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diff --git a/43608-h/43608-h.htm b/43608-h/43608-h.htm index da6ba90..1d9f967 100644 --- a/43608-h/43608-h.htm +++ b/43608-h/43608-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= - "text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + "text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Great Frozen Sea by Albert Markham. @@ -149,46 +149,7 @@ </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's The Great Frozen Sea, by Albert Hastings Markham - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Great Frozen Sea - A Personal Narrative of the Voyage of the "Alert" - -Author: Albert Hastings Markham - -Release Date: August 31, 2013 [EBook #43608] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT FROZEN SEA *** - - - - -Produced by Marius Masi, Greg Bergquist and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43608 ***</div> <div class="center pt2"><img style="width:557px; height:829px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/imgcov.jpg" alt="" /></div> @@ -227,7 +188,7 @@ AND “THE CRUISE OF THE ‘ROSARIO’”</p> <p class="pt2 center f90">SEVENTH EDITION</p> <p class="pt2 center">LONDON<br /> -KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & CO., <span class="sc">Lt<span class="sp">d</span></span><br /> +KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÃœBNER & CO., <span class="sc">Lt<span class="sp">d</span></span><br /> 1894</p> <p class="ptb2 center">(<i>The rights of translation and of reproduction are reserved.</i>)</p> @@ -479,7 +440,7 @@ hope,” <a href="#page39">39</a>; Upernivik, <a href="#page41">41</a>.</p> <p class="center pt2 f120"><span class="sc">Chapter IV. Melville Bay and the North Water.</span></p> <p>Preparations for a nip, <a href="#page43">43</a>; the middle ice, <a href="#page44">44</a>; a bear hunt, <a href="#page46">46</a>; the -North Water, <a href="#page47">47</a>; Cary Island depôt, <a href="#page49">49</a>; approaching Smith +North Water, <a href="#page47">47</a>; Cary Island depôt, <a href="#page49">49</a>; approaching Smith Sound, <a href="#page50">50</a>; enter Smith Sound, <a href="#page51">51</a>.</p> <p class="center pt2 f120"><span class="sc">Chapter V. Smith Sound.</span></p> @@ -520,7 +481,7 @@ winter quarters of “Discovery,” <a href="#page107">107</a>; the two <p>Robeson Channel, <a href="#page110">110</a>; stopped off Cape Beechey, <a href="#page113">113</a>; Shift-Rudder Bay, <a href="#page114">114</a>; floe-bergs, <a href="#page114">114</a>; the first lemming, <a href="#page115">115</a>; marine shells -above sea-level, <a href="#page116">116</a>; depôt established at Lincoln Bay, <a href="#page117">117</a>; a +above sea-level, <a href="#page116">116</a>; depôt established at Lincoln Bay, <a href="#page117">117</a>; a fortunate escape, <a href="#page119">119</a>; crossing the threshold, <a href="#page119">119</a>; finally stopped by ice, <a href="#page121">121</a>; the Frozen Ocean, <a href="#page122">122</a>.</p> @@ -566,7 +527,7 @@ tabogganing, <a href="#page187">187</a>; Nellie, <a href="#page189">189</a>; a l <p>Preparations for Christmas Day, <a href="#page193">193</a>; Christmas presents, <a href="#page194">194</a>; Christmas Day, <a href="#page195">195</a>; retrospect, <a href="#page197">197</a>; frost-bite patients, <a href="#page198">198</a>; -precautions against frost-bite, <a href="#page199">199</a>; the Palæocrystic Sea, <a href="#page200">200</a>; +precautions against frost-bite, <a href="#page199">199</a>; the Palæocrystic Sea, <a href="#page200">200</a>; a brilliant meteor, <a href="#page200">200</a>.</p> <p class="center pt2 f120"><span class="sc">Chapter XVII. A Happy New Year.</span></p> @@ -576,7 +537,7 @@ a brilliant meteor, <a href="#page200">200</a>.</p> observatory, <a href="#page209">209</a>; condition of the Eskimo dogs, <a href="#page210">210</a>; Nellie and the lemmings, <a href="#page212">212</a>; Rawson’s snow hut, <a href="#page212">212</a>; the last school meeting, <a href="#page213">213</a>; the last dramatic performance, <a href="#page214">214</a>; the last -“pop,” <a href="#page215">215</a>; grand palæocrystic sledging chorus, <a href="#page216">216</a>.</p> +“pop,” <a href="#page215">215</a>; grand palæocrystic sledging chorus, <a href="#page216">216</a>.</p> <p class="center pt2 f120"><span class="sc">Chapter XVIII. Return of the Sun.</span></p> @@ -588,7 +549,7 @@ sledge-crews exercised, <a href="#page228">228</a>; a wolf, <a href="#page229">2 <p class="center pt2 f120"><span class="sc">Chapter XIX. Details of Sledge Travelling.</span></p> <p>Preparations for sledging, <a href="#page231">231</a>; weights, <a href="#page232">232</a>; auxiliary sledges and -depôts, <a href="#page234">234</a>; tents, <a href="#page235">235</a>; cooking apparatus, <a href="#page236">236</a>; scale of provisions, +depôts, <a href="#page234">234</a>; tents, <a href="#page235">235</a>; cooking apparatus, <a href="#page236">236</a>; scale of provisions, <a href="#page237">237</a>; lime-juice, <a href="#page238">238</a>; medical instructions, <a href="#page238">238</a>; sledging costume, <a href="#page239">239</a>; precautions against snow-blindness, <a href="#page240">240</a>; programme of sledging work, <a href="#page241">241</a>; boats to be carried by northern @@ -605,7 +566,7 @@ Petersen, <a href="#page255">255</a>.</p> <p class="center pt2 f120"><span class="sc">Chapter XXI. The Routine of Sledge Travelling.</span></p> <p>Departure of the sledges, <a href="#page258">258</a>; first camp, <a href="#page260">260</a>; intense cold, <a href="#page262">262</a>; -arrival at the autumn depôt, <a href="#page263">263</a>; the parties separate, <a href="#page264">264</a>; +arrival at the autumn depôt, <a href="#page263">263</a>; the parties separate, <a href="#page264">264</a>; duties of cook, <a href="#page265">265</a>; sledging breakfast, <a href="#page266">266</a>; luncheon, <a href="#page266">266</a>; halting for the night, <a href="#page268">268</a>; evenings in the tent, <a href="#page270">270</a>.</p> @@ -786,7 +747,7 @@ ago, well describe the scenes that were being enacted during the months of April and May, 1875, in Portsmouth Dockyard.</p> -<p>Busy as this great naval depôt of England almost +<p>Busy as this great naval depôt of England almost always is, it is seldom, in peace time, that so much interest is shown in the equipment of two small steam-vessels as was the case with regard to those @@ -988,7 +949,7 @@ many useful and valuable gifts. Her Majesty and the members of the Royal Family testified, in a substantial manner, the deep interest they took in the enterprize. The name of her Imperial Majesty -the Empress Eugénie must always be associated +the Empress Eugénie must always be associated with the expedition as one of its warmest friends. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page7" id="page7"></a>7</span> Her kind and considerate present, consisting of a fine @@ -1054,7 +1015,7 @@ on board the Polar ships. Amongst those who honoured the vessels with a visit were his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, his Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh, and her Imperial Majesty the -Empress Eugénie.</p> +Empress Eugénie.</p> <p>The entertainments given in our honour were very numerous; many were almost regarded as <i>farewell</i> @@ -1348,7 +1309,7 @@ for, we were restricted to an allowance of two glasses of sherry per diem, a glass of port or madeira once a week, and a bottle of brandy or whiskey about every <span class="pagenum"><a name="page17" id="page17"></a>17</span> -fourteen or fifteen days. On birthdays or fête days +fourteen or fifteen days. On birthdays or fête days we were also indulged in a glass of port wine after dinner.</p> @@ -1470,7 +1431,7 @@ a homeward bound Peterhead vessel laden with <i>cryolite</i>. The cryolite is a rare mineral and the sole one which has become an article of trade in Greenland. It is found only in one single spot called -Ivigtut in 61° 10′ N., imbedded like a massive body +Ivigtut in 61° 10′ N., imbedded like a massive body in the granitic rock, and not in veins or strata. In 1857 a licence was granted to a private company for working the cryolite, and in the first nine years @@ -1492,7 +1453,7 @@ few hundred-weight of blubber being derived from each one of this species. A dead whale of the “right” or “Greenland” sort was also passed. What a prize for a whaler this would have been; worth about -£1,000! but of no value whatever to us, so it was +£1,000! but of no value whatever to us, so it was allowed to float by untouched. How the mouths of our ice quarter-masters, all hailing from those essentially whaling ports Dundee and Peterhead, @@ -1503,7 +1464,7 @@ that showed itself upon their countenances was truly ludicrous when they found that we were about to pass <span class="pagenum"><a name="page21" id="page21"></a>21</span> so valuable a prize unheeded. This fish—for all -“right” whales (<i>Balæna mysticetus</i>) are denominated +“right” whales (<i>Balæna mysticetus</i>) are denominated “fish” by those engaged in their capture—had probably been struck by some whaler and, having succeeded in evading its persecutors, had since died @@ -1888,7 +1849,7 @@ reached.</p> both arduous and perilous, in consequence of the action of the frost on the rocks of which the cliffs were composed; for on the slightest touch they often -crumbled away, rolling with a mass of <i>débris</i> many +crumbled away, rolling with a mass of <i>débris</i> many hundreds of feet to the bottom.</p> <p>From the summit a glorious scene was revealed @@ -2276,14 +2237,14 @@ again to home and civilization.</p> <hr class="foot" /> <div class="note"> <p><a name="ft1c" id="ft1c" href="#fa1c"><span class="fn">1</span></a> On his return to England he wrote to his friend, saying, “I have -been in 73°, finding the sea all open and forty leagues between land +been in 73°, finding the sea all open and forty leagues between land and land. The passage (the N.W.) is most probable, the execution easie, as at my coming you shall fully knowe.”</p> <p><a name="ft2c" id="ft2c" href="#fa2c"><span class="fn">2</span></a> It is sometimes spelt Uppernavik. But Upernivik is the correct form. See Rink, p. 354. It means spring in the Eskimo language. -Upernivik is in 72° 48′ N. The most northern Danish station is -Tasiusak, in 73° 24′ N.</p> +Upernivik is in 72° 48′ N. The most northern Danish station is +Tasiusak, in 73° 24′ N.</p> </div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page42" id="page42"></a>42</span></p> @@ -2562,15 +2523,15 @@ displeasure any hindrance to our progress.</p> <p>Arriving off the Cary group early on the morning of the 27th, we were detained for a few hours landing a -boat with a large depôt of provisions, sufficient to +boat with a large depôt of provisions, sufficient to sustain 60 men for two months, or 120 men for one -month. The depôt was placed on the easternmost +month. The depôt was placed on the easternmost island, and a large cairn was erected on the highest and most prominent point. Here also were deposited the last home letters which our friends were destined to receive until after our own arrival in England.</p> -<p>The depôt was established as a safeguard for us to +<p>The depôt was established as a safeguard for us to fall back upon in case of any accident happening to our vessels in Smith Sound. From this position it was expected that a party duly provisioned would have @@ -2635,7 +2596,7 @@ in which Dr. Hayes wintered in 1860.</p> <hr class="foot" /> <div class="note"> <p><a name="ft1d" id="ft1d" href="#fa1d"><span class="fn">1</span></a> The Cary Islands consist of a group of eight islands, besides small -rocks or islets, and are situated in Baffin Bay, in lat. 76° 45′ N. They +rocks or islets, and are situated in Baffin Bay, in lat. 76° 45′ N. They vary in size from two and a half miles in diameter downwards. They are composed of syenitic and porphyritic granite, overlaid in places with gneiss. They rise to a height of about 400 feet above the level @@ -2721,7 +2682,7 @@ under a white man’s superintendence.</p> <p>Continuing to advance until we reached the western <span class="pagenum"><a name="page54" id="page54"></a>54</span> extreme of the spit of land on which we had landed, -we conjectured, from the amount of <i>débris</i> by which +we conjectured, from the amount of <i>débris</i> by which we were surrounded, although no remains of a house were visible, that we were on the site of the Americans’ winter quarters. Trunks, boxes, stoves, pieces of wood, @@ -2750,7 +2711,7 @@ in good large letters, the word MAUMOKPO; though what it meant we were at a loss to conceive, but concluded it was an Icelandic name.</p> -<p>Two Casella thermometers, marked as low as 130° +<p>Two Casella thermometers, marked as low as 130° below zero, were also picked up in perfect order. It is to be regretted that these were not self-registering maximum and minimum thermometers, as it would @@ -2765,7 +2726,7 @@ least value, such as books and instruments, for the purpose of returning them to the United States Government, and taking possession of a couple of boats, which we thought would prove useful at some of our -depôts, we embarked and proceeded towards Littleton +depôts, we embarked and proceeded towards Littleton Island, with our prizes in tow. Diligent search was made for the pendulum said to have been left by the “Polaris” people, but without success: also for the @@ -2832,7 +2793,7 @@ that might be brought up by a Government ship in the following year, or by any enterprising and adventurous whaling captain who should penetrate so far in order to bring us news. The provisions were -left as a small depôt for any sledging party that might +left as a small depôt for any sledging party that might <span class="pagenum"><a name="page57" id="page57"></a>57</span> be dispatched to the southward. The site was marked by a small cairn. Records were left at each @@ -3111,7 +3072,7 @@ quite bare of vegetation, and bore a strong resemblance to the Silurian limestone formation of the land about Prince Regent Inlet, showing stratifications dipping to the northward at an angle of -about 6°.</p> +about 6°.</p> <p>It does not do to indulge too freely in vain hopes in these regions. A period of eight hours was sufficient @@ -3274,7 +3235,7 @@ Buchanan Strait, on Norman Lockyer Island, on Capes Hilgard, Louis Napoleon, Hayes, and Fraser, at Radmore Harbour, and Bellot Island. The most northern point where human remains were discovered -was at Cape Beechey, in 81° 54′ N. Here our naturalist +was at Cape Beechey, in 81° 54′ N. Here our naturalist found the framework of a large wooden sledge, a stone lamp, and a snow scraper made of walrus tusk. Beyond this point there was no sign of any @@ -3286,7 +3247,7 @@ The most northern permanent human habitation in the world is now at Etah, near Port Foulke, and, under present climatic conditions, it would be impossible even for the Etah Eskimo to exist at Cape -Beechey, in 81° 54′ N., whither their ancestors must +Beechey, in 81° 54′ N., whither their ancestors must have wandered in remote times. There is much yet to learn respecting these marvellous wanderings along the Arctic shores; and our expedition has certainly @@ -3294,7 +3255,7 @@ thrown considerable new light on the question. We have fixed the most northern limit of the Eskimo migrations, and have established the fact that they did not come from the north down Smith Sound, but -merely wandered round its shores until the palæocrystic +merely wandered round its shores until the palæocrystic floes in Robeson Channel made them despair of finding there the means of supporting life. We have also proved that the people seen by Captain @@ -3416,7 +3377,7 @@ which case he would, I think, be nearly correct.</p> allowing us the slightest chance of moving, during which time a complete series of magnetic observations was obtained on the floe, the inclination of the needle -being as much as 85° 34′. Both the dredge and trawl +being as much as 85° 34′. Both the dredge and trawl were also put into requisition and with good results. Amongst the many zoological curiosities brought to the surface, from a depth of fifteen fathoms, were some @@ -3659,7 +3620,7 @@ temperature not too low, smooth level ice to travel over, and a light sledge to drag. But let all these various conditions be reversed, let the weather be thick and foggy, or a gale of wind blowing with a -blinding snow-drift, a temperature of 50° below zero, +blinding snow-drift, a temperature of 50° below zero, rough hummocky ice to travel over, and a heavily laden sledge to be dragged by a tired and obstinate team, then dog sledging cannot be regarded as either @@ -3803,11 +3764,11 @@ in sunny Italy.</p> <tr><td class="caption">CAPE HAWKS.</td></tr></table> <p>Making the ships fast to an iceberg, preparations -for landing a large depôt of provisions, similar to the +for landing a large depôt of provisions, similar to the one established at the Cary Islands, were immediately commenced. A jolly-boat, obtained from the “Valorous,” was also deposited here. We have now two -large depôts, besides boats, established in our rear, +large depôts, besides boats, established in our rear, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page85" id="page85"></a>85</span> sufficient to sustain a large party for many days, should any untoward accident befall our ship.</p> @@ -3842,7 +3803,7 @@ were forced to content ourselves with reconstructing it on a larger scale, and depositing a record at its base detailing the movements of the expedition.</p> -<p>The depôt having been landed, the ships were +<p>The depôt having been landed, the ships were moved a little farther up the bay, although, to effect this, we were compelled to have recourse to powder, in order to “blast” a passage through the ice. The @@ -3856,7 +3817,7 @@ our sportsmen and would-be bear slayers.</p> <p>The formation of the land around Dobbin Bay appeared curiously contorted; the stratifications dipping, in some places, to the westward at an angle -of about 18°, whilst at others they assumed a perfectly +of about 18°, whilst at others they assumed a perfectly horizontal direction. This irregularity of the strata may probably be accounted for by the trap, or other primary rock, forcing its way upwards through the @@ -4203,7 +4164,7 @@ indicate the presence of a “North Water,” or at any rate a very loose pack.</p> <p>Advantage was taken of our temporary delay to -establish a small depôt of provisions, consisting of +establish a small depôt of provisions, consisting of two hundred and forty rations, near Cape Collinson, for the use of a travelling party which, according to existing arrangements, would be dispatched to the @@ -4393,8 +4354,8 @@ horizontal. That on the west side was, on the contrary, composed of conical-shaped hills, rising to an altitude of from two to four thousand feet, and intersected by deep ravines, whilst the stratifications were -so distorted that the dip varied as much as from 10° -to 45°.</p> +so distorted that the dip varied as much as from 10° +to 45°.</p> <p>Whilst the land on the east side appeared to have undergone a regular and steady upheaval, that on the @@ -4427,7 +4388,7 @@ southerly wind now blowing will, in all probability, be succeeded by a calm or a breeze from the northward, either of which will have the effect of opening the ice. The “Discovery” having landed a small -depôt of two hundred and forty rations at Cape +depôt of two hundred and forty rations at Cape Morton, for the use of travelling parties that will hereafter be dispatched for the purpose of exploring Petermann Fiord, both ships made sail and beat @@ -4472,7 +4433,7 @@ to the northward, as represented in the last American Chart. I put no belief in the land reported to have been seen by some of the men of the “Polaris,” and named President Land. Should the land terminate, -as I anticipate, in about lat. 83° N. our chance of +as I anticipate, in about lat. 83° N. our chance of reaching a high latitude will of course be much reduced, although we shall have a grand field of exploration to the eastward and westward.</p> @@ -4626,9 +4587,9 @@ work!</p> placed in a genus between the sheep and the ox, and are called <i>ovibos moschatus</i>. They are only met with in high latitudes, although traces of them, it is -reported, have been seen as far south as 59° N. lat., +reported, have been seen as far south as 59° N. lat., but they are rarely seen in any numbers lower than -67° N. lat.</p> +67° N. lat.</p> <p>They have been seen, and shot, in large numbers, by the various search expeditions wintering at and @@ -4877,7 +4838,7 @@ be rendered almost useless.</p> Beechey, ice was encountered stretching right across the channel and pressing so tightly in to the land as to form a dead block to our farther advance. We -had then by estimation reached the 82° parallel of +had then by estimation reached the 82° parallel of latitude. This check was a great damper to our hopes, especially as no bays, or protection of any description for the ship from the pack, could be found @@ -5014,9 +4975,9 @@ regions offer a wide field for the geologist and student of natural history.</p> <p><i>Monday, August 30th.</i>—During the forenoon, there -being no prospect of pushing forward, a large depôt +being no prospect of pushing forward, a large depôt of provisions, consisting of one thousand rations, was -landed. This depôt was established for the use of +landed. This depôt was established for the use of <span class="pagenum"><a name="page117" id="page117"></a>117</span> travelling parties from the “Discovery,” or from our own ship should it be determined to despatch any to @@ -5029,7 +4990,7 @@ by which casks and barrels are either hauled up or lowered down steep inclines.</p> <p>On the brow of the hill immediately above the -depôt a large cairn was erected, in which the usual +depôt a large cairn was erected, in which the usual records were deposited; the provisions themselves being so placed as to form a very conspicuous landmark to any ship passing to the northward, or to any @@ -5212,7 +5173,7 @@ for about a mile, and secured the ship inside a fringe of grounded floe-bergs that lined the coast and which promised to afford us protection, in fact, the only protection, from the irresistible pressure of the pack. -A depôt of provisions, consisting of two thousand +A depôt of provisions, consisting of two thousand rations, was immediately landed, in order to guard against all accidents that might happen to the ship, and also to be of use to our southern travelling @@ -5738,7 +5699,7 @@ whole under my command. My sledge was named the “Marco Polo;” Parr’s, the “Victoria;” and May’s, the “Hercules.” My orders were to advance as far to the northward, along the land, as possible, -and at our extreme position to establish a large depôt +and at our extreme position to establish a large depôt of provisions in readiness for the use of the main exploring parties that would be despatched in that direction during the ensuing spring. Our provisions @@ -5897,7 +5858,7 @@ sombre mantle, and enveloped us in gloom and obscurity for many months.</p> <table class="reg f90" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> -<p>“’Tis gone, that bright and orbèd blaze,</p> +<p>“’Tis gone, that bright and orbèd blaze,</p> <p class="i05">Fast fading from our wistful gaze;</p> <p class="i05">Yon mantling cloud has hid from sight</p> <p class="i05">The last faint pulse of quivering light.”</p> @@ -5956,7 +5917,7 @@ arduous. For the air thus becomes so thick that it is impossible to see many yards ahead, and we have to trust solely to a compass as a guide. We might, in truth, fairly quote the lines from Spenser’s -“Faërie Queene,” at the heading of the present +“Faërie Queene,” at the heading of the present <span class="pagenum"><a name="page143" id="page143"></a>143</span> chapter, as illustrating our difficulties in this respect—</p> @@ -5985,7 +5946,7 @@ with sledging operations in the Arctic Regions. I will now, therefore, proceed at once to give a brief account of our journey, for the purpose of laying out <span class="pagenum"><a name="page144" id="page144"></a>144</span> -a depôt in the autumn, which occupied three weeks of +a depôt in the autumn, which occupied three weeks of very severe and harassing work.</p> <p>At eight o’clock, on the 25th of September, the three @@ -6022,7 +5983,7 @@ I did not think it advisable to return, so re-packing we made another start, and shortly afterwards <span class="pagenum"><a name="page145" id="page145"></a>145</span> were rejoined by Parr. After marching for twelve -miles I halted for the night with the temperature 3° +miles I halted for the night with the temperature 3° below zero, the tent frozen hard and shrunk considerably. Next day we marched thirteen miles over ice whose blue uneven surface was as smooth as glass, @@ -6031,7 +5992,7 @@ sorely put to it to maintain their footing. They worked splendidly, trudging merrily along, making light of the heavy loads and the treacherous ice, thinking only of performing a good day’s work, and of -advancing the depôt as far north as possible.</p> +advancing the depôt as far north as possible.</p> <p>On the third day, being unable to round a point of land owing to several lanes of water, we were obliged @@ -6094,7 +6055,7 @@ being seen even at the distance of a yard or two!</p> <p>On the 4th of October, half our provisions being consumed, and there being the prospect of very heavy travelling before us on our homeward journey, it was -decided to return. The depôt was therefore established, +decided to return. The depôt was therefore established, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page147" id="page147"></a>147</span> on the brow of a ridge just above our encampment. It consisted of 870 lbs. of pemmican and @@ -6112,7 +6073,7 @@ was fortunate in having a fine clear day. From Cape Joseph Henry the land, he saw, trended away to the westward, but there was no indication of anything but the impenetrable polar pack to the north. We -reached a latitude of about 82° 50′ N. before turning +reached a latitude of about 82° 50′ N. before turning our steps homewards.</p> <p>On the return journey the dragging became infinitely @@ -6139,7 +6100,7 @@ sledges, subsequently went by the name of the “Frost-bite Range,” in consequence of the many casualties sustained during the time we were on them.</p> -<p>On the 9th the temperature was 15° below zero, +<p>On the 9th the temperature was 15° below zero, and the boots, stockings, and foot wrappers were frozen to the men’s feet. On coming down the hills the sledges had literally to be lowered to the ice-foot @@ -6160,7 +6121,7 @@ and at breakfast on the following Friday all the provisions would be expended. The 13th was the last day of the sun’s appearance.</p> -<p>On the 14th the temperature was down to 25° +<p>On the 14th the temperature was down to 25° below zero, and the travelling very heavy; but our sufferings were nearly over. At seven we sighted the ship, and hoisted our sledge standards. All the @@ -6205,7 +6166,7 @@ expedition.</p> <p>So far as the results were concerned we were quite satisfied, considering them perfectly successful.</p> -<p>We had established a depôt of provisions some forty +<p>We had established a depôt of provisions some forty miles to the northward of the ship, which would very materially assist the sledging campaign of the ensuing spring. A large amount of thorough practical @@ -6334,7 +6295,7 @@ AT “KEW.”</p> <tr><td class="tcl">A</td> <td class="tcl">The Unifilar House.</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">B</td> <td class="tcl">The Barrow Dip Circle House.</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">C</td> <td class="tcl">The Declinometer House.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">DD</td> <td class="tcl">Passage connecting A and B, 37½ ft. in length.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">DD</td> <td class="tcl">Passage connecting A and B, 37½ ft. in length.</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">EEE</td> <td class="tcl">The main passage, 120 ft. long.</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">F</td> <td class="tcl">Passage leading to Declinometer House, 44 ft. from entrance.</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">G</td> <td class="tcl">The main, and only, entrance. Distant from the <i>Alert</i> 504 ft.</td></tr> @@ -6366,7 +6327,7 @@ The place in which the powder was stored was called “Woolwich.” Others were constructed in which were deposited all our salt beef for present use, and these buildings, of course, went by the name of “Deptford,” -after our great naval victualling depôt in England.</p> +after our great naval victualling depôt in England.</p> <p>Altogether the neighbourhood of our winter quarters had the appearance of a young thriving settlement @@ -6462,7 +6423,7 @@ formed by the thawing and subsequent re-freezing of the snow on its surface. When it was difficult to find work for the men to do outside the ship during the winter, they were employed in conveying this ice to a -large depôt that was formed close to the vessel, protected +large depôt that was formed close to the vessel, protected from the Eskimo dogs by a snow wall, from which during gales of wind or other bad weather we were able to supply ourselves.</p> @@ -7415,7 +7376,7 @@ difficulty; whilst the unequal contraction of different metals during intensely cold weather renders some of the instruments totally useless.</p> -<p>Paraselenæ, or mock moons, and auroras were of +<p>Paraselenæ, or mock moons, and auroras were of frequent occurrence, but none of the latter were sufficiently bright to call for special mention. These phenomena were always carefully examined, and the @@ -7489,7 +7450,7 @@ answered the purpose for a day or two, at an enormous cost, it was soon as bad as ever. During the time of his <i>illumination</i> he succeeded in raising the temperature <span class="pagenum"><a name="page183" id="page183"></a>183</span> -of his cabin from 40° to 75°! It is decidedly unpleasant, +of his cabin from 40° to 75°! It is decidedly unpleasant, whilst writing, to have a continual stream of water pouring down upon your head and upon your paper; yet it is impossible to prevent this disagreeable @@ -7514,9 +7475,9 @@ of temperature was that we were able more freely to throw open the doors leading down to the lower deck, and thus admit a thorough circulation of fresh air; on one occasion during the month of November the -temperature rose as high as 23°, and in December it +temperature rose as high as 23°, and in December it reached the unprecedented height (for that season of -the year) of 35°! These, of course, were only occasional +the year) of 35°! These, of course, were only occasional jumps, never of long duration, and were apparently produced by gales of wind from the S.W. Our experience at the “Alert’s” winter quarters was that @@ -7587,25 +7548,25 @@ in the printer’s hands.</p> Mulligatawny.</p> <p class="center"><span class="sc">Poissons.</span><br /> -Pégouse à la Couverture de Laine.<a name="fa2k" id="fa2k" href="#ft2k"><span class="sp">2</span></a></p> +Pégouse à la Couverture de Laine.<a name="fa2k" id="fa2k" href="#ft2k"><span class="sp">2</span></a></p> -<p class="center"><span class="sc">Entrées.</span><br /> -Petits Pâtés d’Homard à la Chasse.<a name="fa3k" id="fa3k" href="#ft3k"><span class="sp">3</span></a><br /> -Rognons à la Pain rôti.</p> +<p class="center"><span class="sc">Entrées.</span><br /> +Petits Pâtés d’Homard à la Chasse.<a name="fa3k" id="fa3k" href="#ft3k"><span class="sp">3</span></a><br /> +Rognons à la Pain rôti.</p> -<p class="center"><span class="sc">Relevés.</span><br /> -Mouton rôti à l’Anglais.   Tongues on Gimbals.</p> +<p class="center"><span class="sc">Relevés.</span><br /> +Mouton rôti à l’Anglais.   Tongues on Gimbals.</p> <p class="center"><span class="sc">Entremets.</span><br /> Poudin aux Raisins.<br /> -Blanc-manger à la Hummock.<br /> -Petits Pâtés d’Hahis à la place d’Eccleston.</p> +Blanc-manger à la Hummock.<br /> +Petits Pâtés d’Hahis à la place d’Eccleston.</p> <p class="center"><span class="sc">Dessert.</span><br /> -Poudin glacé à la Hyperborean.<br /> +Poudin glacé à la Hyperborean.<br /> Figues.       Noce.<br /> -Gâteau à l’lrlandais.<br /> -Café et Liqueur á la Jesson.</p> +Gâteau à l’lrlandais.<br /> +Café et Liqueur á la Jesson.</p> <p class="mr"><i>November 11th</i>, 1875.  </p> </div> @@ -7708,7 +7669,7 @@ dashing about in the soft fine snow and picking up pieces of ice in her mouth for the purpose of having them thrown for her. It must be remembered that for any one of us to touch a piece of ice with the uncovered -hand in a temperature 50° below zero would +hand in a temperature 50° below zero would have been a very serious matter; yet Nellie was able, in the same temperature, to carry pieces of ice, or bits of metal or stone, in her mouth for hours together. @@ -7967,7 +7928,7 @@ composed by Pullen:—</p> <p class="center pt2 f90">H.M.S. “ALERT.”</p> <table class="reg f90" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> -<p>À la Juliènne soup is the <i>potage</i> we favour,</p> +<p>À la Juliènne soup is the <i>potage</i> we favour,</p> <p class="i1">And soles fried <i>au naturel</i> serve us for fish;</p> <p>We have cutlets and green peas of elegant flavour—</p> <p class="i1">Beef garnished with mushrooms—a true English dish.</p> @@ -8084,7 +8045,7 @@ anticipate.</p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="page199" id="page199"></a>199</span> what we had been led to expect, tolerably mild weather, as Arctic winter weather goes; and the cold had not -been so severe as we anticipated; -46.5° or 78½° below +been so severe as we anticipated; -46.5° or 78½° below freezing-point being, up to the end of the year, the minimum temperature registered. This was by no means an uncomfortable temperature, although superficial @@ -8128,14 +8089,14 @@ apply to it a special name by which it might be provisionally known. After some discussion, Captain Nares decided upon calling the frozen sea, on the southern border of which we were wintering, the -“Palæocrystic Sea,” the name being derived from +“Palæocrystic Sea,” the name being derived from the two Greek words <span class="grk" title="palaios">παλαιος</span> ancient, and <span class="grk" title="krystallos">κρυσταλλος</span> ice. This term was used for the great frozen polar sea during the remaining period of our detention on its borders.<a name="fa1l" id="fa1l" href="#ft1l"><span class="sp">1</span></a></p> <p>Atmospheric phenomena, such as halos and -paraselenæ, were by no means uncommon, and occasionally +paraselenæ, were by no means uncommon, and occasionally we were astonished by the heavenly bodies behaving, as it appeared to us, in a very eccentric manner. On one occasion the star Aldebaran was @@ -8276,7 +8237,7 @@ and fife band accompanying us outside, the song being taken up by the men on the lower deck, who, true to their tastes, had been ‘<i>dancing</i> out the old year.’ Such was the manner in which the year 1876 was -inaugurated in latitude 82° 27′ N., where no human +inaugurated in latitude 82° 27′ N., where no human being had ever welcomed a new year before.”</p> <p>A more cheerful, happy, and contented party it @@ -8420,7 +8381,7 @@ by a dimmer light.</p> weather; but during the latter part of January we experienced a foretaste of the intense cold that we were a month later destined to endure. With a temperature -50° below zero, it is necessary, when exposed to it, to +50° below zero, it is necessary, when exposed to it, to keep the body in constant motion, otherwise a frost-bite will imperceptibly seize hold of one. On first emerging into this temperature a slight difficulty of breathing @@ -8429,7 +8390,7 @@ brought to the eyes, which immediately became small nodules of ice, and as such had to be extracted. This is hardly to be wondered at when it is remembered that we had to undergo a transition of temperature -from our living-deck to the open air of over 100°! In +from our living-deck to the open air of over 100°! In spite of this cold, however, we were not much troubled with frost-bites, except on the face. Our dearly bought experience, during the autumn sledging, will account @@ -8741,7 +8702,7 @@ entertainment.</p> programme:—</p> <table class="ws" summary="Contents"> -<tr><td class="tcl" colspan="2"> 1. The Palæocrystic Sea and Sledging Experiences</td> <td class="tcr">Capt. Nares.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl" colspan="2"> 1. The Palæocrystic Sea and Sledging Experiences</td> <td class="tcr">Capt. Nares.</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"> 2. Ballad</td> <td class="tcl">“The <i>Shannon</i> and the <i>Chesapeake</i>”</td> <td class="tcr">Mr. Cane. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page216" id="page216"></a>216</span></td></tr> @@ -8766,7 +8727,7 @@ programme:—</p> <td class="tcr">Messrs. Aldrich, Pullen, May, and Wootton.</td></tr> </table> -<p class="center">To conclude with the grand Palæocrystic Sledging Chorus, by the<br /> +<p class="center">To conclude with the grand Palæocrystic Sledging Chorus, by the<br /> entire strength of the house.</p> <p class="center">To commence at 7.30 precisely.</p> @@ -8777,7 +8738,7 @@ entire strength of the house.</p> </div> <p>This chapter would be incomplete without the -words of the “Grand Palæocrystic Sledging Chorus.”</p> +words of the “Grand Palæocrystic Sledging Chorus.”</p> <p>This was also composed by our talented poet laureate, and was most enthusiastically received by @@ -8794,7 +8755,7 @@ National Anthem.”</p> <table class="reg f90" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> <p>Not very long ago,</p> <p>On the six-foot floe</p> - <p class="i1">Of the palæocrystic sea,</p> + <p class="i1">Of the palæocrystic sea,</p> <p>Two ships did ride,</p> <p>Mid the crashing of the tide—</p> <p class="i1">The <i>Alert</i> and the <i>Discovery</i>.</p> @@ -8993,7 +8954,7 @@ beams danced and glimmered along the distant ice-floes. It was a bright and glorious sight, and we remained long admiring it, and revelling in its rays—in fact, until warned by a peculiar sensation in our feet -that the temperature was actually 100° below freezing-point; +that the temperature was actually 100° below freezing-point; and however ecstatic we might feel at the reappearance of the sun, Jack Frost still reigned supreme, exacting implicit obedience to his will, and @@ -9015,21 +8976,21 @@ little to stimulate them to devotion.</p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="page223" id="page223"></a>223</span> returning sun. During the latter end of February the temperature had been gradually getting lower and -lower, until on the 4th of March it had fallen to -74°, -or 106° below freezing-point. This was the lowest +lower, until on the 4th of March it had fallen to -74°, +or 106° below freezing-point. This was the lowest recorded by the expedition, obtained from the mean of several thermometers, and, so far as we could ascertain, the lowest really authentic corrected observation that has ever been registered in any part of the globe. From noon of the 3rd until noon of -the 4th the mean temperature was -69°.68, whilst +the 4th the mean temperature was -69°.68, whilst the lowest mean temperature registered for any twenty-four consecutive hours was from four <span class="scs">A.M.</span> of the former -until four <span class="scs">A.M.</span> of the last-mentioned day -70°.31. +until four <span class="scs">A.M.</span> of the last-mentioned day -70°.31. From six <span class="scs">P.M.</span> on March 2nd until six <span class="scs">A.M.</span> of March 4th, namely thirty-six consecutive hours, the mean -temperature was as low as -69°.93′, and for the week -ending March 4th the mean temperature was -60°!</p> +temperature was as low as -69°.93′, and for the week +ending March 4th the mean temperature was -60°!</p> <p>It was amusing to observe the eager excitement with which every one received the latest intelligence regarding @@ -9039,10 +9000,10 @@ registered, there was a general shout of exultation. During the intense cold several experiments were tried by exposing various substances to its influence, and with the following results. Glycerine, on which a -temperature of -50° had little effect, became, at -70°, +temperature of -50° had little effect, became, at -70°, perfectly solid and quite transparent. Rectified spirits of wine became of the consistency of hair-oil. -Concentrated rum, 40° over-proof, froze hard +Concentrated rum, 40° over-proof, froze hard when exposed in a shallow vessel like a saucer, but when in a large quantity it resembled honey or molasses in consistency. Whiskey froze hard, and @@ -9069,8 +9030,8 @@ would no doubt seriously affect the accuracy of the observation. As an instance of the range exhibited by these instruments, it may be interesting to know that one thermometer indicated as low a temperature -as -82°, while, <i>at the same time</i>, another showed only --60°; but by applying the errors deduced at Kew, the +as -82°, while, <i>at the same time</i>, another showed only +-60°; but by applying the errors deduced at Kew, the result was as nearly as possible the same. I think that the minimum temperature recorded by us was, if not absolutely correct, as nearly so as it was possible @@ -9089,7 +9050,7 @@ as high as zero, and sometimes above that point.</p> <p>The difference of temperature at the summit and at the base of Cairn Hill, whose height, as has been -stated, was four hundred and fifty feet, was 5½°, the +stated, was four hundred and fifty feet, was 5½°, the thermometer rising as the hill was ascended, and falling again as it was brought down.</p> @@ -9159,7 +9120,7 @@ that the fire was speedily extinguished, with no further damage done than the destruction of a few clothes, although it was some time before we could rid ourselves of the smoke, which unpleasantly permeated -the whole ship. The temperature at the time was 58° +the whole ship. The temperature at the time was 58° <span class="pagenum"><a name="page227" id="page227"></a>227</span> below zero, which would have rendered the work of supplying water from the fire-hole not only a difficult, @@ -9190,7 +9151,7 @@ had also been carefully attended to throughout the winter.</p> <p>Occasionally they were employed laying out -depôts of provisions to the southward, to be used by +depôts of provisions to the southward, to be used by the sledge parties proceeding northwards from the “Discovery,” or sometimes dragging their laden sledges over the pack in the immediate vicinity of @@ -9321,7 +9282,7 @@ that is smooth and level ice with hard snow on its surface, these sledges may be loaded to 240 lbs. for each man to drag, and a good day’s work to be accomplished. This weight, of course, would only -be dragged on first leaving the ship, or a depôt, and +be dragged on first leaving the ship, or a depôt, and decreases at the rate of about 3 lbs. per man per diem, the amount of provisions consumed by each individual. What are called the “constant” weights, @@ -9378,7 +9339,7 @@ be kept up for any length of time.</p> sledge party to be absent from the ship for more than seven weeks, at the outside, on its own resources. In order, therefore, to enable it to remain away for -a longer period, depôts of provisions are established +a longer period, depôts of provisions are established during the autumn on the line of route, and auxiliary sledges are despatched in the spring from which the extended parties may be replenished with provisions @@ -9390,10 +9351,10 @@ out to meet the extended parties on their way back. By these means, a sledging party may remain away for as long as twelve or thirteen weeks.</p> -<p>Depôts can only be laid out when there is a continuous +<p>Depôts can only be laid out when there is a continuous coast line, and under circumstances when a <i>cache</i> containing provisions can easily be discovered. -When the frozen ocean has to be traversed, depôts +When the frozen ocean has to be traversed, depôts cannot be depended upon; for a movement of the ice, or the misfortune of wandering off the outward bound track during thick weather, would deprive the travellers @@ -9475,7 +9436,7 @@ The contents consisted of two pairs of blanket wrappers, one pair of wadmill hose, one pair of moccasins, a skull-cap for sleeping in, a woollen cap presented to each person in the expedition by H.I.M. the Empress -Eugénie, two pairs of mitts, a flannel shirt, a +Eugénie, two pairs of mitts, a flannel shirt, a pair of drawers, a comforter, a pair of snow-spectacles, a towel, and a piece of soap. The latter was rather a superfluous article until the thaw set in.</p> @@ -9679,8 +9640,8 @@ on the ice in the vicinity of the ship, and were, therefore, fully aware of the serious character of the work that was before us. None were so rash as to indulge in any extravagant ideas of successfully reaching -a very high position. The parallel of 84°, or -perhaps 85° by the more sanguine, was regarded as +a very high position. The parallel of 84°, or +perhaps 85° by the more sanguine, was regarded as the highest that could possibly be attained.</p> <p>It was a well-known fact, before the ship went into @@ -9709,7 +9670,7 @@ Pole in 1827.<a name="fa6n" id="fa6n" href="#ft6n"><span class="sp">6</span></a> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page244" id="page244"></a>244</span></p> <p>For reasons already stated, the northern party was -unable to lay out depôts on the ice, nor could our +unable to lay out depôts on the ice, nor could our sledges be met by supporting sledges until after their return to the land. It therefore became necessary that they should carry with them sufficient provisions @@ -9843,10 +9804,10 @@ rum. Parry took no lime-juice. They slept in the boat with sails as awnings, and travelled during the night.</p> <p>They sailed in the boats until June 23rd, when it became necessary -to haul them on the ice in 81° 12′ 51″ N. The actual travelling then +to haul them on the ice in 81° 12′ 51″ N. The actual travelling then began over floes of small extent, intersected by hummocks. After a journey of thirty days, Parry reached his most northern point on -July 23rd, in latitude, by dead reckoning, 82° 45′ N. No actual +July 23rd, in latitude, by dead reckoning, 82° 45′ N. No actual observation for latitude was obtained at their extreme northern point. They had travelled ninety-two miles over the ice, and two hundred in the boats before they hauled them on to the floe, but were only @@ -9924,7 +9885,7 @@ team of nine dogs, and the party was provisioned and equipped for an absence of ten days. If they failed in accomplishing their object in that time, and their supplies became exhausted, they could replenish their -stock from the large depôt that had been established +stock from the large depôt that had been established during the previous autumn at a point about midway <span class="pagenum"><a name="page248" id="page248"></a>248</span> between the two ships, in Lincoln Bay. Petersen, @@ -9939,7 +9900,7 @@ of this the first sledging expedition of the season.</p> <p>The temperature on that morning was low, but rose gradually towards noon, until it seemed inclined to -remain stationary at 30° below zero.</p> +remain stationary at 30° below zero.</p> <p>There were further indications of a continuance of fine weather, from the day being bright and clear and @@ -10067,7 +10028,7 @@ condition in their endeavours to ameliorate that of their comrade. Lighting their spirit lamp and carefully closing every crevice by which the cold air could enter, they succeeded in raising the temperature of -the interior to 7°; but “the atmosphere in the hut +the interior to 7°; but “the atmosphere in the hut became somewhat thick!” This was, however, preferable to the intense cold. Let us follow the story out, and learn how nobly these two officers tended @@ -10242,9 +10203,9 @@ and a hummock or any projection. Some of these ditches were very steep and precipitous.</p> <p><a name="ft2o" id="ft2o" href="#fa2o"><span class="fn">2</span></a> In previous expeditions parties have left their ships in March; -but the March of 75° N. is very different from the March of 82° N. +but the March of 75° N. is very different from the March of 82° N. In the former position the sun has been many days longer above the -horizon than in 82° N.</p> +horizon than in 82° N.</p> </div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page257" id="page257"></a>257</span></p> @@ -10359,7 +10320,7 @@ unlike the veterans of the previous autumn, overtaxed their strength in their ardour to perform a good day’s work.</p> -<p>The temperature at starting was 33° below zero, +<p>The temperature at starting was 33° below zero, and at this it remained steady the whole day, rendering the task of writing up our journals when we halted extremely unpleasant and painful.</p> @@ -10411,7 +10372,7 @@ the sledgers until their return to the ship!</p> early, having spent a cold wretched night, only too glad to be up and doing something, the temperature inside our tent, with all the men in their bags, being -as low as 15° below zero. The experience gained +as low as 15° below zero. The experience gained during the autumn had a very salutary effect on the travellers, the apprehension even of frost-bite being in itself sufficient to banish all idea of sleep.</p> @@ -10454,10 +10415,10 @@ and not wishing to impose too much on their zealous desire to push on, short journeys were in consequence performed.</p> -<p>On the second day out, the temperature fell to 45° -below zero, or 77° below freezing point. The cold +<p>On the second day out, the temperature fell to 45° +below zero, or 77° below freezing point. The cold then was so intense as to deprive us of sleep, the -temperature <i>inside</i> the tent being as low as -25°, +temperature <i>inside</i> the tent being as low as -25°, the whole period of rest being occupied in attempting to keep the blood in circulation. Several frost-bites were sustained, but they were all attended to in time, @@ -10497,7 +10458,7 @@ vacancy. We were thus able to send back intelligence of our progress so far, and to report the health of the men to be satisfactory, and that all were in capital spirits. On the 10th of April the six sledges in company -arrived at the depôt of provisions established +arrived at the depôt of provisions established near Cape Joseph Henry during the autumn, and found it undisturbed. The remainder of that day was employed in bringing the provisions off to the @@ -10896,7 +10857,7 @@ in which we could neither advance nor return. The anxiety with which they were watched may therefore be imagined.</p> -<p>Instead of giving simply a brief <i>résumé</i> of our +<p>Instead of giving simply a brief <i>résumé</i> of our sledging life, it will, I think, be more interesting to follow the sledge parties day by day in their arduous march to the northward, and their still more irksome @@ -10909,12 +10870,12 @@ by our supporting sledges to prosecute our undertaking.</p> <p><i>April 12th.</i>—A most gratifying and unexpected change of weather enabled us to pass a comparatively comfortable night, the temperature inside our tent -being as high as +16°. Hitherto it has stood at, +being as high as +16°. Hitherto it has stood at, and generally far below, zero. With the thermometer in the air registering a few degrees below zero, it is just possible to keep ourselves warm enough inside our tents to sleep; but with a temperature ranging -from -35° downwards sleep is almost out of the +from -35° downwards sleep is almost out of the question.</p> <p>In order to keep the sun as much as possible at our @@ -10996,13 +10957,13 @@ along the same road is decidedly monotonous; but this had no effect on the cheerfulness and general good spirits of the men, who were all actuated by the same zealous desire to do their best. The temperature -all day had been delightful, ranging from 8° to -20° below zero.</p> +all day had been delightful, ranging from 8° to +20° below zero.</p> <p><i>April 13th.</i>—A dull, cloudy day, with the sun shining at intervals, and the temperature as low at <span class="pagenum"><a name="page279" id="page279"></a>279</span> -one time as -33°. We cut a road and dragged the +one time as -33°. We cut a road and dragged the sledges through a fringe of hummocks about two hundred yards in breadth, then crossed a fine large floe that afforded us capital travelling for nearly a @@ -11128,7 +11089,7 @@ misery, was our lot to-day.</p> of warmth, from our tent robes, and the temperature <span class="pagenum"><a name="page283" id="page283"></a>283</span> inside our tent, with our whole party huddled close -together, was 22° below zero! Gladly would we have +together, was 22° below zero! Gladly would we have pushed on had it been possible. A hard day’s work, even amongst the most impenetrable hummocks, would have been infinitely preferable to our present @@ -11161,7 +11122,7 @@ conclusion that this was by far the most wretched and miserable Easter Sunday that we had ever spent. Forty-eight hours in a gale of wind, tied up in a bag off the most northern known land, with a temperature -67° below freezing point, is certainly not the most +67° below freezing point, is certainly not the most pleasant manner that any one would select for passing an Easter Sunday!</p> @@ -11226,7 +11187,7 @@ hundred feet, whence the land recedes, gradually ascending until it culminates in a peak about three or four hundred feet higher. It appears to be of limestone formation, with regular stratifications dipping -to the southward at an angle of 6° to 10° from +to the southward at an angle of 6° to 10° from the horizontal. The Cape itself terminates in a knife-like edge from summit to base, in shape very much resembling the ram-bow of an ironclad. Conical @@ -11237,7 +11198,7 @@ but possesses the same bold, rugged aspect. It is about the same height as the peak surmounting Cape Joseph Henry, and is of the same formation; but, unlike its neighbour, the strata dip to the southward -at an angle of about 6° or 10° from the vertical, giving +at an angle of about 6° or 10° from the vertical, giving it altogether a rather distorted appearance. There is a great deal of similarity in the surrounding hills, all <span class="pagenum"><a name="page286" id="page286"></a>286</span> @@ -11254,7 +11215,7 @@ diminishes our strength very materially, and as they have both to be carried on the sledges it adds seriously to the weights to be dragged. The morning was bright and sunny, with a temperature as high as -24° below zero, so we congratulated ourselves that it +24° below zero, so we congratulated ourselves that it was now really on the turn, and that we should no longer encounter any more extreme cold. The men take kindly to their snow-goggles, and never attempt @@ -11289,7 +11250,7 @@ day’s work.</p> were of greater thickness than others, and it was no unfrequent occurrence for us to drop a height of six or seven feet from the top of one floe to the surface of -another; or, <i>vice versâ</i>, to have to haul the sledges up +another; or, <i>vice versâ</i>, to have to haul the sledges up the same height. This was no easy work with our heavily laden sledges and boats. Snow commenced falling at 3 <span class="scs">P.M.</span>, and continued all night.</p> @@ -11315,7 +11276,7 @@ kind and thoughtful present.</p> consequence of the unevenness of the floes and the deep soft snow with which they were covered. After lunch we arrived at and crossed some “veritable -palæocrystic floes”—apparently of gigantic thickness, +palæocrystic floes”—apparently of gigantic thickness, and studded with numerous rounded snow hillocks; <span class="pagenum"><a name="page288" id="page288"></a>288</span> the height of some of the latter being as much as @@ -11329,7 +11290,7 @@ westward, and a large bay which has since been called Clements Markham Inlet. A S.E. breeze sprang up in the evening shortly before we halted, which, strange to say, sent the temperature down rapidly -to -33°, and we had, in consequence, to be cautious +to -33°, and we had, in consequence, to be cautious about frost-bites.</p> <p><i>April 19th.</i>—A fine clear day. Our bags last night @@ -11426,7 +11387,7 @@ day’s work.</p> <p><i>April 21st.</i>—A keen piercing wind from the northward. Travelling much the same. Although the -temperature was only 17° below zero, the cold was +temperature was only 17° below zero, the cold was more intense than we had yet felt it since leaving the ship. The wind seemed to cut us in two, and was the cause of numerous superficial frost-bites. One @@ -11483,7 +11444,7 @@ with enormous hummocks squeezed up together immediately in front. The prospect of advancing was not cheering! A S.E. breeze, springing up in the afternoon, sent the temperature down suddenly to --24°. Our invalids did not appear to be improving, +-24°. Our invalids did not appear to be improving, and we were rather puzzled at some of their symptoms.</p> <p><i>April 24th.</i>—The greater part of the day was @@ -11526,8 +11487,8 @@ The snow was very deep and of a tenacious consistency, clinging to the sledge runners and thereby seriously impeding our progress. So powerful were the rays of the sun this afternoon that my thermometer, -when exposed to them, rose rapidly from -17° -to -3°. At 6 <span class="scs">P.M.</span> I observed faint parhelia showing +when exposed to them, rose rapidly from -17° +to -3°. At 6 <span class="scs">P.M.</span> I observed faint parhelia showing prismatic colours. We were delayed towards the end of the day by a broad belt of hummocks, through which a road had to be cut. The large hummocks @@ -11542,7 +11503,7 @@ broken off and squeezed up under irresistible pressure.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page294" id="page294"></a>294</span></p> -<p><i>April 26th.</i>—Temperature to-day as high as -2°. +<p><i>April 26th.</i>—Temperature to-day as high as -2°. For the first time, since we have been away, were we able thoroughly to enjoy our lunch. On account of the increased warmth, our bacon was more palateable, @@ -11586,11 +11547,11 @@ snow was knee-deep, no less than thirteen times, “and didn’t I hate that blackguard floe!”</p> <p><i>April 28th.</i>—The temperature actually rose as high -as +2°! This is the first day that we have registered +as +2°! This is the first day that we have registered the thermometer above zero! It is a decided improvement.</p> <p>Last night, inside my tent, the temperature was as -high as 33°, and, in spite of a hard day’s work, we +high as 33°, and, in spite of a hard day’s work, we were all busily employed, after supper was over, in some way or another. A couple were splicing lanyards in their drag-belts; one was tailoring; another @@ -11665,8 +11626,8 @@ especially would benefit by it.</p> <hr class="foot" /> <div class="note"> <p><a name="ft1p" id="ft1p" href="#fa1p"><span class="fn">1</span></a> By the Act of Parliament (58 Geo. III. cap. xx.) passed in 1818, -a reward of £1000 was assigned to any one who should cross the -latitude of 83° N. But in 1828 this Act for the encouragement of +a reward of £1000 was assigned to any one who should cross the +latitude of 83° N. But in 1828 this Act for the encouragement of Polar discovery was repealed by 9 Geo. IV. cap. lxvi.</p> </div> @@ -11902,7 +11863,7 @@ were employed road-making whilst the tents were being pitched and supper preparing. All were very glad to get into their bags and rest after the fatigues of the day. A slight air from the S.E. sent the -temperature down rapidly to 11° below zero. The +temperature down rapidly to 11° below zero. The minus quantities still prevailed.</p> <p><i>May 7th.</i>—We started this morning carrying three @@ -11980,7 +11941,7 @@ the travelling all the more difficult. Occasionally the tops of these ridges were frozen hard, and it was of no uncommon occurrence to step from deep snow, through which we were floundering up to our waists, -on to a hard, frozen piece, or <i>vice versâ</i>.</p> +on to a hard, frozen piece, or <i>vice versâ</i>.</p> <p>Sometimes these ridges were only partially frozen, or covered with a slight crust, just hard enough <i>not</i> @@ -12136,12 +12097,12 @@ the meridian, although almost immediately afterwards dark clouds rolled up, snow began to fall, and the sun was lost in obscurity.</p> -<p>We found the latitude to be 83° 20′ 26″ N., or three +<p>We found the latitude to be 83° 20′ 26″ N., or three hundred and ninety-nine miles and a half from the North Pole. The announcement of our position was received with three cheers, with one more for Captain Nares; then all sang the “Union Jack of Old -England,” our “Grand Palæocrystic Sledging Chorus,” +England,” our “Grand Palæocrystic Sledging Chorus,” winding up, like loyal subjects, with “God save the Queen.”</p> @@ -12197,7 +12158,7 @@ Academy in 1877. It is now in the possession of Mr. Clements Markham.</p> <p><a name="ft2q" id="ft2q" href="#fa2q"><span class="fn">2</span></a> <i>Anonyx nugax</i>, a fine adult male example, and several smaller -ones. The length of the largest specimen is 1½ inch. This species +ones. The length of the largest specimen is 1½ inch. This species is one of the commonest and most abundantly distributed of the northern <i>Amphipoda</i>. It was discovered by Captain Phipps in 1773, and is found along the shores of Arctic America, in the White Sea, @@ -12224,7 +12185,7 @@ and John Pearson.</p> <p class="i05">Sleepe after toyle, port after stormie seas,</p> <p class="i05">Ease after warre, death after life, does greatly please.”</p> -<p class="i20 s"><i>Faërie Queene.</i></p> +<p class="i20 s"><i>Faërie Queene.</i></p> </div> </td></tr></table> <p class="noind pt1"><span class="chap1 sc">At</span> three o’clock on the afternoon of the 13th of May @@ -12279,7 +12240,7 @@ of the day. Towards the end of May, although the temperature of the outside air was below the freezing point, the sun was so powerful that it would raise the temperature inside our tent, whilst we were -sleeping, to as much as 70° or 80°, which would be +sleeping, to as much as 70° or 80°, which would be quite unbearable! Frost-bites had become a thing of the past, and were no longer dreaded. The temperature did not rise above the freezing point until @@ -12365,7 +12326,7 @@ testing their respective specific gravities, and also to carry back to the ship for analysis. In all probability the discolouration was caused by the presence of <span class="pagenum"><a name="page316" id="page316"></a>316</span> -diatomaceæ. The hummocks, at about this date, +diatomaceæ. The hummocks, at about this date, began to assume a different appearance, the mild weather depriving them of their snowy covering, and causing them to lose much of their former resemblance @@ -12549,7 +12510,7 @@ first landing our hopes were excited on observing the recent traces of a sledge and human footprints, and we congratulated ourselves upon soon obtaining that relief we all so much required; but we were doomed -to disappointment, for on reaching the depôt of provisions +to disappointment, for on reaching the depôt of provisions established near Cape Joseph Henry for our use, and which was found intact, we learnt that a sledge party with Captain Nares had left for the ship @@ -12571,11 +12532,11 @@ the change they afforded, but also because we thought the fresh meat would act as a specific against the scurvy.</p> -<p>The tracks of a wolf were observed near the depôt, +<p>The tracks of a wolf were observed near the depôt, and the animal was frequently heard howling in a mournful manner, but we never saw it.</p> -<p>Obtaining a few supplies from the depôt, our march +<p>Obtaining a few supplies from the depôt, our march was again resumed; but so rapid had been the encroachments <span class="pagenum"><a name="page322" id="page322"></a>322</span> of the disease, that it was only too @@ -12878,7 +12839,7 @@ at a time when daily rations of lime-juice formed a part of the sledge dietary.<a name="fa1s" id="fa1s" href="#ft1s"><span class="sp">1</span></a></p> <p>In future, when an expedition winters in so high a -latitude as 82° N., the prevention of an outbreak of +latitude as 82° N., the prevention of an outbreak of scurvy must be secured by improved measures for mitigating the predisposing causes.</p> @@ -13072,22 +13033,22 @@ being as near as possible a fac-simile:—</p> <table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> <tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:795px; height:398px" src="images/img363.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> -<tr><td class="caption">“Marco Polo.”           Lat. 83° 20′ 26″ N.</td></tr></table> +<tr><td class="caption">“Marco Polo.”           Lat. 83° 20′ 26″ N.</td></tr></table> <div class="condensed ptb2 center"> <p>MENU.</p> <p>Potage olla Podrida.</p> -<p>Petits Pâtes d’Homards.    Fricassée de Pégouse et Sardines.</p> -<p>Rognons aux Champignons saucés dans Attrapez-en-haut.</p> -<p>Rissoles à la Tomato.</p> -<p>Mâchoire de Bœuf.     Jambon au Champagne.</p> +<p>Petits Pâtes d’Homards.    Fricassée de Pégouse et Sardines.</p> +<p>Rognons aux Champignons saucés dans Attrapez-en-haut.</p> +<p>Rissoles à la Tomato.</p> +<p>Mâchoire de Bœuf.     Jambon au Champagne.</p> <p>Petits Pois.   Carottes.   Ognons.   Pommes de Terre.</p> -<p>Tourte de Pêches.</p> +<p>Tourte de Pêches.</p> <p>Compote de Blancmange et Rhubarbe Fou.   Pouding en Marmelade.</p> -<p>Pains rôtis aux Anchois.</p> +<p>Pains rôtis aux Anchois.</p> <p>Fromage.     Liqueurs.     Dessert.</p> -<p>Café noir.</p> +<p>Café noir.</p> <p>H.M.S. “Alert.”           <i>29th June, 1876.</i></p> </div> @@ -13259,7 +13220,7 @@ change of clothing, we had none; but on reaching <span class="pagenum"><a name="page340" id="page340"></a>340</span> our tents we would get into our sleeping-bags and leave our wet clothes outside to dry; the temperature -at this time being about 40°. A warm supper, +at this time being about 40°. A warm supper, with a pannikin of hot tea, followed by a glass of grog, soon made us forget the discomforts of the past in the enjoyment of the present.</p> @@ -13427,7 +13388,7 @@ the pack is favourable.</p> <p>As we proceeded south, although our progress was slow, the change in the appearance and massiveness of the ice was very palpable. Occasionally we would -meet small specimens of our palæocrystic friends, over +meet small specimens of our palæocrystic friends, over which we had travelled during the preceding spring, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page345" id="page345"></a>345</span> but, as a rule, the ice was of a much lighter description. @@ -13693,7 +13654,7 @@ forced on shore.</p> <p>For many hours the ship remained in a very critical position, as the tide receding left her completely high -and dry, and listed over at an angle of 25°.</p> +and dry, and listed over at an angle of 25°.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page352" id="page352"></a>352</span></p> @@ -13755,7 +13716,7 @@ would, indeed, have been small.</p> 27th,<a name="fa4t" id="fa4t" href="#ft4t"><span class="sp">4</span></a> so slow was our progress, that we only just succeeded in getting into Dobbin Bay, where we were detained until the 3rd of September. The temperature -had fallen to 19°. Last year we were frozen +had fallen to 19°. Last year we were frozen up on the 3rd of September, and here were we on the same date with as low a temperature and many miles to accomplish before we could actually be clear @@ -13765,7 +13726,7 @@ of the ice!</p> appeared gloomy and inhospitable. As there was now a prospect of our being forcibly detained for another winter in the ice, and as some of our provisions -were getting low, on passing the large depôt +were getting low, on passing the large depôt established in Dobbin Bay on our way up the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page354" id="page354"></a>354</span> previous year, we landed and brought off all the tea, @@ -13793,7 +13754,7 @@ was preserved with the collection of natural history specimens, whilst the body was eaten by us at dinner and found to be delicious. Passing Cape Hawks, and Allman Bay, an inlet which was named after the -distinguished President of the Linnæan Society, we +distinguished President of the Linnæan Society, we continued to push the ships in the direction of open water to the south, which we at length reached.</p> @@ -14357,7 +14318,7 @@ writing at all.”</p> at Hannah Island, <a href="#page100">100</a>; in Discovery Harbour, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <a href="#page108">108</a>, <a href="#page293">293</a>; on shore near Cape Beechey, <a href="#page112">112</a>; - in the palæocrystic ice, <a href="#page117">117</a>, <a href="#page118">118</a>; + in the palæocrystic ice, <a href="#page117">117</a>, <a href="#page118">118</a>; crosses the threshold of the unknown region, <a href="#page119">119</a>; danger at Floe-berg Beach, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page134">134</a>; precarious winter quarters, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page135">135</a>, <a href="#page136">136</a>; @@ -14405,7 +14366,7 @@ writing at all.”</p> <p>Auks, Little. (<i>See</i> Rotges.)</p> -<p>Autumn depôt. (<i>See</i> Depôts.)</p> +<p>Autumn depôt. (<i>See</i> Depôts.)</p> <p>Autumn travelling, <a href="#page128">128</a>, <a href="#page129">129</a>, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page137">137</a> to <a href="#page150">150</a>; discomfort, <a href="#page141">141</a>; @@ -14551,7 +14512,7 @@ writing at all.”</p> <p>Carl Ritter Bay, <a href="#page99">99</a>.</p> <p>Cary Islands, <a href="#page48">48</a>; - depôt on, <a href="#page49">49</a>, <a href="#page84">84</a>.</p> + depôt on, <a href="#page49">49</a>, <a href="#page84">84</a>.</p> <p>Castletown. (<i>See</i> Berehaven.)</p> @@ -14565,7 +14526,7 @@ writing at all.”</p> <p><i>Chops of the Channel</i>, play acted by the men, <a href="#page173">173</a>.</p> -<p>Chorus, grand palæocrystic, <a href="#page216">216</a>.</p> +<p>Chorus, grand palæocrystic, <a href="#page216">216</a>.</p> <p>Christmas in the Arctic regions, <a href="#page192">192</a> to <a href="#page197">197</a>; bill of fare, <a href="#page196">196</a>; @@ -14642,7 +14603,7 @@ writing at all.”</p> <p>Deaths. (<i>See</i> Petersen, Porter, “Discovery.”)</p> -<p>Depôts on Cary Isles, <a href="#page49">49</a>; +<p>Depôts on Cary Isles, <a href="#page49">49</a>; Cape Isabella, <a href="#page56">56</a>; Dobbin Bay, <a href="#page85">85</a>, <a href="#page353">353</a>; Cape Collinson, <a href="#page95">95</a>; @@ -14678,13 +14639,13 @@ writing at all.”</p> grounds off Cape Louis Napoleon, <a href="#page90">90</a>; in great danger, <a href="#page91">91</a>; blown from her anchors, <a href="#page95">95</a>; - lands a depôt at Cape Morton, <a href="#page100">100</a>; + lands a depôt at Cape Morton, <a href="#page100">100</a>; in harbour, <a href="#page104">104</a>; winter quarters of, <a href="#page107">107</a>; sledge crew from, joins the “Alert,” <a href="#page108">108</a>; theatre on board, <a href="#page174">174</a>; a health to, <a href="#page217">217</a>; - depôts laid out for sledges of, <a href="#page227">227</a>; + depôts laid out for sledges of, <a href="#page227">227</a>; work of sledge parties, <a href="#page242">242</a>; arrangement for opening communication with, from “Alert,” <a href="#page246">246</a>, <a href="#page255">255</a>; to return to England, <a href="#page330">330</a>; @@ -14704,7 +14665,7 @@ writing at all.”</p> before sledges start, <a href="#page258">258</a>, <a href="#page259">259</a>.</p> <p>Dobbin Bay, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page86">86</a>; - depôt at, <a href="#page84">84</a>, <a href="#page353">353</a>.</p> + depôt at, <a href="#page84">84</a>, <a href="#page353">353</a>.</p> <p>Dock cut in the ice at Dobbin Bay, <a href="#page86">86</a>.</p> @@ -14787,7 +14748,7 @@ writing at all.”</p> <p>Etah, native village, <a href="#page52">52</a>, <a href="#page69">69</a>.</p> -<p>Eugénie, H.I.H. the Empress, present of woollen caps from, <a href="#page7">7</a>, <a href="#page236">236</a>, <a href="#page239">239</a>, <a href="#page287">287</a>; +<p>Eugénie, H.I.H. the Empress, present of woollen caps from, <a href="#page7">7</a>, <a href="#page236">236</a>, <a href="#page239">239</a>, <a href="#page287">287</a>; visits the Arctic ships, <a href="#page8">8</a>.</p> <p>Exercise during winter, <a href="#page181">181</a>, <a href="#page187">187</a>; @@ -14830,7 +14791,7 @@ writing at all.”</p> “Alert” secured inside a fringe of, <a href="#page122">122</a>, <a href="#page125">125</a>; split by intense cold, <a href="#page211">211</a>.</p> -<p>Floe-berg Beach, depôt at, <a href="#page122">122</a>, <a href="#page124">124</a>; +<p>Floe-berg Beach, depôt at, <a href="#page122">122</a>, <a href="#page124">124</a>; desolate scene at, <a href="#page126">126</a>; view from, <a href="#page127">127</a>; winter quarters at, <a href="#page132">132</a>.</p> @@ -14889,10 +14850,10 @@ writing at all.”</p> <p>“Frost-bite Range,” <a href="#page148">148</a>.</p> <p>Frozen ocean, <a href="#page200">200</a>, <a href="#page215">215</a>; - depôts cannot be laid out on, <a href="#page234">234</a>, <a href="#page244">244</a>; + depôts cannot be laid out on, <a href="#page234">234</a>, <a href="#page244">244</a>; difficulty of travelling over, <a href="#page242">242</a>; movements of, <a href="#page242">242</a>. - (<i>See</i> Palæocrystic Sea, Sledgings.)</p> + (<i>See</i> Palæocrystic Sea, Sledgings.)</p> <p>Fulmar petrels, <a href="#page361">361</a>.</p> @@ -14949,7 +14910,7 @@ writing at all.”</p> <p>Grampus, <a href="#page21">21</a>.</p> -<p>Grand palæocrystic chorus, <a href="#page216">216</a>.</p> +<p>Grand palæocrystic chorus, <a href="#page216">216</a>.</p> <p>Greenland, streams of ice, sweep down east coast of, <a href="#page23">23</a>; coast of, <a href="#page25">25</a>; @@ -15046,7 +15007,7 @@ writing at all.”</p> character of, in travelling over the Polar Ocean, <a href="#page284">284</a>, <a href="#page291">291</a>, <a href="#page300">300</a>; symptoms of disruption, <a href="#page315">315</a>, <a href="#page320">320</a>; state of, on the voyage southward, <a href="#page344">344</a>. - (<i>See</i> Palæocrystic, Blasting, Floe-bergs, Hummocks.)</p> + (<i>See</i> Palæocrystic, Blasting, Floe-bergs, Hummocks.)</p> <p>Ice navigation, most important maxim in, <a href="#page45">45</a>; uncertainty of, <a href="#page57">57</a>, <a href="#page64">64</a>; @@ -15082,7 +15043,7 @@ writing at all.”</p> <p>Joseph Henry, Cape, <a href="#page127">127</a>; Aldrich starts for, in the autumn, <a href="#page136">136</a>; - depôt near, <a href="#page147">147</a>; + depôt near, <a href="#page147">147</a>; dog “Sallie” lost at, <a href="#page190">190</a>; arrival of sledges at, <a href="#page263">263</a>; floes off, <a href="#page282">282</a>; @@ -15149,7 +15110,7 @@ writing at all.”</p> <p>Lincoln Bay, <a href="#page115">115</a>; coast between, and Cape Union, <a href="#page121">121</a>; - depôt, <a href="#page117">117</a>, <a href="#page248">248</a>.</p> + depôt, <a href="#page117">117</a>, <a href="#page248">248</a>.</p> <p><i>Little Vulgar Boy</i>, play acted by the officers, <a href="#page214">214</a>.</p> @@ -15267,12 +15228,12 @@ writing at all.”</p> <p>Mollies, <a href="#page361">361</a>.</p> <p>Moon, <a href="#page181">181</a>. - (<i>See</i> Paraselenæ.)</p> + (<i>See</i> Paraselenæ.)</p> <p>Moravian missionaries, <a href="#page24">24</a>.</p> <p>Morton, Cape, <a href="#page100">100</a>, <a href="#page102">102</a>; - depôt of, <a href="#page100">100</a>.</p> + depôt of, <a href="#page100">100</a>.</p> <p>Morton, Mr., his “open polar sea,” <a href="#page93">93</a>; description of Cape Constitution, accurate, <a href="#page98">98</a>; @@ -15318,14 +15279,14 @@ writing at all.”</p> desirous of finding a more sheltered spot for winter quarters, <a href="#page128">128</a>, <a href="#page135">135</a>; his account of sledge travelling, <a href="#page140">140</a>; lecture on astronomy, <a href="#page169">169</a>; - gives name to the Palæocrystic Sea, <a href="#page200">200</a>; + gives name to the Palæocrystic Sea, <a href="#page200">200</a>; excellent health and spirits of those under his command at the commencement of the New Year, <a href="#page204">204</a>; lecture on sledging experiences, <a href="#page215">215</a>; arrangement for opening communication with “Discovery,” <a href="#page246">246</a>; unjust attack upon, regarding lime-juice, <a href="#page237">237</a>; absurdity of the charge against him, <a href="#page238">238</a>; his Union Jack taken with northern division, <a href="#page258">258</a>; - at Cape Joseph Henry Depôt, <a href="#page321">321</a>; + at Cape Joseph Henry Depôt, <a href="#page321">321</a>; leaves hares for northern division, <a href="#page321">321</a>; comes to the relief of the northern division, <a href="#page325">325</a>, <a href="#page327">327</a>; decision to return home, <a href="#page337">337</a>, <a href="#page346">346</a>; @@ -15405,19 +15366,19 @@ writing at all.”</p> <p class="pt2">Pack. (<i>See</i> Ice.)</p> -<p>Palæocrystic Sea, name given, <a href="#page200">200</a>, <a href="#page234">234</a>. +<p>Palæocrystic Sea, name given, <a href="#page200">200</a>, <a href="#page234">234</a>. (<i>See</i> Frozen Ocean.)</p> -<p>Palæocrystic floes in Robeson Channel, <a href="#page92">92</a>, <a href="#page114">114</a>, <a href="#page118">118</a>.</p> +<p>Palæocrystic floes in Robeson Channel, <a href="#page92">92</a>, <a href="#page114">114</a>, <a href="#page118">118</a>.</p> -<p>Palæocrystic grand chorus, <a href="#page216">216</a>; +<p>Palæocrystic grand chorus, <a href="#page216">216</a>; sung at the most northern position ever reached by man, <a href="#page310">310</a>.</p> <p>“Pandora” brings letters to Cape Isabella, <a href="#page358">358</a>; at Godhavn, <a href="#page363">363</a>; sighted in the Atlantic, <a href="#page366">366</a>.</p> -<p>Paraselenæ, <a href="#page181">181</a>, <a href="#page200">200</a>.</p> +<p>Paraselenæ, <a href="#page181">181</a>, <a href="#page200">200</a>.</p> <p>Parr, Lieut. A. C. C., R.N., ascends the hill above Bessels Bay, <a href="#page101">101</a>; starts on autumn travelling, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <a href="#page137">137</a>, <a href="#page144">144</a>; @@ -15589,7 +15550,7 @@ writing at all.”</p> <p>Robeson Channel, <a href="#page69">69</a>; view of, <a href="#page110">110</a>; position on American chart not to be recognized, <a href="#page115">115</a>; - palæocrystic floes of, <a href="#page118">118</a>; + palæocrystic floes of, <a href="#page118">118</a>; examination of fiords, <a href="#page242">242</a>.</p> <p>Rorqual whale, <a href="#page21">21</a>.</p> @@ -15617,7 +15578,7 @@ writing at all.”</p> <p>Sails for sledges, <a href="#page231">231</a> (<i>n.</i>).</p> -<p>“Sallie” suspected of robbing Rawson’s depôt, <a href="#page213">213</a>. +<p>“Sallie” suspected of robbing Rawson’s depôt, <a href="#page213">213</a>. (<i>See</i> Dogs.)</p> <p>Salt beef, character of, <a href="#page154">154</a>.</p> @@ -15707,11 +15668,11 @@ writing at all.”</p> shore-going notions of, <a href="#page138">138</a>; realities, <a href="#page139">139</a>; lecture on, by Captain Nares, <a href="#page215">215</a>; - grand palæocrystic chorus, <a href="#page216">216</a>; + grand palæocrystic chorus, <a href="#page216">216</a>; preparations for, during the winter, <a href="#page230">230</a>; equipments superintended by Sir Leopold M‘Clintock, <a href="#page231">231</a>; weights, <a href="#page233">233</a>; - auxiliaries and depôts, <a href="#page234">234</a>; + auxiliaries and depôts, <a href="#page234">234</a>; tents, <a href="#page235">235</a>; cooking apparatus, <a href="#page235">235</a>; contents of knapsack and storebag, <a href="#page237">237</a>; @@ -15721,7 +15682,7 @@ writing at all.”</p> programme of sledding, operations, <a href="#page241">241</a>; the first encampment, <a href="#page260">260</a>; intense cold, <a href="#page259">259</a>, <a href="#page262">262</a>; - arrival at autumn depôt, <a href="#page263">263</a>; + arrival at autumn depôt, <a href="#page263">263</a>; daily routine, <a href="#page264">264</a> to <a href="#page270">270</a>; road-making, <a href="#page273">273</a>, <a href="#page275">275</a>, <a href="#page276">276</a>; increasing difficulties, <a href="#page304">304</a>; @@ -15964,388 +15925,7 @@ writing at all.”</p> <p class="pt2 center f80">PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES.</p> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Great Frozen Sea, by Albert Hastings Markham - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT FROZEN SEA *** - -***** This file should be named 43608-h.htm or 43608-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/6/0/43608/ - -Produced by Marius Masi, Greg Bergquist and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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