diff options
Diffstat (limited to '43604-h/43604-h.htm')
| -rw-r--r-- | 43604-h/43604-h.htm | 559 |
1 files changed, 69 insertions, 490 deletions
diff --git a/43604-h/43604-h.htm b/43604-h/43604-h.htm index e2a9396..6b0180a 100644 --- a/43604-h/43604-h.htm +++ b/43604-h/43604-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> Woodworking For Beginners, by Charles G. Wheeler: A Project Gutenberg eBook @@ -224,45 +224,7 @@ p.quotsig { text-align:right; margin-top:0;} </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's Woodworking for Beginners, by Charles Gardner Wheeler - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Woodworking for Beginners - A Manual for Amateurs - -Author: Charles Gardner Wheeler - -Release Date: August 30, 2013 [EBook #43604] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOODWORKING FOR BEGINNERS *** - - - - -Produced by Albert László, Mark Young, P. G. Máté and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43604 ***</div> <div class="tr covernote"> <p>Transcriber's Note</p> @@ -3736,7 +3698,7 @@ together.</p> <p class="caption">Fig. 109.</p> </div> -<p>If you have a piece of fairly good joist, from 1½" × 3" to 3" × +<p>If you have a piece of fairly good joist, from 1½" × 3" to 3" × 6", you can use it for the tops of your horses. Saw off two pieces from 2' to 3' long. Mark the best sides for the top. Mark each end like Fig. 106 (showing top and bottom) with the pencil, @@ -3992,7 +3954,7 @@ on the same principle. The angular stop or stops must be fitted to make the angles exactly -45°. A sawed mitre holds glue better than a planed mitre, +45°. A sawed mitre holds glue better than a planed mitre, but sawed mitres often require trimming with the plane to get a perfect fit.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span></p> @@ -4219,7 +4181,7 @@ Part II.) and then proceed as above.</p> </div> <p>Fig. 140 shows a good form of cabinet. Make a tight box, -perhaps 2' × 3' × 6" to 9", the sides and ends of <sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" stock, and +perhaps 2' × 3' × 6" to 9", the sides and ends of <sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" stock, and the top and bottom (<i>i.e.</i>, the front and back of the cabinet) of ½" stock. Saw it open carefully on the @@ -5503,7 +5465,7 @@ preceding form.</p> <p>For the frame, small joists, or strips of plank -of any size from 1½" × 2" to 2" × 3" can be used. First get out the +of any size from 1½" × 2" to 2" × 3" can be used. First get out the sills or bottom pieces of the framework, nailing them together at the corners to form a rectangular frame, as shown in Fig. 189.</p> @@ -5526,7 +5488,7 @@ as the boarding adds strength to the joints. The frame can be temporarily held in place until the boarding is put on by nailing on as many diagonal strips (Fig. 189) as may be required. Two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span> rafters at each end should next be put in place, their ends having -been cut at an angle of 45° (see <i>Mitreing</i>) and the upper ends +been cut at an angle of 45° (see <i>Mitreing</i>) and the upper ends being nailed to a strip of board which serves for a ridge-pole. An intermediate rafter on each side will add stiffness to the roof. The floor should next be @@ -5644,8 +5606,8 @@ and ell in the way shown in Fig. 189. These sills can -be from 1½" × 2" -to 2" × 3". Perhaps +be from 1½" × 2" +to 2" × 3". Perhaps an easier way is that shown in Fig. 192, in @@ -6112,10 +6074,10 @@ to plane the upper surfaces by hand, as the planer will leave them fairly smooth, though they will look a little nicer smoothed by hand. Plane the edges. Next get out eight cross-bars or cleats 18" -long × <sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" thick and from 1½" to 3" wide. If wide they can +long × <sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" thick and from 1½" to 3" wide. If wide they can be tapered at the edges, and if narrow, the edges should be rounded (Fig. 224). Get out also two or three cleats 18" long, -¼" thick, and 1¼" wide, and one piece 18" long and about ¾" × <sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" +¼" thick, and 1¼" wide, and one piece 18" long and about ¾" × <sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" (half of a hardwood broomstick will do).</p> <div class="figleft" style="width: 200px;"> @@ -6719,7 +6681,7 @@ to 5' 6", the width inside (between the bars) from 14" to <p>Before beginning work read carefully <i>Marking</i>, <i>Rule</i>, <i>Square</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span> <i>Saw</i>, <i>Plane</i>, in <a href="#PART_V">Part V</a>., and look up any other references.</p> -<p>The base of the apparatus can be simply made of 2" × 6" +<p>The base of the apparatus can be simply made of 2" × 6" planks, as shown in Fig. 261, and fastened by screws (see <i>Screws</i>), or, as shown in Fig. 262, the pieces can be halved at their intersections (see @@ -6733,13 +6695,13 @@ the base can be somewhat lighter.</p> </div> <p>The upright posts should be of strong wood -not less than 2" × 4" (unless for a very small +not less than 2" × 4" (unless for a very small pair of bars) and should be mortised at top and bottom, as shown in Figs. 263 and 264 (see <i>Mortising</i>). These joints should be pinned.</p> <p>The bars themselves should be of the best white ash (hickory, -oak, hard pine can be used), not less than 2" × 3" (unless for a +oak, hard pine can be used), not less than 2" × 3" (unless for a small pair of bars). The arrangement and object of the iron braces is plain.</p> @@ -6780,7 +6742,7 @@ blocks can be screwed to the floor around the base of each post so as to form a socket into which the post will fit.</p> <p>Parallel bars can be readily made for outdoor use by simply -setting four upright posts (not less than 3" × 4") firmly in the +setting four upright posts (not less than 3" × 4") firmly in the ground, at the same distances apart as specified for the movable bars described above, and fastening the bars to the tops of the posts by mortise and tenon, as already shown (Fig. 263). The @@ -6802,7 +6764,7 @@ wood-worker is shown in Fig. 265.</p> <p>First make the upright posts or guides. These are somewhat like a trough in shape, side boards about 6" wide being screwed -(see <i>Screws</i>) on the sides of a 2" × 3" joist. Fig. 266 shows sections +(see <i>Screws</i>) on the sides of a 2" × 3" joist. Fig. 266 shows sections in the middle and at each end, blocks being inserted at the ends for strength. The joist can be of any strong wood. The side boards, which serve as guides for @@ -6962,7 +6924,7 @@ clear, straight-grained white ash.</p> </div> <p>First make the base or framework. Get out two pieces of -2" × 3" plank for the +2" × 3" plank for the outside pieces (to stand on edge) and <em class="gesperrt">screw blocks</em> of the same @@ -6977,7 +6939,7 @@ about 22" apart at the rear end. Fit a cross-tie to connect these stringers at about 2' from the forward end.</p> <p>Another cross-bar, resting on the stringers, is placed nearer the -rear end, and about 1' from the rear end a piece of 3" × 4" joist +rear end, and about 1' from the rear end a piece of 3" × 4" joist is fitted between the stringers and held in place by a bolt passed through it and the stringers. This should be loose enough to allow the block to turn.</p> @@ -7177,7 +7139,7 @@ Think first whether your design is suited for the purpose intended. If you start to make a case for your books, select or make your design accordingly, and do not be misled, by the multitude of overelaborated articles with which -the market is flooded, into making a parlour bric-à-brac +the market is flooded, into making a parlour bric-à -brac cabinet, all built up of turning, and jig-sawing, and machine-made carvings, too complicated and fragile for practical use, with the result that the books continue to be stored @@ -9902,13 +9864,13 @@ that shown in Fig. 371.</p> in <a href="#PART_V">Part V</a>., and look up any other references.</p> -<p>By using heavier cleats, as 2" × 2" -or 2" × 4", on the ends, those on the +<p>By using heavier cleats, as 2" × 2" +or 2" × 4", on the ends, those on the front and back can be omitted, and the boards nailed directly to the sides. An arrangement for one end (that with the door) is suggested in -Fig. 370, 2" × 2" or 2" × 4" joist being +Fig. 370, 2" × 2" or 2" × 4" joist being used.</p> <p>A shelf or counter can be fitted inside the drop-window for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span> @@ -9978,7 +9940,7 @@ be put together in the way already shown.</p> <i>Saw</i>, <i>Plane</i>, <i>Nailing</i>, <i>Screws</i>, <i>Painting</i>, in <a href="#PART_V">Part V</a>., and look up any other references.</p> -<p>The ground dimensions can be 5' or 6' × 7' or 8'. The ends +<p>The ground dimensions can be 5' or 6' × 7' or 8'. The ends must be made higher than the sides, as shown, to allow for the slant of the roof. Mark lines, using a straight-edge, to give the slant for both sides of the roof, and saw the boards off by these @@ -10015,7 +9977,7 @@ above and below it, as shown in Fig. <p>The roof-boards can also be laid the other way by putting in a ridge-piece in the form of a piece of studding or joist of any size<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span> -not less than 2" × 2" (Fig. 377), or even a board on edge, to +not less than 2" × 2" (Fig. 377), or even a board on edge, to which the upper ends of the roof-boards can be nailed.</p> <div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"> @@ -10052,7 +10014,7 @@ and then fastened together.</p> <i>Saw</i>, <i>Plane</i>, <i>Nailing</i>, <i>Screws</i>, <i>Painting</i>, in <a href="#PART_V">Part V</a>., and look up any other references.</p> -<p>The ground dimensions can be 6' or 7' × 8' or 9'. In making +<p>The ground dimensions can be 6' or 7' × 8' or 9'. In making the ends where they are cut off at the top to give the slant for the roof, inside cleats should be used. Mark lines, using a straight-edge, for the slant for both sides of the roof, and @@ -10085,7 +10047,7 @@ those already shown.</p> <p class="caption">Fig. 378.</p> </div> -<p>This house can have a floor, which can be made of 2" × 4" +<p>This house can have a floor, which can be made of 2" × 4" studding simply nailed together and floored over (Fig. 378), forming a sort of platform to which the sides and ends can be nailed when the house is put together; and the best way to make @@ -10131,7 +10093,7 @@ The boarding runs vertically and the cleats horizontally, as shown in Fig. 377.</p> <p>Figs. 380 and 381 show other simple arrangements, the -ground dimensions of which can be, perhaps, 8' × 12', and +ground dimensions of which can be, perhaps, 8' × 12', and which can be put together in the same way as the preceding cases, with or without a floor, and with the boarding running vertically or horizontally.</p> @@ -10391,12 +10353,12 @@ any other references.</p> </div> <p>The sills, or the lower timbers of the frame which rest upon -the foundation, should be got out first, and can be of 4" × 4" +the foundation, should be got out first, and can be of 4" × 4" stock, and halved at the ends (see <i>Halving</i>) (Fig. 389). Upon -these sills is to be set up a 4" × 4" post of the desired length at +these sills is to be set up a 4" × 4" post of the desired length at each corner.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span><a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p> -<p>On top of these are placed the plates, which can be of 2" × 4" +<p>On top of these are placed the plates, which can be of 2" × 4" studding laid flat and halved at the ends. Be sure to get out these pieces before beginning to put them together. Toe-nail the posts to the sills and nail the plates directly down on top of @@ -10404,7 +10366,7 @@ the posts, keeping the latter in a vertical position by temporarily nailing on strips of board diagonally, adjusting these until the posts are vertical and at right angles to the sills (see <i>Plumb</i> and <i>Square</i>).</p> -<p>Next put in vertical studding (2" × 4") at each side of the door-space, +<p>Next put in vertical studding (2" × 4") at each side of the door-space, and at the sides of the window-spaces, allowing a little more space than the exact widths of the door and window-frames. In the same way horizontal studding should be fitted in above the @@ -10417,14 +10379,14 @@ above and below the windows. Just where and how many of these pieces are to be put in depends upon the arrangement of the doors and windows, and pieces of vertical studding can be fitted in at each side of the door and window-spaces and wherever advisable. -Short braces, with their ends sawed at an angle of 45°, +Short braces, with their ends sawed at an angle of 45°, can also be fitted at the corners, where the corner-posts meet the sills and plates, and be nailed in place to help stiffen the frame.</p> <p>It will be a convenience in working to lay the floor next. For this you will require a number of floor-joists. If the building is -only 8' or 10' wide, 2" × 4" studding will do; but if the width is -as great as 12', 2" × 6" will be better. These are to be placed on +only 8' or 10' wide, 2" × 4" studding will do; but if the width is +as great as 12', 2" × 6" will be better. These are to be placed on edge on top of the sills, as shown. Place one at each end against the corner-posts (to which it can be nailed), sawing off each end so that it will be flush with the outside of the sill. Distribute @@ -10480,7 +10442,7 @@ and you will have accomplished much towards keeping the room warm.</p> <p>The frame is now ready for the roof-timbers. These can be of -2" × 4" studding, except the ridge-board, which can be any common +2" × 4" studding, except the ridge-board, which can be any common board about 6" wide.</p> <p>To obtain the length of the rafters and the angle at which the @@ -11065,9 +11027,9 @@ already described under <i>A Workshop</i>, pages 259-264.</p> shown in Fig. 389, the dimensions of the stock depending upon the size of the house; but the directions given in these chapters are intended only for small structures. The sills should be -4" × 6" or 6" × 6", the corner-posts can be 4" × 4" or 4" × 6," the -floor-timbers and rafters 2" × 6", although, if the house is quite -small, 2" × 4" will do for the rafters, which can be braced by +4" × 6" or 6" × 6", the corner-posts can be 4" × 4" or 4" × 6," the +floor-timbers and rafters 2" × 6", although, if the house is quite +small, 2" × 4" will do for the rafters, which can be braced by "collar beams," or simply horizontal pieces of board nailed across in the upper part of the roof.</p> @@ -11097,7 +11059,7 @@ side-plates is shown in Fig. <p>The frame for the piazza floor can be arranged as follows: Fasten a strip of -2" × 4" joist along the side, +2" × 4" joist along the side, spiking it through into the sill. On this fasten an arrangement of floor-timbers, @@ -11109,7 +11071,7 @@ can be varied according to the height you wish the piazza floor to be relatively to the floor inside.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span></p> <p>For a quite small structure, or for a temporary one, it will answer -to make this piazza-floor system of 2" × 6" stock simply sawed +to make this piazza-floor system of 2" × 6" stock simply sawed square and spiked together, on the principle shown in Fig. 378, but for a good house which you wish to be permanent, it is better to put a little more labour @@ -11142,7 +11104,7 @@ the piazza. The ends of this sill can rest in gains cut in the end-sills, and the middle can be supported by one or more posts.</p> <p>For the stairs, which can be put wherever you wish, take two -pieces of plank, 2" × 9" or 10", and of sufficient length. Having +pieces of plank, 2" × 9" or 10", and of sufficient length. Having determined the points for the top and the bottom of the stairs (by laying off on the floor in the same way as for the rafters, page 268), lay one of the planks on the floor in the proper position and @@ -11211,9 +11173,9 @@ in front elevation (Fig. 401) and in side elevation (Fig. 402).</p> <i>Saw</i>, <i>Plane</i>, <i>Nailing</i>, <i>Painting</i>, in <a href="#PART_V">Part V</a>., and look up any other references.</p> -<p>The construction is simple. The frame can be of 2" × 3" stock +<p>The construction is simple. The frame can be of 2" × 3" stock (planed), except the sills, which had best not be smaller than -2" × 4" (on edge). Cross floor-beams can be inserted, as in the +2" × 4" (on edge). Cross floor-beams can be inserted, as in the floors of the little houses first shown.</p> <p>The upright members can, however, rest upon posts set in the @@ -11404,8 +11366,8 @@ floor of the second story is shown in Fig. 407.</p> <p>Unless this building is very small (in which case it can only be used for the storage of oars, rigging, etc.), the sills should be of -4" × 6" (on edge) or 6" × 6" stock, and the floor-beams of 2" × 6" -stock. 4" × 4" or 4" × 6" will do for the corner-posts, and 2" × 4" +4" × 6" (on edge) or 6" × 6" stock, and the floor-beams of 2" × 6" +stock. 4" × 4" or 4" × 6" will do for the corner-posts, and 2" × 4" for the studding and rafters for such a small structure as is advisable for the beginner to attempt.</p> @@ -11419,12 +11381,12 @@ comparatively small structures.</p> <p>The outer floor-timbers for the balcony had best be mortised into the posts (see <i>Mortising</i>). The top rail around the balcony -can be of 2" × 4" studding, laid flatways, and with the upper +can be of 2" × 4" studding, laid flatways, and with the upper angles bevelled (see <i>Bevelling</i>). The balusters can be simply square pieces nailed into place. The rail and balusters can, however, be obtained in a great variety of forms at a wood-working mill, if you prefer to buy them. The braces under the balcony -can be of 2" × 4" stock. All these outside parts should be +can be of 2" × 4" stock. All these outside parts should be planed by machine.</p> <p>The remaining details do not differ from those of the houses @@ -11600,7 +11562,7 @@ simple way (Fig. 409) is to make two mortises or slots, 3½" apart and 1½" -long × <sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" wide, to +long × <sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" wide, to hold thole pins (Fig. 410). The cutting can be done wholly in the cleats by sawing and paring.</p> @@ -11846,7 +11808,7 @@ as shown in Fig. 418. This will assist in rowing straight. Fit a piece of <sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" board to the curve of the bottom, keeping the straight edge parallel with the top. Square off the end in line with the stern, nail the skag firmly to the bottom, and nail a -stern-post, <sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" × 1¼" or 1½", securely to the stern and the skag. +stern-post, <sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" × 1¼" or 1½", securely to the stern and the skag. A rudder can be hung to the stern-post if desired. A centre<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[308]</a></span>-board is sometimes added to a punt, being arranged in the way shown on page 330. A lee-board is often used on punts and @@ -12157,7 +12119,7 @@ near the top to help keep the frame in shape until in position. Next get out two frames like Fig. 430, taking the dimensions from your plan, two more like Fig. 431, and two like Fig. 432. To make the stem-and stern-posts, take two pieces of joist, about -2" × 4" and of sufficient length, and with the chisel and saw cut +2" × 4" and of sufficient length, and with the chisel and saw cut a rabbet on each side of each piece, on the principle shown in Fig. 424. Give these rabbets a good coat of white-lead paint.</p> @@ -12197,7 +12159,7 @@ on the tops of the frames, to which they should be firmly nailed.</p> <p>If you wish to sail, a stiff brace or thwart can be put in for the mast, with a block for a step.</p> -<p>One or more strips, 1" × ½", can now be placed longitudinally +<p>One or more strips, 1" × ½", can now be placed longitudinally on each side of the deck and nailed to the frames.</p> <p>Additional deck-beams, running from gunwale to gunwale, and @@ -12401,7 +12363,7 @@ carefully screwed to the stem-and stern-posts.</p> <p>For additional stiffness, insert a series of ribs (Fig. 435), from 3" to 6" apart, according to their size and stiffness, from bow to stern. Barrel-hooping can be used and if sound is excellent, or -strips of ash, oak, or elm, about <sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" × ¼", can be used. It will not +strips of ash, oak, or elm, about <sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub>" × ¼", can be used. It will not be necessary to bend these around a form. Those near the middle can be at once bent into place. As the ends of the boat are approached, the ribs will require to be rendered more pliable before @@ -12873,11 +12835,11 @@ how to sail a boat, you can adopt such rig as you think best.</p> </div> <p>First get out the backbone. Get a piece of clear spruce, or -pine, perhaps 12' × 3" × 4". A round spar may be used. Be +pine, perhaps 12' × 3" × 4". A round spar may be used. Be careful to select good lumber, as great strain is put upon it. A piece which has naturally sprung lengthways should be placed with the convex edge upwards. Next get out the runner-board, -perhaps 6½' × 2" × 9", of spruce. Pine is also good, or any +perhaps 6½' × 2" × 9", of spruce. Pine is also good, or any strong wood will do. Choose a clear, sound plank. If naturally sprung in a bow-like curve, put the convex side upwards. Smooth the pieces sufficiently to avoid splinters and roughness. Thin @@ -12910,7 +12872,7 @@ to the backbone as well as to the sides and end.<span class="pagenum"><a name="P </div> <p>Next, to make the runners, get out six pieces of oak, or other -hard, strong wood, 9" × 3" × 4". Mark with the square from the +hard, strong wood, 9" × 3" × 4". Mark with the square from the straightened edge of the runner-board the positions for the inner blocks, equally distant from the backbone, screwing them in place (Fig. 454), with one screw in each. Measure across with @@ -12940,7 +12902,7 @@ and more quickly near the ends. The hole for the pin should be back of the middle, so that more of the shoe will be in front of than behind the pin. This is to lessen the shock when the runner strikes an obstruction. -The cutting edge may have an angle of about 45° for +The cutting edge may have an angle of about 45° for trial (Fig. 455). If too blunt or too sharp you can alter it. It will take considerable filing to get the edge true, straight, and uniform (see <i>Filing</i>). Finish with an oil-stone.</p> @@ -13132,7 +13094,7 @@ Additional suggestions may be found in Figs. 462 and 463.</p> <p>Two-inch plank should be used for these boats, which are intended to be from 14' to 20' long. After putting together the -sides, ends, and bottom, as already described, 2" × 4" joists can +sides, ends, and bottom, as already described, 2" × 4" joists can be laid lengthways on the bottom, as shown, which will afford an underpinning for the house, will distribute the weight over the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[341]</a></span> bottom, keep the floor raised above the water which may leak in @@ -13481,7 +13443,7 @@ pieces.</p> <p><b>Bevel.</b>—This is similar to the square, but with a movable blade which can be set at any angle. When permanently fixed -at an angle of 45°, it is called a <i>mitre-square</i>. The bevel is +at an angle of 45°, it is called a <i>mitre-square</i>. The bevel is useful, not merely to mark any desired angle, but to repeat some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[350]</a></span> angle already formed, to which you apply it, moving the blade until it fits the angle, when the tool can be applied to another @@ -13499,7 +13461,7 @@ bevel (see <i>Square</i>).</p> </div> <p>To obtain an angle -of 45° with the bevel, +of 45° with the bevel, place it against the inside edge of the large steel square (Fig. 475), @@ -16177,7 +16139,7 @@ from the outside, like the handle of a pickaxe, is good because the head cannot come off. A rounded head with the handle on the end (like a potato-masher) saves having to notice how you hold it, as it is equally effective in any position. A mallet of -this type can be turned all in one piece. Hickory or lignum-vitæ +this type can be turned all in one piece. Hickory or lignum-vitæ or any dense, hard wood is good for a mallet.</p> <p>You do not gain force by using the mallet instead of the hammer, @@ -18625,7 +18587,7 @@ easily find a variety from which to select.</p> <p><b>Scraper.</b>—The scraper is made of saw-blade steel (frequently from an old saw) and may be of any shape or size to suit the work required of it. A common form for scraping flat surfaces is rectangular -like a postal-card, and a good size is from 2" × 4" to 3" × 5".</p> +like a postal-card, and a good size is from 2" × 4" to 3" × 5".</p> <p>A piece of glass makes a good scraper for almost every purpose except where a flat, true surface is required. It is good to smooth @@ -19039,7 +19001,7 @@ you cannot keep regrinding your tools every time you begin on a new piece of wood. Just how acute to make the edge you must learn by experience, according to the conditions of your work. An edge suitable for delicate work in white-pine would be immediately -ruined if used upon lignum-vitæ.</p> +ruined if used upon lignum-vitæ.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> <img src="images/oi_493-1b.jpg" width="200" height="100" alt="" /> @@ -20271,8 +20233,8 @@ used for small articles of cabinet-work and for turning.</p> and such purposes has been extensive. It is distinguished for its elasticity.</p> -<p><b>Lignum Vitæ.</b>—The extreme hardness, solidity, and durability -of lignum vitæ make it of great value for pulley-sheaves, +<p><b>Lignum Vitæ.</b>—The extreme hardness, solidity, and durability +of lignum vitæ make it of great value for pulley-sheaves, balls for bowling, mallets, small handles, and turned objects. It is too excessively hard for the beginner to use.</p> @@ -21048,7 +21010,7 @@ drawing.</p> <p>Isometric perspective will not readily give the correct dimensions except in the lines which are vertical or which slant either -way at an angle of 30° with the horizontal,—<i>i.e.</i>, you cannot +way at an angle of 30° with the horizontal,—<i>i.e.</i>, you cannot take the other dimensions right off with a rule as from a plan, and therefore, so far as obtaining correct dimensions is concerned, it is practically not useful for other than rectangular objects; but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_536" id="Page_536">[536]</a></span> @@ -22181,7 +22143,7 @@ to good work.</p> <li>Lighthouse, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> -<li>Lignum-vitæ, <a href="#Page_516">516</a></li> +<li>Lignum-vitæ, <a href="#Page_516">516</a></li> <li>Lime-water, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a></li> @@ -23632,7 +23594,7 @@ and one half the notching done in each (Fig. 59).</p></div> vibration from your work you can put rubber cushions under the legs.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Fig. 112 shows a nicer pair of horses. Take two pieces of pine, or any -wood not likely to warp, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>" × 3" (or 4") × 2½' or 3', mark with rule, square, and +wood not likely to warp, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>" × 3" (or 4") × 2½' or 3', mark with rule, square, and gauge (see <i>Gauge</i>), and cut with saw and chisel the shallow gains (Fig. 113) for the legs. Make them the same depth at the top as at the bottom (Fig. 114), and clean them out as accurately to the lines as you can. Get out eight @@ -23815,7 +23777,7 @@ green timber, as by closing the pores and obstructing evaporation from the surface it prevents the seasoning of the wood and causes fermentation and decay within (see <a href="#APPENDIX">Appendix</a>).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> These posts, and even the sills, can be built up if necessary of 2" × 4" studding, +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> These posts, and even the sills, can be built up if necessary of 2" × 4" studding, two pieces being placed side by side and nailed together, but this is not so desirable as regards strength, its only advantage consisting in the readiness with which the joints can be made by simply cutting one of the two pieces @@ -24085,389 +24047,6 @@ that everybody needs and few possess, it is invaluable."—<i>Binghamton Rep In ambiguous cases, the text has been left as it appears in the original book.</p> </div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Woodworking for Beginners, by -Charles Gardner Wheeler - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOODWORKING FOR BEGINNERS *** - -***** This file should be named 43604-h.htm or 43604-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/6/0/43604/ - -Produced by Albert László, Mark Young, P. G. Máté and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at -http://gutenberg.org/license). - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at -http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at -809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email -business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact -information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official -page at http://pglaf.org - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit http://pglaf.org - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - -</pre> - +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43604 ***</div> </body> </html> |