, at any price (the
+vain races belong to this class); others on the contrary, do not
+wish to be answerable for anything, or blamed for anything, and
+owing to an inward self-contempt, seek to GET OUT OF THE
+BUSINESS, no matter how. The latter, when they write books, are
+in the habit at present of taking the side of criminals; a sort
+of socialistic sympathy is their favourite disguise. And as a
+matter of fact, the fatalism of the weak-willed embellishes
+itself surprisingly when it can pose as "la religion de la
+souffrance humaine"; that is ITS "good taste."
+
+22. Let me be pardoned, as an old philologist who cannot desist
+from the mischief of putting his finger on bad modes of
+interpretation, but "Nature's conformity to law," of which you
+physicists talk so proudly, as though--why, it exists only owing
+to your interpretation and bad "philology." It is no matter of
+fact, no "text," but rather just a naively humanitarian
+adjustment and perversion of meaning, with which you make
+abundant concessions to the democratic instincts of the modern
+soul! "Everywhere equality before the law--Nature is not
+different in that respect, nor better than we": a fine instance
+of secret motive, in which the vulgar antagonism to everything
+privileged and autocratic--likewise a second and more refined
+atheism--is once more disguised. "Ni dieu, ni maitre"--that,
+also, is what you want; and therefore "Cheers for natural law!"--
+is it not so? But, as has been said, that is interpretation, not
+text; and somebody might come along, who, with opposite
+intentions and modes of interpretation, could read out of the
+same "Nature," and with regard to the same phenomena, just the
+tyrannically inconsiderate and relentless enforcement of the
+claims of power--an interpreter who should so place the
+unexceptionalness and unconditionalness of all "Will to Power"
+before your eyes, that almost every word, and the word "tyranny"
+itself, would eventually seem unsuitable, or like a weakening and
+softening metaphor--as being too human; and who should,
+nevertheless, end by asserting the same about this world as you
+do, namely, that it has a "necessary" and "calculable" course,
+NOT, however, because laws obtain in it, but because they are
+absolutely LACKING, and every power effects its ultimate
+consequences every moment. Granted that this also is only
+interpretation--and you will be eager enough to make this
+objection?--well, so much the better.
+
+23. All psychology hitherto has run aground on moral prejudices
+and timidities, it has not dared to launch out into the depths.
+In so far as it is allowable to recognize in that which has
+hitherto been written, evidence of that which has hitherto been
+kept silent, it seems as if nobody had yet harboured the notion
+of psychology as the Morphology and DEVELOPMENT-DOCTRINE OF THE
+WILL TO POWER, as I conceive of it. The power of moral prejudices
+has penetrated deeply into the most intellectual world, the world
+apparently most indifferent and unprejudiced, and has obviously
+operated in an injurious, obstructive, blinding, and distorting
+manner. A proper physio-psychology has to contend with
+unconscious antagonism in the heart of the investigator, it has
+"the heart" against it even a doctrine of the reciprocal
+conditionalness of the "good" and the "bad" impulses, causes (as
+refined immorality) distress and aversion in a still strong and
+manly conscience--still more so, a doctrine of the derivation of
+all good impulses from bad ones. If, however, a person should
+regard even the emotions of hatred, envy, covetousness, and
+imperiousness as life-conditioning emotions, as factors which
+must be present, fundamentally and essentially, in the general
+economy of life (which must, therefore, be further developed if
+life is to be further developed), he will suffer from such a view
+of things as from sea-sickness. And yet this hypothesis is far
+from being the strangest and most painful in this immense and
+almost new domain of dangerous knowledge, and there are in fact a
+hundred good reasons why every one should keep away from it who
+CAN do so! On the other hand, if one has once drifted hither with
+one's bark, well! very good! now let us set our teeth firmly! let
+us open our eyes and keep our hand fast on the helm! We sail away
+right OVER morality, we crush out, we destroy perhaps the remains
+of our own morality by daring to make our voyage thither--but
+what do WE matter. Never yet did a PROFOUNDER world of insight
+reveal itself to daring travelers and adventurers, and the
+psychologist who thus "makes a sacrifice"--it is not the
+sacrifizio dell' intelletto, on the contrary!--will at least be
+entitled to demand in return that psychology shall once more be
+recognized as the queen of the sciences, for whose service and
+equipment the other sciences exist. For psychology is once more
+the path to the fundamental problems.
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE FREE SPIRIT
+
+
+24. O sancta simplicitiatas! In what strange simplification and
+falsification man lives! One can never cease wondering when once
+one has got eyes for beholding this marvel! How we have made
+everything around us clear and free and easy and simple! how we
+have been able to give our senses a passport to everything
+superficial, our thoughts a godlike desire for wanton pranks and
+wrong inferences!--how from the beginning, we have contrived to
+retain our ignorance in order to enjoy an almost inconceivable
+freedom, thoughtlessness, imprudence, heartiness, and gaiety--in
+order to enjoy life! And only on this solidified, granite-like
+foundation of ignorance could knowledge rear itself hitherto, the
+will to knowledge on the foundation of a far more powerful will,
+the will to ignorance, to the uncertain, to the untrue! Not as
+its opposite, but--as its refinement! It is to be hoped, indeed,
+that LANGUAGE, here as elsewhere, will not get over its
+awkwardness, and that it will continue to talk of opposites where
+there are only degrees and many refinements of gradation; it is
+equally to be hoped that the incarnated Tartuffery of morals,
+which now belongs to our unconquerable "flesh and blood," will
+turn the words round in the mouths of us discerning ones. Here
+and there we understand it, and laugh at the way in which
+precisely the best knowledge seeks most to retain us in this
+SIMPLIFIED, thoroughly artificial, suitably imagined, and
+suitably falsified world: at the way in which, whether it will or
+not, it loves error, because, as living itself, it loves life!
+
+25. After such a cheerful commencement, a serious word would fain
+be heard; it appeals to the most serious minds. Take care, ye
+philosophers and friends of knowledge, and beware of martyrdom!
+Of suffering "for the truth's sake"! even in your own defense! It
+spoils all the innocence and fine neutrality of your conscience;
+it makes you headstrong against objections and red rags; it
+stupefies, animalizes, and brutalizes, when in the struggle with
+danger, slander, suspicion, expulsion, and even worse
+consequences of enmity, ye have at last to play your last card as
+protectors of truth upon earth--as though "the Truth" were such
+an innocent and incompetent creature as to require protectors!
+and you of all people, ye knights of the sorrowful countenance,
+Messrs Loafers and Cobweb-spinners of the spirit! Finally, ye
+know sufficiently well that it cannot be of any consequence if YE
+just carry your point; ye know that hitherto no philosopher has
+carried his point, and that there might be a more laudable
+truthfulness in every little interrogative mark which you place
+after your special words and favourite doctrines (and
+occasionally after yourselves) than in all the solemn pantomime
+and trumping games before accusers and law-courts! Rather go out
+of the way! Flee into concealment! And have your masks and your
+ruses, that ye may be mistaken for what you are, or somewhat
+feared! And pray, don't forget the garden, the garden with golden
+trellis-work! And have people around you who are as a garden--or
+as music on the waters at eventide, when already the day becomes
+a memory. Choose the GOOD solitude, the free, wanton, lightsome
+solitude, which also gives you the right still to remain good in
+any sense whatsoever! How poisonous, how crafty, how bad, does
+every long war make one, which cannot be waged openly by means of
+force! How PERSONAL does a long fear make one, a long watching of
+enemies, of possible enemies! These pariahs of society, these
+long-pursued, badly-persecuted ones--also the compulsory
+recluses, the Spinozas or Giordano Brunos--always become in the
+end, even under the most intellectual masquerade, and perhaps
+without being themselves aware of it, refined vengeance-seekers
+and poison-Brewers (just lay bare the foundation of Spinoza's
+ethics and theology!), not to speak of the stupidity of moral
+indignation, which is the unfailing sign in a philosopher that
+the sense of philosophical humour has left him. The martyrdom of
+the philosopher, his "sacrifice for the sake of truth," forces
+into the light whatever of the agitator and actor lurks in him;
+and if one has hitherto contemplated him only with artistic
+curiosity, with regard to many a philosopher it is easy to
+understand the dangerous desire to see him also in his
+deterioration (deteriorated into a "martyr," into a stage-and-
+tribune-bawler). Only, that it is necessary with such a desire to
+be clear WHAT spectacle one will see in any case--merely a
+satyric play, merely an epilogue farce, merely the continued
+proof that the long, real tragedy IS AT AN END, supposing that
+every philosophy has been a long tragedy in its origin.
+
+26. Every select man strives instinctively for a citadel and a
+privacy, where he is FREE from the crowd, the many, the majority--
+where he may forget "men who are the rule," as their exception;--
+exclusive only of the case in which he is pushed straight to
+such men by a still stronger instinct, as a discerner in the
+great and exceptional sense. Whoever, in intercourse with men,
+does not occasionally glisten in all the green and grey colours
+of distress, owing to disgust, satiety, sympathy, gloominess, and
+solitariness, is assuredly not a man of elevated tastes;
+supposing, however, that he does not voluntarily take all this
+burden and disgust upon himself, that he persistently avoids it,
+and remains, as I said, quietly and proudly hidden in his
+citadel, one thing is then certain: he was not made, he was not
+predestined for knowledge. For as such, he would one day have to
+say to himself: "The devil take my good taste! but 'the rule' is
+more interesting than the exception--than myself, the exception!"
+And he would go DOWN, and above all, he would go "inside." The
+long and serious study of the AVERAGE man--and consequently much
+disguise, self-overcoming, familiarity, and bad intercourse (all
+intercourse is bad intercourse except with one's equals):--that
+constitutes a necessary part of the life-history of every
+philosopher; perhaps the most disagreeable, odious, and
+disappointing part. If he is fortunate, however, as a favourite
+child of knowledge should be, he will meet with suitable
+auxiliaries who will shorten and lighten his task; I mean so-
+called cynics, those who simply recognize the animal, the
+commonplace and "the rule" in themselves, and at the same time
+have so much spirituality and ticklishness as to make them talk
+of themselves and their like BEFORE WITNESSES--sometimes they
+wallow, even in books, as on their own dung-hill. Cynicism is the
+only form in which base souls approach what is called honesty;
+and the higher man must open his ears to all the coarser or finer
+cynicism, and congratulate himself when the clown becomes
+shameless right before him, or the scientific satyr speaks out.
+There are even cases where enchantment mixes with the disgust--
+namely, where by a freak of nature, genius is bound to some such
+indiscreet billy-goat and ape, as in the case of the Abbe
+Galiani, the profoundest, acutest, and perhaps also filthiest man
+of his century--he was far profounder than Voltaire, and
+consequently also, a good deal more silent. It happens more
+frequently, as has been hinted, that a scientific head is placed
+on an ape's body, a fine exceptional understanding in a base
+soul, an occurrence by no means rare, especially among doctors
+and moral physiologists. And whenever anyone speaks without
+bitterness, or rather quite innocently, of man as a belly with
+two requirements, and a head with one; whenever any one sees,
+seeks, and WANTS to see only hunger, sexual instinct, and vanity
+as the real and only motives of human actions; in short, when any
+one speaks "badly"--and not even "ill"--of man, then ought the
+lover of knowledge to hearken attentively and diligently; he
+ought, in general, to have an open ear wherever there is talk
+without indignation. For the indignant man, and he who
+perpetually tears and lacerates himself with his own teeth (or,
+in place of himself, the world, God, or society), may indeed,
+morally speaking, stand higher than the laughing and self-
+satisfied satyr, but in every other sense he is the more
+ordinary, more indifferent, and less instructive case. And no one
+is such a LIAR as the indignant man.
+
+27. It is difficult to be understood, especially when one thinks
+and lives gangasrotogati [Footnote: Like the river Ganges:
+presto.] among those only who think and live otherwise--namely,
+kurmagati [Footnote: Like the tortoise: lento.], or at best
+"froglike," mandeikagati [Footnote: Like the frog: staccato.] (I
+do everything to be "difficultly understood" myself!)--and one
+should be heartily grateful for the good will to some refinement
+of interpretation. As regards "the good friends," however, who
+are always too easy-going, and think that as friends they have a
+right to ease, one does well at the very first to grant them a
+play-ground and romping-place for misunderstanding--one can thus
+laugh still; or get rid of them altogether, these good friends--
+and laugh then also!
+
+28. What is most difficult to render from one language into
+another is the TEMPO of its style, which has its basis in the
+character of the race, or to speak more physiologically, in the
+average TEMPO of the assimilation of its nutriment. There are
+honestly meant translations, which, as involuntary
+vulgarizations, are almost falsifications of the original, merely
+because its lively and merry TEMPO (which overleaps and obviates
+all dangers in word and expression) could not also be rendered. A
+German is almost incapacitated for PRESTO in his language;
+consequently also, as may be reasonably inferred, for many of the
+most delightful and daring NUANCES of free, free-spirited
+thought. And just as the buffoon and satyr are foreign to him in
+body and conscience, so Aristophanes and Petronius are
+untranslatable for him. Everything ponderous, viscous, and
+pompously clumsy, all long-winded and wearying species of style,
+are developed in profuse variety among Germans--pardon me for
+stating the fact that even Goethe's prose, in its mixture of
+stiffness and elegance, is no exception, as a reflection of the
+"good old time" to which it belongs, and as an expression of
+German taste at a time when there was still a "German taste,"
+which was a rococo-taste in moribus et artibus. Lessing is an
+exception, owing to his histrionic nature, which understood much,
+and was versed in many things; he who was not the translator of
+Bayle to no purpose, who took refuge willingly in the shadow of
+Diderot and Voltaire, and still more willingly among the Roman
+comedy-writers--Lessing loved also free-spiritism in the TEMPO,
+and flight out of Germany. But how could the German language,
+even in the prose of Lessing, imitate the TEMPO of Machiavelli,
+who in his "Principe" makes us breathe the dry, fine air of
+Florence, and cannot help presenting the most serious events in a
+boisterous allegrissimo, perhaps not without a malicious artistic
+sense of the contrast he ventures to present--long, heavy,
+difficult, dangerous thoughts, and a TEMPO of the gallop, and of
+the best, wantonest humour? Finally, who would venture on a
+German translation of Petronius, who, more than any great
+musician hitherto, was a master of PRESTO in invention, ideas,
+and words? What matter in the end about the swamps of the sick,
+evil world, or of the "ancient world," when like him, one has the
+feet of a wind, the rush, the breath, the emancipating scorn of a
+wind, which makes everything healthy, by making everything RUN!
+And with regard to Aristophanes--that transfiguring,
+complementary genius, for whose sake one PARDONS all Hellenism
+for having existed, provided one has understood in its full
+profundity ALL that there requires pardon and transfiguration;
+there is nothing that has caused me to meditate more on PLATO'S
+secrecy and sphinx-like nature, than the happily preserved petit
+fait that under the pillow of his death-bed there was found no
+"Bible," nor anything Egyptian, Pythagorean, or Platonic--but a
+book of Aristophanes. How could even Plato have endured life--a
+Greek life which he repudiated--without an Aristophanes!
+
+29. It is the business of the very few to be independent; it is a
+privilege of the strong. And whoever attempts it, even with the
+best right, but without being OBLIGED to do so, proves that he is
+probably not only strong, but also daring beyond measure. He
+enters into a labyrinth, he multiplies a thousandfold the dangers
+which life in itself already brings with it; not the least of
+which is that no one can see how and where he loses his way,
+becomes isolated, and is torn piecemeal by some minotaur of
+conscience. Supposing such a one comes to grief, it is so far
+from the comprehension of men that they neither feel it, nor
+sympathize with it. And he cannot any longer go back! He cannot
+even go back again to the sympathy of men!
+
+30. Our deepest insights must--and should--appear as follies, and
+under certain circumstances as crimes, when they come
+unauthorizedly to the ears of those who are not disposed and
+predestined for them. The exoteric and the esoteric, as they were
+formerly distinguished by philosophers--among the Indians, as
+among the Greeks, Persians, and Mussulmans, in short, wherever
+people believed in gradations of rank and NOT in equality and
+equal rights--are not so much in contradistinction to one another
+in respect to the exoteric class, standing without, and viewing,
+estimating, measuring, and judging from the outside, and not from
+the inside; the more essential distinction is that the class in
+question views things from below upwards--while the esoteric
+class views things FROM ABOVE DOWNWARDS. There are heights of the
+soul from which tragedy itself no longer appears to operate
+tragically; and if all the woe in the world were taken together,
+who would dare to decide whether the sight of it would
+NECESSARILY seduce and constrain to sympathy, and thus to a
+doubling of the woe? . . . That which serves the higher class of
+men for nourishment or refreshment, must be almost poison to an
+entirely different and lower order of human beings. The virtues
+of the common man would perhaps mean vice and weakness in a
+philosopher; it might be possible for a highly developed man,
+supposing him to degenerate and go to ruin, to acquire qualities
+thereby alone, for the sake of which he would have to be honoured
+as a saint in the lower world into which he had sunk. There are
+books which have an inverse value for the soul and the health
+according as the inferior soul and the lower vitality, or the
+higher and more powerful, make use of them. In the former case
+they are dangerous, disturbing, unsettling books, in the latter
+case they are herald-calls which summon the bravest to THEIR
+bravery. Books for the general reader are always ill-smelling
+books, the odour of paltry people clings to them. Where the
+populace eat and drink, and even where they reverence, it is
+accustomed to stink. One should not go into churches if one
+wishes to breathe PURE air.
+
+31. In our youthful years we still venerate and despise without
+the art of NUANCE, which is the best gain of life, and we have
+rightly to do hard penance for having fallen upon men and things
+with Yea and Nay. Everything is so arranged that the worst of all
+tastes, THE TASTE FOR THE UNCONDITIONAL, is cruelly befooled and
+abused, until a man learns to introduce a little art into his
+sentiments, and prefers to try conclusions with the artificial,
+as do the real artists of life. The angry and reverent spirit
+peculiar to youth appears to allow itself no peace, until it has
+suitably falsified men and things, to be able to vent its passion
+upon them: youth in itself even, is something falsifying and
+deceptive. Later on, when the young soul, tortured by continual
+disillusions, finally turns suspiciously against itself--still
+ardent and savage even in its suspicion and remorse of
+conscience: how it upbraids itself, how impatiently it tears
+itself, how it revenges itself for its long self-blinding, as
+though it had been a voluntary blindness! In this transition one
+punishes oneself by distrust of one's sentiments; one tortures
+one's enthusiasm with doubt, one feels even the good conscience
+to be a danger, as if it were the self-concealment and lassitude
+of a more refined uprightness; and above all, one espouses upon
+principle the cause AGAINST "youth."--A decade later, and one
+comprehends that all this was also still--youth!
+
+32. Throughout the longest period of human history--one calls it
+the prehistoric period--the value or non-value of an action was
+inferred from its CONSEQUENCES; the action in itself was not
+taken into consideration, any more than its origin; but pretty
+much as in China at present, where the distinction or disgrace of
+a child redounds to its parents, the retro-operating power of
+success or failure was what induced men to think well or ill of
+an action. Let us call this period the PRE-MORAL period of
+mankind; the imperative, "Know thyself!" was then still unknown.
+--In the last ten thousand years, on the other hand, on certain
+large portions of the earth, one has gradually got so far, that
+one no longer lets the consequences of an action, but its origin,
+decide with regard to its worth: a great achievement as a whole,
+an important refinement of vision and of criterion, the
+unconscious effect of the supremacy of aristocratic values and of
+the belief in "origin," the mark of a period which may be
+designated in the narrower sense as the MORAL one: the first
+attempt at self-knowledge is thereby made. Instead of the
+consequences, the origin--what an inversion of perspective! And
+assuredly an inversion effected only after long struggle and
+wavering! To be sure, an ominous new superstition, a peculiar
+narrowness of interpretation, attained supremacy precisely
+thereby: the origin of an action was interpreted in the most
+definite sense possible, as origin out of an INTENTION; people
+were agreed in the belief that the value of an action lay in the
+value of its intention. The intention as the sole origin and
+antecedent history of an action: under the influence of this
+prejudice moral praise and blame have been bestowed, and men have
+judged and even philosophized almost up to the present day.--Is
+it not possible, however, that the necessity may now have arisen
+of again making up our minds with regard to the reversing and
+fundamental shifting of values, owing to a new self-consciousness
+and acuteness in man--is it not possible that we may be standing
+on the threshold of a period which to begin with, would be
+distinguished negatively as ULTRA-MORAL: nowadays when, at least
+among us immoralists, the suspicion arises that the decisive
+value of an action lies precisely in that which is NOT
+INTENTIONAL, and that all its intentionalness, all that is seen,
+sensible, or "sensed" in it, belongs to its surface or skin--
+which, like every skin, betrays something, but CONCEALS still
+more? In short, we believe that the intention is only a sign or
+symptom, which first requires an explanation--a sign, moreover,
+which has too many interpretations, and consequently hardly any
+meaning in itself alone: that morality, in the sense in which it
+has been understood hitherto, as intention-morality, has been a
+prejudice, perhaps a prematureness or preliminariness, probably
+something of the same rank as astrology and alchemy, but in any
+case something which must be surmounted. The surmounting of
+morality, in a certain sense even the self-mounting of morality--
+let that be the name for the long-secret labour which has been
+reserved for the most refined, the most upright, and also the
+most wicked consciences of today, as the living touchstones of
+the soul.
+
+33. It cannot be helped: the sentiment of surrender, of sacrifice
+for one's neighbour, and all self-renunciation-morality, must be
+mercilessly called to account, and brought to judgment; just as
+the aesthetics of "disinterested contemplation," under which the
+emasculation of art nowadays seeks insidiously enough to create
+itself a good conscience. There is far too much witchery and
+sugar in the sentiments "for others" and "NOT for myself," for
+one not needing to be doubly distrustful here, and for one asking
+promptly: "Are they not perhaps--DECEPTIONS?"--That they PLEASE--
+him who has them, and him who enjoys their fruit, and also the
+mere spectator--that is still no argument in their FAVOUR, but
+just calls for caution. Let us therefore be cautious!
+
+34. At whatever standpoint of philosophy one may place oneself
+nowadays, seen from every position, the ERRONEOUSNESS of the
+world in which we think we live is the surest and most certain
+thing our eyes can light upon: we find proof after proof thereof,
+which would fain allure us into surmises concerning a deceptive
+principle in the "nature of things." He, however, who makes
+thinking itself, and consequently "the spirit," responsible for
+the falseness of the world--an honourable exit, which every
+conscious or unconscious advocatus dei avails himself of--he who
+regards this world, including space, time, form, and movement, as
+falsely DEDUCED, would have at least good reason in the end to
+become distrustful also of all thinking; has it not hitherto been
+playing upon us the worst of scurvy tricks? and what guarantee
+would it give that it would not continue to do what it has always
+been doing? In all seriousness, the innocence of thinkers has
+something touching and respect-inspiring in it, which even
+nowadays permits them to wait upon consciousness with the request
+that it will give them HONEST answers: for example, whether it be
+"real" or not, and why it keeps the outer world so resolutely at
+a distance, and other questions of the same description. The
+belief in "immediate certainties" is a MORAL NAIVETE which does
+honour to us philosophers; but--we have now to cease being
+"MERELY moral" men! Apart from morality, such belief is a folly
+which does little honour to us! If in middle-class life an ever-
+ready distrust is regarded as the sign of a "bad character," and
+consequently as an imprudence, here among us, beyond the middle-
+class world and its Yeas and Nays, what should prevent our being
+imprudent and saying: the philosopher has at length a RIGHT to
+"bad character," as the being who has hitherto been most befooled
+on earth--he is now under OBLIGATION to distrustfulness, to the
+wickedest squinting out of every abyss of suspicion.--Forgive me
+the joke of this gloomy grimace and turn of expression; for I
+myself have long ago learned to think and estimate differently
+with regard to deceiving and being deceived, and I keep at least
+a couple of pokes in the ribs ready for the blind rage with which
+philosophers struggle against being deceived. Why NOT? It is
+nothing more than a moral prejudice that truth is worth more than
+semblance; it is, in fact, the worst proved supposition in the
+world. So much must be conceded: there could have been no life at
+all except upon the basis of perspective estimates and
+semblances; and if, with the virtuous enthusiasm and stupidity of
+many philosophers, one wished to do away altogether with the
+"seeming world"--well, granted that YOU could do that,--at least
+nothing of your "truth" would thereby remain! Indeed, what is it
+that forces us in general to the supposition that there is an
+essential opposition of "true" and "false"? Is it not enough to
+suppose degrees of seemingness, and as it were lighter and darker
+shades and tones of semblance--different valeurs, as the painters
+say? Why might not the world WHICH CONCERNS US--be a fiction? And
+to any one who suggested: "But to a fiction belongs an
+originator?"--might it not be bluntly replied: WHY? May not this
+"belong" also belong to the fiction? Is it not at length
+permitted to be a little ironical towards the subject, just as
+towards the predicate and object? Might not the philosopher
+elevate himself above faith in grammar? All respect to
+governesses, but is it not time that philosophy should renounce
+governess-faith?
+
+35. O Voltaire! O humanity! O idiocy! There is something ticklish
+in "the truth," and in the SEARCH for the truth; and if man goes
+about it too humanely--"il ne cherche le vrai que pour faire le
+bien"--I wager he finds nothing!
+
+36. Supposing that nothing else is "given" as real but our world
+of desires and passions, that we cannot sink or rise to any other
+"reality" but just that of our impulses--for thinking is only a
+relation of these impulses to one another:--are we not permitted
+to make the attempt and to ask the question whether this which is
+"given" does not SUFFICE, by means of our counterparts, for the
+understanding even of the so-called mechanical (or "material")
+world? I do not mean as an illusion, a "semblance," a
+"representation" (in the Berkeleyan and Schopenhauerian sense),
+but as possessing the same degree of reality as our emotions
+themselves--as a more primitive form of the world of emotions, in
+which everything still lies locked in a mighty unity, which
+afterwards branches off and develops itself in organic processes
+(naturally also, refines and debilitates)--as a kind of
+instinctive life in which all organic functions, including self-
+regulation, assimilation, nutrition, secretion, and change of
+matter, are still synthetically united with one another--as a
+PRIMARY FORM of life?--In the end, it is not only permitted to
+make this attempt, it is commanded by the conscience of LOGICAL
+METHOD. Not to assume several kinds of causality, so long as the
+attempt to get along with a single one has not been pushed to its
+furthest extent (to absurdity, if I may be allowed to say so):
+that is a morality of method which one may not repudiate
+nowadays--it follows "from its definition," as mathematicians
+say. The question is ultimately whether we really recognize the
+will as OPERATING, whether we believe in the causality of the
+will; if we do so--and fundamentally our belief IN THIS is just
+our belief in causality itself--we MUST make the attempt to posit
+hypothetically the causality of the will as the only causality.
+"Will" can naturally only operate on "will"--and not on "matter"
+(not on "nerves," for instance): in short, the hypothesis must be
+hazarded, whether will does not operate on will wherever
+"effects" are recognized--and whether all mechanical action,
+inasmuch as a power operates therein, is not just the power of
+will, the effect of will. Granted, finally, that we succeeded in
+explaining our entire instinctive life as the development and
+ramification of one fundamental form of will--namely, the Will to
+Power, as my thesis puts it; granted that all organic functions
+could be traced back to this Will to Power, and that the solution
+of the problem of generation and nutrition--it is one problem--
+could also be found therein: one would thus have acquired the
+right to define ALL active force unequivocally as WILL TO POWER.
+The world seen from within, the world defined and designated
+according to its "intelligible character"--it would simply be
+"Will to Power," and nothing else.
+
+37. "What? Does not that mean in popular language: God is
+disproved, but not the devil?"--On the contrary! On the contrary,
+my friends! And who the devil also compels you to speak
+popularly!
+
+38. As happened finally in all the enlightenment of modern times
+with the French Revolution (that terrible farce, quite
+superfluous when judged close at hand, into which, however, the
+noble and visionary spectators of all Europe have interpreted
+from a distance their own indignation and enthusiasm so long and
+passionately, UNTIL THE TEXT HAS DISAPPEARED UNDER THE
+INTERPRETATION), so a noble posterity might once more
+misunderstand the whole of the past, and perhaps only thereby
+make ITS aspect endurable.--Or rather, has not this already
+happened? Have not we ourselves been--that "noble posterity"?
+And, in so far as we now comprehend this, is it not--thereby
+already past?
+
+39. Nobody will very readily regard a doctrine as true merely
+because it makes people happy or virtuous--excepting, perhaps,
+the amiable "Idealists," who are enthusiastic about the good,
+true, and beautiful, and let all kinds of motley, coarse, and
+good-natured desirabilities swim about promiscuously in their
+pond. Happiness and virtue are no arguments. It is willingly
+forgotten, however, even on the part of thoughtful minds, that to
+make unhappy and to make bad are just as little counter-
+arguments. A thing could be TRUE, although it were in the highest
+degree injurious and dangerous; indeed, the fundamental
+constitution of existence might be such that one succumbed by a
+full knowledge of it--so that the strength of a mind might be
+measured by the amount of "truth" it could endure--or to speak
+more plainly, by the extent to which it REQUIRED truth
+attenuated, veiled, sweetened, damped, and falsified. But there
+is no doubt that for the discovery of certain PORTIONS of truth
+the wicked and unfortunate are more favourably situated and have
+a greater likelihood of success; not to speak of the wicked who
+are happy--a species about whom moralists are silent. Perhaps
+severity and craft are more favourable conditions for the
+development of strong, independent spirits and philosophers than
+the gentle, refined, yielding good-nature, and habit of taking
+things easily, which are prized, and rightly prized in a learned
+man. Presupposing always, to begin with, that the term
+"philosopher" be not confined to the philosopher who writes
+books, or even introduces HIS philosophy into books!--Stendhal
+furnishes a last feature of the portrait of the free-spirited
+philosopher, which for the sake of German taste I will not omit
+to underline--for it is OPPOSED to German taste. "Pour etre bon
+philosophe," says this last great psychologist, "il faut etre
+sec, clair, sans illusion. Un banquier, qui a fait fortune, a une
+partie du caractere requis pour faire des decouvertes en
+philosophie, c'est-a-dire pour voir clair dans ce qui est."
+
+40. Everything that is profound loves the mask: the profoundest
+things have a hatred even of figure and likeness. Should not the
+CONTRARY only be the right disguise for the shame of a God to go
+about in? A question worth asking!--it would be strange if some
+mystic has not already ventured on the same kind of thing. There
+are proceedings of such a delicate nature that it is well to
+overwhelm them with coarseness and make them unrecognizable;
+there are actions of love and of an extravagant magnanimity after
+which nothing can be wiser than to take a stick and thrash the
+witness soundly: one thereby obscures his recollection. Many a
+one is able to obscure and abuse his own memory, in order at
+least to have vengeance on this sole party in the secret: shame
+is inventive. They are not the worst things of which one is most
+ashamed: there is not only deceit behind a mask--there is so much
+goodness in craft. I could imagine that a man with something
+costly and fragile to conceal, would roll through life clumsily
+and rotundly like an old, green, heavily-hooped wine-cask: the
+refinement of his shame requiring it to be so. A man who has
+depths in his shame meets his destiny and his delicate decisions
+upon paths which few ever reach, and with regard to the existence
+of which his nearest and most intimate friends may be ignorant;
+his mortal danger conceals itself from their eyes, and equally so
+his regained security. Such a hidden nature, which instinctively
+employs speech for silence and concealment, and is inexhaustible
+in evasion of communication, DESIRES and insists that a mask of
+himself shall occupy his place in the hearts and heads of his
+friends; and supposing he does not desire it, his eyes will some
+day be opened to the fact that there is nevertheless a mask of
+him there--and that it is well to be so. Every profound spirit
+needs a mask; nay, more, around every profound spirit there
+continually grows a mask, owing to the constantly false, that is
+to say, SUPERFICIAL interpretation of every word he utters, every
+step he takes, every sign of life he manifests.
+
+41. One must subject oneself to one's own tests that one is
+destined for independence and command, and do so at the right
+time. One must not avoid one's tests, although they constitute
+perhaps the most dangerous game one can play, and are in the end
+tests made only before ourselves and before no other judge. Not
+to cleave to any person, be it even the dearest--every person is
+a prison and also a recess. Not to cleave to a fatherland, be it
+even the most suffering and necessitous--it is even less
+difficult to detach one's heart from a victorious fatherland. Not
+to cleave to a sympathy, be it even for higher men, into whose
+peculiar torture and helplessness chance has given us an insight.
+Not to cleave to a science, though it tempt one with the most
+valuable discoveries, apparently specially reserved for us. Not
+to cleave to one's own liberation, to the voluptuous distance and
+remoteness of the bird, which always flies further aloft in order
+always to see more under it--the danger of the flier. Not to
+cleave to our own virtues, nor become as a whole a victim to any
+of our specialties, to our "hospitality" for instance, which is
+the danger of dangers for highly developed and wealthy souls, who
+deal prodigally, almost indifferently with themselves, and push
+the virtue of liberality so far that it becomes a vice. One must
+know how TO CONSERVE ONESELF--the best test of independence.
+
+42. A new order of philosophers is appearing; I shall venture to
+baptize them by a name not without danger. As far as I understand
+them, as far as they allow themselves to be understood--for it is
+their nature to WISH to remain something of a puzzle--these
+philosophers of the future might rightly, perhaps also wrongly,
+claim to be designated as "tempters." This name itself is after
+all only an attempt, or, if it be preferred, a temptation.
+
+43. Will they be new friends of "truth," these coming
+philosophers? Very probably, for all philosophers hitherto have
+loved their truths. But assuredly they will not be dogmatists. It
+must be contrary to their pride, and also contrary to their
+taste, that their truth should still be truth for every one--that
+which has hitherto been the secret wish and ultimate purpose of
+all dogmatic efforts. "My opinion is MY opinion: another person
+has not easily a right to it"--such a philosopher of the future
+will say, perhaps. One must renounce the bad taste of wishing to
+agree with many people. "Good" is no longer good when one's
+neighbour takes it into his mouth. And how could there be a
+"common good"! The expression contradicts itself; that which can
+be common is always of small value. In the end things must be as
+they are and have always been--the great things remain for the
+great, the abysses for the profound, the delicacies and thrills
+for the refined, and, to sum up shortly, everything rare for the
+rare.
+
+
+44. Need I say expressly after all this that they will be free,
+VERY free spirits, these philosophers of the future--as certainly
+also they will not be merely free spirits, but something more,
+higher, greater, and fundamentally different, which does not wish
+to be misunderstood and mistaken? But while I say this, I feel
+under OBLIGATION almost as much to them as to ourselves (we free
+spirits who are their heralds and forerunners), to sweep away
+from ourselves altogether a stupid old prejudice and
+misunderstanding, which, like a fog, has too long made the
+conception of "free spirit" obscure. In every country of Europe,
+and the same in America, there is at present something which
+makes an abuse of this name a very narrow, prepossessed,
+enchained class of spirits, who desire almost the opposite of
+what our intentions and instincts prompt--not to mention that in
+respect to the NEW philosophers who are appearing, they must
+still more be closed windows and bolted doors. Briefly and
+regrettably, they belong to the LEVELLERS, these wrongly named
+"free spirits"--as glib-tongued and scribe-fingered slaves of the
+democratic taste and its "modern ideas" all of them men without
+solitude, without personal solitude, blunt honest fellows to whom
+neither courage nor honourable conduct ought to be denied, only,
+they are not free, and are ludicrously superficial, especially in
+their innate partiality for seeing the cause of almost ALL human
+misery and failure in the old forms in which society has hitherto
+existed--a notion which happily inverts the truth entirely! What
+they would fain attain with all their strength, is the universal,
+green-meadow happiness of the herd, together with security,
+safety, comfort, and alleviation of life for every one, their two
+most frequently chanted songs and doctrines are called "Equality
+of Rights" and "Sympathy with All Sufferers"--and suffering
+itself is looked upon by them as something which must be DONE
+AWAY WITH. We opposite ones, however, who have opened our eye and
+conscience to the question how and where the plant "man" has
+hitherto grown most vigorously, believe that this has always
+taken place under the opposite conditions, that for this end the
+dangerousness of his situation had to be increased enormously,
+his inventive faculty and dissembling power (his "spirit") had to
+develop into subtlety and daring under long oppression and
+compulsion, and his Will to Life had to be increased to the
+unconditioned Will to Power--we believe that severity, violence,
+slavery, danger in the street and in the heart, secrecy,
+stoicism, tempter's art and devilry of every kind,--that
+everything wicked, terrible, tyrannical, predatory, and
+serpentine in man, serves as well for the elevation of the human
+species as its opposite--we do not even say enough when we only
+say THIS MUCH, and in any case we find ourselves here, both with
+our speech and our silence, at the OTHER extreme of all modern
+ideology and gregarious desirability, as their antipodes
+perhaps? What wonder that we "free spirits" are not exactly the
+most communicative spirits? that we do not wish to betray in
+every respect WHAT a spirit can free itself from, and WHERE
+perhaps it will then be driven? And as to the import of the
+dangerous formula, "Beyond Good and Evil," with which we at least
+avoid confusion, we ARE something else than "libres-penseurs,"
+"liben pensatori" "free-thinkers," and whatever these honest
+advocates of "modern ideas" like to call themselves. Having been
+at home, or at least guests, in many realms of the spirit, having
+escaped again and again from the gloomy, agreeable nooks in which
+preferences and prejudices, youth, origin, the accident of men
+and books, or even the weariness of travel seemed to confine us,
+full of malice against the seductions of dependency which he
+concealed in honours, money, positions, or exaltation of the
+senses, grateful even for distress and the vicissitudes of
+illness, because they always free us from some rule, and its
+"prejudice," grateful to the God, devil, sheep, and worm in us,
+inquisitive to a fault, investigators to the point of cruelty,
+with unhesitating fingers for the intangible, with teeth and
+stomachs for the most indigestible, ready for any business that
+requires sagacity and acute senses, ready for every adventure,
+owing to an excess of "free will", with anterior and posterior
+souls, into the ultimate intentions of which it is difficult to
+pry, with foregrounds and backgrounds to the end of which no foot
+may run, hidden ones under the mantles of light, appropriators,
+although we resemble heirs and spendthrifts, arrangers and
+collectors from morning till night, misers of our wealth and our
+full-crammed drawers, economical in learning and forgetting,
+inventive in scheming, sometimes proud of tables of categories,
+sometimes pedants, sometimes night-owls of work even in full day,
+yea, if necessary, even scarecrows--and it is necessary nowadays,
+that is to say, inasmuch as we are the born, sworn, jealous
+friends of SOLITUDE, of our own profoundest midnight and midday
+solitude--such kind of men are we, we free spirits! And perhaps
+ye are also something of the same kind, ye coming ones? ye NEW
+philosophers?
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE RELIGIOUS MOOD
+
+
+45. The human soul and its limits, the range of man's inner
+experiences hitherto attained, the heights, depths, and distances
+of these experiences, the entire history of the soul UP TO THE
+PRESENT TIME, and its still unexhausted possibilities: this is
+the preordained hunting-domain for a born psychologist and lover
+of a "big hunt". But how often must he say despairingly to
+himself: "A single individual! alas, only a single individual!
+and this great forest, this virgin forest!" So he would like to
+have some hundreds of hunting assistants, and fine trained
+hounds, that he could send into the history of the human soul, to
+drive HIS game together. In vain: again and again he experiences,
+profoundly and bitterly, how difficult it is to find assistants
+and dogs for all the things that directly excite his curiosity.
+The evil of sending scholars into new and dangerous hunting-
+domains, where courage, sagacity, and subtlety in every sense are
+required, is that they are no longer serviceable just when the
+"BIG hunt," and also the great danger commences,--it is precisely
+then that they lose their keen eye and nose. In order, for
+instance, to divine and determine what sort of history the
+problem of KNOWLEDGE AND CONSCIENCE has hitherto had in the souls
+of homines religiosi, a person would perhaps himself have to
+possess as profound, as bruised, as immense an experience as the
+intellectual conscience of Pascal; and then he would still
+require that wide-spread heaven of clear, wicked spirituality,
+which, from above, would be able to oversee, arrange, and
+effectively formulize this mass of dangerous and painful
+experiences.--But who could do me this service! And who would
+have time to wait for such servants!--they evidently appear too
+rarely, they are so improbable at all times! Eventually one must
+do everything ONESELF in order to know something; which means
+that one has MUCH to do!--But a curiosity like mine is once for
+all the most agreeable of vices--pardon me! I mean to say that
+the love of truth has its reward in heaven, and already upon
+earth.
+
+46. Faith, such as early Christianity desired, and not
+infrequently achieved in the midst of a skeptical and southernly
+free-spirited world, which had centuries of struggle between
+philosophical schools behind it and in it, counting besides the
+education in tolerance which the Imperium Romanum gave--this
+faith is NOT that sincere, austere slave-faith by which perhaps a
+Luther or a Cromwell, or some other northern barbarian of the
+spirit remained attached to his God and Christianity, it is much
+rather the faith of Pascal, which resembles in a terrible manner
+a continuous suicide of reason--a tough, long-lived, worm-like
+reason, which is not to be slain at once and with a single blow.
+The Christian faith from the beginning, is sacrifice the
+sacrifice of all freedom, all pride, all self-confidence of
+spirit, it is at the same time subjection, self-derision, and
+self-mutilation. There is cruelty and religious Phoenicianism in
+this faith, which is adapted to a tender, many-sided, and very
+fastidious conscience, it takes for granted that the subjection
+of the spirit is indescribably PAINFUL, that all the past and all
+the habits of such a spirit resist the absurdissimum, in the form
+of which "faith" comes to it. Modern men, with their obtuseness
+as regards all Christian nomenclature, have no longer the sense
+for the terribly superlative conception which was implied to an
+antique taste by the paradox of the formula, "God on the Cross".
+Hitherto there had never and nowhere been such boldness in
+inversion, nor anything at once so dreadful, questioning, and
+questionable as this formula: it promised a transvaluation of all
+ancient values--It was the Orient, the PROFOUND Orient, it was
+the Oriental slave who thus took revenge on Rome and its noble,
+light-minded toleration, on the Roman "Catholicism" of non-faith,
+and it was always not the faith, but the freedom from the faith,
+the half-stoical and smiling indifference to the seriousness of
+the faith, which made the slaves indignant at their masters and
+revolt against them. "Enlightenment" causes revolt, for the slave
+desires the unconditioned, he understands nothing but the
+tyrannous, even in morals, he loves as he hates, without NUANCE,
+to the very depths, to the point of pain, to the point of
+sickness--his many HIDDEN sufferings make him revolt against the
+noble taste which seems to DENY suffering. The skepticism with
+regard to suffering, fundamentally only an attitude of
+aristocratic morality, was not the least of the causes, also, of
+the last great slave-insurrection which began with the French
+Revolution.
+
+47. Wherever the religious neurosis has appeared on the earth so
+far, we find it connected with three dangerous prescriptions as
+to regimen: solitude, fasting, and sexual abstinence--but without
+its being possible to determine with certainty which is cause and
+which is effect, or IF any relation at all of cause and effect
+exists there. This latter doubt is justified by the fact that one
+of the most regular symptoms among savage as well as among
+civilized peoples is the most sudden and excessive sensuality,
+which then with equal suddenness transforms into penitential
+paroxysms, world-renunciation, and will-renunciation, both
+symptoms perhaps explainable as disguised epilepsy? But nowhere
+is it MORE obligatory to put aside explanations around no other
+type has there grown such a mass of absurdity and superstition,
+no other type seems to have been more interesting to men and even
+to philosophers--perhaps it is time to become just a little
+indifferent here, to learn caution, or, better still, to look
+AWAY, TO GO AWAY--Yet in the background of the most recent
+philosophy, that of Schopenhauer, we find almost as the problem
+in itself, this terrible note of interrogation of the religious
+crisis and awakening. How is the negation of will POSSIBLE? how
+is the saint possible?--that seems to have been the very question
+with which Schopenhauer made a start and became a philosopher.
+And thus it was a genuine Schopenhauerian consequence, that his
+most convinced adherent (perhaps also his last, as far as Germany
+is concerned), namely, Richard Wagner, should bring his own life-
+work to an end just here, and should finally put that terrible
+and eternal type upon the stage as Kundry, type vecu, and as it
+loved and lived, at the very time that the mad-doctors in almost
+all European countries had an opportunity to study the type close
+at hand, wherever the religious neurosis--or as I call it, "the
+religious mood"--made its latest epidemical outbreak and display
+as the "Salvation Army"--If it be a question, however, as to what
+has been so extremely interesting to men of all sorts in all
+ages, and even to philosophers, in the whole phenomenon of the
+saint, it is undoubtedly the appearance of the miraculous
+therein--namely, the immediate SUCCESSION OF OPPOSITES, of states
+of the soul regarded as morally antithetical: it was believed
+here to be self-evident that a "bad man" was all at once turned
+into a "saint," a good man. The hitherto existing psychology was
+wrecked at this point, is it not possible it may have happened
+principally because psychology had placed itself under the
+dominion of morals, because it BELIEVED in oppositions of moral
+values, and saw, read, and INTERPRETED these oppositions into the
+text and facts of the case? What? "Miracle" only an error of
+interpretation? A lack of philology?
+
+48. It seems that the Latin races are far more deeply attached to
+their Catholicism than we Northerners are to Christianity
+generally, and that consequently unbelief in Catholic countries
+means something quite different from what it does among
+Protestants--namely, a sort of revolt against the spirit of the
+race, while with us it is rather a return to the spirit (or non-
+spirit) of the race.
+
+We Northerners undoubtedly derive our origin from barbarous
+races, even as regards our talents for religion--we have POOR
+talents for it. One may make an exception in the case of the
+Celts, who have theretofore furnished also the best soil for
+Christian infection in the North: the Christian ideal blossomed
+forth in France as much as ever the pale sun of the north would
+allow it. How strangely pious for our taste are still these later
+French skeptics, whenever there is any Celtic blood in their
+origin! How Catholic, how un-German does Auguste Comte's
+Sociology seem to us, with the Roman logic of its instincts! How
+Jesuitical, that amiable and shrewd cicerone of Port Royal,
+Sainte-Beuve, in spite of all his hostility to Jesuits! And even
+Ernest Renan: how inaccessible to us Northerners does the
+language of such a Renan appear, in whom every instant the merest
+touch of religious thrill throws his refined voluptuous and
+comfortably couching soul off its balance! Let us repeat after
+him these fine sentences--and what wickedness and haughtiness is
+immediately aroused by way of answer in our probably less
+beautiful but harder souls, that is to say, in our more German
+souls!--"DISONS DONC HARDIMENT QUE LA RELIGION EST UN PRODUIT DE
+L'HOMME NORMAL, QUE L'HOMME EST LE PLUS DANS LE VRAI QUANT IL EST
+LE PLUS RELIGIEUX ET LE PLUS ASSURE D'UNE DESTINEE INFINIE. . . .
+C'EST QUAND IL EST BON QU'IL VEUT QUE LA VIRTU CORRESPONDE A UN
+ORDER ETERNAL, C'EST QUAND IL CONTEMPLE LES CHOSES D'UNE MANIERE
+DESINTERESSEE QU'IL TROUVE LA MORT REVOLTANTE ET ABSURDE. COMMENT
+NE PAS SUPPOSER QUE C'EST DANS CES MOMENTS-LA, QUE L'HOMME VOIT
+LE MIEUX?" . . . These sentences are so extremely ANTIPODAL to my
+ears and habits of thought, that in my first impulse of rage on
+finding them, I wrote on the margin, "LA NIAISERIE RELIGIEUSE PAR
+EXCELLENCE!"--until in my later rage I even took a fancy to them,
+these sentences with their truth absolutely inverted! It is so
+nice and such a distinction to have one's own antipodes!
+
+49. That which is so astonishing in the religious life of the
+ancient Greeks is the irrestrainable stream of GRATITUDE which it
+pours forth--it is a very superior kind of man who takes SUCH an
+attitude towards nature and life.--Later on, when the populace
+got the upper hand in Greece, FEAR became rampant also in
+religion; and Christianity was preparing itself.
+
+50. The passion for God: there are churlish, honest-hearted, and
+importunate kinds of it, like that of Luther--the whole of
+Protestantism lacks the southern DELICATEZZA. There is an
+Oriental exaltation of the mind in it, like that of an
+undeservedly favoured or elevated slave, as in the case of St.
+Augustine, for instance, who lacks in an offensive manner, all
+nobility in bearing and desires. There is a feminine tenderness
+and sensuality in it, which modestly and unconsciously longs for
+a UNIO MYSTICA ET PHYSICA, as in the case of Madame de Guyon. In
+many cases it appears, curiously enough, as the disguise of a
+girl's or youth's puberty; here and there even as the hysteria of
+an old maid, also as her last ambition. The Church has frequently
+canonized the woman in such a case.
+
+51. The mightiest men have hitherto always bowed reverently
+before the saint, as the enigma of self-subjugation and utter
+voluntary privation--why did they thus bow? They divined in him--
+and as it were behind the questionableness of his frail and
+wretched appearance--the superior force which wished to test
+itself by such a subjugation; the strength of will, in which they
+recognized their own strength and love of power, and knew how to
+honour it: they honoured something in themselves when they
+honoured the saint. In addition to this, the contemplation of the
+saint suggested to them a suspicion: such an enormity of self-
+negation and anti-naturalness will not have been coveted for
+nothing--they have said, inquiringly. There is perhaps a reason
+for it, some very great danger, about which the ascetic might
+wish to be more accurately informed through his secret
+interlocutors and visitors? In a word, the mighty ones of the
+world learned to have a new fear before him, they divined a new
+power, a strange, still unconquered enemy:--it was the "Will to
+Power" which obliged them to halt before the saint. They had to
+question him.
+
+52. In the Jewish "Old Testament," the book of divine justice,
+there are men, things, and sayings on such an immense scale, that
+Greek and Indian literature has nothing to compare with it. One
+stands with fear and reverence before those stupendous remains of
+what man was formerly, and one has sad thoughts about old Asia
+and its little out-pushed peninsula Europe, which would like, by
+all means, to figure before Asia as the "Progress of Mankind." To
+be sure, he who is himself only a slender, tame house-animal, and
+knows only the wants of a house-animal (like our cultured people
+of today, including the Christians of "cultured" Christianity),
+need neither be amazed nor even sad amid those ruins--the taste
+for the Old Testament is a touchstone with respect to "great" and
+"small": perhaps he will find that the New Testament, the book of
+grace, still appeals more to his heart (there is much of the
+odour of the genuine, tender, stupid beadsman and petty soul in
+it). To have bound up this New Testament (a kind of ROCOCO of
+taste in every respect) along with the Old Testament into one
+book, as the "Bible," as "The Book in Itself," is perhaps the
+greatest audacity and "sin against the Spirit" which literary
+Europe has upon its conscience.
+
+53. Why Atheism nowadays? "The father" in God is thoroughly
+refuted; equally so "the judge," "the rewarder." Also his "free
+will": he does not hear--and even if he did, he would not know
+how to help. The worst is that he seems incapable of
+communicating himself clearly; is he uncertain?--This is what I
+have made out (by questioning and listening at a variety of
+conversations) to be the cause of the decline of European theism;
+it appears to me that though the religious instinct is in
+vigorous growth,--it rejects the theistic satisfaction with
+profound distrust.
+
+54. What does all modern philosophy mainly do? Since Descartes--
+and indeed more in defiance of him than on the basis of his
+procedure--an ATTENTAT has been made on the part of all
+philosophers on the old conception of the soul, under the guise
+of a criticism of the subject and predicate conception--that is
+to say, an ATTENTAT on the fundamental presupposition of
+Christian doctrine. Modern philosophy, as epistemological
+skepticism, is secretly or openly ANTI-CHRISTIAN, although (for
+keener ears, be it said) by no means anti-religious. Formerly, in
+effect, one believed in "the soul" as one believed in grammar and
+the grammatical subject: one said, "I" is the condition, "think"
+is the predicate and is conditioned--to think is an activity for
+which one MUST suppose a subject as cause. The attempt was then
+made, with marvelous tenacity and subtlety, to see if one could
+not get out of this net,--to see if the opposite was not perhaps
+true: "think" the condition, and "I" the conditioned; "I,"
+therefore, only a synthesis which has been MADE by thinking
+itself. KANT really wished to prove that, starting from the
+subject, the subject could not be proved--nor the object either:
+the possibility of an APPARENT EXISTENCE of the subject, and
+therefore of "the soul," may not always have been strange to
+him,--the thought which once had an immense power on earth as the
+Vedanta philosophy.
+
+55. There is a great ladder of religious cruelty, with many
+rounds; but three of these are the most important. Once on a time
+men sacrificed human beings to their God, and perhaps just those
+they loved the best--to this category belong the firstling
+sacrifices of all primitive religions, and also the sacrifice of
+the Emperor Tiberius in the Mithra-Grotto on the Island of Capri,
+that most terrible of all Roman anachronisms. Then, during the
+moral epoch of mankind, they sacrificed to their God the
+strongest instincts they possessed, their "nature"; THIS festal
+joy shines in the cruel glances of ascetics and "anti-natural"
+fanatics. Finally, what still remained to be sacrificed? Was it
+not necessary in the end for men to sacrifice everything
+comforting, holy, healing, all hope, all faith in hidden
+harmonies, in future blessedness and justice? Was it not
+necessary to sacrifice God himself, and out of cruelty to
+themselves to worship stone, stupidity, gravity, fate,
+nothingness? To sacrifice God for nothingness--this paradoxical
+mystery of the ultimate cruelty has been reserved for the rising
+generation; we all know something thereof already.
+
+56. Whoever, like myself, prompted by some enigmatical desire,
+has long endeavoured to go to the bottom of the question of
+pessimism and free it from the half-Christian, half-German
+narrowness and stupidity in which it has finally presented itself
+to this century, namely, in the form of Schopenhauer's
+philosophy; whoever, with an Asiatic and super-Asiatic eye, has
+actually looked inside, and into the most world-renouncing of all
+possible modes of thought--beyond good and evil, and no longer
+like Buddha and Schopenhauer, under the dominion and delusion of
+morality,--whoever has done this, has perhaps just thereby,
+without really desiring it, opened his eyes to behold the
+opposite ideal: the ideal of the most world-approving, exuberant,
+and vivacious man, who has not only learnt to compromise and
+arrange with that which was and is, but wishes to have it again
+AS IT WAS AND IS, for all eternity, insatiably calling out da
+capo, not only to himself, but to the whole piece and play; and
+not only the play, but actually to him who requires the play--and
+makes it necessary; because he always requires himself anew--and
+makes himself necessary.--What? And this would not be--circulus
+vitiosus deus?
+
+57. The distance, and as it were the space around man, grows with
+the strength of his intellectual vision and insight: his world
+becomes profounder; new stars, new enigmas, and notions are ever
+coming into view. Perhaps everything on which the intellectual
+eye has exercised its acuteness and profundity has just been an
+occasion for its exercise, something of a game, something for
+children and childish minds. Perhaps the most solemn conceptions
+that have caused the most fighting and suffering, the conceptions
+"God" and "sin," will one day seem to us of no more importance
+than a child's plaything or a child's pain seems to an old man;--
+and perhaps another plaything and another pain will then be
+necessary once more for "the old man"--always childish enough, an
+eternal child!
+
+58. Has it been observed to what extent outward idleness, or
+semi-idleness, is necessary to a real religious life (alike for
+its favourite microscopic labour of self-examination, and for its
+soft placidity called "prayer," the state of perpetual readiness
+for the "coming of God"), I mean the idleness with a good
+conscience, the idleness of olden times and of blood, to which
+the aristocratic sentiment that work is DISHONOURING--that it
+vulgarizes body and soul--is not quite unfamiliar? And that
+consequently the modern, noisy, time-engrossing, conceited,
+foolishly proud laboriousness educates and prepares for
+"unbelief" more than anything else? Among these, for instance,
+who are at present living apart from religion in Germany, I find
+"free-thinkers" of diversified species and origin, but above all
+a majority of those in whom laboriousness from generation to
+generation has dissolved the religious instincts; so that they no
+longer know what purpose religions serve, and only note their
+existence in the world with a kind of dull astonishment. They
+feel themselves already fully occupied, these good people, be it
+by their business or by their pleasures, not to mention the
+"Fatherland," and the newspapers, and their "family duties"; it
+seems that they have no time whatever left for religion; and
+above all, it is not obvious to them whether it is a question of
+a new business or a new pleasure--for it is impossible, they say
+to themselves, that people should go to church merely to spoil
+their tempers. They are by no means enemies of religious customs;
+should certain circumstances, State affairs perhaps, require
+their participation in such customs, they do what is required, as
+so many things are done--with a patient and unassuming
+seriousness, and without much curiosity or discomfort;--they live
+too much apart and outside to feel even the necessity for a FOR
+or AGAINST in such matters. Among those indifferent persons may
+be reckoned nowadays the majority of German Protestants of the
+middle classes, especially in the great laborious centres of
+trade and commerce; also the majority of laborious scholars, and
+the entire University personnel (with the exception of the
+theologians, whose existence and possibility there always gives
+psychologists new and more subtle puzzles to solve). On the part
+of pious, or merely church-going people, there is seldom any idea
+of HOW MUCH good-will, one might say arbitrary will, is now
+necessary for a German scholar to take the problem of religion
+seriously; his whole profession (and as I have said, his whole
+workmanlike laboriousness, to which he is compelled by his modern
+conscience) inclines him to a lofty and almost charitable
+serenity as regards religion, with which is occasionally mingled
+a slight disdain for the "uncleanliness" of spirit which he takes
+for granted wherever any one still professes to belong to the
+Church. It is only with the help of history (NOT through his own
+personal experience, therefore) that the scholar succeeds in
+bringing himself to a respectful seriousness, and to a certain
+timid deference in presence of religions; but even when his
+sentiments have reached the stage of gratitude towards them, he
+has not personally advanced one step nearer to that which still
+maintains itself as Church or as piety; perhaps even the
+contrary. The practical indifference to religious matters in the
+midst of which he has been born and brought up, usually
+sublimates itself in his case into circumspection and
+cleanliness, which shuns contact with religious men and things;
+and it may be just the depth of his tolerance and humanity which
+prompts him to avoid the delicate trouble which tolerance itself
+brings with it.--Every age has its own divine type of naivete,
+for the discovery of which other ages may envy it: and how much
+naivete--adorable, childlike, and boundlessly foolish naivete is
+involved in this belief of the scholar in his superiority, in the
+good conscience of his tolerance, in the unsuspecting, simple
+certainty with which his instinct treats the religious man as a
+lower and less valuable type, beyond, before, and ABOVE which he
+himself has developed--he, the little arrogant dwarf and mob-man,
+the sedulously alert, head-and-hand drudge of "ideas," of "modern
+ideas"!
+
+59. Whoever has seen deeply into the world has doubtless divined
+what wisdom there is in the fact that men are superficial. It is
+their preservative instinct which teaches them to be flighty,
+lightsome, and false. Here and there one finds a passionate and
+exaggerated adoration of "pure forms" in philosophers as well as
+in artists: it is not to be doubted that whoever has NEED of the
+cult of the superficial to that extent, has at one time or
+another made an unlucky dive BENEATH it. Perhaps there is even an
+order of rank with respect to those burnt children, the born
+artists who find the enjoyment of life only in trying to FALSIFY
+its image (as if taking wearisome revenge on it), one might guess
+to what degree life has disgusted them, by the extent to which
+they wish to see its image falsified, attenuated, ultrified, and
+deified,--one might reckon the homines religiosi among the
+artists, as their HIGHEST rank. It is the profound, suspicious
+fear of an incurable pessimism which compels whole centuries to
+fasten their teeth into a religious interpretation of existence:
+the fear of the instinct which divines that truth might be
+attained TOO soon, before man has become strong enough, hard
+enough, artist enough. . . . Piety, the "Life in God," regarded in
+this light, would appear as the most elaborate and ultimate
+product of the FEAR of truth, as artist-adoration and artist-
+intoxication in presence of the most logical of all
+falsifications, as the will to the inversion of truth, to untruth
+at any price. Perhaps there has hitherto been no more effective
+means of beautifying man than piety, by means of it man can
+become so artful, so superficial, so iridescent, and so good,
+that his appearance no longer offends.
+
+60. To love mankind FOR GOD'S SAKE--this has so far been the
+noblest and remotest sentiment to which mankind has attained.
+That love to mankind, without any redeeming intention in the
+background, is only an ADDITIONAL folly and brutishness, that the
+inclination to this love has first to get its proportion, its
+delicacy, its gram of salt and sprinkling of ambergris from a
+higher inclination--whoever first perceived and "experienced"
+this, however his tongue may have stammered as it attempted to
+express such a delicate matter, let him for all time be holy and
+respected, as the man who has so far flown highest and gone
+astray in the finest fashion!
+
+61. The philosopher, as WE free spirits understand him--as the
+man of the greatest responsibility, who has the conscience for
+the general development of mankind,--will use religion for his
+disciplining and educating work, just as he will use the
+contemporary political and economic conditions. The selecting and
+disciplining influence--destructive, as well as creative and
+fashioning--which can be exercised by means of religion is
+manifold and varied, according to the sort of people placed under
+its spell and protection. For those who are strong and
+independent, destined and trained to command, in whom the
+judgment and skill of a ruling race is incorporated, religion is
+an additional means for overcoming resistance in the exercise of
+authority--as a bond which binds rulers and subjects in common,
+betraying and surrendering to the former the conscience of the
+latter, their inmost heart, which would fain escape obedience.
+And in the case of the unique natures of noble origin, if by
+virtue of superior spirituality they should incline to a more
+retired and contemplative life, reserving to themselves only the
+more refined forms of government (over chosen disciples or
+members of an order), religion itself may be used as a means for
+obtaining peace from the noise and trouble of managing GROSSER
+affairs, and for securing immunity from the UNAVOIDABLE filth of
+all political agitation. The Brahmins, for instance, understood
+this fact. With the help of a religious organization, they
+secured to themselves the power of nominating kings for the
+people, while their sentiments prompted them to keep apart and
+outside, as men with a higher and super-regal mission. At the
+same time religion gives inducement and opportunity to some of
+the subjects to qualify themselves for future ruling and
+commanding the slowly ascending ranks and classes, in which,
+through fortunate marriage customs, volitional power and delight
+in self-control are on the increase. To them religion offers
+sufficient incentives and temptations to aspire to higher
+intellectuality, and to experience the sentiments of
+authoritative self-control, of silence, and of solitude.
+Asceticism and Puritanism are almost indispensable means of
+educating and ennobling a race which seeks to rise above its
+hereditary baseness and work itself upwards to future supremacy.
+And finally, to ordinary men, to the majority of the people, who
+exist for service and general utility, and are only so far
+entitled to exist, religion gives invaluable contentedness with
+their lot and condition, peace of heart, ennoblement of
+obedience, additional social happiness and sympathy, with
+something of transfiguration and embellishment, something of
+justification of all the commonplaceness, all the meanness, all
+the semi-animal poverty of their souls. Religion, together with
+the religious significance of life, sheds sunshine over such
+perpetually harassed men, and makes even their own aspect
+endurable to them, it operates upon them as the Epicurean
+philosophy usually operates upon sufferers of a higher order, in
+a refreshing and refining manner, almost TURNING suffering TO
+ACCOUNT, and in the end even hallowing and vindicating it. There
+is perhaps nothing so admirable in Christianity and Buddhism as
+their art of teaching even the lowest to elevate themselves by
+piety to a seemingly higher order of things, and thereby to
+retain their satisfaction with the actual world in which they
+find it difficult enough to live--this very difficulty being
+necessary.
+
+62. To be sure--to make also the bad counter-reckoning against
+such religions, and to bring to light their secret dangers--the
+cost is always excessive and terrible when religions do NOT
+operate as an educational and disciplinary medium in the hands of
+the philosopher, but rule voluntarily and PARAMOUNTLY, when they
+wish to be the final end, and not a means along with other means.
+Among men, as among all other animals, there is a surplus of
+defective, diseased, degenerating, infirm, and necessarily
+suffering individuals; the successful cases, among men also, are
+always the exception; and in view of the fact that man is THE
+ANIMAL NOT YET PROPERLY ADAPTED TO HIS ENVIRONMENT, the rare
+exception. But worse still. The higher the type a man represents,
+the greater is the improbability that he will SUCCEED; the
+accidental, the law of irrationality in the general constitution
+of mankind, manifests itself most terribly in its destructive
+effect on the higher orders of men, the conditions of whose lives
+are delicate, diverse, and difficult to determine. What, then, is
+the attitude of the two greatest religions above-mentioned to the
+SURPLUS of failures in life? They endeavour to preserve and keep
+alive whatever can be preserved; in fact, as the religions FOR
+SUFFERERS, they take the part of these upon principle; they are
+always in favour of those who suffer from life as from a disease,
+and they would fain treat every other experience of life as false
+and impossible. However highly we may esteem this indulgent and
+preservative care (inasmuch as in applying to others, it has
+applied, and applies also to the highest and usually the most
+suffering type of man), the hitherto PARAMOUNT religions--to give
+a general appreciation of them--are among the principal causes
+which have kept the type of "man" upon a lower level--they have
+preserved too much THAT WHICH SHOULD HAVE PERISHED. One has to
+thank them for invaluable services; and who is sufficiently rich
+in gratitude not to feel poor at the contemplation of all that
+the "spiritual men" of Christianity have done for Europe
+hitherto! But when they had given comfort to the sufferers,
+courage to the oppressed and despairing, a staff and support to
+the helpless, and when they had allured from society into
+convents and spiritual penitentiaries the broken-hearted and
+distracted: what else had they to do in order to work
+systematically in that fashion, and with a good conscience, for
+the preservation of all the sick and suffering, which means, in
+deed and in truth, to work for the DETERIORATION OF THE EUROPEAN
+RACE? To REVERSE all estimates of value--THAT is what they had to
+do! And to shatter the strong, to spoil great hopes, to cast
+suspicion on the delight in beauty, to break down everything
+autonomous, manly, conquering, and imperious--all instincts which
+are natural to the highest and most successful type of "man"--
+into uncertainty, distress of conscience, and self-destruction;
+forsooth, to invert all love of the earthly and of supremacy over
+the earth, into hatred of the earth and earthly things--THAT is
+the task the Church imposed on itself, and was obliged to impose,
+until, according to its standard of value, "unworldliness,"
+"unsensuousness," and "higher man" fused into one sentiment. If
+one could observe the strangely painful, equally coarse and
+refined comedy of European Christianity with the derisive and
+impartial eye of an Epicurean god, I should think one would never
+cease marvelling and laughing; does it not actually seem that
+some single will has ruled over Europe for eighteen centuries in
+order to make a SUBLIME ABORTION of man? He, however, who, with
+opposite requirements (no longer Epicurean) and with some divine
+hammer in his hand, could approach this almost voluntary
+degeneration and stunting of mankind, as exemplified in the
+European Christian (Pascal, for instance), would he not have to
+cry aloud with rage, pity, and horror: "Oh, you bunglers,
+presumptuous pitiful bunglers, what have you done! Was that a
+work for your hands? How you have hacked and botched my finest
+stone! What have you presumed to do!"--I should say that
+Christianity has hitherto been the most portentous of
+presumptions. Men, not great enough, nor hard enough, to be
+entitled as artists to take part in fashioning MAN; men, not
+sufficiently strong and far-sighted to ALLOW, with sublime self-
+constraint, the obvious law of the thousandfold failures and
+perishings to prevail; men, not sufficiently noble to see the
+radically different grades of rank and intervals of rank that
+separate man from man:--SUCH men, with their "equality before
+God," have hitherto swayed the destiny of Europe; until at last a
+dwarfed, almost ludicrous species has been produced, a gregarious
+animal, something obliging, sickly, mediocre, the European of the
+present day.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+APOPHTHEGMS AND INTERLUDES
+
+
+63. He who is a thorough teacher takes things seriously--and even
+himself--only in relation to his pupils.
+
+64. "Knowledge for its own sake"--that is the last snare laid by
+morality: we are thereby completely entangled in morals once
+more.
+
+65. The charm of knowledge would be small, were it not so much
+shame has to be overcome on the way to it.
+
+65A. We are most dishonourable towards our God: he is not
+PERMITTED to sin.
+
+66. The tendency of a person to allow himself to be degraded,
+robbed, deceived, and exploited might be the diffidence of a God
+among men.
+
+67. Love to one only is a barbarity, for it is exercised at the
+expense of all others. Love to God also!
+
+68. "I did that," says my memory. "I could not have done that,"
+says my pride, and remains inexorable. Eventually--the memory
+yields.
+
+69. One has regarded life carelessly, if one has failed to see
+the hand that--kills with leniency.
+
+70. If a man has character, he has also his typical experience,
+which always recurs.
+
+71. THE SAGE AS ASTRONOMER.--So long as thou feelest the stars as
+an "above thee," thou lackest the eye of the discerning one.
+
+72. It is not the strength, but the duration of great sentiments
+that makes great men.
+
+73. He who attains his ideal, precisely thereby surpasses it.
+
+73A. Many a peacock hides his tail from every eye--and calls it
+his pride.
+
+74. A man of genius is unbearable, unless he possess at least two
+things besides: gratitude and purity.
+
+75. The degree and nature of a man's sensuality extends to the
+highest altitudes of his spirit.
+
+76. Under peaceful conditions the militant man attacks himself.
+
+77. With his principles a man seeks either to dominate, or
+justify, or honour, or reproach, or conceal his habits: two men
+with the same principles probably seek fundamentally different
+ends therewith.
+
+78. He who despises himself, nevertheless esteems himself
+thereby, as a despiser.
+
+79. A soul which knows that it is loved, but does not itself
+love, betrays its sediment: its dregs come up.
+
+80. A thing that is explained ceases to concern us--What did the
+God mean who gave the advice, "Know thyself!" Did it perhaps
+imply "Cease to be concerned about thyself! become objective!"--
+And Socrates?--And the "scientific man"?
+
+81. It is terrible to die of thirst at sea. Is it necessary that
+you should so salt your truth that it will no longer--quench
+thirst?
+
+82. "Sympathy for all"--would be harshness and tyranny for THEE,
+my good neighbour.
+
+83. INSTINCT--When the house is on fire one forgets even the
+dinner--Yes, but one recovers it from among the ashes.
+
+84. Woman learns how to hate in proportion as she--forgets how to
+charm.
+
+85. The same emotions are in man and woman, but in different
+TEMPO, on that account man and woman never cease to misunderstand
+each other.
+
+86. In the background of all their personal vanity, women
+themselves have still their impersonal scorn--for "woman".
+
+87. FETTERED HEART, FREE SPIRIT--When one firmly fetters one's
+heart and keeps it prisoner, one can allow one's spirit many
+liberties: I said this once before But people do not believe it
+when I say so, unless they know it already.
+
+88. One begins to distrust very clever persons when they become
+embarrassed.
+
+89. Dreadful experiences raise the question whether he who
+experiences them is not something dreadful also.
+
+90. Heavy, melancholy men turn lighter, and come temporarily to
+their surface, precisely by that which makes others heavy--by
+hatred and love.
+
+91. So cold, so icy, that one burns one's finger at the touch of
+him! Every hand that lays hold of him shrinks back!--And for that
+very reason many think him red-hot.
+
+92. Who has not, at one time or another--sacrificed himself for
+the sake of his good name?
+
+93. In affability there is no hatred of men, but precisely on
+that account a great deal too much contempt of men.
+
+94. The maturity of man--that means, to have reacquired the
+seriousness that one had as a child at play.
+
+95. To be ashamed of one's immorality is a step on the ladder at
+the end of which one is ashamed also of one's morality.
+
+96. One should part from life as Ulysses parted from Nausicaa--
+blessing it rather than in love with it.
+
+97. What? A great man? I always see merely the play-actor of his
+own ideal.
+
+98. When one trains one's conscience, it kisses one while it
+bites.
+
+99. THE DISAPPOINTED ONE SPEAKS--"I listened for the echo and I
+heard only praise."
+
+100. We all feign to ourselves that we are simpler than we are,
+we thus relax ourselves away from our fellows.
+
+101. A discerning one might easily regard himself at present as
+the animalization of God.
+
+102. Discovering reciprocal love should really disenchant the
+lover with regard to the beloved. "What! She is modest enough to
+love even you? Or stupid enough? Or--or---"
+
+103. THE DANGER IN HAPPINESS.--"Everything now turns out best for
+me, I now love every fate:--who would like to be my fate?"
+
+104. Not their love of humanity, but the impotence of their love,
+prevents the Christians of today--burning us.
+
+105. The pia fraus is still more repugnant to the taste (the
+"piety") of the free spirit (the "pious man of knowledge") than
+the impia fraus. Hence the profound lack of judgment, in
+comparison with the Church, characteristic of the type "free
+spirit"--as ITS non-freedom.
+
+106. By means of music the very passions enjoy themselves.
+
+107. A sign of strong character, when once the resolution has
+been taken, to shut the ear even to the best counter-arguments.
+Occasionally, therefore, a will to stupidity.
+
+108. There is no such thing as moral phenomena, but only a moral
+interpretation of phenomena.
+
+109. The criminal is often enough not equal to his deed: he
+extenuates and maligns it.
+
+110. The advocates of a criminal are seldom artists enough to
+turn the beautiful terribleness of the deed to the advantage of
+the doer.
+
+111. Our vanity is most difficult to wound just when our pride
+has been wounded.
+
+112. To him who feels himself preordained to contemplation and
+not to belief, all believers are too noisy and obtrusive; he
+guards against them.
+
+113. "You want to prepossess him in your favour? Then you must be
+embarrassed before him."
+
+114. The immense expectation with regard to sexual love, and the
+coyness in this expectation, spoils all the perspectives of women
+at the outset.
+
+115. Where there is neither love nor hatred in the game, woman's
+play is mediocre.
+
+116. The great epochs of our life are at the points when we gain
+courage to rebaptize our badness as the best in us.
+
+117. The will to overcome an emotion, is ultimately only the will
+of another, or of several other, emotions.
+
+118. There is an innocence of admiration: it is possessed by him
+to whom it has not yet occurred that he himself may be admired
+some day.
+
+119. Our loathing of dirt may be so great as to prevent our
+cleaning ourselves--"justifying" ourselves.
+
+120. Sensuality often forces the growth of love too much, so that
+its root remains weak, and is easily torn up.
+
+121. It is a curious thing that God learned Greek when he wished
+to turn author--and that he did not learn it better.
+
+122. To rejoice on account of praise is in many cases merely
+politeness of heart--and the very opposite of vanity of spirit.
+
+123. Even concubinage has been corrupted--by marriage.
+
+124. He who exults at the stake, does not triumph over pain, but
+because of the fact that he does not feel pain where he expected
+it. A parable.
+
+125. When we have to change an opinion about any one, we charge
+heavily to his account the inconvenience he thereby causes us.
+
+126. A nation is a detour of nature to arrive at six or seven
+great men.--Yes, and then to get round them.
+
+127. In the eyes of all true women science is hostile to the
+sense of shame. They feel as if one wished to peep under their
+skin with it--or worse still! under their dress and finery.
+
+128. The more abstract the truth you wish to teach, the more must
+you allure the senses to it.
+
+129. The devil has the most extensive perspectives for God; on
+that account he keeps so far away from him:--the devil, in
+effect, as the oldest friend of knowledge.
+
+130. What a person IS begins to betray itself when his talent
+decreases,--when he ceases to show what he CAN do. Talent is also
+an adornment; an adornment is also a concealment.
+
+131. The sexes deceive themselves about each other: the reason is
+that in reality they honour and love only themselves (or their
+own ideal, to express it more agreeably). Thus man wishes woman
+to be peaceable: but in fact woman is ESSENTIALLY unpeaceable,
+like the cat, however well she may have assumed the peaceable
+demeanour.
+
+132. One is punished best for one's virtues.
+
+133. He who cannot find the way to HIS ideal, lives more
+frivolously and shamelessly than the man without an ideal.
+
+134. From the senses originate all trustworthiness, all good
+conscience, all evidence of truth.
+
+135. Pharisaism is not a deterioration of the good man; a
+considerable part of it is rather an essential condition of being
+good.
+
+136. The one seeks an accoucheur for his thoughts, the other
+seeks some one whom he can assist: a good conversation thus
+originates.
+
+137. In intercourse with scholars and artists one readily makes
+mistakes of opposite kinds: in a remarkable scholar one not
+infrequently finds a mediocre man; and often, even in a mediocre
+artist, one finds a very remarkable man.
+
+138. We do the same when awake as when dreaming: we only invent
+and imagine him with whom we have intercourse--and forget it
+immediately.
+
+139. In revenge and in love woman is more barbarous than man.
+
+140. ADVICE AS A RIDDLE.--"If the band is not to break, bite it
+first--secure to make!"
+
+141. The belly is the reason why man does not so readily take
+himself for a God.
+
+142. The chastest utterance I ever heard: "Dans le veritable
+amour c'est l'ame qui enveloppe le corps."
+
+143. Our vanity would like what we do best to pass precisely for
+what is most difficult to us.--Concerning the origin of many
+systems of morals.
+
+144. When a woman has scholarly inclinations there is generally
+something wrong with her sexual nature. Barrenness itself
+conduces to a certain virility of taste; man, indeed, if I may
+say so, is "the barren animal."
+
+145. Comparing man and woman generally, one may say that woman
+would not have the genius for adornment, if she had not the
+instinct for the SECONDARY role.
+
+146. He who fights with monsters should be careful lest he
+thereby become a monster. And if thou gaze long into an abyss,
+the abyss will also gaze into thee.
+
+147. From old Florentine novels--moreover, from life: Buona
+femmina e mala femmina vuol bastone.--Sacchetti, Nov. 86.
+
+148. To seduce their neighbour to a favourable opinion, and
+afterwards to believe implicitly in this opinion of their
+neighbour--who can do this conjuring trick so well as women?
+
+149. That which an age considers evil is usually an unseasonable
+echo of what was formerly considered good--the atavism of an old
+ideal.
+
+150. Around the hero everything becomes a tragedy; around the
+demigod everything becomes a satyr-play; and around God
+everything becomes--what? perhaps a "world"?
+
+151. It is not enough to possess a talent: one must also have
+your permission to possess it;--eh, my friends?
+
+152. "Where there is the tree of knowledge, there is always
+Paradise": so say the most ancient and the most modern serpents.
+
+153. What is done out of love always takes place beyond good and
+evil.
+
+154. Objection, evasion, joyous distrust, and love of irony are
+signs of health; everything absolute belongs to pathology.
+
+155. The sense of the tragic increases and declines with
+sensuousness.
+
+156. Insanity in individuals is something rare--but in groups,
+parties, nations, and epochs it is the rule.
+
+157. The thought of suicide is a great consolation: by means of
+it one gets successfully through many a bad night.
+
+158. Not only our reason, but also our conscience, truckles to
+our strongest impulse--the tyrant in us.
+
+159. One MUST repay good and ill; but why just to the person who
+did us good or ill?
+
+160. One no longer loves one's knowledge sufficiently after one
+has communicated it.
+
+161. Poets act shamelessly towards their experiences: they
+exploit them.
+
+162. "Our fellow-creature is not our neighbour, but our
+neighbour's neighbour":--so thinks every nation.
+
+163. Love brings to light the noble and hidden qualities of a
+lover--his rare and exceptional traits: it is thus liable to be
+deceptive as to his normal character.
+
+164. Jesus said to his Jews: "The law was for servants;--love God
+as I love him, as his Son! What have we Sons of God to do with
+morals!"
+
+165. IN SIGHT OF EVERY PARTY.--A shepherd has always need of a
+bell-wether--or he has himself to be a wether occasionally.
+
+166. One may indeed lie with the mouth; but with the accompanying
+grimace one nevertheless tells the truth.
+
+167. To vigorous men intimacy is a matter of shame--and something
+precious.
+
+168. Christianity gave Eros poison to drink; he did not die of
+it, certainly, but degenerated to Vice.
+
+169. To talk much about oneself may also be a means of concealing
+oneself.
+
+170. In praise there is more obtrusiveness than in blame.
+
+171. Pity has an almost ludicrous effect on a man of knowledge,
+like tender hands on a Cyclops.
+
+172. One occasionally embraces some one or other, out of love to
+mankind (because one cannot embrace all); but this is what one
+must never confess to the individual.
+
+173. One does not hate as long as one disesteems, but only when
+one esteems equal or superior.
+
+174. Ye Utilitarians--ye, too, love the UTILE only as a VEHICLE
+for your inclinations,--ye, too, really find the noise of its
+wheels insupportable!
+
+175. One loves ultimately one's desires, not the thing desired.
+
+176. The vanity of others is only counter to our taste when it is
+counter to our vanity.
+
+177. With regard to what "truthfulness" is, perhaps nobody has
+ever been sufficiently truthful.
+
+178. One does not believe in the follies of clever men: what a
+forfeiture of the rights of man!
+
+179. The consequences of our actions seize us by the forelock,
+very indifferent to the fact that we have meanwhile "reformed."
+
+180. There is an innocence in lying which is the sign of good
+faith in a cause.
+
+181. It is inhuman to bless when one is being cursed.
+
+182. The familiarity of superiors embitters one, because it may
+not be returned.
+
+183. "I am affected, not because you have deceived me, but
+because I can no longer believe in you."
+
+184. There is a haughtiness of kindness which has the appearance
+of wickedness.
+
+185. "I dislike him."--Why?--"I am not a match for him."--Did any
+one ever answer so?
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MORALS
+
+
+186. The moral sentiment in Europe at present is perhaps as
+subtle, belated, diverse, sensitive, and refined, as the "Science
+of Morals" belonging thereto is recent, initial, awkward, and
+coarse-fingered:--an interesting contrast, which sometimes
+becomes incarnate and obvious in the very person of a moralist.
+Indeed, the expression, "Science of Morals" is, in respect to
+what is designated thereby, far too presumptuous and counter to
+GOOD taste,--which is always a foretaste of more modest
+expressions. One ought to avow with the utmost fairness WHAT is
+still necessary here for a long time, WHAT is alone proper for
+the present: namely, the collection of material, the
+comprehensive survey and classification of an immense domain of
+delicate sentiments of worth, and distinctions of worth, which
+live, grow, propagate, and perish--and perhaps attempts to give a
+clear idea of the recurring and more common forms of these living
+crystallizations--as preparation for a THEORY OF TYPES of
+morality. To be sure, people have not hitherto been so modest.
+All the philosophers, with a pedantic and ridiculous seriousness,
+demanded of themselves something very much higher, more
+pretentious, and ceremonious, when they concerned themselves with
+morality as a science: they wanted to GIVE A BASIC to morality--
+and every philosopher hitherto has believed that he has given it
+a basis; morality itself, however, has been regarded as something
+"given."  How far from their awkward pride was the seemingly
+insignificant problem--left in dust and decay--of a description
+of forms of morality, notwithstanding that the finest hands and
+senses could hardly be fine enough for it! It was precisely owing
+to moral philosophers' knowing the moral facts imperfectly, in an
+arbitrary epitome, or an accidental abridgement--perhaps as the
+morality of their environment, their position, their church,
+their Zeitgeist, their climate and zone--it was precisely because
+they were badly instructed with regard to nations, eras, and past
+ages, and were by no means eager to know about these matters,
+that they did not even come in sight of the real problems of
+morals--problems which only disclose themselves by a comparison
+of MANY kinds of morality. In every "Science of Morals" hitherto,
+strange as it may sound, the problem of morality itself has been
+OMITTED: there has been no suspicion that there was anything
+problematic there! That which philosophers called "giving a basis
+to morality," and endeavoured to realize, has, when seen in a
+right light, proved merely a learned form of good FAITH in
+prevailing morality, a new means of its EXPRESSION, consequently
+just a matter-of-fact within the sphere of a definite morality,
+yea, in its ultimate motive, a sort of denial that it is LAWFUL
+for this morality to be called in question--and in any case the
+reverse of the testing, analyzing, doubting, and vivisecting of
+this very faith. Hear, for instance, with what innocence--almost
+worthy of honour--Schopenhauer represents his own task, and draw
+your conclusions concerning the scientificness of a "Science"
+whose latest master still talks in the strain of children and old
+wives: "The principle," he says (page 136 of the Grundprobleme
+der Ethik), [Footnote: Pages 54-55 of Schopenhauer's Basis of
+Morality, translated by Arthur B. Bullock, M.A. (1903).] "the
+axiom about the purport of which all moralists are PRACTICALLY
+agreed: neminem laede, immo omnes quantum potes juva--is REALLY
+the proposition which all moral teachers strive to establish,
+. . . the REAL basis of ethics which has been sought, like
+the philosopher's stone, for centuries."--The difficulty of
+establishing the proposition referred to may indeed be great--it
+is well known that Schopenhauer also was unsuccessful in his
+efforts; and whoever has thoroughly realized how absurdly false
+and sentimental this proposition is, in a world whose essence is
+Will to Power, may be reminded that Schopenhauer, although a
+pessimist, ACTUALLY--played the flute . . . daily after dinner:
+one may read about the matter in his biography. A question by the
+way: a pessimist, a repudiator of God and of the world, who MAKES
+A HALT at morality--who assents to morality, and plays the flute
+to laede-neminem morals, what? Is that really--a pessimist?
+
+187. Apart from the value of such assertions as "there is a
+categorical imperative in us," one can always ask: What does such
+an assertion indicate about him who makes it? There are systems
+of morals which are meant to justify their author in the eyes of
+other people; other systems of morals are meant to tranquilize
+him, and make him self-satisfied; with other systems he wants to
+crucify and humble himself, with others he wishes to take revenge,
+with others to conceal himself, with others to glorify himself and
+gave superiority and distinction,--this system of morals helps its
+author to forget, that system makes him, or something of him,
+forgotten, many a moralist would like to exercise power and
+creative arbitrariness over mankind, many another, perhaps, Kant
+especially, gives us to understand by his morals that "what is
+estimable in me, is that I know how to obey--and with you it SHALL
+not be otherwise than with me!" In short, systems of morals are
+only a SIGN-LANGUAGE OF THE EMOTIONS.
+
+188. In contrast to laisser-aller, every system of morals is a
+sort of tyranny against "nature" and also against "reason", that
+is, however, no objection, unless one should again decree by some
+system of morals, that all kinds of tyranny and unreasonableness
+are unlawful What is essential and invaluable in every system of
+morals, is that it is a long constraint. In order to understand
+Stoicism, or Port Royal, or Puritanism, one should remember the
+constraint under which every language has attained to strength
+and freedom--the metrical constraint, the tyranny of rhyme and
+rhythm. How much trouble have the poets and orators of every
+nation given themselves!--not excepting some of the prose writers
+of today, in whose ear dwells an inexorable conscientiousness--
+"for the sake of a folly," as utilitarian bunglers say, and
+thereby deem themselves wise--"from submission to arbitrary
+laws," as the anarchists say, and thereby fancy themselves
+"free," even free-spirited. The singular fact remains, however,
+that everything of the nature of freedom, elegance, boldness,
+dance, and masterly certainty, which exists or has existed,
+whether it be in thought itself, or in administration, or in
+speaking and persuading, in art just as in conduct, has only
+developed by means of the tyranny of such arbitrary law, and in
+all seriousness, it is not at all improbable that precisely this
+is "nature" and "natural"--and not laisser-aller! Every artist
+knows how different from the state of letting himself go, is his
+"most natural" condition, the free arranging, locating,
+disposing, and constructing in the moments of "inspiration"--and
+how strictly and delicately he then obeys a thousand laws, which,
+by their very rigidness and precision, defy all formulation by
+means of ideas (even the most stable idea has, in comparison
+therewith, something floating, manifold, and ambiguous in it).
+The essential thing "in heaven and in earth" is, apparently (to
+repeat it once more), that there should be long OBEDIENCE in the
+same direction, there thereby results, and has always resulted in
+the long run, something which has made life worth living; for
+instance, virtue, art, music, dancing, reason, spirituality--
+anything whatever that is transfiguring, refined, foolish, or
+divine. The long bondage of the spirit, the distrustful
+constraint in the communicability of ideas, the discipline which
+the thinker imposed on himself to think in accordance with the
+rules of a church or a court, or conformable to Aristotelian
+premises, the persistent spiritual will to interpret everything
+that happened according to a Christian scheme, and in every
+occurrence to rediscover and justify the Christian God:--all this
+violence, arbitrariness, severity, dreadfulness, and
+unreasonableness, has proved itself the disciplinary means
+whereby the European spirit has attained its strength, its
+remorseless curiosity and subtle mobility; granted also that much
+irrecoverable strength and spirit had to be stifled, suffocated,
+and spoilt in the process (for here, as everywhere, "nature"
+shows herself as she is, in all her extravagant and INDIFFERENT
+magnificence, which is shocking, but nevertheless noble). That
+for centuries European thinkers only thought in order to prove
+something--nowadays, on the contrary, we are suspicious of every
+thinker who "wishes to prove something"--that it was always
+settled beforehand what WAS TO BE the result of their strictest
+thinking, as it was perhaps in the Asiatic astrology of former
+times, or as it is still at the present day in the innocent,
+Christian-moral explanation of immediate personal events "for the
+glory of God," or "for the good of the soul":--this tyranny, this
+arbitrariness, this severe and magnificent stupidity, has
+EDUCATED the spirit; slavery, both in the coarser and the finer
+sense, is apparently an indispensable means even of spiritual
+education and discipline. One may look at every system of morals
+in this light: it is "nature" therein which teaches to hate the
+laisser-aller, the too great freedom, and implants the need for
+limited horizons, for immediate duties--it teaches the NARROWING
+OF PERSPECTIVES, and thus, in a certain sense, that stupidity is
+a condition of life and development. "Thou must obey some one,
+and for a long time; OTHERWISE thou wilt come to grief, and lose
+all respect for thyself"--this seems to me to be the moral
+imperative of nature, which is certainly neither "categorical,"
+as old Kant wished (consequently the "otherwise"), nor does it
+address itself to the individual (what does nature care for the
+individual!), but to nations, races, ages, and ranks; above all,
+however, to the animal "man" generally, to MANKIND.
+
+189. Industrious races find it a great hardship to be idle: it
+was a master stroke of ENGLISH instinct to hallow and begloom
+Sunday to such an extent that the Englishman unconsciously
+hankers for his week--and work-day again:--as a kind of cleverly
+devised, cleverly intercalated FAST, such as is also frequently
+found in the ancient world (although, as is appropriate in
+southern nations, not precisely with respect to work). Many kinds
+of fasts are necessary; and wherever powerful influences and
+habits prevail, legislators have to see that intercalary days are
+appointed, on which such impulses are fettered, and learn to
+hunger anew. Viewed from a higher standpoint, whole generations
+and epochs, when they show themselves infected with any moral
+fanaticism, seem like those intercalated periods of restraint and
+fasting, during which an impulse learns to humble and submit
+itself--at the same time also to PURIFY and SHARPEN itself;
+certain philosophical sects likewise admit of a similar
+interpretation (for instance, the Stoa, in the midst of Hellenic
+culture, with the atmosphere rank and overcharged with
+Aphrodisiacal odours).--Here also is a hint for the explanation
+of the paradox, why it was precisely in the most Christian period
+of European history, and in general only under the pressure of
+Christian sentiments, that the sexual impulse sublimated into
+love (amour-passion).
+
+190. There is something in the morality of Plato which does not
+really belong to Plato, but which only appears in his philosophy,
+one might say, in spite of him: namely, Socratism, for which he
+himself was too noble. "No one desires to injure himself, hence
+all evil is done unwittingly. The evil man inflicts injury on
+himself; he would not do so, however, if he knew that evil is
+evil. The evil man, therefore, is only evil through error; if one
+free him from error one will necessarily make him--good."--This
+mode of reasoning savours of the POPULACE, who perceive only the
+unpleasant consequences of evil-doing, and practically judge that
+"it is STUPID to do wrong"; while they accept "good" as identical
+with "useful and pleasant," without further thought. As regards
+every system of utilitarianism, one may at once assume that it
+has the same origin, and follow the scent: one will seldom err.--
+Plato did all he could to interpret something refined and noble
+into the tenets of his teacher, and above all to interpret
+himself into them--he, the most daring of all interpreters, who
+lifted the entire Socrates out of the street, as a popular theme
+and song, to exhibit him in endless and impossible modifications
+--namely, in all his own disguises and multiplicities. In jest,
+and in Homeric language as well, what is the Platonic Socrates,
+if not-- [Greek words inserted here.]
+
+191. The old theological problem of "Faith" and "Knowledge," or
+more plainly, of instinct and reason--the question whether, in
+respect to the valuation of things, instinct deserves more
+authority than rationality, which wants to appreciate and act
+according to motives, according to a "Why," that is to say, in
+conformity to purpose and utility--it is always the old moral
+problem that first appeared in the person of Socrates, and had
+divided men's minds long before Christianity. Socrates himself,
+following, of course, the taste of his talent--that of a
+surpassing dialectician--took first the side of reason; and, in
+fact, what did he do all his life but laugh at the awkward
+incapacity of the noble Athenians, who were men of instinct, like
+all noble men, and could never give satisfactory answers
+concerning the motives of their actions? In the end, however,
+though silently and secretly, he laughed also at himself: with
+his finer conscience and introspection, he found in himself the
+same difficulty and incapacity. "But why"--he said to himself--
+"should one on that account separate oneself from the instincts!
+One must set them right, and the reason ALSO--one must follow the
+instincts, but at the same time persuade the reason to support
+them with good arguments." This was the real FALSENESS of that
+great and mysterious ironist; he brought his conscience up to the
+point that he was satisfied with a kind of self-outwitting: in
+fact, he perceived the irrationality in the moral judgment.--
+Plato, more innocent in such matters, and without the craftiness
+of the plebeian, wished to prove to himself, at the expenditure
+of all his strength--the greatest strength a philosopher had ever
+expended--that reason and instinct lead spontaneously to one
+goal, to the good, to "God"; and since Plato, all theologians and
+philosophers have followed the same path--which means that in
+matters of morality, instinct (or as Christians call it, "Faith,"
+or as I call it, "the herd") has hitherto triumphed. Unless one
+should make an exception in the case of Descartes, the father of
+rationalism (and consequently the grandfather of the Revolution),
+who recognized only the authority of reason: but reason is only a
+tool, and Descartes was superficial.
+
+192. Whoever has followed the history of a single science, finds
+in its development a clue to the understanding of the oldest and
+commonest processes of all "knowledge and cognizance": there, as
+here, the premature hypotheses, the fictions, the good stupid
+will to "belief," and the lack of distrust and patience are first
+developed--our senses learn late, and never learn completely, to
+be subtle, reliable, and cautious organs of knowledge. Our eyes
+find it easier on a given occasion to produce a picture already
+often produced, than to seize upon the divergence and novelty of
+an impression: the latter requires more force, more "morality."
+It is difficult and painful for the ear to listen to anything
+new; we hear strange music badly. When we hear another language
+spoken, we involuntarily attempt to form the sounds into words
+with which we are more familiar and conversant--it was thus, for
+example, that the Germans modified the spoken word ARCUBALISTA
+into ARMBRUST (cross-bow). Our senses are also hostile and averse
+to the new; and generally, even in the "simplest" processes of
+sensation, the emotions DOMINATE--such as fear, love, hatred, and
+the passive emotion of indolence.--As little as a reader nowadays
+reads all the single words (not to speak of syllables) of a page
+--he rather takes about five out of every twenty words at random,
+and "guesses" the probably appropriate sense to them--just as
+little do we see a tree correctly and completely in respect to
+its leaves, branches, colour, and shape; we find it so much
+easier to fancy the chance of a tree. Even in the midst of the
+most remarkable experiences, we still do just the same; we
+fabricate the greater part of the experience, and can hardly be
+made to contemplate any event, EXCEPT as "inventors" thereof. All
+this goes to prove that from our fundamental nature and from
+remote ages we have been--ACCUSTOMED TO LYING. Or, to express it
+more politely and hypocritically, in short, more pleasantly--one
+is much more of an artist than one is aware of.--In an animated
+conversation, I often see the face of the person with whom I am
+speaking so clearly and sharply defined before me, according to
+the thought he expresses, or which I believe to be evoked in his
+mind, that the degree of distinctness far exceeds the STRENGTH of
+my visual faculty--the delicacy of the play of the muscles and of
+the expression of the eyes MUST therefore be imagined by me.
+Probably the person put on quite a different expression, or none
+at all.
+
+193. Quidquid luce fuit, tenebris agit: but also contrariwise.
+What we experience in dreams, provided we experience it often,
+pertains at last just as much to the general belongings of our
+soul as anything "actually" experienced; by virtue thereof we are
+richer or poorer, we have a requirement more or less, and
+finally, in broad daylight, and even in the brightest moments of
+our waking life, we are ruled to some extent by the nature of our
+dreams. Supposing that someone has often flown in his dreams, and
+that at last, as soon as he dreams, he is conscious of the power
+and art of flying as his privilege and his peculiarly enviable
+happiness; such a person, who believes that on the slightest
+impulse, he can actualize all sorts of curves and angles, who
+knows the sensation of a certain divine levity, an "upwards"
+without effort or constraint, a "downwards" without descending or
+lowering--without TROUBLE!--how could the man with such dream-
+experiences and dream-habits fail to find "happiness" differently
+coloured and defined, even in his waking hours! How could he
+fail--to long DIFFERENTLY for happiness? "Flight," such as is
+described by poets, must, when compared with his own "flying," be
+far too earthly, muscular, violent, far too "troublesome" for
+him.
+
+194. The difference among men does not manifest itself only in
+the difference of their lists of desirable things--in their
+regarding different good things as worth striving for, and being
+disagreed as to the greater or less value, the order of rank, of
+the commonly recognized desirable things:--it manifests itself
+much more in what they regard as actually HAVING and POSSESSING a
+desirable thing. As regards a woman, for instance, the control
+over her body and her sexual gratification serves as an amply
+sufficient sign of ownership and possession to the more modest
+man; another with a more suspicious and ambitious thirst for
+possession, sees the "questionableness," the mere apparentness of
+such ownership, and wishes to have finer tests in order to know
+especially whether the woman not only gives herself to him, but
+also gives up for his sake what she has or would like to have--
+only THEN does he look upon her as "possessed." A third, however,
+has not even here got to the limit of his distrust and his desire
+for possession: he asks himself whether the woman, when she gives
+up everything for him, does not perhaps do so for a phantom of
+him; he wishes first to be thoroughly, indeed, profoundly well
+known; in order to be loved at all he ventures to let himself be
+found out. Only then does he feel the beloved one fully in his
+possession, when she no longer deceives herself about him, when
+she loves him just as much for the sake of his devilry and
+concealed insatiability, as for his goodness, patience, and
+spirituality. One man would like to possess a nation, and he
+finds all the higher arts of Cagliostro and Catalina suitable for
+his purpose. Another, with a more refined thirst for possession,
+says to himself: "One may not deceive where one desires to
+possess"--he is irritated and impatient at the idea that a mask
+of him should rule in the hearts of the people: "I must,
+therefore, MAKE myself known, and first of all learn to know
+myself!" Among helpful and charitable people, one almost always
+finds the awkward craftiness which first gets up suitably him who
+has to be helped, as though, for instance, he should "merit"
+help, seek just THEIR help, and would show himself deeply
+grateful, attached, and subservient to them for all help. With
+these conceits, they take control of the needy as a property,
+just as in general they are charitable and helpful out of a
+desire for property. One finds them jealous when they are crossed
+or forestalled in their charity. Parents involuntarily make
+something like themselves out of their children--they call that
+"education"; no mother doubts at the bottom of her heart that the
+child she has borne is thereby her property, no father hesitates
+about his right to HIS OWN ideas and notions of worth. Indeed, in
+former times fathers deemed it right to use their discretion
+concerning the life or death of the newly born (as among the
+ancient Germans). And like the father, so also do the teacher,
+the class, the priest, and the prince still see in every new
+individual an unobjectionable opportunity for a new possession.
+The consequence is . . .
+
+195. The Jews--a people "born for slavery," as Tacitus and the
+whole ancient world say of them; "the chosen people among the
+nations," as they themselves say and believe--the Jews performed
+the miracle of the inversion of valuations, by means of which
+life on earth obtained a new and dangerous charm for a couple of
+millenniums. Their prophets fused into one the expressions
+"rich," "godless," "wicked," "violent," "sensual," and for the
+first time coined the word "world" as a term of reproach. In this
+inversion of valuations (in which is also included the use of the
+word "poor" as synonymous with "saint" and "friend") the
+significance of the Jewish people is to be found; it is with THEM
+that the SLAVE-INSURRECTION IN MORALS commences.
+
+196. It is to be INFERRED that there are countless dark bodies
+near the sun--such as we shall never see. Among ourselves, this
+is an allegory; and the psychologist of morals reads the whole
+star-writing merely as an allegorical and symbolic language in
+which much may be unexpressed.
+
+197. The beast of prey and the man of prey (for instance, Caesar
+Borgia) are fundamentally misunderstood, "nature" is
+misunderstood, so long as one seeks a "morbidness" in the
+constitution of these healthiest of all tropical monsters and
+growths, or even an innate "hell" in them--as almost all
+moralists have done hitherto. Does it not seem that there is a
+hatred of the virgin forest and of the tropics among moralists?
+And that the "tropical man" must be discredited at all costs,
+whether as disease and deterioration of mankind, or as his own
+hell and self-torture? And why? In favour of the "temperate
+zones"? In favour of the temperate men? The "moral"? The
+mediocre?--This for the chapter: "Morals as Timidity."
+
+198. All the systems of morals which address themselves with a
+view to their "happiness," as it is called--what else are they
+but suggestions for behaviour adapted to the degree of DANGER
+from themselves in which the individuals live; recipes for their
+passions, their good and bad propensities, insofar as such have
+the Will to Power and would like to play the master; small and
+great expediencies and elaborations, permeated with the musty
+odour of old family medicines and old-wife wisdom; all of them
+grotesque and absurd in their form--because they address
+themselves to "all," because they generalize where generalization
+is not authorized; all of them speaking unconditionally, and
+taking themselves unconditionally; all of them flavoured not
+merely with one grain of salt, but rather endurable only, and
+sometimes even seductive, when they are over-spiced and begin to
+smell dangerously, especially of "the other world." That is all
+of little value when estimated intellectually, and is far from
+being "science," much less "wisdom"; but, repeated once more, and
+three times repeated, it is expediency, expediency, expediency,
+mixed with stupidity, stupidity, stupidity--whether it be the
+indifference and statuesque coldness towards the heated folly of
+the emotions, which the Stoics advised and fostered; or the no-
+more-laughing and no-more-weeping of Spinoza, the destruction of
+the emotions by their analysis and vivisection, which he
+recommended so naively; or the lowering of the emotions to an
+innocent mean at which they may be satisfied, the Aristotelianism
+of morals; or even morality as the enjoyment of the emotions in a
+voluntary attenuation and spiritualization by the symbolism of
+art, perhaps as music, or as love of God, and of mankind for
+God's sake--for in religion the passions are once more
+enfranchised, provided that . . . ; or, finally, even the complaisant
+and wanton surrender to the emotions, as has been taught by Hafis
+and Goethe, the bold letting-go of the reins, the spiritual and
+corporeal licentia morum in the exceptional cases of wise old
+codgers and drunkards, with whom it "no longer has much danger."
+--This also for the chapter: "Morals as Timidity."
+
+199. Inasmuch as in all ages, as long as mankind has existed,
+there have also been human herds (family alliances, communities,
+tribes, peoples, states, churches), and always a great number who
+obey in proportion to the small number who command--in view,
+therefore, of the fact that obedience has been most practiced and
+fostered among mankind hitherto, one may reasonably suppose that,
+generally speaking, the need thereof is now innate in every one,
+as a kind of FORMAL CONSCIENCE which gives the command "Thou
+shalt unconditionally do something, unconditionally refrain from
+something", in short, "Thou shalt". This need tries to satisfy
+itself and to fill its form with a content, according to its
+strength, impatience, and eagerness, it at once seizes as an
+omnivorous appetite with little selection, and accepts whatever
+is shouted into its ear by all sorts of commanders--parents,
+teachers, laws, class prejudices, or public opinion. The
+extraordinary limitation of human development, the hesitation,
+protractedness, frequent retrogression, and turning thereof, is
+attributable to the fact that the herd-instinct of obedience is
+transmitted best, and at the cost of the art of command. If one
+imagine this instinct increasing to its greatest extent,
+commanders and independent individuals will finally be lacking
+altogether, or they will suffer inwardly from a bad conscience,
+and will have to impose a deception on themselves in the first
+place in order to be able to command just as if they also were
+only obeying. This condition of things actually exists in Europe
+at present--I call it the moral hypocrisy of the commanding
+class. They know no other way of protecting themselves from their
+bad conscience than by playing the role of executors of older and
+higher orders (of predecessors, of the constitution, of justice,
+of the law, or of God himself), or they even justify themselves
+by maxims from the current opinions of the herd, as "first
+servants of their people," or "instruments of the public weal".
+On the other hand, the gregarious European man nowadays assumes
+an air as if he were the only kind of man that is allowable, he
+glorifies his qualities, such as public spirit, kindness,
+deference, industry, temperance, modesty, indulgence, sympathy,
+by virtue of which he is gentle, endurable, and useful to the
+herd, as the peculiarly human virtues. In cases, however, where
+it is believed that the leader and bell-wether cannot be
+dispensed with, attempt after attempt is made nowadays to replace
+commanders by the summing together of clever gregarious men all
+representative constitutions, for example, are of this origin. In
+spite of all, what a blessing, what a deliverance from a weight
+becoming unendurable, is the appearance of an absolute ruler for
+these gregarious Europeans--of this fact the effect of the
+appearance of Napoleon was the last great proof the history of
+the influence of Napoleon is almost the history of the higher
+happiness to which the entire century has attained in its
+worthiest individuals and periods.
+
+200. The man of an age of dissolution which mixes the races with
+one another, who has the inheritance of a diversified descent in
+his body--that is to say, contrary, and often not only contrary,
+instincts and standards of value, which struggle with one another
+and are seldom at peace--such a man of late culture and broken
+lights, will, on an average, be a weak man. His fundamental
+desire is that the war which is IN HIM should come to an end;
+happiness appears to him in the character of a soothing medicine
+and mode of thought (for instance, Epicurean or Christian); it is
+above all things the happiness of repose, of undisturbedness, of
+repletion, of final unity--it is the "Sabbath of Sabbaths," to
+use the expression of the holy rhetorician, St. Augustine, who
+was himself such a man.--Should, however, the contrariety and
+conflict in such natures operate as an ADDITIONAL incentive and
+stimulus to life--and if, on the other hand, in addition to their
+powerful and irreconcilable instincts, they have also inherited
+and indoctrinated into them a proper mastery and subtlety for
+carrying on the conflict with themselves (that is to say, the
+faculty of self-control and self-deception), there then arise
+those marvelously incomprehensible and inexplicable beings, those
+enigmatical men, predestined for conquering and circumventing
+others, the finest examples of which are Alcibiades and Caesar
+(with whom I should like to associate the FIRST of Europeans
+according to my taste, the Hohenstaufen, Frederick the Second),
+and among artists, perhaps Leonardo da Vinci. They appear
+precisely in the same periods when that weaker type, with its
+longing for repose, comes to the front; the two types are
+complementary to each other, and spring from the same causes.
+
+201. As long as the utility which determines moral estimates is
+only gregarious utility, as long as the preservation of the
+community is only kept in view, and the immoral is sought
+precisely and exclusively in what seems dangerous to the
+maintenance of the community, there can be no "morality of love
+to one's neighbour." Granted even that there is already a little
+constant exercise of consideration, sympathy, fairness,
+gentleness, and mutual assistance, granted that even in this
+condition of society all those instincts are already active which
+are latterly distinguished by honourable names as "virtues," and
+eventually almost coincide with the conception "morality": in
+that period they do not as yet belong to the domain of moral
+valuations--they are still ULTRA-MORAL. A sympathetic action, for
+instance, is neither called good nor bad, moral nor immoral, in
+the best period of the Romans; and should it be praised, a sort
+of resentful disdain is compatible with this praise, even at the
+best, directly the sympathetic action is compared with one which
+contributes to the welfare of the whole, to the RES PUBLICA.
+After all, "love to our neighbour" is always a secondary matter,
+partly conventional and arbitrarily manifested in relation to our
+FEAR OF OUR NEIGHBOUR. After the fabric of society seems on the
+whole established and secured against external dangers, it is
+this fear of our neighbour which again creates new perspectives
+of moral valuation. Certain strong and dangerous instincts, such
+as the love of enterprise, foolhardiness, revengefulness,
+astuteness, rapacity, and love of power, which up till then had
+not only to be honoured from the point of view of general
+utility--under other names, of course, than those here given--but
+had to be fostered and cultivated (because they were perpetually
+required in the common danger against the common enemies), are
+now felt in their dangerousness to be doubly strong--when the
+outlets for them are lacking--and are gradually branded as
+immoral and given over to calumny. The contrary instincts and
+inclinations now attain to moral honour, the gregarious instinct
+gradually draws its conclusions. How much or how little
+dangerousness to the community or to equality is contained in an
+opinion, a condition, an emotion, a disposition, or an endowment--
+that is now the moral perspective, here again fear is the mother
+of morals. It is by the loftiest and strongest instincts, when
+they break out passionately and carry the individual far above
+and beyond the average, and the low level of the gregarious
+conscience, that the self-reliance of the community is destroyed,
+its belief in itself, its backbone, as it were, breaks,
+consequently these very instincts will be most branded and
+defamed. The lofty independent spirituality, the will to stand
+alone, and even the cogent reason, are felt to be dangers,
+everything that elevates the individual above the herd, and is a
+source of fear to the neighbour, is henceforth called EVIL, the
+tolerant, unassuming, self-adapting, self-equalizing disposition,
+the MEDIOCRITY of desires, attains to moral distinction and
+honour. Finally, under very peaceful circumstances, there is
+always less opportunity and necessity for training the feelings
+to severity and rigour, and now every form of severity, even in
+justice, begins to disturb the conscience, a lofty and rigorous
+nobleness and self-responsibility almost offends, and awakens
+distrust, "the lamb," and still more "the sheep," wins respect.
+There is a point of diseased mellowness and effeminacy in the
+history of society, at which society itself takes the part of him
+who injures it, the part of the CRIMINAL, and does so, in fact,
+seriously and honestly. To punish, appears to it to be somehow
+unfair--it is certain that the idea of "punishment" and "the
+obligation to punish" are then painful and alarming to people.
+"Is it not sufficient if the criminal be rendered HARMLESS? Why
+should we still punish? Punishment itself is terrible!"--with
+these questions gregarious morality, the morality of fear, draws
+its ultimate conclusion. If one could at all do away with danger,
+the cause of fear, one would have done away with this morality at
+the same time, it would no longer be necessary, it WOULD NOT
+CONSIDER ITSELF any longer necessary!--Whoever examines the
+conscience of the present-day European, will always elicit the
+same imperative from its thousand moral folds and hidden
+recesses, the imperative of the timidity of the herd "we wish
+that some time or other there may be NOTHING MORE TO FEAR!" Some
+time or other--the will and the way THERETO is nowadays called
+"progress" all over Europe.
+
+202. Let us at once say again what we have already said a hundred
+times, for people's ears nowadays are unwilling to hear such
+truths--OUR truths. We know well enough how offensive it sounds
+when any one plainly, and without metaphor, counts man among the
+animals, but it will be accounted to us almost a CRIME, that it
+is precisely in respect to men of "modern ideas" that we have
+constantly applied the terms "herd," "herd-instincts," and such
+like expressions. What avail is it? We cannot do otherwise, for
+it is precisely here that our new insight is. We have found that
+in all the principal moral judgments, Europe has become
+unanimous, including likewise the countries where European
+influence prevails in Europe people evidently KNOW what Socrates
+thought he did not know, and what the famous serpent of old once
+promised to teach--they "know" today what is good and evil. It
+must then sound hard and be distasteful to the ear, when we
+always insist that that which here thinks it knows, that which
+here glorifies itself with praise and blame, and calls itself
+good, is the instinct of the herding human animal, the instinct
+which has come and is ever coming more and more to the front, to
+preponderance and supremacy over other instincts, according to
+the increasing physiological approximation and resemblance of
+which it is the symptom. MORALITY IN EUROPE AT PRESENT IS
+HERDING-ANIMAL MORALITY, and therefore, as we understand the
+matter, only one kind of human morality, beside which, before
+which, and after which many other moralities, and above all
+HIGHER moralities, are or should be possible. Against such a
+"possibility," against such a "should be," however, this morality
+defends itself with all its strength, it says obstinately and
+inexorably "I am morality itself and nothing else is morality!"
+Indeed, with the help of a religion which has humoured and
+flattered the sublimest desires of the herding-animal, things
+have reached such a point that we always find a more visible
+expression of this morality even in political and social
+arrangements: the DEMOCRATIC movement is the inheritance of the
+Christian movement. That its TEMPO, however, is much too slow and
+sleepy for the more impatient ones, for those who are sick and
+distracted by the herding-instinct, is indicated by the
+increasingly furious howling, and always less disguised teeth-
+gnashing of the anarchist dogs, who are now roving through the
+highways of European culture. Apparently in opposition to the
+peacefully industrious democrats and Revolution-ideologues, and
+still more so to the awkward philosophasters and fraternity-
+visionaries who call themselves Socialists and want a "free
+society," those are really at one with them all in their thorough
+and instinctive hostility to every form of society other than
+that of the AUTONOMOUS herd (to the extent even of repudiating
+the notions "master" and "servant"--ni dieu ni maitre, says a
+socialist formula); at one in their tenacious opposition to every
+special claim, every special right and privilege (this means
+ultimately opposition to EVERY right, for when all are equal, no
+one needs "rights" any longer); at one in their distrust of
+punitive justice (as though it were a violation of the weak,
+unfair to the NECESSARY consequences of all former society); but
+equally at one in their religion of sympathy, in their compassion
+for all that feels, lives, and suffers (down to the very animals,
+up even to "God"--the extravagance of "sympathy for God" belongs
+to a democratic age); altogether at one in the cry and impatience
+of their sympathy, in their deadly hatred of suffering generally,
+in their almost feminine incapacity for witnessing it or ALLOWING
+it; at one in their involuntary beglooming and heart-softening,
+under the spell of which Europe seems to be threatened with a new
+Buddhism; at one in their belief in the morality of MUTUAL
+sympathy, as though it were morality in itself, the climax, the
+ATTAINED climax of mankind, the sole hope of the future, the
+consolation of the present, the great discharge from all the
+obligations of the past; altogether at one in their belief in the
+community as the DELIVERER, in the herd, and therefore in
+"themselves."
+
+203. We, who hold a different belief--we, who regard the
+democratic movement, not only as a degenerating form of political
+organization, but as equivalent to a degenerating, a waning type
+of man, as involving his mediocrising and depreciation: where
+have WE to fix our hopes? In NEW PHILOSOPHERS--there is no other
+alternative: in minds strong and original enough to initiate
+opposite estimates of value, to transvalue and invert "eternal
+valuations"; in forerunners, in men of the future, who in the
+present shall fix the constraints and fasten the knots which will
+compel millenniums to take NEW paths. To teach man the future of
+humanity as his WILL, as depending on human will, and to make
+preparation for vast hazardous enterprises and collective
+attempts in rearing and educating, in order thereby to put an end
+to the frightful rule of folly and chance which has hitherto gone
+by the name of "history" (the folly of the "greatest number" is
+only its last form)--for that purpose a new type of philosopher
+and commander will some time or other be needed, at the very idea
+of which everything that has existed in the way of occult,
+terrible, and benevolent beings might look pale and dwarfed. The
+image of such leaders hovers before OUR eyes:--is it lawful for
+me to say it aloud, ye free spirits? The conditions which one
+would partly have to create and partly utilize for their genesis;
+the presumptive methods and tests by virtue of which a soul
+should grow up to such an elevation and power as to feel a
+CONSTRAINT to these tasks; a transvaluation of values, under the
+new pressure and hammer of which a conscience should be steeled
+and a heart transformed into brass, so as to bear the weight of
+such responsibility; and on the other hand the necessity for such
+leaders, the dreadful danger that they might be lacking, or
+miscarry and degenerate:--these are OUR real anxieties and
+glooms, ye know it well, ye free spirits! these are the heavy
+distant thoughts and storms which sweep across the heaven of OUR
+life. There are few pains so grievous as to have seen, divined,
+or experienced how an exceptional man has missed his way and
+deteriorated; but he who has the rare eye for the universal
+danger of "man" himself DETERIORATING, he who like us has
+recognized the extraordinary fortuitousness which has hitherto
+played its game in respect to the future of mankind--a game in
+which neither the hand, nor even a "finger of God" has
+participated!--he who divines the fate that is hidden under the
+idiotic unwariness and blind confidence of "modern ideas," and
+still more under the whole of Christo-European morality--suffers
+from an anguish with which no other is to be compared. He sees at
+a glance all that could still BE MADE OUT OF MAN through a
+favourable accumulation and augmentation of human powers and
+arrangements; he knows with all the knowledge of his conviction
+how unexhausted man still is for the greatest possibilities, and
+how often in the past the type man has stood in presence of
+mysterious decisions and new paths:--he knows still better from
+his painfulest recollections on what wretched obstacles promising
+developments of the highest rank have hitherto usually gone to
+pieces, broken down, sunk, and become contemptible. The UNIVERSAL
+DEGENERACY OF MANKIND to the level of the "man of the future"--as
+idealized by the socialistic fools and shallow-pates--this
+degeneracy and dwarfing of man to an absolutely gregarious animal
+(or as they call it, to a man of "free society"), this
+brutalizing of man into a pigmy with equal rights and claims, is
+undoubtedly POSSIBLE! He who has thought out this possibility to
+its ultimate conclusion knows ANOTHER loathing unknown to the
+rest of mankind--and perhaps also a new MISSION!
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+WE SCHOLARS
+
+
+204. At the risk that moralizing may also reveal itself here as
+that which it has always been--namely, resolutely MONTRER SES
+PLAIES, according to Balzac--I would venture to protest against
+an improper and injurious alteration of rank, which quite
+unnoticed, and as if with the best conscience, threatens nowadays
+to establish itself in the relations of science and philosophy. I
+mean to say that one must have the right out of one's own
+EXPERIENCE--experience, as it seems to me, always implies
+unfortunate experience?--to treat of such an important question
+of rank, so as not to speak of colour like the blind, or AGAINST
+science like women and artists ("Ah! this dreadful science!" sigh
+their instinct and their shame, "it always FINDS THINGS OUT!").
+The declaration of independence of the scientific man, his
+emancipation from philosophy, is one of the subtler after-effects
+of democratic organization and disorganization: the self-
+glorification and self-conceitedness of the learned man is now
+everywhere in full bloom, and in its best springtime--which does
+not mean to imply that in this case self-praise smells sweet.
+Here also the instinct of the populace cries, "Freedom from all
+masters!" and after science has, with the happiest results,
+resisted theology, whose "hand-maid" it had been too long, it now
+proposes in its wantonness and indiscretion to lay down laws for
+philosophy, and in its turn to play the "master"--what am I
+saying! to play the PHILOSOPHER on its own account. My memory--
+the memory of a scientific man, if you please!--teems with the
+naivetes of insolence which I have heard about philosophy and
+philosophers from young naturalists and old physicians (not to
+mention the most cultured and most conceited of all learned men,
+the philologists and schoolmasters, who are both the one and the
+other by profession). On one occasion it was the specialist and
+the Jack Horner who instinctively stood on the defensive against
+all synthetic tasks and capabilities; at another time it was the
+industrious worker who had got a scent of OTIUM and refined
+luxuriousness in the internal economy of the philosopher, and
+felt himself aggrieved and belittled thereby. On another occasion
+it was the colour-blindness of the utilitarian, who sees nothing
+in philosophy but a series of REFUTED systems, and an extravagant
+expenditure which "does nobody any good". At another time the
+fear of disguised mysticism and of the boundary-adjustment of
+knowledge became conspicuous, at another time the disregard of
+individual philosophers, which had involuntarily extended to
+disregard of philosophy generally. In fine, I found most
+frequently, behind the proud disdain of philosophy in young
+scholars, the evil after-effect of some particular philosopher,
+to whom on the whole obedience had been foresworn, without,
+however, the spell of his scornful estimates of other
+philosophers having been got rid of--the result being a general
+ill-will to all philosophy. (Such seems to me, for instance, the
+after-effect of Schopenhauer on the most modern Germany: by his
+unintelligent rage against Hegel, he has succeeded in severing
+the whole of the last generation of Germans from its connection
+with German culture, which culture, all things considered, has
+been an elevation and a divining refinement of the HISTORICAL
+SENSE, but precisely at this point Schopenhauer himself was poor,
+irreceptive, and un-German to the extent of ingeniousness.) On
+the whole, speaking generally, it may just have been the
+humanness, all-too-humanness of the modern philosophers
+themselves, in short, their contemptibleness, which has injured
+most radically the reverence for philosophy and opened the doors
+to the instinct of the populace. Let it but be acknowledged to
+what an extent our modern world diverges from the whole style of
+the world of Heraclitus, Plato, Empedocles, and whatever else all
+the royal and magnificent anchorites of the spirit were called,
+and with what justice an honest man of science MAY feel himself
+of a better family and origin, in view of such representatives of
+philosophy, who, owing to the fashion of the present day, are
+just as much aloft as they are down below--in Germany, for
+instance, the two lions of Berlin, the anarchist Eugen Duhring
+and the amalgamist Eduard von Hartmann. It is especially the
+sight of those hotch-potch philosophers, who call themselves
+"realists," or "positivists," which is calculated to implant a
+dangerous distrust in the soul of a young and ambitious scholar
+those philosophers, at the best, are themselves but scholars and
+specialists, that is very evident! All of them are persons who
+have been vanquished and BROUGHT BACK AGAIN under the dominion of
+science, who at one time or another claimed more from themselves,
+without having a right to the "more" and its responsibility--and
+who now, creditably, rancorously, and vindictively, represent in
+word and deed, DISBELIEF in the master-task and supremacy of
+philosophy After all, how could it be otherwise? Science
+flourishes nowadays and has the good conscience clearly visible
+on its countenance, while that to which the entire modern
+philosophy has gradually sunk, the remnant of philosophy of the
+present day, excites distrust and displeasure, if not scorn and
+pity Philosophy reduced to a "theory of knowledge," no more in
+fact than a diffident science of epochs and doctrine of
+forbearance a philosophy that never even gets beyond the
+threshold, and rigorously DENIES itself the right to enter--that
+is philosophy in its last throes, an end, an agony, something
+that awakens pity. How could such a philosophy--RULE!
+
+205. The dangers that beset the evolution of the philosopher are,
+in fact, so manifold nowadays, that one might doubt whether this
+fruit could still come to maturity. The extent and towering
+structure of the sciences have increased enormously, and
+therewith also the probability that the philosopher will grow
+tired even as a learner, or will attach himself somewhere and
+"specialize" so that he will no longer attain to his elevation,
+that is to say, to his superspection, his circumspection, and his
+DESPECTION. Or he gets aloft too late, when the best of his
+maturity and strength is past, or when he is impaired, coarsened,
+and deteriorated, so that his view, his general estimate of
+things, is no longer of much importance. It is perhaps just the
+refinement of his intellectual conscience that makes him hesitate
+and linger on the way, he dreads the temptation to become a
+dilettante, a millepede, a milleantenna, he knows too well that
+as a discerner, one who has lost his self-respect no longer
+commands, no longer LEADS, unless he should aspire to become a
+great play-actor, a philosophical Cagliostro and spiritual rat-
+catcher--in short, a misleader. This is in the last instance a
+question of taste, if it has not really been a question of
+conscience. To double once more the philosopher's difficulties,
+there is also the fact that he demands from himself a verdict, a
+Yea or Nay, not concerning science, but concerning life and the
+worth of life--he learns unwillingly to believe that it is his
+right and even his duty to obtain this verdict, and he has to
+seek his way to the right and the belief only through the most
+extensive (perhaps disturbing and destroying) experiences, often
+hesitating, doubting, and dumbfounded. In fact, the philosopher
+has long been mistaken and confused by the multitude, either with
+the scientific man and ideal scholar, or with the religiously
+elevated, desensualized, desecularized visionary and God-
+intoxicated man; and even yet when one hears anybody praised,
+because he lives "wisely," or "as a philosopher," it hardly means
+anything more than "prudently and apart." Wisdom: that seems to
+the populace to be a kind of flight, a means and artifice for
+withdrawing successfully from a bad game; but the GENUINE
+philosopher--does it not seem so to US, my friends?--lives
+"unphilosophically" and "unwisely," above all, IMPRUDENTLY, and
+feels the obligation and burden of a hundred attempts and
+temptations of life--he risks HIMSELF constantly, he plays THIS
+bad game.
+
+206. In relation to the genius, that is to say, a being who
+either ENGENDERS or PRODUCES--both words understood in their
+fullest sense--the man of learning, the scientific average man,
+has always something of the old maid about him; for, like her, he
+is not conversant with the two principal functions of man. To
+both, of course, to the scholar and to the old maid, one concedes
+respectability, as if by way of indemnification--in these cases
+one emphasizes the respectability--and yet, in the compulsion of
+this concession, one has the same admixture of vexation. Let us
+examine more closely: what is the scientific man? Firstly, a
+commonplace type of man, with commonplace virtues: that is to
+say, a non-ruling, non-authoritative, and non-self-sufficient
+type of man; he possesses industry, patient adaptableness to rank
+and file, equability and moderation in capacity and requirement;
+he has the instinct for people like himself, and for that which
+they require--for instance: the portion of independence and green
+meadow without which there is no rest from labour, the claim to
+honour and consideration (which first and foremost presupposes
+recognition and recognisability), the sunshine of a good name,
+the perpetual ratification of his value and usefulness, with
+which the inward DISTRUST which lies at the bottom of the heart
+of all dependent men and gregarious animals, has again and again
+to be overcome. The learned man, as is appropriate, has also
+maladies and faults of an ignoble kind: he is full of petty envy,
+and has a lynx-eye for the weak points in those natures to whose
+elevations he cannot attain. He is confiding, yet only as one who
+lets himself go, but does not FLOW; and precisely before the man
+of the great current he stands all the colder and more reserved--
+his eye is then like a smooth and irresponsive lake, which is no
+longer moved by rapture or sympathy. The worst and most dangerous
+thing of which a scholar is capable results from the instinct of
+mediocrity of his type, from the Jesuitism of mediocrity, which
+labours instinctively for the destruction of the exceptional man,
+and endeavours to break--or still better, to relax--every bent
+bow To relax, of course, with consideration, and naturally with
+an indulgent hand--to RELAX with confiding sympathy that is the
+real art of Jesuitism, which has always understood how to
+introduce itself as the religion of sympathy.
+
+207. However gratefully one may welcome the OBJECTIVE spirit--and
+who has not been sick to death of all subjectivity and its
+confounded IPSISIMOSITY!--in the end, however, one must learn
+caution even with regard to one's gratitude, and put a stop to
+the exaggeration with which the unselfing and depersonalizing of
+the spirit has recently been celebrated, as if it were the goal
+in itself, as if it were salvation and glorification--as is
+especially accustomed to happen in the pessimist school, which
+has also in its turn good reasons for paying the highest honours
+to "disinterested knowledge" The objective man, who no longer
+curses and scolds like the pessimist, the IDEAL man of learning
+in whom the scientific instinct blossoms forth fully after a
+thousand complete and partial failures, is assuredly one of the
+most costly instruments that exist, but his place is in the hand
+of one who is more powerful He is only an instrument, we may say,
+he is a MIRROR--he is no "purpose in himself" The objective man
+is in truth a mirror accustomed to prostration before everything
+that wants to be known, with such desires only as knowing or
+"reflecting" implies--he waits until something comes, and then
+expands himself sensitively, so that even the light footsteps and
+gliding-past of spiritual beings may not be lost on his surface
+and film Whatever "personality" he still possesses seems to him
+accidental, arbitrary, or still oftener, disturbing, so much has
+he come to regard himself as the passage and reflection of
+outside forms and events He calls up the recollection of
+"himself" with an effort, and not infrequently wrongly, he
+readily confounds himself with other persons, he makes mistakes
+with regard to his own needs, and here only is he unrefined and
+negligent Perhaps he is troubled about the health, or the
+pettiness and confined atmosphere of wife and friend, or the lack
+of companions and society--indeed, he sets himself to reflect on
+his suffering, but in vain! His thoughts already rove away to the
+MORE GENERAL case, and tomorrow he knows as little as he knew
+yesterday how to help himself He does not now take himself
+seriously and devote time to himself he is serene, NOT from lack
+of trouble, but from lack of capacity for grasping and dealing
+with HIS trouble The habitual complaisance with respect to all
+objects and experiences, the radiant and impartial hospitality
+with which he receives everything that comes his way, his habit
+of inconsiderate good-nature, of dangerous indifference as to Yea
+and Nay: alas! there are enough of cases in which he has to atone
+for these virtues of his!--and as man generally, he becomes far
+too easily the CAPUT MORTUUM of such virtues. Should one wish
+love or hatred from him--I mean love and hatred as God, woman,
+and animal understand them--he will do what he can, and furnish
+what he can. But one must not be surprised if it should not be
+much--if he should show himself just at this point to be false,
+fragile, questionable, and deteriorated. His love is constrained,
+his hatred is artificial, and rather UN TOUR DE FORCE, a slight
+ostentation and exaggeration. He is only genuine so far as he can
+be objective; only in his serene totality is he still "nature"
+and "natural." His mirroring and eternally self-polishing soul no
+longer knows how to affirm, no longer how to deny; he does not
+command; neither does he destroy. "JE NE MEPRISE PRESQUE RIEN"--
+he says, with Leibniz: let us not overlook nor undervalue the
+PRESQUE! Neither is he a model man; he does not go in advance of
+any one, nor after, either; he places himself generally too far
+off to have any reason for espousing the cause of either good or
+evil. If he has been so long confounded with the PHILOSOPHER,
+with the Caesarian trainer and dictator of civilization, he has
+had far too much honour, and what is more essential in him has
+been overlooked--he is an instrument, something of a slave,
+though certainly the sublimest sort of slave, but nothing in
+himself--PRESQUE RIEN! The objective man is an instrument, a
+costly, easily injured, easily tarnished measuring instrument and
+mirroring apparatus, which is to be taken care of and respected;
+but he is no goal, not outgoing nor upgoing, no complementary man
+in whom the REST of existence justifies itself, no termination--
+and still less a commencement, an engendering, or primary cause,
+nothing hardy, powerful, self-centred, that wants to be master;
+but rather only a soft, inflated, delicate, movable potter's-
+form, that must wait for some kind of content and frame to
+"shape" itself thereto--for the most part a man without frame and
+content, a "selfless" man. Consequently, also, nothing for women,
+IN PARENTHESI.
+
+208. When a philosopher nowadays makes known that he is not a
+skeptic--I hope that has been gathered from the foregoing
+description of the objective spirit?--people all hear it
+impatiently; they regard him on that account with some
+apprehension, they would like to ask so many, many questions . . .
+indeed among timid hearers, of whom there are now so many, he is
+henceforth said to be dangerous. With his repudiation of
+skepticism, it seems to them as if they heard some evil-
+threatening sound in the distance, as if a new kind of explosive
+were being tried somewhere, a dynamite of the spirit, perhaps a
+newly discovered Russian NIHILINE, a pessimism BONAE VOLUNTATIS,
+that not only denies, means denial, but--dreadful thought!
+PRACTISES denial. Against this kind of "good-will"--a will to the
+veritable, actual negation of life--there is, as is generally
+acknowledged nowadays, no better soporific and sedative than
+skepticism, the mild, pleasing, lulling poppy of skepticism; and
+Hamlet himself is now prescribed by the doctors of the day as an
+antidote to the "spirit," and its underground noises. "Are not
+our ears already full of bad sounds?" say the skeptics, as lovers
+of repose, and almost as a kind of safety police; "this
+subterranean Nay is terrible! Be still, ye pessimistic moles!"
+The skeptic, in effect, that delicate creature, is far too easily
+frightened; his conscience is schooled so as to start at every
+Nay, and even at that sharp, decided Yea, and feels something
+like a bite thereby. Yea! and Nay!--they seem to him opposed to
+morality; he loves, on the contrary, to make a festival to his
+virtue by a noble aloofness, while perhaps he says with
+Montaigne: "What do I know?" Or with Socrates: "I know that I
+know nothing." Or: "Here I do not trust myself, no door is open
+to me." Or: "Even if the door were open, why should I enter
+immediately?" Or: "What is the use of any hasty hypotheses? It
+might quite well be in good taste to make no hypotheses at all.
+Are you absolutely obliged to straighten at once what is crooked?
+to stuff every hole with some kind of oakum? Is there not time
+enough for that? Has not the time leisure? Oh, ye demons, can ye
+not at all WAIT? The uncertain also has its charms, the Sphinx,
+too, is a Circe, and Circe, too, was a philosopher."--Thus does a
+skeptic console himself; and in truth he needs some consolation.
+For skepticism is the most spiritual expression of a certain
+many-sided physiological temperament, which in ordinary language
+is called nervous debility and sickliness; it arises whenever
+races or classes which have been long separated, decisively and
+suddenly blend with one another. In the new generation, which has
+inherited as it were different standards and valuations in its
+blood, everything is disquiet, derangement, doubt, and
+tentativeness; the best powers operate restrictively, the very
+virtues prevent each other growing and becoming strong,
+equilibrium, ballast, and perpendicular stability are lacking in
+body and soul. That, however, which is most diseased and
+degenerated in such nondescripts is the WILL; they are no longer
+familiar with independence of decision, or the courageous feeling
+of pleasure in willing--they are doubtful of the "freedom of the
+will" even in their dreams Our present-day Europe, the scene of a
+senseless, precipitate attempt at a radical blending of classes,
+and CONSEQUENTLY of races, is therefore skeptical in all its
+heights and depths, sometimes exhibiting the mobile skepticism
+which springs impatiently and wantonly from branch to branch,
+sometimes with gloomy aspect, like a cloud over-charged with
+interrogative signs--and often sick unto death of its will!
+Paralysis of will, where do we not find this cripple sitting
+nowadays! And yet how bedecked oftentimes' How seductively
+ornamented! There are the finest gala dresses and disguises for
+this disease, and that, for instance, most of what places itself
+nowadays in the show-cases as "objectiveness," "the scientific
+spirit," "L'ART POUR L'ART," and "pure voluntary knowledge," is
+only decked-out skepticism and paralysis of will--I am ready to
+answer for this diagnosis of the European disease--The disease of
+the will is diffused unequally over Europe, it is worst and most
+varied where civilization has longest prevailed, it decreases
+according as "the barbarian" still--or again--asserts his claims
+under the loose drapery of Western culture It is therefore in the
+France of today, as can be readily disclosed and comprehended,
+that the will is most infirm, and France, which has always had a
+masterly aptitude for converting even the portentous crises of
+its spirit into something charming and seductive, now manifests
+emphatically its intellectual ascendancy over Europe, by being
+the school and exhibition of all the charms of skepticism The
+power to will and to persist, moreover, in a resolution, is
+already somewhat stronger in Germany, and again in the North of
+Germany it is stronger than in Central Germany, it is
+considerably stronger in England, Spain, and Corsica, associated
+with phlegm in the former and with hard skulls in the latter--not
+to mention Italy, which is too young yet to know what it wants,
+and must first show whether it can exercise will, but it is
+strongest and most surprising of all in that immense middle
+empire where Europe as it were flows back to Asia--namely, in
+Russia There the power to will has been long stored up and
+accumulated, there the will--uncertain whether to be negative or
+affirmative--waits threateningly to be discharged (to borrow
+their pet phrase from our physicists) Perhaps not only Indian
+wars and complications in Asia would be necessary to free Europe
+from its greatest danger, but also internal subversion, the
+shattering of the empire into small states, and above all the
+introduction of parliamentary imbecility, together with the
+obligation of every one to read his newspaper at breakfast I do
+not say this as one who desires it, in my heart I should rather
+prefer the contrary--I mean such an increase in the threatening
+attitude of Russia, that Europe would have to make up its mind to
+become equally threatening--namely, TO ACQUIRE ONE WILL, by means
+of a new caste to rule over the Continent, a persistent, dreadful
+will of its own, that can set its aims thousands of years ahead;
+so that the long spun-out comedy of its petty-statism, and its
+dynastic as well as its democratic many-willed-ness, might
+finally be brought to a close. The time for petty politics is
+past; the next century will bring the struggle for the dominion
+of the world--the COMPULSION to great politics.
+
+209. As to how far the new warlike age on which we Europeans have
+evidently entered may perhaps favour the growth of another and
+stronger kind of skepticism, I should like to express myself
+preliminarily merely by a parable, which the lovers of German
+history will already understand. That unscrupulous enthusiast for
+big, handsome grenadiers (who, as King of Prussia, brought into
+being a military and skeptical genius--and therewith, in reality,
+the new and now triumphantly emerged type of German), the
+problematic, crazy father of Frederick the Great, had on one
+point the very knack and lucky grasp of the genius: he knew what
+was then lacking in Germany, the want of which was a hundred
+times more alarming and serious than any lack of culture and
+social form--his ill-will to the young Frederick resulted from
+the anxiety of a profound instinct. MEN WERE LACKING; and he
+suspected, to his bitterest regret, that his own son was not man
+enough. There, however, he deceived himself; but who would not
+have deceived himself in his place? He saw his son lapsed to
+atheism, to the ESPRIT, to the pleasant frivolity of clever
+Frenchmen--he saw in the background the great bloodsucker, the
+spider skepticism; he suspected the incurable wretchedness of a
+heart no longer hard enough either for evil or good, and of a
+broken will that no longer commands, is no longer ABLE to
+command. Meanwhile, however, there grew up in his son that new
+kind of harder and more dangerous skepticism--who knows TO WHAT
+EXTENT it was encouraged just by his father's hatred and the icy
+melancholy of a will condemned to solitude?--the skepticism of
+daring manliness, which is closely related to the genius for war
+and conquest, and made its first entrance into Germany in the
+person of the great Frederick. This skepticism despises and
+nevertheless grasps; it undermines and takes possession; it does
+not believe, but it does not thereby lose itself; it gives the
+spirit a dangerous liberty, but it keeps strict guard over the
+heart. It is the GERMAN form of skepticism, which, as a continued
+Fredericianism, risen to the highest spirituality, has kept
+Europe for a considerable time under the dominion of the German
+spirit and its critical and historical distrust Owing to the
+insuperably strong and tough masculine character of the great
+German philologists and historical critics (who, rightly
+estimated, were also all of them artists of destruction and
+dissolution), a NEW conception of the German spirit gradually
+established itself--in spite of all Romanticism in music and
+philosophy--in which the leaning towards masculine skepticism was
+decidedly prominent whether, for instance, as fearlessness of
+gaze, as courage and sternness of the dissecting hand, or as
+resolute will to dangerous voyages of discovery, to spiritualized
+North Pole expeditions under barren and dangerous skies. There
+may be good grounds for it when warm-blooded and superficial
+humanitarians cross themselves before this spirit, CET ESPRIT
+FATALISTE, IRONIQUE, MEPHISTOPHELIQUE, as Michelet calls it, not
+without a shudder. But if one would realize how characteristic is
+this fear of the "man" in the German spirit which awakened Europe
+out of its "dogmatic slumber," let us call to mind the former
+conception which had to be overcome by this new one--and that it
+is not so very long ago that a masculinized woman could dare,
+with unbridled presumption, to recommend the Germans to the
+interest of Europe as gentle, good-hearted, weak-willed, and
+poetical fools. Finally, let us only understand profoundly enough
+Napoleon's astonishment when he saw Goethe it reveals what had
+been regarded for centuries as the "German spirit" "VOILA UN
+HOMME!"--that was as much as to say "But this is a MAN! And I
+only expected to see a German!"
+
+210. Supposing, then, that in the picture of the philosophers of the
+future, some trait suggests the question whether they must not
+perhaps be skeptics in the last-mentioned sense, something in
+them would only be designated thereby--and not they themselves.
+With equal right they might call themselves critics, and
+assuredly they will be men of experiments. By the name with which
+I ventured to baptize them, I have already expressly emphasized
+their attempting and their love of attempting is this because, as
+critics in body and soul, they will love to make use of
+experiments in a new, and perhaps wider and more dangerous sense?
+In their passion for knowledge, will they have to go further in
+daring and painful attempts than the sensitive and pampered taste
+of a democratic century can approve of?--There is no doubt these
+coming ones will be least able to dispense with the serious and
+not unscrupulous qualities which distinguish the critic from the
+skeptic I mean the certainty as to standards of worth, the
+conscious employment of a unity of method, the wary courage, the
+standing-alone, and the capacity for self-responsibility, indeed,
+they will avow among themselves a DELIGHT in denial and
+dissection, and a certain considerate cruelty, which knows how to
+handle the knife surely and deftly, even when the heart bleeds
+They will be STERNER (and perhaps not always towards themselves
+only) than humane people may desire, they will not deal with the
+"truth" in order that it may "please" them, or "elevate" and
+"inspire" them--they will rather have little faith in "TRUTH"
+bringing with it such revels for the feelings. They will smile,
+those rigorous spirits, when any one says in their presence
+"That thought elevates me, why should it not be true?" or "That
+work enchants me, why should it not be beautiful?" or "That
+artist enlarges me, why should he not be great?" Perhaps they
+will not only have a smile, but a genuine disgust for all that is
+thus rapturous, idealistic, feminine, and hermaphroditic, and if
+any one could look into their inmost hearts, he would not easily
+find therein the intention to reconcile "Christian sentiments"
+with "antique taste," or even with "modern parliamentarism" (the
+kind of reconciliation necessarily found even among philosophers
+in our very uncertain and consequently very conciliatory
+century). Critical discipline, and every habit that conduces to
+purity and rigour in intellectual matters, will not only be
+demanded from themselves by these philosophers of the future,
+they may even make a display thereof as their special adornment--
+nevertheless they will not want to be called critics on that
+account. It will seem to them no small indignity to philosophy to
+have it decreed, as is so welcome nowadays, that "philosophy
+itself is criticism and critical science--and nothing else
+whatever!" Though this estimate of philosophy may enjoy the
+approval of all the Positivists of France and Germany (and
+possibly it even flattered the heart and taste of KANT: let us
+call to mind the titles of his principal works), our new
+philosophers will say, notwithstanding, that critics are
+instruments of the philosopher, and just on that account, as
+instruments, they are far from being philosophers themselves!
+Even the great Chinaman of Konigsberg was only a great critic.
+
+211. I insist upon it that people finally cease confounding
+philosophical workers, and in general scientific men, with
+philosophers--that precisely here one should strictly give "each
+his own," and not give those far too much, these far too little.
+It may be necessary for the education of the real philosopher
+that he himself should have once stood upon all those steps upon
+which his servants, the scientific workers of philosophy, remain
+standing, and MUST remain standing he himself must perhaps have
+been critic, and dogmatist, and historian, and besides, poet, and
+collector, and traveler, and riddle-reader, and moralist, and
+seer, and "free spirit," and almost everything, in order to
+traverse the whole range of human values and estimations, and
+that he may BE ABLE with a variety of eyes and consciences to
+look from a height to any distance, from a depth up to any
+height, from a nook into any expanse. But all these are only
+preliminary conditions for his task; this task itself demands
+something else--it requires him TO CREATE VALUES. The
+philosophical workers, after the excellent pattern of Kant and
+Hegel, have to fix and formalize some great existing body of
+valuations--that is to say, former DETERMINATIONS OF VALUE,
+creations of value, which have become prevalent, and are for a
+time called "truths"--whether in the domain of the LOGICAL, the
+POLITICAL (moral), or the ARTISTIC. It is for these investigators
+to make whatever has happened and been esteemed hitherto,
+conspicuous, conceivable, intelligible, and manageable, to
+shorten everything long, even "time" itself, and to SUBJUGATE the
+entire past: an immense and wonderful task, in the carrying out
+of which all refined pride, all tenacious will, can surely find
+satisfaction. THE REAL PHILOSOPHERS, HOWEVER, ARE COMMANDERS AND
+LAW-GIVERS; they say: "Thus SHALL it be!" They determine first
+the Whither and the Why of mankind, and thereby set aside the
+previous labour of all philosophical workers, and all subjugators
+of the past--they grasp at the future with a creative hand, and
+whatever is and was, becomes for them thereby a means, an
+instrument, and a hammer. Their "knowing" is CREATING, their
+creating is a law-giving, their will to truth is--WILL TO POWER.
+--Are there at present such philosophers? Have there ever been
+such philosophers? MUST there not be such philosophers some day?
+. . .
+
+212. It is always more obvious to me that the philosopher, as a
+man INDISPENSABLE for the morrow and the day after the morrow,
+has ever found himself, and HAS BEEN OBLIGED to find himself, in
+contradiction to the day in which he lives; his enemy has always
+been the ideal of his day. Hitherto all those extraordinary
+furtherers of humanity whom one calls philosophers--who rarely
+regarded themselves as lovers of wisdom, but rather as
+disagreeable fools and dangerous interrogators--have found their
+mission, their hard, involuntary, imperative mission (in the end,
+however, the greatness of their mission), in being the bad
+conscience of their age. In putting the vivisector's knife to the
+breast of the very VIRTUES OF THEIR AGE, they have betrayed their
+own secret; it has been for the sake of a NEW greatness of man, a
+new untrodden path to his aggrandizement. They have always
+disclosed how much hypocrisy, indolence, self-indulgence, and
+self-neglect, how much falsehood was concealed under the most
+venerated types of contemporary morality, how much virtue was
+OUTLIVED, they have always said "We must remove hence to where
+YOU are least at home" In the face of a world of "modern ideas,"
+which would like to confine every one in a corner, in a
+"specialty," a philosopher, if there could be philosophers
+nowadays, would be compelled to place the greatness of man, the
+conception of "greatness," precisely in his comprehensiveness and
+multifariousness, in his all-roundness, he would even determine
+worth and rank according to the amount and variety of that which
+a man could bear and take upon himself, according to the EXTENT
+to which a man could stretch his responsibility Nowadays the
+taste and virtue of the age weaken and attenuate the will,
+nothing is so adapted to the spirit of the age as weakness of
+will consequently, in the ideal of the philosopher, strength of
+will, sternness, and capacity for prolonged resolution, must
+specially be included in the conception of "greatness", with as
+good a right as the opposite doctrine, with its ideal of a silly,
+renouncing, humble, selfless humanity, was suited to an opposite
+age--such as the sixteenth century, which suffered from its
+accumulated energy of will, and from the wildest torrents and
+floods of selfishness In the time of Socrates, among men only of
+worn-out instincts, old conservative Athenians who let themselves
+go--"for the sake of happiness," as they said, for the sake of
+pleasure, as their conduct indicated--and who had continually on
+their lips the old pompous words to which they had long forfeited
+the right by the life they led, IRONY was perhaps necessary for
+greatness of soul, the wicked Socratic assurance of the old
+physician and plebeian, who cut ruthlessly into his own flesh, as
+into the flesh and heart of the "noble," with a look that said
+plainly enough "Do not dissemble before me! here--we are equal!"
+At present, on the contrary, when throughout Europe the herding-
+animal alone attains to honours, and dispenses honours, when
+"equality of right" can too readily be transformed into equality
+in wrong--I mean to say into general war against everything rare,
+strange, and privileged, against the higher man, the higher soul,
+the higher duty, the higher responsibility, the creative
+plenipotence and lordliness--at present it belongs to the
+conception of "greatness" to be noble, to wish to be apart, to be
+capable of being different, to stand alone, to have to live by
+personal initiative, and the philosopher will betray something of
+his own ideal when he asserts "He shall be the greatest who can
+be the most solitary, the most concealed, the most divergent, the
+man beyond good and evil, the master of his virtues, and of
+super-abundance of will; precisely this shall be called
+GREATNESS: as diversified as can be entire, as ample as can be
+full." And to ask once more the question: Is greatness POSSIBLE--
+nowadays?
+
+213. It is difficult to learn what a philosopher is, because it
+cannot be taught: one must "know" it by experience--or one should
+have the pride NOT to know it. The fact that at present people
+all talk of things of which they CANNOT have any experience, is
+true more especially and unfortunately as concerns the
+philosopher and philosophical matters:--the very few know them,
+are permitted to know them, and all popular ideas about them are
+false. Thus, for instance, the truly philosophical combination of
+a bold, exuberant spirituality which runs at presto pace, and a
+dialectic rigour and necessity which makes no false step, is
+unknown to most thinkers and scholars from their own experience,
+and therefore, should any one speak of it in their presence, it
+is incredible to them. They conceive of every necessity as
+troublesome, as a painful compulsory obedience and state of
+constraint; thinking itself is regarded by them as something slow
+and hesitating, almost as a trouble, and often enough as "worthy
+of the SWEAT of the noble"--but not at all as something easy and
+divine, closely related to dancing and exuberance! "To think" and
+to take a matter "seriously," "arduously"--that is one and the
+same thing to them; such only has been their "experience."--
+Artists have here perhaps a finer intuition; they who know only
+too well that precisely when they no longer do anything
+"arbitrarily," and everything of necessity, their feeling of
+freedom, of subtlety, of power, of creatively fixing, disposing,
+and shaping, reaches its climax--in short, that necessity and
+"freedom of will" are then the same thing with them. There is, in
+fine, a gradation of rank in psychical states, to which the
+gradation of rank in the problems corresponds; and the highest
+problems repel ruthlessly every one who ventures too near them,
+without being predestined for their solution by the loftiness and
+power of his spirituality. Of what use is it for nimble, everyday
+intellects, or clumsy, honest mechanics and empiricists to press,
+in their plebeian ambition, close to such problems, and as it
+were into this "holy of holies"--as so often happens nowadays!
+But coarse feet must never tread upon such carpets: this is
+provided for in the primary law of things; the doors remain
+closed to those intruders, though they may dash and break their
+heads thereon. People have always to be born to a high station,
+or, more definitely, they have to be BRED for it: a person has
+only a right to philosophy--taking the word in its higher
+significance--in virtue of his descent; the ancestors, the
+"blood," decide here also. Many generations must have prepared
+the way for the coming of the philosopher; each of his virtues
+must have been separately acquired, nurtured, transmitted, and
+embodied; not only the bold, easy, delicate course and current of
+his thoughts, but above all the readiness for great
+responsibilities, the majesty of ruling glance and contemning
+look, the feeling of separation from the multitude with their
+duties and virtues, the kindly patronage and defense of whatever
+is misunderstood and calumniated, be it God or devil, the delight
+and practice of supreme justice, the art of commanding, the
+amplitude of will, the lingering eye which rarely admires, rarely
+looks up, rarely loves. . . .
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+OUR VIRTUES
+
+
+214. OUR Virtues?--It is probable that we, too, have still our
+virtues, although naturally they are not those sincere and massive
+virtues on account of which we hold our grandfathers in esteem
+and also at a little distance from us. We Europeans of the day
+after tomorrow, we firstlings of the twentieth century--with all
+our dangerous curiosity, our multifariousness and art of
+disguising, our mellow and seemingly sweetened cruelty in sense
+and spirit--we shall presumably, IF we must have virtues, have
+those only which have come to agreement with our most secret and
+heartfelt inclinations, with our most ardent requirements: well,
+then, let us look for them in our labyrinths!--where, as we know,
+so many things lose themselves, so many things get quite lost!
+And is there anything finer than to SEARCH for one's own virtues?
+Is it not almost to BELIEVE in one's own virtues? But this
+"believing in one's own virtues"--is it not practically the same
+as what was formerly called one's "good conscience," that long,
+respectable pigtail of an idea, which our grandfathers used to
+hang behind their heads, and often enough also behind their
+understandings? It seems, therefore, that however little we may
+imagine ourselves to be old-fashioned and grandfatherly
+respectable in other respects, in one thing we are nevertheless
+the worthy grandchildren of our grandfathers, we last Europeans
+with good consciences: we also still wear their pigtail.--Ah! if
+you only knew how soon, so very soon--it will be different!
+
+215. As in the stellar firmament there are sometimes two suns
+which determine the path of one planet, and in certain cases suns
+of different colours shine around a single planet, now with red
+light, now with green, and then simultaneously illumine and flood
+it with motley colours: so we modern men, owing to the
+complicated mechanism of our "firmament," are determined by
+DIFFERENT moralities; our actions shine alternately in different
+colours, and are seldom unequivocal--and there are often cases,
+also, in which our actions are MOTLEY-COLOURED.
+
+216. To love one's enemies? I think that has been well learnt: it
+takes place thousands of times at present on a large and small
+scale; indeed, at times the higher and sublimer thing takes
+place:--we learn to DESPISE when we love, and precisely when we
+love best; all of it, however, unconsciously, without noise,
+without ostentation, with the shame and secrecy of goodness,
+which forbids the utterance of the pompous word and the formula
+of virtue. Morality as attitude--is opposed to our taste
+nowadays. This is ALSO an advance, as it was an advance in our
+fathers that religion as an attitude finally became opposed to
+their taste, including the enmity and Voltairean bitterness
+against religion (and all that formerly belonged to freethinker-
+pantomime). It is the music in our conscience, the dance in our
+spirit, to which Puritan litanies, moral sermons, and goody-
+goodness won't chime.
+
+217. Let us be careful in dealing with those who attach great
+importance to being credited with moral tact and subtlety in
+moral discernment! They never forgive us if they have once made a
+mistake BEFORE us (or even with REGARD to us)--they inevitably
+become our instinctive calumniators and detractors, even when
+they still remain our "friends."--Blessed are the forgetful: for
+they "get the better" even of their blunders.
+
+218. The psychologists of France--and where else are there still
+psychologists nowadays?--have never yet exhausted their bitter
+and manifold enjoyment of the betise bourgeoise, just as
+though . . . in short, they betray something thereby. Flaubert,
+for instance, the honest citizen of Rouen, neither saw, heard, nor
+tasted anything else in the end; it was his mode of self-torment
+and refined cruelty. As this is growing wearisome, I would now
+recommend for a change something else for a pleasure--namely, the
+unconscious astuteness with which good, fat, honest mediocrity
+always behaves towards loftier spirits and the tasks they have to
+perform, the subtle, barbed, Jesuitical astuteness, which is a
+thousand times subtler than the taste and understanding of the
+middle-class in its best moments--subtler even than the
+understanding of its victims:--a repeated proof that "instinct" is
+the most intelligent of all kinds of intelligence which have
+hitherto been discovered. In short, you psychologists, study the
+philosophy of the "rule" in its struggle with the "exception":
+there you have a spectacle fit for Gods and godlike malignity! Or,
+in plainer words, practise vivisection on "good people," on the
+"homo bonae voluntatis," ON YOURSELVES!
+
+219. The practice of judging and condemning morally, is the
+favourite revenge of the intellectually shallow on those who are
+less so, it is also a kind of indemnity for their being badly
+endowed by nature, and finally, it is an opportunity for
+acquiring spirit and BECOMING subtle--malice spiritualises. They
+are glad in their inmost heart that there is a standard according
+to which those who are over-endowed with intellectual goods and
+privileges, are equal to them, they contend for the "equality of
+all before God," and almost NEED the belief in God for this
+purpose. It is among them that the most powerful antagonists of
+atheism are found. If any one were to say to them "A lofty
+spirituality is beyond all comparison with the honesty and
+respectability of a merely moral man"--it would make them
+furious, I shall take care not to say so. I would rather flatter
+them with my theory that lofty spirituality itself exists only as
+the ultimate product of moral qualities, that it is a synthesis
+of all qualities attributed to the "merely moral" man, after they
+have been acquired singly through long training and practice,
+perhaps during a whole series of generations, that lofty
+spirituality is precisely the spiritualising of justice, and the
+beneficent severity which knows that it is authorized to maintain
+GRADATIONS OF RANK in the world, even among things--and not only
+among men.
+
+220. Now that the praise of the "disinterested person" is so
+popular one must--probably not without some danger--get an idea
+of WHAT people actually take an interest in, and what are the
+things generally which fundamentally and profoundly concern
+ordinary men--including the cultured, even the learned, and
+perhaps philosophers also, if appearances do not deceive. The
+fact thereby becomes obvious that the greater part of what
+interests and charms higher natures, and more refined and
+fastidious tastes, seems absolutely "uninteresting" to the
+average man--if, notwithstanding, he perceive devotion to these
+interests, he calls it desinteresse, and wonders how it is
+possible to act "disinterestedly." There have been philosophers
+who could give this popular astonishment a seductive and
+mystical, other-worldly expression (perhaps because they did not
+know the higher nature by experience?), instead of stating the
+naked and candidly reasonable truth that "disinterested" action
+is very interesting and "interested" action, provided that. . .
+"And love?"--What! Even an action for love's sake shall be
+"unegoistic"? But you fools--! "And the praise of the self-
+sacrificer?"--But whoever has really offered sacrifice knows that
+he wanted and obtained something for it--perhaps something from
+himself for something from himself; that he relinquished here in
+order to have more there, perhaps in general to be more, or even
+feel himself "more." But this is a realm of questions and answers
+in which a more fastidious spirit does not like to stay: for here
+truth has to stifle her yawns so much when she is obliged to
+answer. And after all, truth is a woman; one must not use force
+with her.
+
+221. "It sometimes happens," said a moralistic pedant and trifle-
+retailer, "that I honour and respect an unselfish man: not,
+however, because he is unselfish, but because I think he has a
+right to be useful to another man at his own expense. In short,
+the question is always who HE is, and who THE OTHER is. For
+instance, in a person created and destined for command, self-
+denial and modest retirement, instead of being virtues, would be
+the waste of virtues: so it seems to me. Every system of
+unegoistic morality which takes itself unconditionally and
+appeals to every one, not only sins against good taste, but is
+also an incentive to sins of omission, an ADDITIONAL seduction
+under the mask of philanthropy--and precisely a seduction and
+injury to the higher, rarer, and more privileged types of men.
+Moral systems must be compelled first of all to bow before the
+GRADATIONS OF RANK; their presumption must be driven home to
+their conscience--until they thoroughly understand at last that
+it is IMMORAL to say that 'what is right for one is proper for
+another.'"--So said my moralistic pedant and bonhomme. Did he
+perhaps deserve to be laughed at when he thus exhorted systems of
+morals to practise morality? But one should not be too much in
+the right if one wishes to have the laughers on ONE'S OWN side; a
+grain of wrong pertains even to good taste.
+
+222. Wherever sympathy (fellow-suffering) is preached nowadays--
+and, if I gather rightly, no other religion is any longer
+preached--let the psychologist have his ears open through all the
+vanity, through all the noise which is natural to these preachers
+(as to all preachers), he will hear a hoarse, groaning, genuine
+note of SELF-CONTEMPT. It belongs to the overshadowing and
+uglifying of Europe, which has been on the increase for a century
+(the first symptoms of which are already specified documentarily
+in a thoughtful letter of Galiani to Madame d'Epinay)--IF IT IS
+NOT REALLY THE CAUSE THEREOF! The man of "modern ideas," the
+conceited ape, is excessively dissatisfied with himself--this is
+perfectly certain. He suffers, and his vanity wants him only "to
+suffer with his fellows."
+
+223. The hybrid European--a tolerably ugly plebeian, taken all in
+all--absolutely requires a costume: he needs history as a
+storeroom of costumes. To be sure, he notices that none of the
+costumes fit him properly--he changes and changes. Let us look at
+the nineteenth century with respect to these hasty preferences
+and changes in its masquerades of style, and also with respect to
+its moments of desperation on account of "nothing suiting" us. It
+is in vain to get ourselves up as romantic, or classical, or
+Christian, or Florentine, or barocco, or "national," in moribus
+et artibus: it does not "clothe us"! But the "spirit," especially
+the "historical spirit," profits even by this desperation: once
+and again a new sample of the past or of the foreign is tested,
+put on, taken off, packed up, and above all studied--we are the
+first studious age in puncto of "costumes," I mean as concerns
+morals, articles of belief, artistic tastes, and religions; we
+are prepared as no other age has ever been for a carnival in the
+grand style, for the most spiritual festival--laughter and
+arrogance, for the transcendental height of supreme folly and
+Aristophanic ridicule of the world. Perhaps we are still
+discovering the domain of our invention just here, the domain
+where even we can still be original, probably as parodists of the
+world's history and as God's Merry-Andrews,--perhaps, though
+nothing else of the present have a future, our laughter itself
+may have a future!
+
+224. The historical sense (or the capacity for divining quickly
+the order of rank of the valuations according to which a people,
+a community, or an individual has lived, the "divining instinct"
+for the relationships of these valuations, for the relation of
+the authority of the valuations to the authority of the operating
+forces),--this historical sense, which we Europeans claim as our
+specialty, has come to us in the train of the enchanting and mad
+semi-barbarity into which Europe has been plunged by the
+democratic mingling of classes and races--it is only the
+nineteenth century that has recognized this faculty as its sixth
+sense. Owing to this mingling, the past of every form and mode of
+life, and of cultures which were formerly closely contiguous and
+superimposed on one another, flows forth into us "modern souls";
+our instincts now run back in all directions, we ourselves are a
+kind of chaos: in the end, as we have said, the spirit perceives
+its advantage therein. By means of our semi-barbarity in body and
+in desire, we have secret access everywhere, such as a noble age
+never had; we have access above all to the labyrinth of imperfect
+civilizations, and to every form of semi-barbarity that has at
+any time existed on earth; and in so far as the most considerable
+part of human civilization hitherto has just been semi-barbarity,
+the "historical sense" implies almost the sense and instinct for
+everything, the taste and tongue for everything: whereby it
+immediately proves itself to be an IGNOBLE sense. For instance,
+we enjoy Homer once more: it is perhaps our happiest acquisition
+that we know how to appreciate Homer, whom men of distinguished
+culture (as the French of the seventeenth century, like Saint-
+Evremond, who reproached him for his ESPRIT VASTE, and even
+Voltaire, the last echo of the century) cannot and could not so
+easily appropriate--whom they scarcely permitted themselves to
+enjoy. The very decided Yea and Nay of their palate, their
+promptly ready disgust, their hesitating reluctance with regard
+to everything strange, their horror of the bad taste even of
+lively curiosity, and in general the averseness of every
+distinguished and self-sufficing culture to avow a new desire, a
+dissatisfaction with its own condition, or an admiration of what
+is strange: all this determines and disposes them unfavourably
+even towards the best things of the world which are not their
+property or could not become their prey--and no faculty is more
+unintelligible to such men than just this historical sense, with
+its truckling, plebeian curiosity. The case is not different with
+Shakespeare, that marvelous Spanish-Moorish-Saxon synthesis of
+taste, over whom an ancient Athenian of the circle of AEschylus
+would have half-killed himself with laughter or irritation: but
+we--accept precisely this wild motleyness, this medley of the
+most delicate, the most coarse, and the most artificial, with a
+secret confidence and cordiality; we enjoy it as a refinement of
+art reserved expressly for us, and allow ourselves to be as
+little disturbed by the repulsive fumes and the proximity of the
+English populace in which Shakespeare's art and taste lives, as
+perhaps on the Chiaja of Naples, where, with all our senses
+awake, we go our way, enchanted and voluntarily, in spite of the
+drain-odour of the lower quarters of the town. That as men of the
+"historical sense" we have our virtues, is not to be disputed:--
+we are unpretentious, unselfish, modest, brave, habituated to
+self-control and self-renunciation, very grateful, very patient,
+very complaisant--but with all this we are perhaps not very
+"tasteful." Let us finally confess it, that what is most
+difficult for us men of the "historical sense" to grasp, feel,
+taste, and love, what finds us fundamentally prejudiced and
+almost hostile, is precisely the perfection and ultimate maturity
+in every culture and art, the essentially noble in works and men,
+their moment of smooth sea and halcyon self-sufficiency, the
+goldenness and coldness which all things show that have perfected
+themselves. Perhaps our great virtue of the historical sense is
+in necessary contrast to GOOD taste, at least to the very bad
+taste; and we can only evoke in ourselves imperfectly,
+hesitatingly, and with compulsion the small, short, and happy
+godsends and glorifications of human life as they shine here and
+there: those moments and marvelous experiences when a great power
+has voluntarily come to a halt before the boundless and
+infinite,--when a super-abundance of refined delight has been
+enjoyed by a sudden checking and petrifying, by standing firmly
+and planting oneself fixedly on still trembling ground.
+PROPORTIONATENESS is strange to us, let us confess it to
+ourselves; our itching is really the itching for the infinite,
+the immeasurable. Like the rider on his forward panting horse, we
+let the reins fall before the infinite, we modern men, we semi-
+barbarians--and are only in OUR highest bliss when we--ARE IN
+MOST DANGER.
+
+225. Whether it be hedonism, pessimism, utilitarianism, or
+eudaemonism, all those modes of thinking which measure the worth
+of things according to PLEASURE and PAIN, that is, according to
+accompanying circumstances and secondary considerations, are
+plausible modes of thought and naivetes, which every one
+conscious of CREATIVE powers and an artist's conscience will look
+down upon with scorn, though not without sympathy. Sympathy for
+you!--to be sure, that is not sympathy as you understand it: it
+is not sympathy for social "distress," for "society" with its
+sick and misfortuned, for the hereditarily vicious and defective
+who lie on the ground around us; still less is it sympathy for
+the grumbling, vexed, revolutionary slave-classes who strive
+after power--they call it "freedom." OUR sympathy is a loftier
+and further-sighted sympathy:--we see how MAN dwarfs himself, how
+YOU dwarf him! and there are moments when we view YOUR sympathy
+with an indescribable anguish, when we resist it,--when we regard
+your seriousness as more dangerous than any kind of levity. You
+want, if possible--and there is not a more foolish "if possible"
+--TO DO AWAY WITH SUFFERING; and we?--it really seems that WE
+would rather have it increased and made worse than it has ever
+been! Well-being, as you understand it--is certainly not a goal;
+it seems to us an END; a condition which at once renders man
+ludicrous and contemptible--and makes his destruction DESIRABLE!
+The discipline of suffering, of GREAT suffering--know ye not that
+it is only THIS discipline that has produced all the elevations
+of humanity hitherto? The tension of soul in misfortune which
+communicates to it its energy, its shuddering in view of rack and
+ruin, its inventiveness and bravery in undergoing, enduring,
+interpreting, and exploiting misfortune, and whatever depth,
+mystery, disguise, spirit, artifice, or greatness has been
+bestowed upon the soul--has it not been bestowed through
+suffering, through the discipline of great suffering? In man
+CREATURE and CREATOR are united: in man there is not only matter,
+shred, excess, clay, mire, folly, chaos; but there is also the
+creator, the sculptor, the hardness of the hammer, the divinity
+of the spectator, and the seventh day--do ye understand this
+contrast? And that YOUR sympathy for the "creature in man"
+applies to that which has to be fashioned, bruised, forged,
+stretched, roasted, annealed, refined--to that which must
+necessarily SUFFER, and IS MEANT to suffer? And our sympathy--do
+ye not understand what our REVERSE sympathy applies to, when it
+resists your sympathy as the worst of all pampering and
+enervation?--So it is sympathy AGAINST sympathy!--But to repeat
+it once more, there are higher problems than the problems of
+pleasure and pain and sympathy; and all systems of philosophy
+which deal only with these are naivetes.
+
+226. WE IMMORALISTS.--This world with which WE are concerned, in
+which we have to fear and love, this almost invisible, inaudible
+world of delicate command and delicate obedience, a world of
+"almost" in every respect, captious, insidious, sharp, and
+tender--yes, it is well protected from clumsy spectators and
+familiar curiosity! We are woven into a strong net and garment of
+duties, and CANNOT disengage ourselves--precisely here, we are
+"men of duty," even we! Occasionally, it is true, we dance in our
+"chains" and betwixt our "swords"; it is none the less true that
+more often we gnash our teeth under the circumstances, and are
+impatient at the secret hardship of our lot. But do what we will,
+fools and appearances say of us: "These are men WITHOUT duty,"--
+we have always fools and appearances against us!
+
+227. Honesty, granting that it is the virtue of which we cannot
+rid ourselves, we free spirits--well, we will labour at it with
+all our perversity and love, and not tire of "perfecting"
+ourselves in OUR virtue, which alone remains: may its glance some
+day overspread like a gilded, blue, mocking twilight this aging
+civilization with its dull gloomy seriousness! And if,
+nevertheless, our honesty should one day grow weary, and sigh,
+and stretch its limbs, and find us too hard, and would fain have
+it pleasanter, easier, and gentler, like an agreeable vice, let
+us remain HARD, we latest Stoics, and let us send to its help
+whatever devilry we have in us:--our disgust at the clumsy and
+undefined, our "NITIMUR IN VETITUM," our love of adventure, our
+sharpened and fastidious curiosity, our most subtle, disguised,
+intellectual Will to Power and universal conquest, which rambles
+and roves avidiously around all the realms of the future--let us
+go with all our "devils" to the help of our "God"! It is probable
+that people will misunderstand and mistake us on that account:
+what does it matter! They will say: "Their 'honesty'--that is
+their devilry, and nothing else!" What does it matter! And even
+if they were right--have not all Gods hitherto been such
+sanctified, re-baptized devils? And after all, what do we know of
+ourselves? And what the spirit that leads us wants TO BE CALLED?
+(It is a question of names.) And how many spirits we harbour? Our
+honesty, we free spirits--let us be careful lest it become our
+vanity, our ornament and ostentation, our limitation, our
+stupidity! Every virtue inclines to stupidity, every stupidity to
+virtue; "stupid to the point of sanctity," they say in Russia,--
+let us be careful lest out of pure honesty we eventually become
+saints and bores! Is not life a hundred times too short for us--
+to bore ourselves? One would have to believe in eternal life in
+order to . . .
+
+228. I hope to be forgiven for discovering that all moral
+philosophy hitherto has been tedious and has belonged to the
+soporific appliances--and that "virtue," in my opinion, has been
+MORE injured by the TEDIOUSNESS of its advocates than by anything
+else; at the same time, however, I would not wish to overlook
+their general usefulness. It is desirable that as few people as
+possible should reflect upon morals, and consequently it is very
+desirable that morals should not some day become interesting! But
+let us not be afraid! Things still remain today as they have
+always been: I see no one in Europe who has (or DISCLOSES) an
+idea of the fact that philosophizing concerning morals might be
+conducted in a dangerous, captious, and ensnaring manner--that
+CALAMITY might be involved therein. Observe, for example, the
+indefatigable, inevitable English utilitarians: how ponderously
+and respectably they stalk on, stalk along (a Homeric metaphor
+expresses it better) in the footsteps of Bentham, just as he had
+already stalked in the footsteps of the respectable Helvetius!
+(no, he was not a dangerous man, Helvetius, CE SENATEUR
+POCOCURANTE, to use an expression of Galiani). No new thought,
+nothing of the nature of a finer turning or better expression of
+an old thought, not even a proper history of what has been
+previously thought on the subject: an IMPOSSIBLE literature,
+taking it all in all, unless one knows how to leaven it with some
+mischief. In effect, the old English vice called CANT, which is
+MORAL TARTUFFISM, has insinuated itself also into these moralists
+(whom one must certainly read with an eye to their motives if one
+MUST read them), concealed this time under the new form of the
+scientific spirit; moreover, there is not absent from them a
+secret struggle with the pangs of conscience, from which a race
+of former Puritans must naturally suffer, in all their scientific
+tinkering with morals. (Is not a moralist the opposite of a
+Puritan? That is to say, as a thinker who regards morality as
+questionable, as worthy of interrogation, in short, as a problem?
+Is moralizing not-immoral?) In the end, they all want English
+morality to be recognized as authoritative, inasmuch as mankind,
+or the "general utility," or "the happiness of the greatest
+number,"--no! the happiness of ENGLAND, will be best served
+thereby. They would like, by all means, to convince themselves
+that the striving after English happiness, I mean after COMFORT
+and FASHION (and in the highest instance, a seat in Parliament),
+is at the same time the true path of virtue; in fact, that in so
+far as there has been virtue in the world hitherto, it has just
+consisted in such striving. Not one of those ponderous,
+conscience-stricken herding-animals (who undertake to advocate
+the cause of egoism as conducive to the general welfare) wants to
+have any knowledge or inkling of the facts that the "general
+welfare" is no ideal, no goal, no notion that can be at all
+grasped, but is only a nostrum,--that what is fair to one MAY NOT
+at all be fair to another, that the requirement of one morality
+for all is really a detriment to higher men, in short, that there
+is a DISTINCTION OF RANK between man and man, and consequently
+between morality and morality. They are an unassuming and
+fundamentally mediocre species of men, these utilitarian
+Englishmen, and, as already remarked, in so far as they are
+tedious, one cannot think highly enough of their utility. One
+ought even to ENCOURAGE them, as has been partially attempted in
+the following rhymes:--
+
+    Hail, ye worthies, barrow-wheeling,
+    "Longer--better," aye revealing,
+
+    Stiffer aye in head and knee;
+    Unenraptured, never jesting,
+    Mediocre everlasting,
+
+SANS GENIE ET SANS ESPRIT!
+
+229. In these later ages, which may be proud of their humanity,
+there still remains so much fear, so much SUPERSTITION of the
+fear, of the "cruel wild beast," the mastering of which
+constitutes the very pride of these humaner ages--that even
+obvious truths, as if by the agreement of centuries, have long
+remained unuttered, because they have the appearance of helping
+the finally slain wild beast back to life again. I perhaps risk
+something when I allow such a truth to escape; let others capture
+it again and give it so much "milk of pious sentiment"
+[FOOTNOTE: An expression from Schiller's William Tell, Act IV,
+Scene 3.] to drink, that it will lie down quiet and forgotten, in
+its old corner.--One ought to learn anew about cruelty, and open
+one's eyes; one ought at last to learn impatience, in order that
+such immodest gross errors--as, for instance, have been fostered
+by ancient and modern philosophers with regard to tragedy--may no
+longer wander about virtuously and boldly. Almost everything that
+we call "higher culture" is based upon the spiritualising and
+intensifying of CRUELTY--this is my thesis; the "wild beast" has
+not been slain at all, it lives, it flourishes, it has only been--
+transfigured. That which constitutes the painful delight of
+tragedy is cruelty; that which operates agreeably in so-called
+tragic sympathy, and at the basis even of everything sublime, up
+to the highest and most delicate thrills of metaphysics, obtains
+its sweetness solely from the intermingled ingredient of cruelty.
+What the Roman enjoys in the arena, the Christian in the
+ecstasies of the cross, the Spaniard at the sight of the faggot
+and stake, or of the bull-fight, the present-day Japanese who
+presses his way to the tragedy, the workman of the Parisian
+suburbs who has a homesickness for bloody revolutions, the
+Wagnerienne who, with unhinged will, "undergoes" the performance
+of "Tristan and Isolde"--what all these enjoy, and strive with
+mysterious ardour to drink in, is the philtre of the great Circe
+"cruelty." Here, to be sure, we must put aside entirely the
+blundering psychology of former times, which could only teach
+with regard to cruelty that it originated at the sight of the
+suffering of OTHERS: there is an abundant, super-abundant
+enjoyment even in one's own suffering, in causing one's own
+suffering--and wherever man has allowed himself to be persuaded
+to self-denial in the RELIGIOUS sense, or to self-mutilation, as
+among the Phoenicians and ascetics, or in general, to
+desensualisation, decarnalisation, and contrition, to Puritanical
+repentance-spasms, to vivisection of conscience and to Pascal-
+like SACRIFIZIA DELL' INTELLETO, he is secretly allured and
+impelled forwards by his cruelty, by the dangerous thrill of
+cruelty TOWARDS HIMSELF.--Finally, let us consider that even the
+seeker of knowledge operates as an artist and glorifier of
+cruelty, in that he compels his spirit to perceive AGAINST its
+own inclination, and often enough against the wishes of his
+heart:--he forces it to say Nay, where he would like to affirm,
+love, and adore; indeed, every instance of taking a thing
+profoundly and fundamentally, is a violation, an intentional
+injuring of the fundamental will of the spirit, which
+instinctively aims at appearance and superficiality,--even in
+every desire for knowledge there is a drop of cruelty.
+
+230. Perhaps what I have said here about a "fundamental will of
+the spirit" may not be understood without further details; I may
+be allowed a word of explanation.--That imperious something which
+is popularly called "the spirit," wishes to be master internally
+and externally, and to feel itself master; it has the will of a
+multiplicity for a simplicity, a binding, taming, imperious, and
+essentially ruling will. Its requirements and capacities here,
+are the same as those assigned by physiologists to everything
+that lives, grows, and multiplies. The power of the spirit to
+appropriate foreign elements reveals itself in a strong tendency
+to assimilate the new to the old, to simplify the manifold, to
+overlook or repudiate the absolutely contradictory; just as it
+arbitrarily re-underlines, makes prominent, and falsifies for
+itself certain traits and lines in the foreign elements, in every
+portion of the "outside world." Its object thereby is the
+incorporation of new "experiences," the assortment of new things
+in the old arrangements--in short, growth; or more properly, the
+FEELING of growth, the feeling of increased power--is its object.
+This same will has at its service an apparently opposed impulse
+of the spirit, a suddenly adopted preference of ignorance, of
+arbitrary shutting out, a closing of windows, an inner denial of
+this or that, a prohibition to approach, a sort of defensive
+attitude against much that is knowable, a contentment with
+obscurity, with the shutting-in horizon, an acceptance and
+approval of ignorance: as that which is all necessary according
+to the degree of its appropriating power, its "digestive power,"
+to speak figuratively (and in fact "the spirit" resembles a
+stomach more than anything else). Here also belong an occasional
+propensity of the spirit to let itself be deceived (perhaps with
+a waggish suspicion that it is NOT so and so, but is only allowed
+to pass as such), a delight in uncertainty and ambiguity, an
+exulting enjoyment of arbitrary, out-of-the-way narrowness and
+mystery, of the too-near, of the foreground, of the magnified,
+the diminished, the misshapen, the beautified--an enjoyment of
+the arbitrariness of all these manifestations of power. Finally,
+in this connection, there is the not unscrupulous readiness of
+the spirit to deceive other spirits and dissemble before them--
+the constant pressing and straining of a creating, shaping,
+changeable power: the spirit enjoys therein its craftiness and
+its variety of disguises, it enjoys also its feeling of security
+therein--it is precisely by its Protean arts that it is best
+protected and concealed!--COUNTER TO this propensity for
+appearance, for simplification, for a disguise, for a cloak, in
+short, for an outside--for every outside is a cloak--there
+operates the sublime tendency of the man of knowledge, which
+takes, and INSISTS on taking things profoundly, variously, and
+thoroughly; as a kind of cruelty of the intellectual conscience
+and taste, which every courageous thinker will acknowledge in
+himself, provided, as it ought to be, that he has sharpened and
+hardened his eye sufficiently long for introspection, and is
+accustomed to severe discipline and even severe words. He will
+say: "There is something cruel in the tendency of my spirit": let
+the virtuous and amiable try to convince him that it is not so!
+In fact, it would sound nicer, if, instead of our cruelty,
+perhaps our "extravagant honesty" were talked about, whispered
+about, and glorified--we free, VERY free spirits--and some day
+perhaps SUCH will actually be our--posthumous glory! Meanwhile--
+for there is plenty of time until then--we should be least
+inclined to deck ourselves out in such florid and fringed moral
+verbiage; our whole former work has just made us sick of this
+taste and its sprightly exuberance. They are beautiful,
+glistening, jingling, festive words: honesty, love of truth, love
+of wisdom, sacrifice for knowledge, heroism of the truthful--
+there is something in them that makes one's heart swell with
+pride. But we anchorites and marmots have long ago persuaded
+ourselves in all the secrecy of an anchorite's conscience, that
+this worthy parade of verbiage also belongs to the old false
+adornment, frippery, and gold-dust of unconscious human vanity,
+and that even under such flattering colour and repainting, the
+terrible original text HOMO NATURA must again be recognized. In
+effect, to translate man back again into nature; to master the
+many vain and visionary interpretations and subordinate meanings
+which have hitherto been scratched and daubed over the eternal
+original text, HOMO NATURA; to bring it about that man shall
+henceforth stand before man as he now, hardened by the discipline
+of science, stands before the OTHER forms of nature, with
+fearless Oedipus-eyes, and stopped Ulysses-ears, deaf to the
+enticements of old metaphysical bird-catchers, who have piped to
+him far too long: "Thou art more! thou art higher! thou hast a
+different origin!"--this may be a strange and foolish task, but
+that it is a TASK, who can deny! Why did we choose it, this
+foolish task? Or, to put the question differently: "Why knowledge
+at all?" Every one will ask us about this. And thus pressed, we,
+who have asked ourselves the question a hundred times, have not
+found and cannot find any better answer. . . .
+
+231. Learning alters us, it does what all nourishment does that
+does not merely "conserve"--as the physiologist knows. But at the
+bottom of our souls, quite "down below," there is certainly
+something unteachable, a granite of spiritual fate, of
+predetermined decision and answer to predetermined, chosen
+questions. In each cardinal problem there speaks an unchangeable
+"I am this"; a thinker cannot learn anew about man and woman, for
+instance, but can only learn fully--he can only follow to the end
+what is "fixed" about them in himself. Occasionally we find
+certain solutions of problems which make strong beliefs for us;
+perhaps they are henceforth called "convictions." Later on--one
+sees in them only footsteps to self-knowledge, guide-posts to the
+problem which we ourselves ARE--or more correctly to the great
+stupidity which we embody, our spiritual fate, the UNTEACHABLE in
+us, quite "down below."--In view of this liberal compliment which
+I have just paid myself, permission will perhaps be more readily
+allowed me to utter some truths about "woman as she is," provided
+that it is known at the outset how literally they are merely--MY
+truths.
+
+232. Woman wishes to be independent, and therefore she begins to
+enlighten men about "woman as she is"--THIS is one of the worst
+developments of the general UGLIFYING of Europe. For what must
+these clumsy attempts of feminine scientificality and self-
+exposure bring to light! Woman has so much cause for shame; in
+woman there is so much pedantry, superficiality,
+schoolmasterliness, petty presumption, unbridledness, and
+indiscretion concealed--study only woman's behaviour towards
+children!--which has really been best restrained and dominated
+hitherto by the FEAR of man. Alas, if ever the "eternally tedious
+in woman"--she has plenty of it!--is allowed to venture forth! if
+she begins radically and on principle to unlearn her wisdom and
+art-of charming, of playing, of frightening away sorrow, of
+alleviating and taking easily; if she forgets her delicate
+aptitude for agreeable desires! Female voices are already raised,
+which, by Saint Aristophanes! make one afraid:--with medical
+explicitness it is stated in a threatening manner what woman
+first and last REQUIRES from man. Is it not in the very worst
+taste that woman thus sets herself up to be scientific?
+Enlightenment hitherto has fortunately been men's affair, men's
+gift--we remained therewith "among ourselves"; and in the end, in
+view of all that women write about "woman," we may well have
+considerable doubt as to whether woman really DESIRES
+enlightenment about herself--and CAN desire it. If woman does not
+thereby seek a new ORNAMENT for herself--I believe ornamentation
+belongs to the eternally feminine?--why, then, she wishes to make
+herself feared: perhaps she thereby wishes to get the mastery.
+But she does not want truth--what does woman care for truth? From
+the very first, nothing is more foreign, more repugnant, or more
+hostile to woman than truth--her great art is falsehood, her
+chief concern is appearance and beauty. Let us confess it, we
+men: we honour and love this very art and this very instinct in
+woman: we who have the hard task, and for our recreation gladly
+seek the company of beings under whose hands, glances, and
+delicate follies, our seriousness, our gravity, and profundity
+appear almost like follies to us. Finally, I ask the question:
+Did a woman herself ever acknowledge profundity in a woman's
+mind, or justice in a woman's heart? And is it not true that on
+the whole "woman" has hitherto been most despised by woman
+herself, and not at all by us?--We men desire that woman should
+not continue to compromise herself by enlightening us; just as it
+was man's care and the consideration for woman, when the church
+decreed: mulier taceat in ecclesia. It was to the benefit of
+woman when Napoleon gave the too eloquent Madame de Stael to
+understand: mulier taceat in politicis!--and in my opinion, he is
+a true friend of woman who calls out to women today: mulier
+taceat de mulierel.
+
+233. It betrays corruption of the instincts--apart from the fact
+that it betrays bad taste--when a woman refers to Madame Roland,
+or Madame de Stael, or Monsieur George Sand, as though something
+were proved thereby in favour of "woman as she is." Among men,
+these are the three comical women as they are--nothing more!--and
+just the best involuntary counter-arguments against feminine
+emancipation and autonomy.
+
+234. Stupidity in the kitchen; woman as cook; the terrible
+thoughtlessness with which the feeding of the family and the
+master of the house is managed! Woman does not understand what
+food means, and she insists on being cook! If woman had been a
+thinking creature, she should certainly, as cook for thousands of
+years, have discovered the most important physiological facts,
+and should likewise have got possession of the healing art!
+Through bad female cooks--through the entire lack of reason in
+the kitchen--the development of mankind has been longest retarded
+and most interfered with: even today matters are very little
+better. A word to High School girls.
+
+235. There are turns and casts of fancy, there are sentences,
+little handfuls of words, in which a whole culture, a whole
+society suddenly crystallises itself. Among these is the
+incidental remark of Madame de Lambert to her son: "MON AMI, NE
+VOUS PERMETTEZ JAMAIS QUE DES FOLIES, QUI VOUS FERONT GRAND
+PLAISIR"--the motherliest and wisest remark, by the way, that was
+ever addressed to a son.
+
+236. I have no doubt that every noble woman will oppose what
+Dante and Goethe believed about woman--the former when he sang,
+"ELLA GUARDAVA SUSO, ED IO IN LEI," and the latter when he
+interpreted it, "the eternally feminine draws us ALOFT"; for THIS
+is just what she believes of the eternally masculine.
+
+237.
+
+SEVEN APOPHTHEGMS FOR WOMEN
+
+How the longest ennui flees, When a man comes to our knees!
+
+Age, alas! and science staid, Furnish even weak virtue aid.
+
+Sombre garb and silence meet: Dress for every dame--discreet.
+
+Whom I thank when in my bliss? God!--and my good tailoress!
+
+Young, a flower-decked cavern home; Old, a dragon thence doth
+roam.
+
+Noble title, leg that's fine, Man as well: Oh, were HE mine!
+
+Speech in brief and sense in mass--Slippery for the jenny-ass!
+
+237A. Woman has hitherto been treated by men like birds, which,
+losing their way, have come down among them from an elevation: as
+something delicate, fragile, wild, strange, sweet, and animating-
+-but as something also which must be cooped up to prevent it
+flying away.
+
+238. To be mistaken in the fundamental problem of "man and
+woman," to deny here the profoundest antagonism and the necessity
+for an eternally hostile tension, to dream here perhaps of equal
+rights, equal training, equal claims and obligations: that is a
+TYPICAL sign of shallow-mindedness; and a thinker who has proved
+himself shallow at this dangerous spot--shallow in instinct!--may
+generally be regarded as suspicious, nay more, as betrayed, as
+discovered; he will probably prove too "short" for all
+fundamental questions of life, future as well as present, and
+will be unable to descend into ANY of the depths. On the other
+hand, a man who has depth of spirit as well as of desires, and
+has also the depth of benevolence which is capable of severity
+and harshness, and easily confounded with them, can only think of
+woman as ORIENTALS do: he must conceive of her as a possession,
+as confinable property, as a being predestined for service and
+accomplishing her mission therein--he must take his stand in this
+matter upon the immense rationality of Asia, upon the superiority
+of the instinct of Asia, as the Greeks did formerly; those best
+heirs and scholars of Asia--who, as is well known, with their
+INCREASING culture and amplitude of power, from Homer to the time
+of Pericles, became gradually STRICTER towards woman, in short,
+more Oriental. HOW necessary, HOW logical, even HOW humanely
+desirable this was, let us consider for ourselves!
+
+239. The weaker sex has in no previous age been treated with so
+much respect by men as at present--this belongs to the tendency
+and fundamental taste of democracy, in the same way as
+disrespectfulness to old age--what wonder is it that abuse should
+be immediately made of this respect? They want more, they learn
+to make claims, the tribute of respect is at last felt to be
+well-nigh galling; rivalry for rights, indeed actual strife
+itself, would be preferred: in a word, woman is losing modesty.
+And let us immediately add that she is also losing taste. She is
+unlearning to FEAR man: but the woman who "unlearns to fear"
+sacrifices her most womanly instincts. That woman should venture
+forward when the fear-inspiring quality in man--or more
+definitely, the MAN in man--is no longer either desired or fully
+developed, is reasonable enough and also intelligible enough;
+what is more difficult to understand is that precisely thereby--
+woman deteriorates. This is what is happening nowadays: let us
+not deceive ourselves about it! Wherever the industrial spirit
+has triumphed over the military and aristocratic spirit, woman
+strives for the economic and legal independence of a clerk:
+"woman as clerkess" is inscribed on the portal of the modern
+society which is in course of formation. While she thus
+appropriates new rights, aspires to be "master," and inscribes
+"progress" of woman on her flags and banners, the very opposite
+realises itself with terrible obviousness: WOMAN RETROGRADES.
+Since the French Revolution the influence of woman in Europe has
+DECLINED in proportion as she has increased her rights and
+claims; and the "emancipation of woman," insofar as it is desired
+and demanded by women themselves (and not only by masculine
+shallow-pates), thus proves to be a remarkable symptom of the
+increased weakening and deadening of the most womanly instincts.
+There is STUPIDITY in this movement, an almost masculine
+stupidity, of which a well-reared woman--who is always a sensible
+woman--might be heartily ashamed. To lose the intuition as to the
+ground upon which she can most surely achieve victory; to neglect
+exercise in the use of her proper weapons; to let-herself-go
+before man, perhaps even "to the book," where formerly she kept
+herself in control and in refined, artful humility; to neutralize
+with her virtuous audacity man's faith in a VEILED, fundamentally
+different ideal in woman, something eternally, necessarily
+feminine; to emphatically and loquaciously dissuade man from the
+idea that woman must be preserved, cared for, protected, and
+indulged, like some delicate, strangely wild, and often pleasant
+domestic animal; the clumsy and indignant collection of
+everything of the nature of servitude and bondage which the
+position of woman in the hitherto existing order of society has
+entailed and still entails (as though slavery were a counter-
+argument, and not rather a condition of every higher culture, of
+every elevation of culture):--what does all this betoken, if not
+a disintegration of womanly instincts, a defeminising? Certainly,
+there are enough of idiotic friends and corrupters of woman among
+the learned asses of the masculine sex, who advise woman to
+defeminize herself in this manner, and to imitate all the
+stupidities from which "man" in Europe, European "manliness,"
+suffers,--who would like to lower woman to "general culture,"
+indeed even to newspaper reading and meddling with politics. Here
+and there they wish even to make women into free spirits and
+literary workers: as though a woman without piety would not be
+something perfectly obnoxious or ludicrous to a profound and
+godless man;--almost everywhere her nerves are being ruined by
+the most morbid and dangerous kind of music (our latest German
+music), and she is daily being made more hysterical and more
+incapable of fulfilling her first and last function, that of
+bearing robust children. They wish to "cultivate" her in general
+still more, and intend, as they say, to make the "weaker sex"
+STRONG by culture: as if history did not teach in the most
+emphatic manner that the "cultivating" of mankind and his
+weakening--that is to say, the weakening, dissipating, and
+languishing of his FORCE OF WILL--have always kept pace with one
+another, and that the most powerful and influential women in the
+world (and lastly, the mother of Napoleon) had just to thank
+their force of will--and not their schoolmasters--for their
+power and ascendancy over men. That which inspires respect in
+woman, and often enough fear also, is her NATURE, which is more
+"natural" than that of man, her genuine, carnivora-like, cunning
+flexibility, her tiger-claws beneath the glove, her NAIVETE in
+egoism, her untrainableness and innate wildness, the
+incomprehensibleness, extent, and deviation of her desires and
+virtues. That which, in spite of fear, excites one's sympathy for
+the dangerous and beautiful cat, "woman," is that she seems more
+afflicted, more vulnerable, more necessitous of love, and more
+condemned to disillusionment than any other creature. Fear and
+sympathy it is with these feelings that man has hitherto stood in
+the presence of woman, always with one foot already in tragedy,
+which rends while it delights--What? And all that is now to be at
+an end? And the DISENCHANTMENT of woman is in progress? The
+tediousness of woman is slowly evolving? Oh Europe! Europe! We
+know the horned animal which was always most attractive to thee,
+from which danger is ever again threatening thee! Thy old fable
+might once more become "history"--an immense stupidity might once
+again overmaster thee and carry thee away! And no God concealed
+beneath it--no! only an "idea," a "modern idea"!
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+PEOPLES AND COUNTRIES
+
+
+240. I HEARD, once again for the first time, Richard Wagner's
+overture to the Mastersinger: it is a piece of magnificent,
+gorgeous, heavy, latter-day art, which has the pride to
+presuppose two centuries of music as still living, in order that
+it may be understood:--it is an honour to Germans that such a
+pride did not miscalculate! What flavours and forces, what
+seasons and climes do we not find mingled in it! It impresses us
+at one time as ancient, at another time as foreign, bitter, and
+too modern, it is as arbitrary as it is pompously traditional, it
+is not infrequently roguish, still oftener rough and coarse--it
+has fire and courage, and at the same time the loose, dun-
+coloured skin of fruits which ripen too late. It flows broad and
+full: and suddenly there is a moment of inexplicable hesitation,
+like a gap that opens between cause and effect, an oppression
+that makes us dream, almost a nightmare; but already it broadens
+and widens anew, the old stream of delight--the most manifold
+delight,--of old and new happiness; including ESPECIALLY the joy
+of the artist in himself, which he refuses to conceal, his
+astonished, happy cognizance of his mastery of the expedients
+here employed, the new, newly acquired, imperfectly tested
+expedients of art which he apparently betrays to us. All in all,
+however, no beauty, no South, nothing of the delicate southern
+clearness of the sky, nothing of grace, no dance, hardly a will
+to logic; a certain clumsiness even, which is also emphasized, as
+though the artist wished to say to us: "It is part of my
+intention"; a cumbersome drapery, something arbitrarily barbaric
+and ceremonious, a flirring of learned and venerable conceits and
+witticisms; something German in the best and worst sense of the
+word, something in the German style, manifold, formless, and
+inexhaustible; a certain German potency and super-plenitude of
+soul, which is not afraid to hide itself under the RAFFINEMENTS
+of decadence--which, perhaps, feels itself most at ease there; a
+real, genuine token of the German soul, which is at the same time
+young and aged, too ripe and yet still too rich in futurity. This
+kind of music expresses best what I think of the Germans: they
+belong to the day before yesterday and the day after tomorrow--
+THEY HAVE AS YET NO TODAY.
+
+241. We "good Europeans," we also have hours when we allow
+ourselves a warm-hearted patriotism, a plunge and relapse into
+old loves and narrow views--I have just given an example of it--
+hours of national excitement, of patriotic anguish, and all other
+sorts of old-fashioned floods of sentiment. Duller spirits may
+perhaps only get done with what confines its operations in us to
+hours and plays itself out in hours--in a considerable time: some
+in half a year, others in half a lifetime, according to the speed
+and strength with which they digest and "change their material."
+Indeed, I could think of sluggish, hesitating races, which even
+in our rapidly moving Europe, would require half a century ere
+they could surmount such atavistic attacks of patriotism and
+soil-attachment, and return once more to reason, that is to say,
+to "good Europeanism." And while digressing on this possibility,
+I happen to become an ear-witness of a conversation between two
+old patriots--they were evidently both hard of hearing and
+consequently spoke all the louder. "HE has as much, and knows as
+much, philosophy as a peasant or a corps-student," said the one--
+"he is still innocent. But what does that matter nowadays! It is
+the age of the masses: they lie on their belly before everything
+that is massive. And so also in politicis. A statesman who rears
+up for them a new Tower of Babel, some monstrosity of empire and
+power, they call 'great'--what does it matter that we more
+prudent and conservative ones do not meanwhile give up the old
+belief that it is only the great thought that gives greatness to
+an action or affair. Supposing a statesman were to bring his
+people into the position of being obliged henceforth to practise
+'high politics,' for which they were by nature badly endowed and
+prepared, so that they would have to sacrifice their old and
+reliable virtues, out of love to a new and doubtful mediocrity;--
+supposing a statesman were to condemn his people generally to
+'practise politics,' when they have hitherto had something better
+to do and think about, and when in the depths of their souls they
+have been unable to free themselves from a prudent loathing of
+the restlessness, emptiness, and noisy wranglings of the
+essentially politics-practising nations;--supposing such a
+statesman were to stimulate the slumbering passions and avidities
+of his people, were to make a stigma out of their former
+diffidence and delight in aloofness, an offence out of their
+exoticism and hidden permanency, were to depreciate their most
+radical proclivities, subvert their consciences, make their minds
+narrow, and their tastes 'national'--what! a statesman who should
+do all this, which his people would have to do penance for
+throughout their whole future, if they had a future, such a
+statesman would be GREAT, would he?"--"Undoubtedly!" replied the
+other old patriot vehemently, "otherwise he COULD NOT have done
+it! It was mad perhaps to wish such a thing! But perhaps
+everything great has been just as mad at its commencement!"--
+"Misuse of words!" cried his interlocutor, contradictorily--
+"strong! strong! Strong and mad! NOT great!"--The old men had
+obviously become heated as they thus shouted their "truths" in
+each other's faces, but I, in my happiness and apartness,
+considered how soon a stronger one may become master of the
+strong, and also that there is a compensation for the
+intellectual superficialising of a nation--namely, in the
+deepening of another.
+
+242. Whether we call it "civilization," or "humanising," or
+"progress," which now distinguishes the European, whether we call
+it simply, without praise or blame, by the political formula the
+DEMOCRATIC movement in Europe--behind all the moral and political
+foregrounds pointed to by such formulas, an immense PHYSIOLOGICAL
+PROCESS goes on, which is ever extending the process of the
+assimilation of Europeans, their increasing detachment from the
+conditions under which, climatically and hereditarily, united
+races originate, their increasing independence of every definite
+milieu, that for centuries would fain inscribe itself with equal
+demands on soul and body,--that is to say, the slow emergence of
+an essentially SUPER-NATIONAL and nomadic species of man, who
+possesses, physiologically speaking, a maximum of the art and
+power of adaptation as his typical distinction. This process of
+the EVOLVING EUROPEAN, which can be retarded in its TEMPO by
+great relapses, but will perhaps just gain and grow thereby in
+vehemence and depth--the still-raging storm and stress of
+"national sentiment" pertains to it, and also the anarchism which
+is appearing at present--this process will probably arrive at
+results on which its naive propagators and panegyrists, the
+apostles of "modern ideas," would least care to reckon. The same
+new conditions under which on an average a levelling and
+mediocrising of man will take place--a useful, industrious,
+variously serviceable, and clever gregarious man--are in the
+highest degree suitable to give rise to exceptional men of the
+most dangerous and attractive qualities. For, while the capacity
+for adaptation, which is every day trying changing conditions,
+and begins a new work with every generation, almost with every
+decade, makes the POWERFULNESS of the type impossible; while the
+collective impression of such future Europeans will probably be
+that of numerous, talkative, weak-willed, and very handy workmen
+who REQUIRE a master, a commander, as they require their daily
+bread; while, therefore, the democratising of Europe will tend to
+the production of a type prepared for SLAVERY in the most subtle
+sense of the term: the STRONG man will necessarily in individual
+and exceptional cases, become stronger and richer than he has
+perhaps ever been before--owing to the unprejudicedness of his
+schooling, owing to the immense variety of practice, art, and
+disguise. I meant to say that the democratising of Europe is at
+the same time an involuntary arrangement for the rearing of
+TYRANTS--taking the word in all its meanings, even in its most
+spiritual sense.
+
+243. I hear with pleasure that our sun is moving rapidly towards
+the constellation Hercules: and I hope that the men on this earth
+will do like the sun. And we foremost, we good Europeans!
+
+244. There was a time when it was customary to call Germans
+"deep" by way of distinction; but now that the most successful
+type of new Germanism is covetous of quite other honours, and
+perhaps misses "smartness" in all that has depth, it is almost
+opportune and patriotic to doubt whether we did not formerly
+deceive ourselves with that commendation: in short, whether
+German depth is not at bottom something different and worse--and
+something from which, thank God, we are on the point of
+successfully ridding ourselves. Let us try, then, to relearn with
+regard to German depth; the only thing necessary for the purpose
+is a little vivisection of the German soul.--The German soul is
+above all manifold, varied in its source, aggregated and super-
+imposed, rather than actually built: this is owing to its origin.
+A German who would embolden himself to assert: "Two souls, alas,
+dwell in my breast," would make a bad guess at the truth, or,
+more correctly, he would come far short of the truth about the
+number of souls. As a people made up of the most extraordinary
+mixing and mingling of races, perhaps even with a preponderance
+of the pre-Aryan element as the "people of the centre" in every
+sense of the term, the Germans are more intangible, more ample,
+more contradictory, more unknown, more incalculable, more
+surprising, and even more terrifying than other peoples are to
+themselves:--they escape DEFINITION, and are thereby alone the
+despair of the French. It IS characteristic of the Germans that
+the question: "What is German?" never dies out among them.
+Kotzebue certainly knew his Germans well enough: "We are known,"
+they cried jubilantly to him--but Sand also thought he knew them.
+Jean Paul knew what he was doing when he declared himself
+incensed at Fichte's lying but patriotic flatteries and
+exaggerations,--but it is probable that Goethe thought
+differently about Germans from Jean Paul, even though he
+acknowledged him to be right with regard to Fichte. It is a
+question what Goethe really thought about the Germans?--But about
+many things around him he never spoke explicitly, and all his
+life he knew how to keep an astute silence--probably he had good
+reason for it. It is certain that it was not the "Wars of
+Independence" that made him look up more joyfully, any more than
+it was the French Revolution,--the event on account of which he
+RECONSTRUCTED his "Faust," and indeed the whole problem of "man,"
+was the appearance of Napoleon. There are words of Goethe in
+which he condemns with impatient severity, as from a foreign
+land, that which Germans take a pride in, he once defined the
+famous German turn of mind as "Indulgence towards its own and
+others' weaknesses." Was he wrong? it is characteristic of
+Germans that one is seldom entirely wrong about them. The German
+soul has passages and galleries in it, there are caves, hiding-
+places, and dungeons therein, its disorder has much of the charm
+of the mysterious, the German is well acquainted with the bypaths
+to chaos. And as everything loves its symbol, so the German loves
+the clouds and all that is obscure, evolving, crepuscular, damp,
+and shrouded, it seems to him that everything uncertain,
+undeveloped, self-displacing, and growing is "deep". The German
+himself does not EXIST, he is BECOMING, he is "developing
+himself". "Development" is therefore the essentially German
+discovery and hit in the great domain of philosophical formulas,--
+a ruling idea, which, together with German beer and German music,
+is labouring to Germanise all Europe. Foreigners are astonished
+and attracted by the riddles which the conflicting nature at the
+basis of the German soul propounds to them (riddles which Hegel
+systematised and Richard Wagner has in the end set to music).
+"Good-natured and spiteful"--such a juxtaposition, preposterous in
+the case of every other people, is unfortunately only too often
+justified in Germany one has only to live for a while among
+Swabians to know this! The clumsiness of the German scholar and
+his social distastefulness agree alarmingly well with his physical
+rope-dancing and nimble boldness, of which all the Gods have
+learnt to be afraid. If any one wishes to see the "German soul"
+demonstrated ad oculos, let him only look at German taste, at
+German arts and manners what boorish indifference to "taste"! How
+the noblest and the commonest stand there in juxtaposition! How
+disorderly and how rich is the whole constitution of this soul!
+The German DRAGS at his soul, he drags at everything he
+experiences. He digests his events badly; he never gets "done"
+with them; and German depth is often only a difficult, hesitating
+"digestion." And just as all chronic invalids, all dyspeptics like
+what is convenient, so the German loves "frankness" and "honesty";
+it is so CONVENIENT to be frank and honest!--This confidingness,
+this complaisance, this showing-the-cards of German HONESTY, is
+probably the most dangerous and most successful disguise which the
+German is up to nowadays: it is his proper Mephistophelean art;
+with this he can "still achieve much"! The German lets himself go,
+and thereby gazes with faithful, blue, empty German eyes--and
+other countries immediately confound him with his
+dressing-gown!--I meant to say that, let "German depth" be what it
+will--among ourselves alone we perhaps take the liberty to laugh
+at it--we shall do well to continue henceforth to honour its
+appearance and good name, and not barter away too cheaply our old
+reputation as a people of depth for Prussian "smartness," and
+Berlin wit and sand. It is wise for a people to pose, and LET
+itself be regarded, as profound, clumsy, good-natured, honest, and
+foolish: it might even be--profound to do so! Finally, we should
+do honour to our name--we are not called the "TIUSCHE VOLK"
+(deceptive people) for nothing. . . .
+
+245. The "good old" time is past, it sang itself out in Mozart--
+how happy are WE that his ROCOCO still speaks to us, that his
+"good company," his tender enthusiasm, his childish delight in
+the Chinese and its flourishes, his courtesy of heart, his
+longing for the elegant, the amorous, the tripping, the tearful,
+and his belief in the South, can still appeal to SOMETHING LEFT
+in us! Ah, some time or other it will be over with it!--but who
+can doubt that it will be over still sooner with the intelligence
+and taste for Beethoven! For he was only the last echo of a break
+and transition in style, and NOT, like Mozart, the last echo of a
+great European taste which had existed for centuries. Beethoven
+is the intermediate event between an old mellow soul that is
+constantly breaking down, and a future over-young soul that is
+always COMING; there is spread over his music the twilight of
+eternal loss and eternal extravagant hope,--the same light in
+which Europe was bathed when it dreamed with Rousseau, when it
+danced round the Tree of Liberty of the Revolution, and finally
+almost fell down in adoration before Napoleon. But how rapidly
+does THIS very sentiment now pale, how difficult nowadays is even
+the APPREHENSION of this sentiment, how strangely does the
+language of Rousseau, Schiller, Shelley, and Byron sound to our
+ear, in whom COLLECTIVELY the same fate of Europe was able to
+SPEAK, which knew how to SING in Beethoven!--Whatever German
+music came afterwards, belongs to Romanticism, that is to say, to
+a movement which, historically considered, was still shorter,
+more fleeting, and more superficial than that great interlude,
+the transition of Europe from Rousseau to Napoleon, and to the
+rise of democracy. Weber--but what do WE care nowadays for
+"Freischutz" and "Oberon"! Or Marschner's "Hans Heiling" and
+"Vampyre"! Or even Wagner's "Tannhauser"! That is extinct,
+although not yet forgotten music. This whole music of
+Romanticism, besides, was not noble enough, was not musical
+enough, to maintain its position anywhere but in the theatre and
+before the masses; from the beginning it was second-rate music,
+which was little thought of by genuine musicians. It was
+different with Felix Mendelssohn, that halcyon master, who, on
+account of his lighter, purer, happier soul, quickly acquired
+admiration, and was equally quickly forgotten: as the beautiful
+EPISODE of German music. But with regard to Robert Schumann, who
+took things seriously, and has been taken seriously from the
+first--he was the last that founded a school,--do we not now
+regard it as a satisfaction, a relief, a deliverance, that this
+very Romanticism of Schumann's has been surmounted? Schumann,
+fleeing into the "Saxon Switzerland" of his soul, with a half
+Werther-like, half Jean-Paul-like nature (assuredly not like
+Beethoven! assuredly not like Byron!)--his MANFRED music is a
+mistake and a misunderstanding to the extent of injustice;
+Schumann, with his taste, which was fundamentally a PETTY taste
+(that is to say, a dangerous propensity--doubly dangerous among
+Germans--for quiet lyricism and intoxication of the feelings),
+going constantly apart, timidly withdrawing and retiring, a noble
+weakling who revelled in nothing but anonymous joy and sorrow,
+from the beginning a sort of girl and NOLI ME TANGERE--this
+Schumann was already merely a GERMAN event in music, and no
+longer a European event, as Beethoven had been, as in a still
+greater degree Mozart had been; with Schumann German music was
+threatened with its greatest danger, that of LOSING THE VOICE FOR
+THE SOUL OF EUROPE and sinking into a merely national affair.
+
+246. What a torture are books written in German to a reader who
+has a THIRD ear! How indignantly he stands beside the slowly
+turning swamp of sounds without tune and rhythms without dance,
+which Germans call a "book"! And even the German who READS books!
+How lazily, how reluctantly, how badly he reads! How many Germans
+know, and consider it obligatory to know, that there is ART in
+every good sentence--art which must be divined, if the sentence
+is to be understood! If there is a misunderstanding about its
+TEMPO, for instance, the sentence itself is misunderstood! That
+one must not be doubtful about the rhythm-determining syllables,
+that one should feel the breaking of the too-rigid symmetry as
+intentional and as a charm, that one should lend a fine and
+patient ear to every STACCATO and every RUBATO, that one should
+divine the sense in the sequence of the vowels and diphthongs,
+and how delicately and richly they can be tinted and retinted in
+the order of their arrangement--who among book-reading Germans is
+complaisant enough to recognize such duties and requirements, and
+to listen to so much art and intention in language? After all,
+one just "has no ear for it"; and so the most marked contrasts of
+style are not heard, and the most delicate artistry is as it were
+SQUANDERED on the deaf.--These were my thoughts when I noticed
+how clumsily and unintuitively two masters in the art of prose-
+writing have been confounded: one, whose words drop down
+hesitatingly and coldly, as from the roof of a damp cave--he
+counts on their dull sound and echo; and another who manipulates
+his language like a flexible sword, and from his arm down into
+his toes feels the dangerous bliss of the quivering, over-sharp
+blade, which wishes to bite, hiss, and cut.
+
+247. How little the German style has to do with harmony and with
+the ear, is shown by the fact that precisely our good musicians
+themselves write badly. The German does not read aloud, he does
+not read for the ear, but only with his eyes; he has put his ears
+away in the drawer for the time. In antiquity when a man read--
+which was seldom enough--he read something to himself, and in a
+loud voice; they were surprised when any one read silently, and
+sought secretly the reason of it. In a loud voice: that is to
+say, with all the swellings, inflections, and variations of key
+and changes of TEMPO, in which the ancient PUBLIC world took
+delight. The laws of the written style were then the same as
+those of the spoken style; and these laws depended partly on the
+surprising development and refined requirements of the ear and
+larynx; partly on the strength, endurance, and power of the
+ancient lungs. In the ancient sense, a period is above all a
+physiological whole, inasmuch as it is comprised in one breath.
+Such periods as occur in Demosthenes and Cicero, swelling twice
+and sinking twice, and all in one breath, were pleasures to the
+men of ANTIQUITY, who knew by their own schooling how to
+appreciate the virtue therein, the rareness and the difficulty in
+the deliverance of such a period;--WE have really no right to the
+BIG period, we modern men, who are short of breath in every
+sense! Those ancients, indeed, were all of them dilettanti in
+speaking, consequently connoisseurs, consequently critics--they
+thus brought their orators to the highest pitch; in the same
+manner as in the last century, when all Italian ladies and
+gentlemen knew how to sing, the virtuosoship of song (and with it
+also the art of melody) reached its elevation. In Germany,
+however (until quite recently when a kind of platform eloquence
+began shyly and awkwardly enough to flutter its young wings),
+there was properly speaking only one kind of public and
+APPROXIMATELY artistical discourse--that delivered from the
+pulpit. The preacher was the only one in Germany who knew the
+weight of a syllable or a word, in what manner a sentence
+strikes, springs, rushes, flows, and comes to a close; he alone
+had a conscience in his ears, often enough a bad conscience: for
+reasons are not lacking why proficiency in oratory should be
+especially seldom attained by a German, or almost always too
+late. The masterpiece of German prose is therefore with good
+reason the masterpiece of its greatest preacher: the BIBLE has
+hitherto been the best German book. Compared with Luther's Bible,
+almost everything else is merely "literature"--something which
+has not grown in Germany, and therefore has not taken and does
+not take root in German hearts, as the Bible has done.
+
+248. There are two kinds of geniuses: one which above all
+engenders and seeks to engender, and another which willingly lets
+itself be fructified and brings forth. And similarly, among the
+gifted nations, there are those on whom the woman's problem of
+pregnancy has devolved, and the secret task of forming, maturing,
+and perfecting--the Greeks, for instance, were a nation of this
+kind, and so are the French; and others which have to fructify
+and become the cause of new modes of life--like the Jews, the
+Romans, and, in all modesty be it asked: like the Germans?--
+nations tortured and enraptured by unknown fevers and
+irresistibly forced out of themselves, amorous and longing for
+foreign races (for such as "let themselves be fructified"), and
+withal imperious, like everything conscious of being full of
+generative force, and consequently empowered "by the grace of
+God." These two kinds of geniuses seek each other like man and
+woman; but they also misunderstand each other--like man and
+woman.
+
+249. Every nation has its own "Tartuffery," and calls that its
+virtue.--One does not know--cannot know, the best that is in one.
+
+250. What Europe owes to the Jews?--Many things, good and bad,
+and above all one thing of the nature both of the best and the
+worst: the grand style in morality, the fearfulness and majesty
+of infinite demands, of infinite significations, the whole
+Romanticism and sublimity of moral questionableness--and
+consequently just the most attractive, ensnaring, and exquisite
+element in those iridescences and allurements to life, in the
+aftersheen of which the sky of our European culture, its evening
+sky, now glows--perhaps glows out. For this, we artists among the
+spectators and philosophers, are--grateful to the Jews.
+
+251. It must be taken into the bargain, if various clouds and
+disturbances--in short, slight attacks of stupidity--pass over
+the spirit of a people that suffers and WANTS to suffer from
+national nervous fever and political ambition: for instance,
+among present-day Germans there is alternately the anti-French
+folly, the anti-Semitic folly, the anti-Polish folly, the
+Christian-romantic folly, the Wagnerian folly, the Teutonic
+folly, the Prussian folly (just look at those poor historians,
+the Sybels and Treitschkes, and their closely bandaged heads),
+and whatever else these little obscurations of the German spirit
+and conscience may be called. May it be forgiven me that I, too,
+when on a short daring sojourn on very infected ground, did not
+remain wholly exempt from the disease, but like every one else,
+began to entertain thoughts about matters which did not concern
+me--the first symptom of political infection. About the Jews, for
+instance, listen to the following:--I have never yet met a German
+who was favourably inclined to the Jews; and however decided the
+repudiation of actual anti-Semitism may be on the part of all
+prudent and political men, this prudence and policy is not
+perhaps directed against the nature of the sentiment itself, but
+only against its dangerous excess, and especially against the
+distasteful and infamous expression of this excess of sentiment;
+--on this point we must not deceive ourselves. That Germany has
+amply SUFFICIENT Jews, that the German stomach, the German blood,
+has difficulty (and will long have difficulty) in disposing only
+of this quantity of "Jew"--as the Italian, the Frenchman, and the
+Englishman have done by means of a stronger digestion:--that is
+the unmistakable declaration and language of a general instinct,
+to which one must listen and according to which one must act.
+"Let no more Jews come in! And shut the doors, especially towards
+the East (also towards Austria)!"--thus commands the instinct of
+a people whose nature is still feeble and uncertain, so that it
+could be easily wiped out, easily extinguished, by a stronger
+race. The Jews, however, are beyond all doubt the strongest,
+toughest, and purest race at present living in Europe, they know
+how to succeed even under the worst conditions (in fact better
+than under favourable ones), by means of virtues of some sort,
+which one would like nowadays to label as vices--owing above all
+to a resolute faith which does not need to be ashamed before
+"modern ideas", they alter only, WHEN they do alter, in the same
+way that the Russian Empire makes its conquest--as an empire that
+has plenty of time and is not of yesterday--namely, according to
+the principle, "as slowly as possible"! A thinker who has the
+future of Europe at heart, will, in all his perspectives
+concerning the future, calculate upon the Jews, as he will
+calculate upon the Russians, as above all the surest and
+likeliest factors in the great play and battle of forces. That
+which is at present called a "nation" in Europe, and is really
+rather a RES FACTA than NATA (indeed, sometimes confusingly
+similar to a RES FICTA ET PICTA), is in every case something
+evolving, young, easily displaced, and not yet a race, much less
+such a race AERE PERENNUS, as the Jews are such "nations" should
+most carefully avoid all hot-headed rivalry and hostility! It is
+certain that the Jews, if they desired--or if they were driven to
+it, as the anti-Semites seem to wish--COULD now have the
+ascendancy, nay, literally the supremacy, over Europe, that they
+are NOT working and planning for that end is equally certain.
+Meanwhile, they rather wish and desire, even somewhat
+importunely, to be insorbed and absorbed by Europe, they long to
+be finally settled, authorized, and respected somewhere, and wish
+to put an end to the nomadic life, to the "wandering Jew",--and
+one should certainly take account of this impulse and tendency,
+and MAKE ADVANCES to it (it possibly betokens a mitigation of the
+Jewish instincts) for which purpose it would perhaps be useful
+and fair to banish the anti-Semitic bawlers out of the country.
+One should make advances with all prudence, and with selection,
+pretty much as the English nobility do It stands to reason that
+the more powerful and strongly marked types of new Germanism
+could enter into relation with the Jews with the least
+hesitation, for instance, the nobleman officer from the Prussian
+border it would be interesting in many ways to see whether the
+genius for money and patience (and especially some intellect and
+intellectuality--sadly lacking in the place referred to) could
+not in addition be annexed and trained to the hereditary art of
+commanding and obeying--for both of which the country in question
+has now a classic reputation But here it is expedient to break
+off my festal discourse and my sprightly Teutonomania for I have
+already reached my SERIOUS TOPIC, the "European problem," as I
+understand it, the rearing of a new ruling caste for Europe.
+
+252. They are not a philosophical race--the English: Bacon
+represents an ATTACK on the philosophical spirit generally,
+Hobbes, Hume, and Locke, an abasement, and a depreciation of the
+idea of a "philosopher" for more than a century. It was AGAINST
+Hume that Kant uprose and raised himself; it was Locke of whom
+Schelling RIGHTLY said, "JE MEPRISE LOCKE"; in the struggle
+against the English mechanical stultification of the world, Hegel
+and Schopenhauer (along with Goethe) were of one accord; the two
+hostile brother-geniuses in philosophy, who pushed in different
+directions towards the opposite poles of German thought, and
+thereby wronged each other as only brothers will do.--What is
+lacking in England, and has always been lacking, that half-actor
+and rhetorician knew well enough, the absurd muddle-head,
+Carlyle, who sought to conceal under passionate grimaces what he
+knew about himself: namely, what was LACKING in Carlyle--real
+POWER of intellect, real DEPTH of intellectual perception, in
+short, philosophy. It is characteristic of such an
+unphilosophical race to hold on firmly to Christianity--they NEED
+its discipline for "moralizing" and humanizing. The Englishman,
+more gloomy, sensual, headstrong, and brutal than the German--is
+for that very reason, as the baser of the two, also the most
+pious: he has all the MORE NEED of Christianity. To finer
+nostrils, this English Christianity itself has still a
+characteristic English taint of spleen and alcoholic excess, for
+which, owing to good reasons, it is used as an antidote--the
+finer poison to neutralize the coarser: a finer form of poisoning
+is in fact a step in advance with coarse-mannered people, a step
+towards spiritualization. The English coarseness and rustic
+demureness is still most satisfactorily disguised by Christian
+pantomime, and by praying and psalm-singing (or, more correctly,
+it is thereby explained and differently expressed); and for the
+herd of drunkards and rakes who formerly learned moral grunting
+under the influence of Methodism (and more recently as the
+"Salvation Army"), a penitential fit may really be the relatively
+highest manifestation of "humanity" to which they can be
+elevated: so much may reasonably be admitted. That, however,
+which offends even in the humanest Englishman is his lack of
+music, to speak figuratively (and also literally): he has neither
+rhythm nor dance in the movements of his soul and body; indeed,
+not even the desire for rhythm and dance, for "music." Listen to
+him speaking; look at the most beautiful Englishwoman WALKING--in
+no country on earth are there more beautiful doves and swans;
+finally, listen to them singing! But I ask too much . . .
+
+253. There are truths which are best recognized by mediocre
+minds, because they are best adapted for them, there are truths
+which only possess charms and seductive power for mediocre
+spirits:--one is pushed to this probably unpleasant conclusion,
+now that the influence of respectable but mediocre Englishmen--I
+may mention Darwin, John Stuart Mill, and Herbert Spencer--begins
+to gain the ascendancy in the middle-class region of European
+taste. Indeed, who could doubt that it is a useful thing for SUCH
+minds to have the ascendancy for a time? It would be an error to
+consider the highly developed and independently soaring minds as
+specially qualified for determining and collecting many little
+common facts, and deducing conclusions from them; as exceptions,
+they are rather from the first in no very favourable position
+towards those who are "the rules." After all, they have more to
+do than merely to perceive:--in effect, they have to BE something
+new, they have to SIGNIFY something new, they have to REPRESENT
+new values! The gulf between knowledge and capacity is perhaps
+greater, and also more mysterious, than one thinks: the capable
+man in the grand style, the creator, will possibly have to be an
+ignorant person;--while on the other hand, for scientific
+discoveries like those of Darwin, a certain narrowness, aridity,
+and industrious carefulness (in short, something English) may not
+be unfavourable for arriving at them.--Finally, let it not be
+forgotten that the English, with their profound mediocrity,
+brought about once before a general depression of European
+intelligence.
+
+What is called "modern ideas," or "the ideas of the eighteenth
+century," or "French ideas"--that, consequently, against which
+the GERMAN mind rose up with profound disgust--is of English
+origin, there is no doubt about it. The French were only the apes
+and actors of these ideas, their best soldiers, and likewise,
+alas! their first and profoundest VICTIMS; for owing to the
+diabolical Anglomania of "modern ideas," the AME FRANCAIS has in
+the end become so thin and emaciated, that at present one recalls
+its sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, its profound, passionate
+strength, its inventive excellency, almost with disbelief. One
+must, however, maintain this verdict of historical justice in a
+determined manner, and defend it against present prejudices and
+appearances: the European NOBLESSE--of sentiment, taste, and
+manners, taking the word in every high sense--is the work and
+invention of FRANCE; the European ignobleness, the plebeianism of
+modern ideas--is ENGLAND'S work and invention.
+
+254. Even at present France is still the seat of the most
+intellectual and refined culture of Europe, it is still the high
+school of taste; but one must know how to find this "France of
+taste." He who belongs to it keeps himself well concealed:--they
+may be a small number in whom it lives and is embodied, besides
+perhaps being men who do not stand upon the strongest legs, in
+part fatalists, hypochondriacs, invalids, in part persons over-
+indulged, over-refined, such as have the AMBITION to conceal
+themselves.
+
+They have all something in common: they keep their ears closed in
+presence of the delirious folly and noisy spouting of the
+democratic BOURGEOIS. In fact, a besotted and brutalized France
+at present sprawls in the foreground--it recently celebrated a
+veritable orgy of bad taste, and at the same time of self-
+admiration, at the funeral of Victor Hugo. There is also
+something else common to them: a predilection to resist
+intellectual Germanizing--and a still greater inability to do so!
+In this France of intellect, which is also a France of pessimism,
+Schopenhauer has perhaps become more at home, and more indigenous
+than he has ever been in Germany; not to speak of Heinrich Heine,
+who has long ago been re-incarnated in the more refined and
+fastidious lyrists of Paris; or of Hegel, who at present, in the
+form of Taine--the FIRST of living historians--exercises an
+almost tyrannical influence. As regards Richard Wagner, however,
+the more French music learns to adapt itself to the actual needs
+of the AME MODERNE, the more will it "Wagnerite"; one can safely
+predict that beforehand,--it is already taking place
+sufficiently! There are, however, three things which the French
+can still boast of with pride as their heritage and possession,
+and as indelible tokens of their ancient intellectual superiority
+in Europe, in spite of all voluntary or involuntary Germanizing
+and vulgarizing of taste. FIRSTLY, the capacity for artistic
+emotion, for devotion to "form," for which the expression, L'ART
+POUR L'ART, along with numerous others, has been invented:--such
+capacity has not been lacking in France for three centuries; and
+owing to its reverence for the "small number," it has again and
+again made a sort of chamber music of literature possible, which
+is sought for in vain elsewhere in Europe.--The SECOND thing
+whereby the French can lay claim to a superiority over Europe is
+their ancient, many-sided, MORALISTIC culture, owing to which one
+finds on an average, even in the petty ROMANCIERS of the
+newspapers and chance BOULEVARDIERS DE PARIS, a psychological
+sensitiveness and curiosity, of which, for example, one has no
+conception (to say nothing of the thing itself!) in Germany. The
+Germans lack a couple of centuries of the moralistic work
+requisite thereto, which, as we have said, France has not
+grudged: those who call the Germans "naive" on that account give
+them commendation for a defect. (As the opposite of the German
+inexperience and innocence IN VOLUPTATE PSYCHOLOGICA, which is
+not too remotely associated with the tediousness of German
+intercourse,--and as the most successful expression of genuine
+French curiosity and inventive talent in this domain of delicate
+thrills, Henri Beyle may be noted; that remarkable anticipatory
+and forerunning man, who, with a Napoleonic TEMPO, traversed HIS
+Europe, in fact, several centuries of the European soul, as a
+surveyor and discoverer thereof:--it has required two generations
+to OVERTAKE him one way or other, to divine long afterwards some
+of the riddles that perplexed and enraptured him--this strange
+Epicurean and man of interrogation, the last great psychologist
+of France).--There is yet a THIRD claim to superiority: in the
+French character there is a successful half-way synthesis of the
+North and South, which makes them comprehend many things, and
+enjoins upon them other things, which an Englishman can never
+comprehend. Their temperament, turned alternately to and from the
+South, in which from time to time the Provencal and Ligurian
+blood froths over, preserves them from the dreadful, northern
+grey-in-grey, from sunless conceptual-spectrism and from poverty
+of blood--our GERMAN infirmity of taste, for the excessive
+prevalence of which at the present moment, blood and iron, that
+is to say "high politics," has with great resolution been
+prescribed (according to a dangerous healing art, which bids me
+wait and wait, but not yet hope).--There is also still in France
+a pre-understanding and ready welcome for those rarer and rarely
+gratified men, who are too comprehensive to find satisfaction in
+any kind of fatherlandism, and know how to love the South when in
+the North and the North when in the South--the born Midlanders,
+the "good Europeans." For them BIZET has made music, this latest
+genius, who has seen a new beauty and seduction,--who has
+discovered a piece of the SOUTH IN MUSIC.
+
+255. I hold that many precautions should be taken against German
+music. Suppose a person loves the South as I love it--as a great
+school of recovery for the most spiritual and the most sensuous
+ills, as a boundless solar profusion and effulgence which
+o'erspreads a sovereign existence believing in itself--well, such
+a person will learn to be somewhat on his guard against German
+music, because, in injuring his taste anew, it will also injure
+his health anew. Such a Southerner, a Southerner not by origin
+but by BELIEF, if he should dream of the future of music, must
+also dream of it being freed from the influence of the North; and
+must have in his ears the prelude to a deeper, mightier, and
+perhaps more perverse and mysterious music, a super-German music,
+which does not fade, pale, and die away, as all German music
+does, at the sight of the blue, wanton sea and the Mediterranean
+clearness of sky--a super-European music, which holds its own
+even in presence of the brown sunsets of the desert, whose soul
+is akin to the palm-tree, and can be at home and can roam with
+big, beautiful, lonely beasts of prey . . . I could imagine a music
+of which the rarest charm would be that it knew nothing more of
+good and evil; only that here and there perhaps some sailor's
+home-sickness, some golden shadows and tender weaknesses might
+sweep lightly over it; an art which, from the far distance, would
+see the colours of a sinking and almost incomprehensible MORAL
+world fleeing towards it, and would be hospitable enough and
+profound enough to receive such belated fugitives.
+
+256. Owing to the morbid estrangement which the nationality-craze
+has induced and still induces among the nations of Europe, owing
+also to the short-sighted and hasty-handed politicians, who with
+the help of this craze, are at present in power, and do not
+suspect to what extent the disintegrating policy they pursue must
+necessarily be only an interlude policy--owing to all this and
+much else that is altogether unmentionable at present, the most
+unmistakable signs that EUROPE WISHES TO BE ONE, are now
+overlooked, or arbitrarily and falsely misinterpreted. With all
+the more profound and large-minded men of this century, the real
+general tendency of the mysterious labour of their souls was to
+prepare the way for that new SYNTHESIS, and tentatively to
+anticipate the European of the future; only in their simulations,
+or in their weaker moments, in old age perhaps, did they belong
+to the "fatherlands"--they only rested from themselves when they
+became "patriots." I think of such men as Napoleon, Goethe,
+Beethoven, Stendhal, Heinrich Heine, Schopenhauer: it must not be
+taken amiss if I also count Richard Wagner among them, about whom
+one must not let oneself be deceived by his own misunderstandings
+(geniuses like him have seldom the right to understand
+themselves), still less, of course, by the unseemly noise with
+which he is now resisted and opposed in France: the fact remains,
+nevertheless, that Richard Wagner and the LATER FRENCH
+ROMANTICISM of the forties, are most closely and intimately
+related to one another. They are akin, fundamentally akin, in all
+the heights and depths of their requirements; it is Europe, the
+ONE Europe, whose soul presses urgently and longingly, outwards
+and upwards, in their multifarious and boisterous art--whither?
+into a new light? towards a new sun? But who would attempt to
+express accurately what all these masters of new modes of speech
+could not express distinctly? It is certain that the same storm
+and stress tormented them, that they SOUGHT in the same manner,
+these last great seekers! All of them steeped in literature to
+their eyes and ears--the first artists of universal literary
+culture--for the most part even themselves writers, poets,
+intermediaries and blenders of the arts and the senses (Wagner,
+as musician is reckoned among painters, as poet among musicians,
+as artist generally among actors); all of them fanatics for
+EXPRESSION "at any cost"--I specially mention Delacroix, the
+nearest related to Wagner; all of them great discoverers in the
+realm of the sublime, also of the loathsome and dreadful, still
+greater discoverers in effect, in display, in the art of the
+show-shop; all of them talented far beyond their genius, out and
+out VIRTUOSI, with mysterious accesses to all that seduces,
+allures, constrains, and upsets; born enemies of logic and of the
+straight line, hankering after the strange, the exotic, the
+monstrous, the crooked, and the self-contradictory; as men,
+Tantaluses of the will, plebeian parvenus, who knew themselves to
+be incapable of a noble TEMPO or of a LENTO in life and action--
+think of Balzac, for instance,--unrestrained workers, almost
+destroying themselves by work; antinomians and rebels in manners,
+ambitious and insatiable, without equilibrium and enjoyment; all
+of them finally shattering and sinking down at the Christian
+cross (and with right and reason, for who of them would have been
+sufficiently profound and sufficiently original for an ANTI-
+CHRISTIAN philosophy?);--on the whole, a boldly daring,
+splendidly overbearing, high-flying, and aloft-up-dragging class
+of higher men, who had first to teach their century--and it is the
+century of the MASSES--the conception "higher man." . . . Let the
+German friends of Richard Wagner advise together as to whether
+there is anything purely German in the Wagnerian art, or whether
+its distinction does not consist precisely in coming from SUPER-
+GERMAN sources and impulses: in which connection it may not be
+underrated how indispensable Paris was to the development of his
+type, which the strength of his instincts made him long to visit
+at the most decisive time--and how the whole style of his
+proceedings, of his self-apostolate, could only perfect itself in
+sight of the French socialistic original. On a more subtle
+comparison it will perhaps be found, to the honour of Richard
+Wagner's German nature, that he has acted in everything with more
+strength, daring, severity, and elevation than a nineteenth-
+century Frenchman could have done--owing to the circumstance that
+we Germans are as yet nearer to barbarism than the French;--
+perhaps even the most remarkable creation of Richard Wagner is
+not only at present, but for ever inaccessible, incomprehensible,
+and inimitable to the whole latter-day Latin race: the figure of
+Siegfried, that VERY FREE man, who is probably far too free, too
+hard, too cheerful, too healthy, too ANTI-CATHOLIC for the taste
+of old and mellow civilized nations. He may even have been a sin
+against Romanticism, this anti-Latin Siegfried: well, Wagner
+atoned amply for this sin in his old sad days, when--anticipating
+a taste which has meanwhile passed into politics--he began, with
+the religious vehemence peculiar to him, to preach, at least, THE
+WAY TO ROME, if not to walk therein.--That these last words may
+not be misunderstood, I will call to my aid a few powerful
+rhymes, which will even betray to less delicate ears what I mean
+--what I mean COUNTER TO the "last Wagner" and his Parsifal music:--
+
+--Is this our mode?--From German heart came this vexed ululating?
+From German body, this self-lacerating? Is ours this priestly
+hand-dilation, This incense-fuming exaltation? Is ours this
+faltering, falling, shambling, This quite uncertain ding-dong-
+dangling? This sly nun-ogling, Ave-hour-bell ringing, This wholly
+false enraptured heaven-o'erspringing?--Is this our mode?--Think
+well!--ye still wait for admission--For what ye hear is ROME--
+ROME'S FAITH BY INTUITION!
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+WHAT IS NOBLE?
+
+
+257. EVERY elevation of the type "man," has hitherto been the
+work of an aristocratic society and so it will always be--a
+society believing in a long scale of gradations of rank and
+differences of worth among human beings, and requiring slavery in
+some form or other. Without the PATHOS OF DISTANCE, such as grows
+out of the incarnated difference of classes, out of the constant
+out-looking and down-looking of the ruling caste on subordinates
+and instruments, and out of their equally constant practice of
+obeying and commanding, of keeping down and keeping at a
+distance--that other more mysterious pathos could never have
+arisen, the longing for an ever new widening of distance within
+the soul itself, the formation of ever higher, rarer, further,
+more extended, more comprehensive states, in short, just the
+elevation of the type "man," the continued "self-surmounting of
+man," to use a moral formula in a supermoral sense. To be sure,
+one must not resign oneself to any humanitarian illusions about
+the history of the origin of an aristocratic society (that is to
+say, of the preliminary condition for the elevation of the type
+"man"): the truth is hard. Let us acknowledge unprejudicedly how
+every higher civilization hitherto has ORIGINATED! Men with a
+still natural nature, barbarians in every terrible sense of the
+word, men of prey, still in possession of unbroken strength of
+will and desire for power, threw themselves upon weaker, more
+moral, more peaceful races (perhaps trading or cattle-rearing
+communities), or upon old mellow civilizations in which the final
+vital force was flickering out in brilliant fireworks of wit and
+depravity. At the commencement, the noble caste was always the
+barbarian caste: their superiority did not consist first of all
+in their physical, but in their psychical power--they were more
+COMPLETE men (which at every point also implies the same as "more
+complete beasts").
+
+258. Corruption--as the indication that anarchy threatens to
+break out among the instincts, and that the foundation of the
+emotions, called "life," is convulsed--is something radically
+different according to the organization in which it manifests
+itself. When, for instance, an aristocracy like that of France at
+the beginning of the Revolution, flung away its privileges with
+sublime disgust and sacrificed itself to an excess of its moral
+sentiments, it was corruption:--it was really only the closing
+act of the corruption which had existed for centuries, by virtue
+of which that aristocracy had abdicated step by step its lordly
+prerogatives and lowered itself to a FUNCTION of royalty (in the
+end even to its decoration and parade-dress). The essential
+thing, however, in a good and healthy aristocracy is that it
+should not regard itself as a function either of the kingship or
+the commonwealth, but as the SIGNIFICANCE and highest
+justification thereof--that it should therefore accept with a
+good conscience the sacrifice of a legion of individuals, who,
+FOR ITS SAKE, must be suppressed and reduced to imperfect men, to
+slaves and instruments. Its fundamental belief must be precisely
+that society is NOT allowed to exist for its own sake, but only
+as a foundation and scaffolding, by means of which a select class
+of beings may be able to elevate themselves to their higher
+duties, and in general to a higher EXISTENCE: like those sun-
+seeking climbing plants in Java--they are called Sipo Matador,--
+which encircle an oak so long and so often with their arms, until
+at last, high above it, but supported by it, they can unfold
+their tops in the open light, and exhibit their happiness.
+
+259. To refrain mutually from injury, from violence, from
+exploitation, and put one's will on a par with that of others:
+this may result in a certain rough sense in good conduct among
+individuals when the necessary conditions are given (namely, the
+actual similarity of the individuals in amount of force and
+degree of worth, and their co-relation within one organization).
+As soon, however, as one wished to take this principle more
+generally, and if possible even as the FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF
+SOCIETY, it would immediately disclose what it really is--namely,
+a Will to the DENIAL of life, a principle of dissolution and
+decay. Here one must think profoundly to the very basis and
+resist all sentimental weakness: life itself is ESSENTIALLY
+appropriation, injury, conquest of the strange and weak,
+suppression, severity, obtrusion of peculiar forms,
+incorporation, and at the least, putting it mildest,
+exploitation;--but why should one for ever use precisely these
+words on which for ages a disparaging purpose has been stamped?
+Even the organization within which, as was previously supposed,
+the individuals treat each other as equal--it takes place in
+every healthy aristocracy--must itself, if it be a living and not
+a dying organization, do all that towards other bodies, which the
+individuals within it refrain from doing to each other it will
+have to be the incarnated Will to Power, it will endeavour to
+grow, to gain ground, attract to itself and acquire ascendancy--
+not owing to any morality or immorality, but because it LIVES,
+and because life IS precisely Will to Power. On no point,
+however, is the ordinary consciousness of Europeans more
+unwilling to be corrected than on this matter, people now rave
+everywhere, even under the guise of science, about coming
+conditions of society in which "the exploiting character" is to
+be absent--that sounds to my ears as if they promised to invent a
+mode of life which should refrain from all organic functions.
+"Exploitation" does not belong to a depraved, or imperfect and
+primitive society it belongs to the nature of the living being as
+a primary organic function, it is a consequence of the intrinsic
+Will to Power, which is precisely the Will to Life--Granting that
+as a theory this is a novelty--as a reality it is the FUNDAMENTAL
+FACT of all history let us be so far honest towards ourselves!
+
+260. In a tour through the many finer and coarser moralities
+which have hitherto prevailed or still prevail on the earth, I
+found certain traits recurring regularly together, and connected
+with one another, until finally two primary types revealed
+themselves to me, and a radical distinction was brought to light.
+There is MASTER-MORALITY and SLAVE-MORALITY,--I would at once
+add, however, that in all higher and mixed civilizations, there
+are also attempts at the reconciliation of the two moralities,
+but one finds still oftener the confusion and mutual
+misunderstanding of them, indeed sometimes their close
+juxtaposition--even in the same man, within one soul. The
+distinctions of moral values have either originated in a ruling
+caste, pleasantly conscious of being different from the ruled--or
+among the ruled class, the slaves and dependents of all sorts. In
+the first case, when it is the rulers who determine the
+conception "good," it is the exalted, proud disposition which is
+regarded as the distinguishing feature, and that which determines
+the order of rank. The noble type of man separates from himself
+the beings in whom the opposite of this exalted, proud
+disposition displays itself he despises them. Let it at once be
+noted that in this first kind of morality the antithesis "good"
+and "bad" means practically the same as "noble" and
+"despicable",--the antithesis "good" and "EVIL" is of a different
+origin. The cowardly, the timid, the insignificant, and those
+thinking merely of narrow utility are despised; moreover, also,
+the distrustful, with their constrained glances, the self-
+abasing, the dog-like kind of men who let themselves be abused,
+the mendicant flatterers, and above all the liars:--it is a
+fundamental belief of all aristocrats that the common people are
+untruthful. "We truthful ones"--the nobility in ancient Greece
+called themselves. It is obvious that everywhere the designations
+of moral value were at first applied to MEN; and were only
+derivatively and at a later period applied to ACTIONS; it is a
+gross mistake, therefore, when historians of morals start with
+questions like, "Why have sympathetic actions been praised?" The
+noble type of man regards HIMSELF as a determiner of values; he
+does not require to be approved of; he passes the judgment: "What
+is injurious to me is injurious in itself;" he knows that it is he
+himself only who confers honour on things; he is a CREATOR OF
+VALUES. He honours whatever he recognizes in himself: such
+morality equals self-glorification. In the foreground there is
+the feeling of plenitude, of power, which seeks to overflow, the
+happiness of high tension, the consciousness of a wealth which
+would fain give and bestow:--the noble man also helps the
+unfortunate, but not--or scarcely--out of pity, but rather from
+an impulse generated by the super-abundance of power. The noble
+man honours in himself the powerful one, him also who has power
+over himself, who knows how to speak and how to keep silence, who
+takes pleasure in subjecting himself to severity and hardness,
+and has reverence for all that is severe and hard. "Wotan placed
+a hard heart in my breast," says an old Scandinavian Saga: it is
+thus rightly expressed from the soul of a proud Viking. Such a
+type of man is even proud of not being made for sympathy; the
+hero of the Saga therefore adds warningly: "He who has not a hard
+heart when young, will never have one." The noble and brave who
+think thus are the furthest removed from the morality which sees
+precisely in sympathy, or in acting for the good of others, or in
+DESINTERESSEMENT, the characteristic of the moral; faith in
+oneself, pride in oneself, a radical enmity and irony towards
+"selflessness," belong as definitely to noble morality, as do a
+careless scorn and precaution in presence of sympathy and the
+"warm heart."--It is the powerful who KNOW how to honour, it is
+their art, their domain for invention. The profound reverence for
+age and for tradition--all law rests on this double reverence,--
+the belief and prejudice in favour of ancestors and unfavourable
+to newcomers, is typical in the morality of the powerful; and if,
+reversely, men of "modern ideas" believe almost instinctively in
+"progress" and the "future," and are more and more lacking in
+respect for old age, the ignoble origin of these "ideas" has
+complacently betrayed itself thereby. A morality of the ruling
+class, however, is more especially foreign and irritating to
+present-day taste in the sternness of its principle that one has
+duties only to one's equals; that one may act towards beings of a
+lower rank, towards all that is foreign, just as seems good to
+one, or "as the heart desires," and in any case "beyond good and
+evil": it is here that sympathy and similar sentiments can have a
+place. The ability and obligation to exercise prolonged gratitude
+and prolonged revenge--both only within the circle of equals,--
+artfulness in retaliation, RAFFINEMENT of the idea in friendship,
+a certain necessity to have enemies (as outlets for the emotions
+of envy, quarrelsomeness, arrogance--in fact, in order to be a
+good FRIEND): all these are typical characteristics of the noble
+morality, which, as has been pointed out, is not the morality of
+"modern ideas," and is therefore at present difficult to realize,
+and also to unearth and disclose.--It is otherwise with the
+second type of morality, SLAVE-MORALITY. Supposing that the
+abused, the oppressed, the suffering, the unemancipated, the
+weary, and those uncertain of themselves should moralize, what
+will be the common element in their moral estimates? Probably a
+pessimistic suspicion with regard to the entire situation of man
+will find expression, perhaps a condemnation of man, together
+with his situation. The slave has an unfavourable eye for the
+virtues of the powerful; he has a skepticism and distrust, a
+REFINEMENT of distrust of everything "good" that is there
+honoured--he would fain persuade himself that the very happiness
+there is not genuine. On the other hand, THOSE qualities which
+serve to alleviate the existence of sufferers are brought into
+prominence and flooded with light; it is here that sympathy, the
+kind, helping hand, the warm heart, patience, diligence,
+humility, and friendliness attain to honour; for here these are
+the most useful qualities, and almost the only means of
+supporting the burden of existence. Slave-morality is essentially
+the morality of utility. Here is the seat of the origin of the
+famous antithesis "good" and "evil":--power and dangerousness are
+assumed to reside in the evil, a certain dreadfulness, subtlety,
+and strength, which do not admit of being despised. According to
+slave-morality, therefore, the "evil" man arouses fear; according
+to master-morality, it is precisely the "good" man who arouses
+fear and seeks to arouse it, while the bad man is regarded as the
+despicable being. The contrast attains its maximum when, in
+accordance with the logical consequences of slave-morality, a
+shade of depreciation--it may be slight and well-intentioned--at
+last attaches itself to the "good" man of this morality; because,
+according to the servile mode of thought, the good man must in
+any case be the SAFE man: he is good-natured, easily deceived,
+perhaps a little stupid, un bonhomme. Everywhere that slave-
+morality gains the ascendancy, language shows a tendency to
+approximate the significations of the words "good" and "stupid."-
+-A last fundamental difference: the desire for FREEDOM, the
+instinct for happiness and the refinements of the feeling of
+liberty belong as necessarily to slave-morals and morality, as
+artifice and enthusiasm in reverence and devotion are the regular
+symptoms of an aristocratic mode of thinking and estimating.--
+Hence we can understand without further detail why love AS A
+PASSION--it is our European specialty--must absolutely be of
+noble origin; as is well known, its invention is due to the
+Provencal poet-cavaliers, those brilliant, ingenious men of the
+"gai saber," to whom Europe owes so much, and almost owes itself.
+
+261. Vanity is one of the things which are perhaps most difficult
+for a noble man to understand: he will be tempted to deny it,
+where another kind of man thinks he sees it self-evidently. The
+problem for him is to represent to his mind beings who seek to
+arouse a good opinion of themselves which they themselves do not
+possess--and consequently also do not "deserve,"--and who yet
+BELIEVE in this good opinion afterwards. This seems to him on the
+one hand such bad taste and so self-disrespectful, and on the
+other hand so grotesquely unreasonable, that he would like to
+consider vanity an exception, and is doubtful about it in most
+cases when it is spoken of. He will say, for instance: "I may be
+mistaken about my value, and on the other hand may nevertheless
+demand that my value should be acknowledged by others precisely
+as I rate it:--that, however, is not vanity (but self-conceit,
+or, in most cases, that which is called 'humility,' and also
+'modesty')." Or he will even say: "For many reasons I can delight
+in the good opinion of others, perhaps because I love and honour
+them, and rejoice in all their joys, perhaps also because their
+good opinion endorses and strengthens my belief in my own good
+opinion, perhaps because the good opinion of others, even in
+cases where I do not share it, is useful to me, or gives promise
+of usefulness:--all this, however, is not vanity." The man of
+noble character must first bring it home forcibly to his mind,
+especially with the aid of history, that, from time immemorial,
+in all social strata in any way dependent, the ordinary man WAS
+only that which he PASSED FOR:--not being at all accustomed to
+fix values, he did not assign even to himself any other value
+than that which his master assigned to him (it is the peculiar
+RIGHT OF MASTERS to create values). It may be looked upon as the
+result of an extraordinary atavism, that the ordinary man, even
+at present, is still always WAITING for an opinion about himself,
+and then instinctively submitting himself to it; yet by no means
+only to a "good" opinion, but also to a bad and unjust one
+(think, for instance, of the greater part of the self-
+appreciations and self-depreciations which believing women learn
+from their confessors, and which in general the believing
+Christian learns from his Church). In fact, conformably to the
+slow rise of the democratic social order (and its cause, the
+blending of the blood of masters and slaves), the originally
+noble and rare impulse of the masters to assign a value to
+themselves and to "think well" of themselves, will now be more
+and more encouraged and extended; but it has at all times an
+older, ampler, and more radically ingrained propensity opposed to
+it--and in the phenomenon of "vanity" this older propensity
+overmasters the younger. The vain person rejoices over EVERY good
+opinion which he hears about himself (quite apart from the point
+of view of its usefulness, and equally regardless of its truth or
+falsehood), just as he suffers from every bad opinion: for he
+subjects himself to both, he feels himself subjected to both, by
+that oldest instinct of subjection which breaks forth in him.--It
+is "the slave" in the vain man's blood, the remains of the
+slave's craftiness--and how much of the "slave" is still left in
+woman, for instance!--which seeks to SEDUCE to good opinions of
+itself; it is the slave, too, who immediately afterwards falls
+prostrate himself before these opinions, as though he had not
+called them forth.--And to repeat it again: vanity is an atavism.
+
+262. A SPECIES originates, and a type becomes established and
+strong in the long struggle with essentially constant
+UNFAVOURABLE conditions. On the other hand, it is known by the
+experience of breeders that species which receive super-abundant
+nourishment, and in general a surplus of protection and care,
+immediately tend in the most marked way to develop variations,
+and are fertile in prodigies and monstrosities (also in monstrous
+vices). Now look at an aristocratic commonwealth, say an ancient
+Greek polis, or Venice, as a voluntary or involuntary contrivance
+for the purpose of REARING human beings; there are there men
+beside one another, thrown upon their own resources, who want to
+make their species prevail, chiefly because they MUST prevail, or
+else run the terrible danger of being exterminated. The favour,
+the super-abundance, the protection are there lacking under which
+variations are fostered; the species needs itself as species, as
+something which, precisely by virtue of its hardness, its
+uniformity, and simplicity of structure, can in general prevail
+and make itself permanent in constant struggle with its
+neighbours, or with rebellious or rebellion-threatening vassals.
+The most varied experience teaches it what are the qualities to
+which it principally owes the fact that it still exists, in spite
+of all Gods and men, and has hitherto been victorious: these
+qualities it calls virtues, and these virtues alone it develops
+to maturity. It does so with severity, indeed it desires
+severity; every aristocratic morality is intolerant in the
+education of youth, in the control of women, in the marriage
+customs, in the relations of old and young, in the penal laws
+(which have an eye only for the degenerating): it counts
+intolerance itself among the virtues, under the name of
+"justice." A type with few, but very marked features, a species
+of severe, warlike, wisely silent, reserved, and reticent men
+(and as such, with the most delicate sensibility for the charm
+and nuances of society) is thus established, unaffected by the
+vicissitudes of generations; the constant struggle with uniform
+UNFAVOURABLE conditions is, as already remarked, the cause of a
+type becoming stable and hard. Finally, however, a happy state of
+things results, the enormous tension is relaxed; there are
+perhaps no more enemies among the neighbouring peoples, and the
+means of life, even of the enjoyment of life, are present in
+superabundance. With one stroke the bond and constraint of the
+old discipline severs: it is no longer regarded as necessary, as
+a condition of existence--if it would continue, it can only do so
+as a form of LUXURY, as an archaizing TASTE. Variations, whether
+they be deviations (into the higher, finer, and rarer), or
+deteriorations and monstrosities, appear suddenly on the scene in
+the greatest exuberance and splendour; the individual dares to be
+individual and detach himself. At this turning-point of history
+there manifest themselves, side by side, and often mixed and
+entangled together, a magnificent, manifold, virgin-forest-like
+up-growth and up-striving, a kind of TROPICAL TEMPO in the
+rivalry of growth, and an extraordinary decay and self-
+destruction, owing to the savagely opposing and seemingly
+exploding egoisms, which strive with one another "for sun and
+light," and can no longer assign any limit, restraint, or
+forbearance for themselves by means of the hitherto existing
+morality. It was this morality itself which piled up the strength
+so enormously, which bent the bow in so threatening a manner:--it
+is now "out of date," it is getting "out of date." The dangerous
+and disquieting point has been reached when the greater, more
+manifold, more comprehensive life IS LIVED BEYOND the old
+morality; the "individual" stands out, and is obliged to have
+recourse to his own law-giving, his own arts and artifices for
+self-preservation, self-elevation, and self-deliverance. Nothing
+but new "Whys," nothing but new "Hows," no common formulas any
+longer, misunderstanding and disregard in league with each other,
+decay, deterioration, and the loftiest desires frightfully
+entangled, the genius of the race overflowing from all the
+cornucopias of good and bad, a portentous simultaneousness of
+Spring and Autumn, full of new charms and mysteries peculiar to
+the fresh, still inexhausted, still unwearied corruption. Danger
+is again present, the mother of morality, great danger; this time
+shifted into the individual, into the neighbour and friend, into
+the street, into their own child, into their own heart, into all
+the most personal and secret recesses of their desires and
+volitions. What will the moral philosophers who appear at this
+time have to preach? They discover, these sharp onlookers and
+loafers, that the end is quickly approaching, that everything
+around them decays and produces decay, that nothing will endure
+until the day after tomorrow, except one species of man, the
+incurably MEDIOCRE. The mediocre alone have a prospect of
+continuing and propagating themselves--they will be the men of
+the future, the sole survivors; "be like them! become mediocre!"
+is now the only morality which has still a significance, which
+still obtains a hearing.--But it is difficult to preach this
+morality of mediocrity! it can never avow what it is and what it
+desires! it has to talk of moderation and dignity and duty and
+brotherly love--it will have difficulty IN CONCEALING ITS IRONY!
+
+263. There is an INSTINCT FOR RANK, which more than anything else
+is already the sign of a HIGH rank; there is a DELIGHT in the
+NUANCES of reverence which leads one to infer noble origin and
+habits. The refinement, goodness, and loftiness of a soul are put
+to a perilous test when something passes by that is of the
+highest rank, but is not yet protected by the awe of authority
+from obtrusive touches and incivilities: something that goes its
+way like a living touchstone, undistinguished, undiscovered, and
+tentative, perhaps voluntarily veiled and disguised. He whose
+task and practice it is to investigate souls, will avail himself
+of many varieties of this very art to determine the ultimate
+value of a soul, the unalterable, innate order of rank to which
+it belongs: he will test it by its INSTINCT FOR REVERENCE.
+DIFFERENCE ENGENDRE HAINE: the vulgarity of many a nature spurts
+up suddenly like dirty water, when any holy vessel, any jewel
+from closed shrines, any book bearing the marks of great destiny,
+is brought before it; while on the other hand, there is an
+involuntary silence, a hesitation of the eye, a cessation of all
+gestures, by which it is indicated that a soul FEELS the nearness
+of what is worthiest of respect. The way in which, on the whole,
+the reverence for the BIBLE has hitherto been maintained in
+Europe, is perhaps the best example of discipline and refinement
+of manners which Europe owes to Christianity: books of such
+profoundness and supreme significance require for their
+protection an external tyranny of authority, in order to acquire
+the PERIOD of thousands of years which is necessary to exhaust
+and unriddle them. Much has been achieved when the sentiment has
+been at last instilled into the masses (the shallow-pates and the
+boobies of every kind) that they are not allowed to touch
+everything, that there are holy experiences before which they
+must take off their shoes and keep away the unclean hand--it is
+almost their highest advance towards humanity. On the contrary,
+in the so-called cultured classes, the believers in "modern
+ideas," nothing is perhaps so repulsive as their lack of shame,
+the easy insolence of eye and hand with which they touch, taste,
+and finger everything; and it is possible that even yet there is
+more RELATIVE nobility of taste, and more tact for reverence
+among the people, among the lower classes of the people,
+especially among peasants, than among the newspaper-reading
+DEMIMONDE of intellect, the cultured class.
+
+264. It cannot be effaced from a man's soul what his ancestors
+have preferably and most constantly done: whether they were
+perhaps diligent economizers attached to a desk and a cash-box,
+modest and citizen-like in their desires, modest also in their
+virtues; or whether they were accustomed to commanding from
+morning till night, fond of rude pleasures and probably of still
+ruder duties and responsibilities; or whether, finally, at one
+time or another, they have sacrificed old privileges of birth and
+possession, in order to live wholly for their faith--for their
+"God,"--as men of an inexorable and sensitive conscience, which
+blushes at every compromise. It is quite impossible for a man NOT
+to have the qualities and predilections of his parents and
+ancestors in his constitution, whatever appearances may suggest
+to the contrary. This is the problem of race. Granted that one
+knows something of the parents, it is admissible to draw a
+conclusion about the child: any kind of offensive incontinence,
+any kind of sordid envy, or of clumsy self-vaunting--the three
+things which together have constituted the genuine plebeian type
+in all times--such must pass over to the child, as surely as bad
+blood; and with the help of the best education and culture one
+will only succeed in DECEIVING with regard to such heredity.--And
+what else does education and culture try to do nowadays! In our
+very democratic, or rather, very plebeian age, "education" and
+"culture" MUST be essentially the art of deceiving--deceiving
+with regard to origin, with regard to the inherited plebeianism
+in body and soul. An educator who nowadays preached truthfulness
+above everything else, and called out constantly to his pupils:
+"Be true! Be natural! Show yourselves as you are!"--even such a
+virtuous and sincere ass would learn in a short time to have
+recourse to the FURCA of Horace, NATURAM EXPELLERE: with what
+results? "Plebeianism" USQUE RECURRET. [FOOTNOTE: Horace's
+"Epistles," I. x. 24.]
+
+265. At the risk of displeasing innocent ears, I submit that
+egoism belongs to the essence of a noble soul, I mean the
+unalterable belief that to a being such as "we," other beings
+must naturally be in subjection, and have to sacrifice
+themselves. The noble soul accepts the fact of his egoism without
+question, and also without consciousness of harshness,
+constraint, or arbitrariness therein, but rather as something
+that may have its basis in the primary law of things:--if he
+sought a designation for it he would say: "It is justice itself."
+He acknowledges under certain circumstances, which made him
+hesitate at first, that there are other equally privileged ones;
+as soon as he has settled this question of rank, he moves among
+those equals and equally privileged ones with the same assurance,
+as regards modesty and delicate respect, which he enjoys in
+intercourse with himself--in accordance with an innate heavenly
+mechanism which all the stars understand. It is an ADDITIONAL
+instance of his egoism, this artfulness and self-limitation in
+intercourse with his equals--every star is a similar egoist; he
+honours HIMSELF in them, and in the rights which he concedes to
+them, he has no doubt that the exchange of honours and rights, as
+the ESSENCE of all intercourse, belongs also to the natural
+condition of things. The noble soul gives as he takes, prompted
+by the passionate and sensitive instinct of requital, which is at
+the root of his nature. The notion of "favour" has, INTER PARES,
+neither significance nor good repute; there may be a sublime way
+of letting gifts as it were light upon one from above, and of
+drinking them thirstily like dew-drops; but for those arts and
+displays the noble soul has no aptitude. His egoism hinders him
+here: in general, he looks "aloft" unwillingly--he looks either
+FORWARD, horizontally and deliberately, or downwards--HE KNOWS
+THAT HE IS ON A HEIGHT.
+
+266. "One can only truly esteem him who does not LOOK OUT FOR
+himself."--Goethe to Rath Schlosser.
+
+267. The Chinese have a proverb which mothers even teach their
+children: "SIAO-SIN" ("MAKE THY HEART SMALL"). This is the
+essentially fundamental tendency in latter-day civilizations. I
+have no doubt that an ancient Greek, also, would first of all
+remark the self-dwarfing in us Europeans of today--in this
+respect alone we should immediately be "distasteful" to him.
+
+268. What, after all, is ignobleness?--Words are vocal symbols
+for ideas; ideas, however, are more or less definite mental
+symbols for frequently returning and concurring sensations, for
+groups of sensations. It is not sufficient to use the same words
+in order to understand one another: we must also employ the same
+words for the same kind of internal experiences, we must in the
+end have experiences IN COMMON. On this account the people of one
+nation understand one another better than those belonging to
+different nations, even when they use the same language; or
+rather, when people have lived long together under similar
+conditions (of climate, soil, danger, requirement, toil) there
+ORIGINATES therefrom an entity that "understands itself"--namely,
+a nation. In all souls a like number of frequently recurring
+experiences have gained the upper hand over those occurring more
+rarely: about these matters people understand one another rapidly
+and always more rapidly--the history of language is the history
+of a process of abbreviation; on the basis of this quick
+comprehension people always unite closer and closer. The greater
+the danger, the greater is the need of agreeing quickly and
+readily about what is necessary; not to misunderstand one another
+in danger--that is what cannot at all be dispensed with in
+intercourse. Also in all loves and friendships one has the
+experience that nothing of the kind continues when the discovery
+has been made that in using the same words, one of the two
+parties has feelings, thoughts, intuitions, wishes, or fears
+different from those of the other. (The fear of the "eternal
+misunderstanding": that is the good genius which so often keeps
+persons of different sexes from too hasty attachments, to which
+sense and heart prompt them--and NOT some Schopenhauerian "genius
+of the species"!) Whichever groups of sensations within a soul
+awaken most readily, begin to speak, and give the word of
+command--these decide as to the general order of rank of its
+values, and determine ultimately its list of desirable things. A
+man's estimates of value betray something of the STRUCTURE of his
+soul, and wherein it sees its conditions of life, its intrinsic
+needs. Supposing now that necessity has from all time drawn
+together only such men as could express similar requirements and
+similar experiences by similar symbols, it results on the whole
+that the easy COMMUNICABILITY of need, which implies ultimately
+the undergoing only of average and COMMON experiences, must have
+been the most potent of all the forces which have hitherto
+operated upon mankind. The more similar, the more ordinary
+people, have always had and are still having the advantage; the
+more select, more refined, more unique, and difficultly
+comprehensible, are liable to stand alone; they succumb to
+accidents in their isolation, and seldom propagate themselves.
+One must appeal to immense opposing forces, in order to thwart
+this natural, all-too-natural PROGRESSUS IN SIMILE, the evolution
+of man to the similar, the ordinary, the average, the gregarious
+--to the IGNOBLE!--
+
+269. The more a psychologist--a born, an unavoidable psychologist
+and soul-diviner--turns his attention to the more select cases
+and individuals, the greater is his danger of being suffocated by
+sympathy: he NEEDS sternness and cheerfulness more than any other
+man. For the corruption, the ruination of higher men, of the more
+unusually constituted souls, is in fact, the rule: it is dreadful
+to have such a rule always before one's eyes. The manifold
+torment of the psychologist who has discovered this ruination,
+who discovers once, and then discovers ALMOST repeatedly
+throughout all history, this universal inner "desperateness" of
+higher men, this eternal "too late!" in every sense--may perhaps
+one day be the cause of his turning with bitterness against his
+own lot, and of his making an attempt at self-destruction--of his
+"going to ruin" himself. One may perceive in almost every
+psychologist a tell-tale inclination for delightful intercourse
+with commonplace and well-ordered men; the fact is thereby
+disclosed that he always requires healing, that he needs a sort
+of flight and forgetfulness, away from what his insight and
+incisiveness--from what his "business"--has laid upon his
+conscience. The fear of his memory is peculiar to him. He is
+easily silenced by the judgment of others; he hears with unmoved
+countenance how people honour, admire, love, and glorify, where
+he has PERCEIVED--or he even conceals his silence by expressly
+assenting to some plausible opinion. Perhaps the paradox of his
+situation becomes so dreadful that, precisely where he has learnt
+GREAT SYMPATHY, together with great CONTEMPT, the multitude, the
+educated, and the visionaries, have on their part learnt great
+reverence--reverence for "great men" and marvelous animals, for
+the sake of whom one blesses and honours the fatherland, the
+earth, the dignity of mankind, and one's own self, to whom one
+points the young, and in view of whom one educates them. And who
+knows but in all great instances hitherto just the same happened:
+that the multitude worshipped a God, and that the "God" was only
+a poor sacrificial animal! SUCCESS has always been the greatest
+liar--and the "work" itself is a success; the great statesman,
+the conqueror, the discoverer, are disguised in their creations
+until they are unrecognizable; the "work" of the artist, of the
+philosopher, only invents him who has created it, is REPUTED to
+have created it; the "great men," as they are reverenced, are
+poor little fictions composed afterwards; in the world of
+historical values spurious coinage PREVAILS. Those great poets,
+for example, such as Byron, Musset, Poe, Leopardi, Kleist, Gogol
+(I do not venture to mention much greater names, but I have them
+in my mind), as they now appear, and were perhaps obliged to be:
+men of the moment, enthusiastic, sensuous, and childish, light-
+minded and impulsive in their trust and distrust; with souls in
+which usually some flaw has to be concealed; often taking revenge
+with their works for an internal defilement, often seeking
+forgetfulness in their soaring from a too true memory, often lost
+in the mud and almost in love with it, until they become like the
+Will-o'-the-Wisps around the swamps, and PRETEND TO BE stars--the
+people then call them idealists,--often struggling with
+protracted disgust, with an ever-reappearing phantom of
+disbelief, which makes them cold, and obliges them to languish
+for GLORIA and devour "faith as it is" out of the hands of
+intoxicated adulators:--what a TORMENT these great artists are
+and the so-called higher men in general, to him who has once
+found them out! It is thus conceivable that it is just from
+woman--who is clairvoyant in the world of suffering, and also
+unfortunately eager to help and save to an extent far beyond her
+powers--that THEY have learnt so readily those outbreaks of
+boundless devoted SYMPATHY, which the multitude, above all the
+reverent multitude, do not understand, and overwhelm with prying
+and self-gratifying interpretations. This sympathizing invariably
+deceives itself as to its power; woman would like to believe that
+love can do EVERYTHING--it is the SUPERSTITION peculiar to her.
+Alas, he who knows the heart finds out how poor, helpless,
+pretentious, and blundering even the best and deepest love is--he
+finds that it rather DESTROYS than saves!--It is possible that
+under the holy fable and travesty of the life of Jesus there is
+hidden one of the most painful cases of the martyrdom of
+KNOWLEDGE ABOUT LOVE: the martyrdom of the most innocent and most
+craving heart, that never had enough of any human love, that
+DEMANDED love, that demanded inexorably and frantically to be
+loved and nothing else, with terrible outbursts against those who
+refused him their love; the story of a poor soul insatiated and
+insatiable in love, that had to invent hell to send thither those
+who WOULD NOT love him--and that at last, enlightened about human
+love, had to invent a God who is entire love, entire CAPACITY for
+love--who takes pity on human love, because it is so paltry, so
+ignorant! He who has such sentiments, he who has such KNOWLEDGE
+about love--SEEKS for death!--But why should one deal with such
+painful matters? Provided, of course, that one is not obliged to
+do so.
+
+270. The intellectual haughtiness and loathing of every man who
+has suffered deeply--it almost determines the order of rank HOW
+deeply men can suffer--the chilling certainty, with which he is
+thoroughly imbued and coloured, that by virtue of his suffering
+he KNOWS MORE than the shrewdest and wisest can ever know, that
+he has been familiar with, and "at home" in, many distant,
+dreadful worlds of which "YOU know nothing"!--this silent
+intellectual haughtiness of the sufferer, this pride of the elect
+of knowledge, of the "initiated," of the almost sacrificed, finds
+all forms of disguise necessary to protect itself from contact
+with officious and sympathizing hands, and in general from all
+that is not its equal in suffering. Profound suffering makes
+noble: it separates.--One of the most refined forms of disguise
+is Epicurism, along with a certain ostentatious boldness of
+taste, which takes suffering lightly, and puts itself on the
+defensive against all that is sorrowful and profound. They are
+"gay men" who make use of gaiety, because they are misunderstood
+on account of it--they WISH to be misunderstood. There are
+"scientific minds" who make use of science, because it gives a
+gay appearance, and because scientificness leads to the
+conclusion that a person is superficial--they WISH to mislead to
+a false conclusion. There are free insolent minds which would
+fain conceal and deny that they are broken, proud, incurable
+hearts (the cynicism of Hamlet--the case of Galiani); and
+occasionally folly itself is the mask of an unfortunate OVER-
+ASSURED knowledge.--From which it follows that it is the part of
+a more refined humanity to have reverence "for the mask," and not
+to make use of psychology and curiosity in the wrong place.
+
+271. That which separates two men most profoundly is a different
+sense and grade of purity. What does it matter about all their
+honesty and reciprocal usefulness, what does it matter about all
+their mutual good-will: the fact still remains--they "cannot
+smell each other!" The highest instinct for purity places him who
+is affected with it in the most extraordinary and dangerous
+isolation, as a saint: for it is just holiness--the highest
+spiritualization of the instinct in question. Any kind of
+cognizance of an indescribable excess in the joy of the bath, any
+kind of ardour or thirst which perpetually impels the soul out of
+night into the morning, and out of gloom, out of "affliction"
+into clearness, brightness, depth, and refinement:--just as much
+as such a tendency DISTINGUISHES--it is a noble tendency--it also
+SEPARATES.--The pity of the saint is pity for the FILTH of the
+human, all-too-human. And there are grades and heights where pity
+itself is regarded by him as impurity, as filth.
+
+272. Signs of nobility: never to think of lowering our duties to
+the rank of duties for everybody; to be unwilling to renounce or
+to share our responsibilities; to count our prerogatives, and the
+exercise of them, among our DUTIES.
+
+273. A man who strives after great things, looks upon every one
+whom he encounters on his way either as a means of advance, or a
+delay and hindrance--or as a temporary resting-place. His
+peculiar lofty BOUNTY to his fellow-men is only possible when he
+attains his elevation and dominates. Impatience, and the
+consciousness of being always condemned to comedy up to that
+time--for even strife is a comedy, and conceals the end, as every
+means does--spoil all intercourse for him; this kind of man is
+acquainted with solitude, and what is most poisonous in it.
+
+274. THE PROBLEM OF THOSE WHO WAIT.--Happy chances are necessary,
+and many incalculable elements, in order that a higher man in
+whom the solution of a problem is dormant, may yet take action,
+or "break forth," as one might say--at the right moment. On an
+average it DOES NOT happen; and in all corners of the earth there
+are waiting ones sitting who hardly know to what extent they are
+waiting, and still less that they wait in vain. Occasionally,
+too, the waking call comes too late--the chance which gives
+"permission" to take action--when their best youth, and strength
+for action have been used up in sitting still; and how many a
+one, just as he "sprang up," has found with horror that his limbs
+are benumbed and his spirits are now too heavy! "It is too late,"
+he has said to himself--and has become self-distrustful and
+henceforth for ever useless.--In the domain of genius, may not
+the "Raphael without hands" (taking the expression in its widest
+sense) perhaps not be the exception, but the rule?--Perhaps
+genius is by no means so rare: but rather the five hundred HANDS
+which it requires in order to tyrannize over the [GREEK INSERTED
+HERE], "the right time"--in order to take chance by the forelock!
+
+275. He who does not WISH to see the height of a man, looks all
+the more sharply at what is low in him, and in the foreground--
+and thereby betrays himself.
+
+276. In all kinds of injury and loss the lower and coarser soul
+is better off than the nobler soul: the dangers of the latter
+must be greater, the probability that it will come to grief and
+perish is in fact immense, considering the multiplicity of the
+conditions of its existence.--In a lizard a finger grows again
+which has been lost; not so in man.--
+
+277. It is too bad! Always the old story! When a man has finished
+building his house, he finds that he has learnt unawares
+something which he OUGHT absolutely to have known before he--
+began to build. The eternal, fatal "Too late!" The melancholia of
+everything COMPLETED!--
+
+278.--Wanderer, who art thou? I see thee follow thy path without
+scorn, without love, with unfathomable eyes, wet and sad as a
+plummet which has returned to the light insatiated out of every
+depth--what did it seek down there?--with a bosom that never
+sighs, with lips that conceal their loathing, with a hand which
+only slowly grasps: who art thou? what hast thou done? Rest thee
+here: this place has hospitality for every one--refresh thyself!
+And whoever thou art, what is it that now pleases thee? What will
+serve to refresh thee? Only name it, whatever I have I offer
+thee! "To refresh me? To refresh me? Oh, thou prying one, what
+sayest thou! But give me, I pray thee---" What? what? Speak out!
+"Another mask! A second mask!"
+
+279. Men of profound sadness betray themselves when they are
+happy: they have a mode of seizing upon happiness as though they
+would choke and strangle it, out of jealousy--ah, they know only
+too well that it will flee from them!
+
+280. "Bad! Bad! What? Does he not--go back?" Yes! But you
+misunderstand him when you complain about it. He goes back like
+every one who is about to make a great spring.
+
+281.--"Will people believe it of me? But I insist that they
+believe it of me: I have always thought very unsatisfactorily of
+myself and about myself, only in very rare cases, only
+compulsorily, always without delight in 'the subject,' ready to
+digress from 'myself,' and always without faith in the result,
+owing to an unconquerable distrust of the POSSIBILITY of self-
+knowledge, which has led me so far as to feel a CONTRADICTIO IN
+ADJECTO even in the idea of 'direct knowledge' which theorists
+allow themselves:--this matter of fact is almost the most certain
+thing I know about myself. There must be a sort of repugnance in
+me to BELIEVE anything definite about myself.--Is there perhaps
+some enigma therein? Probably; but fortunately nothing for my own
+teeth.--Perhaps it betrays the species to which I belong?--but
+not to myself, as is sufficiently agreeable to me."
+
+282.--"But what has happened to you?"--"I do not know," he said,
+hesitatingly; "perhaps the Harpies have flown over my table."--It
+sometimes happens nowadays that a gentle, sober, retiring man
+becomes suddenly mad, breaks the plates, upsets the table,
+shrieks, raves, and shocks everybody--and finally withdraws,
+ashamed, and raging at himself--whither? for what purpose? To
+famish apart? To suffocate with his memories?--To him who has the
+desires of a lofty and dainty soul, and only seldom finds his
+table laid and his food prepared, the danger will always be
+great--nowadays, however, it is extraordinarily so. Thrown into
+the midst of a noisy and plebeian age, with which he does not
+like to eat out of the same dish, he may readily perish of hunger
+and thirst--or, should he nevertheless finally "fall to," of
+sudden nausea.--We have probably all sat at tables to which we
+did not belong; and precisely the most spiritual of us, who are
+most difficult to nourish, know the dangerous DYSPEPSIA which
+originates from a sudden insight and disillusionment about our
+food and our messmates--the AFTER-DINNER NAUSEA.
+
+283. If one wishes to praise at all, it is a delicate and at the
+same time a noble self-control, to praise only where one DOES NOT
+agree--otherwise in fact one would praise oneself, which is
+contrary to good taste:--a self-control, to be sure, which offers
+excellent opportunity and provocation to constant
+MISUNDERSTANDING. To be able to allow oneself this veritable
+luxury of taste and morality, one must not live among
+intellectual imbeciles, but rather among men whose
+misunderstandings and mistakes amuse by their refinement--or one
+will have to pay dearly for it!--"He praises me, THEREFORE he
+acknowledges me to be right"--this asinine method of inference
+spoils half of the life of us recluses, for it brings the asses
+into our neighbourhood and friendship.
+
+284. To live in a vast and proud tranquility; always beyond . . .
+To have, or not to have, one's emotions, one's For and Against,
+according to choice; to lower oneself to them for hours; to SEAT
+oneself on them as upon horses, and often as upon asses:--for one
+must know how to make use of their stupidity as well as of their
+fire. To conserve one's three hundred foregrounds; also one's
+black spectacles: for there are circumstances when nobody must
+look into our eyes, still less into our "motives." And to choose
+for company that roguish and cheerful vice, politeness. And to
+remain master of one's four virtues, courage, insight, sympathy,
+and solitude. For solitude is a virtue with us, as a sublime bent
+and bias to purity, which divines that in the contact of man and
+man--"in society"--it must be unavoidably impure. All society
+makes one somehow, somewhere, or sometime--"commonplace."
+
+285. The greatest events and thoughts--the greatest thoughts,
+however, are the greatest events--are longest in being
+comprehended: the generations which are contemporary with them do
+not EXPERIENCE such events--they live past them. Something
+happens there as in the realm of stars. The light of the furthest
+stars is longest in reaching man; and before it has arrived man
+DENIES--that there are stars there. "How many centuries does a
+mind require to be understood?"--that is also a standard, one
+also makes a gradation of rank and an etiquette therewith, such
+as is necessary for mind and for star.
+
+286. "Here is the prospect free, the mind exalted." [FOOTNOTE:
+Goethe's "Faust," Part II, Act V. The words of Dr. Marianus.]--
+But there is a reverse kind of man, who is also upon a height,
+and has also a free prospect--but looks DOWNWARDS.
+
+287. What is noble? What does the word "noble" still mean for us
+nowadays? How does the noble man betray himself, how is he
+recognized under this heavy overcast sky of the commencing
+plebeianism, by which everything is rendered opaque and leaden?--
+It is not his actions which establish his claim--actions are
+always ambiguous, always inscrutable; neither is it his "works."
+One finds nowadays among artists and scholars plenty of those who
+betray by their works that a profound longing for nobleness
+impels them; but this very NEED of nobleness is radically
+different from the needs of the noble soul itself, and is in fact
+the eloquent and dangerous sign of the lack thereof. It is not
+the works, but the BELIEF which is here decisive and determines
+the order of rank--to employ once more an old religious formula
+with a new and deeper meaning--it is some fundamental certainty
+which a noble soul has about itself, something which is not to be
+sought, is not to be found, and perhaps, also, is not to be
+lost.--THE NOBLE SOUL HAS REVERENCE FOR ITSELF.--
+
+288. There are men who are unavoidably intellectual, let them
+turn and twist themselves as they will, and hold their hands
+before their treacherous eyes--as though the hand were not a
+betrayer; it always comes out at last that they have something
+which they hide--namely, intellect. One of the subtlest means of
+deceiving, at least as long as possible, and of successfully
+representing oneself to be stupider than one really is--which in
+everyday life is often as desirable as an umbrella,--is called
+ENTHUSIASM, including what belongs to it, for instance, virtue.
+For as Galiani said, who was obliged to know it: VERTU EST
+ENTHOUSIASME.
+
+289. In the writings of a recluse one always hears something of
+the echo of the wilderness, something of the murmuring tones and
+timid vigilance of solitude; in his strongest words, even in his
+cry itself, there sounds a new and more dangerous kind of
+silence, of concealment. He who has sat day and night, from
+year's end to year's end, alone with his soul in familiar discord
+and discourse, he who has become a cave-bear, or a treasure-
+seeker, or a treasure-guardian and dragon in his cave--it may be
+a labyrinth, but can also be a gold-mine--his ideas themselves
+eventually acquire a twilight-colour of their own, and an odour,
+as much of the depth as of the mould, something uncommunicative
+and repulsive, which blows chilly upon every passer-by. The
+recluse does not believe that a philosopher--supposing that a
+philosopher has always in the first place been a recluse--ever
+expressed his actual and ultimate opinions in books: are not
+books written precisely to hide what is in us?--indeed, he will
+doubt whether a philosopher CAN have "ultimate and actual"
+opinions at all; whether behind every cave in him there is not,
+and must necessarily be, a still deeper cave: an ampler,
+stranger, richer world beyond the surface, an abyss behind every
+bottom, beneath every "foundation." Every philosophy is a
+foreground philosophy--this is a recluse's verdict: "There is
+something arbitrary in the fact that the PHILOSOPHER came to a
+stand here, took a retrospect, and looked around; that he HERE
+laid his spade aside and did not dig any deeper--there is also
+something suspicious in it." Every philosophy also CONCEALS a
+philosophy; every opinion is also a LURKING-PLACE, every word is
+also a MASK.
+
+290. Every deep thinker is more afraid of being understood than
+of being misunderstood. The latter perhaps wounds his vanity; but
+the former wounds his heart, his sympathy, which always says:
+"Ah, why would you also have as hard a time of it as I have?"
+
+291. Man, a COMPLEX, mendacious, artful, and inscrutable animal,
+uncanny to the other animals by his artifice and sagacity, rather
+than by his strength, has invented the good conscience in order
+finally to enjoy his soul as something SIMPLE; and the whole of
+morality is a long, audacious falsification, by virtue of which
+generally enjoyment at the sight of the soul becomes possible.
+From this point of view there is perhaps much more in the
+conception of "art" than is generally believed.
+
+292. A philosopher: that is a man who constantly experiences,
+sees, hears, suspects, hopes, and dreams extraordinary things;
+who is struck by his own thoughts as if they came from the
+outside, from above and below, as a species of events and
+lightning-flashes PECULIAR TO HIM; who is perhaps himself a storm
+pregnant with new lightnings; a portentous man, around whom there
+is always rumbling and mumbling and gaping and something uncanny
+going on. A philosopher: alas, a being who often runs away from
+himself, is often afraid of himself--but whose curiosity always
+makes him "come to himself" again.
+
+293. A man who says: "I like that, I take it for my own, and mean
+to guard and protect it from every one"; a man who can conduct a
+case, carry out a resolution, remain true to an opinion, keep
+hold of a woman, punish and overthrow insolence; a man who has
+his indignation and his sword, and to whom the weak, the
+suffering, the oppressed, and even the animals willingly submit
+and naturally belong; in short, a man who is a MASTER by nature--
+when such a man has sympathy, well! THAT sympathy has value! But
+of what account is the sympathy of those who suffer! Or of those
+even who preach sympathy! There is nowadays, throughout almost
+the whole of Europe, a sickly irritability and sensitiveness
+towards pain, and also a repulsive irrestrainableness in
+complaining, an effeminizing, which, with the aid of religion and
+philosophical nonsense, seeks to deck itself out as something
+superior--there is a regular cult of suffering. The UNMANLINESS
+of that which is called "sympathy" by such groups of visionaries,
+is always, I believe, the first thing that strikes the eye.--One
+must resolutely and radically taboo this latest form of bad
+taste; and finally I wish people to put the good amulet, "GAI
+SABER" ("gay science," in ordinary language), on heart and neck,
+as a protection against it.
+
+294. THE OLYMPIAN VICE.--Despite the philosopher who, as a
+genuine Englishman, tried to bring laughter into bad repute in
+all thinking minds--"Laughing is a bad infirmity of human nature,
+which every thinking mind will strive to overcome" (Hobbes),--I
+would even allow myself to rank philosophers according to the
+quality of their laughing--up to those who are capable of GOLDEN
+laughter. And supposing that Gods also philosophize, which I am
+strongly inclined to believe, owing to many reasons--I have no
+doubt that they also know how to laugh thereby in an overman-like
+and new fashion--and at the expense of all serious things! Gods
+are fond of ridicule: it seems that they cannot refrain from
+laughter even in holy matters.
+
+295. The genius of the heart, as that great mysterious one
+possesses it, the tempter-god and born rat-catcher of
+consciences, whose voice can descend into the nether-world of
+every soul, who neither speaks a word nor casts a glance in which
+there may not be some motive or touch of allurement, to whose
+perfection it pertains that he knows how to appear,--not as he
+is, but in a guise which acts as an ADDITIONAL constraint on his
+followers to press ever closer to him, to follow him more
+cordially and thoroughly;--the genius of the heart, which imposes
+silence and attention on everything loud and self-conceited,
+which smoothes rough souls and makes them taste a new longing--to
+lie placid as a mirror, that the deep heavens may be reflected in
+them;--the genius of the heart, which teaches the clumsy and too
+hasty hand to hesitate, and to grasp more delicately; which
+scents the hidden and forgotten treasure, the drop of goodness
+and sweet spirituality under thick dark ice, and is a divining-
+rod for every grain of gold, long buried and imprisoned in mud
+and sand; the genius of the heart, from contact with which every
+one goes away richer; not favoured or surprised, not as though
+gratified and oppressed by the good things of others; but richer
+in himself, newer than before, broken up, blown upon, and sounded
+by a thawing wind; more uncertain, perhaps, more delicate, more
+fragile, more bruised, but full of hopes which as yet lack names,
+full of a new will and current, full of a new ill-will and
+counter-current . . . but what am I doing, my friends? Of whom am
+I talking to you? Have I forgotten myself so far that I have not
+even told you his name? Unless it be that you have already
+divined of your own accord who this questionable God and spirit
+is, that wishes to be PRAISED in such a manner? For, as it
+happens to every one who from childhood onward has always been on
+his legs, and in foreign lands, I have also encountered on my
+path many strange and dangerous spirits; above all, however, and
+again and again, the one of whom I have just spoken: in fact, no
+less a personage than the God DIONYSUS, the great equivocator and
+tempter, to whom, as you know, I once offered in all secrecy and
+reverence my first-fruits--the last, as it seems to me, who has
+offered a SACRIFICE to him, for I have found no one who could
+understand what I was then doing. In the meantime, however, I
+have learned much, far too much, about the philosophy of this
+God, and, as I said, from mouth to mouth--I, the last disciple
+and initiate of the God Dionysus: and perhaps I might at last
+begin to give you, my friends, as far as I am allowed, a little
+taste of this philosophy? In a hushed voice, as is but seemly:
+for it has to do with much that is secret, new, strange,
+wonderful, and uncanny. The very fact that Dionysus is a
+philosopher, and that therefore Gods also philosophize, seems to
+me a novelty which is not unensnaring, and might perhaps arouse
+suspicion precisely among philosophers;--among you, my friends,
+there is less to be said against it, except that it comes too
+late and not at the right time; for, as it has been disclosed to
+me, you are loth nowadays to believe in God and gods. It may
+happen, too, that in the frankness of my story I must go further
+than is agreeable to the strict usages of your ears? Certainly
+the God in question went further, very much further, in such
+dialogues, and was always many paces ahead of me . . . Indeed, if
+it were allowed, I should have to give him, according to human
+usage, fine ceremonious tides of lustre and merit, I should have
+to extol his courage as investigator and discoverer, his fearless
+honesty, truthfulness, and love of wisdom. But such a God does
+not know what to do with all that respectable trumpery and pomp.
+"Keep that," he would say, "for thyself and those like thee, and
+whoever else require it! I--have no reason to cover my
+nakedness!" One suspects that this kind of divinity and
+philosopher perhaps lacks shame?--He once said: "Under certain
+circumstances I love mankind"--and referred thereby to Ariadne,
+who was present; "in my opinion man is an agreeable, brave,
+inventive animal, that has not his equal upon earth, he makes his
+way even through all labyrinths. I like man, and often think how
+I can still further advance him, and make him stronger, more
+evil, and more profound."--"Stronger, more evil, and more
+profound?" I asked in horror. "Yes," he said again, "stronger,
+more evil, and more profound; also more beautiful"--and thereby
+the tempter-god smiled with his halcyon smile, as though he had
+just paid some charming compliment. One here sees at once that it
+is not only shame that this divinity lacks;--and in general there
+are good grounds for supposing that in some things the Gods could
+all of them come to us men for instruction. We men are--more
+human.--
+
+296. Alas! what are you, after all, my written and painted
+thoughts! Not long ago you were so variegated, young and
+malicious, so full of thorns and secret spices, that you made me
+sneeze and laugh--and now? You have already doffed your novelty,
+and some of you, I fear, are ready to become truths, so immortal
+do they look, so pathetically honest, so tedious! And was it ever
+otherwise? What then do we write and paint, we mandarins with
+Chinese brush, we immortalisers of things which LEND themselves
+to writing, what are we alone capable of painting? Alas, only
+that which is just about to fade and begins to lose its odour!
+Alas, only exhausted and departing storms and belated yellow
+sentiments! Alas, only birds strayed and fatigued by flight,
+which now let themselves be captured with the hand--with OUR
+hand! We immortalize what cannot live and fly much longer, things
+only which are exhausted and mellow! And it is only for your
+AFTERNOON, you, my written and painted thoughts, for which alone
+I have colours, many colours, perhaps, many variegated
+softenings, and fifty yellows and browns and greens and reds;--
+but nobody will divine thereby how ye looked in your morning, you
+sudden sparks and marvels of my solitude, you, my old, beloved--
+EVIL thoughts!
+
+
+
+            FROM THE HEIGHTS
+
+
+
+            By F W Nietzsche
+
+       Translated by L A Magnus
+
+
+                  1.
+
+MIDDAY of Life! Oh, season of delight!
+                 My summer's park!
+Uneaseful joy to look, to lurk, to hark--
+I peer for friends, am ready day and night,--
+Where linger ye, my friends? The time is right!
+
+                  2.
+
+Is not the glacier's grey today for you
+                    Rose-garlanded?
+The brooklet seeks you, wind, cloud, with longing thread
+And thrust themselves yet higher to the blue,
+To spy for you from farthest eagle's view.
+
+                  3.
+
+My table was spread out for you on high--
+                 Who dwelleth so
+Star-near, so near the grisly pit below?--
+My realm--what realm hath wider boundary?
+My honey--who hath sipped its fragrancy?
+
+                  4.
+
+Friends, ye are there! Woe me,--yet I am not
+                   He whom ye seek?
+Ye stare and stop--better your wrath could speak!
+I am not I? Hand, gait, face, changed? And what
+I am, to you my friends, now am I not?
+
+                  5.
+
+Am I an other? Strange am I to Me?
+                 Yet from Me sprung?
+A wrestler, by himself too oft self-wrung?
+Hindering too oft my own self's potency,
+Wounded and hampered by self-victory?
+
+                  6.
+
+I sought where-so the wind blows keenest. There
+                I learned to dwell
+Where no man dwells, on lonesome ice-lorn fell,
+And unlearned Man and God and curse and prayer?
+Became a ghost haunting the glaciers bare?
+
+                  7.
+
+Ye, my old friends! Look! Ye turn pale, filled o'er
+                 With love and fear!
+Go! Yet not in wrath. Ye could ne'er live here.
+Here in the farthest realm of ice and scaur,
+A huntsman must one be, like chamois soar.
+
+                  8.
+
+An evil huntsman was I? See how taut
+               My bow was bent!
+Strongest was he by whom such bolt were sent--
+Woe now! That arrow is with peril fraught,
+Perilous as none.--Have yon safe home ye sought!
+
+                  9.
+
+Ye go! Thou didst endure enough, oh, heart;--
+                Strong was thy hope;
+Unto new friends thy portals widely ope,
+Let old ones be. Bid memory depart!
+Wast thou young then, now--better young thou art!
+
+                  10.
+
+What linked us once together, one hope's tie--
+               (Who now doth con
+Those lines, now fading, Love once wrote thereon?)--
+Is like a parchment, which the hand is shy
+To touch--like crackling leaves, all seared, all dry.
+
+                  11.
+
+Oh! Friends no more! They are--what name for those?--
+                Friends' phantom-flight
+Knocking at my heart's window-pane at night,
+Gazing on me, that speaks "We were" and goes,--
+Oh, withered words, once fragrant as the rose!
+
+                  12.
+
+Pinings of youth that might not understand!
+                  For which I pined,
+Which I deemed changed with me, kin of my kind:
+But they grew old, and thus were doomed and banned:
+None but new kith are native of my land!
+
+                  13.
+
+Midday of life! My second youth's delight!
+                  My summer's park!
+Unrestful joy to long, to lurk, to hark!
+I peer for friends!--am ready day and night,
+For my new friends. Come! Come! The time is right!
+
+                  14.
+
+This song is done,--the sweet sad cry of rue
+                  Sang out its end;
+A wizard wrought it, he the timely friend,
+The midday-friend,--no, do not ask me who;
+At midday 'twas, when one became as two.
+
+                  15.
+
+We keep our Feast of Feasts, sure of our bourne,
+                 Our aims self-same:
+The Guest of Guests, friend Zarathustra, came!
+The world now laughs, the grisly veil was torn,
+And Light and Dark were one that wedding-morn.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Beyond Good and Evil, by Friedrich Nietzsche
+
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