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diff --git a/43625.txt b/43625.txt deleted file mode 100644 index ad6c5a4..0000000 --- a/43625.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4855 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Survey, Volume XXX, Number 1, April 5, -1913, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Survey, Volume XXX, Number 1, April 5, 1913 - -Author: Various - -Editor: Paul Underwood Kellogg - -Release Date: September 2, 2013 [EBook #43625] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SURVEY, APRIL 5, 1913 *** - - - - -Produced by Bryan Ness, Richard Tonsing and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - -THE SURVEY - -Volume XXX, Number 1, Apr 5, 1913 - - - - -THE COMMON WELFARE - - -RESPONSE TO FLOOD CALLS - -For the first time in the history of our great disasters, the country's -machinery for relief has been found ready to move with that precision -and efficiency which only careful previous organization could make -possible. In the flood and tornado stricken regions of the Mississippi -valley the Red Cross has given splendid evidence of the effectiveness of -its scheme of organization and of its methods as worked out on the basis -of experience at San Francisco, and as tested by the Minnesota and -Michigan forest fires, the Cherry mine disaster, and the Mississippi -Floods of last year. - -Utilizing the largest and ablest charity organization societies which -serve as "institutional members," a force of executives and trained -workers was instantly deployed. With foreknowledge of just what to do -and how to do it, and without friction, these men and women have -reinforced the spontaneous response to emergency of citizens and -officials in the stricken communities. - -Omaha's tornado had scarcely died down when Eugene T. Lies of the -Chicago United Charities was on his way to the city. Ernest P. Bicknell, -director of the National Red Cross, had reached Chicago, en route to -Omaha, when news of the Ohio floods turned him back. The same news -summoned Edward T. Devine from New York. It was Mr. Devine who organized -the Red Cross relief work at San Francisco, following the earthquake and -fire of 1908. Mr. Bicknell established headquarters at Columbus, itself -badly in the grip of the waters. At Dayton Mr. Devine, C. M. Hubbard of -the St. Louis Provident Association and T. J. Edmonds of the Cincinnati -Associated Charities concentrated their services. - -When Cincinnati and its vicinity needed help, Mr. Edmonds returned to -his home city. The Omaha situation by this time could spare Mr. Lies for -Dayton. To Piqua, Sidney and other Ohio and Indiana flood points went -James F. Jackson of the Cleveland Associated Charities and other workers -from various organizations. The news from the Ohio and other floods -almost swamped that of an isolated disaster in Alabama where a tornado -devastated the town of Lower Peachtree. To handle the relief at this -point the Red Cross dispatched William M. McGrath of the Birmingham -Associated Charities, who had seen service a year ago in the Mississippi -floods. - -To work under the direction of these executives, agents have been -drafted from the staffs of charitable organizations scattered throughout -the entire middle West, and even as far east as New York. Close -co-operation was at once established between this force, hastily -organized local committees and various branches of federal and state -government service. In Ohio the resources, equipment and staffs of the -army, the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service, the life-saving -service, the militia, the naval militia, and state departments of public -health, have all been applied promptly to the problem of emergency -relief. Governor Cox of Ohio, as ex-officio chairman of the Ohio Red -Cross State Commission, did much to assure this early co-operation. - -Following the first work of rescue and relief, sanitation looms up as -one of the gravest problems of the Indiana and Ohio valleys. Immediately -upon the arrival of the secretary of war at Dayton a sanitary officer -was appointed, who divided the city into sixteen districts, each in -charge of a district sanitary officer. Each of these selected his own -staff from among local physicians and volunteer physicians from other -cities. Red Cross nurses in considerable numbers were early supplied. -Instructions in brief form have been sent broadcast over the city giving -definite directions to the inhabitants for the safeguarding of health. -The sewer and water systems are being reopened as rapidly as possible. - -Early this week the expectation was that, although the dead in the city -would not total 200, it would be necessary to feed many thousands of -people for a week and several thousand for several weeks. The Dayton -situation, though more severe, was typical of what was to be found in -other stricken towns. - -The extent of the Omaha disaster is already reported in statistics which -are said to be complete and accurate. The summary includes: 115 lives -lost; 322 seriously injured; at least 1,000 slightly injured; 822 houses -destroyed: 2,100 houses partially wrecked; property loss estimated at -$7,500,000; 733 families being fed in relief stations (March 30); 59 -dead; 150 injured and $1,000,000 property loss in surrounding towns. -Efforts are being made by the real estate exchange to prevent the -raising of rents. The plans suggested for rebuilding include a county -bond issue of $1,000,000 and the securing of other money from the -packing and railroad companies to be loaned without interest. - -President Wilson's call to the nation for relief, and the quick action -of governors and mayors in rallying their states and cities, started -emergency supplies and funds for supplementing the tents, blankets and -rations which the army and militia had rushed into the field. The -National Cash Register Company, whose undamaged factories in Dayton were -of great value in providing shelter and space for relief administration, -secured through its officers in other cities supplies and money which -were promptly forwarded. The company officials did much to systematize -the local relief, and department heads assumed charge of different -divisions of the work. Organization charts and diagrams were printed at -the factory so that the people of the city could act intelligently. - -Early this week the relief funds were reported to have reached $408,000 -in New York, $300,000 in Chicago, $105,000 in Boston, and varying sums -in other cities. Most of the money was contributed through the Red -Cross. Contributions received at its Washington headquarters totalled -$816,000, with New York first, Massachusetts second and Illinois third -in size of contributions. - -Some small gifts were as significant as the larger ones. A young man who -appeared to be a poorly paid clerk came to the Red Cross office in New -York at the noon hour last Friday and pulled from his pocket a five -dollar and a one dollar bill. The person in charge asked him if he was -not giving more than his share, and suggested that he keep the one -dollar hill. "No," said he, "I've kept some small change for carfare and -lunch, and tomorrow's pay day." One letter accompanying a small -contribution read: - - "Just one short year ago, when the ill-fated Titanic deprived me of - mine all, the Red Cross Society lost not a moment in coming to my - aid. Through you I now wish to give my 'widow's mite' to help the - stricken ones in the West, and I only wish I could make it a - thousand times as much." - -Emergency supplies and funds have been prompt and abundant, but the -extensive work ahead of lifting household and community life out of -desolation justifies and requires a very large fund. For, as Mr. Devine, -with the San Francisco catastrophe in the background of his experience, -telegraphed after reaching Dayton: "The disaster is appalling even if -the loss of life is less than it was feared." - -Spontaneous contributions through a variety of channels are usually -sufficient for immediate needs, and the Red Cross is following its -customary policy of reserving as much of its funds as possible for -permanent rehabilitation. When a disaster comes in any part of the -country the nearest "institutional members" of the Red Cross at once -dispatch trained members of their staffs to the scene. Each organization -has an "emergency box" containing, convenient for carrying, an equipment -including detailed printed instructions, record cards, Red Cross flag, -expense sheets, vouchers, etc. The use of this equipment, especially the -uniform record cards, which have been carefully prepared on the basis of -the San Francisco experience, means that help is not lost or wasted, but -gets to the people who need it most. Even more important, it means that -help is given not merely to keep victims of the disaster from starvation -and exposure during the weeks immediately following, but to afford a -reasonable lift on the road to the recovery of the standard of living -maintained before the disaster. - - -A RELIEF SURVEY BY THE SAGE FOUNDATION - -This emphasis on rehabilitation is the message of a report[1] which, by -a coincidence, was on the press for the Russell Sage Foundation when -news of tornado and flood came from the middle West. It is the first -comprehensive review of emergent relief work following great disasters. -It is based on the San Francisco experience and put forth as a "book of -ready reference for use on occasions of special emergency." - -[1] San Francisco Relief Survey. By Charles J. O'Connor. Francis H. -McLean and others. Survey Associates, Inc., for the Russell Sage -Foundation. To be published April 18, the seventh anniversary of the San -Francisco earthquake. Price postpaid $3.50. Orders for delivery on -publication day may be sent to THE SURVEY. - -The volume presents a study of the organization and methods of relief -following the San Francisco earthquake and fire, made for the Foundation -by a group of people who held responsible positions in connection with -the relief work. It is to appear on April 18, the seventh anniversary of -the disaster. - -For the assistance of those in the middle West upon whom heavy -responsibilities came so suddenly, the Sage Foundation sent out post -haste advance copies of the first two sections of the report as a -practical handbook to charity organizations in and near the stricken -regions. - -The Relief Survey is divided into six parts: Organization and Emergency -Period; Rehabilitation: Business Rehabilitation; Housing Rehabilitation; -After Care; The Aged and Infirm. Some of the prime points emphasized for -the "Organization and Emergency Period" are the following: - - 1. The recognition of the American National Red Cross, with its - permanent organization, its governmental status, and its direct - accountability to Congress for all expenditures, as the proper - national agency through which relief funds for great disasters - should be collected and administered; thus securing unity of - effort, certainty of policy, and a center about which all local - relief agencies may rally. - - 2. The importance of postponing the appointment of sub-committees - until a strong central committee has been able to determine general - policies and methods of procedure. The hasty organization of - sub-committees at San Francisco resulted in much unnecessary - overlapping effort and some friction when committees got in each - other's way. The relief forces were not united until a whole week - after the disaster, and after unfortunate difficulty and - bitterness. - - 3. The desirability of contributions, especially those in kind, - being sent without restrictions, as only the local organization is - able to measure relative needs at different periods of the work. At - San Francisco much pitifully needless restrictions imposed by those - who sent funds or supplies from distant states. The delays in - securing authority for the wise use of these contributions were - well-nigh intolerable. The only safe course lies in placing - implicit trust in an efficient and recognized director of relief - such as the Red Cross is in a position to furnish. - - 4. The value of utilizing for emergency administration a body so - highly organized and so efficient as the United States Army, to - take charge of camps, and to bring to points of distribution the - supplies required for those in need of food and clothing. - - 5. The wisdom of reducing the bread line and the camp population as - quickly as possible after the disaster so that the relief resources - may be conserved to meet the primary need of rehabilitation. The - care used in emergency expenditures means much in husbanding - resources so that permanent rehabilitation may be efficient and - thorough. - - 6. The need of establishing a central bureau of information to - serve from the beginning of the relief work as a clearing house, to - prevent confusion and waste through duplication of effort. - - 7. The necessity of utilizing the centers of emergency distribution - for the later rehabilitation work of district communities and corps - of visitors. - - 8. The necessity of incorporation for any relief organization that - has to deal with so large a disaster. - - 9. The possibility of a strict audit of all relief in cash sent to - a relief organization. The impossibility of an equally strict - accounting for relief in kind, because of the many leaks and the - difficulties attendant upon hurried distribution. Care in this - direction is assured if the Red Cross is fully utilized. - -Nothing can take the place, the editors of the Relief Survey testify, of -the spirit and devotion of the local committees. At San Francisco the -citizens showed splendid self-reliance and faith in the future, which -enabled them to rebound from fortune's sudden blow, and show what -sustained and co-operative effort can achieve. But the most important -factor, especially for permanent rehabilitation, in so great and complex -a relief problem is a trained staff. This the American Red Cross, -through the co-operation of charity organization societies throughout -the country, is constantly prepared to bring together on short notice. -Mr. Bicknell represented the Red Cross at San Francisco after Mr. -Devine's departure, and was thus unusually well equipped to plan the -methods which the Red Cross has devised for emergency use. - - -SOCIAL LEGISLATION AND THE EXTRA SESSION - -An open letter was sent to President Wilson this week with over -forty-five signatures, urging the importance of a group of social -measures which were neither voted down nor passed at the last session of -Congress. In the opinion of the signers, among whom are included some of -the Democratic leaders who have been foremost in social reform, this -overhanging social legislation should be definitely acted upon at the -extra session. The movement to this end was encouraged by the positions -taken by President Wilson in his inaugural address. - -The letter is the outgrowth of a meeting of men and women interested in -social legislation held last week in New York at the call of Edward T. -Devine as associate editor of The Survey. The signatures to the document -are those of individuals solely. The particular measures will be urged -at the forthcoming Congress by such national organizations as the -American Association for Labor Legislation, National Consumers League, -National Committee for Mental Hygiene, National Child Labor Committee, -the American Prison Labor Association and the Gloucester Fisherman's -Institute. While each organization is committed only to the measures in -its own field, all of them have a common interest in seeing that the -extra session takes up social legislation in addition to the tariff and -currency. The letter follows: - - -THE PRESIDENT, -The White House, -Washington. D. C. - -_Dear Mr. President:_-- - - On the eve of the convening of the Sixty-Third Congress in special - session, the undersigned desire to bring to your attention certain - bills of importance which have received the favorable consideration - of the last Congress, but which, owing to various reasons, failed - of affirmative action. - - Nothing could set more vividly before the country the urgency of - such measures than the words of your inaugural address, in which - you pointed out the need for perfecting the means by which the - government may be put at the service of humanity in safeguarding - the health of the nation, the health of its men and its women and - its children, as well as their rights in the struggle for - existence. The country has been stirred by your declaration: - - "This is no sentimental duty. The firm basis of government is - justice, not pity. These are matters of justice. There can be no - equality of opportunity, the first essential of justice in the - body politic, if men and women and children be not shielded in - their lives, their very vitality, from the consequences of great - industrial and social processes which they cannot alter, - control, or singly cope with. Society must see to it that it - does not itself crush or weaken or damage its own constituent - parts." - - The undersigned are aware that the time and energy of Congress will - be largely expended upon the revision of the revenue and currency - statutes. Without in any way meaning to minimize the importance of - these subjects, we wish to lay emphasis upon what we believe to be - the necessity for the passage of certain other measures directly - affecting the health and happiness of hundreds of thousands of - citizens. The legislative proposals which we present to you are not - new; several of them have met with little open opposition; some - have been passed by one house of Congress; others by both; all have - been prepared by experts and are based upon tried principles - already embodied either in the federal laws, in the laws of the - various states, or in the laws of other nations. An example is the - bill which aims to compensate workingmen employed in interstate - commerce for accidents to life and limb. Another is the eight-hour - bill for women in the District of Columbia, which was lost through - an accident in the closing hours of the last Congress. - - The measures which had not passed when Congress adjourned and which - are herewith advocated are as follows. It is the principles - underlying these several bills rather than the specific provisions - of any measure that we wish to be understood as urging upon the - attention of the President and Congress: - - Providing compensation for federal employees suffering injury or - occupational diseases in the course of their employment. - - Providing compensation for employees in interstate commerce - suffering injury in the course of their employment. - - Harmonizing conflicting court decisions in different states by - giving the state itself the right of appeal to the Supreme Court - of the United States. - - Establishing the eight-hour day for women employed in certain - occupations in the District of Columbia. - - Co-ordinating the federal health activities and strengthening - the public health service. - - Providing in the immigration act for mental examination of - immigrants by alienists; safeguarding the welfare of immigrants - at sea by detailing American medical officers and matrons to - immigrant-carrying ships. - - Providing a hospital ship for American deep-sea fishermen. - - Providing for the betterment of the conditions of American - seamen. - - Establishing a commission to investigate jails and the - correction of first offenders. - - Abolishing the contract convict labor system by restricting - interstate commerce in prison-made goods. - - Legislation giving effect to the principles underlying such - proposals as these would constitute, we believe, an important step - in the accomplishment of the forward-looking purposes which you - have placed before the American people. - -Caroline B. Alexander -Frederic Almy -Louise de Koven Bowen -Louis D. Brandeis -Howard S. Braucher -Allen T. Burns -Charles C. Burlingham -Richard C. Cabot -Richard S. Childs -John R. Commons -Charles R. Crane -Edward T. Devine -Abram J. Elkus -H. D. W. English -Livingston Farrand -Homer Folks -Ernst Freund -John M. Glenn -Josephine Goldmark -T. J. Keenan -Florence Kelley -Howard A. Kelly -Arthur P. Kellogg -Paul U. Kellogg -John A. Kingsbury -Constance D. Leupp -Samuel McCune Lindsay -Charles S. Macfarland -W. N. McNair -Charles E. Merriam -Adelbert Moot -Henry Morgenthau -Frances Perkins -Charles R. Richards -Margaret Drier Robins -W. L. Russell -Thomas W. Salmon -Henry R. Seager -Thomas A. Storey -Graham Taylor -Graham Romeyn Taylor -Lillian D. Wald -James R. West -W. F. Willoughby -Stephen S. Wise -Robert A. Woods - - -COMPULSORY MINIMUM WAGE LAW IN OREGON - -Oregon's minimum wage law,[2] which was recently signed by Governor -West, is the first one in America to have a compulsory clause. Failure -to pay the rate of wages fixed and in the method provided by the law is -punishable by fine or imprisonment or both. In Massachusetts, the first -state to establish minimum wage boards, the only penalty is the -publication of the names of offending employers in four newspapers in -the county where their industries are located. - -[2] See Minimum Wage Legislation by Florence Kelley, on page 9 of this -issue. - -The Oregon law applies only to women and children. It prohibits their -employment in any occupation in which the sanitary or other conditions -are detrimental to health or morals, or for wages "which are inadequate -to supply the necessary cost of living and maintain them in health." It -likewise forbids the employment of minors "for unreasonable low wages." -An Industrial Welfare Commission is created to determine minimum wages, -maximum hours and standard conditions of labor. - -The commission is authorized to call a conference of representatives of -the employers, the employees and the general public to investigate and -make recommendations as to the minimum wage to be paid in a given -industry. If the commission approves these recommendations they become -obligatory. The powers of the Oregon commission to determine hours and -conditions of health and morals are more extensive than those delegated -to an industrial commission by the legislature of any other state. The -members of the commission are to be appointed by the governor. - -The successful campaign for this law and the drafting of the bill itself -was based upon an extensive investigation conducted by the Social Survey -Committee of the Oregon Consumers' League. Wages, work conditions, and -cost of living were studied in Portland and elsewhere throughout the -state. The inquiry was directed by a trained investigator, Caroline J. -Gleason of Minneapolis, formerly a student of the Chicago School of -Civics and Philanthropy. The work was started in August 1912 and the -information covered 7603 women wage earners in Portland and 1133 -throughout the rest of the state. Wage statistics were tabulated for -4523, and are particularly valuable in the cast of the department stores -which placed their pay rolls at the disposal of the survey committee. -Generous co-operation from committees in twenty-five counties of the -state was secured. - -In the drafting of the bill the experience of the Massachusetts Minimum -Wage Board was studied. Legal advice was secured and the -constitutionality of the measure is upheld in an opinion by the attorney -general of the state. - -Social workers from Washington and California have been in touch with -the investigation and the preparation of the bill. They have arranged to -have bills drawn up on the same lines introduced as soon as the -legislatures of their own states convene. The passage of the same -measure by the three coast states is regarded by the social workers in -each as a desirable and important piece of uniform legislation for an -area in which industrial conditions and problems are similar. - -The Social Survey Committee in its report gives the principles and facts -which form the basis of the demand for the legislation as follows: - - 1. Each industry should provide for the livelihood of the workers - employed in it. An industry which does not do so is parasitic. The - well-being of society demands that wage-earning women shall not be - required to subsidize from their earnings the industry in which - they are employed. - - 2. Owing to the lack of organisation among women workers and the - secrecy with which their wage schedules are guarded, there are - absolutely no standards of wages among them. Their wages are - determined for the most part by the will of the employer without - reference to efficiency or length of service on the part of the - worker. This condition is radically unjust. - - 3. The wages paid to women workers in most occupations are - miserably inadequate to meet the cost of living at the lowest - standards consistent with the maintenance of the health and morals - of the workers. Nearly three-fifths of the women employed in - industries in Portland receive less than $10 a week, which is the - minimum weekly wage that ought to be offered to any self-supporting - woman wage-earner in this city. - - 4. The present conditions of labor for women in many industries are - shown by this report to be gravely detrimental to their health; and - since most women wage earners are potential mothers, the future - health of the race is menaced by these unsanitary conditions. - - -A NEW FEDERAL AGENCY FOR SETTLING STRIKES - -An important power vested in Secretary Wilson of the new federal -Department of Labor, which has hitherto practically escaped attention, -gives to him the right assumed by President Roosevelt, when he initiated -the machinery for settling the coal strike of 1902. The provision -referred to in the law creating the department reads as follows: - - "That the secretary of labor shall have power to act as mediator - and to appoint commissioners of conciliation in labor disputes - whenever in his judgment the interests of industrial peace may - require it to be done." - -Speaking of this section Secretary Wilson gave this interview to the -_Washington Post_: - - "The secretary of labor, by the terms of the act creating the new - department, is empowered to act as mediator in disputes between - labor and employers. The policy to which I shall adhere during my - administration will be to do all I can to bring labor and capital - together in mutual conferences, so that they may settle their own - differences." - -It has been pointed out that this power can be invoked at the will of -the secretary. In this way he can bring public attention to bear upon -any labor dispute which he believes warrants his official notice. Mr. -Wilson has as yet given no indication as to how frequently he expects to -use this power. Attention has also been called to the fact that this -section may have an important effect upon the Erdman Act for settling -transportation strikes. - - - - -FINGER PRINTS - - -TEN CENTS - -KATHARINE ANTHONY - -It was in a small restaurant in the downtown business district. The girl -who came in and sat down opposite me at the "table for ladies" was -clearly "office help." She could not have been more than sixteen, and in -the boyish-looking brown velvet hat that she wore she appeared scarcely -that. Her manner had little of the self-assertiveness so commonly seen -in the young girl wage-earner. - -"How much is the veg'tubble soup?" she asked the waiter in a confiding -tone. - -"Ten cents," he said. - -The price appeared satisfactory and the waiter went away with his very -brief order. While the young girl waited, she caught my eye. - -"It's cold today," she remarked, with a winning smile and an air of -taking me into her confidence as she had done with the waiter. - -"A bit chilly, yes." - -"He don't let me down to dinner till so late," she continued, "sometimes -half-past one. You get hungry, and then you get over being hungry, and -then you don't want nothing when you do go down. You know?" - -Yes, I recognized the experience. - -"The office where I used to work, we went out to dinner right at twelve -every day." - -"What keeps you so late now?" - -"I guess he just forgets to let me down. He forgets to go out himself, I -think." - -The waiter brought the soup, a watery looking fluid in which floated a -tomato and an onion in partial dissolution. He placed beside the plate a -dingy blue check which bore in large print 10c. - -"When I'm there a month, I'm going to ask him to let me down every day -at a regular hour," she went on. "I'm only there a week now, so I -wouldn't ask him yet." - -She tasted the soup, but it was apparently not to her liking, or else, -as she had said, her appetite had gone when the first feeling of hunger -had passed. She glanced at the dirty blue check which committed her to -her choice for better or worse, and then tried another spoonful of soup. - -"I used to take a cup of coffee and a Charlotte 'roosh' every day, but -my mother said I'd starve. She told me I'd got to have soup, it was more -stren'thening." - -"She was quite right, of course." - -"But what's the use of ordering it if you can't eat it after all?" - -She regarded the plate disconsolately. A little rallying induced her to -make another effort. Then she gave it up entirely. - -"I wonder what my mother would say if she could see me now!" - -"I wonder!" - -Taking two nickels from her small rusty bag, she rose, leaving the plate -of cold soup almost untouched. She said good-by with her peculiarly -friendly little smile, deposited the blue check and the two nickels at -the cash counter, and went back to her afternoon's work. - - -WILLIAM, A MODERN DRAMA[3] - -[3] Drawn from the records of the Juvenile Protective Association, -Chicago. - -The curtain is about to fall upon a human drama as full of complicating -agencies and dramatic ironies as the most exacting either of Greeks or -of moderns could require. - -The dramatis personae are: a colored youth of twenty-two years; his aged -mother (the father disappeared while the youth was still a child in -Kansas); a friend who failed him and then too late repented; a partner; -a dishonest clerk; a lawyer of similar type; and a judge according to -the letter of the law. The acts are only three and brief. - -Act I shows William at work for a large firm in Missouri at $9 a week. -He manages to live on $3, sending $6 to his mother. He could not write; -she could not read. But the weekly money order became the tryst of -mother and son, and by it she knew that all was well with him. Among his -fellow workmen was one, also a William, who seemed friendly and like -William I, anxious to live economically. The two Williams shared a room, -and all went well for about three months. - -One pay day, William II borrowed from William I the $6 that should go to -the mother, but only for a day or so, to be returned surely before the -end of the week. But the man disappeared, and with him vanished the -money. Then William I went to the little clothes press, and not having a -suit of his own, took one of William II's, and pawned it for $6, and -sent the money to his mother according to his word. That night, -repentant but penniless, William II returned. He expressed himself as -well pleased with what had been done with his suit, satisfied to have -the money raised by any means possible. So the two, reconciled, slept. -But William II rising early in the morning, went for an officer, and -charging his room-mate with theft, had him arrested. - -"He slep' with me all night there, and in the mawnin he don' have me -arrested!"--thus William I mourned his false friend. - -So Act I closes with our hero in the penitentiary, locked in for two -years. But William II's repentance bore a late fruit. During the two -years, he sent out of his own money each week the $6 to the mother of -his friend, that she might never know the truth. - - * * * * * - -Act II shows William working in different places, and for short times, -as is the fate of "jail-birds." At last in company with George he opens -a restaurant, and prospers, and is popular. Then his evil fate overtakes -him. Invited to be door-keeper at a dance one night, he left George in -charge of the restaurant. George apparently went out on business of his -own, and presently the clerk followed his example, donning for the time -a coat of William's. But the clerk needed money; there was none in the -pockets of the coat; and so, at a convenient corner, he waylaid a -Chinese, relieved him of has funds, and left William's coat by way of -compensation. Easily identified by the coat and papers in its pockets, -William was as easily arrested--and as easily sentenced. The trial was a -farce. A lawyer was appointed by the court. This lawyer took his -client's indictment papers, ignored his client, called no witnesses, -heard the sentence, and drew his fee. - -William appealed to the Pardon Board. But at the time of this appeal, -neither George nor the other door-keeper at that dance could be found to -prove an alibi for William. The board asked: "have you ever been in -prison before?" Alas for William! He could not say no; the board would -not listen to his version and investigate the facts. His own -truthfulness condemned him, and he was sent up on a five years' -sentence. - - * * * * * - -The setting of Act III is the penitentiary. Falsely accused, without -opportunity to prove his innocence, neglected by the lawyer paid to -defend him, William, being only a Negro, toiled faithfully in a stone -quarry, accumulating a reputation undesirable in the eyes of the world -and the law. One day his foot was injured by the crusher. Then after -months of stone dust, his lungs became infected. But at last word of his -case reached the Juvenile Protective Association, and presently -successful proof of his innocence of all connection with the attack on -the Chinese was secured, and William was paroled from prison. - -How far he may recover from the injuries received during this -imprisonment remains to be seen. How much of opportunity to work and -support himself and the aged mother society will offer an injured Negro -with two prison records is a grave question. But the matter may be -settled by the quiet falling of the curtain upon the sad little drama of -the life of William.--S. - - - - -EDITORIAL GRIST - - -JOHN PIERPONT MORGAN 1837-1913 - -Mr. Morgan was for seventeen years treasurer of the Charity Organization -Society of the City of New York which founded THE SURVEY and under which -it was published until the fall of 1912. When, in 1907, the parent -society launched Charities Publication Committee in order "to give -national scope and breadth" to the magazine, Mr. Morgan was one of -fifteen guarantors who gave $1,000 each the initial year to promote its -educational work. Last summer he gave $250, the sum asked from him, -toward the clearance of an overhanging deficit, in advance of the -institution of the Survey Associates as an independent and co-operative -under-taking. - -The public's chief concern in Mr. Morgan's great activities has been the -play of his powerful individuality in the rapid reconstruction of the -"mass of wrecked corporations which blocked the path of American -finance" following the panic of 1893, and in "heading the forces of -conservatism in the great business emergency" of 1907; his part as the -"immense constructive genius" throughout the period of expansion in -America's "large creative activities." - -The "economic necessity or value of the enormous industrial -combinations" shaped at his hands will, in the words of the New York -_Evening Post_, "be the crux of later historical controversy over the -great career now ended"; and the same is true of the ultimate effects on -the working life of the people of his instrumentality in extending the -country's railroads, in improving its banking, and in projecting its -facilities for the manufacture of large staples. - -Said Major Henry L. Higginson, New England's foremost philanthropist and -financier, in commenting on Mr. Morgan's death: "To make a great fortune -is little; to be a great citizen is much." THE SURVEY will, in an early -issue, publish an appreciation of other phases of Mr. Morgan's trenchant -personality by an associate in the fields of art and philanthropy. - -Here, one circumstance which concerns this magazine closely may be set -down. The Pittsburgh Survey was made at a period of restlessness and -irritation in many high quarters, following a succession of -investigations and exposures. The period was also one of sensitiveness -among every day people lest the organs of publicity might be controlled -by invisible influences. _Charities and the Commons_ (as THE SURVEY was -then called) bore Mr. Morgan's name as treasurer on its contents page -while its staff was delving into the Pittsburgh district. The Pittsburgh -Survey was conceived not for the purpose of internal counsel and report, -but for the purpose of spreading before the public the facts as to life -and labor in the region, where the two greatest individual fortunes in -history had been made by Mr. Morgan's contemporaries, where he had in -turn become the dominant factor, and where social tendencies observable -everywhere had "actually, because of the high industrial development and -the great industrial activity, had the opportunity to give tangible -proof of their real character and their inevitable goal." - -It must remain for Mr. Morgan's business associates to say how much -affirmative concern he had given or came to give to the working -conditions in those industries in which he controlled vast holdings, or -to such far-reaching reforms as the safety campaign. But the staff of -the Pittsburgh Survey can bear witness that no word of admonition ever -reached them, no trace of pressure to minimize or gloss over or reserve -for private consumption the human outcroppings of a thousand million -dollar corporation. The situation did not change after our first -strictures as to the seven-day week, the twelve-hour day, work accidents -and the like had been spread broadcast. If they reached Mr. Morgan's -ears, he was willing to let this left hand of philanthropic inquiry take -the exact social measure of what had been done or left undone in the -fiscal and industrial enterprises in which he was the master -entrepreneur. - - -MR. WEST'S ARTICLE[4] PROTESTED - -[4] See Civil War in the West Virginia Coal Mines on page 37 of this -issue. - -NIGHT LETTER - - -CHARLESTON, W. VA., -March 30, 1912. - - "Owing to delayed trains, did not reach home nor receive your - telegram of Friday until last night. West manuscript received and - read this morning. Am directed to renew protest against its - publication as contrary to facts in most important particulars and - most unfair in attitude and spirit. An article published in your - journal on a matter so important should be prepared by one of your - own staff from facts gathered by your own investigator. Am - authorized to place in your hands immediately five hundred dollars, - being amount estimated by you as necessary to cover expense of - special examination and article, and urge you in justice and - fairness to accept and use it for the purpose. It is impossible to - prepare an answer to the West article and have it in your hands - tomorrow, nor is one-fifth the space given West article sufficient - for an adequate reply thereto. If you decline to make your own - investigation and report, it is submitted that justice requires - that time be given so that West article and reply may appear in - same issue and space equal to article be given for reply. If you - refuse this I respectfully ask the publication of this protest with - Mr. West's paper." - -[Signed] NEIL ROBINSON. - -[Secretary West Virginia Mining Association.] - - - - - * * * * * - -In line with the general practice of THE SURVEY when an article makes -major charges against an institution or industry--a copy of Mr. West's -manuscript was sent on March 20 to the secretary of the West Virginia -Mining Association, with a request that he indicate any points which -"seem to you in error." - -On March 26 THE SURVEY received a letter from Mr. Robinson, who called -in person the day following to protest against the publication of the -article as unfair, and not of the calibre expected of THE SURVEY by the -public. He also offered us every facility if we would make an -independent staff investigation. We stated that such a staff inquiry in -the West Virginia field was beyond our means, that we had exercised due -care in selecting Mr. West as a non-combatant observer, and that the -manuscript had stood the test of criticism in various quarters. Further, -we stated that if Mr. Robinson could there and then dislodge the major -statements of fact in the article, we would surely not publish it; -otherwise, we would hold two pages of the same issue of THE SURVEY open -until Monday of this week for a statement in rebuttal. - -In the interval a galley proof of the article was sent Mr. Robinson -containing revisions to cover minor points of criticism made by him and -other critics. Later issues of THE SURVEY are open to the West Virginia -operators for a full reply; and the findings of a federal inquiry which -would resourcefully and dispassionately cover the ground would, of -course, be handled at length. - - -Y. M. C. A. GROWTH - -The Young Men's Christian Association began in 1851, sixty-two years -ago. The property value in plant and equipment, increased in the first -ten years of the twentieth century more than in all the previous fifty -years; the membership doubled, a tremendous growth. - - Y. M. C. A. 1900 1910 - - Associations 1,439 2,017 - Buildings 359 700 - Property value $20,000,000 $70,000,000 - Membership 252,000 500,000 - Annual current outlay $2,900,000 $7,163,000 - -Will the next decade show a like growth for organized charity with -proper effort? - - -THE TOWN CONSTABLE - -J. J. KELSO - -The town constable is one of the most important links in the chain of -social service, and yet he is seldom taken into consideration by the -active workers for social betterment. - -A town constable was recently held up to public censure at a church -meeting for failure to wipe out certain well-known evils. When asked -about it the next day his reply was: "The law is being enforced in this -town just as far as the people will stand for." His idea, you see, was -that observance of law was a matter of education, of moral backing, and -without this strong, sustaining support, one man, even with a badge and -a club, could not go beyond a certain point. - -The idea got into another constable's head once that his duty was to -carry out the law, no matter what people thought about it, and to his -great surprise it was not long before his resignation was insisted upon. -He did splendid service and really frightened law-breakers, so much so -that they got busy in bringing about his downfall. Where were the good -people? Entirely missing. Here and there a man under his breath would -give the official a word of faint praise, but in the council church -members allowed themselves to be made the tools for his destruction. -"Well meaning, but lacking in judgment" was the decision; "rash, hasty, -ill-advised," and so he had to go in disgrace, while the law-breakers -smiled quietly and continued on in the old way. Public meetings in that -town still continue to denounce the well-known evils, indifferent to the -fate of the officer who thought he had all the forces of good at his -back. - -Still another constable, whom I know well, told me privately that he -started out in the same way, but got a hint that he could not hold his -situation and, having a young family to support, he concluded it would -be the part of wisdom to let well enough alone, especially as the men -who counselled him were church leaders, who ought to know the sentiment -of the town on moral questions. - -Some towns have a high moral tone largely because of the good influence -of the head of the police department. Others are on a low plane of moral -observance because the constable is indifferent, if not indeed hostile, -to advance measures. Lack of encouragement and appreciation is often the -secret of this indifference. - -Visiting a town on one occasion to take part in a meeting on social -reform, I asked the constable who happened to be at the station if he -knew Rev. S. Thomas Strother. "No." - -"Well, do you know Rev. Milton Smoot?" - -Receiving another negative, I enquired in surprise, "Why surely you are -acquainted with the preachers of your town?" - -"No," he said, in a surly tone, "they have no use for the likes of me." -Here was a man, specially appointed guardian of the town and invested -with the high dignity of safeguarding the lives, morals and property of -the community, whose mental attitude toward the better element was -evidently one of hostility. The explanation given me later was that he -was a recent appointee, only there a month, and there was not sufficient -time to get acquainted. "Well," I replied, "if I had been you people I -would have gotten up a banquet and given him such a welcome as would -hearten him in his great work for years to come." It is all in the way -you look at these things. - -At a large church gathering on social welfare I took occasion to exalt -the office of constable and to praise the man who held that office. He -was at the back of the hall and I could see was greatly surprised at -this recognition. He came to me afterwards and earnestly expressed his -thanks. "No one has given me that much encouragement before," he said, -"and it will help me a great deal, especially as I want the young -fellows of the town to know I am their friend and not their enemy." - -Social and church workers, let the town constable know that he is -appreciated, let him feel that good work is recognized, that if he is -attacked because of fearless discharge of his duty, he will have behind -him an unflinching body of men who will make his trouble theirs and -fight for a righteous cause as well as talk at church meetings. - - -MINIMUM WAGE LEGISLATION - -FLORENCE KELLEY -Secretary National Consumers' League - -Governor West of Oregon has signed a bill creating a Minimum Wage -Commission. Oregon thus follows Massachusetts in this new field of -industrial legislation. Minimum wage bills have been introduced in the -legislatures of California, Kansas, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. -The New York Factory Investigating Commission will doubtless be -continued and empowered to investigate wages. - -The Oregon law and all the pending bills have one characteristic in -common: they are alarmingly undemocratic. They fail to afford to -American employees in underpaid industries those democratic safeguards -which characterize English and Australian legislation. They apply to -women, oblivious of the fact that wives and daughters work because their -man breadwinner does not earn enough to support the family. These laws -and bills ignore the youth and shifting nature of the working force in -the underpaid industries which is so largely made up of young girls. -They need the moral support of their men fellow-workers in negotiating -about wages. - -In America the governor appoints the commission, and the commission -selects the wage board. The board determines the lowest wage and the -women and girls take what they get. The recipients of the wages are not -allowed to elect representatives to the boards. They are, in fact, not -represented at all. The Kansas bill was killed by the legislature. It -substituted "an adjuster" for commission and boards. - -If these other ill-considered bills become laws, it will be the work of -years to remodel them on more democratic lines, and on wise and just -principles in the light of the experience of Australia and England. - - -"THE HAND OF THE POTTER TREMBLES" - -SOLON DE LEON - -To lead poisoning among lead smelters, white lead workers and painters, -we have grown accustomed. Now comes the revelation of wide-spread -plumbism, or "potters' palsy," among workers in the potteries. - -Trenton, New Jersey, the third largest pottery center in the country, -has recently been the scene of a brief study conducted by the American -Association for Labor Legislation. Brief as was the study it revealed -many cases of this disease. - -One case was that of a fifteen-year-old orphan, as dipper's helper in a -pottery. He handles cups and saucers after they have received their coat -of glaze and before they are taken to the kiln. He gets his hands -covered with glaze. There are no washing facilities at the plant where -he works. When visited at home he had spots of white lead over the front -of his shirt. After nine months as dipper's helper he began to complain -of general ill health, with pains in the stomach. He worked -interruptedly for another month, and finally came down with an attack of -acute and excruciatingly painful poisoning which required a week's -hospital treatment. - -A young girl, now married and a mother, worked in a tile plant for six -years, the last three of which she was a dipper. Within three months -after starting the latter work she suffered a typical violent lead colic -attack, accompanied by nausea and digestive derangements. The attack -lasted a week, and was followed by three more at intervals of several -months. - -A former glost kiln-man of forty-five had worked in the Trenton -potteries continuously for upwards of twenty years. Five years ago he -was stricken with complete double wrist-drop and for two years was -totally incapacitated. - -Another practically useless pair of hands belongs to a workman -forty-nine years old. Lead poisoning crippled him and deprived him of -his trade at the age of thirty-three. He used to be a "ground layer." -That is, he rubbed lead colors with a short brush into the surfaces to -be decorated. In the course of fifteen years he had eight or ten severe -attacks. In the last one, sixteen years ago, both arms were paralyzed. -For two years he had to be clothed and fed. Now his arms have recovered -their flexibility, but his hands still hang shrivelled and powerless to -open or straighten themselves. For a livelihood he has been forced to -take up an unskilled job requiring no manual work, but seven days' labor -a week. - -A color mixer in a tile works began after ten years to suffer from -cramps in the stomach, nausea and biliousness. A number of physicians -told him it was lead colic. He grew steadily worse, and four years later -he died. The death certificate gives pulmonary tuberculosis as the -cause, but the physicians on the case agreed in stating that lead formed -at least a considerable complication. - -So run the records of a few of the cases. - -There are about 21,000 potters, the makers and enamelers of iron -sanitary ware in the United States. Of these, 2,500 or over 10 per cent -are declared by Dr. Alice Hamilton in her report to the United States -government to be exposed in the regular course of their work to the risk -of lead poisoning. Within two years 510 cases of poisoning were found. - -It is now generally accepted that the one word "cleanliness" sums up the -requirements for the abolition of such occurrences. Yet the workshops in -the pottery and allied industries are at present almost without -exception run with utter disregard of this fundamental consideration. -They are as a rule dusty, ill-ventilated and poorly lighted. Washing -facilities are almost unknown. - -In New Jersey and in seven other states the legislatures have now -pending before them the aptly christened "cleanliness bill," drafted by -the Association for Labor Legislation after careful study to counteract -just these conditions. The proposed measure establishes strict sanitary -provisions in potteries and all works making or handling lead salts. It -takes a leaf from successful English and German legislation by -establishing "duties of employees" as well as "duties of employers," and -by fixing a fine for failure to comply. The bill has passed the lower -house in Missouri, and has been reported favorably by the lower house -committee to which it was referred in Ohio and in New Jersey. A similar -law has been in force in Illinois for two years with excellent results. -Many progressive manufacturers admit the wisdom of these regulations and -will not oppose them. Others are actively in favor. - - - - -[Illustration: WHY IS THE PAUPER] - -SUGGESTIVE FACTS AS TO CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF DESTITUTION REVEALED BY -A STUDY OF A MID-WESTERN ALMSHOUSE[5] - -[5] In taking the rather exhaustive social histories of the 200 inmates -of the Sangamon County Poor Farm, I was assisted by Mary Humphrey and -Mary Johnson, without whose intelligent and enthusiastic co-operation -this preliminary study could not have been made. - -GEORGE THOMAS PALMER, M. D. - -SUPERINTENDENT HEALTH DEPARTMENT, SPRINGFIELD, ILL. - -Drawings by Alfred S. Harkness - - -Poorhouse it was, this mid-western abode of unfortunates, regardless of -the resolution of the Conference of Charities and Correction -recommending that it and its host of fellows be known as "county homes." - -[Illustration] - -This particular poorhouse was comfortably perched upon a hill, -surrounded by elms and oaks and walnuts, overlooking a land of plenty--a -"prosperous-looking" poorhouse it was with well-bred Holstein cows -wading knee-deep in clover on land worth $250 an acre. The verdant -pastures, the fields of grain, the white fences, the silo and the barns, -the splendid old brick house, might have belonged to a delightful -country estate so apparently did they bespeak good farm management. Good -order and spick-and-spanness also characterized broad veranda and hall, -the living rooms of the superintendent, and almost might the same terms -have been applied to the dwelling place of the inmates. - -This, seemingly, was no place to come for the ugly story of -destitution--for the revolting facts which force us, almost against our -wills, to paint our picture in glaring yellow. But the destitution was -there. You could see it in the expression, the gait and the posture of -the inmates; you could smell it in the unmistakable smell of poverty and -you could feel it in the indefinable something which grips you and -oppresses you in an institution of this kind. - -It was a poorhouse and nothing but a poorhouse--a good poorhouse, if -there is such a thing, but a poorhouse none the less. Like thousands of -similar institutions, it stood ready to receive the individual when he -strikes the very bottom of the toboggan slide of life, to house him and -to feed him humanely enough, but with the saving of dimes and nickels -regarded as the cardinal virtue of efficient management. It was an -"asylum of poverty"--no more what such an institution might be than the -lunatic asylum of twenty years ago is like the hospital for the insane -of the present day. Like thousands of others, it was one of those places -where we receive the unfortunate; where we label him a pauper; where we -tolerate his presence until death reduces the county expense or until he -goes out into the world again not a whit better off, physically, -mentally or morally, on account of his association with us. - -We had come to the place for the purpose of ascertaining to what extent -tuberculosis prevailed among the two hundred inmates and to ascertain -the degree of protection afforded these unfortunates against infection -from the disease. As our work progressed this question came to me more -and more insistently: "Why are these men and women dependents? What, if -anything, could be learned if they were permitted to tell their own -stories of misfortune?" - -[Illustration] - -Social history blanks were prepared, and two intelligent young women -were set at the task of supplementing physical examinations with a -series of questions relative to the past lives of the inmates. Due -allowance was made for natural exaggeration when a person told of the -glories of his past, and like allowance was made for the faulty memory -which had lost its record of personal faults, vices and dissipations. As -far as possible the reliability of the story was determined by checking -up with certain definite and obtainable facts. - -At the outset of the work, a wave of fear spread over the place born of -the belief that we were cataloging the inmates to send them to an -"asylum"; but when this was quieted, the history taking was uneventful. - -Eliminating those who were mentally incapable of being interviewed, we -were able to prepare 137 quite complete records. Of those interviewed, -32 were women and 105 men. Practically all the women, incidentally, were -there on account of insanity, drug addiction or actual illness. There -were 131 white inmates, 5 Negroes and one who claimed to be an Indian. -Sixty-nine were single, that is 60 per cent of the males and but 27 per -cent of the females. Nineteen had living husbands or wives and 47 were -widowed. Of those who had married, 42 had married once only; 13 stated -that they had married twice and 4 that they had married three times or -more. - -[Illustration] - -To the penny-wise county official it is of practical interest to note -that 34 of the inmates, or about 25 per cent, had living children and -that even casual inquiry showed many instances in which the children -were financially able to take care of these unfortunates, as the laws of -Illinois provide that they shall do. - -Thirty of the inmates were born in Illinois; 36 in the United States -outside of Illinois; while Ireland and Germany came next with 21 -representatives each. There was no Jew in the almshouse. - -Three of the inmates admitted that their parents had been dependent upon -public charity; 24 admitted alcoholism or drug addiction on the part of -their parents; 4 were the children of the insane and one was the -daughter of a criminal. The fathers of 106 came from laboring and -agricultural classes, while the fathers of 6 were professional men. - -[Illustration] - -Nineteen of the inmates had had no education whatever; 12 claimed to be -able to read and write but had never gone to school; 4 had attended -school less than one year; 15 had attended less than five years; 71 -claimed a complete "common school" education and 7 had gone to high -school or college. Four had been compelled to earn a living under ten -years of age; 12 from ten to twelve years; 41 from twelve to fifteen -years and 31 had begun work between the ages of fifteen and twenty-one -years. - -With this showing, the question naturally arises: Is there any -connection between lack of education, child labor and the poorhouse? - -One of the male inmates had been a pharmacist, one a civil engineer; 28 -had learned trades and 53 were laborers. Of the females, 17 were house -servants and one a teacher. - -To ascertain something of the past financial condition, we inquired as -to the highest wage each had made, the amount he had inherited and the -greatest amount he had ever accumulated. Six had never made more than -$10 to $20 per month; 21 had made from $20 to $50 per month and 28 -claimed to have made over $100 per month. Fourteen had inherited -property worth less than $500; 11 had inherited from $500 to $1,000; 5 -from $1,000 to $5,000, and one had inherited from $5,000 to $10,000. -Thirty-five of the inmates had never accumulated as much as $500 at any -one time; 22 had possessed from $500 to $1,000; 20 had owned from $1,000 -to $5,000; 7 from $5,000 to $10,000, and four had had over $10,000. - -[Illustration] - -As to their habits, vices and dependence, 88 were users of alcohol and -35 of these had been heavy drinkers. Four females and one male were -addicted to drugs. Thirty-nine had been arrested once, and four more -than once. The causes of arrest were drunkenness and disorderly conduct -22; vagrancy 10; theft 1; assault 4 and participation in a strike 1. Two -of the inmates had been in other almshouses; 7 had occupied beds in -charity hospitals; 2 had grown up from orphan asylums and 4 had been -helped by lodges and unions. Many had received county orders before -coming to the almshouse. - -What light such data as the foregoing, if collected in large numbers of -similar institutions, would throw upon the underlying causes of -destitution, is, of course, speculative. It seems to me, however, that -they might give us a more intelligent idea of the connection between -pauperism and the marriage of the unfit; lack of education; child labor; -lack of trade or definite vocation; poor mentality; lack of religious -influence; divorce or failure to marry; alcohol and drugs; vice and -preventable disease. - -If these remote influences lie beyond the imaginative possibilities of -the average almshouse superintendent and county official, there were -certain other facts brought out in this study which should appeal to the -most practical and hard-headed. These facts seem to point the way to the -rehabilitation of the unfortunate; the way of placing him on his feet -again. They also point directly to the reduction in the almshouse -population and the consequent decrease in public expense. - -Getting at the direct causes of dependence, it was found that old age -was the chief factor, 47 of the inmates being over 70 years of age. This -number of dependents, incidentally, could be materially reduced by -tracing out near relatives legally responsible for their care. - -[Illustration] - -Drugs and alcohol were responsible for 25 dependencies--a less -encouraging group until we have intelligent public treatment for these -cases. Twenty-five of the inmates were crippled while 18 were there on -account of general illness. Doubtless many of these cases would be -amenable to treatment if properly studied and diagnosed. - -Six were victims of advanced tuberculosis, and it may be assumed that -the nature of the illness was unrecognized as the patients were housed -in dormitories with the uninfected. There were unquestionably other -tuberculosis cases undiagnosed who were not only losing their chance of -cure; but were exposing and infecting others. I am impressed, -incidentally, that almshouses, with their armies of transients going to -the crowded, unventilated quarters of the poor, are very considerable -spreaders of tuberculosis. - -The insane, feeble-minded and epileptic aggregated perhaps 50--an -almshouse population which should be and must be decreased by more -adequate state provision for these afflicted. - -Syphilis was responsible for 3 dependencies, and probably many more -would respond to the Wassermann test and could be restored to health by -specific treatment. - -The 4 blind and aged inmates might be made to see by simple cataract -operations. - -Many of the inmates expressed the wish that they might be restored to -health that they could go out into the world again upon their own -resources. But 58 replied, when asked what they wanted to do in the -future, that they wanted to stay where they were, under the friendly -roof of the poorhouse. - -This does not imply hopeless pauperism, however. Sick, neglected, weak -and despondent--of course, they want to stay in some place, even in the -poorhouse, where they are not eternally ordered to move on by the -police; viewed with suspicion or fear by self-respecting citizens or in -constant danger of arrest for vagrancy. Such forlorn men not -infrequently commit petty crimes to guarantee their being housed in jail -during a cold winter. - -I am optimistic enough to believe that if the physical conditions of -each inmate were studied; if his ills were cured and he was made -stronger in body, he would be given courage, more ambition and more -purpose in life. To this extent pauperism is directly curable. - -True, there are among the destitute those who are hopelessly -marked--branded by heredity; cursed by environment; wrecked by disease; -deficient in body and in mind, with little or nothing to work upon. By -the same token there are those in other branches of medicine who are -hopelessly sick--those who are beyond the reach of the surgeon's knife -or the physician's prescription. There are those among the insane who -give no ray of hope to the most enthusiastic alienist. - -But when we progress to the point of classifying our paupers; of -studying intelligently the various causes of destitution; of endeavoring -to make our almshouses places of cure rather than mere asylums for the -victims of poverty, our percentage of "recoveries" will be surprisingly -high. - -[Illustration] - -The difference in methods between the modern insane hospital and the -almshouse is striking. A man is admitted to an institution for the -insane in a thoroughly irrational and excitable condition. His case is -studied and it is found that he has cerebral syphilis. Proper treatment -is instituted and, in all probability, the patient is returned to his -family cured and a useful member of society. - -In another case, syphilis has rendered a man physically inefficient, -dissipated and despondent. He drifts to the poorhouse where he is -catalogued simply as a "pauper." The chances are that the cause of his -pauperism is not detected. If he announces it himself, he may receive -the hurried, occasional visit of a contract doctor. Even the drugs that -are given him may be crude and impure, bought by contract from the -lowest bidder. Little or no provision is made for his intelligent and -systematic treatment. He may be drugged with mercury until he is -salivated; he may be neglected until his open sores cause him to be -housed in the basement away from the other inmates. He is merely a -syphilitic pauper and the rough fare of the poorhouse is looked upon as -better than he deserves. - -As a matter of fact, he is a sick man; sick of a curable disease and his -cure may restore him to useful citizenship and remove him from the -county expense. - -Or again, there comes to the almshouse a man who is tired--a man who -will not work. Perhaps he is losing a little weight and he is known to -have been drinking more whiskey than he did when he worked harder. You -are tempted to compel him to work; to drive him to earn his meager board -and bed. The superintendent has no time to note that he has a little -fever at night or to see that he clears his throat from time to time. -Without physical examination, we have no way of knowing that we are -dealing with an incipient consumptive. The average superintendent knows -nothing of the deadly weariness of this disease; the weariness that -invades every muscle of the body; which makes work impossible; which -prompts men of higher moral fiber to drink whiskey or seek other -stimulation. - -This "lazy devil" is begrudged our poorhouse food, when, as a matter of -fact, he ought to have, and at public expense, better food than we have -ever thought of giving him. With fresh air, milk, eggs, nourishing food, -intelligent treatment and perfect rest, this man can get well and resume -a place in the world. With ordinary almshouse care and almshouse fare, -we are signing his death warrant while we are guaranteeing his prolonged -dependence upon public charity. - -We receive old men who have worked hard and who have made an honest -living before their eyesight failed and they became almost blind. We -label these men as paupers and do not stop to question if a simple -operation for cataract would not restore them to useful occupation. - -The spirit of the average almshouse is illustrated in this--one Illinois -county has a contract with a dentist to pull the teeth of poor farm -inmates. There is no provision for saving teeth. If the inmate is -writhing with toothache, he must take his choice; lose a good tooth on -contract, or grin and bear the pain. The supervisors can see no reason -why a pauper should want to save his teeth or why he should be permitted -to do so. And yet a cheap filling would cost little more than the -primitive and mutilating operation of extraction. - -These are mere instances of the obvious curative possibilities in the -almshouse--instances where the county's duties are so apparent, in which -the right and humane way is so clearly the cheap and economical way that -the matter should require no discussion. It is the line of direct cure -which the county, as a matter of sound administration, should make it -possible to carry out. It means first the careful physical examination -of every inmate of every almshouse, not by the medical man who bids -lowest to get the contract, but by the most capable diagnostician -available. - -[Illustration] - -But this is only the beginning. The big possibility is what the -almshouses of the nation can do to ascertain the more remote causes of -poverty and destitution, for, as in the case of the insane, when we know -the causes of destitution, we can carry out our most effective work -before the pauper becomes a pauper--before he comes slinking, wretched -and despondent, to the door of the county farm. - -Tuberculosis will never be eradicated by merely treating the sick; -yellow fever could not have been stamped out by simply caring for the -afflicted; pauperism will never be materially affected by what we do -when the pauper has reached his last ditch. We must fight tuberculosis -by striking at its causes; we have already eliminated yellow fever by -the same sane process. We would have gone further in our battle against -pauperism, perhaps, were it not that pauperism is the only disease that -has never invaded the home of the rich. No multi-millionaire has ever -endowed a research laboratory for the study of destitution in memory of -a petted child struck dead by its poisonous fangs. - -But every almshouse has its clinic in poverty and I am convinced that if -every inmate in every poorhouse throughout the nation could be made to -tell the story of how he came to be there; if every one could be -examined for physical and mental causes, and if all these data could be -gathered together in systematic form, a great stride would have been -made in formulating an intelligent campaign against dependence. - - - - -COMPENSATION FOR OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES - -JOHN B. ANDREWS - -SECRETARY AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABOR LEGISLATION - - -The introduction in Congress of a bill which extends the workmen's -compensation principle to embrace occupational diseases places before -the American people an entirely new range of problems in the field of -social insurance. - -The federal government since 1908, and fifteen states during the past -two years, have recognized the wisdom and justice of the compensation -principle in dealing with the victims of industrial accidents. Now comes -the demand that the American people, through Congress, adopt exactly the -same principle in dealing with federal employees who are incapacitated -for work by occupational diseases. - -What is the present situation? - - "The government gives no compensation for lead poisoning because, - technically, it is not an accident, which is true, for under the - circumstances it is a dead certainty." - ---This quotation from the report of an investigator for the New York -State Factory Investigating Commission is neither a playful nor an -exaggerated statement. On the contrary, we now have complete -confirmation of its truth in the official report and in the sober legal -phrase of the solicitor for the Department of Commerce and Labor.[6] - -[6] Opinions of the Solicitor for the Department of Commerce and Labor -dealing with Workmen's Compensation. 1912. - -It all came about in this way. A man named Schroeder went to work in the -federal navy yard at Brooklyn. One of our big war ships, the Ohio, came -to the dock and Schroeder was sent down into the water-tight -compartments called "coffer-dams" to burn off the old coat of paint in -preparation for a new. As a result of breathing the fumes of the lead -paint, Schroeder was incapacitated for work by acute lead poisoning. He -lost thirty-seven days on this account, and he applied to the government -for the payment of compensation equal to the wages he had lost. - -This statement was made by the attorney for the United States -government: - - "The question in this case is whether acute lead poisoning - contracted in the course of employment is an injury within the - meaning of the compensation act. If the inhalation of noxious gases - is a necessary incident to the workman's employment, there can be - nothing accidental in the injury resulting therefrom. This latter - consideration disposes of the present case.... - - "It cannot be said that these fumes were inhaled by accident. The - fumes were necessarily produced by the work he was engaged upon. - The inhalation of such fumes was to have been expected and probably - could not have been avoided. Lead poisoning, under the - circumstances, was the natural, if not the inevitable, result." - -Schroeder got not one penny. - -Aside from the fact that lead poisoning in this case was really -preventable; aside from the fact that several enlightened nations have -absolutely prohibited the use of poisonous lead paints for the interior -of their war ships, and aside from the fact that there was no one to -warn Schroeder of the dangerous nature of his occupation, there is one -big final reason why this decision of Uncle Sam's Attorney was even more -unfortunate than it was necessary. The financial cost of this -unnecessary case of acute lead poisoning, in addition to the personal -suffering, fell upon poor Schroeder. Most men will agree that such -financial losses should fall upon the employer. In this case the -employer was the nation, which means all of us, you and me. - -We owe Schroeder something more than an apology. While the federal -government is publishing excellent reports on lead poisoning in the -factories of private employers and is translating and distributing in -fat volumes the workmen's compensation laws of European countries, can -the United States afford to do less than make provision for reasonably -safe work places in the government service? And can this country afford -to ignore the good example of these European laws which provide -compensation for such victims of occupational diseases? - -A few months after the unfortunate Schroeder case a man named Hill was -employed at placing floor plates in the engine room of the war ship St. -Louis in the Puget Sound Navy Yard. Meantime, red and white lead paint -was being applied in the bilges of the vessel. - - "As a result of this exposure to lead fumes, a sufficient amount of - lead was taken into claimant's system to produce 'toxic amblyopia, - both eyes,'" - -which means - - "disease of vision from imperfect sensation of the retina, without - organic lesion of the eye." - -This disease incapacitated Hill on the thirteenth day after his first -exposure to the poison. The exposure lasted only seven days. Said the -solicitor: - - "It is accordingly possible to refer the claimant's injury to an - event capable of being fixed in point of time. In the second place, - the injury to the claimant's eyes was neither reasonably to be - expected, nor the natural or inevitable consequence of the work he - personally was engaged upon. The injury must therefore be ascribed - to accident. The claimant's particular work had nothing to do with - the painting operations going on about him. His work as a ship - fitter related to the laying of places in the boiler room; the - painting was being done by others." - -And this claim was approved. - -But if, instead of Hill, one of the painters had been poisoned and -incapacitated by the fumes of lead paint, a similar claim would not have -been allowed by the solicitor. This is made perfectly clear by his -decision in the John Freiman case. - -John was a laborer in the Boston Navy Yard, and it was his duty to scale -off lead-painted compartments on ships. He became incapacitated by "lead -poisoning contracted in the course of his employment," and his superior -officer certified that the injury was not due to negligence or -misconduct. After John had suffered several weeks as a result of -"painter's colic" and chronic lead poisoning, his claim was submitted. -It was necessary to decide whether the law applies to disease due to the -occupation. The solicitor declared: - - "There is no such special provision made, and I can find nothing - which would, in my judgment, justify its application to a case of - lead poisoning or 'painter's colic.'" - -The difficulties involved in legal technicalities become apparent. The -following story, verbatim from the government report (page 201), about -William Murray, who suffered with compressed air illness, strikingly -illustrates the point: - - "The claimant in this case is a laborer employed by the Reclamation - Service, at Arizona shaft, Colorado River siphon. The claimant's - duties required him to work in compressed air. In consequence, he - was attacked with 'a severe case of bends,' which 'settled in - nearly all parts of the body.' When originally presented the claim - was disallowed on the ground that the bends is a disease, and - diseases contracted in the course of employment as distinguished - from injuries of an accidental nature are not within the operation - of the compensation act. A reconsideration of this action 'with a - view to the allowance of the claim, if the same is deemed to come - within the letter of the statute as it seems to come within its - spirit,' is now requested by the secretary of the interior, who - writes that a refusal to approve this claim may cause a number of - men to leave the work, as, on account of the bends, it is generally - regarded as very hazardous." - -And the former decision was reversed! - -The solicitor has passed upon other cases of occupational disease, with -some decidedly interesting results. - -Mary A. Crellin was a folder of heavy paper at the Government Printing -Office. Continuous strain upon her fingers and wrist caused a -degeneration of the tendon sheath. A tumor or cystic growth developed. -Mary was obliged to have it surgically removed. Then she thought the -government, and not she, ought to stand the loss of wages due to her -incapacity. This attracted attention. Said the medical officer of the -Government Printing Office: - - "This is the first case that I ever observed or noticed among - folders, until I examined a number of skilled female laborers - employed in this office upon the same vocation--that of folding - sheets of paper--of which five presented a similar condition, but - of such size as not to interfere with the manipulation of the - hand." - -The solicitor decided that in this tendon degeneration there was "no -accidental element." It was "not due to injury." It was "due to -excessive use" in the service of Uncle Sam. Mary's claim was denied. - -Another case--a plate printer, J. B. Irving, who was on the night force -in the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. In the course of a night he -printed 900 sheets, and as he handled each sheet he looked for a few -seconds at a bright engraved plate which reflected into his eyes. One -night last March the bureau tried out some new electric lights, and -their use was continued three successive nights. Irving thereupon -stopped work, and the doctor diagnosed his case as "Retinitis -conjunctivitis, both eyes." He was unable to keep his eyes open in a -bright light. After investigation, the solicitor decided that in this -case compensation should be granted on the ground that the injury was -not anticipated, nor was it the result of any slow accumulation of -trifling injuries. - -Sunstroke, which is known as a disease, is compensated under the act. -The straining of the ligaments about the wrist, known as "synovitis of -the wrist" and scheduled as a disease under the British act, has been -compensated. "Vaccinia" from vaccination is compensated. A long-standing -case of flat-foot was compensated, even though the use of a simple wedge -made the injured one better than before. - -John Sheeran, who contracted pneumonia due to exposure at the Soo Canal, -was denied compensation. But J. B. Atkinson, who fell from a ladder and -continued to work 181 days thereafter, until typhoid fever took him off -within a week, "died by reason of his injury," because the fall "lowered -his vitality, ... which rendered him peculiarly susceptible to typhoid -infection, ... which resulted in his death." - -The question may fairly be raised as to whether it is not a bit unfair -to an administrative official to place him under the embarrassment of -interpreting a statute so as to cover, for example, some but not all -cases of industrial lead poisoning. Would it not be much better plainly -to include occupational diseases in the law? - -After more than four years of experience under the present law the -government recently published the first official report upon its -operation. Sixty-six closely printed pages of this report are devoted to -embarrassing questions which have arisen because of claims arising out -of occupational diseases. The administration in its awards has been as -liberal as could be expected under the unfortunate legislative -restrictions. The solicitor for the department has taken a keen interest -in its operation. He has been faithful and alert. One of his most urgent -recommendations for a change in the law is that it be extended to -embrace occupational diseases. - -The present federal law is known as the Workmen's Compensation Act of -May 30, 1908, and is America's pioneer compensation law. It was a step -forward, but only a step. Fortunately, state legislatures have not -copied its main provisions, for they are totally inadequate. This -federal law applies to only about one-third of our 350,000 civilian -employees. It grants no relief for incapacity lasting less than fifteen -days, it makes no provision for medical treatment, and one year's wages -is the maximum benefit even for total blindness or death. In fact, the -present law is so deficient that its original sponsors now waste no -words in its defense, but frankly apologize for its shortcomings. "Not a -revision," says one in a position to know, "but a new law is needed." - -The draft of a new law, prepared after months of careful investigation -of experience of this and all other compensation acts, and drafted with -infinite care at the instigation of the Association for Labor -Legislation, has been introduced in Congress by Senator Kern. Surely the -United States should now provide for its own government employees -incapacitated by industrial accidents and occupational diseases a system -of safety and sanitation coupled with compensation at least equivalent -to that furnished by the most progressive nations of the world. The bill -now before Congress offers this immediate opportunity. - -Nor can the state legislatures longer ignore the injustice of this -arbitrary distinction between accidents and diseases due to the peculiar -conditions of employment. - -In a pamphlet on Industrial Diseases and Occupational Standards, -published in May, 1910, the writer urged immediate consideration of this -problem, and said: - - "No intelligent person can go far in the study of compensation for - industrial accidents without realizing that a logical consideration - of the facts must lead likewise to compensation for industrial - diseases." - -Since then three momentous years have passed. One state after another is -preparing to meet this problem, which becomes steadily more pressing. -One of the three great national political parties now pledges itself to -work unceasingly in state and nation for trade disease compensation. -Wisconsin has the promise of relief in the political platform of the -present administration; Ohio, by recent constitutional amendment, is -prepared for action; Pennsylvania is following this example; several -states, including Massachusetts and Michigan, by a liberal -interpretation of present laws, are coquetting with the issue; New -Hampshire has boldly introduced specific legislation on the subject.[7] - -[7] In 1912 the Association for Labor Legislation prepared, in -co-operation with the United States Bureau of Labor and the Library of -Congress, a critical bibliography on industrial diseases. Fifty printed -pages of titles were thus made available on this important subject. -European countries have published volumes on compensation for industrial -diseases, but, as far as can be learned, this is the first American -article under this title. - -Leading countries of Europe have already taken this step. Great Britain -in her Workmen's Compensation Act of 1906, in addition to accidents, -included in the first schedule six diseases of occupation. That schedule -has been extended until it now includes no less than twenty-four -distinct maladies due to peculiar conditions of employment. Germany, as -a result of the experience of a quarter of a century, in her new -imperial code expressly has declared for similar action. Switzerland, in -her system accepted by referendum vote in February, 1912, makes like -provision for insurance against occupational diseases. The government of -Holland, in November, 1912, laid before Parliament a bill to regulate -the insurance of workmen against industrial diseases in connection with -the proposed sickness insurance. - -[Illustration: DOUBLE WRIST-DROP - -Hands of workman paralyzed for sixteen years as result of lead -poisoning. Five of his fellow workmen were killed by lead poisoning -before they were forty. Victims of lead poisoning are not compensated -under American laws because technically an occupational disease is "not -an injury."] - -The arguments used so effectively by advocates of compensation for -accidents, and now so generally accepted by all men, apply with even -greater force in the consideration of relief for the victims of -occupational diseases. No one will doubt, for example, that placing the -financial cost of lead poisoning upon the lead industry will promote -greater cleanliness in the lead trades. It will pay to clean up. A -considerable part of the money now paid to employers' liability -companies and to ambulance chasers could, under a just system of -compensation, go where it belongs--to the injured workman or his family. -Expensive, annoying, and unsatisfactory litigation could be reduced to a -minimum. Information concerning special danger points in industry would -be automatically pointed out to the factory inspectors in a manner both -prompt and sure. Unnecessary occupational diseases would then be -prevented, and that is the real problem. - -The principle is admitted that workmen should be compensated for -injuries by accident arising out of their employment. It is only -consistent that incapacity caused by diseases due to the employment -should also be included. Some diseases are, in the ordinary use of the -term, accidental. But many people work where trade diseases of an -insidious nature are contracted and where there is constant risk of -illness on that account. These diseases are as serious as accidents. -There is no social justification for drawing an arbitrary line of -distinction--the principle of compensation is no longer in an -experimental stage. A compensation law should include, says Sir Thomas -Oliver, the leading English authority on the subject, "industrial -diseases, the consequences of which may be immediate or remote, and -which are often more severe than accidents." - -It must be admitted that even our discredited system of employers' -liability has afforded occasional relief to the victims of accidents. -But even this uncertain and irregular protection, poor as it is, has in -most instances been denied to workers exposed to the creeping horror of -industrial disease. The exact occupational cause of the affliction is, -of course, more difficult to prove. The employee is thus placed at still -greater disadvantage in dealing with his employer. American judges, -basing their opinions on outgrown decisions of the British House of -Lords, have declared that "industrial injuries" include only those -afflictions of an accidental nature whose cause can be ascribed to a -definite point of time, and have thus almost universally barred even -from the occasional and expensive relief of employers' liability the -victims of such typical maladies as the match maker's "phossy jaw," the -lead worker's "wrist-drop" and painter's colic, the boiler maker's -deafness, the glass worker's cataract, the potter's palsy, the hatter's -shakes, and the compressed air worker's bends. - -The public has not yet forgotten pitiful cases where match -manufacturers, through the work of their attorneys, were able to deny -all financial relief to their victims of "phossy jaw." And there are -cases now pending in the courts where men totally blinded by the fumes -of wood alcohol have year after year sued in vain for some financial -relief from brewery companies which employed them to varnish the inside -of beer vats. - -Occasionally, however, large awards have been made. But they, as in the -case of damage suits arising out of accidents, encourage further -expensive litigation. One case of wood alcohol poisoning in Ohio (Joseph -Frank _vs._ The Herancourt Brewing Co., 82 O. S., 424) is now a matter -of record. The Supreme Court compelled the employer to pay $12,500, with -interest and costs, aggregating over $15,000. - - "After five years of litigation, six hearings in three different - courts, including two trips to the Supreme Court, printing of - several thousand pages of record testimony and briefs, taking - voluminous depositions in different parts of the country involving - great expense, during which the injured workman--in this instance - rendered blind--was totally unable to support his wife and family, - the wife being obliged to work at nights in downtown cafes, - scrubbing floors after midnight, in order to provide scant food for - herself and babies while the latter slept." - -This verdict is of peculiar interest, according to the well-known -Cincinnati law firm which prosecuted the case, because it is the first -instance so far as they have been able to ascertain in which there has -been a recovery from injuries resulting from the poisonous influence of -wood alcohol. - -But do not be misled by this rare case. And do not hastily conclude that -the new state insurance law in Ohio has rendered justice in such cases -more certain, for the contrary is true. A victim of industrial lead -poisoning appealed to the state board under that law, and the attorney -general, on October 26, 1912, ruled that disability due to lead -poisoning was an occupational disease and "not an injury" under the act. -Similar decisions have been made by the Washington State Insurance -Department. - -In fact, with the exception of occasional instances in two or three -states, where claims have been paid by employers without protest, the -victims of occupational diseases in America are still practically -without relief. - - - - -THE SOCIAL AIM IN GOVERNMENT - -SAMUEL McCUNE LINDSAY - -PROFESSOR OF SOCIAL LEGISLATION, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - - - "This not a day of triumph; it is a day of dedication. Here muster, - not the forces of party, but the forces of humanity. Men's hearts - wait upon us; men's lives hang in the balance; men's hopes call - upon us to say what we will do. Who shall live up to the great - trust? Who dares fail to try? I summon all honest men, all - patriotic, all forward-looking men to my side. God helping me, I - will not fail them, if they will but counsel and sustain me!" - ---Thus spoke the President of the United States in his inaugural -address. Legislation in nation and state, giving expression to the will -of the people and often to their aspirations, is supposed, in theory at -least, to emanate from the representatives of the people. In European -governments there is usually a privileged initiative on the part of the -executive branch of the government or the administrative officers who -represent the electoral majority, that is, "the government of the day." -Thus the government bills in the British Parliament are the only ones -sure of full consideration. In American legislatures a somewhat similar -role is played by the President and the governors of the states in their -legislative programs as outlined in the messages they send in accordance -with constitutional prerogative or command. As party leaders they voice -the dominant wishes of the voters and interpret public opinion; as chief -executives they exercise great power over the legislatures in compelling -compliance with the people's mandates. - -A comparison and study of the subject-matter of President Wilson's -inaugural and the inaugurals or messages of thirty-five governors -opening legislative sessions since January 1 of this year, shows the -great influence of the progressive forces of the nation which were -victorious in all parties and in all of the states at the polls in -November. A more confident note, new in most cases, is struck in all -these pronouncements. It is the social spirit and the social conscience -in every community that seeks and demands a new adjustment of law and -government to human needs, and for the people, a new freedom. - -President Wilson voices this new feeling best. - - "Nor have we studied and perfected the means by which government - may be put at the service of humanity, in safeguarding the health - of the nation, the health of its men and its women and its - children, as well as their rights in the struggle for existence. - This no sentimental duty. The firm basis of government is justice, - not pity. These are matters of justice. There can be no equality of - opportunity, the first essential of justice in the body politic, if - men and women and children be not shielded in their lives, their - very vitality, from the consequences of great industrial and social - processes which they cannot alter, control, or singly cope with. - Society must see to it that it does not itself crush or weaken or - damage its own constituent parts. The first duty of law is to keep - sound the society it serves. Sanitary laws, pure food laws, and - laws determining conditions of labor which individuals are - powerless to determine for themselves are intimate parts of the - very business of justice and legal efficiency. - - "These are some of the things we ought to do, and not leave the - others undone, the old-fashioned, never-to-be-neglected, - fundamental safeguarding of property and of individual right. This - is the high enterprise of the new day; to lift everything that - concerns our life as a nation to the light that shines from the - hearth-fire of every man's conscience and vision of the right. It - is inconceivable that we should do this as partisans; it is - inconceivable that we should do it in ignorance of the facts as - they are or in blind haste. We shall restore, not destroy. We shall - deal with our economic system as it is and as it may be modified, - not as it might be if we had a clean sheet of paper to write upon; - and step by step we shall make it what it should be, in the spirit - of those who question their own wisdom and seek counsel and - knowledge, not shallow self-satisfaction or the excitement of - excursions whither they cannot tell. Justice, and only justice, - shall always be our motto. - - "And yet it will be no cool process of mere science. The nation has - been deeply stirred, stirred by a solemn passion, stirred by the - knowledge of wrong, of ideals lost, of government too often - debauched and made an instrument of evil. The feelings with which - we face this new age of right and opportunity sweep across our - heartstrings like some air out of God's own presence, where justice - and mercy are reconciled and the judge and the brother are one. We - know our task to be no mere task of politics, but a task which - shall search us through and through, whether we be able to - understand our time and the need of our people, whether we be - indeed their spokesmen and interpreters, whether we have the pure - heart to comprehend and the rectified will to choose our high - course of action." - -Governor Cox of Ohio, speaking for a state that had just made many -fundamental changes in its organic law by adopting the recommendations, -almost in their entirety, of a constitutional convention, says: - - "Progressive government, so called, which means in its correct - understanding, constructive work, along the lines pointed out by - the lamps of experience and the higher moral vision of advanced - civilization, is now on trial in our state. Every constitutional - facility has been provided for an upward step and Ohio, because of - the useful part it has played in the affairs of the country, is at - this hour in the eye of the nation. - - "The state has the resources, human and material, to make a - thorough test of the principle of an enlarged social justice, - through government, and the results of our labors will extend - beyond state borders. A thorough appreciation, therefore, of the - stupendous responsibility before you, and full recognition of the - probable insidious resistance to be encountered, will add - immeasurably to your equipment to meet the emergency. If I sense - with any degree of accuracy the state of public mind, I am correct - in the belief that a vast preponderance of the people of all - classes have faith both in the wisdom and the certain results of a - constructive progressive program of government. Let us in full - understanding of the consequences of our acts maintain this measure - of public confidence and encourage the faith of those who are - honestly skeptical because of the apprehension generated in their - minds by a third class, which may be unconsciously prompted by - sordid impulses developed by unbroken preferences of government. - - "No fair-minded person will dispute the logic nor question the - equity of any plan which contemplates legislative action entirely - within the limitations of suffrage endorsement. If the legislature, - in the passage of a single law, runs counter to public desire or - interest, the people through the referendum have the means to undo - it. No greater safeguard can be devised by the genius of man, and - to question either the moral or practical phase of this - arrangement, is to admit unsoundness in the theory of a republic. - In other days changes in government such as are made necessary - everywhere by our industrial and social conditions, would have been - wrought by riot and revolution. Now they are accomplished through - peaceful evolution. He must be indeed a man of unfortunate - temperamental qualities who does not find in this a circumstance - that thrills every patriotic fiber in his being." - -Governor Sulzer of New York, in similar vein, says, speaking of the -proposed amendment to the constitution of the United States, providing -for the popular election of senators: - - "I favor this change in the federal constitution, as I shall every - other change that will restore the government to the control of the - people. I want the people, in fact as well as in theory, to rule - this great republic and the government at all times to be - responsive to their just demands." - -Again, in speaking of the value of human life and its conservation, -Governor Sulzer says: - - "If Americans would excel other nations in commerce, in - manufacture, in science, in intellectual growth, and in all other - humane attainments, we must first possess a people physically and - mentally sound. Any achievement that is purchased at the continued - sacrifice of human life does not advance our material resources, - but detracts from the wealth of the state. The leaders of our - civilization now realize these fundamental truths, and the - statesmen, the scientists, and the humanitarians are endeavoring - more and more to protect human life and to secure to each - individual not only the right to life, but the right to decent - standards of living. - - "We have had to change old customs and repeal antiquated laws. We - must now convince employers that any industry that saps the - vitality and destroys the initiative of the workers is detrimental - to the interests of the state and menaces the general welfare of - the government. We must try to work out practical legislation that - will apply our social ideals and our views of industrial progress - to secure for our men, women and children the greatest possible - reserve of physical and mental force. - - "I hold it to be self-evident that no industry has the right to - sacrifice human life for its profit, but that just as each industry - must reckon in its cost of production the material waste, so it - should also count as a part of the cost of production the human - waste which it employs.... No business has an inalienable right to - child labor. No industry has a right to rob the state of that which - constitutes its greatest wealth. No commerce that depends on child - labor for its success has a right to exist. Let us do what we can - to protect the children of the state and preserve their fundamental - rights.... Human life is infinitely more valuable than the profit - of material things. The state for its own preservation has the - right to demand the use of safer and more hygienic methods, even if - at greater cost of production to the employer. Occupational - diseases should be studied, and the results of careful - investigation embodied in laws to safeguard the health and lives of - the workers." - -Governor Craig of North Carolina, another Democrat, but from the more -conservative southland, strikes the same note, when he says: - - "We have not realized the moral benefits that should have resulted - from modern progress. Avarice has been stimulated; hope and - opportunity have been denied; antagonism and resentment have been - generated. All classes have suffered. We realize the conditions; - the injustice has been uncovered. It cannot stand in the clear, - calm and resolute gaze of the American people. They are determined - that our law shall be based upon a higher conception of social - obligation and that our civilization shall mean a higher social - life. They have put their hands to the plow and will not look - back." - -Let me quote from one more Democratic governor, this time a voice from -the far West. Governor Hunt of Arizona says: - - "Recent political events of national magnitude and world-wide - importance clearly prove the people's awakening to their - necessities, their duties and responsibilities. The overwhelming - triumph of militant progressive democracy and the simultaneous - springing into prominent existence of another great party founded - upon and professing the championship of those cardinal principles - of popular government which have long been synonymous with - progressive democracy, discloses a miraculous growth of progressive - conviction, a well-nigh unanimous determination on the part of the - people to assume full control of the government which, while over - them, is rightfully of and for them, marks a leading epoch in the - history of the world's advancement." - -The National Progressive Party could scarcely have hoped to accomplish -more than to bring such sentiments and these high aims to the fore, in -the officially announced purposes of their late antagonists who were the -victors in the recent elections. When we remember, however, the -initiative and responsibility in legislation which the chief executive -in nation and state has come to have in our system, the fact that the -above quoted passages are typical of all the governors' messages is -doubly significant. It warrants us in believing that the hour has struck -when the things for which the social workers of the country have striven -will become vital in the organization of American society. - -More detailed examination of the recommendations of the governors shows -some interesting tendencies. If the advice of the governors is followed -some system of workmen's compensation will supplement or supersede our -antiquated and unsocial system of employers' liability. This is the -subject upon which public opinion seems to have most definitely -crystallized. No less than twenty-one governors make definite favorable -recommendations, and in three cases (Arizona, California and Oregon) a -state system of insurance is advocated. If all of these states were -added to those that already have passed adequate compensation laws, the -system of workmen's compensation would be extended practically over all -of the industrial area of the United States. This result seems -inevitable, although the work may not be completed in this legislative -year. - -Next to workmen's compensation in point of popularity seems to be the -necessity for a public utilities law, or a public service commission, or -the extension of the powers of state supervisory authorities over public -service corporations. This is a subject of positive recommendation on -the part of fourteen governors. In an equal number of states the pending -amendment to the United States constitution providing for the popular or -direct election of Senators receives a favorable recommendation, while -in the other states the governors transmit the amendment without comment -for appropriate action by the legislature. The Kentucky Blue Sky Law, or -some similar provision for state supervision of investment proposals and -securities offered for public subscription, is the subject of comment -and positive recommendation in eleven states. - -In an equal number of commonwealths important recommendations are made -with respect to increasing the powers of their labor departments, -including factory inspection and other provisions for the enforcement of -the labor laws. Several governors express a desire for a much more -serious recognition of the state's duties in its relations to labor, -especially that of women and children. In some instances--notably Ohio, -where an industrial commission is proposed, Wisconsin, whose industrial -commission, already the model for several other states, is to have -increased powers, and New York, for which an industrial commission is -also proposed--such recommendations are far-reaching and would mean a -practical reorganization of this department of state activity. The -governor of Rhode Island recommends the adoption of a fifty-four hour -law to harmonize with recent legislation in New York and Massachusetts. -In North Carolina a stronger child labor law is urged, and in Wyoming -the prohibition of the employment of boys under sixteen in mines. This -would bring Wyoming up to the standard already adopted in the leading -mining states. - -Popular government still has need of better agencies for expression, and -numerous reforms in the organization of state governments are proposed. -Restlessness under antiquated constitutional limitations is manifest -everywhere. President Wilson in his last message as governor of New -Jersey, voiced this feeling in strong language. He said: - - "I urge upon you very earnestly indeed the need and demand for a - Constitutional Convention. The powers of corrupt control have a - numerous and abiding advantage under our constitutional - arrangements as they stand. We shall not be free from them until we - get a different system of representation and a different system of - official responsibility. I hope that this question will be taken up - by the legislature at once and a constitutional convention arranged - for without delay, in which the new forces of our day may speak and - may have a chance to establish their ascendancy over the rule of - machines and bosses." - -Similarly a constitutional convention is urged or numerous -constitutional amendments are proposed in six other states. The short -ballot is advocated in six; the initiative, referendum and recall as a -means of extending the control of the people over their legislation is -recommended in nine states, in most of which a constitutional amendment -would be necessary; and the adoption of rules to carry out a -constitutional amendment already passed is recommended in Idaho. A -larger measure of home rule for cities is urged by the governors of six -states (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan and -Missouri). The United States constitutional amendment providing for the -income tax is urged for favorable adoption in three states. An amendment -to the state constitution providing for woman suffrage is favorably -recommended in five states (New York, Pennsylvania, Montana, Nevada and -Iowa), and the immediate extension of suffrage to women in municipal -affairs by the governor of Connecticut. Direct Primaries are still an -issue in two states (New York and Tennessee). The need for stronger -corrupt practices acts is presented in three states. Three governors -also declare for a direct presidential preference primary (Iowa, -Minnesota and Wyoming), while ballot reform is advocated in three states -(Maine, Michigan and Wyoming). - -Better legislative methods and the establishment of a legislative -reference, research and drafting bureau are proposed in four states -(Arizona, Minnesota, Ohio and Oklahoma). The governor of Arizona asks -for an anti-lobbying statute. The fiscal policy of the state is a matter -of some comment in practically every message, and in five states -measures for taxation reform are proposed. In five states, including one -of the previous group, the governors recommend an increase of -inheritance taxes or the establishment of an inheritance tax where it -does not already exist. - -Constructive and far-reaching measures are suggested pertaining to -public health. A decided awakening is noticeable in this field. Eight -governors recommend more or less definite reorganization of the public -health service and an extension of the powers of the public health -authorities, state and local. In one additional state (New York) the -governor has appointed an important commission. The results of its -labors will probably be enacted into law at this session of the -legislature. Pure food legislation and better protection of weights and -measures receive attention in two states each, as does the greater -restriction of the liquor traffic in two states. Special provision for -the care of tuberculous persons is mentioned in five states. - -Another important and popular subject of recommendation, in which the -results of the last annual conference of governors are noticeable, -concerns the better care of prisoners--their employment in outdoor work -and opportunities for earning wages, part of which shall go to reimburse -the state for the cost of their maintenance and part to the support of -their dependent families. These matters are subjects of favorable -recommendation in nine states. The general reform of the criminal law, -especially the shortening of legal processes and the restriction of the -right to appeal, is urged in four states, including Iowa, in which the -governor recommends the abolition of grand juries. - -A direct tax in support of higher education is urged in three states, -and provision for the wider use of school buildings as social centers in -the same number. Even more significant, the governors of two states -(North Carolina and Tennessee) urge state-wide compulsory education. In -four commonwealths co-operation with other states is proposed in -accordance with the recent recommendation of President Taft addressed to -the governors of several states. This urged an extension of rural -credits and the provision of some plan similar to the land banks in -foreign countries, to help the farmer get the necessary capital for a -better system of agriculture. Minimum wage laws are proposed in five -states. In two of these and one additional state public aid to dependent -widows and mothers with children is recommended. - -Curiously enough, the reform of marriage laws and of those providing a -remedy for desertion and non-support, a subject reported upon by the -Uniform Law Commissioners, does not figure so largely in the governors' -recommendations as would be supposed. The uniform law commissioners have -proposed an excellent and very carefully worked out statute for uniform -marriage and marriage license laws. This receives only partial -endorsement at the hands of three governors, while stricter desertion -and non-support laws also have the endorsement of three governors. - -Guarantee of bank deposits is proposed in three states and three of the -western states (Arizona, Missouri and Tennessee) have recommendations -for an extension of state authority, or the establishment of a state -department, to induce immigrants to settle within their borders. A -better regulation of prize-fighting is being agitated in Nevada. Its -prohibition, along with that of gambling, is strongly urged by the -governors of New Mexico and Oklahoma. The governor of Arizona asks for a -statute prohibiting the carrying of concealed weapons, while the -governor of South Carolina asks the legislature to repeal the present -statute on this subject in that state. - -Non-partisan election of judges is recommended in Idaho and -Pennsylvania, and the Kansas legislature is asked to petition for an -amendment to the constitution of the United States to provide for the -election of federal judges. - -Better care of juvenile delinquents, state-wide supervision of moving -picture shows, stricter regulation of loan sharks, better inspection of -mines, and compulsory arbitration of labor disputes are each recommended -in at least one state. - -Thirty-nine legislatures have already met this year, and some of them -have completed their legislative sessions. Two more will convene within -the next three months, making forty-one in all which will play a part -this year in the formulation of the statute law of the country. Our -statute law is already increasing in volume at a rate that has caused -some alarm. It is sorely in need of revision in many important -particulars. Statesmen and reformers alike desire earnestly that it be -undertaken with greater care and more painstaking labor in order that -our state laws may give better expression to the present standards of -conduct and to the needs of our own times. - - - - -THE SAND BED - -CHARLES W. JEROME - - - I have a sand bed, and I play - There in the sand for half the day. - - And mother comes, and sits by me; - And little sister likes to see - - The many things I make of sand. - But she's too young to understand - - About the houses and the hills - The mines and stores and flouring mills - - And then I make believe, and say - My sand bed is the sunny bay; - - These blocks are boats, and far away - They sail all night and sail all day, - - And carry iron. When they return - They bring us coal that we may burn. - - And now my sand bed is a farm. - This is the barn. Here, safe from harm, - - My horses and my cows I keep. - These sheds are for the wooly sheep. - - And there you see my piggies's pens. - This yard holds in the lively hens. - - This is the garden, where I hoe - My plants; and here the flowers grow. - - These sticks are pines, so straight, so tall - And dark. But these aren't half of all - - The things I make each pleasant day - Out in the sand bed where I play. - -[Illustration: MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA, IN 1842 - -A view of the town as it was before the "Gringo" came. Four years later -during the Mexican War Commodore Stockton captured Monterey and left -Walter Colton, a naval chaplain, in charge as Alcalde.] - - - - -A JUDGE LINDSEY OF THE "IDLE FORTIES" - -LAURA B. EVERETT - - -Under the colorless title Three Years in California was published in -1850 the diary of Walter Colton, elected Alcalde of Monterey in 1846, -who, during his term of office presented what was, for that day, a -singular spectacle of tolerance, humanity and purity of administration. -He can, indeed, be reasonably compared with Judge Lindsey in the courage -and originality displayed in his dealings with the criminal cases -brought before him. - -Colton's work in Monterey succeeded a period spent as editor of the -Philadelphia _North American_, and he established later _The -Californian_, the first newspaper published in California. - -The office of the Alcalde combined administrative and judicial functions -and, not seldom, even legislative ones. Colton was oppressed by his -power and its responsibility. "Such absolute disposal of questions -affecting property and personal liberty," he observes, "never ought to -be confided to one man. There is not a judge on any bench in England or -the United States whose power is so absolute as that of the Alcalde of -Monterey." But he brought to his work in all its details an unflagging -zeal and constant personal attention which made his administration -unique in the history of the time. - -In minor matters, where, as he says, "the Alcalde is himself the law," -Colton devised methods of appealing to the better instincts of the -wrongdoer. "There is a string in every man's breast," he writes, "which, -if you can rightly touch, will 'discourse music.'" Colton, we see from -his diary, put a sensitive finger on this string in many a heart. - -His ideas of punishment belong to the present. "It is difficult," he -says, "to discriminate between offences which flow from moral hardihood -and those which result in a measure from untoward circumstances. There -is a wide difference between the two; and an Alcalde under the Mexican -law has a large scope in which to exercise his sense of moral justice. -Better to err a furlong with mercy than a fathom with cruelty. Unmerited -punishment never yet reformed its subject; to suppose it is a libel on -the human soul." - -The following extracts from his account of cases brought before him are -representative: - - "A lad of fourteen years was brought before me today charged with - stealing a horse. The evidence of the larceny was conclusive, but - what punishment to inflict was the question. We have no house of - correction, and to sentence him to the ball and chain on the public - works, among hardened culprits, was to cut off all hope of - amendment and inflict an indelible stigma on the youth; so I sent - for the father, who had no good reputation himself, and placing a - riata in his hand, directed him to inflict twenty-four lashes on - his thieving boy. He proceeded as far as twelve, when I stopped - him; they were enough. They seemed inflicted by one attempting to - atone in this form for his own transgressions. 'Inflict the rest, - Soto, on your own evil example; if you had been upright yourself, - you might expect truth and honesty in your boy. You are more - responsible than this lad for his crime; you can never chastise him - into the right path, and continue yourself to travel in the - wrong.'" - - "Today I remitted the sentence of my prison cook. He is a Mulatto, - a native of San Domingo; had drifted into California, was attached - in a subordinate capacity to Colonel Fremont's battalion; and while - the troops were quartered in town had robbed the drawer of a liquor - shop of two hundred dollars. For this offence I had sentenced him - to two years on the public works. Discovering early some reliable - traits about the fellow, ... I soon made him cook to the rest of - the prisoners, and allowed him the privilege of the town, so far as - his duties in that capacity were required.... I have trusted him - with money to purchase provisions, and he has faithfully accounted - for every shilling. He has always been kind and attentive to the - sick. For these faithful services I have remitted the remainder of - his sentence, which would have confined him nine months longer, and - have put him on a pay of thirty dollars per month as cook." - -The Alcalde settled family difficulties of all varieties, from the case -of the grown son who struck his mother to that of the man who wanted a -divorce because of suspicions he entertained of his wife's conduct -during his absence in Mexico. The judge questioned the plaintiff -severely as to his own behavior during the stay in Mexico, and convinced -him that the wife, though indiscreet, was too good for him. - -[Illustration: From "_Sea and Shore_" - -WALTER COLTON - -Alcalde of Monterey in 1846. The position combined administrative, -judicial and even legislative duties.] - -After nearly six months as Alcalde, Colton writes: - - "Of the women I have had to deal with here the washerwomen are the - most unmanageable. Two of them entered my office today as full of - fight as the feline antagonists of Kilkenny. It seems they had been - washing in one of the pools created by the recent showers, when one - had taken that part of the margin previously occupied by the other. - War offensive and defensive immediately commenced. One drew a knife - which had a blade two mortal inches in length, and the other a - sharp ivory bodkin. But what their weapons wanted in terror, their - ungentle anger supplied. - - "At last one cried out: 'The Alcalde'; the other echoed it, and - both rushed to the office to have their difficulties settled. Their - stories ran together like two conflicting rivulets forced into the - same channel. When the tumult and bubble had a little subsided, I - began cautiously to angle for the truth--a difficult trout to catch - in such waters. But one darter after another was captured, till I - had enough to form some opinion of those that had escaped. These we - discussed till bitter feeling, like biting hunger, became appeased. - Both went away declaring either margin of the pool good enough, and - each urging on the other the first choice." - -One deficiency which Colton had to supply was the absence of a -penitentiary system. To quote: - - "There are no workhouses here, no buildings adapted to the purpose, - no tools and no trades. The custom has been to fine Spaniards and - whip Indians. The discrimination is unjust, and the punishment - ill-suited to the ends proposed. I have substituted labor, and now - have eight Indians, three Californians, and one Englishman at work - making adobes [sun-dried bricks]. They have all been sentenced for - stealing horses or bullocks. I have given them their task; each is - to make fifty adobes a day, and for all over this they are paid. - They make seventy-five, and for the additional twenty-five each one - gets as many cents. This is paid to them every Saturday night, and - they are allowed to get with it anything but rum. They are - comfortably lodged and fed by the government. I have appointed one - of their number captain. They work in the field; require no other - guard; not one of them has attempted to run away." - -Later, Colton had to deal with runaways; two Mexicans each telling him -that the devil incited their flight, while one fellow who stayed behind -in a jail delivery explained that he would not be seen running from -Tophet in such company. - -Of a convict who escaped and was brought back Colton says: - - "If he will only stop stealing he may run to earth's utmost verge. - He is rather a hardened character, but if he has a good vein in him - I will try to find it. I always like to see a fellow get out of - trouble, and sometimes I half forget his crimes in his misfortunes. - This is not right, perhaps, in one situated as I am; but I cannot - help it." - -[Illustration: THE FIRST PAPER PUBLISHED IN CALIFORNIA - -It measured only about 8x12 inches. The paper was established by Walter -Colton who had had journalistic experience as editor of the Philadelphia -_North American_. This issue was published scarcely a month after the -American occupation.] - -Colton decided that a new school house was necessary--"to be sixty feet -by thirty, two stories, with a handsome portico. The labor of the -convicts, the taxes on rum, and the banks of the gamblers must put it -up," he writes. "Some think my project impracticable; we shall -see,"--and he gives the following account of how some gamblers were made -to contribute to this enterprise: - - "A nest of gamblers arrived in town yesterday, and last evening, - opened a Monte at the hotel." - -After stationing a file of soldiers at the outer doors, Colton entered -to find no one, "save one Sonoranian, composedly smoking his cigarito. I -desired the honor of an introduction to his companions. At this moment a -feigned snore broke on my ear from a bed in the corner of the -apartment." - - "'Ha! Dutre, is that you? Come, tumble up, and aid me in stirring - out the rest.' He pointed under the bed, where I discovered a - multitude of feet and legs radiating as from a common center." - - "'Hallo there, friends--turn out.'... Their plight and discovery - threw them into a laugh at each other." He and his secretary found - others "in every imaginable position--some in the beds, some under - them, several in the closets, two in a hogshead, and one up a - chimney. Mr. R---- from Missouri--known here as the - 'prairie-wolf'--I found between two bed-ticks, half smothered with - the feathers. He was the ringleader, and raises a Monte table - wherever he goes, as regularly as a whale comes to the surface to - blow. All shouted as he tumbled out from his ticks. Among the rest - I found the Alcalde of San Francisco, a gentleman of education and - refinement, who never plays himself, but who, on this occasion, had - come to witness the excitement. I gathered them all, some fifty in - number, into the large saloon, and told them the only speech I had - to make was in the shape of a fine of twenty dollars each. The more - astute began to demur on the plea of not guilty, as no cards and no - money had been discovered, and as for beds, a man had as good a - right to sleep under one as in it. I told them that was a matter of - taste, misfortune often made strange bedfellows, and the only way - to get out of the scrape was to pay up. Dr. W---- was the first to - plank down. - - "'Come, my good fellows,' said the doctor, 'pay up, and no - grumbling: this money goes to build a school house, where I hope - our children will be taught better principles than they gather from - the examples of their fathers.'" - -Of how the labor of the prisoners united with the money of gamblers to -build the needed school, he writes: - - "One of the prisoners, an Englishman, ventured a criticism of the - stonework of another prisoner, which revealed the fact of his being - a stonecutter himself. I immediately set him at work at his old - trade. But he feigned utter ignorance of it, and spoiled several - blocks in making his feint good. I then ordered him into a deep - well where the water had given out, to drill and blast rocks.... - Finding that the well was to be sunk some twenty feet deeper, ... - he requested that he might be permitted to try his chisel again. - Permission was given, and he is now shaping stones fit to be laid - in the walls of a cathedral. He was taken up for disorderly - conduct, and he is now at work on a school house, where the - principles of good order are the first things to be taught." - -Colton gives an instance of trust justified on an occasion when, pressed -for funds, he created a "trusty." - - "The most faithful and reliable guard that I have ever had over the - prisoners is himself a prisoner. He had been a lieutenant in the - Mexican army, and was sentenced, for a flagrant breach of the - peace, to the public works for one year. I determined to make an - experiment with this lieutenant; had him brought before me; ordered - the ball and chain to be taken from his leg, and placed a - double-barrelled gun, loaded and primed, in his hands. - - "'Take that musket and proceed with the prisoners to the stone - quarry; return them to their cells before sunset, and report to - me.' - - "'Your order, Senor Alcalde, shall be faithfully obeyed.' - - "A constable reconnoitered and found all well. At sunset the - lieutenant entered the office, and reported the prisoners in their - cells, and all safe. - - "'Very well, Jose, now make yourself safe, and that will do.' He - accordingly returned to his prison, and from that day to this has - been my most faithful and reliable guard." - - "If there is anything on earth besides religion for which I would - die," Colton declares, "it is the right of trial by jury." And he - impanelled the first jury ever summoned in California. One-third - were Mexicans, one-third Californians, and the other third - Americans. The plaintiff spoke in English, the defendant in French, - the jury, save the Americans, Spanish--"and the witnesses all the - languages known to California." - - "The inhabitants said it was what they liked--that there could be - no bribery in it--that the opinion of twelve honest men should set - the case forever at rest. And so it did, though neither party - completely triumphed." He gives the credit for the satisfactory - termination of this polyglot case to "the tact of Mr. Hartnell, the - interpreter, and the absence of young lawyers." - -When Colton Hall, the first state capitol and the pride to this hour of -Old Monterey, was completed, Colton writes: - - "The town hall on which I have been at work for more than a year is - at last finished. It is built of a white stone"--now a beautiful - deep cream--"quarried from a neighboring hill, and easily shaped. - The lower apartments are for schools, the hall over them--seventy - feet by thirty--is for public assemblies. It is not an edifice that - would attract any attention among public buildings in the United - States; but in California it is without a rival. It has been - erected out of the slender proceeds of town lots, the labor of - convicts, taxes on liquor shops, and fines on gamblers. The scheme - was regarded with incredulity by many; but the building is - finished, and the citizens have assembled in it and christened it - with my name, which will go down to posterity with the odor of - gamblers, convicts and tipplers. I leave it as an humble evidence - of what may be accomplished by rigidly adhering to one purpose, and - shrinking from no personal efforts necessary to its achievements. A - prison has also been built, and mainly through the labor of - convicts. Many a joke the rogues have cracked while constructing - their own cage; but have worked so diligently I shall feel - constrained to pardon out the less incorrigible." - -[Illustration: COLTON HALL - -The Capitol of California in 1849.] - -[Illustration: THE RIVER ROAD, KEENE VALLEY, NEW YORK] - - - - -NEIGHBORLINESS AND A COUNTRY COMMUNITY - -SARAH LOWRIE - - -With the growth of large cities in our country and the desertion of the -farms for the town, there has been a less observable but quite as -remarkable desertion of the city in favor of the country. - -One would suppose that these two migrations would so balance each other -that neither the town nor the country would suffer by the exchange of -citizens. It would be reasonable to hope that going to the country would -bring just the right impetus needed by the stay-at-homes of each -community to brace them into new life. - -But the thing has not worked out that way. - -However much the shops and offices of the cities may have benefited by -the advent of the farmers' sons and daughters, and however much the real -estate agents and provision merchants of the country may have benefited -by the advent of the well-to-do towns-folk, the morale of the country -town, the ideals of the country people and the amalgamation of the -native men with their new neighbors into a better citizenship have not -prospered. Nor have the city institutions been able to replace the men -of affairs who, having ceased to use the city except as a means for -carrying on their business, have transferred their family and their -leisure interests into the country. - -The city churches, the city philanthropies, and the civic improvement -organizations all tell the same tale: the rich men, the special -executive men, the professional men, once their actual business -engagements are over, turn their backs on the city with a sigh of relief -and depart country-wards for rest and enjoyment for the night, for the -week-end, and for the summer vacation. The city loses them, and they -gain the country. But it must not be supposed that the country in any -vital sense gains them. A man who has professedly moved from the town to -the country for rest and pleasure, and who observably needs both, feels -as free as a debutante to enjoy what is set before him in the way of -diversion, with no moral obligation toward his neighbors but that of -paying with a wry grin the outrageous prices levied upon all outsiders -by the genial natives. - -Without quite meaning to, without indeed quite realizing it, the richer -men and women of this country, especially in our eastern states, have so -shifted the obligation of neighborliness that they have the air of being -transients everywhere and neighbors nowhere. Even their country places -are not theirs year in and year out for as long as a single generation. -We Americans like to change our minds and there is no telling what kind -of scenery or what style of architecture we may fancy next. - -One hears a great deal about the unfaithfulness of the Irish cook who -may "up and leave" any day that she hears of a chance of "bettering -herself" elsewhere; but the mistress's unrest is nothing to the plight -of the farmer when one considers the lottery of the city folks. The -gamble of his crops and the weather is nothing to this other gamble. For -the farmer knows that no power under heaven can keep the city man -satisfied with his site, his house with five bathrooms, his fancy -chicken run, and his concrete garage if the whim should take his wife -that the environment was no longer a suitable one for the children. -There is no romance, therefore, to the farmer about either his potato -crop or his city neighbor. He knows it is not philanthropy that led the -city man to buy five acres of poor farm land at the highest notch price, -and that no desire for his company has urged the new comer to plant his -house on the other side of the back pasture. Being a sensible farmer he -makes what profit he can out of his potatoes and his city neighbor -before either crop has time to depreciate in value. - -[Illustration: QUARTERS OF VISITING NURSE] - -"What are you city people for, but to be skinned?" was the frank remark -of one of my nearest country neighbors one day, apropos of an outrageous -bit of sharp dealing on his part as property appraiser for that -district. It was not a flattering summing up of a relationship, nor did -its grim humor hide any more indulgent version of our economic value as -neighbors. In fact we were not, nor ever had been accepted by him and -his kind as neighbors. We were a crop. A crop more lucrative than his -potatoes, but from our arbitrary and unexpected demands, and the -shortness of our seasons, and the variation of our types a much more -"pernickery" crop to deal with. Perhaps I should have been flattered by -his frankness, but I was not! For the moment indeed, I even resolved to -deal no more with him or his, but on second thought I concluded that, -although he would be the loser of some $200, I would be out a -wash-woman, a chore boy, many dozens of fresh eggs, many quarts of milk, -a care-taker for the house during the winter, and an immunity from his -cows in my garden in the summer. In fact, I stood to lose double as much -as he, if peace of mind and leisure to enjoy my home could be computed -in hard cash. I concluded therefore that it would not pay to get mad. - -But the remark rankled and in the end set this and that motive to work -in my mind until my brain and heart became fallow ground for the -cultivation of another sort of relationship than that of city folk and -native, buyer and seller, employer and employed, or even giver and -receiver. In the end we learned to be neighbors--he and I--not because -his ground adjoined mine, but because we both began to feel a common -civic interest in the same village and in the same country side, and -because in a very particular and picturesque sense we both shared in an -enterprise from which we both derived comfort and pleasure. The change -in me was greater than the change in him for he had always been -interested in the village life apart from his property, and apart from -his comfort, and during all the year. The bond that brought us together -was not the church, nor the library, nor the base-ball field--all -donations in times past of the summer people to the natives, but it was -the Neighborhood House, a donation from the country people and the -summer people alike, not to any particular class but to all the dwellers -in that mountain valley. - -Of course, I realize that the particular Neighborhood House, which fits -so well the need of our valley, might not do for just any valley. For -instance, our valley in the Adirondacks has a scattered population of -nearly a thousand people with two villages about five miles apart, and -several little settlements here and there among the hills. In the larger -village there are perhaps one hundred children in the school. The -nearest hospital lies twenty-four miles across a mountain road, and -several hours by boat across Lake Champlain at Burlington, Vt. An -infirmary that could be used by the natives for long illnesses, and by -the city cottagers for emergency operations was vitally needed; so our -Neighborhood House has a sunny airy infirmary and a perfectly equipped -little operating room. - -Our village and the country people and the lumber camps back in the -mountains can only depend on the services of two physicians, one of them -an old and feeble man. To supplement their visits and for emergency -calls for the summer visitors a district nurse was needed, so a -bed-room, bath-room, and pleasant sitting-room for such a nurse were -planned in the Neighborhood house to connect with the infirmary. To -supplement the somewhat limited primary grades in the village schools -and to provide occupation for restless little city children, a summer -kindergarten had been established and proved most successful, so on the -lower floor of the Neighborhood House a large, many-windowed room was -set apart to be used, not only for this purpose, but for adult classes -in domestic science, sewing, embroidery and dancing. There was no proper -room in the village for fairs, church suppers, glee clubs, rehearsals, -informal village meetings, etc. There was added, therefore, to this -large room a kitchen to be used in connection with it for such -entertainments and for cooking classes. There had been a successful -men's club in the village for years, but the women and girls had no -common meeting place and indeed no real center of interest outside their -homes. A woman's club room therefore was made an important part of our -Neighborhood House. It has an open fireplace, a store closet and -cupboards, a writing table, tea and game tables, comfortable chairs, and -a pretty color scheme, with prints and water colors on the wall, -oriental rugs on the hardwood floors, pleasant chintzes, books, and -flower bowls. - -[Illustration: CORNER OF WOMEN'S CLUB] - -Though the village women had been long accustomed to make extra -pin-money by selling eggs, maple sugar, balsam pillows, bread and cake, -and rag-carpet rugs, there has been no store where these things could be -ordered. We set apart one room in our Neighborhood House, therefore, for -a Village Exchange, which was open for three months in the summer. -During the winter months this pleasant little room was used by the boys -for a game room. There was no hotel or even boarding house in the -village for transient guests, which remained open throughout the winter; -so two guest rooms were set aside in our Neighborhood House to be used -by the strangers, lecturers, clergymen, visiting surgeons, and city -visitors who might pass that way during the late autumn and the winter -months. - -Neither the village people nor the summer cottagers were well supplied -with sick room appliances, and among the poorer citizens of the valley -there was even a lack of necessary articles for confinement cases, while -crutches, invalid chairs, and wheel chairs were difficult to procure in -an emergency by rich and poor alike. So an emergency closet, stocked -with such things was set aside for general use in the Neighborhood -House. The rooms in the rest of the house were the house dining-room and -kitchen, the pantry, cool room, linen and store closet, the stewardess's -bed-room, and an up-stairs sleeping porch for the infirmary, and a -splendid attic. Outside the house were the wood shed, earth closet, tool -shed and ice house, an ample vegetable and fruit garden, a lawn space -for croquet and tether ball, a small flower and shrub garden, and wide -verandas. - -The house was originally a boarding house, and the only additions which -had to be made to the original structure were the cellar, summer kitchen -and the sleeping porch. The total cost of these additions and of the -equipment and alterations including all gifts came to about $3,000. The -original purchase price of the property was $2500. The cost of -maintaining the house including the salary of the visiting nurse, the -wages of the stewardess, and all household expenses, as well as the -expenses of the summer school, extra service, etc., amount to about -$2,500 yearly. The income derived from patients in the infirmary, -transients boarding in the house, and out-patients' fees, exchange dues, -etc., amount to about $700 a year. - -I suppose in different localities expenses of such an enterprise as the -Neighborhood House would be dealt with in a variety of ways. In our -valley a number of men and women bought the property and made the -fundamental improvements. An association was then formed comprising as -many of the citizens of the valley as cared to join. The annual dues for -each associate member were fixed at one dollar. To this association the -owners of the property leased the house and grounds for a period of -several years. The duties of the association were to pay the taxes and -maintain the property in good condition, and their privileges were to -use the property for the benefit of the members of the association and, -as they saw fit, for the general good of the community. - -There were three kinds of memberships in the association: - - Active members $ 1 - Contributing members 10 - Sustaining members 50 - -Through this means the annual income of the Neighborhood House -Association amounts to about $1,800, irrespective of the income derived -from the fees, etc., mentioned above. Without any great strain on any -one's purse, therefore, the house has been maintained by the association -without a deficit. - -[Illustration: A HOMELIKE CORNER] - -[Illustration: LOOKING INTO THE SCHOOL ROOM] - -Towards the equipment of the house gifts were received to the amount of -$2,635.82. But besides these gifts of money, the village people -themselves donated both labor and building materials and furniture and -rugs. The summer kitchen, so far as labor was concerned, was the gift of -the village carpenters. The infirmary was furnished principally by the -women and the girls of the village who raised the money among -themselves. The farmers of the neighborhood donated wood, potatoes, -apples, etc., to the store closet. One man donated his weekly Sunday -paper, another the vines for the porches. One New York physician, whose -child had profited by the care of the visiting nurse, gave the sleeping -porch, three or four of the other physicians who had summer cottages -gave the surgical instruments for the operating room, the children of -the village brought plants for the garden, one old lady knitted -washcloths for the bath-room, the village house painter helped hang all -the pictures and the bracket-lamps, and the village artist helped raise -the money for the emergency closet by painting the scenery for the -benefit play. There was really a chance for every one to give to that -house, and with but few exceptions, every one did give, not only -willingly and generously, but eagerly and joyfully. - -And because each in his or her way had had a share in making that house -a Neighborhood House, the valley people, natives and cottagers alike, -promptly and without any self-consciousness turned heartily in and used -the house. It had never occurred to most of us that the village had -needed such a house, indeed the woman whose beautiful thought it was, -had died a year before the Neighborhood House Association was so much as -spoken of; but once it stood there, warm and glowing with its happy life -that winter night of its opening, there was no question as to its -usefulness all day long, summer and winter, in most of our minds. - -During the past year the visiting nurse has been occupied in and out of -the House over 2,600 hours and has treated fifty-four cases; the -infirmary has had seven patients with 160 hospital days; from the -emergency cupboard 300 loans have been made. The Women's Club has -eighty-two members and has met weekly for lectures and socials. The -Girls' Club with twenty-seven members has met once and sometimes twice -weekly. The Glee Club has held many rehearsals and gave a concert in -May. The sales from the exchange, open only in the summer, in two years -have amounted to about $900.00. The Village Improvement Committee has -held two farmers' institutes, has made progress in securing good side -walks, has planned for improved roads and tree planting, and has -arranged for a prize essay and oratorical contest by pupils of the -public school. During the past year there were about 5400 visits to the -house; the largest number of visits in one month was 1064 in December. - -The question may well be asked, however: Who guides these clubs and -classes, who arranges for these parties, who welcomes these guests, who -sees to it that the house is clean and orderly, that the meals are -properly served, that the patients are well looked after, that the -stewardess is up to her work? Who is the hostess, and who, at the close -of the house's festivities, speeds the parting guest? It would have to -be a woman of tact and gentle blood, for the village people would not -brook so much power lodged in any one who was less or even quite one of -themselves. It would have to be a person who lived in the valley both -winter and summer and who thus understood the conditions of both the -summer and winter life. It would also require one who understood the -care of an infirmary, as well as the care of the house, who could devise -sick room diet, as well as substantial meals for transient guests. -Fortunately for our Neighborhood House we found such a woman in our -visiting nurse and after some experimenting on other lines, she was made -the head of the house. She is a social worker when she is not required -in the infirmary or for out-patients, and when these last demand all or -more than all of one nurse's time, an emergency nurse is procured who -works under the head of the house. - -The fact that this head is a nurse has made our social worker the -confidant of many families to which another outsider would find but a -coolly polite welcome. The fact that she is a social worker makes her -interest in her cases widen to their families and remain after her -professional duties are no longer needed. Being the head of the house, -she can dictate as to the time of meals and the activities of the house -for the good of the infirmary patients, yet being the social worker, the -interest of the clubs and classes in the house are not needlessly -sacrificed to the whims of her patients. Her training as a nurse and her -experience has made her more executive than the ordinary young social -worker, but her authority as head of a house of so many interests and as -executive for so active and powerful an association, gives her prestige, -and with that prestige a power for self-development which utilizes the -best qualities she possesses. Moreover, in a country district such as -our valley, where sickness is the exception, a nurse who was confined to -her profession would have much idle time on her hands, and a social -worker who was solely a social worker might be discouraged as to the -slowness of the growth of her ideals in the minds of those about her. -For where people live twenty-five miles from the railroad, tomorrow is -always as good as today for beginning a new work. The women are, to say -the least, conservative, and the girls are shy about showing enthusiasm -for a new idea. The audiences for lectures arrive with sublime -dilatoriness, and the boys stay outside until they are quite sure that -what is going on inside is a roaring success. - -Of course, the head of the house has a comprehending executive committee -behind her. Of course, too, each department of the Neighborhood House, -infirmary, summer school, exchange, clubs, etc., has its own committee -and chairman. Her responsibilities, also, are only those of a trusted -agent and all her reports are filed for the benefit of the Association, -so that while each department depends practically upon her, she in her -turn depends upon each committee and upon the executive committee and -above all upon the able president of that committee for her inspiration -and encouragement in carrying out her share of the usefulness of the -house. All these good things did not come the first night the house was -open. They are fruits of a happy growth. There have been many minor -difficulties and prejudices and some evils to overcome. The prejudices -died easiest, one of them, the fear that Neighborhood House provided for -needs that did not exist, went most quickly of all. - -Last summer when an army officer from West Point lay convalescing in one -room, sharing his nurse with a little blind pauper baby, there was no -doubt as to the need of an infirmary for rich and poor. When the -exchange, which sold impartially the rag rug made by a guide's wife, the -oil painting of an artist, and the home-made candy of a school child, -and turned in $500 profits to its members, there was no doubt as to the -democratic practicability of the exchange. When the women came from the -Adirondack Club, and from the summer cottages to debate with the women -of the village on domestic science, there was no question as to the -success of the Woman's Club. And when the women of the church sewing -society came to count their gains from the country supper, and the -village Glee Club met to rehearse for its great concert, and the boys -invited the girls to their birthday suppers and the girls invited the -boys to their dancing classes, and the young married people of the -village invited last year's debutantes of far away cities to teach them -new figures and steps, and the clergymen who supplied the village church -and the lecturers sent by the government to answer the farmers' -questions about agriculture, all shared the hospitality of the house, -there remained no doubt in any one's mind as to its great usefulness to -the entire community. - -As to whether it has made neighbors of us all in the spiritual sense--as -loving one another as we love ourselves--that has not become noticeable -to a degree which has affected the price of eggs! And yet I noticed with -a pleasant thrill at my heart last summer that when a woman, quite two -miles away from my cottage, came down from her porch with a loaf of -bread which she insisted upon my taking as a gift from her baking -because she knew the bakery was shut and that I was in a sudden stress, -she called me: "Neighbor!" "For goodness' sake!" said she. "Don't you -dare to pay me. You'd do the same for me, I just guess! Aren't we -neighbors?" - -Yes, surely we are neighbors--we city folk and country folk! But it took -the Neighborhood House to teach us as a community the beginnings of the -art of neighborliness. - -[Illustration: THE NEIGHBORHOOD HOUSE IN WINTER] - - - - -A NEW MINISTER TO MINDS DISEASED - -MICHAEL M. DAVIS, Jr. - -DIRECTOR BOSTON DISPENSARY - -AND - -MABEL R. WILSON - -SOCIAL WORKER, MENTAL CLINIC, BOSTON DISPENSARY - - -Early last June Mrs. R., a rosy-cheeked, attractive Irish-American woman -of thirty years, came to the mental clinic of the Boston Dispensary in a -depressed and emotional condition. She was obsessed by the idea that -every one in the world had syphilis, and that she in particular was a -menace to her husband and their three young children. So firm was this -conviction that she had seriously contemplated suicide. - -Four years previously Mrs. R. had shown distinct manifestations of -syphilis, and had received medical treatment. The infection the -physicians believed was accidental, and the husband and children had -proved, upon examination, to be free from any symptoms. For over a year -in Mrs. R.'s case Wassermann tests had indicated that the disease had -been cured; but the doctor's assurances were of no avail. - -The blackness of this patient's depression had almost wrecked her home. -For months she had not prepared a single meal. The patience of her -relatives and friends and of the priest of her church--who considered -her what she looked, the picture of health--was entirely exhausted. - -Ordinarily the income of the family was sufficient for self-support. Mr. -R., a bright, clean-looking young bar-tender, who was well thought of by -his employers, earned $18 a week. He had been making a desperate effort -to meet the extra expenses due to his wife's illness. The strain was -beginning to tell upon him, however, and the health of the children was -also falling below normal. The family lived in a five-room tenement in a -congested and undesirable neighborhood. Mrs. R. for this reason worried -constantly about the possible bad influences upon her two elder -children, who were just beginning to go to school. - -Thus the mental clinic faced an acute situation. If it were not -effectively dealt with it would, at worst, terminate in suicide, and, at -best, in breaking up a promising family. - -The facts just recited were, of course, not secured at the physician's -first interview with Mrs. R., but were in part gained by the social -worker in the clinic and at the home. It was apparent that the home -situation must be considered as well as the medical problem. There was -clearly a joint task for the social worker and the mental specialist. -Consultation led to the conclusion that the home arrangements would have -to be changed until Mrs. R. was able to undertake housekeeping again. A -long month of explanation and persuasion passed before the family, -friends, and priest were converted to a plan which involved the -temporary dissolution of the home. Consent was finally obtained, and the -children were placed by a children's agency. Probably most important of -all, the earnest co-operation of the patient herself was won. For four -months she reported at the clinic two or three times a week. After the -many interviews held with her by doctor and social worker, her -depression gradually cleared up, and she became ready to take up the -battle of life again. - -As improvement grew more marked, the doctor advised that she should work -three hours each day outside her home. Three hours' work every day in a -good restaurant was secured. The benefit was so marked that after a -month the doctor suggested that the working time be doubled. - -Mrs. R. now reports weekly to the clinic, but her depression has -disappeared. She is cheerful, interested in life, and is looking forward -to the re-establishment of her home this spring. - -Recent conferences on mental hygiene have emphasized the fact that the -traditional conception of mental disease, raving insanity, is far behind -the times. We recognize today that there are in the community all -classes of mental disorders, from the maniac or imbecile to persons who -are "just a little queer," or who, like Mrs. R., have a definite and -curable obsession. - -The time has also gone by when we associated the treatment of mental -disease with the straight-jacket. The hopelessly defective and insane -must indeed be segregated in institutions. But it is public economy to -diagnose and treat the great mass of incipient and curable cases of -mental disorder, since these, if uncared for, mean the wrecking of -lives, the breaking up of families, and material loss to the community. -The psychopathic clinic, or clinic for mental diseases, is an agency the -importance of which is now recognized by all who have given attention to -this field. Such clinics have usually been conducted in hospitals or -institutions which specialized in mental disorders. They have rarely -been managed as adjuncts of general hospitals or dispensaries. There is -a distinct place for them in this connection, however, for in this way -they catch patients who do not know that their troubles are really -symptoms of mental disease. - -Mrs. R.'s case illustrates not only the service of such a mental clinic, -but also the two chief agents in achieving the service, the -physician--specialist in mental diseases--and his aide, the social -worker. Mrs. R.'s case belongs to one of three classes of mental disease -which such a clinic can benefit--the incipient type. The second class -comprises cases of mental defect which require diagnosis and -institutional care. - -For example. Mrs. B., a middle-aged Irish woman, came to the clinic much -excited, fancying that people were locking her into her rooms. Among -other delusions she feared that she might injure her two children. - - The doctor diagnosed her case as involutional insanity, and thought - that immediate arrangements were desirable for her entrance into an - insane hospital as a voluntary patient. Mrs. B. did not remember - her street number, and undoubtedly she would have been a "lost" - patient if the social worker had not taken her home. Arrangements - were made and carried out for a transfer to the insane hospital - that same afternoon, and a children's agency agreed to assume - supervision of the children during Mrs. B.'s absence. The help of a - friendly landlady was also enlisted. - - Within three months Mrs. B. was discharged from the insane hospital - in excellent condition, with the understanding that she should - report regularly at the clinic. Her improvement continues. She is - at present earning good wages as a housekeeper and looks forward in - the future to a little store and the re-establishment of a home for - her children. - - Another illustration of this type is Mr. D., a German forty-eight - years old, who has been in the United States twenty years. - - * * * * * - - Mr. D. became known at the dispensary through his wife, who had - been a patient. The man went on periodic "sprees" at this time, - apparently because his work as an order clerk had occasioned - considerable nervous strain. Temporary financial assistance and a - new job outside of Boston, seemed to put the man on his feet again; - and, with a happier home life, his wife's health improved. - - In a short time, however, distinct symptoms of mental disorder - began to manifest themselves. Mr. D. talked much to himself, and - was haunted by doubt in everything that he did. If he put on his - hat he was forced to step in front of the mirror several times to - be sure that the hat was really on his head. After completing a - piece of work, he returned many times to make sure that it was - really done. Occasionally he remained at home in bed, because his - fellow workmen, noting his peculiar actions, had laughed at him. - Upon this basis a fear of meeting people grew up, and he shunned - every one. Once or twice he approached his wife threateningly. The - superintendent feared to keep him at the factory any longer, and - discharged him. After a careful medical examination, the prognosis - for the patient was not very favorable. A possible outcome was an - active and incurable form of insanity. It seemed necessary, in - order to have a reasonable hope of cure, that a radical change of - life be made. - - Therefore, Mr. D. was induced to go as a volunteer patient to a - hospital for the insane. There he remained six months, during which - time, with the assistance of the Associated Charities, suitable - quarters and light work were found for his wife. Mr. D. was allowed - to visit her weekly, until she became ill with an attack of - Bright's disease, which, complicated by cardiac symptoms, - occasioned her death. This loss retarded Mr. D's. recovery; but, at - the end of six months the hospital considered him sufficiently - improved to be discharged to the dispensary for continued - observation. - - At present, six months after his discharge, the situation is very - encouraging. Mr. D. is working most satisfactorily as a porter for - a large department store. He has secured an excellent room with - some old friends, has given up drinking, and, from his twelve - dollars a week, is paying back the advances made by the Associated - Charities. His "insanity of doubt" seems to have vanished, and his - outlook upon life is once more interested and hopeful. - -Still another case is that of R., a boy of eleven years. He was born in -Russia, of Russian Jewish parentage and has been in the United States -six years:-- - - R.'s own story of his first visit to the mental clinic, was in a - manic condition and talked incoherently. A week before his - appearance at the dispensary the child had returned from school in - a much disturbed state. Since that day he had not been able to - sleep, and had manifested great nervous depression with - hallucinations and had attempted several times to jump from the - window. - - R.'s own story to the physician was broken and confused. He talked - much of having been forced by his teacher to go down on his knees, - and insisted that his hair was on fire. He appeared a sensitive and - intelligent child. - - Investigation revealed no history of mental disease throughout the - families of both father and mother. A home visit by the social - worker showed that the family of seven lived in a four room - tenement in a congested and noisy Jewish section. The father was a - tailor with an irregular income. - - The boy was immediately sent to the psychopathic ward of the Boston - State Hospital, where the diagnosis of acute insanity was confirmed - and a week later R. was committed to the Danvers State Hospital. A - co-operative connection was established between the social worker - and the hospital physicians at Danvers who were in charge of the - case. After he had sufficiently recovered, the plan was made that - R. was to be placed in the country under the supervision of one of - the children's societies for a period of at least six months. Dr. - Mitchell, superintendent of the Danvers State Hospital, wrote in - approval of this arrangement. - - The plan was carried out with most successful results. At the end - of six months he was released from the parole of Danvers State - Hospital and returned to his home to report once a month to the - mental clinic at the dispensary. - - The social work in this case was not confined entirely to - arrangements for the boy, but extended to the preparation of the - family for his return, which involved moving to a less congested - neighborhood in a Jewish section of a Boston suburb. It was also - necessary to arrange for his attendance in an open air class, win - his teacher's interest and co-operation, and educate the father to - a realization of the need of discipline, the value of regular hours - for eating and sleeping, the desirability that the boy should sleep - alone, and the danger of exciting recreations. - - R. has now been at his own home for twelve months. A recent entry - on the medical record states: "Patient in excellent physical and - mental condition." - -The third class includes patients who have been discharged from insane -hospitals as cured, or as so much improved that they should be able to -maintain themselves and take part in family life again. - -This work of after-care is extremely important. Many cases of mental -disease can be safely discharged from an insane hospital if there is -assurance that they will be properly followed up in their homes. Such -supervision requires the joint efforts of the physician and the social -worker. - -Miss C., for instance, a woman of thirty-three years, was sent to the -clinic for after-care, by arrangement with the superintendent of the -insane hospital to which she had twice been sent for maniac-depressive -insanity. Her mother had also been a patient for years in the same -hospital. During the first weeks of her treatment at the clinic, she was -still nervous, complained of gnawing sensations in the back of her head, -and dreaded to ride in the street cars. When sitting, she constantly -pulled and twitched different parts of her clothing, beat upon the floor -with one foot, and kept one hand on her head, using the other one alone. -She lived with a married sister who was in comfortable circumstances, -and worked for her brother in an unprofitable little plumber's shop, -which he apparently kept mainly to afford employment for Miss C. and a -younger brother. - -With this history it was plain that careful oversight and regular -clinical visits were necessary to prevent future attacks. Advice and -encouragement were given with the object of stimulating Miss C.'s normal -interests and of persuading her to return to wholesome companionship. -During the summer of 1912 it was decided to remove Miss C. entirely from -home associations, and a desirable position as housekeeper was secured -in the country. There she gained in weight and spirits, and acquired -valuable experience. She still comes regularly to the clinic, and the -medical and social prognosis seems favorable. - -The value of organized social service in connection with the clinic for -mental diseases has been strikingly shown since its recent establishment -at the Boston Dispensary. In the department for mental diseases in this -institution, which is a large and long-established dispensary taking all -classes of diseases, a trained social worker was set at work in January, -1912. At the expiration of a year an efficiency test was made, comparing -the clinic during 1911, when the medical staff had no social worker to -assist them, with 1912, when she was at their service. The following -table summarizes this test: - - Increase - 1911 1912 Per Cent - - New Patients 125 213 70 - Old Patients no record 100 -- - Visits by New Patients 388 909 134 - Visits by All Patients 516 1568 203 - Cured or Substantially - Improved 19% 22% 16 - Cases Pending at End of - Year[8] 2% 22% 1000 - Transferred to Other - Agencies 16% 49% 206 - Patients Lost 27% 5.6% 90[9] - Relative Efficiency 43% 94% 118 - -[8] The increase of "cases pending" is due to the organized medical and -social follow-up work, whereby the patients are held at the clinic until -the physician feels that they may safely be discharged. Without this -service the cases do not "pend" because they are lost. - -[9] Decrease. - -The gist of these statistics is that, with the aid of a trained social -worker, it is possible to treat certain forms of mental disease -effectively in an out-patient clinic. The physician becomes able to keep -a grip upon all patients that he wants to hold. There is practically a -closed circle, and the results of treatment bear favorable comparison -with private work. It is not too much to say that such a clinic, -provided with a staff of interested mental specialists and with trained -social workers, can perform an important function in treating mental -disease and preventing its spread in the community.[10] - -[10] The preventive work of the clinic takes place in two ways: first, by -diagnosing cases of mental defect that ought to have institutional care, -and in securing this care for them by placing them or inducing their -families to consent to place them in the proper Institution; second, by -the education of patients and their families in habits of life and -principles of mental hygiene which establish a home environment -favorable to the preservation of mental health. - -The social worker at the Boston Dispensary works actually in the clinic. -Here she meets each new patient and takes a careful social history, -usually before the patient sees the physician. Often she is present when -the doctor interviews the patient, and always, after this interview, the -physician consults with the social worker. Then a plan of treatment is -made which includes the social as well as the medical factors of the -case. In a certain proportion of cases, home visits are not necessary. -The efforts of the social worker in the clinic itself are sufficient to -secure adequate treatment. Thus there appears a very important -classification of the kinds of social work required: - - 1. Patients presenting acute family problems of poverty, ignorance, - or undesirable home conditions and associations. These patients - require home visits and intensive social work. In the mental clinic - of the dispensary they constituted 48 per cent of the 141 patients. - - 2. Patients requiring a home visit simply for the purpose of - insuring the patient's return to the clinic--that is, cases in - which there were no complex home problems but in which it was - necessary to go to the home once in order to persuade the patient - to come back for treatment. This class at the Dispensary - constituted 20 per cent. - - 3. Patients to whom it was possible to give effective treatment by - clinical interviews only, without home visits. This class - constituted 32 per cent. - -Inasmuch as the cost of the service per patient (estimating the time -taken by the social worker) is enormously greater in class one than it -is in class three, it is highly important to make this classification, -and to keep a close watch upon the proportion of the different types, so -that the cost of the work as a whole, with reference to its efficiency, -can be accurately estimated. - -An efficiency study from this standpoint during 1912 leads to the -conclusion that the average cost per patient (the complete treatment of -a case) in class three is sixty cents; in class two, a dollar; in class -one, four dollars. The medical service is given gratuitously by the -physician. More extended studies in this and in other mental clinics -should be made in order to work out the cost figures more accurately. - -There can be no doubt, however, that even if the cost of medical service -were added, it is cheaper to treat mental diseases in the early stages, -when patients can retain their places in the community, wholly or partly -self-supporting, than to let the disease reach a point where permanent -damage is done, and the insane hospital is the only resource. - -That out-patient clinics should fill an important place in the new -nation-wide campaign for mental hygiene, there can be no doubt in the -mind of any one who has given attention to the matter. That organized -social service is not only a desirable accompaniment of such clinics, -but an essential condition of their efficiency, is a demonstrable and -measurable fact. - - - - -CIVIL WAR IN THE WEST VIRGINIA COAL MINES - -HAROLD E. WEST - -[_The Survey has not had staff or means to send a special representative -to the West Virginia coal fields to make an intensive investigation of -the conditions in the strike area. That is the sort of social -interpretation we shall hope to perform with the growth of the slender -resources of the Survey Associates. We have done the next best -thing--viz., turned to the most promising newspaper source._ - -_It has been current gossip among journalists that the press of West -Virginia could not be relied upon to tell the truth about the situation -in the Kanawha Valley. Of the metropolitan newspapers which up to March -had had staff representatives in the field, the accounts of the -Baltimore Sun stood out. They did not mince matters in telling of the -brutal murder by the strikers of the mine guard Stringer; nor did they -hedge in publishing what was done by the Cabin Creek and Paint Creek -Colliery Companies. Mr. West was the representative the Sun had sent -into the field, and from him The Survey requested an article, only -stipulating that it be fair to both sides and tell not only the events -of the strike but the conditions back of them._ - -_"The article may seem unduly to favor the miners," wrote the Baltimore -Sun man in sending it in. "I went to West Virginia absolutely -unprejudiced, with the idea of telling the truth about the situation. I -found conditions I did not believe could exist in America, and I am no -novice in the newspaper game, having seen some pretty raw things in my -time. I told the truth about them, and am afraid I have gotten myself -disliked."_ - -_The fairness of the article is disputed by Neil Robinson, secretary of -the West Virginia Mining Association. His protest is published in the -forepart of the magazine._--Ed.] - - -For nearly a year a state of turmoil amounting in practical effects to a -civil war has existed in the coal fields of West Virginia. The situation -centers in the Kanawha Valley, hardly more than twenty miles from -Charleston, the capital of the state. - -The military power of the state has been used with only temporary -effect; martial law has been declared and continues in force; the -governor of the state has been defied and denounced from the state house -steps and within his hearing; men and women have been thrown into prison -and are still there for espousing the cause of the miners, and the grim -hillsides of the canyons in which the mines are situated are dotted with -the graves of men who have been arrayed against one another in this -conflict between capital and labor. - -Of course, there have been errors and excesses on both sides. The men in -the mines are not angels by any means, and neither are the men for whose -profit they work. But there has been no profit on either side for the -last year and it looks as if there would be none for a long time to -come. The men of both sides are pretty good fellows away from the mines -and the subject of mining; on the matter of mining, they show the -obstinacy of men who look at a proposition from but one point of view, -who see no justification of the position of those who oppose them and -who seem to have lost absolutely the sense of proportion. - -If the efforts made by William B. Wilson, former Congressman from -Pennsylvania and former secretary-treasurer of the United Mine Workers -of America, to have a federal investigation of the situation early in -the struggle, had been successful, the whole matter might have been -settled long since. But his resolution calling for a congressional -investigation was buried at the last session of Congress and was never -resurrected. - -Wilson charged that a condition of peonage existed in the mines and that -men were held there by force and compelled to work against their will. -The coal operators denied this vehemently, at the same time fighting -bitterly a federal inquiry. Evidence I was able to gather on a trip of -investigation to the mines convinced me that a form of peonage does, or -did, exist; that the miners were oppressed; that the rights guaranteed -under the constitution were denied them; that the protection of the law -of the state was withheld from them and the law openly defied and -ignored by the coal operators. These things were done, apparently, not -because the operators were cruel, but--the old story of -dividends--because they thought it necessary that a balance be shown on -the right side of the ledger, and because competitive conditions in the -coal fields were such that more of this balance had to be produced from -the men themselves than from the bleak hills in which they toil. - -The investigation is bound to come. Wilson is a cabinet member in the -new administration, and could of his own volition carry it on under the -broad terms of the act creating the new federal Department of Labor. But -there is another agency which may look into the situation. When fellow -members of the lower house balked Congressman Wilson's proposal, he -interested Senator Borah of Idaho and the latter promised to introduce -into the Senate, at the coming special session, a resolution calling for -a full and complete investigation, by a committee of the Senate, of the -whole situation in the West Virginia coal mines, including the question -of peonage, the use of mine guards and other means of oppression. This -would be a Senate resolution, it would not have to be concurred in by -the House of Representatives, and it is understood that Secretary Wilson -has votes enough pledged to pass it. - -Even the close of the strike which has been rumored the past fortnight -would not make such a fundamental inquiry during the spring and summer -inopportune, but rather a measure of precaution in anticipation of -future labor conflicts in the region. The fact that such an inquiry has -been actively contemplated is not generally known; information about it -has not been published in the newspapers, but has been given me for use -in THE SURVEY. - - -_Backward View of the Trouble_ - -The Kanawha trouble dates back about ten years. At that time the miners' -condition was good, as things go for men in the coal fields, and the -miners along Cabin Creek were organized. An ill-advised strike was -called then, and it resulted in a disastrous defeat for the miners. This -strike was ordered by officials of the union against the desire of the -miners directly affected and it is charged by Cabin Creek miners that it -was declared in the interest of the Ohio operators who desired to -cripple their West Virginia competitors. Some of these operators have -since admitted that they helped finance the strike. As long as the -trouble lasted, operators in competitive fields could gobble the -business of operators whose plants were shut down. Of course, after the -men had been beaten and the strike broken and non-union conditions and -wage scales went into effect, the competition was more bitter than it -had been before, yet the pickings were good while they lasted. That, -however, is all ancient history. - -Ever since the strike of a decade ago the men on Cabin Creek have been -restless. Conditions were burdensome although they were not so bad on -Paint Creek which was organized. The operators were out after business -and they cut prices on coal to the limit in order to meet the -competition of Illinois, Ohio and western Pennsylvania operators and get -a share of the "lake trade." For the driving force behind this civil war -in the hills of West Virginia is to be found in the coal bins of 10,000 -factories of the Middle West and beyond whose managers and workmen know -little or nothing of the struggle. - -By "lake trade" is meant the coal that goes to ports on Lake Erie for -transportation by steamer and barge to Detroit and as far as Duluth and -Superior for distribution throughout the Northwest. All the trade that -passes over the lakes, no matter what its ultimate destination, is known -as the "lake trade." The Pittsburgh operators have held that the opening -of the West Virginia fields was an economic blunder, that the lake -demand was no greater than Pittsburgh and Ohio could supply, and that it -was a mistake for the West Virginia operators to enter that field. The -latter took the position that they had the coal, and did not propose to -let it remain undeveloped because it would interfere with the market of -the operators of other fields. They would mine their coal and would sell -it wherever they could, and if they could grab a big share of the lake -trade they proposed to do it. It has been a battle of millions. - -To strengthen their position the Pennsylvania operators have bought -large blocks of West Virginia coal lands. The Lackawanna Coal Company -has, for example, secured control of the principal operations on Paint -Creek. - -The operators in the Ohio, Illinois, and most of the Pennsylvania -fields, get out their coal under terms as to hours and wages imposed by -their agreements with the United Mine Workers. In order to be in a -position to meet the growing competition of the West Virginia fields on -an even footing in the matter of labor, it is an open secret, that they -have given aid and comfort to the union in the effort to organize the -West Virginia field. They have been fighting on the other hand for a -reduction in their own freight rates or an increase in those of their -West Virginia competitors, they did not care which, as the consumer -finally pays the bill. Until a comparatively recent time, the rate from -the Pittsburgh district to Ashtabula and Cleveland has been 88 cents a -ton, while to Toledo and Sandusky, the rates from the West Virginia -field have been 97 cents and $1.12 a ton. - -Something more than a year ago the pressure on the railroads became so -great that a meeting of the officers of the coal carrying roads and the -operators from the Pittsburgh and the West Virginia districts was held -in New York in an effort to settle the difficulty. No agreement could be -reached and the roads, unable to resist the pressure of the Pittsburgh -operators advanced the rate from the West Virginia fields 9-1/4 cents, -making the differential in favor of the Pittsburgh field 18-1/4 instead -of 9 cents. - -[Illustration: _Copyright by Underwood and Underwood._ - -CONFISCATED ARMS AND AMMUNITION - -The revolvers and rifles were taken from both mine guards and strikers] - -The West Virginia operators appealed to the Interstate Commerce -Commission for an investigation, and an order suspending the rate was -granted. Then John W. Boilleau, a big operator in Pennsylvania, demanded -a reduction of 50 or 55 cents a ton from the Pittsburgh district, -further complicating the situation. Early last year, the Interstate -Commerce Commission handed down a decision reducing the rate from the -Pittsburgh district 10 cents and held that the Chesapeake and Ohio and -the Kanawha and Michigan rates should remain as they had been but that -the Norfolk and Western rate might be increased. This decision resulted -in increasing the differential in favor of Pittsburgh to 19 cents. - -With this handicap in freight rates, the operators on Paint and Cabin -creeks say that it is impossible for them to pay the union scale and -submit to union conditions and keep going. It is a fact that although -the average price of coal in West Virginia for 1911 was a cent above the -price in 1910, many coal companies failed. Some mines have been operated -by receivers while others have been closed down on the ground that coal -cannot be produced at the mouth of the mines and put on the cars at the -price it brings in the market. Others are just about coming out even -while some are making money. - - -_Profits from Mine or Men?_ - -The strikers answer by charging that the losses and difficulties -incident to competition are many of them paper losses and paper -difficulties, that the mines would pay well under union conditions and -rates of pay if the mines were not working on an inflated capitalization -and were not endeavoring to earn money on a lot of watered stock. - -In one of the talks which I had with Neil Robinson, secretary of the -West Virginia Mining Association, he went into the cost of production -and told of the efforts of the Pittsburgh operators to shut the West -Virginia coals out of the lake trade. He produced the calculations of G. -W. Schleuderberg, general manager of the Pittsburgh Coal Company, which -were given in the lake rate cases before the Interstate Commerce -Commission, showing that the average cost of production in 52 mines, -including general office expenses, depreciation, royalty, fuel, -supplies, and labor, was 99.09 cents per ton of coal on cars. - -As against this, he showed a generalized statement, which he said was -based on actual working conditions in the Kanawha splint coal mines -indicating a cost of 99.11 cents on cars, a difference of two hundredths -of a cent in favor of the Pittsburgh operators. - -The Schleuderberg figures showed a total labor cost of 72.16 cents a -ton while Mr. Robinson's figures showed for the Kanawha fields a labor -cost of 65.66 cents a ton, a difference in favor of the Kanawha fields -of 6.5 cents, and if superintendence and certain other costs be -included, a cost of 63.78 cents, which is a per ton difference in favor -of the Kanawha fields of 3.38 cents. This would more than cover the -increase asked by the miners which is half of the Cleveland compromise -scale or approximately 2-1/2 cents a ton. - -[Illustration: _Courtesy of the Coal Age_ - -ON GUARD - -A Cabin Creek rifle-woman before her tent.] - -Of course, there is the railroad differential in favor of Pittsburgh to -be considered. In spite of the differential of 9 cents against the West -Virginia field, which existed up to the time of the settlement of the -lake trade cases by the Interstate Commerce Commission, the West -Virginia operators shipped in 1910 to lake ports more than six million -tons of coal, a growth of over four million tons since 1906; or 125 per -cent and even with the differential spread to 19 cents, they are -shipping coal as rapidly as they can mine it. - -The explanation of the Kanawa Valley miners is that in their efforts to -capture the Lake Trade the West Virginia operators in competing with the -Pittsburgh district operators have been selling coal at less than cost -and making their profits out of their men. - -The miners told me that ever since the fight began their condition has -been becoming harder and harder to bear. One of the men, answering my -statement that the operators said they were barely meeting expenses -said: "Damn it, I know there is no money in coal at 80 cents at the -tipple; any fool knows that, but by God, they've got no right to take it -out of us." - -And that in my judgment is about the truth of the situation. Or, as Neil -Robinson explained to me in all seriousness: "Labor is simply a pawn in -the game." - -Yet the game has cost the state, the operators and the miners millions -of dollars and many lives, has caused untold hardship to women and their -children, has engendered a bitterness that a generation in time will not -heal and hatreds that will last a lifetime. - -In making that statement, I am convinced that Mr. Robinson did not know -how it would sound to one who puts the well-being of men, women and -children above the necessity of capital for dividends. He was simply -stating a business fact. I had several talks with him in the course of -my stay in the mine region and found him a cultivated, courteous man. I -think I got his point of view which coincides with that of the operators -generally. They seem to look upon labor as material, to be bought as -cheaply as possible and to be utilized in the manner which will be most -profitable to the mine investments. - -Whenever I went in to see him to discuss the situation he immediately -produced account books, and books of statistics and began giving me -figures. The whole case of the operators, he seemed to think, could be -shown by the books and the balance sheet. He told me of tonnage, cost of -production, railroad freight rates, yield on investment, the yield of -competitive fields and the cost of operation in those fields, -capitalization and rates of dividends. But of the human side, he had -substantially nothing to say. Of the outrages of the miners--and they -have been numerous--he spoke with bitterness, but of the outrages -committed upon them he was silent. - -Of course, figures such as Mr. Robinson produced are important but they -are not everything. The trouble is that the operators do not seem to be -able to see beyond them into those desolate little cabins under the -everlasting hills, to the rights of men, to the causes that make for -anarchy--that have made for anarchy, in this very region. - - -_The State at Stake_ - -It is hard to tell just how many men have been out in recent months. -Five thousand would be a fair estimate. And remarkable as it is, these -men have been able to hold out through a winter--and winters are severe -in those West Virginia mountains--and they enter the spring and the long -season, when cold does not fight them from the ranks of their opponents, -full of cheer and determined to continue the industrial war in which -they have engaged. - -It must be remembered that this fight is not simply one between miners -and operators on Paint and Cabin Creeks. It is localized there, but -every miner and every operator in the state is involved more or less -directly. It is really a fight for the unionizing of the entire coal -fields of West Virginia, now largely non union. - -If the operators stamp out the effort to restore unionism on Paint and -Cabin Creeks and prevent its going further than it has already gone on -Coal River it will mean the checkmating of unionism in the coal fields -of the state. Fights will be made, one after another, in places where -the United Mine Workers have organizations and they will be broken up as -they were broken up on Cabin Creek ten years ago. Once broken, they will -not be permitted to be formed again. - -If, on the other hand, the miners win, their organization will be pushed -first into one field, then into another, until the whole state shall -have been unionized. It will take them years to do this. This explains -the extreme bitterness of the present fight, each side practically -staking its all on this one throw. Of course, the operators do not admit -that they are battling to crush out unionism in the state and the -officials of the mine workers' organization do not talk much about -extending the fight to other fields if they win in this. That is their -purpose, nevertheless. - -The miners are receiving assistance from other operators in non-union -parts of the state. All the resources of the United Mine Workers of -America are being thrown behind the miners. As explained to me by -perhaps the most prominent man in the organization a few days ago, there -is now no big fight on hand anywhere else in the country, and there has -been none for a year. This has enabled the mine workers to collect a big -fund and they are still collecting. The organization's war chest is kept -in good shape by contributions from every mining district in the nation -and all this will be poured into the Kanawha field if necessary. In -addition to this, the miners again have the sympathy, if not the active -co-operation, of the operators in the Pennsylvania, Illinois and Ohio -fields where the union scale is paid. - -In fact, the operators in the fields which are organized look upon their -brothers who have been able to prevent the union getting a hold in their -operations very much as the union laborer looks upon the non-union -laborer, although the operator is not so frank in expressing his -opinion. He is perfectly willing to upset the labor conditions in his -competitors' operations and aid the laborers in making their fights. And -the operator in the unorganized field is perfectly willing to see his -competitors' fields organized to the limit. - -The country in which this war between the miners and the coal companies -is taking place is as wild as any that lies out of doors. Cabin Creek -Junction is sixteen miles east of Charleston and Paint Creek Junction is -seven miles further east. On Cabin Creek the railroad runs south along -the bed of the creek sixteen miles to Kayford while on Paint Creek the -road extends for twenty-two miles. These creeks are little streams, -ordinarily, which sometimes reach the proportions of torrents, flowing -along the bases of the mountains. The elevation of the creek beds above -tide ranges from 800 to 1,000 feet, while the tops of the hills which -rise abruptly on both sides of each creek are from 1,000 to 1,500 feet -higher. The sides of these hills are so steep that only an experienced -mountaineer can climb them, yet here and there near the creek beds the -miners have raised little patches of corn and vegetables. - -[Illustration: MOTHER JONES] - -The workable veins of coal lie high up on the sides of these hills, and -from each mine mouth a track leads to the coal tipple below from which -the coal is dumped from the mine cars to the cars of the railroad which -runs beneath the tipple. Here and there at the base of either of these -ravines is a narrow strip of flat land, and on these flats, the mining -villages are located. At places the bottom of the ravine is so narrow -that there is not room for the railroad track, the creek bed and the -county road, so the road runs along the bed of the creek and is -impassable at times of high water and oftentimes in the winter. - -It is estimated that before the strike began, there were approximately -10,000 men, women and children living along Cabin Creek and somewhat -more than half that number along Paint Creek. A train runs up each creek -in the morning and there is another in the afternoon and if you happen -to miss the afternoon train out there is no way out except to walk, and -walking is very difficult in that country. - -[Illustration: MINERS' HOMES LEASED FROM MINE OWNERS - -_Courtesy of the New York Sun_] - -For that reason little real news of the exact condition of affairs has -reached the outside world. Newspaper men are decidedly unwelcome along -the creeks; that is, their presence is distasteful to the mine owners. -Few strangers had been allowed to enter the creeks for a long time prior -to the entry of the militia last summer, without explaining their -business to some man, and usually a man with a gun. Ordinarily a -stranger would not get beyond the junction of the main line and the -branch road. If the explanation of his business did not happen to be -satisfactory, he was told to get out. If he demurred or showed a -disposition to argue he was frequently beaten up. If he got up the line, -his chances of getting beaten up were largely increased. One labor -organizer told me that a couple of years ago he was pulled off a train -and kicked into insensibility by the mine guards and when he recovered -was made to "walk the creek" in water up to his waist because he had -gone up Cabin Creek to see what the labor conditions were. - - -_The Mine Guards_ - -These mine guards are an institution all along the creeks in the -non-union sections of the state. They are as a rule supplied by the -Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency of Roanoke and Bluefield. It is said the -total number in the mining regions of West Virginia reaches well up to -2,500. Ordinarily they are recruited from the country towns of Virginia -and West Virginia, preferably the towns in the hill country, and -frequently have been the "bad men" of the towns from which they came. -And these towns have produced some pretty hard characters. The ruffian -of the West Virginia town would not take off his hat to the desperado of -the wildest town of the wildest west. - -These Baldwin guards who are engaged by the mining companies to do their -"rough work" take the place of the Pinkertons who formerly were used for -such work by the coal companies. Since the Homestead strike in the steel -mills years ago when the Pinkertons fired into the strikers and killed a -number of them, this class of business has gradually drifted away from -the Pinkertons and much of it has been acquired by the Baldwin-Felts -agency. - -In explanation of the employment of these guards, the operators say that -their property must be guarded, that the state does not give them -sufficient protection. Men who do service as mine guards cannot be -expected to be "ladylike." They deal with desperate characters and are -constantly in peril. The guards act on the principle that they must -strike first if they are to strike at all, and evidence shows that they -have not the slightest hesitancy about striking first. The operators -also say that it is necessary to require explanations of strangers in -order to keep out labor agitators and to prevent the miners from being -annoyed and threatened by them. - -No class of men on earth are more cordially hated by the miners than -these same mine guards who are engaged to "protect" them from annoyance -by outsiders. Before the state troops went into the region and took -their rifles away from them, the mine guards went about everywhere, gun -in hand, searching trains, halting strangers, ejecting undesirables, -turning miners out of their houses and doing whatever "rough work" the -companies felt they needed to have done. Stories of their brutality are -told on every hand along the creeks. Some are unquestionably -exaggerated, but the truth of many can be proved and has been proved. - -In spite of the work they do some of these Baldwin men seem to be decent -enough chaps to those who are not "undesirable," and they are, for the -most part, intelligent. But they are in the mines for a definite -purpose. They understand what that purpose is and they have no hesitancy -about "delivering the goods." They seem to have no illusions about their -work. It pays well and if brutality is required, why, brutality "goes." -Whenever possible they are clothed with some semblance of the authority -of the law, either by being sworn in as railroad detectives, as -constables or deputy sheriffs. - -But for all that a number have been indicted for offenses ranging from -common assault to murder. In every case, however, bail has been ready -and it is rare that charges against them have been brought to trial. -Some of the assault cases in which they have figured have been of great -brutality, yet rarely has any serious trouble resulted for the guards. -They go about their work in a purely impersonal way. If a worker becomes -too inquisitive, if he shows too much independence, or complains too -much about his condition, he is beaten up some night as he passes under -a coal tipple, but the man who does the beating has no feeling against -him personally; it is simply a matter of business to him. - -Just what the services of the guards cost the coal companies is -difficult to learn. The companies contract with the Baldwin-Felts agency -for them and the sum they pay is kept a secret. It is generally -understood that the guards get about $5 a day, or between $100 and $125 -a month. A man in the mines who knows one of them intimately told me he -"picked up his gun" for $105 a month. When a man joins the Baldwins he -"picks up his gun," and that stamps him forevermore with his former -associates if they were of the laboring class as an enemy and a man who -has turned his back on his class and his kind. - -[Illustration: _Courtesy of the United Mine Workers' Journal_ - -A GROUP OF STRIKERS' CHILDREN] - -Unless the miners are beaten in this fight, and utterly and completely -beaten, there will never be a settlement of the difficulty here until -the mine guards are driven from the region. "The mine guards must go," -is the slogan of the striking miner everywhere. His going is of more -importance than an increase in pay. There will be no lasting peace in -the region until they are gone. All over the state when the situation in -the Kanawha valley comes up for discussion you are told that the mine -guards are at the bottom of the trouble. They are the Ishmaelites of the -coal regions for their hands are supposed to be against every miner, and -every miner's hand is raised against them. They go about in constant -peril--they are paid to face danger and they face it all the time. But -they are afraid, for they never know when they may get a charge of -buckshot or a bullet from an old Springfield army rifle that will make a -hole in a man's body big enough for you to put your fist in. A number of -guards have been killed since the trouble began, and it is generally -understood that some of these were buried by their fellows and nothing -said about it, there being a disposition down in the mines not to let -the other side know when either side scores and gets a man. - - -_Beginning of Hostilities_ - -Preparations for the warfare, which began in April of last year, had -been going on for months before the actual opening of hostilities. The -miners on Paint Creek began buying old Springfield rifles which the -government had discarded and which were offered in quantities by junk -dealers and department stores in Charleston. There had been rumors of -trouble, and the Paint Creek miners who were organized had received -intimations that Cabin Creek conditions would be established in their -operations. There had been no mine guards on Paint Creek for they are -seldom seen in union operations. The miners had received information -that the operators would not sign the scale for the new year but would -repudiate the union and bring in the guards. - -Their information proved correct. When the Kanawha Operators' -Association met to consider the scale, the Paint Creek operators -declined to sign it and withdrew from the association. The miners struck -and the guards appeared over night. A big fight took place at Mucklow -when the first blood was spilled in the trouble. It has been spilled in -quantities since with more or less regularity. - -The companies immediately prepared for a long fight. Miners were evicted -from their homes and many of them have since been living in tents -furnished by the United Mine Workers. Machine guns were imported and -mounted in concrete fortifications that were hurriedly built on the -roofs of the company stores and mounted in positions of vantage in the -hills. Whisky, cartridges, rifles and machine gun ammunition were -brought in in large quantities. - -The strike spread at once to Cabin Creek and from the beginning the -warfare has been more serious on Cabin Creek than it has been on Paint -Creek. More machine guns were established on Cabin Creek than had been -planted in Paint Creek. The situation grew so threatening that Governor -Glasscock ordered out the militia early last August at the solicitation -of the mine owners. By that time almost every man on Cabin Creek had his -rifle and ammunition, hidden but where he could get at it without -trouble. For the most part the arms were smuggled in over the hills. The -mine owners informed Governor Glasscock that the miners were armed and -were threatening to wipe out the mine guards, one of the guards, William -Stringer, having been slain in a most brutal manner. The miners did not -ask for protection, saying they could protect themselves. It is -generally believed that they were waiting for some particularly bad move -on the part of the guards, when they proposed to exterminate them if -possible. The mine owners expected that when the troops came they would -disarm the miners but allow the guards to retain their rifles, in other -words, and to put it very plainly, they expected that the militia would -be used as an additional force against the miners. But when the troops -began disarming the guards as well as the miners they protested most -vigorously. But for every rifle taken away from a guard in the early -days of the trouble, dozens of new ones were brought in. - -[Illustration: _Courtesy of the United Mine Workers' Journal_ - -A TENT VILLAGE OF STRIKERS - -The deserted town is in the background] - - -_Martial Law_ - -Governor Glasscock's attitude pleased neither the operators nor the -strikers. The miners at the outset wanted him to proclaim martial law, -to search the whole place, run out the guards, take their arms away from -them and take the machine guns out of the improvised forts. They -received the soldiers with open arms--no set of soldiers ever went into -a strike region and received a heartier welcome. In the presence of the -troops, the guards had no terrors for the miners, and even the children -were unafraid. - -When martial law was really proclaimed, however, the strikers did not -like it. The law was enforced with vigor and a number of the strikers -were put in prison for violating the law against unlawful assemblages. -The shoe had begun to pinch and it pinched pretty hard before the -soldiers were withdrawn. It was a mistake to take away the troops before -the strike had been definitely settled. It would have cost the state a -good deal to have retained them after things quieted down, but if a -comparatively small force had been kept, it is hardly likely that the -recent trouble would have occurred, and it would not have been necessary -to send the soldiers back and proclaim martial law a second time. Then -many lives would have been saved. - -The trouble that followed the withdrawal of the troops could have been, -it seems, foreseen by almost any one. One of the miners said when I was -in the mines: - - "Hell is going to break loose here as soon as the troops are - recalled unless the mine guards go out at the same time. They have - it in for us and we have it in for them. As soon as the troops go - out, we fellows who have been working to unionize this region are - going to catch it. But when they start something the fun will - begin. - - "If you want to see some hot doings just wait around until the - troops go. Conditions such as prevail here are a disgrace. The like - of them does not prevail in any civilized country on the globe. And - we are not going to stand them any longer. I have never had to kill - a man and hope never to be compelled to kill one, but I would kill - a dozen of these guards as I would kill so many rats if they should - attempt to lord it over us as they have been accustomed to do. And - I would do it with a perfectly clear conscience." - -The man who made this statement was killed in one of the recent fights -in the valley. I saw his name in the list of the dead. - -One of the things that give the coal operators such complete control of -the men who work for them is the ownership of great tracts of land. -Everywhere you are confronted with a notice that you are on private -property. - - -_Landlordism_ - -Because the West Virginia mining villages are nearly all on private -property, the operators owning the highways as well as the houses of the -miners, they can control their going and coming and determine who may or -may not visit them and talk with them. It is idle to say that the men -can come and go as they please, as the operators claim. Each individual -among them has the right to go from his home to the mine and back again -and to travel on the county road, which is merely an excuse for a -highway. But he has not the _right_ to go from his own home to that of a -fellow workman nor has his wife and children. When they do so, it is by -the sufferance of the mine owner, unless they go by the county road and -then half the houses cannot be reached. It is idle to say that this -power is not exercised by the operators. It is. I have seen it -exercised, and this very fact contains a serious menace to the country. -I talked it over one day with Governor Glasscock in the early days of -the trouble. - -"How can it be remedied?" he asked. "The whole situation bristles with -problems like this. In this case you are up against a man's -constitutional right to control his property as he sees fit and to keep -trespassers off it." - -Such a situation offers a serious problem in government. Take Cabin -Creek alone, with its branches to Kayford and Decota. There are more -than twenty square miles of territory in which live ordinarily about -12,000 persons. In all that territory there is scarcely a place in which -a man may go without being under surveillance, and except at the little -"free" or incorporated town of Eskdale, hardly a house into which a -friend may be invited for a drink of water except by the grace of the -coal companies. - -The miners say that such a condition is un-American. They want it solved -and they do not care how it is to be solved. While this matter is not -put in the list of their demands, it is one of their serious grievances. -Here are the things they are demanding: - - Abolition of the mine guard system. - - A reform in the system of docking. - - The employment of check-weighmen on the tipples to represent the - miners and to be paid by the miners. The law provides for these - check-weighmen, but this law is ignored by the coal companies. - - Permission for the men to trade where they please without - discrimination against them for so doing. - - The payment of wages in cash every two weeks and not in script or - credit cards. - - Improved sanitary conditions, with the requirement that the - companies remove garbage and keep the houses in condition. - - Payment for mining coal on the basis of the short ton on which the - coal is sold and not on the basis of the long ton, on which it is - at present mined. - - Rentals of houses based on a fair return on their cost with - allowance for upkeep and electric lights on the same basis. - - The nine hour day--the men now work ten hours. - - Recognition of the union. This implies, in the bituminous districts - of the middle West, the check-off system by which the companies - deduct from the pay envelopes of individual miners not only the - charges for powder, rent, medical attention, store accounts, etc., - but also for union dues which are turned over to the union - treasuries direct. This method of recognizing the union has been - most vigorously opposed by the operators in the anthracite - district. - - An increase in pay. This last the miners regard as the least vital - of all their demands as a present issue. - - -_Charges as to Peonage_ - -It has been charged that a condition of peonage exists in some of the -mining districts of the state. This is a subject on which the operators -are very sensitive. They deny vehemently that such a thing is possible. - -Peonage, as it is usually understood, means compelling men to work under -duress until debts they may owe are paid. It is a violation of state and -federal laws. - -Men who come into the mines usually have little or no money. Sometimes -their transportation into the mines is paid and they are charged with -the cost of it on the books of the companies employing them. They are -given a cabin to live in and if they have no money when they start and -seem to want to go to work in good faith they are given credit for small -amounts at the company stores. Accordingly, unless the miner is an -unusually thrifty fellow, he is usually in debt at the start. - -Miners have told me that in the Cabin Creek region they are paid only -once a month, but when they start in, they are not paid any cash for -sixty days, the first month's pay being held back. In the meantime, -however, after they have earned sufficient money to pay the rent and -other charges in connection with their cabins, their school tax, burial -tax of twenty-five cents a month, their assessment for the maintenance -of the mine physician, and sometimes an item for "protection" which is -an assessment for the pay of the mine guards they will, "on -application" be given a "script card" entitling them to purchase from -the company store goods to the amount indicated on the card. On the -edges of the card are figures and the amounts purchased are punched out -very much as the waiters in a quick lunch restaurant punch out the -amount of a customers order on his check. - -[Illustration: _Courtesy of the New York Sun_ - -SOLDIERS IN CAMP AT CABIN CREEK JUNCTION] - -These script cards will not, it is said, be given to a miner for the -total amount which stands to his credit on the books of the mine -company, but is usually for $2 or $3 if the man has that amount due him -after deductions are made for rent in advance and other charges. If a -man is very anxious however, to have some cash, a clerk in the store, -will, it is said, discount his script card, charging him 25 per cent. - -For the first two months, then, the miner, who starts out in debt, has -to get everything he needs from the company stores. The prices at these -stores are high, much higher than the miner would have to pay elsewhere -for exactly the same grade of stuff. For the most part, the grade of -goods sold at the company stores is much higher than is usually -purchased by laboring men and their wives when they buy where they -please. Here are some of the prices I found prevailing at stores along -Cabin Creek: - - Eggs 35 cents a dozen; "white bacon," pure fat and popularly known - as "sow belly" 18 cents a pound; smoked bacon 22 cents a pound; - white sugar 20 cents for a two pound bag; lard 15 cents a pound; - brown sugar 15 cents a pound; coffee 30 cents a pound; tomatoes 15 - cents a can; peas 15 cents a can; corn two cans for 25 cents; - cheese 30 cents a pound; bread 5 cents a loaf; flour $7 a barrel, - and salt 5 cents for a two pound bag. Salt is not sold in bulk. - -Compelled to buy at high prices, it can be readily seen that a man -cannot save much money, although it is a fact that a few of the very -thrifty ones have rather respectable bank accounts. So when the average -fellow starts out in debt, he usually stays in debt. His work is hard -and he eats heartily when he can. Then the miners' wives have never been -taught how to make much out of little or to conserve their resources, so -there is naturally much waste in cooking, much is spoiled and much is -poorly prepared. - -All this tends to keep the man in debt. At the end of his two month's -work he may have couple of dollars coming to him or he may be still in -debt and if he is in his house a day over the first of the month, rent -in advance is charged against the first money he earns even though he -and his family may be in need of food. Sometimes he does not get any -cash for months, and you have to have cash to get out of the mines for -the railroads will not permit the miners and their families to travel -without paying fare. - -Most of these people have no one outside on whom they may call for help -in leaving the district, and without money, they must stay in the mines -and work. Heretofore their best means of getting out was to develop -strong union tendencies and to talk about the necessity of organizing. -Then, if they were not beaten up, their fare was sometimes paid, and -their furniture and families moved to some other point. Once out, -however, it would be unpleasant for them to try to get back. - -A point is made by the operators that they have offered to pay the fares -of any of their men and of their families, including transportation -charges on their household goods, to Charleston or to fields operating -under union conditions. It is a fact that such offers have been made and -because the miners did not avail themselves of the offer, it is cited -against them as unreasonable, and that they did not care so much about -bettering their condition as about harassing the operators. - -As a matter of fact the men do not care to leave the region. They are -engaged in a fight to unionize it and are as anxious to succeed as are -the operators to prevent them from doing so. "Stay where you are and -unionize your district but do not crowd into organized operations," is -the advice given by the union organizers. That is why the unions in the -other districts are supporting the strikers and have been doing so for a -year. - - -_The Glasscock Commission_ - -Last summer after the mine companies refused point blank to be a party -to the appointment of a commission by the governor for the investigation -of the situation in the mines, Governor Glasscock appointed one anyway. -Bishop Donahue, the Catholic bishop of Wheeling, S. L. Walker, and Fred -O. Blue were appointed as commissioners. Extracts from the report of -this commission are interesting: - - "From the cloud of witnesses and mass of testimony figuring in the - hearings, there emerges clearly and unmistakably the fact that - these guards [the mine guards referred to heretofore] recklessly - and flagrantly violated in respect to the miners on Paint Creek and - Cabin Creek, the rights guaranteed by natural justice and the - constitution to every citizen howsoever lowly his condition and - state.... Many crimes and outrages laid to their charge were found - upon careful sifting to have no foundation in fact, but the denial - of the right of peaceable assembly and of freedom of speech, many - and grievous assaults on unarmed miners show that their main - purpose was to overawe the miners and their adherents and, if - necessary to beat and cudgel them into submission. We find that the - system employed was vicious, strife prompting and un-American. No - man, worthy of the name, likes to be guarded by others, armed with - black jacks, revolvers and Winchesters whilst he is endeavoring to - earn his daily bread.... We are unanimously of the opinion that the - guard system as at present constituted should be abolished - forthwith." - -The commission also found that the company stores overcharged the -miners, that the system of docking was unfair to the miner, and that a -system of blacklisting of miners prevailed. - -On the other hand the commission found that in a general way, the miners -in the Paint and Cabin Creek districts were fairly well off, that their -wages were above the average prevailing in the organized fields, that -their cabins were above the average, and that the rent, while "slightly -excessive" was not exorbitant, and that the sanitation was "as good as -can be expected." On the question of wages, the commission found that -the annual wage of miners in West Virginia for the years 1905-1911 was -$554.26 while the average annual wage of miners on Paint and Cabin -Creeks "is from $600 to $700." It will be noticed that in the first -instance a definite, fixed figure is given for the average. In the other -the statement is a general one "between $600 and $700." - -The statement is also made that "a minute examination of the pay rolls -discloses the fact that 16 or 17 days' work a month constitutes a high -average and that many engaged in the mines _decline_ (the italics are -mine) to labor more than 12 or 14 days." - -There are two sides to this. The "unwillingness" of the miners to work -more than a certain number of days a month is proved to the satisfaction -of the commission by an "examination of the pay roll." As a matter of -fact in most instances the reason the men do not work more days in a -month is due to the system of "crowding" which prevails all over the -non-union districts of West Virginia. This is one of the things the -miner complains about most bitterly. It is worked in this way: An -operation has, say a capacity of 200 men. On the pay roll of that -operation may be anywhere from 300 to 400 men. All these men cannot work -in the mine at one time, but the company always wants to have plenty of -men on hand. So the men are allowed to make but little more than half -time. The advantage to the operators is that the more men they have the -more cottages they will rent, the more mouths there will be to feed from -the company stores, and the more money collected for physicians' fees, -insurance and other things for which the miners have to pay. It is -absolutely true that the men do not work more than from 12 to 17 days a -month, but the pay roll will never tell you the real reason. The men -want to work, but they are not permitted to do so. - -As to the cabins being above the average--they may be. I went into some -of them. I would want a more comfortable stable for my horses. The -greater number of the cabins contain four rooms each and are absolutely -without any sanitary or other arrangements for the convenience of the -occupants. Some few are larger and some are smaller but the four room -cabin is the type. They are nearly all alike, built of rough lumber and -roofed with a composition roofing such as is bought by the roll. The -rental is on the basis of $1.50 per room per month. A four room cabin -costs $6 a month, a six room cabin costs $8 or $9. But take the average -four room cabin at $6, the yearly rate is $72. That is interest at 6 per -cent on $1,200. The labor cost on these houses was not more than $40 -each on the average. Including the land on which the houses stand they -did not cost the companies more than $300 each. Six per cent on $300 is -$18. - -Now, the houses are put up as much for the convenience of the companies -as for the miners. There would be no coal mined unless the miners had -houses in which to live, so a 6 per cent rate on the houses would seem -fair. But even allowing 10 per cent, the rate would be $30 instead of -$72. At the rentals charged these houses have paid for themselves over -and over again and everything the companies get out of them now is pure -"velvet." I would call the rental charges exorbitant rather than -"slightly excessive" as the commission finds. - -As a matter of fact, that Glasscock commission report will not bear -close analysis. It is a straddle, made so perhaps in order to protect -"the good name of the state." I do not believe that it is accurate in a -number of particulars. I do not believe that the average wage of the -miners on Paint and Cabin Creeks is between $600 and $700. A good miner -will average $2.50 to $3 a day for the days he works. The impression is -sought to be created that many of the miners have money in bank. Some of -them have, undoubtedly, but they form an exceedingly small percentage of -the whole number. I know that as soon as the strike was called the vast -majority of the miners and their families had to be supported by the -union. I saw wagon loads of provisions sent up to the head of Cabin -Creek to feed those who were hungry and who had nothing coming to them -according to the books of the companies and who could get nothing at the -stores. - -As a matter of fact the whole truth has never been told of the real -conditions existing in the mines of West Virginia. One of the most -illuminating pieces of testimony available to the non-partisan -investigator is that of former Governor W. M. O. Dawson. Governor Dawson -sent a special message--a rare document and hard to find now--to the -legislature of 1907. Three cases of peonage in lumber camps had been -called to his attention by Secretary of State Elihu Root at the request -of the Italian ambassador. In his message Governor Dawson declared -without equivocation that a system of peonage existed under the guard -system. One of these cases resulted in what he called a "wanton murder" -as a result of a controversy as to whether the murdered man owed $1.50 -for the railway fare of his son. The man was killed by a guard. The -governor goes on: - - "The use of guards in this state is not restricted to cases like - these under investigation. They are used at some of the collieries - to protect the property of owners, to prevent trespassing, and - especially to prevent labor agitators and organizers of the miners' - union from gaining access to the miners.... Many outrages have been - committed by these guards, many of whom appear to be vicious and - dare devil men who seem to aim to add to their viciousness by - bulldozing and terrorizing people. It is submitted in all candor - that it is not to the best interests of the owners of these - collieries to employ such lawless men or to justify the outrageous - acts committed by them. - - "In certain parts of the state miners are oppressed and wronged. - They are compelled to work in ill-ventilated and otherwise unfit - mines. They are cheated in the payment of the compensation for - their labor. They work on the condition that they receive so much - per ton for the coal mined by them, the coal is not weighed but is - calculated by the mine car. These cars, at least in some of the - collieries, are rated at a capacity of two and one half tons, - whereas they often have a capacity of four tons and in some cases - even up to six tons, but the miner is paid for only two and a half - tons, for all above that he mines, he gets no pay whatever. This is - robbery of the poor and oppression of the weak. At some of the - stores conducted by the collieries the miners are charged - extortionate prices for merchandise. This is likewise robbery of - the poor and oppression of the weak." - - -_Mother Jones_ - -The developments of the winter have been under the regime of a third -governor, who came to the state house at a season when part of the -commonwealth was under martial law. In March came the trials of a number -of the strikers and their sympathizers--approximately fifty--by a -military court on charges of inciting to riot, conspiracy to murder and -conspiracy to destroy property. Among those in prison is Mother Jones, -the "Stormy Petrel of Labor" who is always present in big labor -disturbances, especially those of the miners and the railroad men. She -has given the best part of her life to the cause of laboring men and -they adore her. - -This old woman, more than 80 years of age, was in the mines when I went -there and I got to know her well. She passed the word along to the men -that I was "all right" and reticent as they are to strangers, they told -me their side of the case without reservation. - -I have been with Mother Jones when she was compelled "to walk the -creek," having been forbidden to go upon the footpaths that happened to -be upon the property of the companies and denied even the privilege of -walking along the railroad track although hundreds of miners and others -were walking on it at the time. She was compelled to keep to the county -road although it was in the bed of the creek and the water was over her -ankles. I protested to the chief of the guards saying that no matter -what her attitude might be, no matter how much she might be hated, that -she was an old woman and common humanity would dictate that she be not -ill treated. I was told that she was an old "she-devil" and that she -would receive no "courtesies" there, that she was responsible for all -the trouble that had occurred and that she would receive no -consideration from the companies. - -I was with her when she was denied "the privilege" of going up the -foot-way to the house of one of the miners in order to get a cup of tea. -It was then afternoon, she had walked several miles and was faint, -having had nothing to eat since an early breakfast. But that did not -shut her mouth. She made the speech she had arranged to make to the men -who had gathered to hear her although they had to line up on each side -of the roadway to avoid "obstructing the highway," a highway that was -almost impassable to a wheeled vehicle and on which there was no travel. -And in that speech she counseled moderation, told the men to keep -strictly within the law and to protect the company's property instead of -doing anything to injure it. - -I had several long talks with her. When she speaks to the miners she -talks in their own vernacular and occasionally swears. She was a normal -school teacher in her early days, and in her talks with me in the home -of one of her friends in the "free town" of Eskdale, she used the -language of the cultured woman. And this is the old woman whom nearly -all the operators in the non-union fields fear, and whose coming among -their workers they dread more than the coming of a pestilence. They now -have her safely in jail. - -When I left the field[11] the conflict was still on. It seemed likely to -continue until one side or the other gave in. The presence of the -military could only bring about a peace that is temporary. Having held -out through the winter, the miners were preparing to hold out through -the spring and summer and autumn if necessary, and the United Mine -Workers of America were preparing to back them up with all the resources -of the national organization. - -[11] Since the writer left the district an unavailing effort was made to -secure from the civil courts an order restraining the military -commission from conducting the trials of those held on charges of -participation in various deeds of violence in connection with the -strike. Later, however, Governor Hatfield who, as head of the military -forces of the state, has the power to review the acts of the military -commission, discharged from custody a majority of those held. - -Recently negotiations have been carried on between the miners' union and -one of the large companies involved in the strike with the result that -there is a possibility of a settlement being effected in that quarter, -though the matter remains _in statu quo_ until the return from the -tropics of the president of the company. Recently some of the troops -have been withdrawn from the strike zone, though martial law is still in -force. - -[Illustration: _Courtesy of the Coal Age_ - -MILITIAMEN ESCORTING PRISONERS TO COURT MARTIAL] - - - - -SOCIAL FORCES - -By EDWARD T. DEVINE - - -CONSTRUCTIVE RELIGION - -Greed, selfishness, privilege, injustice, exploitation, ignorance, and -neglect are the seven deadly sins of modern civilization. These evils -are alike in this, that they all have their roots in defective or -abnormally developed character. Weakness and pathological strength are -their opposite but closely related and interdependent poles. - -Revolution will not exterminate them, except that revolution within the -soul of man which transforms weakness and moral disease into health and -normal vigor; which eats away the abnormal excrescence of harmful -qualities and transforms the monster into a sane and self-controlled -individual. - -Laws will not of themselves exterminate the least of the social evils, -save as they correspond to a previous clear recognition of their wisdom -and justice in the free minds of citizens. If graft and privilege -express the habitual manner of doing business, the natural mental -reaction of the average man of the community, then it will be true, as -an investigating committee has said, that there is no virtue in the -legislative printing press. - -Philanthropy is no cure for the evils which cause crime, poverty, -squalor, and degeneracy. It is a necessary means of dealing with certain -definite conditions, but those conditions are symptoms of ulterior -maladies which the charitable relation does not reach. Neither -alms-giving nor preventive measures touch the real sources of -regeneration and health. - -Education, in the specific sense of preparation for efficient work and -the development of the mental powers, such education as by mutual -consent we expect from our public schools, does not begin early enough, -or last long enough, or go far enough into the fields of personal -habits, ideals, and motives to guard even against ignorance, at least -that kind of wilful and appalling ignorance which prevents half the -world from knowing how the other half lives, even when the facts are -spread abroad equally in official reports and in popular literature; -that kind of ignorance which blinds the eyes of the more favored of -fortune and blasts the tender shoots of altruism which their hearts here -and there put forth. If education cannot prevent even ignorance of this -kind how much less can it be regarded as a remedy for deliberate -exploitation and conscienceless greed. - -If neither revolution nor laws nor yet formal education can cure these -root evils, is there no cure? There is one potent, wholly efficacious -cure, and that is such teaching and such an experience as will supplant -selfishness and greed by generosity and compassion, the desire for -privilege by the desire for equal opportunity, the instinct of injustice -by the passion for justice, the tendency to exploit by the tendency to -nobly serve, ignorance and neglect by a clear-eyed and persistent -determination to know and understand and to act on that knowledge and -understanding. This teaching, wherever it is carried on and in whatever -name, is essentially religious teaching, and this experience, seizing -upon the individual, is nothing else than a religious conversion. This -is not to distort words from their established and usual meaning but -only to apply them as they must be applied. - -No rich and educated Jew can justly claim a share in the glorious -traditions of his religious faith if he oppresses the poor and crushes -the needy; if, lying upon beds of ivory, inventing instruments of music, -drinking wine in bowls, and anointing himself with the chief ointments, -he is not grieved for the afflictions of Joseph, if he afflicts the -just, or takes a bribe, or turns aside the poor in the gate from their -right. The afflictions of Joseph are different in these days, the form -of bribery has changed, the rights of the poor from which they are -turned aside are not precisely those which the prophet Amos had in mind; -but the teachings remain, and the curse upon those who "rejoice in a -thing of nought" may not unprofitably ring in the ears of Jews and -Christians with all the old time authority and effect. - -But how about the position of the prosperous and influential Christians -professing a law of love, the son-ship of all men to a common Father, a -gospel of good will embracing justice and implying obligations -stretching in all directions infinitely beyond justice, but never -denying it in the least iota? If this profession is not arrant hypocrisy -or pure self-delusion, the faith which he holds will instantly expel -the very evils from which we suffer, and nothing else except such faith -will expel them. Religion goes to the very roots of character, cleansing -the evil nature, revealing new motives, illuminating the mind, -trans-valuing values, strengthening the will, lessening the power of -temptations, setting the feet on safe paths, giving a new meaning to -common experiences and a new zest to life. - -The question remains whether this kind of constructive religion, this -vital, living and vibrant faith, is to be found today in the churches -and synagogues, or whether it has departed from its ancient altars, -perhaps to reappear in strange disguises in the labor movement, in art -or poetry or philosophy, or among humble people who do not have the -means as yet of expressing the new impulses. - -It is a grave question--for the churches. One interesting indication -that it is to be answered in favor of the continued claim of the -existing religious bodies to represent the main current of flowing -religious faith, work, and thought is to be found in a new journal which -appeared on the news-stands in March with the captivating title _The -Constructive Quarterly_. Silas McBee, former editor of the _Churchman_, -is its editor, but it is to have no "editorial pronouncements." - -What is distinctive about this new periodical is that it is to work for -a better understanding among the various communions of Christendom, -building on what the churches are actually believing, doing, and -thinking. It is not seeking neutral territory where courtesy and -diplomacy would tend to avoid issues and round off the sharp edges of -truth and conviction, but rather common ground where loyalty to -conviction will be secure from the tendency to mere compromise and to -superficial and artificial comprehension. In the first number there is a -striking array of able articles from Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, -Evangelical Protestants, from Europeans and Americans, clergymen and -laymen. It will be difficult to maintain so high a standard; but the -idea is an inspiring one and deserves to succeed. - -The tragedy of ecclesiastical history in all ages is the spilling of -blood and treasure by the churches in warfare against other forms of -faith. It is true that the decay of religious controversy has usually -meant a decay of interest in religion. A writer in the _Quarterly_ -quotes Tennyson as having said, "You must choose in religion between -bigotry and flabbiness." What the present venture is in some measure to -test is the possibility of laying aside hostility while yet maintaining -_esprit de corps_, to act in the spirit of Von Moltke's dictum, "March -apart, strike together!" - -The success of the effort will depend on the clear perception of the -enemies against which the allied forces of religion are to strike, or -dropping the figure, on the concentration of effort on the positive -results which the forces of organized religion are to seek to secure in -the social order. These lie partly at least, avoiding dogmatic -exaggeration, in those social relations in which the evil tendencies to -which we have referred are so apparent. The religion which is -constructive is one which makes men unwilling to exploit the vices or -weaknesses of their fellow men, and at the same time makes the other men -unexploitable, which destroys privilege through just laws, impartially -enforced, and upheld by enlightened public opinion, which dispels -ignorance by full and exact knowledge bearing fruit in sound measures of -social reform, which protects the sub-normal and emancipates the -handicapped from their limitations, which permeates education, business, -politics, and eventually the entire social life. - -There may be other tests of true religion, but these are concrete, easy -to understand and to apply. They have ancient and sufficient sanction. -They are unsectarian and non-controversial. - - - - -STRANGE INCENSE - -CARY F. JACOB - - - _A tiny, tangled head bent down - Within a city's gutter-- - A laughing face of tan and brown - Amid the rubbish of the town._ - - _Mud-pies and broken glass all day - Bring fairyland from far away - To thee, sweet innocence, at play._ - - _But mud-pies blacken; glass gives pain, - And laughing eyes are turned to gain - 'Mid cold and hunger, snow and rain._ - - _God shield thee, tangled head bent down - Within a city's gutter! - Poor lily of the noisome town! - Strange incense, shed o'er stranger ground!_ - - * * * * * - - Transcriber's Notes: - - Simple typographical and spelling errors were corrected. - - Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant - preference was found in this work; otherwise they were not changed. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Survey, Volume XXX, Number 1, -April 5, 1913, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SURVEY, APRIL 5, 1913 *** - -***** This file should be named 43625.txt or 43625.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/6/2/43625/ - -Produced by Bryan Ness, Richard Tonsing and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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