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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43590 ***
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 43590-h.htm or 43590-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43590/43590-h/43590-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43589/43590-h.zip)
+
+
+      Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.
+      Volume I: see http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/43589
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      the Google Books Library Project. See
+      http://books.google.com/books?id=yfABAAAAMAAJ
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
+
+      A carat character is used to denote superscription. A
+      single character following the carat is superscripted
+      (example: Isaac^1).
+
+      The 'oe' ligature appears only in the words 'Coeur
+      d'Alene', and is rendered as 'C[oe]ur.'
+
+      Words printed using "small capitals" are shifted to all
+      upper-case.
+
+      Please consult the note at the end of this text for
+      details of corrections made.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE OF ISAAC INGALLS STEVENS
+
+By His Son
+
+HAZARD STEVENS
+
+With Maps and Illustrations
+
+In Two Volumes
+
+VOL. I
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Boston and New York
+Houghton, Mifflin and Company
+The Riverside Press, Cambridge
+1900
+
+Copyright, 1900, by Hazard Stevens
+All Rights Reserved
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XXVI
+
+                          THE CHEHALIS COUNCIL
+
+  Graphic account by Judge James G. Swan--Indians assemble on
+     lower Chehalis River--The camp and scenes--Method of
+     proceeding--Indians object to leaving their wonted
+     resorts--Tleyuk, young Chehalis chief, proves recusant and
+     insolent--Governor Stevens rebukes him--Tears up his
+     commission before his face--Dismisses the council--His
+     forbearance, and desire to assist the Indians--Treaty made
+     with Quenaiults and Quillehutes next fall as result of this
+     council                                                           1
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XXVII
+
+             PERSONAL AND POLITICAL.--SAN JUAN CONTROVERSY
+
+  Death of George Watson Stevens--Governor Stevens keeps Indians
+     in order--Visits Vancouver--Confers with Superintendent
+     Palmer, of Oregon--Firm stand against British claim to San
+     Juan Archipelago--Purchases Taylor donation claim--Democratic
+     convention to nominate delegate in Congress--Governor Stevens
+     a candidate--Effect of speech before convention: "If he gets
+     into Congress, we can never get him out"--J. Patton Anderson
+     nominated                                                        10
+
+                             CHAPTER XXVIII
+
+                     INDIANS OF THE UPPER COLUMBIA
+
+  Manly Indians--Ten Great Tribes--Nez Perces--Missionary
+     Spalding--His work--Abandons mission--Escorted in safety by
+     Nez Perces--Intractable Cuyuses--Religious rivalry--Dr.
+     Whitman--Yakimas, Spokanes, Coeur d'Alenes, Flatheads, Pend
+     Oreilles, Koutenays--Upper country free from settlers--Indian
+     jealousy--Conspiracy to destroy whites discovered by Major
+     Alvord--Warnings disregarded--Governor Stevens thrown in
+     gap--Prepares for council--Walla Walla valley chosen by
+     Kam-i-ah-kan--Journey to Dalles--Incidents--Unfavorable
+     outlook--Escort secured--Trip to Walla Walla--"Call yourself
+     a great chief and steal wood?"--Council ground--Scenes--General
+     Palmer arrives--Programme for treaty--Officers--Lieutenant
+     Gracie, Mr. Lawrence Kip, and escort arrive--Governor Stevens
+     urges General Wool to establish post there                       16
+
+                              CHAPTER XXIX
+
+                        THE WALLA WALLA COUNCIL
+
+  Nez Perces arrive--Savage parade--Head chief Hal-hal-tlos-sot or
+     Lawyer, an Indian Solon--Cuyuses, Walla Wallas, Umatillas
+     arrive--Pu-pu-mox-mox--Feasting the chiefs--Fathers Chirouse
+     and Pandosy arrive--Kam-i-ah-kan--Four hundred mounted braves
+     ride around Nez Perce camp--Young Chief--Spokane
+     Garry--Palouses fail to attend--Timothy preaches in Nez Perce
+     camp--Yakimas arrive--Commissioners visit Lawyer--Spotted
+     Eagle discloses Cuyuse plots--Council opened--Treaties
+     explained--Five thousand Indians present--Horse and foot
+     races--Young Chief asks holiday--Pu-pu-mox-mox's bitter
+     speech--Lawyer discloses conspiracy of Cuyuses to massacre
+     whites--Moves his lodge into camp to put it under protection
+     of Nez Perces--Governor Stevens prepares for trouble--Determines
+     to continue council--Invites Indians to speak their minds--Lawyer
+     favorable--Kam-i-ah-kan scornful--Pathetic speech of
+     Eagle-from-the-Light--Steachus wants reservation in his own
+     country--General Stevens's tent flooded--Lawyer accepts
+     treaty--Young Chief and others refuse--Governor Stevens's pointed
+     words--Separate reservations for Cuyuses, Walla Wallas, and
+     Umatillas--Sudden arrival of Looking Glass--His indignation--
+     Orders Nez Perces to their lodges--Night conference with
+     Yakimas--Stormy council--Lawyer goes to his lodge--Kam-i-ah-kan,
+     Pu-pu-mox-mox sign treaties--Lawyer's advice--Nez Perces
+     and Cuyuses counsel by themselves--Lawyer's authority confirmed--
+     Last day of treaty--Both tribes sign--Eagle-from-the-Light
+     presents his medicine, a grizzly bear's skin, to Governor
+     Stevens--Satisfactory ending great relief--Delegations
+     to Blackfoot council--Nez Perce scalp-dance--Treachery of other
+     tribes--Outbreak--Compelled to live under treaties--Provisions
+     of treaties--Benefits of council--Present prosperity             34
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XXX
+
+                       CROSSING THE BITTER ROOTS
+
+  Party for Blackfoot council--Crossing Snake River--Red Wolf and
+     Timothy thrifty chiefs--Traverse fine country--Coeur
+     d'Alene Mission--Council with Indians--Wrestling
+     match--Crossing the Bitter Root Mountains--Rafting the Bitter
+     Root River--Bitter Root or St. Mary's valley--Reception by
+     the Flatheads and Pend Oreilles--Victor complains of the
+     Blackfeet                                                        66
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XXXI
+
+                          THE FLATHEAD COUNCIL
+
+  Chiefs unwilling to unite on one reservation--Alexander dreads
+     strictness of the white man's rule--Big Canoe--What need of
+     treaty between friends?--Let us live together--Protracted
+     debates--Indians feast and counsel among themselves--No
+     result--Victor leaves the council--Two days'
+     intermission--Governor Stevens accepts Victor's proposition
+     and concludes treaty--Moses refuses to sign treaty--"The
+     Blackfeet will get his hair"                                     81
+
+                             CHAPTER XXXII
+
+              MARCH TO FORT BENTON.--MARSHALING THE TRIBES
+
+  Nez Perces and Flatheads to hunt south of Missouri pending
+     council--Prairie Plateau on summit of Rocky Mountains--Elk
+     for supper--Lewis and Clark's Pass--Management of
+     train--Traverse the plains--Abundant game--Bewildering
+     buffalo trails--Reach Fort Benton--Governor Stevens meets
+     Commissioner Cumming on Milk River--Boats belated--Provisions
+     exhausted--Leathery jerked meat--Pemmican two years
+     old--Hunting buffalo on Judith--Bighorn at Citadel
+     Rock--Metsic, the hunter--Two thousand western Indians
+     fraternizing with Blackfeet--Stolen horses--Doty recovers
+     them--Cumming claims sole authority--Forced to subside into
+     proper place--He stigmatizes Blackfeet and country--Disagrees
+     on all points--Governor Stevens's views--A million and a half
+     buffalo find sustenance on these plains                          92
+
+                             CHAPTER XXXIII
+
+                         THE BLACKFOOT COUNCIL
+
+  Twelve thousand Indians kept in hand for months--Nez Perces and
+     Snakes move to Yellowstone for food--Adams and Tappan seek
+     Crows--Delay of boats imperils council--Indians
+     summoned--Council changed to mouth of Judith
+     River--Remarkable express service--Three thousand five
+     hundred Indians assemble--Best feeling--Treaty
+     concluded--Peace established--Terms well kept by
+     Blackfeet--Scenes at council ground--Grand chorus of one
+     hundred Germans--Homeric feasts--Disgruntled commissioner       107
+
+                             CHAPTER XXXIV
+
+         CROSSING THE MOUNTAINS IN MIDWINTER.--SURPRISE OF THE
+                     COEUR D'ALENES AND SPOKANES
+
+  The start homeward--The haggard expressman brings news of Indian
+     outbreak--How Pearson ran the gauntlet of hostile
+     Indians--Governor Stevens disregards warning
+     dispatches--Resolves to force his way back by the direct
+     route--Sends to Fort Benton for arms and ammunition--Hastens
+     ahead of train to Bitter Root valley--Confers with Flatheads
+     and Nez Perces--Alarming reports--Procures fresh animals--Nez
+     Perce chiefs join the party--Taking the unexpected
+     route--Crossing the snowy Bitter Roots--Ten dead horses--The
+     surprise of the Coeur d'Alenes--"Peace or war?"--Craig and
+     the Nez Perces take direct route home--Surprise of the
+     Coeur d'Alenes--Rescue of blockaded miners--Indians called
+     to council--The Stevens Guards and Spokane Invincibles
+     organized                                                       120
+
+                              CHAPTER XXXV
+
+                    STORMY COUNCIL WITH THE SPOKANES
+
+  Disaffected Indians--Kam-i-ah-kan's emissaries and
+     falsehoods--Governor Stevens's firm front preserves
+     friendship--Looking Glass's treachery discovered and
+     frustrated--Dubious speeches--Indians' friendship
+     gained--Light marching order--Four days' march in driving
+     storm to the Nez Perce country                                  133
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XXXVI
+
+                        THE FAITHFUL NEZ PERCES
+
+  Two thousand assemble in council--Offer two hundred and fifty
+     warriors to force way through hostiles--Battle of Oregon
+     volunteers--The way cleared--The Nez Perce guard of
+     honor--March to Walla Walla--Capture of Ume-how-lish--Reception
+     by the volunteers--Governor Stevens's speech--Winter
+     campaign--Letter to General Wool--His inaction and mistaken
+     views--In camp, 27° below zero--The Nez Perces dismissed--
+     Governor Stevens pushes on to the Dalles in advance of
+     train--Crossing the gorged Deschutes--By trail down the
+     Columbia to Vancouver--The sail at night in the storm--Arrival
+     at Olympia after nine months' absence--Mrs. Stevens and
+     children visit Whitby Island--In danger from northern Indians   143
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XXXVII
+
+                          PROSTRATION.--RESCUE
+
+  Country utterly prostrated--Settlers take refuge in
+     towns--Abandon farms--General Wool disbands volunteers, takes
+     the defensive, and maligns the people--Review of war--
+     Kam-i-ah-kan, leading spirit--Treacherous chiefs, fresh from
+     signing treaties, incite war--Miners massacred--Agent
+     Bolon murdered--Major Haller's repulse--Settlers driven from
+     Walla Walla--Massacre on White River--Volunteers raised--
+     Lieutenant Slaughter killed--Impenetrable forests and
+     swamps--Cascades afford hidden resorts--Fruitless march of
+     Major Rains to Yakima--Governor Stevens addresses
+     legislature--His measures of relief--Calls out volunteers--
+     Visits lower Sound--Enlists Indian auxiliaries--Settlers
+     return to farms--Build blockhouses--Organization of
+     volunteers                                                      156
+
+
+                            CHAPTER XXXVIII
+
+                      WAGING THE WAR ON THE SOUND
+
+  Volunteers form Northern, Central, and Southern battalions--Plan
+     of campaign--Cooperation sought with regulars--Memoir of
+     information sent General Wool and Colonel Wright--Campaign
+     east of Cascades suggested--Wool's flying visit to
+     Sound--Demands virtual disbanding of volunteers--Governor
+     Stevens's caustic letter of refusal--Pat-ka-nim fights
+     hostiles--Naval forces--Battle of Connell's prairie--Scouring
+     the forests and swamps amid rains and storms--Red
+     allies--Massacre at Cascades--Two companies of rangers called
+     out to reassure settlers--Unremitting warfare--Hostiles
+     surrender or flee across Cascades--Posts and blockhouses
+     turned over to regulars--Volunteers on Sound disbanded          171
+
+                             CHAPTER XXXIX
+
+                      THE WAR IN THE UPPER COUNTRY
+
+  Fruitless movements of Oregon volunteers--Colonel Wright
+     marches to Yakima valley in May--Parleys instead of
+     fighting--Governor Stevens proposes joint movement across
+     Cascades--Colonel Casey declines--Colonel Shaw crosses
+     Nahchess Pass--Marches to Walla Walla--Governor Stevens
+     journeys to Dalles--Dispatches Goff's and Williams's
+     companies to Walla Walla--Seeks coöperation with Colonel
+     Wright--Warns him against amnesty to Sound murderers--Three
+     columns reach Walla Walla the same day--Shaw defeats hostiles
+     in Grande Ronde--His victory restrains disaffected Nez
+     Perces--Governor Stevens invites Colonel Wright to attend
+     peace council in Walla Walla--That officer fooled by the
+     Yakimas--His abortive campaign--Ow-hi's diplomacy               194
+
+                               CHAPTER XL
+
+                      THE FRUITLESS PEACE COUNCIL
+
+  Governor Stevens, assured of support by Colonel Wright,
+     revokes call for additional volunteers--Council with
+     Klikitats--Refuses to receive Indian murderers on
+     reservation--Pushes forward to Walla Walla--Indians take
+     pack-train--Steptoe arrives with four companies--Indians
+     assemble--Manifest hostility--Steptoe moves off--Volunteers
+     start for Dalles--Steptoe refuses guard--Governor Stevens
+     recalls volunteers--Hostile and threatening Indians--Steptoe
+     refusing support, Governor Stevens moves to his camp--
+     Disaffected chiefs demand that treaties be abrogated,
+     whites leave the country--Governor Stevens demands
+     submission--Terminates council--Starts for Dalles--Attacked
+     on march--The fight--Moves back to Steptoe's camp--Indians
+     attack it--Repulsed--Blockhouse built--One company
+     left--Both commands march to Dalles--Steptoe's change of
+     views--Demand on Colonel Wright to deliver up Sound
+     murderers, who gives order--Cleverly evaded--Colonel Wright
+     marches to Walla Walla--Counsels with hostile chiefs--Yields
+     to their demands--Whites ordered out of the country--Shameful
+     betrayal of duty--Governor Stevens's indignant letters to the
+     War and Indian departments--Pernicious influence of
+     missionaries and Hudson Bay Company--Governor Stevens's views
+     finally adopted--Steptoe's defeat--Wright defeats
+     hostiles--Summary executions--Fate of Ow-hi and Qualchen        206
+
+                              CHAPTER XLI
+
+                       DISBANDING THE VOLUNTEERS
+
+  Entire force disbanded--Their character, discipline--Public
+     property sold--So many captured animals that more were sold
+     than purchased--Transportation cost nothing--Anecdote of
+     Captain Henness--Thirty-five forts built by volunteers,
+     twenty-three by settlers, seven by regulars--Colonel Casey
+     refuses demand for surrender of murderers--Governor Stevens
+     insists--Sharply rebukes Colonel Casey's slurs--Leschi
+     surrendered for trial--Is finally hanged--Qui-e-muth killed     232
+
+                              CHAPTER XLII
+
+                  MARTIAL LAW.--DIFFICULTIES OVERCOME
+
+  Hudson Bay Company's ex-employees remain in Indian
+     country--Suspected of aiding enemy--Governor Stevens orders
+     them to the towns--Five return to farms, at instigation of
+     trouble-makers--Arrested and thrown in jail Judge Lander
+     issues writ of habeas corpus--Martial law proclaimed in
+     Pierce County--Colonel Shaw arrests judge and clerk, who are
+     taken to Olympia and released--Lawyers pass condemnatory
+     resolutions--Judge Lander holds court in Olympia--Issues
+     writs--Martial law in Thurston County--Judge Lander
+     arrested--Held prisoner at Camp Montgomery until end of
+     war--Martial law abrogated--Governor Stevens fined fifty
+     dollars--His action in proclaiming martial law disapproved by
+     the President--Dishonorable discharge used to maintain
+     discipline--Company A refuse to take field--Pass contumacious
+     resolutions--Are dishonorably discharged--Control of
+     disaffected Indians--Agents in constant danger--Summary
+     dealing with whiskey-sellers--Agents men of high
+     qualities--Statement of temporary reserves--Indians and
+     agents--Northern Indians depredate on Sound--Captain
+     Gansevoort severely punishes them at Port Gamble, and sends
+     them north--Colonel Ebey falls victim to their revenge          242
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XLIII
+
+               LEGISLATIVE CENSURE.--POPULAR VINDICATION
+
+  Governor Stevens's habits of labor--Adopts costume of the
+     country--Builds home--Housewarming--Fourth message to
+     legislature--Renders account of Indian war--Resolutions
+     censuring Governor Stevens, for dismissing Company A and
+     proclaiming martial law, pooled and passed--Indignation
+     of the people--Governor Stevens nominated for Congress--
+     Canvasses the Territory--Elected by two thirds vote--
+     Resigns as governor--Death of James Doty--Turns over
+     governorship to Governor McMullan; Indian affairs, to
+     Superintendent Nesmith--Return journey East--Incidents          260
+
+                              CHAPTER XLIV
+
+                  IN CONGRESS.--VINDICATING HIS COURSE
+
+  Passing Superintendent Nesmith's accounts--Obtaining funds for
+     Indian service--President recommends confirmation of the
+     treaties--Welcomed back by old friends--General Lane a tower
+     of strength--Demands that military deliver Yakima murderers
+     to punishment--They abandon their protégés--Takes house and
+     moves family to Washington--Mr. James G. Swan,
+     secretary--Circular letter to emigrants--Appeals to Indian
+     Department to establish farms promised Blackfeet--Has
+     Lieutenant John Mullan placed in charge of building
+     wagon-road between Fort Benton and Walla Walla--Exposes
+     memoir of Captain Cram--Convinces Senate Indian committee
+     that treaties ought to be confirmed--Advocates Northwestern
+     boundary commission--Speeches on Indian war--Pacific
+     Railroad--Defends Nesmith--Matters engaging
+     attention--Resists exactions of Hudson Bay Company in memoir
+     to Secretary of State--Steptoe's defeat--Colonel Wright
+     punishes Indians--General Harney placed in command of
+     Washington and Oregon departments--He revokes Wool's order
+     excluding settlers from upper country--Address on
+     Northwest--Walter W. Johnson, private secretary--Treaties all
+     confirmed March 8, 1859--Dictates his final report on
+     Northern route before breakfast                                 271
+
+                              CHAPTER XLV
+
+                            SAVING SAN JUAN
+
+  Returns to Puget Sound--Guest of General Harney--Close relations
+     with--Renominated for Congress--The canvass--Elected--Death
+     of Mr. Mason--San Juan dispute waxes warm over a pig--General
+     Harney advised by Governor Stevens--Sends Captain Pickett to
+     occupy the island--British fleet blockade--Reinforcements
+     sent to Pickett--British powerless on land--Thousands of
+     American miners in Victoria and on Fraser River--Governor
+     Gholson guided by Governor Stevens--Offers support of militia
+     to General Harney, who places ammunition at his
+     disposal--General Scott pacifies British lion--Governor
+     Stevens's influence in saving the archipelago                   288
+
+                              CHAPTER XLVI
+
+                       THE STAND AGAINST DISUNION
+
+  Governor Stevens becomes chief exponent and authority on
+     Northern route--Letter to Vancouver railroad convention--
+     Contending for the Northern route--Governor Stevens lives
+     down prejudice--Gains respect--Great influence with
+     President and departments--His habits--Rebuke of
+     self-seekers--Political issues--Governor Stevens a national
+     man--Sustained constitutional rights of South, as matter
+     of justice and to defeat disunion--Patriotism of men of
+     this view--Attends Charleston and Baltimore Democratic
+     conventions--Supports General Lane--Split in party--Governor
+     Stevens accepts as chairman of executive committee of
+     National Democracy--Writes address in a single night--Labors
+     hard--Hopes of success--Abraham Lincoln elected
+     President--Act to pay Indian war debt passed--W.W. Miller
+     appointed Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Washington
+     Territory--Governor Stevens's achievements in seven
+     years--His firm Union sentiments--Denounces
+     secession--Strengthens the hands of the President               296
+
+                             CHAPTER XLVII
+
+                    THE OFFER OF SWORD AND SERVICES
+
+  Governor Stevens returns to Washington Territory--Recommends
+     supporting the government and arming the militia--Elected
+     captain of Puget Sound Rifles of Olympia--Democratic
+     convention meets--Governor Stevens withdraws his name as
+     candidate for delegate--His speech--Offers services--Hastens
+     to Washington--Meets cold reception--Accepts colonelcy of
+     79th Highlanders--Governors Andrew and Sprague offer
+     regiments                                                       313
+
+                             CHAPTER XLVIII
+
+             THE 79TH HIGHLANDERS.--THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
+
+  The Highland Guard, a New York city militia battalion, volunteer
+     as the 79th Highlanders--Splendid material--Severe losses at
+     Bull Run--Promised to be sent home to recruit--Disappointed--
+     Colonel Stevens takes command--Breaks unworthy officers--The
+     mutiny and its suppression--Colonel Stevens enforces
+     discipline--Marches through Washington with band playing
+     the dead march--Removes camp guards and appeals to honor of
+     the regiment--Crossing the Potomac into Virginia--Colonel
+     Stevens's brief speech at midnight--Building Fort Ethan
+     Allen--Digging forts and felling forests--Picket alarms--The
+     reconnoissance of Lewinsville--General McClellan meets
+     returning column; his anxiety to avoid a general engagement--
+     Colonel Stevens deprived of his brigade and given three green
+     regiments--President Lincoln reminded, directs appointment of
+     Colonel Stevens as brigadier-general; says delay is owing to
+     General McClellan's advice--Hazard Stevens appointed adjutant
+     79th Highlanders--Colonel Stevens appointed brigadier-general--
+     Moves forward four miles to Camp of the Big Chestnut--The
+     recusant wagon-master--The unexpected rebuke--McClellan's
+     passive-defensive--General Stevens ordered to Annapolis--Bids
+     farewell to the Highlanders--Whole line cries, "Tak' us wi'
+     ye!"--Secures appointment of his son as captain and assistant
+     adjutant-general--Condemns McClellan's management--Predicts
+     disaster--Reaches Annapolis--Applies for Highlanders--McClellan
+     objects, but President Lincoln overrules him and sends them     321
+
+                              CHAPTER XLIX
+
+                       THE PORT ROYAL EXPEDITION
+
+  General Thomas W. Sherman--His army--General Stevens's
+     brigade--The embarkation--Fleet assemble off Fortress
+     Monroe--Boat's crew of Highlanders--Lively scenes--Sailing
+     out to sea--Storm scatters the fleet--Opening sealed
+     orders--Sail for Port Royal--The rebel defenses--Commodore
+     Dupont's attack--The enemy's flight--Landing of the
+     troops--Demoralized by sweet-potato field--General Stevens
+     alone urges advance inland--Constructs a mile of defensive
+     works--Sickness--Life on Hilton Head                            341
+
+                               CHAPTER L
+
+                 BEAUFORT.--ACTION OF PORT ROYAL FERRY
+
+  General Stevens occupies Beaufort, the Newport of the
+     South--Abandoned by white population--Sacked by negroes;
+     their ignorance, habits, condition--Faint attack on the
+     pickets--General Stevens advances across Port Royal
+     Island--Pickets outer side, throwing enemy on the
+     defensive--Enemy close the Coosaw River--General Stevens's
+     plan to dislodge them authorized--Reinforcement by two
+     regiments and gunboats--Flatboats assembled in a hidden
+     creek--Troops embark at midnight, cross Coosaw, and effect
+     landing--March in echelon toward Port Royal Ferry--The
+     action--The enemy's hasty retreat--The Ferry occupied--The
+     forts destroyed--Troops bivouac for the night--Cross the
+     ferry and march to Beaufort in triumph--Thanked in general
+     orders for the victory of Port Royal Ferry                      353
+
+                               CHAPTER LI
+
+             BEAUFORT.--CAMPAIGN PLANNED AGAINST CHARLESTON
+
+  General Stevens restores public library--It is confiscated by
+     Treasury agents against his protest--The Gideonites come to
+     elevate the freedmen--General Stevens moderates their zeal;
+     wins their gratitude--Other visitors--Thorough course of
+     drill and discipline--Twenty-five-mile picket
+     line--Detachment of 8th Michigan defeat 13th Georgia regiment
+     on Wilmington Island--Death of Mr. Caverly--Governor
+     Stevens's views on military situation--General Stevens's
+     force a menace to Charleston and Savannah Railroad--Six
+     miles trestle bridges--General Robert E. Lee's defensive
+     measures--General Stevens eager to cross swords with
+     Lee--Plans movement to destroy railroad and hurl whole army
+     on Charleston--Captain Elliott's scouting trips--General
+     Sherman adopts plan--Commodore Dupont to coöperate--General
+     Hunter supersedes General Sherman--Fort Pulaski
+     taken--General Hunter proclaims negroes forever free, then
+     impresses them as soldiers--General Stevens's views on the
+     negro soldier--He is confirmed as brigadier-general             367
+
+                              CHAPTER LII
+
+                JAMES ISLAND CAMPAIGN AGAINST CHARLESTON
+
+  Enemy abandon lower part of Stono River and batteries--General
+     Benham plans movement on Charleston by way of James
+     Island--General Stevens lands on James Island--Drives back
+     enemy in sharp action--Takes three guns--Cautions Benham of
+     need of a day's preparation before attacking--Incompetent
+     commanders--Wright joins, a week later, with his
+     division--Organization of the army--Enemy strengthening works
+     across island--Fort Lamar, strong advanced work--General
+     Stevens erects counter-battery--Reconnoissances                 387
+
+                              CHAPTER LIII
+
+                         BATTLE OF JAMES ISLAND
+
+  General Benham's precipitate determination to assault Fort
+     Lamar--Protests of his generals--He orders General Stevens to
+     assault at dawn, Wright and Williams to support--Attacking
+     column--Forms at two P.M.--Drives in and follows hard on
+     enemy's pickets--Enters field in front of fort at
+     daylight--Rushes on the work in column of regiments--The
+     fight over the parapet--Deadly fire from enemy's reserves in
+     rear of the work--Troops withdrawn in good order and
+     reformed--General Williams attacks on left--General Wright
+     takes position to protect left and rear--General Stevens
+     about to assault a second time, when General Benham suddenly
+     gives up the fight and orders both columns to retreat--Forces
+     and losses--Causes of the repulse--Highlanders' revenge at
+     Fort Saunders--Benham deprived of command and sent North        399
+
+
+                              CHAPTER LIV
+
+                           RETURN TO VIRGINIA
+
+  The Highlanders present General Stevens with a sword--His
+     response--Death of Daniel Lyman Arnold--General Stevens's
+     letters to his wife--Holds Benham to account--General Wright
+     succeeds to command on Benham's arrest--James Island
+     evacuated--Troops uselessly harassed--Jean Ribaut's
+     fort--Voyage to Virginia--General Stevens's letter to
+     President Lincoln recommending such movement--His views of
+     military situation--Lands at Newport News--Ninth corps
+     formed, General Stevens commanding first division--Meets
+     General Cullum                                                  416
+
+
+                               CHAPTER LV
+
+                            POPE'S CAMPAIGN
+
+  General Stevens moves to Fredericksburg--Division in three
+     brigades, and joined by two light batteries--Stevens and
+     Reno's division, march up the Rappahannock; join Pope's army
+     at Culpeper Court House--General Stevens stops straggling and
+     marauding--Battle of Cedar Mountain--Army of Virginia--Pope
+     advances to Rapidan--General Stevens holds Raccoon Ford--Lee
+     leaves McClellan--Concentrates against Pope, who withdraws
+     behind Rappahannock--General Stevens's action at Kelly's
+     Ford--Marching up the river to head off Lee--Benjamin
+     silences enemy's gun with a single shot--Reinforcements
+     arrive from Army of the Potomac--Jackson marches around right
+     flank and falls on rear--Positions and movements, August 26,
+     27, 28--Description of Bull Run battlefield--Jackson
+     withdraws from Manassas and takes position there--Movements
+     of Pope's forces--Fiasco of McDowell and Sigel--Jackson
+     attacks--Stubborn fight of General Gibbon near
+     Groveton--Generals King and Ricketts march away from the
+     enemy--Pope reiterates order to attack                          425
+
+
+                              CHAPTER LVI
+
+                     THE SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN
+
+  Jackson resumes his position--Sigel's troops move forward slowly
+     and become engaged--Reynolds, on left, advances, but falls
+     back--Troops of right wing arrive, scattered to meet Sigel's
+     cries for reinforcements--General Stevens advances with
+     small force to Groveton--Unexpectedly fired on by enemy's
+     skirmishers--Benjamin maintains unequal artillery
+     combat--Sigel and Schenck withdraw troops from
+     key-point--Jackson forces back Milroy and Schurz--General
+     Porter's movement--Inactive all day--Pope hurls disconnected
+     brigades on Jackson's corps--Attacks by Grover, Reno, Kearny,
+     Stevens, all repulsed--King's division slaughtered--General
+     Stevens collects his scattered division--Union attacks
+     repulsed the first day--Lee master of the situation--August
+     30, second day--Pope sure the enemy had retreated--General
+     Stevens expresses contrary view--Captain John More finds
+     enemy in force--Pope's fatuous Order of pursuit--Porter
+     slowly forms column in centre--Pope's faulty dispositions--
+     Whole army bunched in centre--Wings stripped of troops--
+     Porter's attack--General Stevens joins in it--The repulse--
+     Lee's opportunity--Longstreet's onslaught--The battle on left
+     and centre--The right firmly held--General Stevens's
+     remark--Pope orders retreat--General Stevens withdraws
+     deliberately--Checks pursuit--Capture of Lieutenant
+     Heffron--Crosses Bull Run at Lock's Ford--Bivouac for
+     night--Battle lost by incompetent commander--Troops fought
+     bravely                                                         446
+
+
+                              CHAPTER LVII
+
+                        THE BATTLE OF CHANTILLY
+
+  Retreat to Centreville--Rear-guard--Bivouac on Centreville
+     heights--Counting stacks--Two thousand and twelve muskets
+     left--Loss nearly one half--General Stevens's last
+     letter--Sudden orders--March to intercept Jackson--Battle of
+     Chantilly--General Stevens's charge--He falls, bearing the
+     colors--The enemy driven from his position--Sudden and
+     furious thunderstorm bursts over the field                      477
+
+
+                             CHAPTER LVIII
+
+                        THE BATTLE OF CHANTILLY
+
+  Progress of the fight--General Kearny responds to General
+     Stevens's summons with Birney's brigade--His death--Three of
+     Reno's regiments engaged--Night ends the contest--Sixteen
+     Union regiments against forty-eight Confederate--Respective
+     losses and forces--General Stevens averted great disaster       487
+
+
+                              CHAPTER LIX
+
+                              FINAL SCENE
+
+  General Stevens's body borne from battle to Washington--President
+     considering placing him in command at time of his death--
+     Burial in Newport, R.I.--City erects monument--Inscription--
+     Poem--General Stevens's descendants                             498
+
+     APPENDIX--Census of Indians                            503
+
+     INDEX                                                  507
+
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+                                                                   PAGE
+
+  Arrival of Nez Perce Cavalcade at the Council                      34
+
+  Feasting the Chiefs                                                36
+
+  Kam-i-ah-kan, Head Chief of the Yakimas                            38
+
+  U-u-san-male-e-can: Spotted Eagle, a chief of the Nez Perces       40
+
+  Walla Walla Council                                                42
+
+  Pu-pu-mox-mox: Yellow Serpent, Head Chief of the Walla Wallas      46
+
+  We-ah-te-na-tee-ma-ny: Young Chief, Head Chief of the Cuyuses      50
+
+  She-ca-yah: Five Crows, a Chief of the Cuyuses                     52
+
+  Appushwa-hite: Looking Glass, War Chief of the Nez Perces          54
+
+  Hal-hal-tlos-sot: The Lawyer, Head Chief of the Nez Perces         58
+
+  The Scalp Dance                                                    60
+
+  Ow-hi, a Chief of the Yakimas                                      64
+
+  The Flathead Council                                               82
+
+  The Blackfoot Council                                             112
+
+  Group of Blackfoot Chiefs--Ha-ca-tu-she-ye-hu, Star Robe,
+    Chief of the Gros Ventres; Th-ke-te-pers, The Rider, Great
+    War Chief of the Gros Ventres; Sak-uis-tan, Heavy Shield,
+    Great Warrior of the Blood Indians; Stam-yekh-sas-ci-cay,
+    Lame Bull, Piegan Chief                                         114
+
+  Blackfoot Chiefs--Tat-tu-ye, The Fox, Chief of the Blood
+    Indians; Mek-ya-py, Red Dye, Piegan Warrior                     116
+
+  Group: Commissioner Alfred Cumming, Alexander Culbertson,
+    William Craig, Delaware Jim, James Bird                         118
+
+  Crossing the Bitter Roots in Midwinter                            126
+
+  Coeur d'Alene Mission                                             128
+
+  Spokane Garry: Head Chief of the Spokanes                         140
+
+  Ume-how-lish, War Chief of the Cuyuses                            148
+
+  Homestead in Olympia                                              260
+
+  Letter offering Sword and Services (facsimile)                    316
+
+  Captain Hazard Stevens at the age of 19, from a photograph        340
+
+  Headquarters at Beaufort                                          372
+
+  General Stevens and Staff: Captain B.F. Porter, Lieutenant
+    William T. Lusk, Captain Hazard Stevens, Lieutenant Abraham
+    Cottrell, General Stevens, Major George S. Kemble, Lieutenant
+    Benjamin R. Lyons                                               386
+
+  Headquarters on James Island                                      398
+
+  Camp of General Stevens's Division at Newport News                422
+
+  Headquarters at Newport News                                      424
+
+  The Monument                                                      502
+
+    The portraits of Indian chiefs were made by Gustavus Sohon, a
+    private soldier of the 4th infantry, an intelligent and
+    well-educated German, who had great skill in making expressive
+    likenesses. He also made the views of the councils and expedition.
+    These portraits, with many others taken by the same artist, were
+    intended by General Stevens to be used to illustrate a complete
+    account of his treaty operations. The views of camps and
+    headquarters were sketched by E. Henry, E Company, 79th
+    Highlanders.
+
+
+
+
+MAPS AND PLANS
+
+
+  The Interior from Cascade Mountains to Fort Benton. Made on
+     reduced scale from Governor Stevens's map of April 30, 1857,
+     sent to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Routes traversed
+     by Governor Stevens taken from maps accompanying his final
+     report of the Northern Pacific Railroad route. See Appendix
+     for marginal notes                                               16
+
+  Theatre of Indian War of 1855-56 on Puget Sound and West of
+     Cascade Mountains. Made on reduced scale from map sent by
+     Governor Stevens to the Secretary of War with report of March
+     21, 1856                                                        172
+  Reconnoissance of Lewinsville, September 11, 1862                  330
+
+  Port Royal and Sea Islands of South Carolina                       352
+
+  Action at Port Royal Ferry, January 1, 1862                        358
+
+  Battle of James Island, June 16, 1862                              402
+
+  Virginia--Potomac to Rapidan River                                 426
+
+  Positions of forces August 26, 1862, 9 P.M.               432
+
+  Positions of forces August 27, 9 P.M.                     433
+
+  Positions of forces August 28, 9 P.M.                     443
+
+  Second Battle of Bull Run, August 29                               446
+
+  Second Battle of Bull Run, August 30                               464
+
+  Jackson's flank march, August 31                                   480
+
+  Battle of Chantilly, September 1                                   482
+
+
+
+
+                                THE LIFE
+
+                                   OF
+
+                         ISAAC INGALLS STEVENS
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XXVI
+
+                          THE CHEHALIS COUNCIL
+
+
+While treating with the Sound Indians, the governor sent William H.
+Tappan, agent for the southwestern tribes, Henry D. Cock, and Sidney
+Ford to summon the Chinooks, Chehalis, and coast Indians to meet in
+council on the Chehalis River, just above Gray's Harbor, on February 25,
+and on returning to Olympia dispatched Simmons and Shaw on the same
+duty. On the 22d he left Olympia on horseback, rode to the Chehalis,
+thirty miles, and the following day descended that stream in a canoe to
+the treaty ground. Among other settlers who attended the council at the
+governor's invitation was James G. Swan, then residing on Shoalwater
+Bay, and since noted for his interesting writings on the Pacific
+Northwest, and for the valuable collections of Indian implements and
+curiosities, and monographs of their languages, customs, and history
+that he has made for the Smithsonian Institution. Judge Swan gives the
+following graphic and lively account of this council in his "Three
+Years' Residence in Washington Territory." He describes how he and Dr.
+J.G. Cooper, accompanied by twenty canoe-loads of Indians, paddled up
+the Chehalis one cold, damp morning, without waiting for breakfast,
+finding it difficult to keep warm:--
+
+  "But the Indians did not seem to mind it at all; for, excited with
+  the desire to outvie each other in their attempts to be first to
+  camp, they paddled, and screamed, and shouted, and laughed, and cut
+  up all kinds of antics, which served to keep them in a glow. As we
+  approached the camp we all stopped at a bend in the river, about
+  three quarters of a mile distant, when all began to wash their
+  faces, comb their hair, and put on their best clothes. The women got
+  out their bright shawls and dresses, and painted their faces with
+  vermilion, or red ochre and grease, and decked themselves out with
+  their beads and trinkets, and in about ten minutes we were a
+  gay-looking set; and certainly the appearance of the canoes filled
+  with Indians dressed in their brightest colors was very picturesque,
+  but I should have enjoyed it better had the weather been a little
+  warmer.
+
+  "The camp ground was situated on a bluff bank of the river, on its
+  south side, about ten miles from Gray's Harbor, on the claim of Mr.
+  James Pilkington. A space of two or three acres had been cleared
+  from logs and brushwood, which had been piled up so as to form an
+  oblong square. One great tree, which formed the southern side to the
+  camp, served also as an immense backlog, against which our great
+  camp-fire and sundry smaller ones were kindled, both to cook by and
+  to warm us. In the centre of the square, and next the river, was the
+  governor's tent; and between it and the south side of the ground
+  were the commissary's and other tents, all ranged in proper order.
+  Rude tables, laid in open air, and a huge framework of poles, from
+  which hung carcasses of beef, mutton, deer, elk, and salmon, with a
+  cloud of wild geese, ducks, and smaller game, gave evidence that the
+  austerities of Lent were not to form any part of our services.
+
+  "Around the sides of the square were ranged the tents and wigwams of
+  the Indians, each tribe having a space allotted to it. The coast
+  Indians were placed at the lower part of the camp; first the
+  Chinooks, then the Chehalis, Quen-ai-ult, and Quaitso, Satsop, upper
+  Chehalis, and Cowlitz. These different tribes had sent
+  representatives to the council, and there were present about three
+  hundred and fifty of them, and the best feeling prevailed among all.
+
+  "The white persons present consisted of only fourteen, viz.,
+  Governor Stevens, George Gibbs (who officiated as secretary to the
+  commission), Judge Ford, with his two sons, who were assistant
+  interpreters, Lieutenant-Colonel B.F. Shaw, the chief interpreter,
+  Colonel Simmons and Mr. Tappan, Indian agents, Dr. Cooper, Mr.
+  Pilkington, the owner of the claim, Colonel Cock, myself, and last,
+  though by no means the least, Cushman, our commissary, orderly
+  sergeant, provost marshal, chief story-teller, factotum, and life of
+  the party,--'Long may he wave.' Nor must I omit Green McCafferty,
+  the cook, whose name had become famous for his exploits in an
+  expedition to Queen Charlotte's Island to rescue some sailors from
+  the Indians. He was a good cook and kept us well supplied with hot
+  biscuit and roasted potatoes.
+
+  "Our table was spread in the open air, and at breakfast and supper
+  was pretty sure to be covered with frost, but the hot dishes soon
+  cleared that off, and we found the clear, fresh breeze very
+  conducive to a good appetite. After supper we all gathered round the
+  fire to smoke our pipes, toast our feet, and tell stories.
+
+  "The next morning the council was commenced. The Indians were all
+  drawn up in a large circle in front of the governor's tent, and
+  around a table on which were placed the articles of treaty and other
+  papers. The governor, General Gibbs, and Colonel Shaw sat at the
+  table, and the rest of the whites were honored with camp-stools, to
+  sit around as a sort of guard, or as a small cloud of witnesses.
+
+  "Although we had no regimentals on, we were dressed pretty uniform.
+  His Excellency the Governor was dressed in a red flannel shirt, dark
+  frock coat and pants, and these last tucked in his boots, California
+  fashion; a black felt hat, with, I think, a pipe stuck through the
+  band; and a paper of fine-cut tobacco in his coat pocket. We also
+  were dressed like the governor, not in ball-room or dress-parade
+  uniform, but in good, warm, serviceable clothes.
+
+  "After Colonel Mike Simmons, the agent, and, as he has been termed,
+  the Daniel Boone of the Territory, had marshaled the savages into
+  order, an Indian interpreter was selected from each tribe to
+  interpret the jargon of Shaw into such language as their tribes
+  could understand. The governor then made a speech, which was
+  translated by Colonel Shaw into jargon, and spoken to the Indians,
+  in the same manner the good old elders of ancient times were
+  accustomed to deacon out the hymns to the congregation. First the
+  governor spoke a few words, then the colonel interpreted, then the
+  Indians; so that this threefold repetition made it rather a lengthy
+  operation. After this speech the Indians were dismissed till the
+  following day, when the treaty was to be read. We were then
+  requested by the governor to explain to those Indians we were
+  acquainted with what he had said, and they seemed very well
+  satisfied. The governor had purchased of Mr. Pilkington a large pile
+  of potatoes,--about a hundred bushels,--and he told the Indians to
+  help themselves. They made the heap grow small in a short time, each
+  taking what he required for food; but lest any one should get an
+  undue share, Commissary Cushman and Colonel Simmons were detailed to
+  stand guard on the potato pile, which they did with the utmost good
+  feeling, keeping the savages in a roar of laughter by their humorous
+  ways.
+
+  "At night we again gathered around the fire, and the governor
+  requested that we should enliven the time by telling anecdotes,
+  himself setting the example. Governor Stevens has a rich fund of
+  interesting and amusing incidents that he has picked up in his camp
+  life, and a very happy way of relating them. We were all called upon
+  in turn. There were some tales told of a wild and romantic nature,
+  and Judge Ford and Colonel Mike did their part. Old frontiersmen and
+  early settlers, they had many a legend to relate of toil, privation,
+  fun, and frolic; but the palm was conceded to Cushman, who certainly
+  could vie with Baron Munchausen or Sindbad the Sailor in his
+  wonderful romances. His imitative powers were great, and he would
+  take off some speaker at a political gathering or a camp-meeting in
+  so ludicrous a style that even the governor could not preserve his
+  gravity, but would be obliged to join the rest in a general laughing
+  chorus. Whenever Cushman began one of his harangues, he was sure to
+  draw up a crowd of Indians, who seemed to enjoy the fun as much as
+  we, although they could not understand a word he said. He usually
+  wound up by stirring up the fire; and this, blazing up brightly and
+  throwing off a shower of sparks, would light the old forest, making
+  the night look blacker in the distance, and showing out in full
+  relief the dusky, grinning faces of the Indians, with their blankets
+  drawn around them, standing up just outside the circle where we were
+  sitting. Cushman was a most capital man for a camp expedition,
+  always ready, always prompt and good-natured.
+
+  "The second morning after our arrival the terms of the treaty were
+  made known. This was read line by line by General Gibbs, and then
+  interpreted by Colonel Shaw to the Indians. The provisions of the
+  treaty were these: They were to be placed on a reservation between
+  Gray's Harbor and Cape Flattery, and were to be paid forty thousand
+  dollars in different installments. Four thousand dollars in addition
+  was also to be paid them, to enable them to clear and fence in land
+  and cultivate. No spirituous liquors were to be allowed on the
+  reservation; and any Indian who should be guilty of drinking liquor
+  would have his or her annuity withheld.
+
+  "Schools, carpenters' and blacksmiths' shops were to be furnished by
+  the United States; also a sawmill, agricultural implements,
+  teachers, and a doctor. All their slaves were to be free, and none
+  afterwards to be bought or sold. The Indians, however, were not to
+  be restricted to the reservation, but were to be allowed to procure
+  their food as they had always done, and were at liberty at any time
+  to leave the reservation to trade with or work for the whites.
+
+  "After this had all been interpreted to them, they were dismissed
+  till the next day, in order that they might talk the matter over
+  together, and have any part explained to them which they did not
+  understand. The following morning the treaty was again read to them
+  after a speech from the governor, but although they seemed
+  satisfied, they did not perfectly comprehend. The difficulty was in
+  having so many tribes to talk to at the same time, and being obliged
+  to use the jargon, which at best is a poor medium of conveying
+  intelligence. The governor requested any one of them that wished, to
+  reply to him. Several of the chiefs spoke, some in jargon and some
+  in their own tribal language, which would be interpreted into jargon
+  by one of their people who was conversant with it; so that, what
+  with this diversity of tongues, it was difficult to have the subject
+  properly understood. But their speeches finally resulted in one and
+  the same thing, which was that they felt proud to have the governor
+  talk with them; they liked his proposition to buy their land, but
+  they did not want to go to the reservation. The speech of Narkarty,
+  one of the Chinook chiefs, will convey the idea they all had. 'When
+  you first began to speak,' said he to the governor, 'we did not
+  understand you; it was all dark to us as the night; but now our
+  hearts are enlightened, and what you say is clear to us as the sun.
+  We are proud that our Great Father in Washington thinks of us. We
+  are poor, and can see how much better off the white men are than we
+  are. We are willing to sell our land, but we do not want to go away
+  from our homes. Our fathers and mothers and ancestors are buried
+  there, and by them we wish to bury our dead and be buried ourselves.
+  We wish, therefore, each to have a place on our own land where we
+  can live, and you may have the rest; but we can't go to the north
+  among the other tribes. We are not friends, and if we went together
+  we should fight, and soon we would all be killed.' This same idea
+  was expressed by all, and repeated every day. The Indians from the
+  interior did not want to go on a reservation with the coast or canoe
+  Indians. The whole together only numbered 843 all told, as may be
+  seen by the following census, which was taken on the ground:--
+
+          Lower Chehalis           217
+          Upper Chehalis           216
+          Quenaiults               158
+          Chinooks                 112
+          Cowlitz                  140
+                                   ---
+                                   843
+
+  "But though few in numbers, there were among them men possessed of
+  shrewdness, sense, and great influence. They felt that though they
+  were few, they were as much entitled to a separate treaty as the
+  more powerful tribes in the interior. We all reasoned with them to
+  show the kind intentions of the governor, and how much better off
+  they would be if they could content themselves to live in one
+  community; and our appeals were not altogether in vain. Several of
+  the tribes consented, and were ready to sign the treaty, and of
+  these the Quenaiults were the most prompt, evidently, however, from
+  the fact that the proposed reservation included their land, and they
+  would consequently remain at home.
+
+  "I think the governor would have eventually succeeded in inducing
+  them all to sign, had it not been for the son of Carcowan, the old
+  Chehalis chief. This young savage, whose name is Tleyuk, and who was
+  the recognized chief of his tribe, had obtained great influence
+  among all the coast Indians. He was very willing at first to sign
+  the treaty, provided the governor would select _his_ land for the
+  reservation, and make him the grand _Tyee_, or chief, over the whole
+  five tribes; but when he found he could not effect his purpose, he
+  changed his behavior, and we soon found his bad influence among the
+  other Indians, and the meeting broke up that day with marked
+  symptoms of dissatisfaction. This ill-feeling was increased by old
+  Carcowan, who smuggled some whiskey into the camp, and made his
+  appearance before the governor quite intoxicated. He was handed over
+  to Provost Marshal Cushman, with orders to keep him quiet till he
+  got sober. The governor was very much incensed at this breach of his
+  orders, for he had expressly forbidden either whites or Indians
+  bringing one drop of liquor into the camp.
+
+  "The following day Tleyuk stated that he had no faith in anything
+  the governor said, for he had been told that it was the intention of
+  the United States government to put them all on board steamers and
+  send them away out of the country, and that the Americans were not
+  their friends. He gave the names of several white persons who had
+  been industrious in circulating these reports to thwart the governor
+  in his plans, and most all of them had been in the employ of the
+  Hudson Bay Company. He was assured that there was no truth in the
+  report, and pretended to be satisfied, but in reality was doing all
+  in his power to break up the meeting. That evening the governor
+  called the chiefs into his tent, but to no purpose, for Tleyuk made
+  some insolent remarks, and peremptorily refused to sign the treaty,
+  and with his people refused to have anything to do with it. That
+  night in his camp they behaved in a very disorderly manner, firing
+  off guns, shouting, and making a great uproar.
+
+  "The next morning, when the council was called, the governor gave
+  Tleyuk a severe reprimand, and, taking from him his paper, which had
+  been given to show that the government recognized him as chief, he
+  tore it to pieces before the assemblage. Tleyuk felt this disgrace
+  very keenly, but said nothing. The paper was to him of great
+  importance, for they all look on a printed or written document as
+  possessing some wonderful charm. The governor then informed them
+  that as all would not sign the treaty it was of no effect, and the
+  camp was then broken up.
+
+  "Throughout the whole of the conference Governor Stevens evinced a
+  degree of forbearance, and a desire to do everything he could for
+  the benefit of the Indians. Nothing was done in a hurry. We remained
+  in the camp a week, and ample time was given them each day to
+  perfectly understand the views of the governor. The utmost good
+  feeling prevailed, and every day they were induced to some games of
+  sport to keep them good humored. Some would have races on the river
+  in their canoes, others danced, and others gambled; all was friendly
+  till the last day, when Tleyuk's bad conduct spoiled the whole."
+
+That was an intrepid and resolute act of Governor Stevens, thus to tear
+up the turbulent chief's commission before his face, surrounded by three
+hundred and fifty Indians and supported by only fourteen whites; but it
+effectually cowed the insolent young savage, and preserved the respect
+of the Indians.
+
+The council was by no means abortive, for in consequence of it the
+following fall Colonel Simmons obtained the assent and signature of the
+chiefs of the Quenaiult and Quillehute coast tribes to the treaty so
+carefully explained to them at the Chehalis council, and it was signed
+by Governor Stevens at Olympia, January 25, 1856, on his return from the
+Blackfoot council, and duly confirmed with the other treaties on March
+8, 1859. These Indians were given $25,000 in annuities, and $2500 to
+improve the reservation, the selection of which was left to the
+President. A reservation of ten thousand acres was set off at the mouth
+of the Quenaiult River, including their principal village and salmon
+fishery, renowned as yielding the richest and finest salmon on the
+coast, a fish of medium size, deep, rich color, and exquisite flavor.
+The other provisions were the same as those secured to the Sound
+Indians.
+
+Tah-ho-lah and How-yatl, head chiefs of the two tribes, and twenty-nine
+other chiefs signed the treaty, and it was witnessed by M.T. Simmons,
+general Indian agent; H.A. Goldsborough, surveyor; B.F. Shaw,
+interpreter; James Tilton, surveyor-general; F. Kennedy, J.Y. Miller,
+and H.D. Cock.
+
+These two tribes numbered four hundred and ninety-three, a number
+greatly in excess of the census given in Swan's account. In their
+distrust the Indians invariably reported less than their actual numbers,
+and nearly every tribe was found to be larger than the first estimate.
+The numbers of the Chinook, Chehalis, and Cowlitz Indians were reported
+by Governor Stevens in 1857 as one thousand one hundred and fifteen.
+
+Including the Quenaiults and the Cowlitz, and other Indians not on
+reservations, they now number some seven hundred, and are in about the
+same condition as the Sound Indians.[1]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [1] A census of all the tribes in the Territory, returned with
+      Governor Stevens's report and map of April 30, 1857, is given
+      in the Appendix.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XXVII
+
+             PERSONAL AND POLITICAL.--SAN JUAN CONTROVERSY
+
+
+Just before going to the Chehalis council, Governor Stevens and his
+family suffered a sad and severe affliction in the death of his young
+kinsman, George Watson Stevens, who was drowned on February 16 at the
+debouch of the Skookumchuck Creek into the Chehalis River, as he was
+returning from Portland, whither he had gone to cash some government
+drafts. He was accompanied on the journey by A.B. Stuart, the mail and
+express carrier, who, as they approached the stream, had occasion to
+stop at a settler's house, while George Stevens kept on, and, although
+cautioned by Stuart, lost his life in the attempt to cross by the usual
+ford. The Skookumchuck empties into the Chehalis at right angles, and
+although ordinarily a stream of moderate size, becomes, when swollen by
+rains, a mighty and furious flood, which, encountering the rapid current
+of the Chehalis, forms a dangerous whirlpool in the centre of that
+river. Not realizing the danger, and anxious to reach his journey's end
+that day, he forced his horse into the raging torrent, and was swept,
+man and steed, into the whirlpool below, where, although a fine swimmer
+and a strong, vigorous man, he met his death. Stuart reached the ford
+soon afterwards, and finding it impassable and his companion nowhere
+visible, rightly concluded that he was lost, and hastened to Olympia
+with the sad tidings.
+
+Governor Stevens with a party hastened to the scene, and diligently
+searched for the missing one. The governor caused a band of horses to
+be driven into the stream to test its power, but all were instantly
+swept down into the larger river, several of them clear to the
+whirlpool, although the water had fallen considerably. The unfortunate
+youth's horse swam ashore, and was found with the saddle and saddle-bags
+soaked with water, and a few days later his remains were found in the
+river a mile below the whirlpool. This sad event cast a deep gloom upon
+the family, and indeed all the community, for he was a young man of
+great promise, noble traits, and only twenty-two years of age. The
+governor said of him:--
+
+  "His whole character was an admirable blending of strength and
+  gentleness. He was essentially a man of great resolution, daring,
+  enterprise, and purpose, who adhered with great inflexibility to his
+  determinations; yet he was so gentle, so kindly, so courteous, and
+  so disinterested that his strength did not fully appear in ordinary
+  intercourse. To his friends his death is a sad bereavement, which
+  time only can obliterate. His memory will be precious, his life an
+  example, his bright and pure spirit is now in the heavenly mansion."
+
+  "He was a brother in the house," wrote Mrs. Stevens to her mother;
+  "evenings he always spent at home, and took an interest in
+  everything about the house, played with the children, seemed to be
+  happy just staying in our society. Here is my garden he made, and
+  the flowers he set out, and marks of him all about us."
+
+It was a sad time when his remains were brought in, and the little toys
+and candy he had thoughtfully purchased for the children were found in
+his pockets and saddle-bags. He was buried on the beautiful green Bush
+Prairie, amid the scenes of mountain, prairie, and forest he loved so
+well. His intimate friends, Mason and Doty, were soon to be laid at rest
+by his side.
+
+In a letter to a sister Mrs. Stevens relates another instance of the
+governor's firmness and fearlessness in dealing with the Indians:--
+
+  "There are three different tribes of Indians in Olympia now, all
+  different,--the Nisquallies, Chissouks, and northern Fort Simpson
+  Indians. A curious sight it is to see them. They are all gambling,
+  their mats spread on the ground; and you will see groups of fifty
+  seated on the ground, and playing all day and night. The town is
+  full of them. Mr. Stevens has them right under his thumb. They are
+  as afraid as death of him, and do just what he tells them. He told
+  the chiefs of the tribes he would not let them disturb the whites.
+  That night they kept up an awful howling and singing, making night
+  hideous like a pack of wolves. Mr. Stevens got up, took a big club,
+  and went right in among them, and talked to them, and told them that
+  the first man that opened his lips he would knock down. The chief
+  said, 'Close' (All right), and not another sound came from them that
+  night. When he came back, he said the biggest lodge was full of men
+  sitting in a circle around a big fire, smoking and singing."
+
+Returning from the Chehalis council, Governor Stevens remained the next
+two months in Olympia, hard at work with his multifarious duties,
+reviewing legislative acts, preparing reports of the councils and
+treaties, instructing the Indian agents, and attending to the unceasing
+cares and questions arising from the Indians, and preparing for the trip
+east of the mountains. In April he made the arduous horseback and river
+trip to Vancouver, and there met Superintendent Joel Palmer, of Oregon,
+by appointment, having previously invited him, in order to arrange with
+him in regard to the proposed council with the Indians of the upper
+country, some of whom were within General Palmer's superintendency.
+
+This spring began the San Juan Island controversy with Great Britain,
+which came near involving the two countries in war, and lasted with
+various phases for eighteen years, until it was finally decided in favor
+of the United States by Emperor William I., of Germany.
+
+By the treaty of 1846 the main ship-channel which separates the
+continent from Vancouver Island was fixed as the boundary from the point
+where the 49th parallel intersects the Gulf of Georgia, in order to give
+the whole of that island to Great Britain, for the parallel intersects
+it. It happens, however, that there are two channels, with a valuable
+group of islands between them, answering this description. The Americans
+claimed the western-most, the Canal de Haro, which runs next to
+Vancouver Island, and is the shorter, broader, and deeper, in every
+respect the main ship-channel, while the English insisted that the
+eastern channel, Rosario Straits, was the proper boundary. The shrewd
+and aggressive officers of the Hudson Bay Company at Victoria, Sir James
+Douglass at their head, originated the British claim, which otherwise
+had never arisen, so little merit had it, and in order to gain a
+foothold on, and claim possession of, these valuable islands, placed a
+flock of sheep on San Juan, and stationed there a petty official of the
+company. The island was included in Whatcom County by act of the
+Washington legislature, the property thereon became subject to taxation,
+and the sheriff of the county levied upon and seized a number of the
+sheep in default of payment of taxes.
+
+Sir James Douglass thereupon addressed Governor Stevens, complaining of
+the seizure, and demanding to know if the sheriff's proceedings were
+authorized or sanctioned in any manner by the executive officer of
+Washington Territory. The governor promptly replied, May 12, 1855, and
+firmly and uncompromisingly asserted the American right, and justified
+the sheriff. After reciting the acts of Oregon and Washington assuming
+jurisdiction over the islands, he continued:--
+
+  "The sheriff, in proceeding to collect taxes, acts under a law
+  directing him to do so. Should he be resisted in such an attempt, it
+  would become the duty of the governor to sustain him to the full
+  force of the authority vested in him.
+
+  "The ownership remains now as it did at the execution of the treaty
+  of June 11, 1846, and can in no wise be affected by the alleged
+  'possession of British subjects.'"
+
+The correspondence was communicated to the Secretary of State, who in
+reply deprecated any action by the territorial authorities pending a
+settlement of the question by the respective governments, and the
+dispute remained in abeyance until excited some years afterwards by
+another British act of aggression. Had our government firmly asserted
+its undoubted right at this time, the matter would have been settled. To
+the resolute and patriotic stand of Governor Stevens on this occasion,
+and his subsequent course in defense of this American territory, as will
+be seen hereafter, were due the ultimate defeat of the persistent and
+hard-fought British demands.
+
+At this time the governor purchased of William Taylor for $2000 his
+donation claim, a fine tract of half a section, 320 acres, six miles
+southwest of Olympia, and in the northwestern corner of Bush Prairie. It
+comprised a few acres of prairie, over a hundred acres of heavy meadow,
+and the remainder in heavy fir timber. A small house and a field fenced
+off the prairie were the only improvements. The governor always took
+great interest and pleasure in the soil, in gardening and farming. He
+soon put a man on the place, and laid out extensive plans of improving
+it.
+
+In April the Democratic convention met in Olympia to nominate a
+candidate for delegate in Congress, to succeed Judge Lancaster. The
+delegates assembled in a large store building on the southwest corner of
+Main and First streets, belonging to George A. Barnes. Governor Stevens
+was a candidate for the nomination. He was desirous, after completing
+his treaty operations and returning from the Blackfoot council, to
+represent the Territory in Congress, and there push forward his plans
+for the public service, further railroad surveys, wagon roads, mail
+routes, steamer service, Indian treaties and policy, and, above all, the
+Northern Pacific Railroad. Many of the first settlers were strong in his
+support, recognizing how much such a man in Congress could accomplish
+for the Territory. There were two other candidates, Judge Columbia
+Lancaster, very anxious to succeed himself, and J. Patton Anderson,
+United States marshal, who had traveled all over the Territory in taking
+the census the previous year, and, it was said, had diligently improved
+his opportunities as census-taker by paying court to all the women,
+kissing all the babies, and pledging all the men to support him for
+delegate. He was a man of good appearance, cordial, pleasant Southern
+manners, and well calculated to make friends. The convention divided
+between the three candidates, and balloted an entire day without result.
+In the evening the candidates were invited to address the convention.
+Colonel Shaw, who was one of the governor's supporters, although not a
+member of the convention, says that he advised the governor not to
+accept the invitation, lest the friends of the other candidates, hearing
+him speak, should become alarmed at his ability and power, and combine
+against him. Such advice was the very last that the governor, with his
+straightforward and positive character, would relish. He went before the
+convention, and in a forcible and patriotic speech, without reference to
+himself, set forth the needs of the Territory, and the public measures
+required for its advancement, so ably and clearly that his friends were
+delighted, and felt sure that he would be chosen on the next ballot. But
+it turned out as Shaw feared. Although he gained votes, his opponents
+combined on Anderson, and nominated him, some of them exclaiming, "It
+won't do to nominate the governor, for if he once gets into Congress, we
+can never get him out again."
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XXVIII
+
+                     INDIANS OF THE UPPER COLUMBIA
+
+
+The Indians of the upper Columbia, with whom Governor Stevens was next
+to treat, presented a far more pressing and difficult problem than the
+reduced tribes of the Sound. They numbered fourteen thousand souls,
+comprised in ten powerful tribes, viz., Nez Perces, Cuyuses, Umatillas,
+Walla Wallas, Yakimas, Spokanes, Coeur d'Alenes, Flatheads, Pend
+Oreilles, and Kootenais.[2] They were a manly, athletic race, still
+uncontaminated by the vices and diseases which so often result from
+contact with the whites, and far superior in courage and enterprise, as
+well as in form and feature, to the canoe Indians of the Sound and
+coast. Each tribe possessed its own country, clearly defined by
+well-known natural boundaries, within whose limits their wanderings were
+restrained, save when they "went to buffalo," or attended some grand
+council or horse-race with a neighboring tribe. The chase, the salmon
+fishery, the root ground, the numerous bands of horses and cattle,
+furnished easy and ample sustenance. It was estimated that the Nez
+Perces owned twenty thousand head of these animals, and the Cuyuses,
+Umatillas, and Walla Wallas not less than fifteen thousand. The Yakimas
+and Spokanes also possessed great numbers.
+
+  [Illustration: THE INTERIOR FROM CASCADE MOUNTAINS TO FORT BENTON]
+
+Of all these tribes, the Nez Perces or Sahaptin were the most
+numerous and progressive. They numbered 3300, and occupied the country
+along the western base of the Bitter Root Mountains for over two hundred
+miles, and a hundred miles in width, including both banks of the Snake
+and its tributaries, the Kooskooskia or Clearwater, Salmon, Grande
+Ronde, Tucañon, etc. Yearly, in the spring or fall, their war chief
+would lead a strong party across the Rocky Mountains to hunt the buffalo
+on the plains of the Missouri, and many were the bloody encounters they
+had with the dreaded Blackfeet, the Arabs of the plains. They owned
+great numbers of horses, and the advent of the horse among them, about
+the middle of the eighteenth century, obtained from the Spaniards of New
+Mexico or California, of which they preserved the tradition, was the
+chief cause of their prosperous condition. From the days of Lewis and
+Clark, the first of the white race to meet their astonished gaze, they
+were famed as the firm friends of the white man. During all the
+fur-hunting and trading epoch the "mountain men," as the trappers and
+voyageurs delighted to call themselves, were welcome in the lodges of
+the Nez Perces. Together they wintered in safety on the banks of the
+Kooskooskia, and together they hunted the buffalo on the plains of the
+Missouri, and made common cause against the Blackfeet. Among the most
+noted of the numerous encounters in which they were allied against their
+common foe was the stubborn fight of Pierre's Hole in 1832, so
+graphically described by Washington Irving in his "Bonneville
+Adventures." It was in this fight that Lawyer, then a promising young
+brave, and afterwards for many years the powerful head chief of the
+Sahaptin, received a severe wound in the hip, which never entirely
+healed, and doubtless hastened his death.
+
+In 1836 Rev. H.H. Spalding with his wife was sent out by the
+Presbyterians, and settled as a missionary on the Lapwai, a branch on
+the southern side of the Kooskooskia, twelve miles above its confluence
+with the Snake. Here he was preceded by William Craig, a Virginian, one
+of the best type of mountain men, who had married a Nez Perce maiden and
+made his home among her people. Aided by Craig's knowledge of the Nez
+Perce tongue and character, and of the Indians themselves, Mr. Spalding
+taught the whole tribe a simple Christian faith, made a dictionary of
+their language, and translated and had printed in the native tongue a
+hymn-book, catechism, and New Testament, taught a number of the young
+men to read and write their own language, built a saw and grist mill,
+and labored to induce them, not without success, to till the soil. Yet,
+after all this achievement, he was in the end led to abandon his
+mission. In an unhappy hour he opened a store and went to trading with
+the Indians. In their experience a trader was the personification of
+greed and falsehood. To them the union of the trader, all selfishness
+and fraud, and the preacher of morality and truth was monstrous, nay,
+impossible. Mr. Spalding, too, was hard and exacting in his dealings,
+and offended in that way. With all his zeal and energy, he evidently
+lacked knowledge of Indian nature, perhaps of human nature. What wonder
+that some of the Nez Perces, seeing that the trading-post was a fact,
+concluded that his preaching was a fraud, and warned him out of their
+country! The massacre of the devoted missionary, Dr. Marcus Whitman, and
+his family, by the Cuyuses, in 1847, had just occurred, and Mr.
+Spalding, fearing a like fate if he remained after the warning,
+abandoned the mission where he had done so much. The majority of the Nez
+Perces, however, desired him to remain; and when he decided upon going,
+they formed a strong party of warriors, and escorted him with his
+family and effects unharmed through the hostile Indians to the frontier
+settlement. They magnanimously refused the large reward offered them,
+saying, "We will not sell Mr. Spalding; he left our country of his own
+free will, and we escorted him as his friends." In the war which ensued
+they remained the firm friends of the whites, and the officers of the
+Oregon volunteers engaged in it presented them with a fine, large
+American flag, in which they took great pride. It was their boast that
+"We are the friends of the white man. The white man is our brother. His
+blood has never stained our hands." Craig remained among them in perfect
+safety, and was treated with undiminished kindness. Although abandoned
+by Mr. Spalding, they by no means discarded the good he had taught them.
+They maintained, unaided, their simple religious worship, and held
+services regularly every Sabbath, with preaching, singing of hymns, and
+reading of the Bible, all in their own language, with the books
+translated and printed for them by the devoted missionary. They prided
+themselves upon their superior intelligence, upon having young men who
+could read and write, and upon their ancient and fast friendship with
+the whites. This friendship indeed was not merely a matter of sentiment.
+They were shrewd enough to turn it to good account. Large emigrations
+crossed the plains to Oregon during the period from 1843 to 1855; and
+the Nez Perces used to go down to the emigrant road on the Grande Ronde
+or Umatilla, with bands of fat, sleek, handsome ponies, and exchange
+them with the emigrants for their worn-out horses, oxen, and sometimes a
+cow, clothing, groceries, ammunition, etc. The Pikes, as the Missourians
+who comprised the majority of the emigrants were called, "allowed that
+the Nez Perces could beat a Yankee on a trade." By these means they were
+beginning to obtain cattle as well as horses, were learning to wear
+blankets and shirts instead of skins, and individuals were even
+beginning to set out fruit trees, and plant corn and potatoes, and in a
+word the Nez Perces were making rapid strides toward civilization. There
+is no more interesting and instructive example of the amelioration of a
+savage tribe by the introduction of domestic animals, and its steady
+growth from abject barbarism, than that afforded by the Nez Perces. But
+little more than a century ago they were a tribe of naked savages,
+engaged in a perpetual struggle against starvation. Their country
+afforded but little game, and they subsisted almost exclusively on
+salmon, berries, and roots. The introduction of the horse enabled them
+to make long journeys to the buffalo plains east of the Rocky Mountains,
+where they could lay in great abundance of meat and furs; furnished them
+with a valuable animal for trading with other less favored tribes; soon
+raised them to comparative affluence, and developed in their hunting and
+trading expeditions a manly, enterprising, shrewd, and intelligent
+character. They had improved and profited still more from their
+intercourse with the whites, until there seemed every prospect that,
+with the introduction of cattle, they might lay aside their nomadic
+habits, and become a pastoral and then an agricultural people.
+
+The Cuyuses were the most disaffected and intractable of all the tribes.
+But little is known of their early history. They are said to have come
+from the east many years ago. No tribe could resist their prowess, and
+when they settled on the Umatilla and Walla Walla rivers, having driven
+out the original inhabitants, none dared molest them; since which, wars
+and pestilence had reduced their numbers to but five hundred, and
+continual intermarriages with the neighboring tribes had caused their
+own language to fall into disuse. But they still maintained their
+separate independence, and were as haughty and arrogant as ever. The
+Jesuits established a mission on the Umatilla and made some progress in
+their conversion, and then Dr. Whitman came among them, establishing his
+mission in the Walla Walla valley, and for several years possessed their
+confidence and accomplished much good. The rivalry between Jesuit and
+Protestant missionary was carried to a high pitch. Pictorial cards were
+issued by each party, representing its opponents descending into the
+fiery depths of the infernal regions, where Satan and his imps, with
+red-hot pitchforks, were impatiently waiting to receive their prey,
+while the converts to the true faith were ascending to heaven up a broad
+flight of stairs with winged angels on either side. This hostile and
+bigoted attitude of the missionaries towards each other must have
+weakened the respect and confidence of the Indians, and contributed not
+a little to the troubles that followed.
+
+Dr. Whitman was accustomed to attend the Indians when sick, and these
+labors, undertaken in the purest benevolence, were ultimately the cause
+of his death; for, the measles having broken out among them, and great
+numbers, especially of the children, dying, their suspicions were
+directed towards this devoted and able missionary.
+
+In the war which ensued the Cuyuses suffered severely, were deprived of
+great numbers of horses, compelled to relinquish their white captives,
+and to surrender to well-deserved death some of the most active in the
+massacre. Their head chief was known as the Young Chief, and next in
+rank and influence was the Five Crows.
+
+The Walla Wallas and Umatillas numbered upwards of one thousand, and
+inhabited the banks of the rivers which bear their names, and those of
+the Columbia. Their head chief was Pu-pu-mox-mox or the Yellow Serpent,
+a man of great intelligence and force of character, but well stricken in
+years.
+
+The Yakimas, including outlying bands,[3] were over 3900 strong, and
+occupied the large region between the Columbia and the Cascades, with
+their principal abodes in the Yakima valley. One band, the Palouses,
+lived on the Palouse River, on the north side of the Snake and east of
+the Columbia, next the Nez Perce country. Large bands of the Yakimas had
+crossed the Cascades and were pressing on the feebler races on the west,
+by whom they were appropriately termed "Klik-i-tats" or robbers. The
+Jesuits had a mission on the Ah-ti-nam Creek, on the Yakima, but do not
+seem to have acquired much influence over them.
+
+The Spokanes numbered 2200, including the Colvilles, 500, and
+Okinakanes, 600, and held the country north of Snake River to Pend
+Oreille Lake and the 49th parallel, and extending west from the Nez
+Perce country, and that occupied by the Coeur d'Alenes at the base of
+the Bitter Root Mountains, to the Columbia River. A Presbyterian mission
+was also established among them under Rev. E. Walker and G.C. Eells, and
+abandoned about the same time as that of Mr. Spalding.
+
+Immediately east of the Spokanes, under the western slope of the Bitter
+Roots, lived the Coeur d'Alenes, a tribe of about five hundred. There
+was a Catholic mission among them presided over by Father Ravalli, and
+they had been converted to the ancient faith, and their material
+condition greatly improved by the good fathers.
+
+The Flatheads, Pend Oreilles, and Koutenays lived in the mountain
+valleys between the main range of the Rockies and the Bitter Roots, upon
+the tributaries of Clark's Fork chiefly, and depended largely upon the
+buffalo for their subsistence. They, too, like the Nez Perces, were
+distinguished as the constant friends of the whites, and were exposed
+to the unceasing forays of the Blackfeet. They numbered 2250. They
+termed themselves the Salish, and the Spokanes and Coeur d'Alenes were
+of the same stock.
+
+There were also some small independent bands along the Columbia, who
+subsisted chiefly on salmon. Five sixths of the Indians lived within the
+Washington superintendency,--all, indeed, except the Cuyuses, Umatillas,
+Walla Wallas, and a small number of the Nez Perces, who dwelt or roamed
+in both territories, and the small bands about the Dalles and on the
+Columbia, Des Chutes, and John Day's rivers, who lived wholly in Oregon.
+
+The whole vast region occupied by these numerous, brave, and manly
+Indians was still free from the intrusion of white settlers, save a
+handful in the Walla Walla valley and about Colville. But year after
+year they saw the long trains of emigrants pass through their country
+and settle, like swarming bees, upon the fertile plains of the Wallamet.
+They saw the Indians there dispossessed of their hunting grounds, and
+rapidly dying off the face of the earth. The tale of every Indian
+wronged or aggrieved, or who thought himself wronged or aggrieved, was
+borne with startling rapidity to their ears. Thus far their intercourse
+with the whites had been of immense benefit to them. The fur traders
+supplied them with superior weapons, blankets, and many articles of
+comfort, and had greatly improved their condition. Devoted missionaries
+had labored among them for years, and with marked success. By trade with
+the emigrants they were growing rich in cattle. But the actual
+occupation of the soil by the settlers filled them with alarm. Amid all
+these benefits, the fear was fast growing into conviction that the fate
+of the Chinooks and the Wallamets was the presage of their fate, and
+that the whites would sooner or later pour with increasing numbers into
+their country, and appropriate it for themselves. The Flatheads, Pend
+Oreilles, and Koutenays, remote from the settlements, retained their
+ancient friendship for the whites. But among the other tribes the
+desperate resolution was extending and deepening itself to rise and wipe
+out the dreaded invaders ere it was too late. For several years the bold
+and turbulent spirits among them had been enlisting the disaffected
+Indians far and wide in a great combination designed to crush the
+unsuspecting whites simultaneously at all points by one sudden and
+mighty blow. In 1853 the wild rumors of impending outbreaks, the
+forerunners of every Indian war, but which have been invariably unheeded
+by the over-confident whites, were flying about the land. Yet outwardly
+all was serene. The great tribes of the upper country, from whom alone
+danger was to be feared, were as yet unmolested by settlers, had reaped
+only benefits from the whites, and were as friendly as ever to all
+appearance. Both authorities and people were lulled into a sense of
+complete security, and disregarded with contempt the warnings of the few
+who foresaw the danger. In truth, a similar state of affairs has
+preceded nearly all our great Indian wars. They have not been caused by
+petty acts of aggression, stinging whole tribes to frenzied revenge.
+Indians who undergo such treatment are usually too degraded and helpless
+to resist. But powerful tribes, unbroken by too long contact with the
+whites, fired and led by their master spirits, have from time to time
+risen in arms, and vainly striven to arrest and drive back the white
+race ere it overwhelmed them, as it had overwhelmed their kindred. Many
+chiefs have shown profound sagacity in foreseeing the danger menacing
+their race, and the highest talents and bravery in their bloody
+struggles to avert it. The Nez Perces saw the danger, but they alone
+realized the hopelessness of averting it by war. The Nez Perces alone
+discerned that their only safety was to "follow the white man's road,"
+and that his mode of life was better than their own. Under the wise
+guidance of Lawyer, they had become imbued with these convictions, by
+which their traditional friendship to the whites was strengthened and
+confirmed, and the time was fast approaching when their fidelity was to
+save many a valuable life, and preserve the settlements from
+destruction.
+
+In the spring of 1853 General Benjamin Alvord, then a major and
+commanding the military post at the Dalles, heralded among the Indians
+the approach of Governor Stevens with the exploring parties, and in
+reply was visited by a delegation of chiefs of the Yakimas, Cuyuses, and
+Walla Wallas, who said that "they always liked to have gentlemen, Hudson
+Bay Company men, or officers of the army, or engineers, pass through
+their country, to whom they would extend every token of hospitality.
+They did not object to persons merely hunting, or those wearing swords,
+but they dreaded the approach of the whites with ploughs, axes, and
+shovels in their hands." Major Alvord had largely dealt with and studied
+these Indians, and moreover he had confidential sources of information
+from the Catholic priests of the Yakima Mission. He became so impressed
+with the danger of an outbreak that he reported the facts and rumors to
+his superior, General Hitchcock, commanding the Pacific Department, by
+whom they were discredited, and Major Alvord was soon afterwards
+relieved from the Dalles. Events were soon to prove that the magnitude
+and imminence of the danger were even greater than he apprehended. Says
+General Alvord:[4]--
+
+  "I informed Governor Stevens of these threatened Indian
+  difficulties, and of the gigantic scale of their proposed
+  insurrection. What should he do? Was he to remain idle and let the
+  storm come? No, he set to work to provide for the inevitable. As the
+  whites would come as five or six, or ten thousand would come every
+  summer, he did his best to get the Indians to sell their Indian
+  titles."
+
+It was on reaching the Dalles on his overland exploration that the
+governor first learned of this smouldering fire. Quick to grasp the
+situation, to see the breach into which, as Governor and Superintendent
+of Indian Affairs, it was his duty to throw himself, he lost no time, by
+his earnest and forcible reports, and by his visit in Washington, in
+obtaining the necessary authority for treating with these Indians.
+
+Five years had elapsed since Congress, by the Donation Acts, had invited
+settlers to take possession of the lands of these brave and numerous
+Indians, utterly disregarding their rights, and now, when the volcano
+was ready to burst forth, the effort was to be made for the first time
+to treat with them, and the herculean task was devolved upon Governor
+Stevens of buying their country, allaying their well-founded fears,
+adjusting their jealousies and disputes with the whites and with each
+other, and inducing them to relinquish their savage and nomadic mode of
+life for agriculture and civilization. Many of the best informed
+settlers and army officers thought that any attempt to treat with these
+Indians for their lands was a useless and dangerous enterprise, and
+would surely lead to collision and bloodshed.
+
+During the spring Mr. Doty and agents A.J. Bolen and R.H. Lansdale were
+visiting the powerful tribes of the upper country, and preparing them
+for treating. The Walla Walla valley was chosen for the council ground
+at the instance of Kam-i-ah-kan, the head chief of the Yakimas, who
+said, "There is the place where in ancient times we held our councils
+with the neighboring tribes, and we will hold it there now." A large
+quantity of goods was taken up the Columbia to Walla Walla in
+keel-boats. A party of twenty-five men was organized at the Dalles,
+outfitted with a complete pack-train, mules, riding animals, and
+provisions, and sent to the council ground to make ready for the
+reception of the Indians, and afterwards to accompany the governor to
+the Blackfoot council. The Walla Walla council, like the Blackfoot, was
+conceived and planned exclusively by Governor Stevens. He alone
+impressed the necessity of them upon the government, and obtained the
+requisite authority. The work of collecting the Indians was done chiefly
+by his agents, and it was not until he learned from Doty that the
+Indians had agreed to attend, and that the council was assured, that he
+invited Superintendent Palmer to take part in it as joint commissioner
+with himself for such tribes as lived partly in both Territories. This
+fact he caused to be entered on the joint record of the council.
+
+Leaving the gubernatorial office in the hands of Mr. Mason, and the
+Indian service, now well organized, in charge of Colonel Simmons and
+other agents, Governor Stevens early in May left Olympia on his
+treaty-making expedition east of the mountains, calculating to be absent
+from five to six months. He was accompanied by Lieutenant Richard
+Arnold, en route to San Francisco; Captain A.J. Cain, Indian agent for
+the lower Columbia; R.H. Crosby; his son Hazard, whom he decided to take
+as far as the Dalles and then send home; and some other gentlemen. The
+little cavalcade trotted rapidly across the prairies amidst severe and
+drenching showers, and after a brisk ride of thirty miles reached the
+hospitable log-house of Judge Ford for supper and shelter.
+
+It rained heavily during the night, and on continuing the journey the
+next morning, and fording the Skookumchuck, where poor George Stevens
+was so recently lost, and which was then barely passable, a terribly
+swift, turbulent, and dangerous-looking torrent, the whole country
+seemed to be under water. The prairie upon which the town of Newarkum is
+built was flooded, and the horses laboriously waded across the plain in
+single file, belly-deep in water. The narrow track through the timber
+beyond the prairie was like a canal. Dick Arnold, who led the party, a
+tall, erect, athletic, soldierly figure, suddenly sunk down into the
+water with a plunge until only his head and his horse's ears were
+visible. He had ridden into a deep slough, which here crossed the road,
+indistinguishable in the general flood, but his steed swam and struggled
+across it and climbed out on the other side, the water dripping from man
+and horse, but the rider remaining firm in his seat through it all.
+After some delay the rest of the party effected a crossing on foot by a
+fallen tree, and drove the horses across by the road, swimming. Without
+further mishap, save the toils and discomforts of muddy roads and rains,
+they reached Cowlitz Landing that afternoon, descended the Cowlitz in
+canoes the next day, and proceeded by steamboat to Vancouver. After a
+day's stay here the governor continued his journey up the river by
+steamboat to the lower Cascades, where he spent the night, crossed the
+Cascades portage on horseback early the next morning, proceeded by
+steamboat to the Dalles, and found hospitable quarters with Major
+Granville O. Haller at the military post, where were stationed two
+companies of the 4th infantry, under Major G.J. Rains. Superintendent
+Palmer was found at the Dalles, awaiting the governor's arrival.
+
+The outlook for effecting a treaty was deemed unfavorable by all.
+Governor Stevens was warned by Father Ricard, of the Yakima Mission,
+that the Indians were plotting to cut off the white chiefs who might
+attempt to hold a council.[5] The Snake Indians had attacked and
+massacred parties of emigrants recently, and Major Rains was under
+orders to send a force on the emigrant road to protect them. General
+Palmer and his Indian agents were reluctant to attempt to treat with the
+Indians at that time. The governor relates in his diary how he induced
+Major Rains to send from his small force a detachment of forty soldiers,
+under Lieutenant Archibald Gracie, to the council as a guard. Mr.
+Lawrence Kip, afterwards a colonel of the United States army,
+accompanied Mr. Gracie on the trip, and published an interesting account
+of the council:--
+
+  "After supper, went with Major Haller to see Major Rains. It was
+  about midnight, but the major got up, and we talked for two hours on
+  Indian matters. I dwelt particularly on the necessity of a small
+  force on the treaty ground to maintain order. He saw the necessity,
+  but had no suitable force at his disposal, etc. The bearing of the
+  proposed council on the Snakes was then alluded to by me, and I
+  remarked that the services of a small force in checking insolence
+  would be as good as two hundred men subsequently. We deemed it
+  necessary to maintain our dignity and that of our government at the
+  council, and we would seize any person, whether white man or Indian,
+  who behaved in an improper manner. There were unquestionably a great
+  many malcontents in each tribe. A few determined spirits, if not
+  controlled, might embolden all not well disposed, and defeat the
+  negotiations. Should this spirit be shown, they must be seized; the
+  well affected would then govern in the deliberations, and I
+  anticipated little or no difficulty in negotiating. I then alluded
+  to my determination to call out the militia of the Territory should
+  I find, on reaching the council ground, that any plan of hostilities
+  was being matured, or should a feeling of hostility be manifested,
+  in case a small force was not sent from the garrison.
+
+  "So doubtful did General Palmer consider the whole matter of the
+  council, that it was only the circumstance of a military force being
+  dispatched which determined him to send to the treaty ground
+  presents to the Indians. He stated to me that he had concluded to
+  send up no goods; but, the escort having been ordered, he would send
+  up his goods. At this time the Oregon officers expected little from
+  the council, and evidently believed that the whole thing was
+  premature and ill-advised."
+
+Stopping at the Dalles only long enough to obtain this detachment and
+outfit his own small party with riding animals, seven pack-mules, two
+packers, and a cook, the governor again took the saddle, and traveling
+rapidly overland two hundred miles to the Walla Walla valley in four
+days, camping the first night on the Des Chutes River, the second on
+John Day's River, the third on the Umatilla, reached the council ground
+on May 21 towards evening, the party thoroughly drenched by the soaking
+rain in which they had traveled all day.
+
+An amusing incident occurred at the camp on John Day's River, which the
+governor was fond of relating as a good joke on himself. There was no
+wood to be found in that vicinity, except some drift sticks, which were
+claimed by an old Indian who had pitched his lodge on the river's bank.
+After many fruitless attempts to purchase some of his wood, the men took
+advantage of the temporary absence of the old fellow to purloin a small
+quantity of it. This was nearly all consumed, and a hot and savory
+supper was smoking before our travelers, when the old Indian returned
+and discovered his loss. Dismounting from his pony, he approached the
+governor, and, in a tone of indignation and scorn, exclaimed, "Do you
+call yourself a great chief and steal wood?" A liberal present mollified
+him considerably, and after partaking of the supper, he departed in
+great good humor.
+
+The council ground was situated on the right bank of Mill Creek, a
+tributary of the Walla Walla River, and about six miles above the site
+of the unfortunate Whitman Mission, in the midst of a wide and fertile
+valley, bounded in the distance on either hand by high, bare, rolling
+hills, and extending, fan-shaped, far eastward to the Blue Mountains,
+whose lofty and wooded heights bounded and overlooked the plain. The
+valley was almost a perfect level, covered with the greatest profusion
+of waving bunch grass and flowers, amidst which grazed numerous bands of
+beautiful, sleek mustangs, and herds of long-horned Spanish cattle
+belonging to the Indians, and was intersected every half mile by a
+clear, rapid, sparkling stream, whose course could be easily traced in
+the distance by its fringe of willows and tall cottonwoods. Now every
+foot of this rich valley is under cultivation, a dozen gristmills run
+their wheels by these streams, and the very treaty ground is the centre
+of the thriving town of Walla Walla, with a population of six thousand
+souls.
+
+Under the energetic hands of Doty and C.P. Higgins, the packmaster,--a
+position corresponding to the chief mate on shipboard, or the orderly
+sergeant of a company of troops,--the camp was found pitched, and
+everything in readiness for the council. A wall tent, with a large arbor
+of poles and boughs in front, stood on level, open ground a short
+distance from the creek, and facing the Blue Mountains, all ready for
+the governor. This was also to serve as the council chamber, and ample
+clear space was left for the Indians to assemble and seat themselves on
+the ground in front of the arbor. A little farther in front, and nearer
+the creek, were ranged the tents of the rest of the party, a stout
+log-house to safely hold the supplies and Indian goods, and a large
+arbor to serve as a banqueting-hall for distinguished chiefs, so that,
+as in civilized lands, gastronomy might aid diplomacy. A large herd of
+beef cattle and a pile of potatoes, purchased of Messrs. Lloyd Brooke,
+Bumford & Noble, traders and stock-raisers, who were occupying the site
+of the Whitman Mission, and ample stores of sugar, coffee, bacon, and
+flour furnished the materials for the feasts.
+
+General Palmer arrived the same day with R.R. Thompson and R.B.
+Metcalfe, Indian agents for Oregon tribes, who had visited the Cuyuses
+and Umatillas and small bands living wholly in Oregon, and summoned them
+to attend the council. Fatigued and uncomfortable as they must have been
+after the day's journey and drenching, the commissioners had a long
+conference in the evening, listened to Doty's report of his visits to
+the tribes and the talk and dispositions of the chiefs, and discussed
+the location of reservations and other points. The following programme
+was agreed upon:--
+
+1. Governor Stevens to preside at the council.
+
+2. Each superintendent to be sole commissioner for the Indians within
+his jurisdiction.
+
+3. Both to act jointly for tribes common to both Territories, each to
+appoint an agent and commissary for them, and goods and provisions to be
+distributed to them in proportion to the number under the respective
+jurisdictions.
+
+4. To keep separate records, to be carefully compared and certified
+jointly as far as related to tribes common to both Territories.
+
+5. To keep a public table for the chiefs.
+
+The following officers were appointed for the joint treaties, in each
+case the first named for Washington, the second for Oregon: Governor
+Isaac I. Stevens and Superintendent Joel Palmer, commissioners; James
+Doty and William C. McKay, secretaries; R.H. Crosby and N. Olney,
+commissaries; R. H. Lansdale and R.R. Thompson, agents; William Craig,
+N. Raymond, Matthew Danpher, and John Flette, interpreters.
+
+The governor also appointed as interpreters A.D. Pambrun, John Whitford,
+James Coxie, and Patrick McKensie.
+
+Lieutenant Gracie, with his little detachment, arrived on the 23d. A
+tent, furnished by the governor, was pitched for the officer and his
+guest, Mr. Kip, while the soldiers built huts of boughs, and spread over
+them canvas pack-covers. The two gentlemen dined with the governor under
+the arbor near his tent, "off a table constructed from split pine logs,
+smoothed off, but not very smooth," says Mr. Kip.
+
+The scanty treating party of whites were now all assembled, and awaited
+the arrival of the Indians with interest, not unmixed with apprehension;
+for it seemed a bold and perilous step to meet so many brave and warlike
+Indians, many of whom were known to be disaffected and ready to provoke
+an outbreak, in the heart of the Indian country, two hundred miles from
+the nearest settlement or military post, with such a mere handful. They
+numbered barely a hundred men,--the governor's party of thirty-five,
+twelve with General Palmer, the military guard of forty-seven, two
+Catholic missionaries, and a few settlers.
+
+The second day after reaching the valley Governor Stevens, learning that
+General Wool had just arrived at Vancouver, wrote him a letter urging
+the importance of occupying the Walla Walla valley with a strong
+military force, preferably of cavalry, pointing out the central location
+of the point, and its strategic advantages for protecting the emigrant
+road, the trails to the Missouri on the east, the Puget Sound on the
+west, and for controlling the disaffected Indians, particularly the
+Cuyuses and Snakes. This, like other sound and indeed necessary measures
+recommended by the governor, was ignored by the self-sufficient Wool and
+his officers, until they were obliged to adopt them from necessity.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [2] Numbers and names of all these tribes as given in tabular
+      statement or census, in Governor Stevens's map and report of April
+      30, 1857, to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, now on file in
+      Indian Bureau. See Appendix.
+
+  [3] Pisquouse or Wenatchee, 600; Yakimas, 700; Ps-hawn-appan, 500;
+      Columbia River bands, 1000; Palouses, 600; Klikitats, 500.
+
+  [4] Letter to author; Report of J. Ross Browne, H. Doc., p. 38, 1st
+      session, 35th Congress; Swan's Three Years, Washington Territory,
+      pp. 324-425; Speech of Governor Stevens, 1st session, 35th
+      Congress, Congressional Globe, vol. 37, pp. 490-494.
+
+  [5] Speech of Governor Stevens, 1st session, 35th Congress,
+      Congressional Globe, vol. 37, p. 490.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XXIX
+
+                        THE WALLA WALLA COUNCIL
+
+
+The Nez Perces, the first to arrive, came the next day, May 24, 2500
+strong. Hearing of their approach, the commissioners drew up their
+little party on a knoll commanding a fine view of the unbroken level of
+the valley. The standard of the Nez Perces, the large American flag
+given them by the officers engaged in the Cuyuse war, was sent forward
+and planted on the knoll. Soon their cavalcade came in sight, a thousand
+warriors mounted on fine horses and riding at a gallop, two abreast,
+naked to the breech-clout, their faces covered with white, red, and
+yellow paint in fanciful designs, and decked with plumes and feathers
+and trinkets fluttering in the sunshine. The ponies were even more
+gaudily arrayed, many of them selected for their singular color and
+markings, and many painted in vivid colors contrasting with their
+natural skins,--crimson slashed in broad stripes across white, yellow or
+white against black or bay; and with their free and wild action, the
+thin buffalo line tied around the lower jaw,--the only bridle, almost
+invisible,--the naked riders, seated as though grown to their backs,
+presented the very picture of the fabled centaurs. Halting and forming a
+long line across the prairie, they again advanced at a gallop still
+nearer, then halted, while the head chief, Lawyer, and two other chiefs
+rode slowly forward to the knoll, dismounted and shook hands with the
+commissioners, and then took post in rear of them. The other chiefs,
+twenty-five in number, then rode forward, and went through the same
+ceremony. Then came charging on at full gallop in single file the
+cavalcade of braves, breaking successively from one flank of the line,
+firing their guns, brandishing their shields, beating their drums, and
+yelling their war-whoops, and dashed in a wide circle around the little
+party on the knoll, now charging up as though to overwhelm it, now
+wheeling back, redoubling their wild action and fierce yells in frenzied
+excitement. At length they also dismounted, and took their stations in
+rear of the chiefs. Then a number of young braves, forming a ring, while
+others beat their drums, entertained the commissioners with their
+dances, after which the Indians remounted and filed off to the place
+designated for their camp. This was on a small stream, flowing parallel
+to Mill Creek, on the same side with and over half a mile from the
+council camp. The chiefs accompanied the governor to his tent and arbor,
+smoked the pipe of peace, and had an informal talk.
+
+  [Illustration: THE ARRIVAL OF THE NEZ PERCES]
+
+Hal-hal-tlos-sot or the Lawyer, the head chief of the Nez Perces, was an
+Indian Solon in his efforts to improve the condition of his people.
+Without any advantages of birth or wealth, he made himself the first in
+his tribe, while yet in middle life, by his unrivaled wisdom and force
+of character. His first acts were directed against gambling, which was
+indulged in to great excess, and against polygamy. Finding, however,
+that his influence as head chief was insufficient to carry out his plans
+for the improvement of his people, he reorganized the government of the
+tribe, appointed an additional number of chiefs from the young men, and,
+having thus increased and strengthened his influence, was enabled to
+accomplish his reforms. He early perceived that the growing power of the
+whites, which threatened to swallow up all before it, could not be
+resisted by force, and in consequence all his efforts were directed to
+inducing the Indians to adopt the customs and civilization of the
+whites, and to preserving the unbroken friendship between the two races.
+From the effects of the wound received at the battle of Pierre's Hole he
+was still suffering, and his right arm had been twice broken in a fight
+with a grizzly bear. Wise, enlightened, and magnanimous, the head chief,
+yet one of the poorest of his tribe, he stood head and shoulders above
+the other chiefs, whether in intellect, nobility of soul, or influence.
+
+Provisions were issued to the Nez Perces, and some petty tribes which
+had come in, at the rate of one and a half pounds of beef, two pounds of
+potatoes, and one half a pound of corn to each person.
+
+The Cuyuses, Walla Wallas, and Umatillas next arrived, and went into
+camp without any parade or salutations on a stream on the other side of
+Mill Creek, and over a mile distant from the camp of the whites, from
+which the intervening fringes of trees completely hid them. The head
+chief of the Walla Wallas and Umatillas was Pu-pu-mox-mox or the Yellow
+Serpent, who held despotic sway over his own people, and great influence
+with neighboring tribes. He owned thousands of horses and cattle, and
+had amassed a large sum in specie, from trade with settlers and
+emigrants. Some years before one of his sons, a youth of promise, was
+murdered by a miner in California, and although he had always been on
+friendly terms with the whites, not even allowing his people to take
+part in the Cuyuse war, it was believed that the outrage rankled in his
+heart. He was well advanced in years, and somewhat childish and
+capricious in small things, but his form was as erect, his mind as firm,
+and his authority as unimpaired as ever.
+
+  [Illustration: FEASTING THE CHIEFS]
+
+The day after their arrival many of the Nez Perce chiefs came to see the
+commissioners, and after much friendly conversation were invited to
+dine. Governor Stevens and General Palmer presided at opposite ends
+of the long table, at which were seated some thirty chiefs, and, having
+heard of the enormous appetites of the Indians, piled the tin plates, as
+they were presented, to the brim. Again and again were the plates passed
+up for a fresh supply; the chiefs feasted and gorged like famished
+wolves; and the arms of the hosts became so wearied from carving and
+dispensing the food that they were glad to resign the posts of honor to
+a couple of stalwart packers. The table for the chiefs was kept up
+during the council, and every day was well attended, but it was not
+again graced by the presence of the commissioners.
+
+During the morning an express was received from the Yellow Serpent. He
+sent word that the Cuyuses, Walla Wallas, and Yakimas would accept no
+provisions from the commissioners, but would bring their own, and
+proposed that the Young Chief, Lawyer, Kam-i-ah-kan, and himself, the
+head chiefs of the Cuyuses, Nez Perces, Yakimas, and Walla Wallas
+respectively, should do all the talking for the Indians at the council.
+The messenger would accept no tobacco for the chief, a very unfriendly
+sign, and muttered as he rode off, loud enough to be overheard by the
+interpreter, "You will find out by and by why we won't take provisions."
+
+Every effort was made by the other Indians to induce the Nez Perces to
+refuse provisions, but without avail. The latter took great pride in
+their unwavering friendship to the whites, and were fond of contrasting
+their course with that of the Cuyuses. Considerable jealousy sprung up
+between them in consequence.
+
+Two of the priests, Fathers Chirouse, of the Walla Walla, and Pandosy,
+of the Yakima Mission, arrived for the purpose of attending the council.
+They reported that these Indians were generally well disposed towards
+the whites, with the exception of Kam-i-ah-kan. The latter said,
+referring to the proposed council: "If the governor speaks hard, I will
+speak hard, too." Other Indians had said, "Kam-i-ah-kan will come with
+his young men with powder and ball." They were opposed to selling their
+lands; and when Secretary Doty visited and invited them to attend the
+council, Kam-i-ah-kan refused the presents offered him, saying that he
+"had never accepted anything from the whites, not even to the value of a
+grain of wheat, without paying for it, and that he did not wish to
+purchase the presents." He was a man of fine presence and bearing, over
+six feet in height, well built and athletic. Governor Stevens said of
+him: "He is a peculiar man, reminding me of the panther and the grizzly
+bear. His countenance has an extraordinary play, one moment in frowns,
+the next in smiles, flashing with light and black as Erebus the same
+instant. His pantomime is great, and his gesticulation much and
+characteristic. He talks mostly in his face, and with his hands and
+arms."
+
+Reports were flying about that these tribes had combined to resist a
+treaty, and fears were expressed that an attempt to open the council
+would be the signal for an outbreak.
+
+The following day a body of four hundred mounted Indians, supposed to be
+Cuyuses and Walla Wallas, were observed approaching, armed and in full
+gala dress, and uttering their war-whoops like so many demons, and,
+after riding three times around the Nez Perce camp, they departed. Soon
+after the Young Chief, accompanied by his principal chiefs, rode into
+camp, and, being invited to dismount, did so with evident reluctance,
+and shook hands in a very cold manner. They refused to smoke, and
+remained but a short time. "The haughty carriage of these chiefs,"
+remarks Governor Stevens in his journal, "and their manly character
+have, for the first time in my Indian experience, realized the
+descriptions of the writers of fiction."
+
+  [Illustration: KAM-I-AH-KAN
+                 _Head Chief of the Yakimas_]
+
+Garry, the head chief of the Spokanes, came, not to take part in the
+council, but as a spectator. When a boy he had been sent to the Red
+River settlements in Manitoba by Sir George Simpson, then governor of
+the Hudson Bay Company, where he acquired a common-school, English
+education. It being impracticable to assemble so distant and widely
+scattered a tribe as the Spokanes in time for this council, Governor
+Stevens designed making a separate treaty with them later in the season
+on his return from the Missouri.
+
+Father Menetrey, from the Catholic mission among the Pend Oreilles, also
+arrived to attend the council,--a cultivated man, who spoke English
+fluently.
+
+A messenger sent to invite the Palouses returned accompanied by only one
+of the chiefs, who reported that his people were indifferent to the
+matter, and would not come. A number of scattered and insignificant
+bands, who lived at different points on the Columbia, also arrived.
+
+The following is from Governor Stevens's journal:--
+
+  May 27, Sunday. There was service in the Nez Perce camp and in the
+  Nez Perce language, Timothy being the preacher. The commissioners
+  attended. The sermon was on the Ten Commandments. Timothy has a
+  natural and graceful delivery, and his words were repeated by a
+  prompter. The Nez Perces have evidently profited much from the labor
+  of Mr. Spalding, who was with them ten years, and their whole
+  deportment throughout the service was devout.
+
+The next day agent Bolon, with an interpreter, was sent to meet the
+Yakimas, who were thought to be near at hand. He soon returned, having
+met Kam-i-ah-kan and also the Yellow Serpent. The latter said to Mr.
+Bolon that he was very sorry to hear that the chiefs and others in the
+commissioners' camp had said that he was unfriendly to the whites,--that
+his heart was with the Cuyuses, whose hearts were bad. He had always
+been friendly to the whites, and was so now, and he would go to-day to
+see the commissioners, and ask why such things had been said of him.
+Accordingly, soon after Bolon's return, Pu-pu-mox-mox, Kam-i-ah-kan,
+Ow-hi, and Skloom, the two latter being chiefs of the Yakimas,
+accompanied by a number of their braves, rode into camp. Dismounting,
+they shook hands in the most friendly manner, and seating themselves
+under the arbor indulged in a smoke, using their own tobacco
+exclusively, although other was offered them.
+
+Governor Stevens addressed them, saying that he had important business
+to lay before them, and proposed to open the council the next day at
+noon. The Yellow Serpent replied that he wanted more than one
+interpreter at the council, that they might know they translated truly.
+Being assured on this point, and invited to designate an interpreter in
+whom he had confidence, he said, in a scornful manner, "I do not wish my
+boys running around the camp of the whites like these young men,"
+alluding to some young Nez Perces present and feeling quite at home. He
+added that he had only ridden over to-day to see the commissioners, and
+soon withdrew with his party.
+
+In the morning the commissioners and Secretary Doty visited the Lawyer
+at his lodge, as, his wound having broken out afresh, he was unable to
+walk without great pain and difficulty. He exhibited and explained a map
+of his country, which he had drawn at Governor Stevens's request. During
+the conference several chiefs came in, and suddenly one of them,
+U-u-san-male-e-can or Spotted Eagle, said:--
+
+  [Illustration: SPOTTED EAGLE
+                 _A Chief of the Nez Perces_]
+
+  "The Cuyuses want us to go to their camp and hold a council with
+  them and Pu-pu-mox-mox. What are their hearts to us? Did we propose
+  to hold a council with them, or ask them for advice? Our hearts are
+  Nez Perce hearts, and we know them. We came here to hold a great
+  council with the great chiefs of the Americans, and we know the
+  straightforward path to pursue, and are alone responsible for our
+  actions. Three Cuyuses came last night and spoke to me and two other
+  chiefs, urging us to come to a council at the Cuyuse camp to meet
+  Pu-pu-mox-mox and Kam-i-ah-kan. We did not wish to go. They
+  insisted. Then I said to them, 'You had best say no more. My mind is
+  made up. Why do you come here and ask three chiefs to come to a
+  council, while to the head chief and the rest you say nothing? Have
+  we not told your messenger yesterday that our hearts are not Cuyuse
+  hearts? Go home! Our chiefs will not go. We have our own people to
+  take care of; they give us trouble enough, and we will not have the
+  Cuyuse troubles on our hands.'"
+
+The Lawyer then opened a book containing in their own language the
+advice left them by their former head chief, Ellis, and read as
+follows:--
+
+  "Whenever the great chief of the Americans shall come into your
+  country to give you laws, accept them. A Walla Walla heart is a
+  Walla Walla, a Cuyuse heart is a Cuyuse, so is a Yakima heart a
+  Yakima, but a Nez Perce heart is a Nez Perce heart. While the Nez
+  Perces are going straight, why should they turn aside to follow
+  others? Ellis's advice is to accept the white law. I have read it to
+  you to show my heart."
+
+The speech of U-u-san-male-e-can afforded new evidence that the Cuyuses
+were plotting underhand, although but little could be learned as to the
+nature of their designs.
+
+At two P.M., on May 29, 1855, the council was formally opened by
+Governor Stevens. Under the roomy arbor in front of the tent were seated
+the commissioners, secretaries who kept the records, interpreters, and
+Indian agents, while the Indians were seated on the ground in front in
+semicircular rows forty deep, one behind another. Timothy, the chief and
+preacher, concerning whom Governor Stevens said, "He and others are very
+devout, and seem to form a theocracy in the tribe, and, like the old New
+England fathers, to require every one to worship God in some visible
+way,"--this Timothy, assisted by several of the young men, who were very
+tolerable penmen, kept the records of the council for the Nez Perces.
+They were accommodated with a table under the arbor, where everything
+could be seen and heard. Some two thousand Indians were present, fully
+half of whom were Nez Perces. The pipe having been smoked with due
+solemnity, two interpreters were appointed and sworn for each tribe,
+some preliminary remarks were made, and the council was adjourned until
+ten o'clock the next morning. Before adjourning Governor Stevens renewed
+the offer of provisions to the recusant Indians, proposing that each
+tribe should take two oxen to its own camp and slaughter for themselves.
+
+  Young Chief: "We have plenty of cattle. They are close to our camp.
+  We have already killed three, and have plenty of provisions."
+
+  General Palmer to the interpreter: "Say to the Yakimas, 'You have
+  come a long way. You may not have provisions. If you want any, we
+  have them, and you are welcome.'"
+
+  Young Chief: "Kam-i-ah-kan is supplied at our camp."
+
+The Yellow Serpent and Kam-i-ah-kan dined with the commissioners, and
+remained in their tent for a long time, smoking in a friendly manner,
+but the Young Chief declined the invitation to dine.
+
+  [Illustration: WALLA WALLA COUNCIL]
+
+The two following days Governor Stevens explained the proposed treaties
+at length, item by item. There were to be two reservations,--one in the
+Nez Perce country of three million acres, on the north side of Snake
+River, embracing both the Kooskooskia and Salmon rivers, including a
+large extent of good arable land, with fine fisheries, root grounds,
+timber and mill-sites, and was for the accommodation of the Cuyuses,
+Walla Wallas, Umatillas, and Spokanes, as well as the Nez Perces. The
+other embraced a large and fertile tract on the upper waters of the
+Yakima, and was for the Yakimas, Klikitats, Palouses, and kindred bands.
+The reservations were to belong to the Indians, and no white man should
+come upon them without their consent. An agent, with school-teachers,
+mechanics, and farmers, would take charge of each reservation, and
+instruct them in agriculture, trades, etc.; grist and saw mills were to
+be built; the head chiefs were to receive an annuity of five hundred
+dollars each, in order that they might devote their whole time to their
+people; and annuities in clothing, tools, and useful articles were to be
+given for twenty years, after which they were to be self-supporting. At
+first the reservations were to be used in common, but provision was made
+for the survey and subdivision of the land, and its allotment to the
+Indians in severalty as soon as they should be prepared to receive and
+utilize it. As it was evidently impracticable to make so radical a
+change in their habits suddenly, the Indians were to have the privilege
+of hunting, root-gathering, and pasturing stock on vacant land until
+appropriated by settlers, and the right of fishing. The advantages of
+the reservations were dwelt upon. They embraced some of the best land in
+the country, and were large enough to afford each family a farm to
+itself, besides grazing for all their stock; they contained good
+fisheries, abundance of roots and berries, and considerable game. They
+were near enough to the great roads for trade with the emigrants, yet
+far enough from them to be undisturbed by travelers. By having so many
+tribes on the same reservation, the agent could better look after them,
+and could accomplish more with the means at his disposal. The staple
+argument held out was the superior advantages of civilization, and the
+absolute necessity of their adopting the habits and mode of life of the
+white man in order to escape extinction. Governor Stevens also exhorted
+them to treat, for the sake of the example upon their inveterate
+enemies, the Blackfeet, that thereby they would prove themselves firm
+friends of the whites, and that he would then take delegations from each
+tribe with his party and proceed to the Blackfoot country, and make a
+lasting treaty of peace, so that they could ever after hunt the buffalo
+in safety, and trade horses with the Indians east of the Rocky
+Mountains. The Indians listened gravely and in silence, as these matters
+were slowly unfolded to them, sentence by sentence through the
+interpreters, for five or six hours each day, and upon the adjournment
+of the council, quietly dispersed to their lodges. The third day the
+Young Chief for the first time dined at Governor Stevens's table with
+the other head chiefs, and General Palmer and the gentlemen of the
+party; and in the evening he sent word that his young men were tired of
+such close confinement as they had undergone at the council, and desired
+to have a feast and holiday to-morrow, and he requested that no council
+be held until the day after (Saturday). The commissioners cheerfully
+acceded to his request, well pleased at these signs of mollifying the
+opposition of the haughty savage.
+
+There were now assembled on the ground between five and six thousand
+Indians. Says Colonel Kip: "About five thousand Indians, including
+squaws and children. Their encampment and lodges are scattered over the
+valley for more than a mile, presenting a wild and fantastic
+appearance."
+
+Every afternoon, after the council adjourned for the day, horse-races
+and foot-races were held at the Nez Perce camp, attended by the sporting
+bloods of the other tribes, and witnessed by many of the whites. The
+usual course was a long one,--some two miles out and back, making four
+miles. Oftentimes thirty horses would start together in a grand
+sweepstakes; the riders and betters would throw into one common pile the
+articles put up as stakes,--blankets, leggings, horse equipments, and
+whatever was bet, and the winner would take the whole pile. The
+foot-races were equally long, and the runners would be escorted in their
+course by a crowd of mounted Indians, galloping behind and beside them
+so closely that the exhausted ones could hardly stop without being run
+down. The riders and runners were invariably stripped to the
+breech-cloth, and presented many fine, manly forms, perfect Apollos in
+bronze.
+
+Everything was very quiet about the council ground the day begged for a
+holiday by the Young Chief, the Indians remaining at their own camps.
+But the next day, Saturday, June 2, they reassembled as usual; and after
+several hours had been spent in further explaining the provisions of the
+treaties, Governor Stevens called them to speak freely, saying, "We want
+you to open your hearts to us," etc.
+
+Hitherto the Indians had listened in grave silence, but now the
+opponents of the treaties took the lead in the discussion. The Yellow
+Serpent, in a speech marked by strength and sarcasm, uttered the
+prevailing reluctance to part with their lands, and their dread and
+distrust of the whites:--
+
+  "We have listened to all you have to say, and we desire you to
+  listen when any Indian speaks. It appears that Craig knows the heart
+  of his people; that the whole has been prearranged in the hearts of
+  the Indians; that he wants an answer immediately, without giving
+  them time to think; that the Indians have had nothing to say, so
+  that it would appear that we have no chief. I know the value of your
+  speech from having experienced the same in California, having seen
+  treaties there. We have not seen in a true light the object of your
+  speeches, as if there was a post set between us, as if my heart wept
+  for what you have said. Look at yourselves: your flesh is white;
+  mine is different, mine looks poor; our languages are different. If
+  you would speak straight, then I would think that you spoke well.
+
+  "Should I speak to you of things that happened long ago, as you have
+  done? The whites made me do what they pleased. They told me to do
+  this, and I did it. They used to make our women to smoke. I supposed
+  then they did what was right. When they told me to dance with all
+  these nations that are here, then I danced. From that time, all the
+  Indians became proud and called themselves chiefs.
+
+  "Now, how are we here as at a post? From what you have said, I think
+  that you intend to win our country, or how is it to be? In one day
+  the Americans become as numerous as the grass. This I learned in
+  California. I know it is not right; you have spoken in a roundabout
+  way. Speak straight. I have ears to hear you, and here is my heart.
+  Suppose you show me goods, shall I run up and take them? That is the
+  way with all us Indians as you know us. Goods and the earth are not
+  equal. Goods are for using on the earth. I do not know where they
+  have given lands for goods.
+
+  "We require time to think quietly, slowly. You have spoken in a
+  manner partly tending to evil. Speak plain to us. I am a poor
+  Indian. Show me charity. If there was a chief among the Nez Perces
+  or Cuyuses, if they saw evil done they would put a stop to it, and
+  all would be quiet. Such chiefs I hope Governor Stevens and General
+  Palmer have. I should feel very much ashamed if the Americans did
+  anything wrong. I had but a little to say, that is all. I do not
+  wish a reply to-day. Think over what I have said."
+
+After a stinging rebuke administered by Camospelo, a Cuyuse chief, to
+some of his young men who had behaved in a surly manner, talking and
+walking about during the proceedings, the council was adjourned until
+Monday.
+
+  [Illustration: PU-PU-MOX-MOX: YELLOW SERPENT
+                 _Head Chief of the Walla Wallas_]
+
+This speech of the Yellow Serpent is marked in every sentence by his
+bitter distrust of the whites. He intimates, almost asserts, that the
+commissioners are trying to deceive and overreach the Indians, and with
+biting irony declares that he would feel very much ashamed if the
+Americans did anything wrong.
+
+Late that evening the Lawyer came unattended to see Governor Stevens. He
+disclosed a conspiracy on the part of the Cuyuses to suddenly rise upon
+and massacre all the whites on the council ground,--that this measure,
+deliberated in nightly conferences for some time, had at length been
+determined upon in full council of the tribe the day before, which the
+Young Chief had requested for a holiday; they were now only awaiting the
+assent of the Yakimas and Walla Wallas to strike the blow; and that
+these latter had actually joined, or were on the point of joining, the
+Cuyuses in a war of extermination against the whites, for which the
+massacre of the governor and his party was to be the signal. They had
+conducted these plottings with the greatest secrecy, not trusting the
+Nez Perces; and the Lawyer, suspecting that all was not right, had
+discovered the plot by means of a spy with the greatest difficulty, and
+only just in time to avert the catastrophe.
+
+The Lawyer concluded by saying: "I will come with my family and pitch my
+lodge in the midst of your camp, that those Cuyuses may see that you and
+your party are under the protection of the head chief of the Nez
+Perces." He did so immediately, although it was now after midnight, and,
+without awakening the suspicions of any one, he caused it to be reported
+among the other Indians that the commissioners were under the protection
+of the Nez Perces.
+
+Governor Stevens on his part imparted his knowledge of the conspiracy to
+Secretary Doty and Packmaster Higgins, and to them alone, for he feared
+that, should the party generally learn of it, a stampede would ensue.
+Having through these efficient officers quietly caused the men to put
+their arms in readiness, and posting night guards, he determined to
+continue the council as usual, hoping that the Cuyuses, foiled in their
+design, would finally conclude to treat.
+
+On Monday the governor opened the council by inviting the Indians to
+speak their minds freely, and, no one responding, finally called on the
+Lawyer. He expressed himself in terms favorable to the treaty, and was
+followed by several of his chiefs in a similar strain. Kam-i-ah-kan, on
+the other hand, avowed his distrust of the whites, and alluded in a
+contemptuous manner to the speeches of the Lawyer and the others:--
+
+  "I have something different to say from what the others have said.
+  They are young men who have spoken as they have spoken. I have been
+  afraid of the white man. His doings are different from ours. Perhaps
+  you have spoken straight that your children will do what is right.
+  Let them do as they have promised."
+
+The Yellow Serpent said with bitter irony, "I do not wish to speak. I
+leave it to the old men."
+
+Steachus, the only chief of the Cuyuses reported to be well disposed,
+commended the speech of the Lawyer, and exhorted all present to speak
+their minds freely.
+
+But the most impressive speech by far was that of
+Tip-pee-il-lan-oh-cow-pook, the Eagle-from-the-Light, a pathetic and
+touching speech:--
+
+  "You are now come to join together the white man and the red man.
+  And why should I hide anything? I am going now to tell you a tale. I
+  like the President's talk. I am glad of it when I hear it here, and
+  for that reason I am going to tell you a tale.
+
+  "The time the whites first passed through this country, although
+  the people of this country were blind, it was their heart to be
+  friendly to them. Although they did not know what the white people
+  said to them, they answered Yes, as if they were blind. They
+  traveled about with the white people as if they had been lost.
+
+  "I have been talked to by the French [Hudson Bay Company men] and by
+  the Americans, and one says to me go this way, and the other says go
+  another way, and that is the reason I am lost between them.
+
+  "A long time ago they hung my brother for no offense, and this I say
+  to my brother here, that he may think of it. Afterwards came
+  Spalding and Whitman. They advised us well, and taught us
+  well,--very well. It was from the same source,--the light [the
+  east]. They had pity on us, and we were pitied, and Spalding sent my
+  father to the east,--the States,--and he went. His body has never
+  returned. He was sent to learn good counsel, and friendship and many
+  things. This is another thing to think of. At the time, in this
+  place here, when there was blood spilled on the ground, we were
+  friends to the whites and they to us. At that time they found it out
+  that we were friends to them. My chief, my own chief, said, 'I will
+  try to settle all the bad matters with the whites,' and he started
+  to look for counsel to straighten up matters, and there his body
+  lies beyond here. He has never returned.
+
+  "At the time the Indians held a grand council at Fort Laramie, I was
+  with the Flatheads, and I heard there would be a grand council this
+  side next year. We were asked to go and find counsel, friendship,
+  and good advice. Many of my people started, and died in the
+  country,--died hunting what was right. There were a good many
+  started; on Green River the smallpox killed all but one. They were
+  going to find good counsel in the east, and here am I looking still
+  for counsel, and to be taught what is best to be done.
+
+  "And now look at my people's bodies scattered everywhere, hunting
+  for knowledge,--hunting for some one to teach them to go straight.
+  And now I show it to you, and I want you to think of it. I am of a
+  poor people. A preacher came to us, Mr. Spalding. He talked to us to
+  learn, and from that he turned to be a trader, as though there were
+  two in one, one a preacher and the other a trader. He made a farm
+  and raised grain and bought our stock, as though there were two in
+  one, one a preacher, the other a trader. And now one from the east
+  has spoken, and I have heard it, and I do not wish another preacher
+  to come, and be both trader and preacher in one. A piece of ground
+  for a preacher big enough for his own use is all that is necessary
+  for him.
+
+  "Look at that; it is the tale I had to tell you, and now I am going
+  to hunt friendship and good advice. We will come straight
+  here,--slowly perhaps, but we will come straight."
+
+The next two days Governor Stevens continued, explaining the treaties
+still further. A large map was brought forth, and the boundaries of the
+reservations accurately marked out and shown. The Indians took great
+interest in this map, asking many questions about the mountains and
+streams they saw represented upon it, and in some instances adding
+streams which were not laid down.
+
+Superintendent Palmer spoke for some time, going over the same ground as
+Governor Stevens. After he had concluded, Steachus, the friendly Cuyuse,
+arose and said:--
+
+  "My friends, I wish to show you my heart. If your mother were in
+  this country, gave you birth and suckled you, and, while you were
+  suckling, some person came and took away your mother and left you
+  alone and sold your mother, how would you feel then? This is our
+  mother,--this country,--as if we drew our living from her. My
+  friends, all of this you have taken. Had I two rivers, I would leave
+  the one, and be content to live on the other. I name the place for
+  myself, the Grande Ronde, the Touchet towards the mountains, and the
+  Tucañon."
+
+Thus even Steachus, the most friendly of the Cuyuses, was the first to
+express his dissatisfaction with a treaty which left him none of his own
+country, and to request a reservation within its borders. The Indians
+were slow to speak; they required time to make up their minds, and the
+council was therefore adjourned.
+
+  [Illustration: WE-AH-TE-NA-TEE-MA-NY: YOUNG CHIEF
+                 _Head Chief of the Cuyuses_]
+
+About midnight the governor and his little son were awakened by Lawyer,
+who shook the tent and said, in a low, soft voice, without a trace of
+hurry or excitement, "Water come now." On springing out of bed, they
+splashed knee-deep in water flooding the tent, and were forced to make a
+hasty flight to higher ground. The creek had risen suddenly without
+warning, probably from a waterspout or heavy rains in the mountains. The
+following day it subsided again as rapidly as it rose.
+
+When the council met the next day, Lawyer spoke first, and expressed the
+assent of himself and his people to the treaty. A great part of his
+speech was addressed to the Indians. He traced the increase of the
+whites from the discovery of the New World by Columbus; alluded in a
+touching manner to the way in which the Indians had passed and were
+passing away; and urged his auditors, as their only refuge, to place
+themselves under the protection of the Great Father in Washington.
+
+When Lawyer concluded, the Young Chief, the haughty Cuyuse, was the
+first to break the silence:--
+
+  "He would not sell his country. He heard what the earth said. The
+  earth said, 'God has placed me here to take care of the Indian, to
+  produce roots for him, and grass for his horses and cattle.' The
+  water spoke the same way. God has forbidden the Indian to sell his
+  country except for a fair price, and he did not understand the
+  treaty."
+
+Five Crows, the Yellow Serpent, Ow-hi, and several other chiefs followed
+in similar strain. The Yellow Serpent proposed that another council
+should be held at some future time. He insisted that the whites should
+not be allowed to come into his country to settle. He complained that
+the Indians were treated like children, were not consulted in drawing up
+the terms of the treaties, etc.
+
+Kam-i-ah-kan refused to speak, although several times urged to do so.
+His invariable reply was, "I have nothing to say."
+
+The commissioners replied, explaining those parts of the treaties which
+the Indians did not understand, and answering their objections. The
+discussion on the part of the Indians was captious, stormy, and
+unsatisfactory. Governor Stevens in pointed words, well calculated to
+touch their pride, urged the recusant and evasive chiefs to speak
+plainly:--
+
+  "My brother and myself have talked straight. Have all of you talked
+  straight? Lawyer has, and his people here, and their business will
+  be done to-morrow.
+
+  "The Young Chief says he is blind, and does not understand. What is
+  it that he wants? Steachus says that his heart is in one of three
+  places, the Grande Ronde, the Touchet, and the Tucañon. Where is the
+  heart of Young Chief?
+
+  "Pu-pu-mox-mox (the Yellow Serpent) cannot be wafted off like a
+  feather. Does he prefer the Yakima reservation to that of the Nez
+  Perces? We have asked him before. We ask him now. Where is his
+  heart?
+
+  "And Kam-i-ah-kan, the great chief of the Yakimas, he has not spoken
+  at all. His people have had no voice here to-day. He is not ashamed
+  to speak. He is not afraid to speak. Then speak out!
+
+  "But Ow-hi is afraid lest God be angry at his selling his land.
+  Ow-hi, my brother, I do not think that God will be angry if you do
+  your best for yourself and your children. Ask yourself this question
+  to-night: 'Will not God be angry with me if I neglect this
+  opportunity to do them good?' Ow-hi says his people are not here.
+  Why did he promise to come here, then, to hear our talk? I do not
+  want to be ashamed of Ow-hi. We expect him to speak straight out. We
+  expect to hear from Kam-i-ah-kan, from Skloom."
+
+  [Illustration: SHE-CA-YAH: FIVE CROWS
+                 _Cuyuse Chief_]
+
+At length Five Crows proposed an adjournment. "Listen to me, you chiefs.
+We have been as one people with the Nez Perces hitherto. This day we are
+divided. We, the Cuyuses, the Walla Wallas, and Kam-i-ah-kan's people
+and others will think over the matter to-night, and give you an answer
+to-morrow."
+
+The feature of the treaties which met with the greatest opposition was
+the provision that the Cuyuses, Walla Wallas, and Umatillas should
+relinquish the whole of their own lands, and remove to a reservation in
+the Nez Perce country. The commissioners therefore decided to establish
+a separate reservation for these three tribes on the headwaters of the
+Umatilla, at the base of the Blue Mountains. Conferences were had with
+the recusant chiefs separately, the proposition of a reservation in
+their own country was broached, and the whole ground of the treaties
+again gone over and fully discussed. Steachus expressed himself as
+highly pleased with the new arrangement, and, although the others gave
+less encouragement, the commissioners were hopeful that a successful
+result would soon be reached.
+
+The change of reservations was brought forward in council the next day.
+The annuities of five hundred dollars for ten years to each of the head
+chiefs were extended to twenty years. The Yellow Serpent was given the
+privilege of establishing a trading-post for trade with the settlers and
+emigrants, and an annuity of one hundred dollars a year for twenty years
+was given his son. Young Chief and Yellow Serpent were the principal
+speakers, and in lengthy and rambling speeches gave their assent to the
+treaties. The latter, on declaring his acceptance, exclaimed, "Now you
+may send me provisions!" Kam-i-ah-kan was sullen, and refused his
+assent.
+
+Some commotion was now observed among the Indians, and suddenly a small
+party of warriors were seen approaching, painted and armed, singing a
+war-song, and flourishing on the top of a pole a freshly taken scalp. It
+proved to be a party of Nez Perces, headed by Looking Glass, the war
+chief, just from the Blackfoot country, where they had been for three
+years hunting the buffalo. Looking Glass was old, irascible, and
+treacherous, yet second only to Lawyer in influence. While hunting the
+buffalo he had several fights with the Blackfeet. At one time seventy of
+his horses were stolen by them; but the vigorous old chief hotly pursued
+the depredators, killed two, put the rest to flight, and recovered his
+horses. He had reached the Bitter Root valley on his return home, when
+he heard that the Nez Perces were at a great council, and concluding a
+treaty without his presence. Leaving his party to follow more slowly, he
+pushed on with a few chosen braves, crossed the Bitter Root Mountains,
+where for some distance the snow was shoulder-deep on their horses, and,
+having ridden three hundred miles in seven days at the age of seventy,
+reached the council ground while Governor Stevens was urging
+Kam-i-ah-kan to give his assent to the treaty, for the governor, hearing
+the arrival of Looking Glass announced, seized the occasion to call upon
+the Yakima chief to sign the treaty in the name of Looking Glass, there
+being great friendship between these two. Scarcely had he concluded when
+Looking Glass, surrounded by his knot of warriors with the scalps
+tossing above them, rode up, excited and agitated, received his friends
+coldly, and finally broke forth into a most angry philippic against his
+tribe and the treaty:--
+
+  "My people, what have you done? While I was gone, you have sold my
+  country. I have come home, and there is not left me a place on which
+  to pitch my lodge. Go home to your lodges. I will talk to you."
+
+  [Illustration: LOOKING GLASS
+                 _War Chief of the Nez Perces_]
+
+The council was immediately adjourned. Governor Stevens consulted
+Lawyer, who was of opinion that Looking Glass would calm down in a day
+or two and accept the treaty. He said, however, that the latter's
+return would make it impossible to reduce the Nez Perce reservation,
+which, originally intended for the Cuyuses, Walla Wallas, and Umatillas,
+in addition to the Nez Perces, was larger than they alone required, and
+it was determined to make it a general reservation for other tribes, not
+exceeding in numbers those for whom it was at first designed.
+
+In the evening Governor Stevens assembled the Yakima chiefs in his tent,
+and discussed the treaties with them until one o'clock in the morning.
+Kam-i-ah-kan was not present, but Skloom acted as the principal
+spokesman. The governor remarks in his journal, "Skloom was desirous
+that his land should first be surveyed."
+
+The council of the following day, however, soon made it evident that
+Looking Glass had not yet calmed down. He declared himself the head
+chief of the tribes present; that the boys had spoken yesterday, but
+that he would speak to-day. He made many inquiries, raised many
+objections, and finally marked another line for the reservation,
+including nearly the whole of the Nez Perce territory. The Cuyuses
+seized the occasion to retract their assent to their treaty, and the
+Young Chief strenuously supported Looking Glass in his objections, and
+omitted no opportunity to assert his supremacy as head chief of the Nez
+Perces. At length Lawyer abruptly left the council in the midst of one
+of Looking Glass's philippics, and retired to his lodge. Governor
+Stevens refused to submit to the demands of the angry and grasping old
+chief, and adjourned the council until the following Monday.
+
+After the adjournment the Yellow Serpent and Kam-i-ah-kan, who had at
+length yielded to the advice of the other chiefs, with all the chiefs
+and prominent men of the two tribes, came forward and signed their
+respective treaties. The former had remarked in the morning that his
+word was pledged, and that he should sign the treaty no matter what
+Looking Glass and the Nez Perces did. It was thought that his example
+had great weight with Kam-i-ah-kan.
+
+Late in the evening Governor Stevens had an interview with Lawyer, who
+said:--
+
+  "Governor Stevens, you are my chief. You come from the President. He
+  has spoken kind words to us, a poor people. We have listened to
+  them, and have agreed to a treaty. We are bound by the agreement.
+  When Looking Glass asked you, 'How long will the agent live with
+  us?' you might have replied by asking the question, 'How long have
+  you been head chief of the Nez Perces?' When he said, 'I, the head
+  chief, have just got back; I will talk; the boys talked yesterday,'
+  you might have replied, 'The Lawyer, and not you, is the head chief.
+  The whole Nez Perce tribe have said in council Lawyer was the head
+  chief. Your faith is pledged. You have agreed to the treaty. I call
+  upon you to sign it.' Had this course been taken, the treaty would
+  have been signed."
+
+  "In reply," says the governor, "I told the Lawyer that we considered
+  all the talk of Looking Glass as the outpourings of an angry and
+  excited old man, whose heart would become all right if left to
+  himself for a time; that the Lawyer had left the council whilst in
+  session, and without speaking. It was his business to have
+  interfered in this way, had it been necessary. We considered the
+  Lawyer's leaving as saying, 'Nothing more can be done to-day; it
+  must be finished to-morrow.' Your authority will be sustained, and
+  your people will be called upon to keep their word. You will be
+  sustained. The Looking Glass will not be allowed to speak as head
+  chief. You, and you alone, will be recognized. Should Looking Glass
+  persist, the appeal will be made to your people. They must sign the
+  treaty agreed to by them through you as head chief, or the council
+  will be broken up and you will return home, your faith broken, your
+  hopes of the future gone."
+
+The council being adjourned, the Cuyuses and Nez Perces retired to
+their respective camps to hold councils by themselves, which lasted all
+night. The position of Looking Glass was determined by the latter to be
+second to Lawyer, who was reaffirmed head chief. The council was stormy,
+but the chiefs at length all agreed on a paper sent in by Lawyer, and
+read in council, which declared the faith of the tribe pledged to
+Governor Stevens, and that the treaty must be signed. "Those who would
+advise breaking their word were no better than the Cuyuses. Let them
+share the lot of the Cuyuses." The morning after this council being
+Sunday, Timothy preached a sermon for the times, and held up to the
+indignation of the tribe, and the retribution of the Almighty, those who
+would coalesce with the Cuyuses, and break the faith of the Nez Perces.
+
+The governor had a conversation with Kam-i-ah-kan, who said:--
+
+  "Looking Glass, if left alone, will sign the treaty. Don't ask me to
+  accept presents. I have never taken one from a white man. When the
+  payments are made, I will take my share."
+
+Steachus, the friendly Cuyuse chief, expressed his earnest desire that
+his tribe should sign the treaty, and both Pu-pu-mox-mox and
+Kam-i-ah-kan used their influence to induce them to accept it.
+
+Early Monday morning Governor Stevens saw Lawyer, and said to him: "We
+are now ready to go into council. I shall call upon your people to keep
+their word, and upon you as head chief to sign first. We want no
+speeches. This will be the last day of the council. Call your people
+together as soon as possible." The Lawyer replied, "This is the right
+course," and immediately summoned his tribe. The closing scene of the
+council is best given in Governor Stevens's own words:--
+
+  "The Looking Glass took his seat in council in the very best humor.
+  The Cuyuses and Nez Perces were all present. Kam-i-ah-kan sat down
+  near the Young Chief. The council was opened by me in a brief
+  speech: 'We meet for the last time. Your words are pledged to sign
+  the treaty. The tribes have spoken through their head chiefs,
+  Joseph, Red Wolf, the Eagle, Ip-se-male-e-con, all declaring Lawyer
+  was the head chief. I call upon Lawyer to sign first.' Lawyer then
+  signed the treaty. 'I now call upon Joseph and the Looking Glass.'
+  Looking Glass signed, then Joseph. Then every chief and man of note,
+  both Nez Perces and Cuyuses, signed their respective treaties.
+
+  "After the treaties were signed, I spoke briefly of the Blackfoot
+  council, and asked each tribe to send delegations, the Nez Perces a
+  hundred chiefs and braves, the whole under the head chief, or some
+  chief of acknowledged authority, as Looking Glass. There was much
+  talk on the subject on the part of the Indians. Looking Glass said
+  he would have a talk with me alone some other time."
+
+The council being completed, presents were made to all the assembled
+tribes, who began packing up and moving off. Eagle-from-the-Light, the
+Nez Perce chief, who was at first opposed to the treaty and refused to
+accept provisions, now presented a magnificent grizzly bear's skin, with
+the teeth and claws intact, to Governor Stevens with the following
+speech: "This skin is my medicine. It came with me every day to council.
+It tells me everything. It says what has been done is right. Had
+anything been done wrong, it would have spoken out. I have now no use
+for it. I give it to you that you may know my heart is right." Every day
+Eagle-from-the-Light had brought this skin to the council, and, placing
+it with the teeth and claws turned towards the commissioners, had used
+it as a seat, declining the roll of blankets offered him.
+
+  [Illustration: HAL-HAL-TLOS-SOT: THE LAWYER
+                 _Head Chief of the Nez Perces_]
+
+  "Thus ended," says the journal, "in the most satisfactory manner,
+  this great council, prolonged through so many days,--a council
+  which--in the number of Indians assembled and the different tribes,
+  old difficulties and troubles between them and the whites, a
+  deep-seated dislike to and determination against giving up their
+  lands, and the great importance, nay, absolute necessity, of opening
+  this land by treaty to occupation by the whites, that bloodshed and
+  the enormous expense of Indian wars might be avoided, and in its
+  general influence and difficulty--has never been equaled by any
+  council held with the Indian tribes of the United States.
+
+  "It was so considered by all present, and a final relief from the
+  intense anxiety and vexation of the last month was especially
+  grateful to all concerned."
+
+The following day the Nez Perces celebrated the happy conclusion of the
+treaty, and the return of Looking Glass and his braves from the buffalo
+country, by a scalp-dance. The chiefs and braves, in full war-paint and
+adorned with all their savage finery, formed a large circle, standing
+several ranks deep. Within this arena a chosen body of warriors
+performed the war-dance, while the densely massed ranks of braves
+circled around them, keeping time in measured tread, and accompanying it
+with their wild and barbaric war-song. The ferocious and often hideous
+mien of these stalwart savages, their frenzied attitudes and shrill and
+startling yells, formed a subject worthy the pen of Dante and the pencil
+of Doré. The missionary still had work to do. Presently an old hag, the
+very picture of squalor and woe, burst into the circle, bearing aloft
+upon a pole one of the fresh scalps so recently taken by Looking Glass,
+and, dancing and jumping about with wild and extravagant action, heaped
+upon the poor relic of a fallen foe every mark of indignity and
+contempt. Shaking it aloft, she vociferously abused it; she beat it, she
+spat upon it, she bestrode the pole and rushed around the ring, trailing
+it in the dust, again and again; while the warriors, with grim
+satisfaction, kept up their measured tread, chanted their war-songs,
+and uttered if possible yet more ear-piercing yells. A softer and more
+pleasing scene succeeded. The old hag retired with her bedraggled
+trophy, and a long line of Indian maidens stepped within the circle,
+and, forming an inner rank, moved slowly round and round, chanting a
+mild and plaintive air. A number of the stylish young braves, real
+Indian beaux in the height of paint and feathers, next took post within
+the circle, near the rank of moving maidens, and each one, as the object
+of his adoration passed him, placed a gayly decorated token upon her
+shoulder. If she allowed it to remain, his affection was returned and he
+was accepted, but if she shook it off, he knew that he was a rejected
+suitor. Coquetry evidently is not confined to the civilized fair, for,
+without exception, the maidens, as if indignant at such public wooing,
+threw off the token with disdain, while every new victim of delusive
+hopes was greeted with shouts of laughter from the spectators.
+
+The turning-point in the council was undoubtedly the discovery of the
+Cuyuse conspiracy by Lawyer, and his act of moving his lodge into
+Governor Stevens's camp, thereby placing the whites under the protection
+of the Nez Perces. This was all that prevented the hostile chiefs and
+braves from striking the blow. They refrained because they knew that if
+Lawyer was killed in an attack on the camp, which was to be expected in
+the mêlée, the whole Nez Perce nation would avenge his slaughter in
+their blood. The real extent and imminence of the danger was known to
+but few, but the fact of the plot was soon generally bruited about.
+
+  [Illustration: THE SCALP DANCE]
+
+  "Their design," says Colonel Kip, "was first to massacre the escort,
+  which _could have been easily_ done. Fifty soldiers against three
+  thousand Indian warriors, out on the open plains, made rather too
+  great odds. We should have had time, like Lieutenant Grattan at
+  Fort Laramie last season, to deliver one fire, and then the contest
+  would have been over. Their next move was to surprise the post at
+  the Dalles, as they could also have easily done, as most of the
+  troops were withdrawn, and the Indians in the neighborhood had
+  recently united with them. This would have been the beginning of
+  their war of extermination against the settlers."
+
+Foiled in their plot, why did they then so quickly agree to the
+treaties, which up to that time they had so bitterly spurned? All the
+circumstances and evidence go to show that, with the exception of
+Steachus, the friendly Cuyuse, they all--Young Chief, Five Crows,
+Pu-pu-mox-mox, Kam-i-ah-kan, and their sub-chiefs--all signed the
+treaties as a deliberate act of treachery, in order to lull the whites
+into fancied security, give time for Governor Stevens to depart to the
+distant Blackfoot country, where he would probably be "wiped out" by
+those truculent savages, and for the Nez Perces to return home, and also
+for completing their preparations for a widespread and simultaneous
+onslaught on all the settlements. Scarcely had they reached home from
+the council when they resumed such preparations, buying extra stores of
+ammunition, and sending emissaries to the Spokanes, Coeur d'Alenes,
+and even to some of the Nez Perces and to other tribes, to incite them
+to war, actually held a council of the disaffected at a point in the
+Palouse country the following month, and, within three months of
+accepting ostensibly the protection of the Great Father, precipitated
+the conflict. Agent Bolon and many white miners and settlers in the
+upper country were massacred, and settlements as widespread as Puget
+Sound and southern Oregon, six hundred miles apart, were attacked on the
+same day. In this conspiracy and contest Kam-i-ah-kan was the moving
+spirit, the organizer, the instigator, whose crafty wiles never slept,
+and whose stubborn resolution no disaster could break. But in the end,
+after protracted and stubborn resistance, they were defeated and
+compelled to move on their reservations, and live under the very
+treaties they so treacherously agreed to, and under which they still
+live and have greatly prospered.
+
+Whether or not the Walla Walla council precipitated the outbreak, as has
+been claimed, it is certain that it confirmed the Nez Perces in their
+friendship, neutralized the Spokanes for two years, kept even some of
+the Cuyuses friendly all through the war, namely, Steachus and his band,
+extinguished the Indian title, and permanently settled the status of the
+Indian and his relation with the white man, without which peace was an
+impossibility. The outbreak itself could have been suppressed in a
+single season, had Governor Stevens's firm policy and sagacious views
+been sustained.
+
+Over sixty thousand square miles were ceded by these treaties. The Nez
+Perce reservation contained five thousand square miles, including
+mountain and forest as well as good land, and provision was made for
+moving other tribes upon it. The payment for the Nez Perce lands
+comprised $200,000 in the usual annuities, and $60,000 for improving the
+reservation, saw and grist mills, schools, shops, teachers, farmers,
+mechanics, etc. Ardent spirits were excluded; the right to hunt, fish,
+gather roots and berries, and pasture stock on vacant land was secured,
+and provision was made for ultimately allotting the land in severalty.
+An annuity of $500 for twenty years was given the head chief, and a
+house was to be built for him, and ten acres of land fenced and broken
+up the first year. At the special request of the Indians, the claim and
+homestead of William Craig was confirmed to him, and was not to be
+considered part of the reservation, although within its boundaries.
+
+Besides Lawyer and Looking Glass, fifty-six chiefs signed this treaty,
+and among them were Joseph (the father of the chief Joseph, who in 1877
+fought the brilliant campaign against Generals Howard, Gibbon, and
+Miles, the only conflict that has ever occurred between the Nez Perces
+and the whites), James, Red Wolf, Timothy, Spotted Eagle, and
+Eagle-from-the-Light.
+
+The Umatilla reservation contained eight hundred square miles. $100,000
+to be given for annuities in goods, etc., for twenty years; $50,000 for
+improving the reservation; $10,000 for moving the emigrant road, which
+passed through it, around its borders; a sawmill, a flour-mill; two
+schoolhouses; a blacksmith's shop, a wagon and plough making shop, a
+carpenter and joiner shop; tools and equipments; and teachers, farmers,
+and mechanics to instruct them for twenty years,--were the very liberal
+payments for their lands. Moreover, the head chief of each tribe was to
+have his annuity of $500 for twenty years, a house built, and ten acres
+fenced and ploughed. Pu-pu-mox-mox, in addition, was to be allowed to
+maintain a trading-post at the mouth of the Yakima; his first year's
+salary was to be paid him on signing the treaty; he was also to receive
+three yoke of oxen, three yokes and four chains, a wagon, two ploughs,
+twelve axes, two shovels, twelve hoes, one saddle and bridle, a set of
+wagon harness and one of plough harness; and his son was to have an
+annuity of $100 for twenty years, and have a house built, and five acres
+of land ploughed and fenced.
+
+The wily old chief had certainly gotten all he could.
+
+The other provisions were similar to those of the Nez Perce treaty. It
+was signed by the three head chiefs and thirty-two sub-chiefs.
+
+The Yakima treaty contained the same general provisions. A large
+reservation on the Simcoe, a southern branch of the Yakima, and a
+smaller one on the Wenatchee, including the fishery there, were set
+apart for them. The payments include $200,000 in annuities, $60,000 for
+improving the reservations, the annuity, house and field for the chief,
+etc. In all the treaties provision is made for finally dividing the land
+among the Indians in severalty.
+
+Kam-i-ah-kan, Ow-hi, Skloom, and eleven other chiefs signed the treaty.
+The first three were able and persistent inciters of, and leaders in,
+the Indian war. Ow-hi is mentioned in "The Canoe and Saddle," by
+Theodore Winthrop, and met a tragic end, being slain while a prisoner
+trying to escape from the troops under Colonel George Wright.
+
+After their exemplary punishment the Yakimas settled down on their
+reservation, and for many years were prosperous and contented under the
+charge of the faithful agent Wilbur. They number 2556, showing little
+diminution; have taken their lands in severalty; most of them wear
+civilized dress in whole or part; have 17,000 acres under cultivation;
+raise 50,000 bushels of grain, 9600 of vegetables, and 25,000 tons of
+hay.
+
+The Spokanes number 3000. While some of the bands are backward, others
+have made encouraging progress, "are thrifty and industrious, have
+splendid farms, and raise large crops of grain and hay, ... are
+self-supporting, and, but for the intemperance of some of them, are
+making rapid strides towards civilization." The agent says of one band:
+"They accept no issues from the government, and are independent and
+self-supporting. They are peaceable in their own social relations, and
+courteous to their white brethren. They have made material progress,
+having good farms, fine horses, and many of them small herds of cattle."
+
+  [Illustration: OW-HI
+               _A Chief of the Yakimas_]
+
+The Coeur d'Alenes, numbering 506, are further advanced in civilization,
+and in better condition financially than any other tribe. They are well
+supplied with all kinds of farming implements, from a plough to a
+threshing-machine, of which latter they now have thirteen in operation,
+purchased by themselves with their own money.
+
+The Nez Perces, the most progressive and deserving of all, seem to have
+fared the worst. Their reservation was early overrun by thousands of
+miners, and they were outrageously swindled by dishonest agents. They
+number only 1795, having diminished one half. But they have taken their
+lands in severalty; have 10,000 acres under cultivation, 100,000 acres
+under fence; raise 55,000 bushels of grain, 15,000 bushels of
+vegetables; own 30,000 horses, 15,000 cattle, 3000 swine, and 20,000
+fowls. "Very enthusiastic revival meetings were conducted here last
+winter by the native elders, which resulted in quite a number of
+converts being made."[6]
+
+  [6] Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1899, pp. 147,
+      148, 297, 298, 304, 612, 618, 626, 628.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XXX
+
+                       CROSSING THE BITTER ROOTS
+
+
+On the close of the council the Indians homeward-bound filled all the
+trails leading out of the valley with their wild and picturesque
+cavalcades,--the braves resplendent with scarlet blankets and leggings;
+the squaws and pappooses decked with bright calico shirts and kerchiefs.
+Lieutenant Gracie marched away to join Major Haller in an expedition
+against the predatory Snakes. The secretaries and other treaty officers
+toiled early and late making up the records and reports for Washington,
+which, with letters and instructions for Olympia, were dispatched on the
+14th by W.H. Pearson, the express rider.
+
+It will be noted how carefully and fully the proceedings of all Governor
+Stevens's councils were recorded; not merely a statement of what was
+done, but a complete verbatim report of the deliberations, the speeches,
+every word uttered by both whites and Indians in council, and many of
+the talks out of council, was reduced to writing and made part of the
+official record,--a record which now affords the most convincing
+evidence of the wisdom, foresight, and benevolence of the treaties, as
+well as the difficulties and dangers attending them, and presents a most
+interesting and historically valuable picture of the characters,
+dispositions, and feelings of the Indians.
+
+General Palmer had been appointed one of the commissioners to treat with
+the Blackfeet, Governor Stevens and Alfred Cumming, Superintendent of
+Indian Affairs for Nebraska, being the others, but he declined the
+arduous and dangerous duty, and, with the Oregon Indian officers,
+started for home.
+
+A.J. Bolon, the Yakima Indian agent, with a small party, was sent to old
+Fort Walla Walla with a quantity of Indian goods intended for the
+Spokanes, there to be stored for safe-keeping. He was instructed to
+visit and inspect the Yakima reservation, thence proceed to the Dalles
+and bring the Nez Perce Indian goods to Walla Walla, deposit them, and,
+loading up with the Spokane goods, take them to Antoine Plante's ranch
+on the Spokane River, in readiness for the council on the governor's
+return from the Blackfoot country. Mr. Henry R. Crosby was dispatched to
+Colville to notify the Indians, the Hudson Bay Company officers, and the
+missionaries of the proposed council. Agent W.H. Tappan was sent with
+Craig to Lapwai to organize a delegation of the Nez Perces to go to the
+Blackfoot council, and was to accompany them himself. All the officers
+were charged to examine the regions traversed by them, and report on the
+topographical and agricultural features, etc. The governor had procured
+from New York a supply of barometers and other instruments, and was
+determined to continue and complete his railroad explorations, so
+summarily arrested by Jefferson Davis, as far as possible on this
+expedition, although it was one primarily on the Indian service. In his
+final railroad report he gives a daily journal of this trip, and a
+graphic description of the country passed over, together with an immense
+amount of new information, the fruits of his own indefatigable personal
+exertions and those of his subordinates, amplifying and triumphantly
+vindicating his first report.
+
+It was a beautiful, sunny June morning, the 16th, when the little train
+drew out from the deserted council ground, and took its way in single
+file across the level valley prairie, covered with luxuriant bunch
+grass and vivid-hued flowers. A large, fine-looking Coeur d'Alene
+Indian, named Joseph, led the way as guide; then rode the governor with
+his son, Secretary Doty, Agent Lansdale, and Gustave Sohon the artist,
+barometer-carrier, and observer; then came Packmaster Higgins, followed
+by the train of eleven packers and two cooks, and forty-one sleek,
+long-eared pack-mules, each bearing a burden of two hundred pounds, the
+men interspersed with the mules to keep them moving on the trail; while
+seventeen loose animals, in a disorderly bunch, driven by a couple of
+herders, brought up the rear. It was a picked force, both men and
+animals, and made up in efficiency for scanty numbers. The artist,
+Gustave Sohon, a soldier of the 4th infantry, detailed for the trip, was
+an intelligent German, a clever sketcher, and competent to take
+instrumental observations. Higgins, ex-orderly sergeant of dragoons, a
+tall, broad-shouldered, spare, sinewy man, a fine swordsman and
+drill-master, a scientific boxer, was a man of unusual firmness,
+intelligence, and good judgment, and quiet, gentlemanly manners, and
+held the implicit respect, obedience, and goodwill of his subordinates.
+He afterwards became the founder, banker, and first citizen of the
+flourishing town of Missoula, at Hell Gate, in the Bitter Root valley.
+A.H. Robie worked up from the ranks, married a daughter of Craig, and
+settled at Boisé City, Idaho, where he achieved a highly prosperous and
+respected career. Sidney Ford, a son of Judge Ford, already mentioned,
+was a handsome, stalwart young Saxon in appearance, broad-shouldered,
+sensible, capable, and kindly. The others were all men of experience on
+the plains and mountains, brave and true; several had been members of
+the exploring expedition; others had served the fur companies, or
+voyageured and trapped on their own account. By all odds the most
+skillful and picturesque of these mountain men, and having the most
+varied and romantic history, was Delaware Jim, whose father was a
+Delaware chief and his mother a white woman, and who had spent a
+lifetime--for he was now past middle age--in hunting and traveling over
+all parts of the country, from the Mississippi to the Pacific, meeting
+with many thrilling adventures and hair-breadth escapes. He had a tall,
+slender form, a keen eye, an intelligent face, and reserved manners. He
+was reticent in speech, although he spoke English well; but when he was
+induced to relate his varied experiences and adventures, his simple and
+modest narrative impressed every auditor with its truth. Many of the men
+were clad in buckskin moccasins, breeches, and fringed hunting-shirts;
+others in rough, serviceable woolen garb, stout boots, and wide slouch
+hats. All carried navy revolvers and keen bowie-knives, and many in
+addition bore the long, heavy, small-bored Kentucky rifle, which they
+fired with great deliberation and unerring skill.
+
+One of the most remarkable men connected with the expedition was the
+express rider, W.H. Pearson. A native of Philadelphia, of small but
+well-knit frame, with muscles of steel, and spirit and endurance that no
+exertion apparently could break down, waving, chestnut hair, a fair,
+high forehead, a refined, intelligent, and pleasant face, the manners
+and bearing of a gentleman,--such was Pearson. He was destined that year
+to render services invaluable in character and incredible in extent. Of
+him the governor remarks in his final report, p. 210:
+
+  "Hardy, bold, intelligent, and resolute, having a great diversity of
+  experience, which had made him acquainted with all the relations
+  between Indians and white men from the borders of Texas to the 49th
+  parallel, and which enabled him to know best how to move, whether
+  under the Southern tropics or the winter snows of the North, I
+  suppose there has scarcely ever been any man in the service of the
+  government who excelled Pearson as an expressman."
+
+He was still young, about thirty-five, but, as a Texan ranger, a scout,
+Indian fighter, and express rider, knew the frontiers from the Rio
+Grande to the Columbia and Missouri like an open book.
+
+The party thus starting on the protracted and perilous expedition was
+composed of only twenty-two persons, as follows: Governor Isaac I.
+Stevens; James Doty, secretary; R.H. Lansdale, Indian agent; Gustave
+Sohon, artist; Hazard Stevens; C.P. Higgins, packmaster; Sidney S. Ford,
+Jr., A.H. Robie, Joseph Lemere, Frank Genette, H. Palmer, William
+Simpson, John Canning, Frank Hale, Louis Oson, Louis Fourcier, C.
+Hughes, John Johnson, William S. De Parris, William Prudhomme, packers,
+the last two cooks; Joseph, the C[oe]ur d'Alene guide; and Delaware Jim,
+who deserves a place by himself.
+
+The party followed the Nez Perce trail, and, after a short march of
+eight miles, made camp on Dry Creek. Two messes were formed,--the
+gentlemen of the party, with the guide Joseph, Delaware Jim, Ford,
+Genette, and De Parris as cook, comprising the governor's mess, and the
+remainder of the party Higgins's mess.
+
+Continuing on the Nez Perce trail, the party in the next three days and
+fifty-four miles traversed a beautiful rolling prairie country of
+fertile soil, luxuriant bunch grass, and wild flowers, crossing the
+Touchet and Tucañon rivers, and ascending the Pa-ta-ha branch of the
+latter, and, descending the Al-pa-wha Creek, reached its confluence with
+Snake River at Red Wolf's ground. Here was found a village of thirteen
+lodges of Nez Perces, under the chiefs Red Wolf and Timothy, with a
+fenced field of thirty acres, well watered by irrigation from the
+Al-pa-wha, and containing a fine crop of corn and a promising orchard.
+"I observed with great pleasure that men as well as women and children
+were at work in this field, ploughing and taking care of their crops,"
+observes the governor. After some bargaining, for the chiefs were keen
+traders and exacted a stiff toll for the service, the party, with packs
+and baggage, were ferried across the Snake, a notably swift and
+dangerous river, by the Indians in their canoes, and went into camp,
+while the animals crossed by swimming.
+
+By appointment Lawyer met the governor here, and with the other two
+chiefs took supper with him, the three devouring the lion's share of a
+fine salmon, which Timothy had just sold at an exorbitant
+price,--clearly the Nez Perces were fast learning the ways of
+civilization,--and completed the arrangements for sending their
+delegation to the Blackfoot council. Lawyer also gave much information
+about his people and country.
+
+Climbing out of the deep cañon of the river next morning by an easy
+grade up a lateral creek, the party took a general N.N.E. course across
+the high, rolling plains stretching away to the mountains, for five days
+traversing a fine fertile and diversified country, clothed with waving
+grass and bright flowers, well wooded with groves of pine, and
+abundantly watered. They passed on the second day 600 Nez Perces
+gathering the kamas root, and having with them 2000 horses, and crossed
+the Palouse River, with its broad valley extending far eastward into the
+heart of the mountains. Says the governor: "We have been astonished at
+the luxuriance of the grass and the fertility of the soil. The whole
+view presents to the eye a vast bed of flowers in all their varied
+beauty." The governor continually remarks the fertility and agricultural
+capabilities of the country traversed. It now forms the most productive
+part of the wheat belt of eastern Washington, and is all settled up by a
+prosperous farming community. The third day's camp was made at the
+kamas prairie of the Coeur d'Alenes, where were found 29 lodges and
+250 Indians of that tribe, gathering and drying kamas. This esculent is
+about the size and shape of a large tulip bulb, and when dried and
+smoked for use has a dark color and sweet taste, and was highly esteemed
+by the Indians and mountain men. The governor had a talk with Stellam,
+the head chief, and a number of other chiefs, and requested them to meet
+him at the mission in order to learn about the treaty the Great Father
+desired to make with them. They promised to attend. In the evening came
+the Palouse chief, Slah-yot-see, with 30 braves, and complained that no
+goods were given him at the recent council. The governor replied:--
+
+  "Slah-yot-see, you went away before the council was ended.
+  Koh-lat-toose remained and signed the treaty. He was recognized as
+  the head chief of the Palouses, and to him the goods were given to
+  be distributed among his tribe as he and the principal men should
+  determine. I have brought no goods to give you. Go to Koh-lat-toose.
+  He is the chief, and it is from him you must obtain your share of
+  the presents. Had you remained until the council terminated, you
+  would have had a voice in the distribution of the goods.
+  Kam-i-ah-kan, your head chief, signed the treaty, and said that he
+  should bring the Palouses into the Yakima country, where they
+  properly belonged."
+
+The chief said but little in reply except acknowledging Kam-i-ah-kan as
+his head chief. The Palouses had a bad name, and were regarded as
+sullen, insolent, and disaffected.
+
+The last day, putting the party in camp on the Coeur d'Alene River,
+the governor with Doty and Sohon rode on nine miles farther to the
+mission, where he was received with the utmost hospitality by good
+Father Ravalli, and where he found Crosby, just arrived from Colville.
+The mission was situated on a sightly eminence in the midst of a little
+prairie on the right bank of the river. On this beautiful and commanding
+site stood a well-proportioned church, solidly built of squared timbers
+as smoothly hewn and closely fitted as though done by skillful white
+artisans, yet all the work of the Indians, under the direction of the
+priests. A long wooden building, plain but comfortable, afforded
+quarters for the fathers and two or three lay brothers and the transient
+guests. At the foot of the knoll, near the river, were the lodges of the
+Indians, constituting their principal village.
+
+At the camp of the party this evening an incident occurred of quite
+unusual character,--a wrestling match between Indian and white. A large
+number of the Coeur d'Alenes had come down with their canoes, and
+assisted the party in crossing the rivers, and had taken the packs by
+water a long distance, thus relieving the animals over a stretch of
+muddy trail, and at night camped near the whites. After supper they came
+over to camp, and, with much talk in Chinook and many signs, at length
+conveyed the idea of a challenge at wrestling between an immense,
+powerfully formed Indian, whom they brought forward as their champion,
+and any "skookum man" of the whites. The latter were rather taken back.
+None liked the looks of the big and muscular savage, but all agreed that
+it would never do to decline the challenge, and back down before a
+parcel of Indians. At last Sidney Ford stepped forward, declaring that
+he would try a fall with him, if he broke his back in the effort. In the
+struggle which ensued, it was soon apparent that the Indian was the
+superior in weight and strength, and Ford had to put forth all his skill
+and agility to prevent being forced to the ground. At last, while all
+the spectators, both red and white, were breathlessly watching the
+straining, panting wrestlers, the whites especially with great anxiety
+and apprehension, Ford gave a sudden and mighty heave, the huge Indian's
+bare legs and moccasined feet whirled in the air, and the next instant
+he struck the ground with a heavy and sickening thud, and lay senseless
+as the dead. Ford had thrown him completely over his shoulder by some
+skillful wrestling stroke. The Indian soon recovered, and departed with
+his companions, well satisfied that the white man was "hi-u skookum"
+(mighty strong). This rencounter led to much discussion around the
+camp-fire that evening as to the relative prowess of Indian and white.
+All agreed that the latter was far superior, not only in courage and
+physical strength, but even in endurance and woodland and savage arts
+and skill.
+
+The next day the party moved and encamped near the village, and on the
+following morning the principal chiefs to the number of thirty assembled
+in front of the governor's tent, and listened attentively as he
+explained to them the benefits they would gain by learning to "follow
+the white man's road," and referred to the treaties made with the other
+tribes at the recent council, at which some of them were present, and
+asked them to meet him in council with the Spokanes on his return.
+Finally he invited them to send with him a delegation to the Blackfoot
+council, and make peace with those fierce and feared marauders. The
+chiefs received the talk favorably, but declined to send the delegation,
+saying that only a few of their people went to buffalo, and besides they
+were afraid to go to the council. The Blackfeet would kill them.
+
+At noon, after this conference, the train set out in charge of Higgins,
+while the governor, with Doty and Crosby, remained a few hours longer.
+The oath of allegiance to the United States was administered by Crosby
+to the fathers and lay brothers, who subscribed the naturalization
+papers, and seemed much pleased with the idea of becoming American
+citizens. Towards evening they bade the hospitable missionaries
+farewell, and, riding rapidly eleven miles, found the train snugly
+encamped in a large prairie with fine grass, where the governor
+encamped, October 12, 1853. The next two days the party were kept in
+camp by a pelting summer rain.
+
+Friday, June 29, on a cool and delightful morning after the storm, the
+march was continued up the Coeur d'Alene River, retracing the
+governor's route of 1853 across the Bitter Root Mountains; the summit
+was passed on July 1, and, descending the St. Regis de Borgia, crossing
+and recrossing the stream no less than thirty-five times, the Bitter
+Root River was reached on the 3d, eighty-six miles distant from the
+mission. The Father Superior of the Catholic missions, with two
+companions returning from an inspection of the Pend Oreille Mission, was
+met the first day, and on the summit a Coeur d'Alene Indian, whom the
+governor had previously sent to the Bitter Root valley[7] with
+dispatches to Mr. Adams, special agent for the Flatheads, in regard to
+holding a council with them, brought the gratifying intelligence that
+the Indians were all ready to assemble, all full of the Blackfoot
+council, and that everything was quiet in the Indian country. The
+governor took great pains in examining the route and the topography of
+the country, and in determining the altitude by the barometer.
+
+The Fourth of July was spent in crossing the Bitter Root, which was at
+this point one hundred and fifty yards wide, with a swift, strong
+current, and fordable only at the lowest stage of water in fall and
+winter. It was now swollen from recent rains and melting snows in the
+mountains. All hands set to work felling trees and building rafts, with
+which to effect a crossing. While thus laboriously engaged, a large
+band of Flathead Indians, who were encamped here, took down their
+lodges, and ferried themselves over the swift and broad river, with all
+their women, children, horses, dogs, lodges, and effects, in less than
+an hour's time, and in a simple and ingenious manner, which put the
+whites quite to the blush. The buffalo-skin lodge was spread out on a
+smooth, flat place at the water's edge, all the blankets, robes,
+clothing, bundles of provisions, saddles, packs, everything in short in
+the way of goods and chattels were piled in a broad, circular pile upon
+it, and the ends and edges of the skin were stretched up and tied
+together on top, as one would tie up a bundle of clothes in a
+handkerchief. This being completed, a brave rode his horse into the
+river until almost swimming, holding by his teeth the end of a line; the
+bundle was then pushed and lifted into the river; the squaws climbed on
+top of it with the children and babies around them, one of them took and
+held the other end of the line, and the brave started his pony swimming
+across the stream, holding by the mane or tail with one hand, and
+swimming with the other, and soon reached the opposite bank in safety.
+It was a curious and exciting spectacle to see ten or twelve of these
+bundles, the size of large haycocks, surmounted by groups of squaws and
+pappooses, rapidly floating down the stream, while being slowly towed
+across, nothing visible of the ponies and braves except their heads,
+while the loud, labored breathing of the swimming horses and the shouts
+and splashings of the Indians echoed across the water.
+
+The Flatheads were accustomed to train and exercise their horses in
+swimming, and were very skillful in crossing streams in this manner. The
+buffalo-skin lodges were impervious to water for only a short time, and
+would become leaky and useless by a prolonged soaking.
+
+The party built three large rafts, loaded all the goods upon them, and
+poled them across the river with long poles. The animals were compelled
+to swim. The last, bearing the governor, was the largest and least
+manageable, and came near escaping down the river on a voyage of its own
+choosing. It was carried farther down than the others, and on nearing
+the other bank got into a swifter current, where the poles were quite
+useless, and was swept along at break-neck speed, flying past the rocks
+and trees of the bank only forty feet away. At this juncture Higgins
+seized the end of a pack rope and plunged headfirst into the raging
+current, gained the shore in a few powerful strokes, raced along it at
+top speed to keep the rope from being jerked out of his hands by the
+flying raft until he came to a tree, threw a turn of the rope around it,
+and checked the raft, which then swung inshore under the pressure of the
+current. In these few minutes the unwieldy craft was carried down two
+miles. But everything was gotten together and a comfortable camp pitched
+before night. The tired men smoked their pipes around the camp-fire
+after supper and recounted the adventures of the day, with great
+satisfaction that the river was behind them.
+
+After a late start the next morning the party moved eighteen miles up
+the right bank of the beautiful river, traversing tracts of open woods
+and prairies, alternating in pleasing variety with the dark, rugged
+range just surmounted, frowning on the right. Large schools of salmon or
+trout were seen in the clear, pellucid water, motionless over the
+spawning-beds, fairly covering and hiding the river's bed, in such
+numbers were they. The next day's march was thirty-seven miles. On the
+7th, soon after leaving camp, they were met and received by three
+hundred chiefs and braves of the Flathead, Pend Oreille, and Koo-te-nay
+tribes, in the most cordial manner, with a salute of musketry, and
+escorted to their camp near Hell Gate River. After spending some hours
+with them, learning their condition, and establishing pleasant relations
+between them and his own party, the governor moved to the main river, a
+mile distant, and established his camp and council ground.
+
+In the afternoon the three head chiefs, Victor of the Flatheads,
+Alexander of the Pend Oreilles, and Michelle of the Koo-te-nays,
+accompanied by a number of other chiefs, visited Governor Stevens, and
+after the pipe had passed around,--the indispensable introduction to
+every Indian conference,--the latter spoke to them in his usual vein,
+proposing a treaty, referring to the great council just held with so
+many Indians in the Walla Walla valley, and appointing the next Monday
+for opening the council with them. He also spoke of his efforts to make
+peace with the Blackfeet, and urged them to send a delegation to the
+proposed council with these, their inveterate and bloody foes. This was
+a sore subject with the Flatheads, for the Blackfeet had but faithlessly
+kept their promises of amity and good conduct towards their neighbors.
+Many of their young braves, despite the efforts of the chiefs and elders
+to restrain them, had continued their predatory raids, saying, "Let us
+steal all the horses we can before the great white chief returns and
+makes peace with all the tribes, and stops horse-stealing forever," and
+had inflicted severe losses upon the Flatheads since the governor passed
+through their country nearly two years before, notwithstanding, and that
+was what made it all the harder to bear; the Flatheads had scrupulously
+heeded the governor's admonitions, and refrained from retaliation. On
+one occasion, when some young Pend Oreilles ran off a number of
+Blackfoot horses, the chiefs sent them back, at the risk of the lives of
+the party returning them. When the governor finished, Victor said:--
+
+
+  "The Blackfeet have troubled us very much. I am going to tell what
+  has happened since you were here. Twelve men have been killed when
+  out hunting, not on war-parties. I fear the whites and keep quiet. I
+  cannot tell how many horses have been stolen since. Now I listen,
+  and hear what you wish me to do. Were it not for you, I would have
+  had my revenge ere this. They have stolen horses seven times this
+  spring."
+
+The chiefs then returned to their camp, promising to attend the council
+the following Monday.
+
+The Flatheads or Salish, including the Pend Oreilles and Koo-te-nays,
+were among those who had been driven westward by the Blackfeet, and now
+occupied the pleasant valleys of the mountains. They were noted for
+their intelligence, honesty, and bravery, and although of medium stature
+and inferior in physique to the brawny Blackfeet, never hesitated to
+attack them if the odds were not greater than five to one. Having been
+supplied by the early fur traders with firearms, which enabled them to
+make a stand against their outnumbering foe, they had always been the
+firm friends of the whites, and, like the Nez Perces, often hunted with
+the mountain men, and entertained them in their lodges. A number of
+Iroquois hunters and half-breeds had joined and intermarried with them.
+The Bitter Root valley was the seat of the Flatheads proper. The Pend
+Oreilles lived lower down the river, or northward, in two bands, the
+upper Pend Oreilles on the Horse Plains and Jocko prairies, and the
+lower Pend Oreilles on Clark's Fork, below the lake of their name, and
+were canoe Indians, owning few horses. The Koo-te-nays lived about the
+Flathead River and Lake. All these, except the lower Pend Oreilles, went
+to buffalo, and their hunting-trips were spiced with the constant peril
+and excitement of frequent skirmishes with their hereditary enemies. The
+Jesuits, in 1843, established a mission among the lower Pend Oreilles,
+but in 1854 moved to the Flathead River, near the mouth of the Jocko.
+They also started a mission among the Flatheads in the Bitter Root
+valley, forty miles above Hell Gate, where they founded the beautiful
+village of St. Mary, amid charming scenery; but the incessant raids of
+the Blackfeet were slowly but surely "wiping out" these brave and
+interesting Indians, and the mission was abandoned in 1850 as too much
+exposed. The Owen brothers then started a trading-post at this point,
+which they named Fort Owen; and fourteen miles above it Lieutenant
+Mullan built his winter camp in 1853, known as Cantonment Stevens, which
+has been succeeded by the town of Stevensville. The term "Flathead" was
+a misnomer, as none of them practiced the custom of flattening
+the head.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [7] Now known as the Missoula Valley and River.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XXXI
+
+                          THE FLATHEAD COUNCIL
+
+
+After a quiet and restful Sunday in both camps the Indians assembled at
+the appointed time, and the council was opened on Monday, July 9, at
+half past one P.M., by the governor, in a long speech, explaining, as at
+the other councils, the terms and advantages proffered by the
+government. Although the Indians were extremely friendly, and very
+desirous of "following the white man's road" and coming under the
+protection of the Great Father, their only apparent refuge from the
+fierce Blackfeet, whose incessant raids threatened them with speedy
+extinction, the council proved unexpectedly difficult and protracted,
+lasting eight days, and the treaty was only saved by Governor Stevens's
+persistence and astuteness in accepting an alternative proposition
+offered by Victor at the last moment. The chronic objection of every
+tribe to leaving its own country and going on a reservation in the
+territory of another was the stumbling-block.
+
+The governor required the three tribes, as they were really one people,
+being all Salish, speaking a common language, and closely intermarried
+and allied, and also reduced in numbers, to unite upon one reservation.
+He offered to set apart a tract for them either in the upper Bitter Root
+valley in Victor's country, or the Horse Plains and Jocko River in the
+Pend Oreille territory, as they might prefer, and urged them to decide
+and agree among themselves upon one of these locations; but neither
+tribe was willing to abandon its wonted region, where they were
+accustomed to pitch their lodges, and where their dead were buried. The
+following brief extracts from the proceedings give an idea of the course
+of the difficult and at times stormy and vexatious negotiations.
+
+When the governor finished Victor said:--
+
+  "I am very tired now, and my people. You [the governor] are the only
+  man who has offered to help us.... I have two places, here is mine
+  [pointing out Bitter Root valley on the map], and this is mine
+  [pointing out Flathead River and Clark's Fork]. I will think of it,
+  and tell you which is best. I believe you wish to assist me to help
+  my children here so that they may have plenty to eat, and so that
+  they may save their souls."
+
+  Alexander: "You are talking to me now, my Big Father. You have told
+  me you have to make your own laws to punish your children. I love my
+  children. I think I could not head them off to make them go
+  straight. I think it is with you to do so. If I take your own way,
+  your law, my people then will be frightened. These growing people
+  [young people] are all the same. Perhaps those who come after them
+  may see it well before them. I do not know your laws. Perhaps, if we
+  see a rope, if we see how it punishes, we will be frightened. When
+  the priest talked to them, tried to teach them, they all left him.
+  My children, maybe when the whites teach you, you may see it before
+  you. Now this is my ground. We are poor, we Indians. The priest is
+  settled over there [pointing across the mountains towards the north,
+  the direction of his country]. There, where he is, I am very well
+  satisfied. I will talk hereafter about the ground. I am done for
+  to-day."
+
+In this speech Alexander expresses the difficulty he has to manage his
+unruly young people, and his fear that the white rule might prove too
+strict for them.
+
+  [Illustration: THE FLATHEAD COUNCIL]
+
+  Red Wing, a Flathead chief: "We gathered up yesterday the three
+  peoples you see here. They think they are three nations. I thought
+  these nations were going to talk each about its own land. Now I hear
+  the governor: my land is all cut up in pieces. I thought we had two
+  places. This ground is the Flatheads', that across the mountains
+  is the Pend Oreilles'; perhaps not, perhaps we are all one. We made
+  up another mind yesterday, to-day it is different. We will go back
+  and have another council."
+
+The governor adjourned the council to the next day, urging them to talk
+and agree among themselves as to the reservation.
+
+The following day the governor called on the chiefs to speak their minds
+freely.
+
+Big Canoe, a Pend Oreille chief, made a long and sententious speech, in
+which he deprecated making any treaty, or parting with any of his
+country, and thought the whites and Indians could live together in the
+same land:--
+
+  "Talk about treaty, when did I kill you? When did you kill me? What
+  is the reason we are talking about treaties? We are friends. We
+  never spilt the blood of one of you. I never saw your blood. I want
+  my country. I thought no one would ever want to talk about my
+  country. Now you talk, you white men. Now I have heard, I wish the
+  whites to stop coming. Perhaps you will put me in a trap if I do not
+  listen to you, white chiefs. It is our land, both of us. If you make
+  a farm, I would not go there and pull up your crops. I would not
+  drive you away from it. If I were to go to your country and say,
+  'Give me a little piece,' I wonder would you say, 'Here, take it.' I
+  expect that is the same way you want me to do here. This country you
+  want to settle here, me with you.... You tell us, 'Give us your
+  land.' I am very poor. This is all the small piece I have got. I am
+  not going to let it go. I did not come to make trouble; therefore I
+  would say, I am very poor....
+
+  "It is two winters since you passed here. Every year since, my
+  horses have gone to the Blackfeet. Here this spring the Blackfeet
+  put my daughter on foot. She packed her goods on her back. It made
+  me feel bad. I was going on a war-party as your express passed
+  along. Then I think of what I heard from you, my father, and take my
+  heart back and keep quiet. If I had not listened to your express, I
+  should have gone on war-parties over yonder. We drove one band of
+  horses from the Blackfeet. I talked about it to my Indians. I said,
+  'Give the horses back, my children.' My chief took them back. You
+  talked about it strong, my father. My chief took them back. That is
+  the way we act. When I found my children were going on war-parties,
+  I would tell them to stop, be quiet; tell them I expect now we will
+  see the chief; I expect he will talk to the Blackfeet again."
+
+  Governor Stevens: "I will ask you, my children, if you fully
+  understand all that was said yesterday? I ask you now, can you all
+  agree to live on one reservation? I ask Victor, are you willing to
+  go on the same reservation with the Pend Oreilles and Koo-te-nays? I
+  ask Alexander, are you willing to go on the same reservation with
+  the Flatheads and Koo-te-nays? I ask Michelle, are you willing to go
+  on the same reservation with the Flatheads and Pend Oreilles? What
+  do you, Victor, Alexander, and Michelle, think? You are the head
+  chiefs. I want you to speak."
+
+  Victor: "I am willing to go on one reservation, but I do not want to
+  go over yonder" [Pend Oreille country].
+
+  Alexander: "It is good for us all to stop in one place."
+
+  Michelle: "I am with Alexander."
+
+  Governor Stevens: "The Pend Oreilles and Koo-te-nays think it well
+  to have all these tribes together. Perhaps Victor might think so by
+  and by, if the place suits. Alexander and Michelle wish to live
+  together, their people on one place,--they have a thousand people,
+  the land ought to be good. Each man wants his field. The climate
+  ought to be mild....
+
+  "I ask Victor, Alexander, and Michelle to think it over. Will they
+  go to the valley with Victor, or to the mission with Alexander and
+  Michelle? I do not care which. You will have your priests with you,
+  whether you go to the mission or Fort Owen. Those who want the
+  priest can have him. The Great Father means that every one shall do
+  as he pleases in regard to receiving the instructions of the
+  priests."
+
+But the council next day showed no change in the situation. Victor was
+unwilling to move to the mission, and Alexander to the valley. Neither
+would object to the other coming to his place. It being evident, after
+protracted discussion, that no progress would be made by continuing the
+council that day, and it appearing that an influence was being exerted
+by the priests of the mission which might be adverse to the views of the
+government, a messenger was dispatched directing the presence of Father
+Hoecken for the purpose of investigating it, the council was adjourned
+over to Friday, and the Indians were recommended to have a feast and a
+council among themselves on the morrow. Accordingly they had a grand
+feast on the 12th, the means for which--two beeves, coffee, sugar,
+flour, etc.--were furnished them, after which the day was spent in
+discussing the question of the reservation among themselves.
+
+But in council next day they appeared no nearer an agreement, and, after
+much and fruitless talk, Ambrose, a Flathead chief, said:--
+
+  "Yesterday Victor spoke to Alexander. He said: 'I am not headstrong.
+  The whites picked out a place for us, the best place, and that is
+  the reason I do not want to go. Two years since they passed us. Now
+  the white man has his foot on your ground. The white man will stay
+  with you.' Yesterday, when we had the feast, then Alexander spoke;
+  he said, 'Now I will go over to your side. I will let them take my
+  place, and come to your place.' But Victor did not speak, and the
+  council broke up."
+
+  Governor Stevens: "Alexander, did you agree yesterday to give up
+  your country and join Victor?"
+
+  Alexander: "Yes, yesterday I did give up. I listened and he did not
+  give me an answer; then I said, 'I will not give up my land.'"
+
+  Governor Stevens: "I speak now to the Pend Oreilles and Koo-te-nays.
+  Do you agree to this treaty?--the treaty placing the Pend Oreilles
+  and Koo-te-nays on this reservation? [at the mission]. I ask Victor
+  if he declines to treat?"
+
+  Victor: "Talk! I have nothing to say now."
+
+  Governor Stevens: "Does Victor want to treat? Why did he not say to
+  Alexander yesterday, 'Come to my place'? or is not Victor a chief?
+  Is he, as one of his people has called him, an old woman? Dumb as a
+  dog? If Victor is a chief, let him speak now."
+
+  Victor: "I thought, my people, perhaps you would listen. I said,
+  'This [at the mission] is my country, and all over here is my
+  country. Some of my people want to be above me. I sit quiet, and
+  before me you give my land away. If I thought so, I would tell the
+  whites to take the land there [the mission]. It is my country. I am
+  listening, and my people say, "Take my country."'"
+
+  Governor Stevens: "Alexander said yesterday that he would come up
+  here. Why did you not answer and say 'Come'?"
+
+  Victor: "Yesterday I did talk."
+
+  Governor Stevens: "Alexander said yesterday he offered to give up
+  his land and go to you. Alexander says you made no answer. Why did
+  you not say, 'Yes, come to my place'?"
+
+  Victor: "I did not understand it so."
+
+  Governor Stevens: "Ambrose says he understood Alexander to say so.
+  Alexander says he said so. You did not speak and say, 'Come to my
+  place,' but you were dumb. Does Victor mean to say that he will
+  neither let Alexander come to his place nor go to Alexander's?"
+
+Ambrose, Til-coos-tay, Red Wolf, and Bear Tracks, Flathead chiefs, took
+up the discussion, pouring oil on the troubled waters, and excusing
+Victor for not speaking in answer to Alexander at their own council.
+
+At length the governor said:--
+
+  "My children, I find that things are nearer to an agreement than
+  when we began talking this morning. Ambrose says the people are not
+  quite prepared, but will be ready by and by. Ambrose says, 'Be
+  patient and listen.' I am patient, and have been patient and
+  listened to them. Others of you have said they they were hiding
+  their minds and did not speak; hence I reproved you and said, 'Speak
+  out, let us have your hearts.' It seems many of the Flatheads are
+  ready to go to the mission. If their chief says so, they will go.
+  Victor says, 'I am ready to go, but my people will not;' but the
+  people say they are ready to go. We want all parties to speak
+  straight, to let us have their hearts, then we can agree. If
+  Victor's people will go, we want Victor as a chief to say, 'I will
+  go.'"
+
+Victor here arose and left the council. After a pause of some minutes
+Governor Stevens said:--
+
+  "I will ask Ambrose where is Victor?"
+
+  Ambrose: "He is gone home."
+
+  Governor Stevens: "Ambrose, speaking of Victor, said he wanted time.
+  Victor is now thinking and studying over this matter. We don't wish
+  to drive or hurry you in this business. Think over this matter
+  to-night, and meet here to-morrow. I ask Ambrose to speak to Victor
+  and tell him what I say. Ambrose loves his chief, let him take my
+  words to him."
+
+He then adjourned the council to meet in the morning.
+
+But the following day word was sent by Victor to the governor that he
+had not yet made up his mind, and the council was postponed to Monday
+morning.
+
+When the council opened at eleven Monday morning, Victor said:--
+
+  "I am now going to talk. I was not content. You gave me a very small
+  place. Then I thought, here they are giving away my land. That is my
+  country over there at the mission, this also. Plenty of you say
+  Victor is the chief of the Flatheads. The place you pointed out
+  above is too small. From Lo Lo Fork above should belong to me. My
+  stock will have room, and if the Blackfeet will let my horses alone,
+  they will increase. I believe that you wish to help me, and that my
+  people will do well there. We will send this word to the Great
+  Father. Come and look at our country. When you look at Alexander's
+  place, and say the land is good, and say, Come, Victor, I will go.
+  If you think this above is good land, then Victor will say, Come
+  here, Alexander. Then our children will be well content. That is the
+  way we will make the treaty, my father."
+
+  Governor Stevens: "Victor has spoken. Do Alexander and Michelle
+  speak in the same way? I will ask Alexander if he agrees."
+
+  Alexander: "Maybe we cannot all come together. Here is Michelle, I
+  know his mind. He told me, you go this way, I won't go. Here are the
+  lower Pend Oreilles. Maybe they are the same way. They have no
+  horses; they have only canoes. I am very heavy, as though they tied
+  me there."
+
+  Michelle: "I am just following Alexander's mind. If he goes this
+  way, I will not go. I have come a long way to see you; when you
+  leave I go back."
+
+The governor again asked them if they would agree to Victor's
+proposition, and go to the reservation which was found best adapted to
+their needs after survey and examination, but both chiefs positively
+refused.
+
+The governor then cut the knot by accepting Victor's proposition as far
+as it concerned him, and giving the others the reservation at the
+mission:--
+
+  "My children, Victor has made his proposition. Alexander and
+  Michelle have made theirs. We will make a treaty for them. Both
+  tracts shall be surveyed. If the mission is the best land, Victor
+  shall live there. If the valley is the best land, Victor shall stay
+  here. Alexander and Michelle may stay at the mission....
+
+  "I ask Victor to come up and sign the treaty. [He came up and
+  signed.] Now I ask Alexander and Michelle." [They also then signed.]
+
+Moses, a Flathead chief, on being called on to sign, refused. He stepped
+forward, and said:--
+
+  "My brother is buried here. I did not think you would take the only
+  piece of ground I had. Here are three fellows [the head chiefs];
+  they say, 'Get on your horses and go.' ... Last year, when you were
+  talking about the Blackfeet, you were joking."
+
+  Governor Stevens: "How can Moses say I am not going to the Blackfoot
+  country? I have gone all the way to the Great Father to arrange
+  about the Blackfoot council. What more can I do? A man is coming
+  from the Great Father to meet me. Does he not know that Mr. Burr and
+  another man went to Fort Benton the other day?"
+
+
+  Moses: "You have pulled all my wings off, and then let me down."
+
+  Governor Stevens: "All that we have done is for your benefit. I have
+  said that the Flatheads were brave and honest, and should be
+  protected. Be patient. Everything will come right."
+
+  Moses: "I do not know how it will be straight. A few days ago the
+  Blackfeet stole horses at Salmon River."
+
+  Governor Stevens: "Ask him if he sees the Nez Perce chief,
+  Eagle-from-the-Light; he is going to the Blackfoot council with me."
+
+  Moses: "Yes, I see him. They will get his hair. The Blackfeet are
+  not like these people. They are all drunk."
+
+All the principal men came forward and signed the treaty. Governor
+Stevens then said:--
+
+  "Here are three papers which you have signed, copies of the same
+  treaty. One goes to the President, one I place in the hands of the
+  head chief, and one I keep myself. Everything that has been said
+  here goes to the President. I have now a few presents for you. They
+  are simply a gift, no part of the payments. The payments cannot be
+  made until we hear from the President next year."
+
+The presents were then distributed. The chiefs were then requested to
+assemble on the morrow with regard to the Blackfoot council.
+
+Thus successfully and happily terminated this protracted council, "every
+man pleased and every man satisfied," says the governor. Twelve hundred
+Indians were present on the treaty ground.
+
+The jealousy and pride of the chiefs, Victor and Alexander, greatly
+increased the difficulty of coming to an agreement. The former
+repeatedly asserted his chieftainship over both tribes by claiming that
+the countries of both were his, a claim that Alexander offered to
+recognize if Victor would move to the Horse Plains (mission)
+reservation. Alexander claimed to be chief of the lower Pend Oreilles, a
+claim the governor summarily rejected. The influence and advice of the
+former Hudson Bay Company employees and half-breeds, to this and to the
+other treaties, was prejudicial, instigating the Indians to make
+unreasonable demands, and often opposing and misrepresenting the
+treaties themselves.
+
+Father Hoecken arrived before the end of the council, in response to the
+governor's summons. It did not appear that he was exerting any adverse
+influence. On the contrary, he highly approved the treaty, and signed it
+as one of the witnesses. It seems, however, as the governor reported,
+that the dislike of the Flatheads to the mission establishment was one
+cause of their unwillingness to move to the reservation in the Pend
+Oreille country. It is probable that the missionaries at St. Mary's had
+been too strict and exacting for their independent natures. Moreover, it
+was the fact, as the governor had cause to realize later, that the
+missionaries feared and dreaded the approach of the settlers, and
+sympathized wholly with the Indians as between the two.
+
+This treaty, like all made by Governor Stevens, was remarkably liberal
+in its terms to the Indians. The reservation on the Flathead River
+comprises a million and a quarter acres. $84,000 in annuity goods;
+$36,000 to improve the reservation; salaries of $500 a year for twenty
+years, with a house and ten acres fenced and ploughed, to the three head
+chiefs; schools, mills, hospitals, shops; teachers and mechanics for
+twenty years; the right to fish, hunt, gather roots and berries, and
+pasture stock on vacant land; and the provision for ultimately dividing
+the reservation among them in severalty,--were all embraced. It was
+agreed that the three tribes were to constitute one nation under Victor
+as head chief, to be known as the Flathead nation, in which, and on the
+same reservation, were to be included other friendly tribes, as the
+lower Pend Oreilles and Coeur d'Alenes. Besides Father Hoecken, R.H.
+Lansdale, W.H. Tappan, R.H. Crosby, Gustavus Sohon, and William Craig
+witnessed the treaty. Some 25,000 square miles were ceded.
+
+All three tribes now occupy the reservation on the Jocko (mission),
+together with the lower Pend Oreilles and a few Spokanes. They number
+2000, showing little diminution since the treaty, and have made fair
+progress. Nearly all have houses with some land inclosed. Many raise
+small crops of wheat and have good gardens. They have 20,000 acres under
+fence, over ten miles of irrigation ditches, and raised last year 25,000
+bushels of grain, 10,000 bushels of vegetables, and 7000 tons of hay.
+Their lands have not yet been allotted in severalty. The agent complains
+that worthless employees are frequently foisted upon the agency, "many
+incompetent men hold positions who take no interest in their work,"[8]
+etc.,--a state of things equally unfair to the Indians and disgraceful
+to the government.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [8] Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1899, pp. 192-194,
+      620.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XXXII
+
+              MARCH TO FORT BENTON.--MARSHALING THE TRIBES
+
+
+Before the close of the council, agents Tappan and Craig arrived with
+the proposed delegation of Nez Perces under Looking Glass, Spotted
+Eagle, Eagle-from-the-Light, and other chiefs. It was agreed that they
+and the Flatheads and Pend Oreilles, under their chiefs Victor and
+Alexander, and accompanied by agent Thomas Adams and interpreter Ben
+Kiser, should cross the mountains to the buffalo country, and hunt on
+the plains south of the Missouri, until the time came for holding the
+great peace council at Fort Benton, of which they would be notified.
+Their agents were instructed to keep the governor informed of their
+whereabouts by frequent expresses, and to guard against collisions with
+the Blackfoot war-parties, and also to communicate with the Crow Indians
+and induce them to attend the council. Dr. Lansdale, agent for the
+Flathead nation, remained, and during the summer made extensive
+examinations of the reservation on the Flathead River and the
+surrounding country.
+
+These arrangements completed, on Wednesday, July 18, the second day
+after the close of the council, the governor dispatched Pearson, who had
+just returned to the party after his rapid trip to Olympia from the
+Walla Walla council, with full reports of the council just held, and
+letters to the Indian and territorial officers in Olympia, and resumed
+the march to Fort Benton, crossing for six miles the broad level valley
+here known as the Hell Gate Ronde, and passing the deep, dark portal of
+that name,[9] and, six miles beyond it, encamped on the Hell Gate
+River. During the next five days and one hundred miles the party
+traversed the broad plateau of the great mountain chain over a beautiful
+rolling country of wide grassy valleys and gently rolling prairies,
+interspersed with low wooded hills and spurs, and well watered by clear,
+cold, rapid mountain streams. It was hard to realize that this beautiful
+and diversified prairie country was the top of the Rocky Mountains, the
+backbone of the continent. At the second day's camp the Indian hunter
+and guide, a Pend Oreille furnished by Alexander, brought in a fine
+string of mountain trout, and, not content with this, started out again,
+and soon returned with an elk, and after this the messes were rarely out
+of game,--elk, deer, antelope, and mountain trout. The trail followed up
+the Hell Gate and its chief tributary, the Big Blackfoot, the route of
+1853, and crossed the divide by Lewis and Clark's Pass. From the summit
+the governor obtained a magnificent and beautiful view of the country
+about an hour before sunset, the main chain stretching far to the north,
+and the broad plains, broken by many streams and coulees, extending
+eastward as far as the eye could reach, like an illimitable sea.
+
+He spent the whole day, with Doty and Sohon, examining the approaches to
+the summit pass, and those to Cadotte's Pass, ten miles farther south,
+and determining altitudes and grades, and reached camp long after dark,
+well fatigued with the day's work. Throughout the expedition the
+governor was constantly examining the topographical features of the
+country. He would frequently ride ahead of the train, and, sitting on a
+log or on the ground, would write up his notes or journal until it came
+up. He was accustomed to start the train rather late in the morning,
+about eight o'clock, move at a steady, brisk walk, without stopping for
+noon rest or meal, and make camp early in the afternoon, and by this
+management plenty of time was afforded the animals to feed mornings and
+evenings. Twenty miles was the average day's journey, but thirty or
+forty miles were made with ease whenever expedient, as often happened.
+No better equipped or manned train ever traversed the plains and
+mountains.
+
+It always moved in fine order, without delays, confusion, or friction. A
+worn-down or sore-backed mule or horse was a rarity. At the first
+symptom of need of rest, a fresh animal from the loose herd relieved the
+distressed one. The packers worked in couples, each two packing and
+caring for ten pack-mules. The riding animals were picked Indian horses.
+The mules were of large American stock, mostly those of the exploration
+of 1853. Thorough discipline and the best feeling prevailed among the
+party. There was scarcely a quarrel during the whole nine months the
+expedition lasted. This judicious care of the animals was characteristic
+of the governor, and it is noticeable that on his arduous expeditions,
+though hard-worked and only grass-fed, they actually improved in
+condition,--a unique experience on the plains.
+
+Leaving behind the prairies, groves, and sparkling, rippling streams of
+the mountain plateau, the party entered upon the vast rolling plains,
+gray and arid, and, traveling over them one hundred and thirty miles,
+camping one night on the Dearborn River, one on the Sun, and three on
+the Teton, reached the vicinity of Fort Benton on the fifth day, and
+went into camp on the last-named river four miles from the fort. The
+governor, riding ahead, reached it a day sooner, on the 26th, and was
+disappointed in not finding or hearing from his co-commissioner,
+Superintendent Alfred Cumming. During this march the party were rarely
+out of sight of game. Large herds of graceful, fleet antelopes would
+come scouring across the plains, and circle around the slowly moving
+train, now abruptly halting to gaze with erect heads and distended eyes
+at the strange procession, and now dashing on again in full career, and
+presently, their curiosity satisfied, turning away and scampering out of
+sight. Deer and elk were constantly seen by the river banks and under
+the cottonwood groves. Buffalo trails crossed the country in every
+direction, and their skulls and bones were frequent. Thus far the party
+followed well-marked trails, but on entering the plains the guide
+directed his course by some distant butte or landmark, or by the sun,
+for there was no trail leading in a given course, and the buffalo trails
+lacing the plains in every direction were very misleading. The plains
+were covered with the short, fine, curly buffalo grass, very different
+from the luxuriant, waving bunch grass of the Columbia, but equally
+nutritious.
+
+Learning of Mr. Cumming's approach, the governor, accompanied by Doty
+and Sohon and a small party, made a three days' trip to Milk River,
+August 11-13, a distance of eighty miles, where the commissioners met
+and formally organized the commission, appointing Mr. Doty secretary,
+and Mr. H. Kennedy, who came with Mr. Cumming, assistant secretary, and
+returned together to Fort Benton. The governor was seriously concerned
+to learn that the treaty goods and supplies were greatly delayed.
+Commissioner Cumming had been specially charged with the duty of
+transporting them to Fort Benton; but under his dilatory management the
+steamboat, which carried them with himself up the Missouri, did not
+reach Fort Union until late in the season, and, instead of continuing up
+the river as far as possible, discharged her cargo and returned to St.
+Louis. The goods were then loaded into boats, which were now slowly
+proceeding up the river by cordeling, or towing by a force of men
+walking along the bank and pulling on a long tow-rope. This unexpected
+and inexcusable delay seriously imperiled the holding of the council.
+Governor Stevens had brought with him only sufficient supplies to carry
+his small party to Fort Benton, expecting to find there ample stores
+sent up by the government under charge of Cumming. The western Indians,
+who at his invitation had come so far to attend the council, could not
+find subsistence for a long wait; and it was necessary for them, as well
+as for the governor and party, to start home before winter set in and
+blocked the return journey. The great numbers of the Blackfeet made it
+difficult to keep them in hand and assemble them late in the season, for
+they were accustomed, and indeed were obliged, to spread over a wide
+territory in order to hunt buffalo, and lay in their winter robes,
+lodge-skins, and food.
+
+While in Washington the preceding summer Governor Stevens had urged upon
+the Indian Department the importance of the early arrival of the goods
+at Fort Benton, and on reaching Olympia in December, repeated his
+recommendations in writing. Moreover, he wrote a personal letter to the
+President urging the necessity of having a steamer start with them at
+the earliest moment in the spring, and push up the Missouri above Fort
+Union as far as possible, and especially recommended that a boat be
+chartered expressly for the trip. He added a prophetic caution, or
+warning, against relying upon the American Fur Company to transport the
+goods, as they could not be depended upon to make the necessary early
+start and vigorous push up the river, which would entail some extra
+expense and risk, but would surely pursue their usual methods, and in
+the end sacrifice the public interests to their own. Notwithstanding
+these wise and urgent recommendations, the whole matter was left to
+Cumming, who late in the spring wrote the commissioner, proposing that
+the council be postponed to another year. Being thereupon informed that
+Governor Stevens was probably already on his way with the western
+Indians too far to be recalled, and instructed to proceed, he contracted
+with the fur company to transport the goods, with the predicted result.
+In this and other ways he manifested a perfect willingness to play into
+the hands of the fur company, a willingness which, whatever the motive,
+affords the only rational explanation of this transaction, of his entire
+indifference to the success of the council, and of his opposition to
+making adequate provision in the way of farms and annuities for
+civilizing the Indians. Of course, the American Fur Company, like the
+Hudson Bay Company, was averse to having its trade impaired and
+eventually destroyed by the government's giving goods to, and
+civilizing, the Indians.
+
+At the governor's instance, messengers were immediately dispatched to
+the boats to ascertain how long before they would probably arrive, and
+to the different bands of Indians to advise them that they must wait
+longer than was expected, and to ascertain and regulate their movements,
+so that they might readily reach the council ground when notified, and
+meantime find sufficient buffalo and other game to support them.
+
+Provisions for his own party, now nearly out, were sought at the fort,
+but the traders were also destitute, not having yet received their
+annual supply from below, and could furnish nothing but a few hundred
+pounds of old jerked buffalo meat, exactly like worn-out boot-leather in
+appearance,--so black, dry, tough, and dirty was it. It seems that all
+the jerked meat, when first obtained, was piled up loose in one of the
+store-rooms, and free access to it given the cooks and Indian wives of
+the employees. They naturally picked out the best first, so that, after
+the winter's use, only the dryest and toughest pieces and scraps
+remained. However, two parfleches of pemmican of one hundred pounds each
+were found among the goods left by the exploring party two years before.
+This pemmican was put up by the Red River half-breeds, and consisted of
+jerked buffalo meat pounded fine and mixed with buffalo fat and dried
+berries, and then packed in large bags of rawhide called parfleches. It
+had become so hardened by age that it had to be chopped out of the
+parfleches with an axe, but it was perfectly sweet and good, and
+afforded a very palatable and nourishing hash.
+
+The governor now fitted out a hunting party under Hugh Robie, with a
+pack-train, and sent them with a party of Gros Ventre Indians to the
+Judith River, some eighty miles south of the fort, after buffalo. These
+noble game animals were found there in great numbers and very fat. The
+hunters, white and red, killed hundreds of them, stripping off the hides
+and flesh, which they brought into camp, where the squaws jerked the
+meat by cutting it into thin slices and strips and drying it on
+scaffolds in the sun, and dressed the skins for lodges. In three weeks
+Robie and his party returned with his pack-mules and riding animals
+loaded down with fat, juicy buffalo meat,--a two months' supply for the
+whole party. Metsic, an Indian hunter, was kept busy hunting in the
+vicinity of the fort, and brought in many deer and antelope, and small
+parties were from time to time sent to the Citadel Rock, a noted
+landmark twenty miles down the river, after bighorn, which were so
+abundant there that the hunters would load their animals in a day's
+hunt. The governor was desirous that his son should see and experience
+all the aspects of the trip, and believed in throwing a boy on his own
+resources, without too close supervision, as the proper way of
+developing his judgment and capacity; so Hazard, who was now well
+hardened to riding and the fatigues of the field, and sufficiently
+adventurous, accompanied the buffalo and big-horn hunting parties. There
+was no danger of starving, but the governor remarks:--
+
+  "As we had very little bread, sugar, or coffee, the bighorn of
+  Citadel Rock were exceedingly delightful as an article of food, and
+  are generally preferred by the mountain men to any other game except
+  buffalo; so between buffalo, bighorn, and the smaller game we fared
+  very well. The parties who extended our information of the country
+  in conveying messages to the Indians, etc., invariably lived either
+  on the dried meat they took with them, or on the game which they
+  killed from day to day. They had no flour, no sugar, no coffee, and
+  yet there was not a word of complaint from one of them; but we made
+  it the subject of a good deal of merriment when we were able to
+  reach the boats and have a sufficiency of those articles which in
+  civilized life are deemed indispensable to comfort."
+
+Meanwhile the Indians were all well in hand, ready and anxious for the
+council, which nothing delayed but the unfortunate backwardness of the
+boats. The Blackfeet were mostly north of the Missouri, the western
+Indians south of it, and the governor by his expresses kept himself
+informed of and guided their movements. The reports from the agents with
+the latter were especially encouraging. The Nez Perces, 108 lodges;
+Flatheads and Pend Oreilles, 68 lodges; and 40 lodges of the Snakes,
+numbering all told 216 lodges, or over 2000 souls,--were in one camp on
+the Muscle Shell River, awaiting the call to the council. The whole camp
+of the Gros Ventres, and Low Horn's band of the Piegans of 54 lodges,
+were in the vicinity. The hereditary enemies were visiting and hunting
+together on most friendly terms, their minds all attuned to peace and
+friendship, and all anxious for the council.
+
+An incident now occurred well calculated to test the good faith of the
+Blackfeet. When making arrangements in the Bitter Root valley for the
+western Indians to attend the council, and they had objected that the
+Blackfeet would steal their horses, Governor Stevens assured them of his
+belief that the Blackfeet would receive them with kindness and
+hospitality, using this expression: "I guarantee that when you pull in
+your lariat in the morning, you will find a horse at the end of it."
+Relying on his assurance, four young Pend Oreille braves visited the
+governor at Fort Benton, and on his invitation turned their horses into
+his band, which grazed two miles above the fort. Next morning they were
+gone. Two young warriors of the northern Blackfeet had picked them out
+from over a hundred animals, and made off with them. The governor
+immediately put Little Dog, a prominent chief of the Bloods, to search
+for the trail of the raiders, and at the same time dispatched Doty with
+one attendant and a guide to the northern camps, judging that the
+thieves would seek refuge in that quarter. Little Dog returned
+unsuccessful, not finding a hoof-print of the missing horses in one
+hundred miles and thirty hours' hard riding, and was sent north to
+follow Doty. The latter pushed on fifty miles a day for two hundred and
+thirty miles to Bow River in British territory, a tributary of the
+Saskatchewan, where he struck a large Blackfoot camp only two hours
+after the arrival there of the stolen horses. He immediately called
+together the chiefs, and demanded the surrender of the animals. The head
+chief, Lame Bull, returned three of them, but stated that one of the
+scamps had gotten off with the fourth. He expressed great regret at the
+theft, and offered two of his own horses in place of the one not
+recovered. Doty placed the rescued animals in charge of Little Dog, who
+had overtaken him, and resuming the pursuit of the remaining one, rode
+seventy miles to Elk River, another branch of the Saskatchewan, where
+he found another large camp of Blackfeet, and where the chief, Bull's
+Head, delivered to him the last horse with expressions of regret at the
+misconduct of his young men, and the offer of another horse by way of
+amends. On the sixteenth day after the horses were taken they were
+returned to the Pend Oreille braves at the fort. This was the first and
+last instance of horse-stealing by the Blackfeet pending the council,
+and afforded most gratifying proof of their good faith. Thus a
+depredation which might have led to disastrous results was made the
+means of demonstrating the sincerity and strengthening the friendship of
+the Indians.
+
+All these Indians professed great willingness to make friends with the
+western tribes and the Crows, and agreed to meet them at the council and
+conclude a treaty. They arranged with Mr. Doty to so direct their
+movements as to bring them within reach of Fort Benton at the proper
+time. He also secured James Bird as interpreter, an intelligent
+half-breed, said to be the best interpreter in the country, who was then
+visiting Low Horn's band.
+
+On August 27 Pearson arrived with letters from Olympia, and reported
+that everything was quiet and favorable west of the mountains, and that
+many miners and settlers were going into the upper country, gold having
+recently been discovered on the Columbia, near Colville.
+
+  "Pearson rode seventeen hundred and fifty miles by the route he took
+  from the Bitter Root valley to Olympia, and back to Benton, in
+  twenty-eight days, during some of which he did not travel. He was
+  less than three days going from Fort Owen to Fort Benton, a
+  distance, by the route he pursued, of some two hundred and sixty
+  miles, which he traveled without a change of animals, having no food
+  but the berries of the country, except a little fish, which he
+  killed on Travelers' Rest Creek of Lewis and Clark on the morning
+  of starting from Fort Owen, which served him for a single meal," as
+  the governor says in his final report.
+
+On his trips Pearson usually drove two extra horses ahead of him, and,
+when the one he was riding became tired, changed his saddle to a fresh
+one. He could "ride anything that wore hair," and was equally expert
+with the lariat which he carried at the horn of his saddle. He always
+contrived, too, to procure fresh horses at certain points on his long
+trips, as at Walla Walla, Lapwai, and the Bitter Root valley, sometimes
+having previously left them, and sometimes by trading with the Indians.
+Imagine this little man of steel, insensible to cold, hunger, and
+fatigue, galloping like a centaur, day after day, across the vast,
+lonely plains, driving before him his two loose horses!
+
+The messenger dispatched to the boats returned with the report that they
+would probably reach the mouth of the Judith in twenty days, and Fort
+Benton in thirty or thirty-five, or on the 5th to the 10th of October.
+The governor proposed that one of the boats be loaded with the most
+necessary goods and forced up faster by an extra crew, in order to
+hasten the opening of the council, leaving the others to follow; but
+Commissioner Cumming refused to consent to this expedient. He was a
+large, portly man, pompous, and full of his own importance, and having
+been named first as commissioner, and charged with bringing up the goods
+and the disbursements for the council, now attempted to arrogate to
+himself practically sole and exclusive authority. He even attempted to
+dismiss Doty as secretary, and claimed the right to appoint all the
+officers for the council; and this was the more unreasonable because he
+had not brought with him a single efficient man, and the whole work of
+holding and collecting the Indians, furnishing interpreters, and in
+short carrying the council through successfully, had to be done, and was
+done, by Governor Stevens and the trained force he had provided for the
+purpose. But the governor firmly insisted that nothing could be done
+except by the act of the commission; sternly informed his colleague that
+he would not permit him to repudiate his own action in organizing it,
+appointing the secretary, etc.; submitted a series of rules regulating
+its proceedings, and required all official communications between them
+to be in writing and made a matter of record. Under this firm and
+decided treatment Cumming was forced to abate his pretensions and
+subside into his proper place; but he opposed most of the governor's
+suggestions, disagreed with him on all points, and exhibited a degree of
+arrogance, ignorance, and childish petulance hard to be believed, were
+they not so plainly shown by the official record.
+
+In framing the treaty the governor proposed that farms be opened for the
+Blackfeet on the upper waters of the Sun River, and that $50,000 a year
+be allowed the Indians for twenty years, the greater part to be expended
+in carrying on the farms, instructing the Indians, etc. This amount was
+authorized by their instructions, and did not seem very extravagant for
+teaching twelve thousand Indians the ways of civilization, and leading
+them to abandon their life-long hostilities and predatory raids, being
+only about four dollars per capita. But Cumming flatly refused to agree
+to more than $35,000, and objected to the farms as "affording
+opportunities for speculating under the guise of philanthropy." As the
+Blackfeet were within his superintendency, this was really a reflection
+upon himself and his agents not intended by the self-sufficient
+official. The commissioners were instructed to report generally on the
+Indians and the country. Cumming stigmatized the Blackfeet as utter
+savages, bloodthirsty and depraved, and declared that they would use
+goods that might be furnished them as the means of buying rum at the
+British trading-posts, and, therefore, that annuities of goods, etc.,
+would only aid in demoralizing them. As to the country, he adopted, _con
+amore_, the Jefferson Davis theory, asserting that "it is a vast and
+sterile region, which could not sustain the animals required for even a
+limited emigration, and altogether unfitted for cultivation. Every part
+of this barren region must forever be closed against all modern
+improvements in the way of transportation, with the exception of the
+Missouri River." He was as unable to appreciate the philanthropic views
+of Governor Stevens, and his earnest desire to improve the Indians, as
+he was ignorant of them and of the country.
+
+The governor's views are given at length, and have been remarkably
+sustained by the subsequent settlement of the country. The following
+extracts will be found interesting, particularly his calculation that a
+million and a half buffalo grazed over the region:--
+
+  "It is in the main an exceedingly fine grazing country, of great
+  salubrity of climate, much arable land of good quality, with
+  abundant cottonwood on the streams, and many localities abound in
+  pine of the finest quality. A portion of the country is scantily
+  watered, but not seriously to affect its capabilities as a grazing
+  country, or to interfere with emigration. At the base of the
+  mountains, throughout nearly the whole length of the Blackfoot
+  country, the soil is good, in many places exceedingly rich, and the
+  grasses abundant and of the finest quality. At the heads of Milk and
+  Marias rivers, and at the heads of all the southern tributaries of
+  the south branch of the Saskatchewan, between latitudes 48° 30´ and
+  49°, there are abundant forests of pine, large tracts of arable
+  land, and lakes well stocked with fish. On the Highwood alone, there
+  are at least fifteen thousand acres of arable land.
+
+  "So far from this country not being able to supply the wants of
+  even a limited emigration, an emigration could not possibly take
+  place which would exhaust its capabilities.
+
+  "The quantities of buffalo which these plains subsist, not to take
+  into account the vast herds of elk, deer, bighorn, antelope, and
+  other game, will alone carry conviction that the territory inhabited
+  by the Blackfeet is a good grazing country.
+
+  "The Blackfeet live almost exclusively on the buffalo. They number
+  above ten thousand souls. They make twenty thousand robes a year.
+  They require nearly twenty thousand skins for their renewal of
+  lodges annually and other purposes. All these are the skins of cows.
+  For several months they live entirely on bulls, and many bulls are
+  killed at all seasons of the year. Making the proper allowance for
+  animals that die of disease, are killed by wolves, or other causes,
+  and for the known improvidence of Indians, it is believed that one
+  hundred and fifty thousand buffalo of three years old and upward are
+  required each year to subsist, clothe, and house these Indians. This
+  number must be added each year to the herds of grown animals to
+  prevent a decrease. Estimating that three quarters of the cows bear
+  young, and that one half of these come to maturity, eight hundred
+  thousand buffalo of and above three years, and one million and a
+  half buffalo of all ages must be roaming on these plains to enable
+  the Indians to live. Yet, on a large portion of this region the
+  grass is hardly touched from one year's end to another.
+
+  "The whole of the Gros Ventres and nearly three fourths of the
+  Piegans, Bloods, and Blackfeet winter on the Milk, Marias, and
+  Teton, finding subsistence for their animals in the bottoms, and
+  food from the buffalo which frequent the groves of cottonwood.
+
+
+                    "THE CHARACTER OF THE BLACKFEET.
+
+  "They are called savages, yet their four tribes have lived together
+  many years on terms of amity, making war only on the neighboring
+  tribes. The chiefs, who promised the undersigned two years' since to
+  use their influence to prevent their people from warring on the
+  neighboring tribes, have been true to their word, and have in some
+  cases incurred the displeasure of their wild young men for their
+  persistency. These chiefs, and all the Blackfoot chiefs, have sent
+  word to their hereditary enemies, the Flatheads, the Nez Perces, and
+  the Crows: 'Come to the council without fear. Your persons and your
+  horses shall be under our protection, and if a horse be taken by
+  some of our wild young men, his place shall at once be made good.'
+  The undersigned looks forward to no disturbance at the council, for
+  he believes the Blackfeet will keep their word.
+
+  "The Blackfeet have expressed a strong desire for farms, schools,
+  mills, and shops. They are quick to learn, have a great curiosity to
+  handle tools and implements, and are excellent herders of animals.
+  The women are proverbially industrious, many of them expert in the
+  use of the needle, and persons of both sexes seem to fall readily
+  into the ways of the whites."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [9] Now occupied by the thriving town, Missoula.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XXXIII
+
+                         THE BLACKFOOT COUNCIL
+
+
+By his careful preparation for two years, and masterly handling of them,
+Governor Stevens brought and kept these various tribes of Indians within
+easy distance of Fort Benton, all ready and anxious for the council, and
+in the most friendly and favorable state of feeling, during the whole
+month of August and half of September, fully six weeks. Had the goods
+arrived at any time during this waiting period, not less than 12,000
+Indians would have attended the council, comprising 10,000 Blackfeet,
+1100 Nez Perces, 700 Flatheads and Pend Oreilles, and 400 Snakes, the
+western Indians numbering 2200. But it now became impossible for the
+latter to remain longer on the Muscle Shell and Judith, for lack of
+game. The buffalo had disappeared. The grass was drying up. No day could
+yet be fixed for the council in the uncertainty of the arrival of the
+boats. On September 8 the Nez Perce camp of one hundred and three
+lodges, in charge of agent Tappan, was obliged to start southward for
+the Yellowstone, hoping to find buffalo. Tappan wrote that, unless the
+council was held within three weeks, not twelve Nez Perces would be able
+to attend it. Eagle-from-the-Light and other chiefs, with several
+lodges, joined the Flathead camp in order not to miss the council. But
+on September 10 agent Adams reported that the Flatheads might in twelve
+or fourteen days be obliged, also, to go to the Yellowstone for food.
+The Snake camp also moved to the same region for the same cause. In
+compliance with his instructions, Adams made a trip to the Yellowstone
+in search of the Crows, and descended it to a point below the Big Horn
+River, where he met Tappan with some Nez Perces on the same quest. But
+these Indians could not be found. It was reported that, in consequence
+of the measles having broken out among them and many having died, they
+had scattered, a part going down the river and part taking to the
+mountains.
+
+To prevent, if possible, the failure of the whole council undertaking,
+now imminent, the governor dispatched Packmaster Higgins with a few
+picked men to visit both camps, and notify them that October 3, or a few
+days later, was fixed for holding the council, and directing them to
+move to the vicinity of Fort Benton, and to find camps on the Shantier
+and Highwood creeks. Mr. Tappan was also instructed to secure, if
+possible, the attendance of the principal Crow chiefs.
+
+On the fourth day out Higgins met Adams and Tappan returning to Fort
+Benton, despairing of the council, but the former hastened back to the
+Flatheads with the new orders, while Tappan joined Higgins, and, with
+Craig, Delaware Jim, and the voyageur Legare, pushed across the country
+and struck the Nez Perce camp high up on the Yellowstone. Although none
+of the party had ever passed over this part of the country before,
+Delaware Jim was so thoroughly conversant with the Yellowstone country
+and the upper Missouri, and certain mountain heights flanking the route,
+that he actually guided them on an air-line, and struck the looked-for
+camp without making a detour of a mile on the course, and that, too,
+traveling fifty miles a day.
+
+As the result of this prompt and decided action, Adams reached Fort
+Benton October 3, and reported that Victor's whole camp would soon be on
+the Judith, and that Victor himself, leaving his camp there, would come
+with his chiefs and principal men to Fort Benton to attend the council.
+On the 5th Higgins and Tappan arrived, and at noon next day a large
+delegation of Nez Perce chiefs, under charge of Craig, also came in, but
+did not bring the large numbers in their camp, for fear they could not
+find sufficient game to feed them. Tappan was unable to learn anything
+of the Crows except the report already mentioned. The Snakes, too, had
+gone beyond reach, and could not be summoned. In the mean time the
+northern bands of the Blackfeet, in accordance with the programme
+arranged by Mr. Doty, had been moving down, and were now all on the
+Teton and Marias rivers. The Gros Ventres were on Milk River. Low Horn's
+and Little Gray Head's bands of the Piegans were on the Honkee.
+Alexander, the Pend Oreille chief's camp, was established on the
+Highwood. The buffalo were in great numbers between the Marias and Milk,
+and herds of them were coming within twenty miles of Fort Benton. "The
+arrival of the Nez Perces," says the governor, "brought all the Indians
+within the direct purview of the commission, and the most remote camps,
+those of the Flatheads and Gros Ventres, could be reached in a single
+day." These two camps were some seventy-five miles distant each, in
+different directions, and the area within which the Indians were now
+brought was little less than the State of Massachusetts, not counting
+the large Nez Perce camp on the Yellowstone.
+
+Even yet the boats had not reached the Judith, could not reach it
+probably before the 8th, thirty-seven days from the Muscle Shell,
+instead of twenty as promised. It would require twenty-five days longer
+to drag them up the river another hundred miles to Fort Benton. The
+Blackfeet and the western Indians had now been freely mingling together
+for several days, and it was important that their present favorable
+disposition should be availed of. Accordingly Governor Stevens proposed
+to hold the council on the mouth of the Judith, and upon his urgency and
+arguments it was so decided on the evening of the 5th, the day the Nez
+Perce chiefs arrived, and the 13th was fixed as the time. The necessary
+measures to assemble the Indians at that point were devolved upon the
+governor as usual, and also to notify the boats to stop and unload
+there. By the 7th all the camps were notified, the Flatheads being
+already on the appointed ground, and most of the chiefs conferred with
+the governor in person, who, during these days, held a constant levee in
+his camp at the fort. The northern camps, however, were unwilling to
+move seventy miles farther than they expected, with their large supplies
+of meat recently taken, and it was decided that the chiefs, with a
+portion of their people, should attend, leaving the main camps
+undisturbed.
+
+The governor relates the following incident:--
+
+  "My son Hazard, thirteen years of age, had accompanied me from
+  Olympia to the waters of the Missouri. Like all youths of that age,
+  he was always ready for the saddle, and had spent some days with one
+  of my hunting parties on the Judith, where he had become well
+  acquainted with the Gros Ventres. When we determined to change the
+  council from Fort Benton to the mouth of the Judith, I undertook the
+  duty of seeing the necessary messages sent to the various bands and
+  tribes, and to bring them all to the mouth of the Judith at the
+  proper moment. These Indians were scattered from Milk River, near
+  Hammell's Houses, along the Marias, along the Teton, to a
+  considerable distance south of the Missouri, the Flatheads being on
+  the Judith, and the Pend Oreilles on Smith's Fork of the Missouri,
+  with two bands of the Blackfeet lying somewhat intermediate, but in
+  the vicinity of the Girdle Mountain. I succeeded in securing the
+  services of a fit and reliable man for each one of these bands and
+  tribes, except the Gros Ventres, camped on Milk River. There were
+  several men, who had considerable experience among Indians and in
+  voyageuring, who desired to go, but I had not confidence in them,
+  and accordingly, at ten o'clock on Sunday morning, I started my
+  little son as a messenger to the Gros Ventres. Accompanied by the
+  interpreter, Legare, he made that Gros Ventre camp before dark, a
+  distance of seventy-five miles, and gave his message the same
+  evening to the chiefs, and without changing horses they were in the
+  saddle early in the morning, and reached my camp at half past three
+  o'clock. Thus a youth of thirteen traveled one hundred and fifty
+  measured miles from ten o'clock of one day to half past three
+  o'clock in the afternoon of the next. The Gros Ventres made their
+  marches exactly as I had desired, and reached the new council ground
+  at the mouth of the Judith the very morning which had been
+  appointed.
+
+  "I doubt whether such an express service as we were obliged to
+  employ at Fort Benton to keep the Indians in hand was ever employed
+  in this country with the same means. Many of our animals, which had
+  done service all the way from the Dalles, traveled at express rates
+  more than a thousand miles before we started on our return from Fort
+  Benton. Many of our mules traveled from seven to eight hundred miles
+  with packs in going to the boats for provisions and to the hunting
+  grounds for meat; and yet, after our treaty was concluded and we
+  were ready to move home, we were able to make very good rates with
+  these same animals, although the season was so late as November."
+
+To realize the remarkable extent and efficiency of this express service,
+bear in mind Doty's trip to Bow River, three hundred miles north of Fort
+Benton; Tappan's and Adams's and Higgins's to the Yellowstone, two
+hundred miles southeast; and the expresses down the river to the boats,
+one hundred and fifty miles; not to speak of Pearson's trip to Olympia,
+one thousand miles. It was as though one in New York, without
+telegraphs, railroads, or mails, had to regulate by pony express the
+movements of bands of Indians at Boston, Portland, Montreal, Buffalo,
+and Washington.
+
+After spending four days in conferences with the chiefs, explaining the
+reasons for changing the council ground, etc., the governor broke camp
+on the 10th, and on the next day, Thursday, reached the point where the
+boats were unloading, a mile below the mouth of the Judith, selected and
+prepared the council ground, and received and assigned to their camps
+the Indians as they arrived. His colleague descended the river in a
+skiff, and did not arrive until the following Saturday. By Monday all
+the Indians had assembled, and numbered thirty-five hundred.
+
+On Tuesday Governor Stevens formally opened the council. The Indians, as
+usual on such occasions, "reposed on the bosom of their mother," that
+is, sat on the ground in semicircular rows, twenty-six principal chiefs
+in the first row, lesser chiefs in succeeding rows, and the rank and
+file in the rear. The governor administered the oath to the interpreters
+to translate truly, having first inquired of the Indians if they were
+satisfied with them and received an affirmative reply.
+
+  [Illustration: THE BLACKFOOT COUNCIL]
+
+Governor Stevens said:--
+
+  "My children, my heart is glad to-day. I see Indians east of the
+  mountains and Indians west of the mountains sitting here as friends,
+  Bloods, Blackfeet, Piegans, Gros Ventres, and Nez Perces,
+  Koo-te-nays, Pend Oreilles, Flatheads; and we have the Cree chief
+  sitting down here from the north and east, and Snakes farther from
+  the west. There is peace now between you all here present. We want
+  peace also with absent tribes, with the Crees and Assiniboines, with
+  the Snakes, and, yes, even with the Crows. You have all sent your
+  message to the Crows, telling them you would meet them in friendship
+  here. The Crows were far, and could not be present, but we expect
+  you to promise to be friends with the Crows.
+
+  "It was Low Horn who, two years since, said to me, 'Peace with the
+  Flatheads and Nez Perces.' The Little Dog, Little Gray Head, and all
+  the Blackfoot chiefs said, 'Peace with them; come and meet us in
+  council,' and here they are. Here you see them face to face. I met
+  them the same year. I told them your words. They said, 'Peace
+  also with the Blackfeet.' And the Great Father has said, 'Peace with
+  the Crees and Assiniboines, the Crows, and all neighboring tribes.'
+
+  "I shall say nothing about peace with the white man. No white man
+  enters a Blackfoot or a western Indian's lodge without being treated
+  to the very best. Peace already prevails. We trust such will
+  continue to be the case forever. We have been traveling over your
+  whole country, both to the east and west of the mountains, in small
+  parties, ranging away north to Bow River, and south to the
+  Yellowstone. We have kept no guard. We have not tied up our horses.
+  All has been safe. Therefore I say peace has been, is now, and will
+  continue, between these Indians and the white man."
+
+The treaty was then read to them, after which the governor went over its
+provisions, explaining them, etc.
+
+The council lasted three days. The best feeling prevailed, all the
+chiefs making earnest and sincere speeches in favor of peace,
+contrasting the advantages of hunting in safety and trading between the
+tribes with the continual losses of their young braves and the steady
+decline in numbers from perpetual war, although some of them expressed
+doubts as to restraining the ambitious young warriors. Only one passing
+shadow was cast over the assemblage, and that but for a moment. The
+treaty made all the country south of the Missouri a common hunting
+ground for all the tribes, while the country north of the river was to
+be reserved to the Blackfeet for hunting purposes, although open to the
+western Indians for trading and visiting. To this restriction Alexander,
+the Pend Oreille chief, demurred. Said he:--
+
+  "A long time ago this country belonged to our ancestors, and the
+  Blackfeet lived far north. We Indians were all well pleased when we
+  came together here in friendship. Now you point us out a little
+  piece of land to hunt our game in. When we were enemies I always
+  crossed over there, and why should I not now when we are friends?
+  Now I have two hearts about it. What is the reason? Which of these
+  chiefs [pointing to the Blackfeet] says we are not to go there?
+  Which is the one?"
+
+  The Little Dog, a Piegan chief: "It is I, and not because we have
+  anything against you. We are friendly, but the north Blackfeet might
+  make a quarrel if you hunted near them. Do not put yourself in their
+  way."
+
+On Alexander's insisting, the Little Dog said:--
+
+  "Since he speaks so much of it, we will give him liberty to come out
+  in the north."
+
+Alexander's contention will be better understood by considering the fact
+that his country, on the Flathead River and Clark's Fork, lies directly
+opposite the region of the upper Marias, and that by going directly east
+across the mountains through the Marias Pass he could reach buffalo in a
+short trip, while the journey to the plains south of the Missouri was a
+much longer one.
+
+On the last day the commissioners and the chiefs and headmen of all the
+tribes present signed the treaty amid the greatest satisfaction and good
+feeling. During the next three days, October 18-20, the presents were
+distributed, and coats and medals were presented to the chiefs, with
+speeches by the commissioners, exhorting them to keep their promises to
+their Great Father, and control their young braves. The several tribes
+fraternized most amicably throughout all these proceedings, particularly
+the Flatheads and Gros Ventres,--who had hunted together and exchanged
+friendly visits for many weeks on the Muscle Shell,--the Nez Perces and
+Piegans, and the Bloods and Pend Oreilles. Though the Crows were not
+present, the Indians pledged themselves not to war upon them, nor upon
+any of the neighboring tribes. The officers of this council were: Isaac
+I. Stevens and Alfred Cumming, commissioners; James Doty, secretary;
+Thomas Adams and A.J. Vaughan, reporters. The interpreters were: James
+Bird, A. Culbertson, and M. Roche, for the Blackfeet; Benjamin Kiser,
+G. Sohon, for the Flatheads; William Craig, Delaware Jim, for the Nez
+Perces.
+
+  [Illustration:             STAR ROBE
+                 THE RIDER       HEAVY SHIELD
+                              LAME BULL
+                 BLACKFOOT CHIEFS]
+
+The treaty was much more than a treaty of peace as far as the Blackfeet
+were concerned, for it gave them schools, farms, agricultural
+implements, etc., and an agent, and annuities of $35,000 for ten years,
+of which $15,000 was devoted to educating them in agriculture and to
+teaching the children. At the last moment the governor induced Cumming
+to agree to a clause empowering the President and Senate to increase the
+annuities $15,000 more, if the amount fixed in the treaty was deemed
+insufficient. It contained the usual provision prohibiting intoxicating
+liquor. The extensive region between the Missouri and Yellowstone was
+made the common hunting ground of all the tribes. All agreed to maintain
+peace with each other, including those tribes that were unable to be
+present, the Crows, Crees, Assiniboines, and Snakes. The treaty was made
+obligatory on the Indians from their signing it, and on the United
+States from its ratification, which occurred the next spring, and it was
+duly proclaimed by the President on April 25, 1856.
+
+The tribes actually parties to this treaty numbered, by the
+commissioners' calculation, Blackfeet, 11,500; Nez Perces, 2500;
+Flathead nation, 2000; total 16,000. Nearly all of their chiefs and
+principal men attended the council and signed the treaty.
+
+The peace made at this council was observed with gratifying fidelity in
+the main. The Blackfeet ceased their incessant and bloody raids, and met
+their former enemies on friendly terms upon the common hunting grounds.
+Within a few years, in 1862-63, large white settlements sprang up on the
+headwaters of the Missouri, but they were spared the horrors and
+sufferings of Indian warfare with so powerful a tribe largely in
+consequence of this treaty. The council, which Governor Stevens planned
+and carried out with such foresight, sagacity, and indefatigable
+exertions during two years, bore fruit at last in the perpetual peace he
+hoped for and predicted. Few treaties with Indians have been so well
+observed by them as this by the "bloodthirsty" Blackfeet. They took no
+part in the great Sioux wars, nor in the outbreak of Joseph. They were
+afterwards gathered together on a large reservation, including the
+country about the Sun River, where the governor proposed to establish
+their farms.
+
+The council ground was a wide, level plain covered with a noble grove of
+huge cottonwoods. It was on the left bank of the Missouri, nearly
+opposite but below the mouth of the Judith. This stream was also
+bordered by broad bottoms, which were covered with large sage-brush, and
+fairly swarming with deer. The governor's camp was pitched under the
+lofty cottonwoods, and lower down was the camp of the crew of men who
+had dragged the boats up the river. They were a hundred strong, mostly
+Germans, having many fine voices among them, and were fond of spending
+the evenings in singing. The effect of their grand choruses, pealing
+forth over the river and resounding among the lofty trees, was
+magnificent. In the governor's camp an unusually large Indian lodge--a
+great cone of poles covered with dressed and smoke-stained buffalo
+skins--was erected and used as an office tent, where the records were
+copied and smaller conferences held. Every night between eleven and
+twelve, when the work of the day was concluded, the governor would call
+in the gentlemen of the party, a few chiefs, and some of the
+interpreters, and have a real Homeric feast of buffalo ribs, flapjacks
+with melted sugar, and hot coffee. Whole sides of ribs would be brought
+in, smoking-hot from the fire, and passed around, and each guest would
+cut off a rib for himself with his hunting knife, and sit there holding
+the huge dainty, three feet long, and tearing off the juicy and
+delicious meat with teeth and knife, principally the former. No
+description can convey an idea of the hearty zest and relish and
+enjoyment, or the keen appetites, with which they met at these
+hospitable repasts, and recounted the varied adventures and experiences
+of their recent trips, or listened as Craig, Delaware Jim, or Ben Kiser
+related some thrilling tale of trapper days, or desperate fight with
+Indian or grizzly bear.
+
+  [Illustration: TAT-TU-YE, THE FOX
+                 _Chief of the Blood Indians_]
+
+  [Illustration: MEK-YA-PY, RED DYE
+                 _Piegan Warrior_]
+
+The other commissioner did not grace these reunions with his presence.
+Chafing at the constraint put upon him, and the secondary part which he
+could not help taking, despite all his pretensions, he kept his quarters
+on one of the boats, and relieved his mind by refusing to recommend the
+allowance of the governor's accounts for the extra expenses necessarily
+incurred by the two months' delay, the result of his own inefficiency;
+refused to allow Mr. Doty more than five dollars a day for his services
+as secretary, which pitiful stipend he took pains to call "wages;" and
+among other grievances complained that Governor Stevens had insinuated
+that he, Cumming, had shown a disposition to repudiate his own acts done
+in commission,--all this gravely set forth in official communications
+addressed to the Secretary, and made part of the record. This was too
+much for the governor's patience, and he replied:--
+
+  "The undersigned has made no such intimation. On the contrary, in
+  his communications to the commission he has demonstrated that
+  Commissioner Cumming had repudiated his own act, and used every
+  exertion to usurp the rights and powers of the commission, and
+  reduce the undersigned to the position of a subordinate. Fortunately
+  for the dignity of the commission and the success of the treaty,
+  this attempt was most successfully resisted, and Commissioner
+  Cumming was compelled to surrender his claims. Commissioner Stevens
+  has no grievance for which he asks redress from the Department of
+  the Interior. He has protected his own rights here."
+
+In the joint report forwarding the treaty, prepared like all the
+official papers by Governor Stevens, he states the disagreements between
+the commissioners on nearly every point, and adds:--
+
+  "So utterly at variance have been their views that it has only been
+  with great difficulty that a concert of action has been effected at
+  all."
+
+The governor's last official communication to the secretary of the
+commission fitly expressed his indignation at the action of the
+department in naming Cumming first on the commission:--
+
+"The undersigned solemnly protests against the instructions of the
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs placing the name of Commissioner Cumming
+first on the commission, and he appeals from said instructions to the
+President of the United States.
+
+  "The undersigned was, in his opinion, entitled to be placed first,
+  and for the following reasons:--
+
+  "1. He originated the Blackfoot council, prepared the Indians on
+  both sides of the mountains for it, and, for all practical purposes,
+  has been the superintendent of all these tribes since he explored
+  the country in 1853. He has appointed special agents for the
+  Blackfeet, distributed goods and provisions among them, and in other
+  ways has by authority of the Interior Department had the
+  administrative charge of these tribes.
+
+  "2. He was the senior officer by date of priority of commission.
+
+  "3. He was better fitted, by experience and adaptation to the
+  duties, to take a prominent part in the negotiations, and he
+  fearlessly refers to the official record to show that the success of
+  the treaty is mainly due to his previous labors, his forecast in
+  bringing the necessary force to the theatre of the principal
+  operations, and to the vigilance, energy, and force of character
+  which he has exhibited throughout, and that thus was redressed the
+  wrong which otherwise would have been done to the public service,
+  and injury to the reputation and services of the undersigned, by
+  placing his name second on the commission."
+
+  [Illustration: JAMES BIRD         DELAWARE JIM
+                     COLONEL ALFRED CUMMING
+                WILLIAM CRAIG    ALEXANDER CULBERTSON
+                COMMISSIONER CUMMING AND INTERPRETERS]
+
+With this parting shot the governor bade a heartfelt farewell to the
+pretentious incapable, who had so nearly wrecked the council, and added
+so much to his labors and perplexities. Cumming started down the river
+on one of the boats on the 23d.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XXXIV
+
+             CROSSING THE MOUNTAINS IN MIDWINTER.--SURPRISE
+                  OF THE C[OE]UR D'ALENES AND SPOKANES
+
+
+Having made a good riddance of his troublesome colleague, and seen the
+Indians depart their several ways with much hand-shaking and many
+expressions of goodwill and satisfaction, the governor and his little
+party packed up and started on the 24th, and reached Fort Benton the
+following day. Two days were spent here preparing for the long return
+journey across the mountains; for the animals were well worn by the hard
+express service of the summer, and it was necessary to lighten loads as
+much as possible. On October 28 the homeward start was made; the party
+moved over to and up the Teton, continued up that stream the 29th, and
+went into camp thirty-five miles from the fort.
+
+Supper was just over, and the men were gathering around the camp-fires,
+for the evening was frosty, when a lone horseman was discerned in the
+twilight slowly making his way over the plains towards the camp, and
+soon Pearson rode in, or rather staggered in, for his horse was utterly
+exhausted, and tottered as it walked. The eager men crowded around, and
+helped the wiry expressman from the saddle and supported him to a seat,
+for he was unable to stand, and his emaciated, wild, and haggard
+appearance bore witness to the hardships he had undergone. He delivered
+his dispatches, and, after being revived with food and warmth, was able
+to make his report, and surely one more fraught with astonishment and
+consternation for that little party on the lonely plains, a thousand
+miles from home, could not be imagined.
+
+The great tribes of the upper Columbia country, the Cuyuses, Yakimas,
+Walla Wallas, Umatillas, Palouses, and all the Oregon bands down to the
+Dalles, the very ones who had signed the treaties at the Walla Walla
+council and professed such friendship, had all broken out in open war.
+They had swept the upper country clean of whites, killing all the
+settlers and miners found there, and murdered agent Bolon under
+circumstances of peculiar atrocity. Major Haller, sent into the Yakima
+country with a hundred regulars and a howitzer, had been defeated and
+forced to retreat by Kam-i-ah-kan's warriors, with the loss of a third
+of his force and his cannon. The Indians west of the Cascades had also
+risen simultaneously, and laid waste the settlements on Puget Sound and
+in Oregon, showing that a widespread conspiracy prevailed. The Spokanes
+and Coeur d'Alenes were hostile, or soon would become hostile under
+the spur and taunts of the young Cuyuse and Yakima warriors sent among
+them to stir them up, and even some of the Nez Perces were disaffected.
+A thousand well-armed and brave hostile warriors under Kam-i-ah-kan,
+Pu-pu-mox-mox, Young Chief, and Five Crows were gathered in the Walla
+Walla valley, waiting to "wipe out" the party on its return; squads of
+young braves were visiting the Nez Perces, Spokanes, and Coeur
+d'Alenes, vaunting their victories, displaying fresh gory scalps, and
+using every effort to cajole or force them into hostility to the whites.
+
+The daring expressman's story of how he ran the gauntlet of the hostile
+tribes with the dispatches and information upon which depended the lives
+of the party heightened the impression made by his wretched appearance
+and doleful tidings. He left the Dalles on his return trip, fresh and
+well mounted, and, riding all day and night, reached Billy McKay's ranch
+on the Umatilla River at daylight, and stopped to get breakfast. The
+place was deserted. After eating he lassoed a fine powerful horse among
+a large band grazing near by, and after a hard struggle managed to
+saddle, bridle, and mount it. The steed was wild, and started off
+jumping stiff-legged. As Pearson rode from under the trees surrounding
+the house into the road, he saw a party of Indians racing down the hill
+into the valley, evidently on his trail, and heard their yells as they
+caught sight of him,--"Whup si-ah si-ah-poo! Whup si-ah!" "Kill the
+white man! Kill the white!"--and redoubled their speed in pursuit. His
+new mount proved of speed and bottom, and under whip and spur gave over
+his jumping for swift running. As he climbed the hill leading out of the
+valley on to the high plains and looked back, he again saw the red
+devils and heard their yells; and for mile after mile, from the top of
+every ridge and roll of the plains crossed by the trail, he would look
+back and see his pursuers, or the dust rising under the hoofs of their
+horses. But they could not lessen the distance between them; gradually
+they fell behind farther and farther, and at length were lost to sight.
+Pearson pushed his horse on all day as rapidly as it could stand without
+breaking down, and, when night fell, turned off the trail at right
+angles for several miles, then struck a course parallel to it, traveled
+all night, crossed the Walla Walla River and valley above the usual ford
+and crossings, and, having found a secluded depression in the plains
+beyond, stopped to rest and let his horse feed a couple of hours.
+Pushing on without further adventure, and exchanging his worn-out steed
+for a fresh one at Red Wolf's ground, he reached Lapwai the next day.
+Here he obtained a day's rest.
+
+Thus refreshed, and securing fresh horses and a young Nez Perce brave as
+guide, he started across the Bitter Root Mountains by the direct Nez
+Perce trail, the shortest but also the most rugged and elevated route,
+and at dark made camp high up in the mountains. That night a furious
+snowstorm set in. A tree fell and crushed his Indian companion. Pearson
+dragged his insensible body from beneath the tree, and said to himself,
+"Now the Nez Perces, too, will break out. They never will believe this
+buck's death was accidental. They will deem me his murderer, and always
+hunt my scalp after this." But to his great joy the young Indian came to
+his senses, and proved not to be seriously hurt. The storm raged three
+days; several feet of snow fell, too deep for horses to travel. When it
+ceased, Pearson sent the Indian back with the horses, and, packing his
+dispatches, blankets, and some dried meat on his back, continued across
+on snowshoes, which he had made during the storm, cutting the bows with
+his knife, and unraveling his lariat for the webs. The trail was hidden
+under the snow, but he guided his course largely by the marks of packs
+against the trees made by Indians who had crossed in winter. Struggling
+on in this manner for four days, he emerged upon the Bitter Root valley
+near Fort Owen, almost dead with fatigue and privation. Stopping only a
+few hours for rest, and procuring a good horse and equipments from the
+ever friendly Flatheads, he again took the saddle, and on the third day
+staggered into the governor's camp on the Teton.
+
+The dispatches fully corroborated Pearson's information. Among them were
+letters from Acting-Governor Mason, Colonel Simmons, Major Tilton, and
+others, warning the governor on no account to attempt to return home by
+the direct route across the mountains, and urging him to descend the
+Missouri and return by way of the Isthmus. He was assured that there
+were scarcely any troops in the country, that it was impossible to
+succor him, and equally impossible for him to get through so many
+hostile Indians, and that his only way of safety lay down the Missouri
+River.
+
+Governor Stevens's decision was instant and unwavering. It was to force
+his way back to his Territory by the direct route through all opposition
+and obstacles. He fully appreciated the perils and difficulties of the
+attempt, but his determination was unalterably fixed sternly to confront
+them all, and by a bold, decided course and rapid movements to force a
+passage through the hostile country and hostile savages.
+
+Doty was sent back to the fort the next morning for additional arms and
+ammunition. At noon the following day, October 31, leaving orders for
+Doty to follow with the train on his return from the fort, the governor,
+with Delaware Jim and Hugh Robie, his only companions, started for the
+Bitter Root valley, and reached Fort Owen in four and a half days, a
+distance of two hundred and thirty miles. Says the governor of this
+trip:--
+
+  "The first night we camped on Sun River, having made a distance of
+  some twenty-nine miles from about noon to sundown. On the 1st of
+  November we were in the saddle at early dawn, pushed towards
+  Cadotte's Pass, between the Crown Butte and Rattlers, passed by the
+  Bird Tail Rock, crossed the Dearborn, and went into camp four miles
+  before reaching the divide, at a point which was the camp of
+  Lieutenant Grover and Mr. Robie in their winter trip of 1854. This
+  evening a snow came on about an hour before sundown, or we should
+  have crossed the divide that night. The weather in the morning was
+  clear and beautiful, but as we had no tent, we built up a large fire
+  in order to dry ourselves, and got breakfast before leaving camp,
+  and at half past eight we were on the road. There were some six or
+  seven inches of snow on the ground, but the weather was extremely
+  mild, and the snow was rapidly passing away. I went up the divide
+  on the ravine north of the usual trail, and was able to find a very
+  good route for our animals. There was little or no snow on the
+  western slope of the divide; continuing down the Blackfoot valley
+  five and one half miles, the snow was only an inch or two deep, and
+  entirely passed away before we reached Lander's Fork. We halted on
+  Lander's Fork for a few minutes to rest our animals; then, moving
+  very rapidly through the Belly prairie and cañon, we came out on the
+  large prairie of the Blackfoot at a little after dark, camping where
+  I had camped with Lieutenant Donelson in 1853. The next day we were
+  in the saddle early, and, moving over this prairie at a very rapid
+  rate, ate breakfast at a point some eighteen miles from our
+  morning's camp, and made our evening camp within about ten miles of
+  the Hell Gate crossing to Fort Owen. The next day we reached Fort
+  Owen, meeting at the crossing some Indians, by whom I was able to
+  communicate with Dr. Lansdale. On our way to Fort Owen we met a Nez
+  Perce delegation on their way home, and made arrangements to meet
+  them at the crossing of Hell Gate, in order to confer about
+  difficulties ahead. After waiting a day at Fort Owen, I moved down
+  to and established my camp at Hell Gate, to await the arrival of Mr.
+  Doty. Just before reaching the Dearborn River, Delaware Jim shot a
+  deer, but on going up to it they were surprised to find a well-grown
+  fawn lying dead beside it, killed by the same ballet as it stood
+  beside and concealed by its mother."
+
+Many of the Flatheads came with Dr. Lansdale in response to the
+governor's summons to confer with him at this camp, and the conference
+with them and also with the Nez Perce chiefs was most satisfactory. In
+response to the governor's request to the latter that some of their
+number would accompany him, the whole delegation, fourteen in number,
+offered to do so, and declared their willingness to share any danger
+that might be encountered, and accordingly joined the party. Says the
+governor:--
+
+  "I was here able to gain no additional information of the condition
+  of the Indian tribes between the Cascade Mountains and the Bitter
+  Root, but the reports were that all were in arms except the Nez
+  Perces, a large portion of whom were said to be disaffected, and
+  some of them even hostile. I now purchased every good mule and horse
+  I could get in this valley, for it was my determination to have my
+  whole command in a position so that they could move rapidly and act
+  promptly. The question was, What should be our route home? It was
+  important, it seemed to me, to our success that we should be able to
+  cross the mountains and throw ourselves into the nearest tribes
+  without their having the slightest notice of our coming. I felt a
+  strong assurance that, if I could bring this about, I could handle
+  enough tribes, and conciliate the friendship of enough Indians, to
+  be sufficiently strong to defy the rest. There would certainly be no
+  difficulty from the snow down Clark's Fork; but it was known that
+  the upper and lower Pend Oreille Indians were along the road, and no
+  party could travel over it without its approach being communicated
+  to the Indians; whereas Indian report had it that the Coeur
+  d'Alene Pass was blocked up with snow at this season of the year,
+  and I felt satisfied that they would not expect us on this route,
+  and therefore I determined to move over it. It was the shorter route
+  of the two; it was a route where I wished to make additional
+  examinations; it was a route which enabled me to creep up, as it
+  were, to the first Indian tribe, and then, moving rapidly, to jump
+  upon them without their having time for preparation. I knew that
+  Kam-i-ah-kan and Pu-pu-mox-mox had sent a body of warriors to cut
+  off my party, and that we had to guard against falling into an
+  ambush; but an Indian has not patience to wait many days for such a
+  purpose, and I thought, looking to all these things, that the line
+  of safety was to move over the Coeur d'Alene Pass."
+
+Mr. Doty arrived with the train on the 11th. At the camp on the Teton
+occurred the only death that befell the party during the expedition,
+that of H. Palmer, who died of a lingering and incurable malady, and was
+laid at rest on the lonely prairie by his warm-hearted and sorrowing
+companions. Three days more were spent after the arrival of the train in
+making necessary arrangements with Dr. Lansdale, who was placed in
+charge of the Flatheads as their agent, with Mr. Owen and the
+missionaries.
+
+  [Illustration: CROSSING THE BITTER ROOTS IN MIDWINTER]
+
+Keeping his decision as to the route to himself, the governor allowed
+the report to become current that he would pursue the way by Pend
+Oreille Lake, and this was universally believed, because both Indians
+and mountain men pronounced the Coeur d'Alene impassable from snow so
+late in the season. Still further to throw any hostile spies or runners,
+who might be lurking about, off the scent, and prevent their carrying
+word ahead of him, the governor, on the first day's march, November 14,
+on reaching the forks, where the trails divided, took that by the Lake
+route, moved down it two miles, and went into camp.
+
+At earliest daylight the next morning the train was on the march,
+retraced its steps to the forks, and struck rapidly down the Coeur
+d'Alene trail a long distance, camping at the governor's camp ground of
+October 7, 8, two years before. Pushing on by forced marches, the Bitter
+Root River was crossed on the ice November 17, and the summit of the
+mountains on the 20th, where, for lack of grass, the half-famished
+animals had to be tied to trees all night. The snow was from three to
+six feet deep for a long distance, and would have proved a serious
+obstacle, had not a large party of Coeur d'Alene Indians crossed a
+fortnight before and beaten down a passable trail; but ten dead horses
+lying stiff and stark within a distance of eight miles showed how
+severely their animals had suffered in the passage.
+
+On this trip the governor adopted the plan of starting at daylight,
+moving rapidly for the day's march, and encamping early in the
+afternoon, thinking thus to give the animals the best opportunities for
+finding grass, now dry and scanty, but their only feed. The precision
+and rapidity with which the train packed up, started, and moved was
+astonishing. An hour before daylight the cooks were up and preparing
+breakfast; half an hour later the mules were driven up and the
+pack-saddles placed upon them, and the riding animals were also saddled;
+then breakfast, taking about twenty minutes; then the governor, watch in
+hand, would give the command to load, and in five minutes from the word
+every mule would be packed and the train moving out. The governor took
+great pride in this feat every morning, and the men entered into the
+spirit of it, strove to outdo themselves at every camp, and made the
+gain of half a minute in packing and starting the subject of talk and
+congratulation. The mules, by their perverse and vexatious conduct,
+arising from their invincible repugnance to water and cold, gave rise to
+many comical and diverting incidents. Dreading the icy water, they would
+hold back from plunging into the fords, and would seek a dryer way by
+going out on the skirt or points of ice which fringed the streams, only
+to have it give way and drop them into deeper water. They were
+continually getting off the narrow, beaten path in the snow, and
+floundering helpless in the fleecy material, and then half a dozen
+sturdy packers would unsling the packs, seize the unlucky mule by tail
+and ears, neck-rope and saddle, and haul him back on the trail by main
+strength.
+
+  [Illustration: C[OE]UR D'ALENE MISSION]
+
+The party reached good grass the day after crossing the divide, and
+rested another day to allow the exhausted animals to fill up and
+recuperate. On the 23d a long march was made, and the party encamped
+twenty-six miles from the Coeur d'Alene Mission. From the appearance
+of everything around, the governor was satisfied that no Indian spies
+had yet observed his march. He deemed it impracticable to move the train
+to the mission in one day without breaking down the animals, yet he
+counted on taking the Indians there by surprise, thus giving them no
+opportunity to waylay his party if they were hostile, and relying upon
+his sudden and unexpected appearance to retrieve their wavering
+friendship, if they were not too far committed to hostility. At daylight
+the next morning, with Craig, Pearson, and the four Nez Perce chiefs,
+Looking Glass, Spotted Eagle, Three Feathers, and Captain John, the
+governor pushed on, leaving directions for the train to follow and come
+in next day. The evening sun was just sinking behind the mountains when
+the seven well-armed horsemen dashed up in front of the Coeur d'Alene
+village, rifles in hand and presented ready to fire, and in peremptory
+tones demanded of the astonished Indians, as they poured out of their
+lodges, "Are you friends or enemies? Do you want peace or war?" The
+governor's orders, impressed upon his followers, were, that at the first
+hostile act or word they were to fire upon the Indians, disabling as
+many of them as possible, and then to fall back upon and occupy the
+solidly built church on the knoll overlooking the village, and hold this
+stronghold against all attacks until the main party should arrive the
+next day.
+
+The Coeur d'Alenes, thus taken by surprise, in response to this
+formidable summons declared that they were friends and preferred peace,
+and gathered around with apparently friendly greetings. In fact,
+however, as became more apparent at the council next day, "they were
+much excited, on a balance for peace or war, and a chance word might
+turn them either way," as says the official journal. Some of their young
+men had joined the hostiles; and the rumor was current that the son of
+the chief, Stellam, had recently been slain by the whites. The chiefs
+and elders were inclined to be friendly, and wished to avoid war. On the
+way to the village the governor charged the four Nez Perce chiefs:--
+
+
+  "When you reach the Coeur d'Alenes, talk to them Blackfoot; tell
+  them about our great council and treaty at Fort Benton; tell them
+  that they can hunt buffalo without being disturbed by their
+  hereditary enemies, the Blackfeet; tell them the lion and the lamb
+  have laid down together; get their minds off their troubles here,
+  and turn them to other subjects in which they take an interest."
+
+The train arrived the next day. A council was held with the Indians, and
+they were exhorted to continue their friendly attitude, and keep their
+young men from war. The emissaries of the Yakimas had left the mission
+only five days before the arrival of the party, having despaired of its
+crossing the mountains. All sorts of rumors were rife, but nothing
+certain except that the tribes below were in arms, blocking up the road,
+and that they had threatened to cut off the party, Pu-pu-mox-mox
+especially having made his boast that he would take Governor Stevens's
+scalp. It was learned, however, that four men, who had brought up the
+goods for the proposed Spokane council, with the unfortunate agent
+Bolon, were at Antoine Plante's, and that fifteen miners were also at
+that point, fearing to go below on account of the hostiles, and
+virtually blockaded by the Spokanes.
+
+Governor Stevens at once determined to proceed to the Spokane to rescue
+these men, and if possible to restrain the Spokanes from hostilities. He
+dispatched Craig with all but three of the Nez Perce chiefs to Lapwai,
+there to confer with Lawyer, assemble the nation, and prepare them for
+the governor's arrival. He was also instructed to send an express to the
+Spokane with information of his success, and the disposition of the Nez
+Perces. The chiefs retained with the party were Looking Glass, Spotted
+Eagle, and Three Feathers.
+
+As at Hell Gate, the governor's determination rested in his own breast,
+and it was currently reported and believed that the party would move
+directly south along the base of the mountains to the Nez Perce country,
+the shortest and safest route to the refuge of that friendly tribe. To
+move away from it and adventure sixty miles farther among the supposedly
+hostile, and certainly disaffected, Spokanes seemed little short of
+madness. In the evening some of the men, in discussing the matter,
+declared that if the governor started for the Spokane, they would not
+follow him, but would take the Nez Perce trail; but Higgins swore that
+no man should desert the governor if he started for Hell, and the
+incipient mutiny went no farther. The next day, November 27, the party
+marched down the Coeur d'Alene River to Wolf's Lodge, nineteen miles,
+and, starting at daylight the following morning and making a rapid,
+forced march of forty miles, reached the Spokane village, just below
+Antoine Plante's, before sunset.
+
+The last four miles across the prairie was made at a round trot, and
+within thirty minutes after first sighting the rapidly approaching
+column, the astonished Indians beheld thirty well-armed men gallop
+boldly up, range themselves in front of their lodges ready to open fire,
+and heard the peremptory summons to decide instantly for peace or war.
+Needless to say that they, too, were friendly and for peace. They were
+taken completely by surprise, and had no alternative but to choose the
+olive branch. Only three hours before they had heard that Governor
+Stevens had gone down the Missouri.
+
+The Indian employees and goods and the miners were safe. They had built
+a blockhouse, and were on terms of armed truce with the Indians rather
+than actual hostility. Before midnight Indian messengers were dispatched
+to Colville and the various camps, summoning the head chief Garry and
+the other chiefs, the Hudson Bay Company's factor, McDonald, and the
+Jesuit missionaries to meet the governor in council at Plante's. It is
+noteworthy that during all these troubles the Hudson Bay Company people
+and the Catholic missionaries were not molested by the hostile Indians.
+
+The governor now gave his party, augmented by the four rescued
+employees, a military organization and the name of Stevens Guards, the
+name being the choice of the men, and appointed as officers C.P.
+Higgins, captain; W.H. Pearson, first lieutenant; A.H. Robie, second
+lieutenant; and S.S. Ford, third lieutenant. He also appointed Doty
+lieutenant-colonel, aide-de-camp, and adjutant, and Tappan captain and
+quartermaster. The miners were also formed into a military company, and
+adopted the name of Spokane Invincibles, with Judge B.F. Yantis as
+captain. The governor ordered guards regularly mounted at night.
+
+A half-breed, who had been captured by Pu-pu-mox-mox and set free by him
+on condition that he would take a message to the governor to the effect
+that he, Pu-pu-mox-mox, intended to take the governor's scalp, came and
+delivered his message.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XXXV
+
+                    STORMY COUNCIL WITH THE SPOKANES
+
+
+During the next few days the Indians were gathering for the council.
+Garry and a party of Coeur d'Alenes came on the 29th, and McDonald
+with the Colville chiefs, the missionaries, and four white miners on
+December 2. The council lasted three days, December 3, 4, 5, and was
+marked by disaffected and at times openly hostile views and expressions
+and uncertain purposes, on the part of the Indians, and steadfast
+determination to hold their friendship and restrain them from war, on
+the part of the governor. The Spokanes openly sympathized with the
+hostiles. Many of their young braves had joined them. They insisted that
+no white troops should enter their country, and urged the governor to
+make peace with the Yakimas, for the rumor was current that the troops
+had driven them across the Columbia and into the region claimed by the
+Spokanes. They objected to the whites taking up their land before they
+had made treaties and sold it, and were much stirred up because a number
+of Hudson Bay Company ex-employees at Colville had staked out claims,
+and filed with Judge Yantis the declaratory statements claiming them
+under the Donation Act. Kam-i-ah-kan's emissaries had imbued them with
+all kinds of falsehoods concerning the war and its causes, and the
+purposes of the whites, particularly of Governor Stevens, and what he
+did and said at the Walla Walla council. They were to be driven by
+soldiers from their own country, and forced to go on the Nez Perce
+reservation without any treaty or compensation. They were to be
+deported west of the Cascades, and shipped across seas to an unknown and
+dreadful doom. Highly colored but imaginary stories of wrong and outrage
+inflicted by whites upon Indians were industriously circulated, and
+equally mythical tales of Indian victories and exploits.
+
+Governor Stevens met their excited and hostile talk with a firm and
+unruffled front. He appealed to the well-known facts,--to the policy he
+had uniformly and consistently urged upon them and upon all the tribes
+since first coming to the country, the policy of peace and friendship
+with the whites, and of adopting the civilization of the whites, and
+which had been proclaimed as from the housetops, and established by
+treaty at the Walla Walla council, in the presence and hearing of their
+own head chief, Garry, and others of their number. He showed them how
+this policy was for their own benefit and protection, and referred to
+the Blackfoot council, and the peace he had there established, of which
+the Nez Perce chiefs present could give them full particulars. He
+declared he was ready to make a treaty with them on the spot, if they
+desired one, but in the troubled state of affairs would not himself urge
+it. By this firm and conciliatory treatment he at length brought them to
+a more reasonable state of mind, and induced them to lay aside all
+thoughts of war and preserve their friendship with the whites. The
+results of this remarkable conference are graphically stated in his own
+words:--
+
+  "We remained on the Spokane nine days, and I had there one of the
+  most stormy councils for three days that ever occurred in my whole
+  Indian experience; yet, having gone there with the most earnest
+  desire to prevent their entering into the war, but with a firm
+  determination to tell them plainly and candidly the truth, I
+  succeeded both in convincing them of the facts and in gaining their
+  entire confidence. At this council were all the chiefs and people
+  of the Coeur d'Alenes and of the Spokanes,--the very tribes who
+  defeated Steptoe the past season, the very tribes who have met our
+  troops since in two pitched battles; and I feel that I can without
+  impropriety refer to the success of my labors among these Indians,
+  backed up simply with a little party of twenty-four men. When the
+  council was adjourned, the Indians gave the best test of their
+  friendship by each coming to lay before me his little wrongs, and
+  ask redress. They came in a body, and offered me a force to help me
+  through the hostilities of Walla Walla valley and on the banks of
+  the Columbia, which I declined, saying that I came not among the
+  Spokanes for their aid, but to protect them as their father."
+
+The Spokanes preserved the friendship thus gained and confirmed, and
+abstained from all acts of hostility for two years after this council,
+and until Colonel E.J. Steptoe, against their warning and protest,
+entered their country with a force of two hundred dragoons. Then they
+flew to arms, attacked, defeated, and drove him in precipitate retreat
+eighty miles to the bank of Snake River, where his men were only saved
+from massacre by the friendly Nez Perces, who ferried them across the
+river in their canoes, and boldly interposed between them and the
+victorious Spokanes.
+
+Soon after reaching the Spokane the governor was led to distrust Looking
+Glass from his changed demeanor and countenance, and set a faithful
+half-breed interpreter to keep watch of him. The spy saw him enter
+Garry's lodge late at night, and, stealing up to and lying prone beside
+it, overheard the talk between the chiefs, in which Looking Glass
+disclosed a plot on his part to entrap the governor and his party when
+they went among the Nez Perces, and compel him to enlarge their
+reservation to the bounds first proposed by Looking Glass at the Walla
+Walla council, and to exact such other payments and advantages as
+amounted to a swingeing ransom. Looking Glass strongly advised Garry to
+adopt a similar course, and both chiefs seemed bent upon using their
+advantages to the utmost. On receiving this alarming report the governor
+instantly, but secretly, dispatched a messenger to Lapwai, informing
+Craig of the plot, and instructing him how best to forestall and
+frustrate it by advising with Lawyer, and committing the other chiefs to
+a firm adherence to the treaty and active support of the governor. Thus
+forewarned, he was enabled to frustrate the designs of the treacherous
+chief without his suspecting that they had been discovered.
+
+The following extracts from the speeches show the excited and
+disaffected mood in which they entered the council. Observe in Garry's
+second speech his artful advice in aid of his friend Looking Glass's
+design to enlarge the reservation:--
+
+  Garry: "When I heard of the war, I had two hearts, and have had two
+  hearts ever since. The bad heart was a little larger than the good.
+  Now I am thinking that if you do not make peace with the Yakimas,
+  war will come into this country like the waters of the sea. From the
+  time of my first recollection, no blood has ever been on the hands
+  of my people. Now that I am grown up, I am afraid that we may have
+  the blood of the whites on our hands....
+
+  "I hope that you will make peace on the other side of the Columbia,
+  and keep the soldiers from coming here. The Americans and the
+  Yakimas are fighting. I think they are both equally guilty. If there
+  were many Frenchmen here, my heart would be like fighting. [Meaning
+  Canadians, ex-employees of the Hudson Bay Company.] These French
+  people here have talked too much. I went to the Walla Walla council,
+  and when I returned I found that all the Frenchmen had gotten their
+  land written down on a paper. [Alluding to notifications under the
+  Donation Act.] I ask them, Why are you in such a hurry to have
+  writings for your lands now? Why don't you wait until a treaty is
+  made?
+
+  "Governor, these troubles are on my mind all the time, and I will
+  not hide them. When I was at the Walla Walla council my mind was
+  divided. When you first commenced to speak, you said the Walla
+  Wallas, Cuyuses, and Umatillas were to move on to the Nez Perce
+  reservation, and the Spokanes were to move there also. Then I
+  thought you spoke bad. Then I thought, when you said that, that you
+  would strike the Indians to the heart. After you had spoken of these
+  nine different things, as schools, and shops, and farms, if you had
+  then asked the chiefs to mark out a piece of land--a pretty large
+  piece--to give you, it would not have struck the Indians so to the
+  heart. Your thought was good. You see far. But the Indians, being
+  dull-headed, cannot see far. Now your children have fallen. They
+  [the Indians] have spilled their blood, because they have not sense
+  enough to understand you. Those who killed Pu-pu-mox-mox's son in
+  California, they were Americans. Why are those Americans alive now?
+  Why are they not hanged? This is what the Indians think, that it
+  will be Indians only who are hanged for murder. Now, governor, here
+  are these young people,--my people. I do not know their minds, but
+  if they will listen to you, I shall be very glad. When you talk to
+  your soldiers and tell them not to cross Snake River into our
+  country, I shall be glad."
+
+  A principal chief of the lower Spokanes said: "Why is the country in
+  difficulty again? That comes on account of the smallpox brought into
+  the country, and is all the time on the Indians' heart. They would
+  keep thinking the whites brought sickness into the country to kill
+  them. That is what has hurt the hearts of the Yakimas. That is what
+  we think has brought about this difficulty between the Indians and
+  the whites. I think, governor, you have talked a little too hard. It
+  is as if you had thrown away all the Indians. I heard you said at
+  the Walla Walla council that we were children, and that our women
+  and children and cattle should be for you, and then we thought we
+  would never raise camp and move where you wished us to. We had in
+  our hearts that if you tried to move us off we would die on our
+  land."
+
+  Stellam, Coeur d'Alene head chief: "We have not yet made friends.
+  All the Indians are not yet your children. When I heard that war had
+  commenced in the Yakima country, I did not believe they had done
+  well to commence. I wish you would speak and dry the blood on that
+  land now. If you would do that, then I would take you for a friend.
+  You have many soldiers, and I would not like to have them mix among
+  my people."
+
+  Schlat-eal: "Now the Yakimas have crossed the Columbia. I would not
+  like to have the whites cross to this side. If the whites do not
+  cross the river, the Indians will all be pleased. We have not made
+  friendship yet. We have not shaken hands yet. When we see that the
+  soldiers don't cross the Columbia, we shall believe you take us for
+  your friends. When you stop that difficulty, the fighting now going
+  on, we shall believe you intend to adopt us for your children. Then
+  I will believe that you have taken us for your friends, and will
+  take you for my friend."
+
+  Peter John Colville, chief: "My heart is very poor, very bad. My
+  heart is of all nations. I never hide it. My heart is fearful. There
+  are some who have talked bad. I am always thinking that all would be
+  well. I wish all the whites and Indians to be friendly; but even if
+  my people should take up arms against the Americans, I myself would
+  not. I know we cannot stop the river from running, nor the wind from
+  blowing, and I have heard that you whites are the same. We could not
+  stop you. I only speak to show my heart. I am done."
+
+  Sno-ho-mish, a chief of the lower Spokanes, near the Columbia: "When
+  you went away to the Blackfoot country, and the Yakimas commenced
+  fighting, my heart was broken. Ever since my heart is very small.
+  Ever since I have been thinking, How will the governor speak to us?
+  And yesterday he did speak, and said to the Indians, 'You must keep
+  peace;' and I have been thinking what God would say if we should
+  spill blood on our land. I never loved bad Indians, nor war; I never
+  believed in making war against Americans. I wish they would stop all
+  the whites and Indians from fighting. Now I will stop. I have shown
+  my heart."
+
+  Big Star, Spokane chief: "The reason that I am talking now is that
+  all the Indians did not like what you said at the Walla Walla
+  council. They put all the blame on you for the trouble since. The
+  Indians say you are the cause of the war. My heart is very small
+  towards you. My heart is the same as the others for you. Ever since
+  I heard there was war, I was afraid for you. I am afraid you will be
+  killed. You have not yet made a treaty, and you passed by us, and
+  your people have commenced coming,--the miners,--and they will upset
+  my land. This spring, when my people commenced talking about the
+  ammunition, I said, 'My children, do not listen to my children who
+  wish to do wrong.' I said to the Sun chief, 'What is the reason you
+  are getting into trouble? Your father was good. Now he is killed by
+  the Blackfeet.' And this summer when the governor passed here, I
+  spoke to him again, and he would not listen. That is why my heart is
+  small,--that young man would not listen. I left home and went to the
+  Nez Perces, and there met Mr. McDonald. After crossing the Columbia
+  River those two young fellows overtook me. I spoke to Mr. McDonald
+  to give me good advice to help my children. He did speak, and I
+  thought he gave me good help. I was glad. We had not yet arrived at
+  the fort when that young man [a young Spokane] rushed on the whites
+  and choked them. After McDonald and myself had talked to them, I
+  thought they would listen. If I had not tried to make them do right,
+  it would not have hurt my feelings so much. Since that, I am crying
+  all the time."
+
+  Quin-quim-moe-so, Spokane chief, living at Eells's old mission:
+  "When I heard, governor, what you had said at the Walla Walla
+  ground, I thought you had done well. But one thing you said was not
+  right. You alone arranged the Indian's land. The Indians did not
+  speak. Then you struck the Indians to the heart. You thought they
+  were only Indians. That is why you did it. I am not a big chief, but
+  I will not hide my mind. I will not talk low. I wish you to hear
+  what I am saying. That is the reason, governor; it is all your fault
+  the Indians are at war. It is your fault, because you have said that
+  the Cuyuses and Walla Wallas will be moved to the Yakima land. They
+  who owned the land did not speak, and yet you divided the land."
+
+  Garry: "When you look at those red men, you think you have more
+  heart, more sense, than these poor Indians. I think the difference
+  between us and you Americans is in the clothing,--the blood and
+  body are the same. Do you think, because your mother was white and
+  theirs black, that you are higher or better? We are black, yet if we
+  cut ourselves the blood will be red, and so with the whites it is
+  the same, though their skin is white. I do not think we are poor
+  because we belong to another nation. If you take those Indians for
+  men, treat them so now. If you talk to the Indians to make a peace,
+  the Indians will do the same to you. You see now the Indians are
+  proud. On account of one of your remarks, some of your people have
+  already fallen to the ground. The Indians are not satisfied with the
+  land you gave them. What commenced the trouble was the murder of
+  Pu-pu-mox-mox's son and Dr. Whitman, and _now_ they find their
+  reservations too small. If all those Indians had marked out their
+  own reservations, the trouble would not have happened. If you could
+  get their reservations made a little larger, they would be pleased.
+  If I had the business to do, I could fix it by giving them a little
+  more land. Talking about land, I am only speaking my mind. What I
+  was saying yesterday about not crossing the soldiers to this side of
+  the Columbia is my business. Those Indians have gone to war, and I
+  don't know myself how to fix it up. That is your business. Since,
+  governor, the beginning of the world, there has been war. Why cannot
+  you manage to keep peace? Maybe there will be no peace ever. Even if
+  you should hang all the bad people, war would begin again, and would
+  never stop."
+
+In these speeches can be seen the reflection of the tales spread by the
+Yakima emissaries. It was afterwards learned that some of the Yakimas
+had really crossed the Columbia to avoid an expedition into the Yakima
+valley, under Major Rains with a force of regulars, and Colonel J.W.
+Nesmith with a detachment of Oregon volunteers, which proved abortive,
+except in the loss of many of the horses and mules belonging to the
+regulars, which were run off by the hostile Yakimas.
+
+  [Illustration: SPOKANE GARRY
+                 _Head Chief of the Spokanes_]
+
+After the council the Indians were so friendly and well disposed that
+they readily exchanged their fine, fresh horses for the jaded and
+tired animals of the party and the Indian goods, which had been brought
+up for the now deferred treaty, and even sold several rifles, which were
+used to arm the Spokane Invincibles.
+
+On the afternoon of the 6th, with transportation reduced to twelve days'
+supplies, packs to eighty pounds, the best train of the season, and the
+party, with the recent accessions, forty-eight strong, the governor
+struck out for the Nez Perce country, "in condition," he says, "that if
+the Nez Perces were really hostile, and I was not strong enough to
+fight, I could make a good run!" He moved three miles to the Spokane
+River, crossed it just above the falls, and encamped on the site of the
+present city of that name. The march thence to the Clearwater and
+Lapwai, a distance of one hundred and eight miles, occupied four days,
+and was made in the midst of a driving and continuous storm of cold
+rain, sleet, and snow, wetting and chilling every one to the bone. The
+trail was excessively muddy and slippery, and for half a day's travel
+the snow was ten inches deep. On the second day an express from Craig
+brought the cheering news that the Nez Perces were faithful, and the
+whole tribe ready to support the governor to the death. And on reaching
+camp the same day two Frenchmen or Canadians were met making their way
+from Walla Walla to the Spokane, who reported the valley overrun with
+hostile Indians, the settlers killed or driven below, and their stock
+swept off by the savages. Fifty miles from the Spokane they struck the
+same trail passed over in June on the way to the Coeur d'Alene, and
+pursued it for twenty miles, crossing the Palouse, where an enemy was
+most likely to be encountered, but no Indians were seen. The Clearwater,
+or Kooskooskia, was crossed just above the mouth of the Lapwai. The
+river was barely fordable, with a powerful current and rocky bottom, and
+two riding horses were swept off their feet into deep water and
+drowned, making no effort to swim, benumbed in the icy water, and their
+riders barely escaped a similar fate. Moving seven miles up the Lapwai,
+Craig's hospitable house, and the end of this severe march, the most
+comfortless and trying of the whole trip, was reached, and camp gladly
+made on the 11th.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XXXVI
+
+                        THE FAITHFUL NEZ PERCES
+
+
+Although it was now in the midst of winter, and the ground was covered
+with snow, Lawyer had assembled two hundred and eight lodges, containing
+over two thousand Indians, and able to muster eight hundred warriors. An
+animated council was at once held. The council lodge was a hundred feet
+in length, built of poles, mats, and skins, and in this assembled two
+hundred chiefs and principal men, Lawyer presiding. An ox had been
+killed, and young men, who officiated for the occasion, roasted or
+boiled the meat at fires in the lodge, and handed it around in large
+pans, from which each person selected such choice pieces as suited his
+fancy.
+
+The scheme of Looking Glass found no adherent, indeed was not broached,
+and the unanimous resolve was not only to maintain their friendship to
+the whites and stand by their treaty, but to escort Governor Stevens
+with two hundred and fifty of their bravest and best-armed warriors,
+stark buffalo hunters and Blackfoot fighters every one, and force their
+way through the masses of hostile Indians gathered in the Walla Walla
+valley.
+
+Looking Glass, too, was among the first in his professions of
+friendship. Jealousy of Lawyer, and the hope of increasing his own
+influence among his people by obtaining great and exceptional advantages
+for them, were probably the causes of his unworthy plot, rather than
+actual enmity to the whites.
+
+  Said Looking Glass: "I told the governor that the Walla Walla
+  country was blocked up by bad Indians, and that I would go ahead and
+  he behind, and that's my heart now. Now that he says he will go, I
+  will get up and go with him. Now let none of you turn your face from
+  what has been said. Your old men have spoken, and where is the man
+  will turn his back on it?"
+
+  Three Feathers: "Why don't you get up and say you are all going with
+  Governor Stevens? We said before coming here they should go over our
+  dead bodies before coming to him. That is our hearts now."
+
+And chief after chief spoke in similar vein.
+
+  Red Wolf in his speech said: "I was on the Spokane at the council
+  held there by the Indians last summer, when runners sent by
+  Kam-i-ah-kan came there to get all the people to go to war."
+
+  Scotum declared: "The chief Pu-pu-mox-mox sent us word, and so did
+  the Cuyuses; they sent us word many times, but we have always turned
+  our faces from them and kept the laws."
+
+Here was evidence that the treacherous chiefs were inciting hostilities
+immediately after signing the treaties.
+
+At this juncture an Indian runner was announced from the Walla Walla
+valley with the important news that a force of five hundred Oregon
+volunteers, under Colonel Kelly (late United States senator), after a
+severe battle of four days' duration, had defeated the hostiles, and
+driven them from the valley. The absence of the Palouse Indians during
+the forced march through their country was now explained. They were
+fighting the volunteers at that very time. The way being thus opened,
+Governor Stevens was enabled to dispense with the proffered aid of the
+Nez Perces; but in order to confirm their fidelity and good feeling, he
+invited a hundred warriors to accompany his party as a guard of honor as
+far as the Walla Walla valley.
+
+It was a clear, bright, frosty December morning that the mingled
+cavalcade of white and Indian left behind the hospitable lodges of the
+Nez Perces, and filed along the banks of the Lapwai and Kooskooskia.
+Rarely has the Clearwater reflected a more picturesque or jovial crew.
+Here were the gentlemen of the party, with their black felt hats and
+heavy cloth overcoats; rough-clad miners and packers; the mountain men,
+with buckskin shirts and leggings and fur caps; the long-eared
+pack-mules, with their bulky loads; and the blanketed young braves, with
+painted visage, and hair adorned with eagle feathers, mounted on sleek
+and spirited mustangs, and dashing hither and thither in the greatest
+excitement and glee. Each of the warriors had three fine, spirited
+horses, which he rode in turn as the fancy moved him. They used buckskin
+pads, or wooden saddles covered with buffalo, bear, or mountain-goat
+skin. The bridle was a simple line of buffalo hair tied around the lower
+jaw of the steed, which yielded implicit obedience to this scanty
+headgear. At a halt the long end of the line is flung loosely on the
+ground, and the horse is trained to stand without other fastening.
+
+The whole party were ferried across Snake River by the Indians in their
+canoes, the animals swimming. Proceeding down the left bank some
+distance as the trail to Walla Walla ran, it was found that the Nez
+Perces had wholly vacated that side of the river, and removed with their
+bands of horses, goods, and lodges, and especially their canoes, to the
+other side, in order to cut off intercourse with the hostile Indians.
+The demeanor of the young braves on this march was in marked contrast to
+the traditional gravity and stoicism of their race. They shouted,
+laughed, told stories, cracked jokes, and gave free vent to their native
+gayety and high spirits. Craig, who accompanied the party, translated
+these good things as they occurred, to the great amusement of the
+whites. Crossing a wide, flat plain, covered with tall rye grass, he
+related an anecdote of Lawyer, with the reminiscence of which the young
+braves seemed particularly tickled. When yet an obscure young warrior,
+Lawyer was traveling over this ground with a party of the tribe,
+including several of the principal chiefs. It was a cold winter day, and
+a biting gale swept up the river, penetrating their clothing and
+chilling them to the bone. The chiefs sat down in the shelter of the
+tall rye grass, and were indulging in a cosy smoke, when Lawyer fired
+the prairie far to windward, and in an instant the fiery element, in a
+long, crackling, blazing line, came sweeping down on the wings of the
+wind upon the comfort-taking chiefs, and drove them to rush
+helter-skelter into the river for safety, dropping robes, pipes, and
+everything that might impede their flight. For this audacious prank
+Lawyer barely escaped a public whipping.
+
+At the governor's request, the Indians undertook to guard the horses
+while the whites guarded the camp at night, and as the country was still
+infested with bands of hostiles, who had burned off nearly all the
+grass, and the animals were with difficulty prevented from straying far
+and wide in search of feed, it will be readily seen that they had chosen
+the more arduous task. Every evening, as the young men would linger
+around the camp-fires, reluctant to start out upon the cold and dreary
+night work, one or more of the chiefs would exhort them to their duty,
+bemoan the degeneracy of the present race, and relate instances of the
+superior bravery and fortitude of young men in former times. The young
+fellows were not slow to retort to these harangues with many a sarcastic
+gibe and jest, but finally they would go forth to spend the cold winter
+night upon the exposed prairie on horseback, posted around the band of
+animals. So faithfully did they perform this duty that not one was lost
+during the march.
+
+It was a gala day for the Nez Perces when the party reached the valley,
+and were received by the Oregon volunteers with a military parade and a
+salute of musketry; and when Governor Stevens dismissed them with
+presents and thanks and words of encouragement, they returned home the
+most devoted and enthusiastic auxiliaries that ever marched in behalf of
+the whites.
+
+On this march the Nez Perce escort captured a strange Indian on
+Al-pa-wha Creek, who proved to be the son of Ume-how-lish, the war chief
+of the Cuyuses, and who said that the chief, with one follower and a
+number of women, was in hiding farther up the creek, having fled from
+the valley the last day of the recent fight. The governor sent the young
+man to his father with the summons to surrender himself a prisoner. The
+next day Ume-how-lish delivered himself up, saying that he had done
+nothing bad, and was not afraid to be tried by the white man's law, and
+thereafter traveled along with the party to his uncertain fate with true
+Indian stoicism. He accompanied the governor to the Dalles, where he was
+turned over to the Oregon authorities. He was afterwards released by
+Colonel Wright. There was no evidence that he had taken part in the
+murder of settlers, although he had undoubtedly fought in the recent
+battle.
+
+The valley was reached on the 20th. Major Chinn, commanding the
+volunteers, and other officers rode out to meet the governor, and, on
+reaching the volunteer camp, the troops, four hundred in number,
+paraded, and fired a volley in salute as the picturesque column marched
+past, the fifty sturdy, travel-stained whites in advance, followed by
+the hundred proud and flaunting braves, curveting their horses and
+uttering their war-whoops. The volunteers then formed in hollow square,
+and the governor addressed them in a brief speech, complimenting them on
+their energy in pushing forward at that inclement season, and gallantry
+in engaging and routing a superior force of the enemy, and tendering the
+thanks of his party for opening the road. He seized the occasion also to
+dwell upon the advantages--the necessity--of a winter campaign to bring
+the war to a speedy end. The governor was the first to grasp this idea
+of a winter campaign as the most effective method of reducing hostile
+Indians to subjection. As will be seen hereafter, he urged this course
+upon General Wool and the military authorities, but only to have his
+views denounced and ridiculed as "impracticable;" but finally, under the
+stern lessons of experience, they had to be adopted. It was only by
+winter campaigns that General Crook succeeded in subduing the Snakes of
+Idaho and eastern Oregon in 1868-69.
+
+Over a hundred of the Cuyuses and Walla Wallas refused to join their
+kindred in the war, and remained friendly, including Steachus,
+Tin-tim-meet-see, and How-lish-wam-poo, and were now encamped on Mill
+Creek under the protection of a guard, needed unhappily not less against
+a few of the unruly volunteers, who had already killed some of their
+cattle, than against apprehended raids by the hostiles. The little flock
+of Indians under the ministrations of Father Chirouse of the Catholic
+mission also remained friendly, thanks to the good influence of the
+Fathers.
+
+  [Illustration: UME-HOW-LISH
+                 _War Chief of the Cuyuses_]
+
+Colonel Frank Shaw was found with the volunteers, and from him and the
+Oregon officers the governor learned the latest news and the condition
+of affairs. The fight had been a severe one. The Indians resisted
+stoutly for four days, and only gave way at last because they mistook a
+large pack-train, seen descending into the valley, for reinforcements to
+the whites. Pu-pu-mox-mox had been captured, and slain attempting to
+escape. General Wool had arrived at Vancouver, but had refused to
+take active measures against the enemy, assuming that the Indians were
+not at fault, but that the war had been gotten up by white speculators.
+He had even disbanded two companies of Washington volunteers at
+Vancouver after they had been actually mustered into the United States
+service. And a company that had been raised under the direction of Shaw,
+for the express purpose of going to the assistance of the governor, was
+dismissed by Wool in spite of the remonstrances of its officers and of
+Major Rains.
+
+The first act of the governor after grasping the situation was to indite
+a letter to Wool announcing his safe return, and suggesting the
+energetic and aggressive military measures by which the outbreak could
+be speedily quelled.
+
+Some of the fruits of the delay in holding the Blackfoot council, caused
+by the mulish and incapable Cumming, were now apparent. Had it been held
+early in August, as it might and should have been, the governor would
+have gotten back early in September, in time to cope with the first
+outbreak, to infuse the military authorities with a little of his own
+sound judgment and energy, to induce harmony and concert of action
+between the regular and volunteer forces, possibly to remove even Wool's
+prejudiced and utterly wrong views, certainly in time to prevent the
+volunteers of his own territory from being paralyzed in action, and
+rendered worse than useless. But he was delayed, and in his absence
+bitter prejudice and divided councils ruled the hour, and the war, which
+should have been brought to an end in a single season by a few quick,
+strong blows, was suffered to drag on for years.
+
+After the reception by the volunteers the train moved up the Walla Walla
+to a point opposite the mission and went into camp, where it remained
+the next three days. The weather grew intensely cold, the glass ranging
+27° below zero; nevertheless, the governor kept the officers at work
+gathering information concerning trails, crossings of rivers, etc., with
+a view to military operations, and had a conference with Major Chinn as
+to pushing against the Indians beyond Snake River; but it appeared that
+the lack of rations and transportation rendered an advance
+impracticable, and of course no move could be made while the severe
+weather continued. On the 24th the camp was moved four miles farther
+upstream to a more sheltered spot, with plenty of wood, and where there
+was a deserted house, which the governor and the officers occupied. The
+cold weather continued unabated for fourteen days. The men had all they
+could do to keep the fires going and avoid freezing, and many of the
+horses in the volunteer camp were frozen to death. Although the ground
+was covered with snow, the animals found grass enough projecting above
+it, or by pawing it off, to avoid starvation. Herds of cattle, abandoned
+by the Indians in their flight, grazed within sight of camp, and were
+driven in and slaughtered as needed, and great flocks of
+prairie-chickens roosted in the trees about camp, so there was no lack
+of food.
+
+On the 29th the governor dismissed the Nez Perce escort, who were to
+return home under Craig as soon as the cold abated, thanking them for
+their fidelity and services, and charging them to stay on their own side
+of Snake River, and shun intercourse with the hostiles. The friendly
+Cuyuse, Steachus, attended this conference, very desirous of joining the
+Nez Perces and moving into their country, and asking permission to do
+so. "I am really afraid of those whites, those volunteers," said he. The
+Nez Perce chiefs strongly supported him in his request. Said Spotted
+Eagle: "I am glad to hear those Indians ask to go with us. It looks as
+if they wished to live and do right when they talk of joining the Nez
+Perces." But the governor, after considering the matter for a day,
+denied the request, for the reason that he feared that the disaffected
+and hostile kindred of these friendly Cuyuses would be constantly
+visiting them, and would exert a bad influence upon the Nez Perces, whom
+he wished to keep entirely aloof from the hostiles.
+
+On the last day of the year, the cold weather continuing with
+unmitigated severity, the governor decided to hasten below in advance of
+the train, deeming his presence imperatively required within the
+settlements on Puget Sound, and issued general orders directing Colonel
+Doty to move the train to the Dalles as soon as the weather permitted,
+and there muster out the Stevens Guards and Spokane Invincibles,
+constituting the Walla Walla Battalion, appointing Craig lieutenant and
+aide-de-camp, and instructing him as to marching home and disbanding the
+Nez Perce allies, and taking measures for protecting that tribe against
+hostile raids or attempts, and assigning Colonel Shaw of the territorial
+militia to take charge of matters in the valley, organize the settlers
+and friendly Indians as a military force, to act as their own guards at
+least, and appointing Sidney S. Ford and Green McCafferty captain and
+lieutenant of volunteers respectively as his assistants, and finally
+returning thanks to the battalion
+
+  "for the alacrity with which they have obeyed his orders and
+  discharged their duty, for their constancy and manliness in the
+  rapid movement which they made from the Spokane to this valley in
+  bad weather and in an inclement season, a movement begun and half
+  accomplished with the certain knowledge that a large force of
+  hostile Indians were to be met in this valley, and no expectation
+  that aid was near at hand and would be extended in season.
+
+  "But aid was at hand, and the commander-in-chief would do injustice
+  to his own feelings, and those of the men of his immediate command,
+  if in the general order he did not acknowledge the services of the
+  gallant volunteers of Oregon, who successfully met in arms in this
+  valley the combined forces of the hostile Indians at the time he was
+  moving from the Spokane to the Nez Perce country."
+
+On New Year's Day, 1856, Governor Stevens started for the Dalles,
+accompanied only by his son, Pearson, Robie, the Nez Perce chief,
+Captain John, and the captive Ume-how-lish, and reached that point in
+three days and a half. The intense cold continued unabated. Every
+morning the little party saddled in the darkness and started at daylight
+without breakfast, pushed their horses at a speed of ten miles an hour
+for about six hours, making about sixty miles, and made camp early in
+the afternoon, giving the horses several hours to graze before dark, and
+themselves plenty of time to gather wood, build up a rousing fire, and
+cook and eat a tremendous meal, breakfast, dinner, and supper in one;
+then early to bed, sound slumbers, and off again at daylight. All the
+streams were crossed on the ice until the Des Chutes River was reached.
+Here was found a great gorge of broken ice twenty feet deep, through the
+centre of which the rapid and powerful stream had torn its way, a
+hundred yards wide, bordered by perpendicular walls of ice. Carefully
+leading their horses over the broken ice masses, they reached the usual
+fording-place, only to find the dark, swirling river sweeping past
+twenty feet below them at the foot of this perpendicular and impassable
+icy cliff, while a similar obstacle stared at them from the other side
+of the river, and barred exit from the stream even should its passage be
+accomplished. But, nothing daunted, all set to work with stakes and
+knives, and at length broke down a barely passable path to the ford.
+Captain John now led the way across, the water coming to the
+saddle-skirts; a practicable passage out was found, and all felt much
+relieved as they again spurred on.
+
+Resting one day at the Dalles, and accompanied only by his son and a
+guide, the governor continued his journey by the trail down the Oregon
+side of the Columbia. It was a little-used track, barely passable, or
+indeed visible, in many places, jammed between the river and the foot of
+the great mountain masses and precipices which overhang that mighty and
+sublime gorge. Although the severe cold had abated, considerable snow
+had fallen, greatly increasing the dangers of the way; but he reached
+the lower Cascades without mishap, and crossed to the Washington side
+late in the evening of the second day, spending the intermediate night
+at Hood River, at the house of Mr. Coe. The next day he continued by
+land, passing in rear of Cape Horn, and reached a landing on the
+Columbia, six miles above Vancouver, soon after dark. Here a ship's
+long-boat, a stout, staunch craft, with a good sail, was obtained, with
+a crew of three sturdy fellows. On getting well out in the river away
+from land, a terrific gale came tearing downstream, struck the boat, and
+drove her on at great speed. The sail was quickly reefed, but the little
+craft careened to the gunwale; the waves broke over her; only incessant
+bailing kept her afloat. The dark night, the tumultuous waves, the
+howling gale, the open boat tearing along with the helmsman braced
+against the tiller, the bailer dipping the water overboard with furious
+haste, and the rest of the party clinging to the upper rail with
+clenched grasp and tense faces, can never be forgotten by one who
+witnessed the scene. Vancouver was reached in twenty-six minutes from
+starting, and all landed with a strong feeling of relief at having
+escaped a watery grave.
+
+The governor again endeavored to communicate with General Wool, and
+hastened to Portland to see him, but he had left on the steamer for San
+Francisco only the day before.
+
+The journey up the Cowlitz in canoe and across the muddy road to Olympia
+was made in three days, without special incident to vary the monotony of
+toil and discomfort ever attending it at that season, and on January 19,
+after an absence of nearly nine months, the governor reached Olympia,
+and found himself once more at home with his family.
+
+During the governor's absence Mrs. Stevens, with her little girls and
+the nurse Ellen, spent several weeks on Whitby Island, at the home of a
+family named Crockett, in hopes that the stronger sea air of that
+locality would overcome the Panama fever, from which they were still
+suffering. The Crocketts were hearty and kindly Kentucky farmer folks of
+the best type, and received the sick lady and her children with
+warm-hearted hospitality and kindness. Mrs. Stevens with the children
+used frequently to bathe in the Sound, and on one occasion, as they were
+in the water, a band of northern Indians was observed approaching in
+their great war-canoes at rapid speed. Mr. Crockett hastened to the
+beach in great apprehension and hurried the bathers to the house,
+declaring that the predatory savages would be sure to seize and carry
+them off, if they were given an opportunity. Under the invigorating
+open-air life on the island and the excellent fare, with abundance of
+venison and other game, the family rapidly regained health, and after
+their visit returned in canoes to Olympia.
+
+Mrs. Stevens afterward visited the military post at Steilacoom, and the
+wives of the officers there visited her in Olympia, and it was at her
+house that Mrs. Slaughter received news of the death of her husband,
+Lieutenant W.A. Slaughter, who was killed by the Indians, December 5.
+Several times, after the war broke out, circumstantial and apparently
+trustworthy reports were brought of the massacre of the governor and his
+party by the Indians, all of which Mrs. Stevens utterly disbelieved.
+She scouted even more decidedly the idea that he would return by way of
+the Missouri and Isthmus of Panama, which his friends were so strongly
+urging him to do, and declared to them that he would certainly come back
+by the direct route, no matter what obstacles might intervene.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XXXVII
+
+                        PROSTRATION.--THE RESCUE
+
+
+When Governor Stevens, after his midwinter forced march across the
+mountains, reached Olympia, he found the whole country utterly
+prostrated, overwhelmed. The settlers in dismay had abandoned their
+farms and fled for refuge to the few small villages. They were all poor,
+having no reserves of money, food, or supplies, and starvation stared
+them in the face if prevented from planting and raising a crop. The only
+military post on Puget Sound, Fort Steilacoom, could muster less than a
+hundred soldiers, and was so far from protecting the settlers that it
+had called for and received the reinforcement of a company of volunteers
+for its own protection. The post at Vancouver was also but a handful in
+strength, and had also been reinforced by two companies of volunteers.
+But even this pitiful force was not to be used against the savage enemy;
+for Wool had just gone back to San Francisco after a flying visit to the
+Columbia River, during which he had disbanded the volunteer companies,
+refused to take any active measures to protect the people, and loudly
+proclaimed, both in official reports and through the press, that the war
+had been forced upon the Indians by the greed and brutality of the
+whites, and that the former would be peaceful if only let alone and not
+treated with injustice.
+
+There was a deficiency of arms, and still more of ammunition, in the
+country. Six weeks were required to send a letter to Washington City,
+and three months before an answer to the most urgent demand or entreaty
+could be received. It was no wonder that the pioneers were universally
+discouraged, and that nothing kept many of them from abandoning the
+country but their absolute inability to get away.[10]
+
+A brief review of the outbreak and course of the war will make clearer
+the situation at this juncture.
+
+Scarcely was the ink dry upon his signature to the Walla Walla treaty,
+when Kam-i-ah-kan, the leading and most potent spirit, and his Yakimas
+were hard at work inciting an outbreak against the whites. They with the
+Cuyuse and Walla Walla chiefs assembled the disaffected Indians, and
+many of the others, at a council north of Snake River in the summer, and
+made every effort to gain over the Spokanes, Coeur d'Alenes, and even
+some of the Nez Perces, who had intermarried with the Cuyuses, and not
+without success among the young braves. Their emissaries stirred up the
+tribes on the eastern shore of the Sound, too, the Nisquallies,
+Puyallups, and Duwhamish, who had intermarried to some extent with the
+Yakimas, and penetrated even to Gray's Harbor and Shoalwater Bay on the
+coast, and to southern Oregon. Every falsehood that Indian ingenuity
+could invent, or credulity swallow, was employed to fire the Indian
+heart. The conspiracy was in full train, but not yet ripe, when the
+outbreak was prematurely begun by the murder of the miners in the Yakima
+valley in September, by Kam-i-ah-kan's warriors, who could no longer be
+held back; and when agent Bolon visited the tribe to investigate the
+matter, he was treacherously shot in the back, seized and his throat
+cut, and with his horse burned to ashes, September 23. Qualchen, the son
+of Ou-hi and nephew of Kam-i-ah-kan, was the chief actor in this
+tragedy. Major Haller marched with a hundred men from the Dalles into
+the Yakima valley to demand the surrender of or to punish the
+murderers; and Lieutenant W.A. Slaughter, with a small force of forty
+men, moved from Steilacoom across the Nahchess Pass to the Yakima to
+coöperate with Haller. But the Yakimas attacked the latter October 6,
+and compelled him to retreat with the loss of twenty-two killed and
+wounded, his howitzer, and baggage. Pu-pu-mox-mox then seized and
+plundered old Fort Walla Walla, which had no garrison, and distributed
+the goods found there, including a considerable supply of Indian goods,
+among his followers, who danced the war-dance in front of his lodge
+around a fresh white scalp. These Indians, with the Cuyuses and
+Umatillas, then drove the settlers out of the Walla Walla valley,
+destroyed their houses and improvements, and killed or ran off the
+stock. Lieutenant Slaughter, after crossing the summit of the Cascades,
+being unable to learn anything of Haller, hastily but wisely fell back
+to the western side. Here Captain M. Maloney joined him with seventy
+regulars and a company of volunteers, under Captain Gilmore Hays, and
+again advanced across the mountains, but in turn retreated, fearing to
+leave the settlements on Puget Sound wholly unprotected; but his
+messengers were waylaid and slain by the Sound Indians, and the settlers
+on White or Duwhamish River, near Seattle, were massacred with
+unspeakable atrocity, the bodies of the women and children being thrown
+into the wells. These settlers had taken refuge in Seattle, but were
+induced to go back to their farms by the friendly professions and
+assurances of the very savages who fell upon and butchered them the
+night after their return. And settlers on the Nisqually and at other
+points met a similar fate.
+
+At Major Rains's request, Acting-Governor Mason called out two companies
+of volunteers, which were mustered into the United States service, one
+being used to reinforce Fort Steilacoom, and one the Vancouver post. A
+company was also raised at Vancouver for the express purpose of going to
+the assistance of Governor Stevens, in case he attempted to force his
+way through the hostiles.
+
+In November an engagement took place on White River, in which some loss
+was inflicted upon the Indians, but they soon reappeared in undiminished
+strength, surrounded the troops at night, and captured a number of
+baggage animals, and on December 5 killed Lieutenant Slaughter and two
+men, and wounded six others. Several more companies of volunteers were
+raised for home defense, and efforts were made to separate the friendly
+Indians from the hostiles. Acting-Governor Mason did all that was
+possible to meet the crisis, and he was ably seconded by Major Tilton,
+whom he appointed adjutant-general, and by Colonel Simmons, but the
+storm was too great for their efforts. Moreover, they depended upon the
+regular officers to conduct the war, which made Wool's action doubly
+paralyzing.
+
+The whole region about the Sound, with the exception of the prairies
+scattered about the head of it, was covered with the primeval evergreen
+forest and a dense and tangled undergrowth, so thick and matted, and
+obstructed by immense fallen giants and downfalls of every kind, that
+the most energetic hunter or woodsman could traverse through it only
+five or six miles a day. There were also numerous river-bottoms and
+swamps, even more impenetrable. Only seventy miles back to the eastward
+stretched north and south the great Cascade Range, affording innumerable
+safe and hidden retreats; and many trails across it, well known to the
+Indians, but unknown to the whites, gave access to the Yakima emissaries
+and reinforcements to join the hostiles on the Sound, and furnished the
+latter the ready means of retreat to the Yakima country when hard
+pressed. In the dense forests and swamps the savages lurked at the very
+doors of the settlements, and no man ventured out, for fear of ambush by
+the wily and omnipresent foe.
+
+After Haller's defeat Major G.J. Rains led an expedition from the Dalles
+to the Yakima valley with three hundred and fifty regulars and two
+companies of Washington volunteers, under Captains William Strong and
+Robert Newell, and was supported by four companies of Oregon volunteers,
+under Colonel J.W. Nesmith. He reached the Catholic mission on the
+Ah-tah-nam branch of the Yakima, which was found deserted, and destroyed
+it, and then returned to the Dalles, having accomplished nothing except
+the breaking down of his animals. The Yakimas, avoiding battle with so
+large a force, managed to run off fifty-four of his mules and horses,
+and immediately their young braves rode post-haste to the neighboring
+tribes, proclaiming victory over the troops, and proudly showing the
+captured animals with the United States brand on their shoulders in
+proof of their success.
+
+Another force of about five hundred Oregon volunteers, under Colonel
+James K. Kelly, marched to the Walla Walla valley and defeated the
+hostiles there congregated, which opened the road to Governor Stevens,
+as already related. But the Indians, although punished, simply fled
+across Snake River, and were free to continue their efforts to stir up
+the friendly tribes, for the volunteers, from lack of supplies and
+transportation, were unable to pursue them.
+
+The Oregon volunteers were not mustered into the United States service,
+because both they and Governor Curry were anxious to strike the Indians,
+and justly feared that if placed under the orders of regular officers,
+they would be held back or placed in garrison.
+
+In December General Wool came up from San Francisco to Vancouver,
+mustered out the Washington volunteers, placed the regulars at the
+Dalles, Vancouver, and Steilacoom strictly on the defensive, and
+denounced in unmeasured terms the brave Oregon volunteers, who had
+struck the only real blow inflicted upon the enemy. He disbanded even
+the company specially raised for Governor Stevens's relief,
+notwithstanding the remonstrances of its captain, of Major Rains, and of
+his own aide-de-camp, Lieutenant Richard Arnold.
+
+Thus, at the beginning of the year 1856, the Indians of the upper
+country held the whole region, except the point occupied in the Walla
+Walla valley by the Oregon volunteers; the Yakimas were more hostile,
+active, and triumphant than ever; the Cuyuses, Walla Wallas, and
+Umatillas were made more embittered and defiant by the punishment they
+had received; and all were free to instigate more hostility among the
+other tribes, which they were industriously doing. The regulars were on
+the defensive by Wool's orders, while the volunteers in the valley were
+unable to take the aggressive for lack of supplies.
+
+West of the Cascades the Indians infested and held the whole country
+except a few points. The whites were virtually in a state of siege,
+deserted and maligned by a veteran officer, whose duty it was to protect
+them; not knowing where to find succor, or even food, completely
+discouraged and dismayed. The great majority of Indians on the Sound had
+not yet taken to the war-path, although much disaffected. Even among the
+most hostile, the Nisquallies, Puyallups, and Duwhamish, it is doubtful
+if a majority of any tribe took active part in the outbreak; but the war
+faction comprised the chiefs and the vigorous young warriors, and they
+were constantly stimulated and encouraged, and at times largely
+reinforced, by their Yakima kinsmen. The hostile warriors on the Sound
+probably varied in numbers from two hundred and fifty to five hundred,
+but the swamps and forests, with their knowledge of the country, gave
+them every advantage. The great danger was that the other Indians,
+already disaffected, and many of whose restless young braves were aiding
+the hostiles to an extent which cannot be certainly determined, would
+openly join in the outbreak, and this danger was aggravated by every
+day's delay on the part of the whites in attacking and striking the
+enemy. A defensive policy was sure to throw the whole Indian population
+into the arms of the hostiles. An additional and imminent danger was
+found in the northern Indians, gangs of whom were prowling about the
+Sound, ever ripe for murder and plunder.
+
+The first day after his arrival Governor Stevens delivered in person and
+orally a special message to the legislature, then in session. He pointed
+out how the Donation Act and the advent of settlers had made it
+absolutely necessary to treat with the Indian tribes and extinguish
+their title to the soil. He showed how this had been accomplished by the
+treaties he had made, and described the care taken to deal with the
+Indians justly and understandingly, especially at the Walla Walla
+council:--
+
+  "The greatest care was taken to explain the treaties, and the
+  objects of them, and to secure the most faithful interpreters. Three
+  interpreters were provided for each language. The record of that
+  council was made up by intelligent and dispassionate men, and the
+  speeches of all there made are recorded verbatim. The dignity,
+  humanity, and justice of the national government are there signally
+  exhibited, and none of the actors therein need fear the criticism of
+  an intelligent community, nor the supervision of intelligent
+  superiors. By these treaties, had the Indians been faithful to them,
+  the question as to whether the Indian tribes of this Territory can
+  become civilized and Christianized would have been determined
+  practically. The written record will show that the authorities and
+  the people of this Territory have nothing to blush for, nothing to
+  fear in the judgment of impartial men now living, nor the rebuke of
+  posterity. It was a pleasant feeling that actuated me, on my mission
+  in making these treaties, to think I was doing something to civilize
+  and to render the condition of the Indian happier....
+
+  "The war has been plotting for two or three years,--a war entered
+  into by these Indians without a cause; a war having not its origin
+  in these treaties, nor in the bad conduct of the whites. It
+  originated in the native intelligence of restless Indians, who,
+  foreseeing destiny against them,--that the white man was moving upon
+  them,--determined that it must be met and resisted by arms. We may
+  sympathize with such a manly feeling, but in view of it we have high
+  duties.
+
+  "The war must be vigorously prosecuted now. Seedtime is coming, and
+  the farmer should be at his plough in the field. In my judgment, it
+  would be expedient forthwith to raise a force of three hundred men
+  from the Sound to push into the Indian country, build a depot, and
+  vigorously operate against the Indians in this quarter, and nearly
+  the same force should be raised on the Columbia River to prosecute
+  the war east of the Cascade Mountains. It would prevent
+  reinforcements from either side joining the bands of the other side,
+  and would effectually crush both. But what is more important would
+  be the influence upon the numerous tribes not yet broken out into
+  hostility. There is a surprising feeling of uneasiness among all the
+  tribes who have not broken out, except alone the Nez Perces. These
+  tribes may be led into war, if delay attends our operations. The
+  Indians must be struck now. But if we delay, in a few months the
+  roots and fish will abound, supplying the Indians with food; the
+  snows will melt; and the mountain passes will allow them
+  hiding-places. It is my opinion that if operations are deferred till
+  summer, they must be deferred till winter again.
+
+  "What effect would it have on the Sound should nothing be done until
+  May or June? The whole industrial community would be ruined, the
+  Sound paralyzed; the husbandman would be kept in a state of suspense
+  by rumors of wars, and could not adhere to his pursuits; fields
+  would not be tilled; and the Territory would starve out."
+
+While approving as a general rule the mustering into the United States
+service of volunteers, and disclaiming any impugning of Wool's motives,
+he advised against mustering them into that service, in consequence of
+that officer's "disbanding troops in violation of a positive
+understanding," and boldly declared:--
+
+  "I am ready to take the responsibility of raising them independent
+  of that service, and it is due to the Territory and myself that the
+  reasons for assuming it should go to the President and the
+  department at Washington.
+
+  "The spirit of prosecuting this war should be to accomplish a
+  lasting peace,--not to make treaties, but to punish their violation.
+  While justice and mercy should characterize the acts of our
+  government, there should be no weakness, no imbecility. The tribes
+  now at war must submit unconditionally to the justice, mercy, and
+  leniency of our government. The guilty ones should suffer, and the
+  remainder be placed on reservations under the eye of the military.
+  By such a decisive, energetic, and firm course the difficulty may be
+  grappled with, and peace restored.
+
+  "Let not our hearts be discouraged. I have an abiding confidence in
+  the future destiny of our Territory. Gloom must give way to
+  sunlight. Let us never lose sight of the resources, capacities, and
+  natural advantages of the Territory of Washington. Gather heart,
+  then, fellow citizens. Do not now talk of leaving us in our hour of
+  adversity, but stay till the shade of gloom is lifted, and await
+  that destiny to be fulfilled. Let us all put hands together and
+  rescue the Territory from its present difficulties, so that we may
+  all feel that we have done our whole duty in the present exigency."
+
+To this manly and clear-sighted appeal the legislature made haste to
+respond with the alacrity and heartfelt sense of relief, and renewal of
+hope and courage, with which men in the extremity of danger ever turn to
+a natural leader, and, so far as lay in its power, gave him unlimited
+authority to take measures necessary to save the settlements from
+extinction.
+
+Forthwith Governor Stevens adopted and put in force, with all the energy
+of his determined and vigorous nature, the following measures:--
+
+1. He called upon the people by proclamation, dated January 22, to raise
+a thousand volunteers for six months for offensive operations against
+the enemy, wherever they might be ordered. He refused to enlist any
+troops for local or home defense or short terms, and summarily disbanded
+all the companies which were under arms, they having been raised for
+such restricted service.
+
+2. He called upon the settlers, wherever three or four families could
+join together, to return to their abandoned farms, build blockhouses,
+and hold and cultivate the soil.
+
+3. He required all Indians on the eastern side of the Sound to move to,
+and remain upon, reservations selected on islands, or on points on the
+western shore, under the care and oversight of agents, there to be fed
+and protected by the government while the war lasted. Any Indian found
+on the eastern side without permission of his agent was to be deemed
+hostile.
+
+4. He sent Secretary Mason to Washington to lay the pressing need of
+funds to meet the expenses of feeding and caring for the non-hostile
+Indians before the government, and to enlighten it as to the war and
+general situation.
+
+5. He made effective use of the friendly Indians in scouting operations
+against the hostiles, hunting them down in their retreats, and
+confirming the fidelity of the doubtful tribes.
+
+6. He sent agents to Portland, San Francisco, and Victoria, B.C., with
+urgent appeals for arms, ammunition, and supplies, and published his
+appeal in the San Francisco papers.
+
+7. He issued territorial scrip, or certificates of indebtedness, to
+defray the pay of volunteers and cost of munitions and supplies.
+
+8. He freely resorted to impressment or seizure of supplies, teams,
+etc., whenever necessary.
+
+9. He appealed to the patriotism and good feeling of the volunteers, but
+enforced discipline, and punished misconduct by summary and dishonorable
+dismissal of the guilty from the service.
+
+It is only by bearing in mind the facts that the entire white population
+numbered only four thousand souls, of whom the males fit to bear arms
+barely equaled the number of volunteers called for; that they were
+destitute of arms, ammunition, supplies, money, and credit; discouraged
+and wholly on the defensive; denied protection by the regular troops,
+who indeed were too few to afford it; and all hope of support and
+sympathy from the government, or from outside, blasted by the
+denunciations of Wool,--that one can really appreciate the courage and
+self-reliance of Governor Stevens in undertaking the task before him.
+The ability and self-devotion with which he successfully accomplished
+it, and the remarkable spirit and patriotism of the people, who
+sustained their leader, and loyally and patiently submitted to these
+stringent measures, furnish one of the brightest pages in the history of
+the Republic.
+
+The day after delivering his message, the second after arriving home,
+the governor hastened down the Sound to inspect the reservations and
+agents, and perfect measures to enforce the removal of the Indians from
+the theatre of war. He visited every point of importance on the eastern
+side, informed himself thoroughly of the needs and conditions at each,
+and returned to Olympia on the 28th. On this trip he secured the aid of
+Pat-ka-nim, head chief of the Snohomish, and a force of his warriors,
+the first Indian auxiliaries to take the field.
+
+The Indians attacked Seattle on January 26 in force, destroyed the
+larger part of the town, driving the whites to one corner of it, and
+were only repulsed in the end by the fire of the United States
+man-of-war Decatur, Captain G. Gansevoort.
+
+The people responded instantly to the governor's manly appeal, with true
+American spirit and patriotism. They made haste to enlist _en masse_ in
+the volunteer companies, eager to be led against the savage foe. The
+refugee settlers banded together in small squads, returned to the
+country, erected blockhouses at or near their farms, and held them with
+old men and boys. The merchants of San Francisco refused to be misled by
+the libels of Wool, and furnished supplies and munitions. Inside of
+three weeks eleven companies were raised, equipped, and taking the
+field, besides two bodies of Indian auxiliaries.
+
+A regular and efficient express service was organized throughout the
+Territory. An assistant quartermaster and commissary, the two usual
+supply departments being united, was stationed in each town and
+principal settlement on purpose to collect provisions, transportation,
+etc., as well as to provide for the troops. By these skillful measures
+the governor so successfully overcame the two great difficulties
+attending the prosecution of the war, viz., the vast extent of the
+region and the lack of supplies, that the volunteers never had to wait
+for orders, nor were they ever put to unnecessary or fruitless marches
+or labors; and during all their campaigns on both sides of the Cascade
+Mountains, and expeditions of hundreds of miles, they never suffered,
+nor lost a day, for lack of supplies.
+
+The military organization is given below, not only as necessary to a
+clear presentation of this part of Governor Stevens's life, but as a
+tribute to those patriotic men who so gallantly and faithfully served
+and saved the Territory of Washington in her hour of extreme need:--
+
+  James Tilton, adjutant-general.
+
+  James Doty, William Craig, B.F. Shaw, E.C. Fitzhugh, H. R. Crosby,
+  Jared S. Hurd, S.S. Ford, Edward Gibson, lieutenant-colonels and
+  aides.
+
+  W.W. De Lacy, captain of engineers.
+
+  Rudolph M. Walker, ordnance officer.
+
+  Dr. Gallio K. Willard, surgeon and medical purveyor.
+
+  Drs. U.G. Warbass and Albert Eggers, assistant surgeons.
+
+  W.W. Miller, quartermaster and commissary-general.
+
+  James K. Hurd, assistant quartermaster and commissary-general, in
+  charge on Columbia River.
+
+  Frank Matthias, assistant quartermaster and commissary, Seattle.
+
+  Warren Gove, Steilacoom.
+
+  Charles E. Weed, Olympia.
+
+  R.S. Robinson, Port Townsend.
+
+  M.R. Hathaway, succeeded by M.B. Millard, Vancouver.
+
+  A.H. Robie, Dalles and in the field.
+
+  S.W. Percival was sent as agent to San Francisco.
+
+
+  SECOND REGIMENT, RAISED FOR SIX MONTHS.
+
+  Lieutenant-Colonel B.F. Shaw, commanding the right wing, consisting
+  of Central and Southern battalions.
+
+  Major J.J.H. Van Bokkelen, commanding Northern battalion.
+
+  Major Gilmore Hays, succeeded by Major George Blankenship, Central
+  battalion.
+
+  Major H.J.G. Maxon, Southern battalion.
+
+  Lieutenant Eustis Huger, adjutant; Lieutenants Humphrey Hill, B.F.
+  Ruth, W.W. De Lacy, adjutants of Northern, Central, and Southern
+  battalions respectively.
+
+  Captain C.H. Armstrong, regimental quartermaster and commissary in
+  field with right wing.
+
+  R.M. Bigelow, Justin Millard, M.P. Burns, surgeons, Northern,
+  Southern, and Central battalions respectively.
+
+  MOUNTED MEN.
+
+      Company.             Strength.  Captain.
+
+          C                       67   B.L. Henness
+          D                       44  {Achilles
+                                      {Jephtha S. Powell
+          I                       40   Bluford Miller
+          K                      101   Francis M.P. Goff
+          M                       53   Henry M. Chase
+          N                       74  {Richards
+                                      {James Williams
+      Washington Mounted Rifles   95   H.J.G. Maxon
+      Clark County Rangers        81   William Kelly
+      Walla Walla Company         29   Sidney S. Ford
+                                ----
+                                 584
+
+
+  INFANTRY.
+
+          A                       53   Edward Lander
+                                      {Gilmore Hays
+          B                       52  {A.B. Rabbeson
+                                      {David E. Burntrager
+          E                       21   C.W. Riley
+          F                       40   C.W. Swindal
+          G                       55  {J.J.H. Van Bokkelen
+                                      {Daniel Smalley
+          H                       42   R.V. Peabody
+          I                       35  {Samuel D. Howe
+                                      {George W. Beam
+          L                       91   Edward D. Warbass
+      Train guard                 47   Oliver Shead
+      Pioneer Company             40  {Joseph White
+                                      {Urban E. Hicks
+      Nisqually Ferry Guard        9   Sergeant William Packwood
+                                ----
+                                 485
+
+      Stevens Guards              25   C.P. Higgins
+      Spokane Invincibles         23   B.F. Yantis
+
+  INDIAN AUXILIARIES.
+
+      Nez Perces, Volunteers      70   Chief Spotted Eagle
+      Snohomish                   82   Chiefs Pat-ka-nim and John Taylor
+      Squaxon                     15   Lieutenant Wesley Gosnell
+      Chehalis                    17   Sidney S. Ford
+      Cowlitz                      9   Pierre Charles
+                                ----
+      Total                     1310
+
+  The horses used for mounted men were furnished partly by the
+  government and partly by the volunteers.
+
+  Company M was composed of ten white men and forty-three Nez Perces,
+  Indians furnishing their own horses.
+
+  Company N was first commanded by Captain Richards, and second by
+  Captain Williams.
+
+  A portion of the Pioneer Company, after Colonel Shaw's march across
+  the Cascades, served as mounted men in the Puget Sound country.
+
+  Company B was commanded first by Captain Gilmore Hays, second by
+  Captain A.B. Rabbeson, and lastly by Captain David E. Burntrager.
+
+  Company E was first commanded by Captain Riley, and second by
+  Lieutenant Cole.
+
+  Company G was first commanded by Captain Van Bokkelen, and second by
+  Captain Smalley.
+
+  Company I was first commanded by Captain Howe, and second by Captain
+  Beam.
+
+Volunteers called out by Acting-Governor Mason:--
+
+  FIRST REGIMENT, RAISED FOR THREE MONTHS OR LESS.
+
+  MOUNTED MEN.
+
+      Company.             Strength.  Captain.
+
+          A                       61   William Strong
+          B                       91   Gilmore Hays
+          E                       40   Isaac Hays
+          F                       63   Benjamin L. Henness
+          K                       26   John R. Jackson
+      Cowlitz Rangers             39   Henry A. Peers
+      Lewis River Rangers         44   William Bratton
+      Puget Sound Rangers         36   Charles H. Eaton
+                                ----
+                                 408
+
+  INFANTRY.
+
+      Company.             Strength.  Captain.
+
+          C                       70   George B. Goudy
+          D                       55   William H. Wallace
+          G                       22   W.A.L. McCorkle
+          M                       75   C.C. Hewett
+          I                       84   Isaac N. Ebey
+          J                       29   Alfred A. Plummer
+      Nisqually Ferry Guard       10   Sergeant William Packwood
+                                ----
+                                 345
+
+      Newell's Company, mounted        Captain Robert Newell
+      McKay's Company       "          Captain William C. McKay
+
+  Captain Strong's and Hays's companies were mustered into the regular
+  service. The mounted men furnished their own horses.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [10] Bancroft, vol. xxvi. p. 143.
+
+
+
+
+                            CHAPTER XXXVIII
+
+                      WAGING THE WAR ON THE SOUND
+
+
+The force thus speedily raised was organized into three battalions,
+designated the Northern, Southern, and Central, each of which elected
+its major, and the two latter were subsequently formed into a single
+command by the election of Shaw as lieutenant-colonel.
+
+The Northern battalion, under the command of Major J.J.H. Van Bokkelen,
+consisted of companies C, Captain Daniel Smalley; H, Captain R.V.
+Peabody; and I, Captain Samuel D. Howe. The Central battalion, under
+Major Gilmore Hays, comprised companies B, Captain A.B. Rabbeson; C,
+Captain B.L. Henness; E, Captain C.W. Riley; F, Captain C.W. Swindal;
+the Pioneer Company, Captain White; and the train guard, Captain Oliver
+Shead. The Southern battalion included the Washington Mounted Rifles,
+Major H.J.G. Maxon; Company D, Captain Achilles; J, Captain Bluford
+Miller; and K, Captain Francis M.P. Goff, all under the command of Major
+Maxon. The Southern battalion and Captain Henness's Company C were
+mounted, most of the volunteers furnishing their own horses. The others
+served as infantry. Besides these, Company A, of forty-two men, Captain
+Edward Lander (chief justice of the Territory), was raised at Seattle,
+and garrisoned that place.
+
+The plan of campaign was to guard the line of the Snohomish River with
+the whole available force of the Northern battalion, to move with the
+Central battalion at once into the heart of the enemy's country with
+one hundred days' supplies, to operate with the Southern battalion east
+of the Cascades, and to combine all the operations by a movement from
+the Sound to the interior, or from the interior to the Sound, according
+to circumstances.
+
+The most favorable and commonly used passes across the Cascades were at
+the head of the Snohomish and its southern branch, the Snoqualmie; about
+and opposite the mouth of the river were a good part of the Sound
+Indians; it was here that the council of Mukilteo was held, at which
+twenty-three hundred Indians were present, and across the Sound, nearly
+opposite, was collected the greatest number of non-hostiles. The
+occupation of the line of the Snohomish, therefore, was a move of the
+first strategic importance as shutting the door against the incursions
+of the Yakimas, and cutting off the tribes on the Sound from access to
+the back country and intercourse with them and other hostiles.
+
+It was determined to occupy the country permanently by roads and
+blockhouses, by which, together with the stockades and blockhouses which
+the encouraged settlers were building and holding at many points, to
+circumscribe the hostile resorts and coverts, and open up the trackless
+back country. Indian auxiliaries were to be used as the best means of
+preserving their doubtful fidelity, and of using their knowledge of the
+country to search out and hunt down the hostiles.
+
+  [Illustration: THEATRE OF INDIAN WAR OF 1855-56 ON PUGET SOUND AND WEST
+                 OF CASCADE MOUNTAINS]
+
+This plan the governor early communicated to Lieutenant-Colonel Silas
+Casey (major-general in the Civil War), then commanding at Steilacoom,
+and invited and secured his coöperation therewith. So desirous was he to
+insure coöperation between the regular and volunteer forces that,
+waiving etiquette, he twice visited Casey in person; and early in
+February he again made the arduous journey to Vancouver, and by
+personal conference with Colonel George Wright, who commanded the
+regular troops both on the river and the Sound, sought to arrange
+harmonious and combined action between their respective forces,
+returning to Olympia by the 17th. During the war the governor spared no
+pains to consult with the regular officers and secure their concert of
+action with him, and this end he brought about quite fully with Casey,
+and partially with Wright, notwithstanding both officers were under the
+strictest injunctions from Wool not to recognize the volunteer forces in
+any way. The letter which Governor Stevens wrote to General Wool on
+reaching Walla Walla gave very fully the results of his knowledge of the
+country and the Indians, and his views and suggestions in regard to
+prosecuting the war, which, if adopted or heeded by the prejudiced
+commander, would have brought the contest to an end in a few months.
+After announcing his safe arrival, and giving a brief account of the
+numbers and dispositions of the Indian tribes, he describes the features
+of the Walla Walla, Palouse, Spokane, and Yakima countries which a
+military mail should know for planning the movement of troops, namely,
+roads, river crossings, grass, wood, depth of snow, etc., sending also a
+map.
+
+The governor recommended Wool to occupy the Walla Walla valley with all
+his available force in January, establishing a depot camp there, and a
+line of barges on the Columbia between the mouth of the Des Chutes and
+old Fort Walla Walla, to bring up supplies; in February to cross Snake
+River with 500 men and strike the Indians on the Palouse, where the
+hostiles driven out of the valley were congregated; to follow up this
+blow by sending a column of 300 men up the left bank of the Columbia
+towards the Okinakane River (Okanogan), while 200 remained to guard the
+line of the Snake, and keep the Indians from doubling back. The effect
+of these movements would be to drive these hostiles across the Columbia
+into the Yakima country, when the troops north of the Snake were to
+follow them, and all the troops south of that stream, who had been
+holding the river crossings and depot camps, were to unite, cross the
+Columbia at the mouth of the Snake, and move up the Yakima valley, and
+with the other column put the Indians to their last battle, for the
+effect of these movements would be to drive the enemy into a corner from
+which he could not easily escape. Moreover, and this was of the first
+importance, this plan would interpose the troops between the hostile and
+friendly tribes. Simultaneous movements against the Yakimas and north of
+Snake River would throw the hostiles upon the Spokanes, and might cause
+them to take up arms. About 800 effective troops would be required.
+There were already 500 mounted Oregon volunteers in the Walla Walla
+valley, and Wool had, or would soon have, 500 to 600 regulars available.
+
+In the last paragraph of this letter the governor stated:--
+
+  "In conclusion, it is due to frankness that I should state that I
+  have determined to submit to the department the course taken by the
+  military authorities in disbanding the troops raised in the
+  Territory of Washington for my relief. No effort was made, although
+  the facts were presented both to Major-General Wool and Major Rains,
+  to send me assistance. The regular troops were all withdrawn into
+  garrison, and I was left to make my way the best I could, through
+  tribes known to be hostile. It remains to be seen whether the
+  commissioner selected by the President to make treaties with the
+  Indians in the interior of the continent is to be ignored, and his
+  safety left to chance."
+
+On finding that General Wool had left so hastily for San Francisco the
+governor sent a copy of this memoir to Colonel Wright, with a letter,
+dated February 6, urging him to send at least two companies of the
+troops at Vancouver to the Sound, and to push his troops against the
+Indians east of the mountains.
+
+But instead of profiting by the valuable information and sound views
+given him by Governor Stevens, Wool sarcastically replied that he had
+neither the resources of a Territory nor the treasury of the United
+States at his command. Instead of making use of, or coöperating with,
+the Oregon volunteers already in the Walla Walla valley, he denounced
+them as making war upon friendly Indians, and declared that, with the
+additional force recently arrived at the Dalles and Vancouver, he could
+bring the war to a close in a few months, provided the extermination of
+the Indians was not determined upon, and the volunteers were withdrawn
+from the Walla Walla valley. He filled the greater part of a long letter
+with denunciations of outrages by whites upon Indians in southern
+Oregon, and of the Oregon volunteers and of Governor Curry. He declared
+that two companies he had just sent to the Sound, with three already
+there, making five in all, under Lieutenant-Colonel Casey, would be a
+sufficient force to suppress the outbreak in that region. He concluded
+by saying:--
+
+  "In your frankness and determination to represent me to the
+  department, I trust you will be governed by truth, and by truth
+  only. I disbanded no troops raised for your relief; and your
+  communication gave me the first intelligence that any were raised
+  for such a purpose."
+
+The bad blood and duplicity of this communication was the more
+inexcusable from the facts that it was on the requisition of his own
+officers that the Washington volunteers had been raised and mustered
+into the United States service, that he made no complaint whatever
+against them or the people of that Territory, and that his last
+assertion was a downright falsehood. Even after receiving the full and
+valuable memoir which Governor Stevens sent him, he declared in official
+communications: "I have been kept wholly ignorant of the state of the
+country, except through the regular officers of the army."
+
+On March 15 Wool made another flying visit to Vancouver, thence by
+steamer to Steilacoom, where he tarried but a single day, conferred with
+and instructed Colonel Casey, rebuked him for coöperating with the
+volunteers, and hurried away without deigning to notify the governor of
+his presence. The latter, on hearing that he had left Vancouver for the
+Sound, immediately dispatched Adjutant-General Tilton to Steilacoom with
+a letter to Wool, stating:--
+
+  "He is instructed to advise you of the plan of operations which I
+  have adopted, the force in the field, and the condition of the
+  country. I have to acquaint you of my desire to coöperate with you
+  in any plans you may think proper to adopt, and I shall be pleased
+  to hear from you in reference to the prosecution of the campaign."
+
+But Wool had left before Tilton could reach him.
+
+The first and only result of Wool's flying visit was manifested next day
+in a formal demand by Colonel Casey on Governor Stevens for two
+companies of volunteers to be mustered into the United States service,
+and placed under his orders. He stated in conclusion:--
+
+  "I received yesterday an accession of two companies of the 9th
+  infantry. With this accession of force and the two companies of
+  volunteers called for, I am of the opinion that I shall have a
+  sufficient number of troops to protect this frontier without the aid
+  of those now in the service of the Territory."
+
+This demand was made just after the volunteers had defeated the
+hostiles, as will soon be narrated.
+
+Thus, instead of the coöperation which he so earnestly sought with the
+regular service, he was coolly required by the commanding general to
+disband thirteen companies of white troops and four bodies of Indian
+auxiliaries, abandon his posts and blockhouses defending the settlements
+and in the enemy's country, leave the door of the Snohomish open for the
+Yakima emissaries to strike the reservations and the settlements,--in a
+word, give up his whole campaign at the moment when he had inflicted a
+severe defeat upon the enemy, and, fully prepared, was on the eve of
+following it up with his whole force, all posted in the very positions,
+and furnished with the needed supplies, which he had secured by so much
+labor and foresight, and to leave the defense of this extended and
+exposed frontier to an officer whose force would consist of only five
+companies of regulars and two of volunteers,--seven in all,--and whose
+most extended operations thus far had never gone beyond fifteen miles
+from his headquarters at Fort Steilacoom. This artful and impudent
+request of Wool--for Colonel Casey made it by his instructions--was
+instantly rejected by the governor with the scorn it deserved; and in a
+letter to Wool, dated March 20, he administered a well-deserved
+castigation to that ill-disposed officer:--
+
+                        EXECUTIVE OFFICE, WASHINGTON TERRITORY,
+                               OLYMPIA, March 20, 1856.
+
+  MAJOR-GENERAL JOHN E. WOOL,
+    _Commanding Pacific Division_.
+
+  _Sir_,--I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your
+  communication of the 12th of February, and to state generally in
+  answer thereto that the events of the past four weeks, in connection
+  with your own official course, afford satisfactory evidence that the
+  most objectionable positions of your letter have been abandoned, and
+  that you have finally been awakened to the true condition of the
+  Indian war, and are seeking to make some amends for the unfortunate
+  blunders of the past. You have probably learned how much you have
+  been misled in your views of the operations of the Oregon
+  volunteers, and how much unnecessary sympathy you have wasted on
+  the infamous Pu-pu-mox-mox. For your own reputation I have felt pain
+  at the statement made in your letter to me, for I am an
+  authoritative witness in the case; and in the letter which submitted
+  your own action in refusing to send me succor, I have presented
+  briefly the facts, showing the unmitigated hostility of that chief.
+  I assert that I can prove by incontrovertible evidence that
+  Pu-pu-mox-mox had been hostile for months; that he exerted his
+  influence to effect a general combination of the tribes; that he
+  plundered Walla Walla and the settlers of the valley, distributing
+  the spoils to his own and the neighboring tribes as war trophies;
+  that he rejected the intercession of the friendly Nez Perces to
+  continue peaceful; that he had sworn to take my life and cut off my
+  party; that he and the adjoining tribes of Oregon and Washington had
+  taken up their military position as warriors at the proper points of
+  the Walla Walla valley,--and all this before the volunteers of
+  Oregon moved upon him....
+
+  That some turbulent men of the Oregon volunteers have done injury to
+  the friendly Cuyuses is unquestionable, and it is reprobated by the
+  authorities and citizens of both Territories. It has, however, been
+  grossly exaggerated. Had, sir, the regulars moved up to the Walla
+  Walla valley, as I most earnestly urged both Major Rains and Colonel
+  Wright both by letter and in person, these Indians would have been
+  protected. The presence of a single company would have been
+  sufficient. The responsibility, if evil follows, will attach, sir,
+  to you, as well as to the volunteers.
+
+  In your letter of the 12th of February you state: "I have recently
+  sent to Puget Sound two companies of the 9th infantry. These, with
+  the three companies there, will give a force of nearly or quite four
+  hundred regulars, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Casey. This force,
+  with several ships of war on the Sound, to which will be added in a
+  few days the United States steamer Massachusetts, it seems to me, if
+  rightly directed, ought to be sufficient to bring to terms two
+  hundred Indian warriors. Captain Keyes, in his last report, says
+  there are not quite two hundred in arms in that region."
+
+  Here you have expressed a very confident opinion. You thought proper
+  to quote Captain Keyes as to the number of Indians, but you found
+  it did not suit your purpose to refer to the requisitions he had
+  made upon you for six additional companies, two of which only had
+  been sent forward; nor could you find time to refer to the fact that
+  Colonel Casey had recommended that, after the war was over, eight
+  companies should be permanently stationed there for the protection
+  of the Sound.
+
+  You think volunteers entirely unnecessary, although after having
+  received from the executive information as to the condition of the
+  country. It is now March, a month later, and you send two companies
+  of regulars, and direct Colonel Casey to call upon me for two
+  additional companies of volunteers.
+
+  Thus you have practically acknowledged that you were wrong, and that
+  I was right; and thus I have your testimony as against yourself in
+  vindication of the necessity of my calling out volunteers. As
+  regards this call for volunteers, it is presumed that Colonel Casey
+  informed you that the whole available force of the Sound country was
+  bearing arms, and that the great proportion of them were actively
+  engaging the enemy; that, organized in two battalions, the Northern
+  battalion occupied the line of the Snohomish, where they were
+  establishing blockhouses and closing the passes of the Snoqualmie.
+
+  That the Central battalion was occupying the military road over the
+  Nahchess, in relation to which road and its military bearing your
+  aide-de-camp, Lieutenant Arnold, will be able to give you full
+  information; and that on both lines decisive blows had been struck;
+  and also that it was beyond the ability of our citizens to raise an
+  additional company of even fifty men to honor your requisition.
+
+  I have a right to hold you to a full knowledge of our condition
+  here. If you say you were misinformed, then you are not fit for your
+  position, and should give place to a better man. If you were
+  informed, then your measures as a military man manifest an
+  incapacity beyond example.
+
+  Therefore the call on me for two companies of volunteers is a call
+  upon me to withdraw the troops now in the field with sixty to eighty
+  days' provisions, after decisive blows have been struck, and when
+  everything is ready to strike a, and perhaps _the_, decisive blow to
+  end the war.
+
+  I am, sir, too old a soldier ever to abandon a well-considered plan
+  of campaign, or to do otherwise than to press forward with all my
+  energies in the path marked out, promising, as it does, the speedy
+  termination of the war; and, sir, I am too wary a man not to detect
+  the snare that has been laid for me. You never expected, sir, that
+  the requisition would be complied with. You knew that it was a
+  practical impossibility; but, not having the courage to acknowledge
+  your errors, it was resorted to in the hope that my refusing your
+  requisition might enable you to occupy my vantage-ground, and throw
+  me on the defensive. I hold you, sir, to the facts and necessity of
+  the case, clearly demonstrating by your own confession the propriety
+  of my course, and the necessity on my part of a steady adherence to
+  it.
+
+  You have referred to the atrocities committed upon the friendly
+  Indians by the whites. I know nothing of what has occurred in
+  southern Oregon; but I have to state that no man, to my knowledge,
+  in the Territory of Washington advocates the extermination of the
+  Indians. The authorities here have not only used every exertion to
+  protect them, but their exertions have been completely successful.
+  Did you learn, sir, in your brief visit to the Sound, that nearly
+  four thousand Indians--friendly Indians--had been moved from the war
+  ground on the eastern shore of the Sound and its vicinity to the
+  adjacent islands, and have for nearly five months been living in
+  charge of local agents? That not an Indian in the whole course of
+  the war has been killed by the whites except in battle? That where a
+  military commission, composed of a majority of volunteer officers,
+  tried some months since eight Indians, only one was convicted, and
+  that the sentence of death passed upon him has not yet been
+  executed? It is the good conduct of our people, sir, that has so
+  strengthened the hands of the authorities as to enable them to
+  control these friendly Indians, and to prevent any considerable
+  accessions to the ranks of the hostiles.
+
+  I have recently heard from the Nez Perces, the Coeur d'Alenes, and
+  the Spokanes. The former are firm in their allegiance; but the
+  Spokanes urge me to have a military force on the great prairie
+  between them and the hostile Indians, so these latter may not be
+  driven to their country, and thus incite their young men to war. The
+  letter of Garry, chief of the Spokanes, is a most earnest and
+  plaintive call for help, so his hands may be strengthened in keeping
+  his people to their plighted faith; and the coincidence is
+  remarkable, that this Indian chief, a white man in education and
+  views in life, should have asked me to do the very thing I have
+  urged upon you; for you will remember, in my memoir I urge that the
+  troops, in operating against the Indians, should be interposed
+  between the friendly and hostile tribes to prevent those now
+  friendly from joining in the war. I have, sir, studied the character
+  of these Indians, and my views as to the influence upon the friendly
+  Indians of the mode of carrying on the war against the hostiles are
+  confirmed by the only educated Indian of either Oregon or
+  Washington, and the head chief of the tribe in reference to which I
+  made the recommendation and felt the most solicitude.
+
+  It seems to me that the present condition of things imposes upon you
+  the necessity of recognizing the services of the volunteers of the
+  two Territories now in the field, and of your doing everything to
+  facilitate their operations. But if you waste your exertions in the
+  fruitless effort to induce either the authorities to withdraw their
+  troops, to abandon their plan of campaign in order to comply with
+  your requisition, or to meet your peculiar notions, I warn you now,
+  sir, that I, as the governor of Washington, will cast upon you the
+  whole responsibility of any difficulties which may arise in
+  consequence, and that by my firm, steady, and energetic course, and
+  by my determination to coöperate with the regular service, whatever
+  may be the provocation to the contrary, I will vindicate the justice
+  of my course, and maintain my reputation as a faithful public
+  servant. I warn you, sir, that, unless your course is changed, you
+  will have difficulties in relation to which your only salvation will
+  be the firm and decided policy of the two Territories whose services
+  you have ignored, whose people you have calumniated, and whose
+  respect you have long since ceased to possess.
+
+  Can you presume, sir, to be able to correct your opinions by a hasty
+  visit to the Sound for a few days? And do you expect, after having
+  taken my deliberate course, that I shall change my plans on a simple
+  intimation from you, without even a conference between us? Were you
+  desirous, sir, to harmonize the elements of strength on the Sound,
+  you would have seen that it was your duty at least to have informed
+  me of your presence, and to have invited me to a conference.
+
+  Whilst in the country, in the fall and winter, you complained that
+  the authorities of the two Territories did not communicate with you.
+  Why did you not inform me of your presence in the Sound on your
+  arrival at Steilacoom? I learned of your probable arrival by simply
+  learning on Saturday morning by my express of your having left
+  Vancouver, and I immediately dispatched the chief of my staff to
+  wait upon you with a letter. But you were gone; and whether you did
+  not know the courtesy due the civil authorities of the Territory,
+  who had taken the proper course to place themselves in relations
+  with you, or whether you were unwilling to meet a man whose safety
+  you had criminally neglected, and whose general views you have been
+  compelled to adopt, is a matter entirely immaterial to me.
+
+  What, sir, would have been the effect if Governor Curry had not made
+  the movement which you condemn, and my party with the friendly Nez
+  Perces had been cut off? Sir, there would have been a hurricane of
+  war between the Cascades and Bitter Root, and three thousand
+  warriors would now be in arms. Every tribe would have joined,
+  including the Snakes, and the spirit of hostility would have spread
+  east of the Bitter Root to the upper Pend Oreilles.
+
+  I believe, sir, I would have forced my way through the five or six
+  hundred hostiles in the Walla Walla valley with fifty-odd white men
+  and one hundred and fifty Nez Perces. Would you have expected it?
+  Could the country expect it? And what was the duty of those having
+  forces at their command? Governor Curry sent his volunteers and
+  defeated the enemy. You disbanded the company of Washington
+  Territory volunteers raised expressly to be sent to my relief.
+
+  I have reported your refusal to send me succor to the Department of
+  War, and have given some of the circumstances attending that
+  refusal. The company was under the command of Captain William McKay.
+  Before your arrival there was a pledge that it should be mustered
+  into the regular service and sent to my assistance. Major Rains
+  informs me that he did everything in his power to induce you to send
+  it on. William McKay informs me that he called on you personally,
+  and that you would do nothing. I am informed that your aide-de-camp,
+  Lieutenant Arnold, endeavored to get you to change your
+  determination. What was your reply? "Governor Stevens can take care
+  of himself. Governor Stevens will go down the Missouri. Governor
+  Stevens will get aid from General Harney. If Governor Stevens wants
+  aid, he will send for it." These were your answers, according to the
+  changing humor of the moment.
+
+  And now, sir, in view of your assertion that you disbanded no troops
+  raised for my relief, and that my communication gave you the first
+  intelligence that any were raised for that purpose, I would commend
+  the chalice to your own lips, "that I trust you will be governed"
+  hereafter "by the truth, and the truth only."
+
+  I am, sir, very respectfully,
+
+                      Your obedient servant,
+
+                              ISAAC I. STEVENS,
+                       _Governor, Washington Territory_.
+
+Unable to answer this letter, which so clearly exposed and justly
+rebuked his reprehensible course and conduct, Wool returned it, with a
+note from his aide stating that it was done by his order. In response
+the governor, in a final letter to Wool, remarks of this act:--
+
+  "It can only be construed as evincing a determination on your part
+  to have no further official communication with the executive of the
+  Territory of Washington, at the very time when, from the
+  circumstances of the case and the nature of their respective duties,
+  there should, and must often be, such communications.
+
+  "It is a matter which is not to be decided by personal feeling, but
+  by consideration of public duty, which alone should govern public
+  acts. I shall therefore continue in my official capacity to
+  communicate with the major-general commanding the Department of the
+  Pacific whenever, in my judgment, duty and the paramount interests
+  of the Territory shall demand such communication to be made, casting
+  upon that officer whatever responsibility before the country and his
+  superiors may attach to his refusal to receive such communications.
+  My duty shall be done. Let others do their duty."
+
+The governor was always of the opinion, the result undoubtedly of what
+he was told by other officers, that, in disbanding the troops raised for
+his relief, Wool was actuated by resentment at his, the governor's,
+manly declaration in San Francisco, when, disgusted at Wool's
+self-laudation and disparagement of a greater commander, he said that
+"every officer knew, and history would record, that General Taylor won
+the battle of Buena Vista." However that may be, after the caustic
+letter given above, Wool's malice knew no bounds. He redoubled his
+accusations of making war upon friendly Indians, gathered up and sent on
+to the War Department in his official reports newspaper slanders against
+the governor, and even declared that he was crazy. He reiterated his
+orders to his subordinates to have nothing to do with the territorial
+volunteers or authorities, and finally went to the length of directing
+his officers to disarm the volunteers, if practicable. No attempt was
+ever made in that direction.
+
+Early in February Pat-ka-nim, with eighty Snohomish braves, accompanied
+by Colonel Simmons, pushed up the Snohomish and against the hostiles on
+Green River under Leschi, the Nisqually chief, and defeated them in a
+sharp fight, inflicting a loss of five killed and six wounded, besides
+two taken and executed.
+
+As fast as organized, the Northern battalion was advanced on the line of
+the Snohomish, where it built blockhouses and a camp known as Fort
+Tilton below the Snoqualmie Falls, and Fort Alden above them, and
+scouted the surrounding country. This battalion also established a
+blockhouse, with a garrison of fifteen men, at Bellingham Bay, and with
+blockhouses on Whitby Island and at Point Wilson, near Port Townsend,
+and a service of small vessels and canoes, kept watch over the lower
+Sound.
+
+The Central battalion, having been assembled on Yelm prairie, twenty
+miles east of Olympia, and constructed there Fort Stevens, moved to and
+built Camp Montgomery, twelve miles back of Steilacoom, February 19 to
+23; the post and ferry at the emigrant crossing of the Puyallup, 25th to
+29th; and the post and blockhouses, named Fort Hays, on Connell's
+prairie, on White River, by March 2; and later two blockhouses at the
+crossing of that river, named Forts Pike and Posey. Small garrisons held
+this line of blockhouses; roads were cut and opened through the forest;
+and a train of thirty ox-teams, three yoke each, bought, hired, or
+impressed from the settlers, hauled out a hundred days' supplies.
+Captain Henness's mounted rangers cheerfully dismounted, and, leaving
+their horses at Yelm prairie, advanced on foot. The governor visited
+Camp Montgomery on the 28th, pressing forward the movement.
+
+Captain Sidney S. Ford, with a force of friendly Chehalis Indians,
+scouted the lower Puyallup. Lieutenant-Colonel Casey advanced a
+detachment of regulars to the Muckleshoot prairie, eight miles below
+Connell's prairie, where they built a blockhouse named Fort Slaughter.
+
+The government vessels on the Sound were the war steamer Massachusetts,
+Captain Samuel Swartwout, which remained mostly in Seattle harbor, where
+she relieved the Decatur; the Coast Survey steamer Active, Captain James
+Alden; and the revenue cutter Jefferson Davis, a sailing vessel, Captain
+William C. Pease. These officers were ever ready to aid in the defense
+of the settlements by every means in their power. They furnished
+ammunition, transported volunteers and supplies, and cruised the Sound
+to overawe the northern Indians.
+
+On March 2 two white men were killed by Indians within a few miles of
+Olympia; Indians were seen and stock was driven off at other points; a
+band of savages under Qui-e-muth were discovered in the Nisqually
+bottom; and it appeared that, while the troops were pushing out, the
+Indians were coming in behind them to raid the settlements. Unwilling to
+arrest the forward movement, the governor immediately ordered Maxon's
+company, of the Southern battalion, over to the Sound from Vancouver,
+and soon after brought over the rest of the battalion. By a special war
+notice he also called a hundred more men from the already denuded
+settlements, and, with the few that were able to respond, strengthened
+the exposed points.
+
+On March 6 Colonel Casey's troops on Muckleshoot prairie had a sharp
+fight with the enemy. On the 10th Major Hays, with 110 men of his
+Central battalion, fought the principal and decisive battle of the war
+on the Sound, known as the battle of Connell's prairie. It was brought
+on by the Indians, who, emboldened by their previous successes, fought
+for five hours with a confidence and stubbornness that enabled the
+volunteers to inflict severe losses upon them. They were finally routed
+by a charge on their left flank by Captains Swindal and Rabbeson, and a
+simultaneous attack in front by Captains Henness and White, with a loss
+of twenty-five or thirty killed and many wounded. They even abandoned
+their war-drum in their flight. Major Hays, who handled his command with
+skill and judgment as well as courage, reported that they numbered at
+least two hundred warriors. It afterwards appeared that their numbers
+were much larger, and that they were aided in the fight by a hundred
+Yakima warriors.
+
+The fruits of Governor Stevens's thorough preparations were now
+manifested by incessant blows and untiring, unsparing warfare. The
+Indians were allowed no respite from attack, and could find no refuge,
+even in the densest swamps and thickets. The Central battalion sent out
+strong parties to beat up the country of the White, Green, Cedar, and
+Puyallup rivers to the base of the mountains. Major Van Bokkelen, with
+Captain Smalley's Company G, forty-six men, and seventy-six of
+Pat-ka-nim's braves, swept the forests from the Snohomish to Connell's
+prairie, thence up the mountain to the Nahchess Pass, thence northward
+along the foot of the range to his own northern line, and thence into
+and over the Snoqualmie passes. Captain Sidney Ford with his Chehalis
+Indians, and agent Wesley Gosnell with a party of friendly, or pretended
+friendly, Indians from the Squaxon reservation--own brothers to the
+hostiles these--scoured the swamps and bottoms of the Puyallup and
+Nisqually; Lieutenant Pierre Charles, with a force of Cowlitz and
+Chehalis Indians, scouted up the Cowlitz and Newarkum rivers, and
+captured a number of the enemy. The ladies of Olympia, under the lead of
+Mrs. Stevens, made blue caps with red facings, with which these red
+allies were equipped, to distinguish them from their hostile kindred.
+Another company was called out and organized among the settlers of the
+Cowlitz plains under Captain E.D. Warbass, which built a blockhouse on
+Klikitat prairie, twelve miles higher up the Cowlitz, and also kept
+scouting parties constantly on the move. Major Maxon and his company
+scouted and searched the whole length of the Nisqually valley far into
+the range, leaving their horses and plunging into the tangled forests on
+foot, and on one of their scouts killed eight and brought in fourteen
+captives of the enemy. Miller's and Achilles's companies joined in the
+work, while Goff was sent back to the river to increase his strength to
+a hundred, and, with another company to be raised there,--N, Captain
+Richards,--to rendezvous at the Dalles in readiness for operations in
+the upper country.
+
+The governor urged Captain Swartwout to unite with Captain Lander's
+company, by furnishing a detachment and boats from the Massachusetts, in
+routing out the Indians who infested the shores of Lake Washington; and
+when the naval officer declined, Captains Howe and Peabody led
+detachments of the Northern battalion from the Snohomish down through
+the unknown and trackless forest, and beat up the shores of the lake.
+Lander's Company A was posted on the Duwhamish River, a few miles from
+Seattle, where it built a blockhouse, and from which point Lieutenant
+Neely led a party in a canoe expedition up Black River into the lake,
+and fell upon a camp of the hostiles just after it had been abandoned,
+which was found filled with remains of cattle, stores, and goods
+recently plundered from Seattle and the settlers. Colonel Casey, after
+being reinforced by the two companies brought over from Vancouver,
+established a post higher up on White River, from which, and from his
+post on Muckleshoot prairie, parties scouted the surrounding forest.
+Every blockhouse with its little garrison, every armed train and express
+and canoe, as well as the numerous scouting parties, was constantly
+watching and searching for hostile Indians, and, worse than all, their
+own kindred, of whom Shaw declared "blankets will turn any Indian on the
+side of the whites," now joined in the hunt, and, stimulated by rewards
+offered for the heads of the hostile chiefs and warriors, showed the way
+to all their secret haunts and trails. The tide had, indeed, turned,
+after two months of this unrelenting warfare, and nearly every tribe on
+the Sound now freely proffered its assistance. The northern Indians,
+also, tendered their services, which were declined, excepting eight men,
+who joined the Northern battalion, and proved themselves uncommonly
+brave, strong, and hardy soldiers.
+
+Thus the whole tangled region, with its dense forests and almost
+impenetrable swamps, from the Snohomish to the Cowlitz, nearly two
+hundred miles, was beaten up, the Indian resorts and hiding-places
+searched out, and their trails discovered and explored, especially those
+across the mountain passes, many of which were now for the first time
+made known to the whites. The whole policy and plan of campaign were
+Governor Stevens's, and the execution almost entirely the work of his
+brave and patriotic volunteers. The governor had, indeed, brought about
+a real concert of action with Colonel Casey by his frank and considerate
+treatment of that officer, but the regular forces kept within a very
+short tether of Fort Steilacoom.
+
+It was in the midst of the rainy season that this aggressive campaign
+was waged. So impracticable and unwise was it deemed by the brave and
+excellent Major Hays that he remonstrated with the governor against
+exposing the volunteers to such hardships, and, finding him inexorable,
+resigned rather than undertake it, as also did two officers of his
+former company. Amid constant rains and swollen streams the volunteers
+thridded the dripping forests, where every shaken bough drenched the
+toiling soldiers with another shower-bath, following some dim trail, or
+oftener cutting or forcing their way through the trackless woods,--heavy
+packs of blankets and rations on their backs, the axe in one hand and
+the rifle in the other. Scarcely would they return from one scout when
+they would be ordered out again. To every demand the volunteers
+responded with the greatest alacrity, spirit, and fortitude. The mounted
+men without a murmur left their horses and took to the woods as foot
+scouts. The Southern battalion, enlisting with the expectation of
+campaigning on the plains of the upper country, instantly and without a
+murmur obeyed the order summoning them to the Sound, to the discomforts
+and hardships of the rains and forests and swamps. The settlers freely
+turned out with their teams of oxen, and the storekeepers furnished
+blankets, clothing, shoes, and provisions to the extent of their
+ability.
+
+On March 26, just as the campaign was well under way, the Yakimas and
+Klikitats swooped down upon the Cascades portage on the Columbia, which
+was left insufficiently guarded by Colonel Wright with a force of only
+nine regular soldiers in a blockhouse, and massacred nineteen settlers,
+and killed one soldier and wounded two others. Colonel Wright, who was
+at the Dalles preparing an expedition for the Yakima country,
+immediately proceeded to the Cascades with a strong force of regular
+troops, and the Indians disappeared. Satisfied that the friendly Indians
+in that vicinity were implicated in the attack, he caused ten of them,
+including the chief, to be summarily tried by military commission and
+hanged, an act which, if committed by the territorial authorities or
+volunteers, would have caused redoubled denunciations on the part of
+Wool and his parasites, but which, done by this regular officer, excited
+no comment. This affair at the Cascades is also of interest as being
+General P.H. Sheridan's début in the art of war.
+
+The massacre at the Cascades excited new alarm among the settlers about
+Vancouver and along the Columbia. To reassure them, and keep them from
+abandoning their farms, the governor called out another company of
+volunteers under Captain William Kelly, known as the Clark County
+Rangers, caused several new blockhouses to be built, and had the rangers
+constantly patrol the settlements. It was at this time, and largely in
+consequence of the Cascades massacre, that he called out Captain
+Warbass's company, for he deemed it essential that the settlers should
+not again abandon their farms. He also wrote Colonel Wright proposing a
+"thorough understanding between the regular and volunteer service, so
+their joint efforts may be applied to the protection of the settlements
+and the prosecution of the war," in order that no force need be wasted,
+and inviting his suggestions to that end. But Colonel Wright, although
+personally ready to coöperate like Colonel Casey, was under the
+strictest orders from Wool in no way to recognize the volunteers. In his
+reply to the governor he simply stated what he was doing, and proposing
+to do, without venturing any suggestions. In truth, between the governor
+and his volunteers, who were so efficiently protecting the settlements
+and attacking the common foe, on the one hand, and his irate commanding
+general, who had positively ordered him to ignore the territorial
+authorities and forces, on the other, Colonel Wright was in something of
+a quandary, and it must be confessed that he conducted himself with no
+little diplomatic skill.
+
+For two months after the fight of Connell's prairie, Governor Stevens
+kept his whole force thus incessantly searching the forests and hunting
+down the hostiles with unrelenting vigor. The Indians, thrown completely
+on the defensive, did not commit another depredation after the Cascades
+disaster on all that long line of exposed and scattered settlements.
+They were driven and chased from resort to resort; their most hidden
+camps and caches of provisions were discovered and destroyed; many were
+killed or captured; and by the middle of May over five hundred came in
+and gave themselves up, while the guilty chiefs and warriors fled across
+the Cascades and sought refuge among their Yakima kindred. The
+surrendered were placed on the reservations with the friendly Indians,
+except a number of suspected murderers, who were tried by military
+commissions; but very few were found guilty for lack of evidence, and
+they were also sent to join their people on the reservations. It was not
+the governor's policy to punish them for taking part in the war, or
+fights only, but he deemed it essential to the future peace of the
+country that the murderers of settlers and chief instigators of the
+outbreak should be punished, and believed that if they were allowed to
+escape scot free they would stir up trouble again.
+
+Thus the war west of the Cascades was ended by the complete surrender or
+flight of the hostiles.
+
+In June the posts and blockhouses built by the volunteers on Puyallup
+and White rivers, Connell's prairie, and Camp Montgomery were turned
+over to the regulars, and the volunteers who were not required for an
+expedition east of the Cascades were disbanded in July.
+
+After the suppression of hostilities on the Sound, becoming satisfied
+that the reservations set apart at the treaty of Medicine Creek were
+inadequate for the Nisquallies and Puyallups, Governor Stevens held a
+council with these Indians on Fox Island on August 4, and arranged with
+them to give them, in place of those established by the treaty, a larger
+reservation for the former tribe on the Nisqually River, a few miles
+above its mouth, embracing some excellent bottom land, and for the
+latter twenty-one thousand acres of the finest alluvial land at the
+mouth of the Puyallup River. At the same time a smaller reservation was
+given the Duwhamish Indians on the Muckleshoot prairie. The Puyallup
+reservation included thirteen donation claims taken by white settlers,
+but the governor had these appraised by a commission which he appointed
+for the purpose, and its awards, amounting to some five thousand
+dollars, were paid by Congress. On his recommendation the President, by
+executive order, promptly established the new reservations, in pursuance
+of the sixth article of the treaty, which empowered him to take such
+action. The Indians have remained in undisturbed possession of them ever
+since. When the Northern Pacific Railroad Company fixed its terminus at
+Tacoma in 1874, it cast covetous eyes upon this noble tract of land
+situated across the bay, right opposite the proposed city, and the
+author, then its attorney in Washington Territory, was instructed to
+examine and report upon the validity of the Indian title to it. His
+report satisfied the officers of the company that the right of the
+Indians to their reservation was indisputable.
+
+Much of the success attending Governor Stevens's prosecution of the
+Indian war was due to the able and energetic men he called to his aid as
+staff officers. He especially commended General W.W. Miller as having
+imparted "extraordinary efficiency to the quartermaster's and commissary
+department, the most difficult of all,--which, generally kept distinct,
+was a single department in our service,--reflecting the highest capacity
+and devotion to the public service upon its chief and subordinate
+officers." It was General Miller who collected, largely by impressment,
+organized, and led out into the Indian country the large ox-train which
+hauled out three months' supplies for the volunteers in the beginning of
+the campaign, without which it could not have been waged. He was
+distinguished by remarkable sound sense and judgment, and the governor
+counseled with and relied upon him more than any other. And after the
+Indian war General Miller was his closest friend in the Territory. The
+governor also took occasion to make special acknowledgment to General
+Tilton for his services as adjutant-general, where his military
+experience was of great value. It is much to be regretted that the
+limits of this work preclude the detailed mention of their services,
+which they so well merit; but the remarkable success of their
+departments is their best encomium.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XXXIX
+
+                      THE WAR IN THE UPPER COUNTRY
+
+
+While the war of the Sound was thus vigorously and successfully
+prosecuted, operations east of the Cascades were marked by lack of vigor
+and purpose, and no impression was made upon the hostile tribes, except
+to encourage them to continue on the war-path. The Oregon volunteers,
+who wintered in the Walla Walla valley, crossed Snake River in March,
+advanced a short distance up the Palouse, then traversed the country
+over to the Columbia below Priest's Rapids, from which point they
+returned to Walla Walla, and in May moved back to the Dalles and were
+disbanded. Thus it will be seen how easy it would have been for the
+regular forces, supporting and supplementing this movement of the Oregon
+volunteers across Snake River, to have made the effective campaign that
+Governor Stevens outlined to Wool. With a little reinforcement, the
+volunteers could have pushed beyond Priest's Rapids up the left bank of
+the Columbia, driving the hostiles across the river into the Yakima
+country, when the main columns of regulars, entering that country from
+the Dalles and up the Yakima River, could have "put the hostiles to
+their last battle."
+
+But it was not until May that Colonel Wright marched from the Dalles
+into the Yakima country with five companies of regulars. He found the
+hostiles in strong force on the Nahchess River, one of the upper
+tributaries of the Yakima. Instead of fighting, he stopped to parley
+with them; but after a week of talking to no purpose, he sent back for
+reinforcements.
+
+At this juncture, the hostile Indians on the Sound having been
+thoroughly subdued, and those of the upper country being still in
+unbroken strength and confidence, Governor Stevens, on May 28, proposed
+to Lieutenant-Colonel Casey a joint movement of their respective forces
+across the Cascades:--
+
+  "I would suggest your sending three companies to the Nahchess,
+  retaining one at or near the pass, and advancing the others into the
+  Yakima country.
+
+  "At the same time I will put my whole mounted force through the
+  Snoqualmie Pass and down the main Yakima. The Northern battalion
+  shall occupy posts on the line of the Snoqualmie from the falls to
+  the eastern slope. A depot shall be established on the eastern
+  slope; all the horsemen will then be available to strike and pursue
+  the enemy."
+
+But Casey, strictly forbidden by Wool to recognize the volunteers, sent
+two companies under Major Garnett to reinforce Wright by the circuitous
+Cowlitz and Columbia route, declining to "send him across the Nahchess
+Pass, for the reason, first, I consider there would be too much delay in
+getting across. In the next place, I have not sufficient transportation
+to spare for that purpose." From Steilacoom to Wright's camp on the
+Nahchess was barely a hundred miles by the direct route across the pass;
+by the Cowlitz-Columbia route it was three hundred and fifteen miles,
+for a hundred and fifteen of which the troops could be transported by
+water, leaving two hundred to march. By these facts, and by the ease and
+celerity of Shaw's march a few days later over the rejected route, the
+validity and candor of Casey's "reason" may be judged.
+
+Such a combined movement would have given Wright ample reinforcements,
+and in the mounted volunteers the very arm he most needed; for infantry
+could never reach the Indians on those plains in summer unless the
+latter chose to fight. And for the second time he was given the
+opportunity, by availing himself of the coöperation of the volunteers,
+to inflict a severe punishment upon the enemy. Unhappily Wool's orders
+tied his hands, and Wright himself was imbued with Wool's delusion that
+the Indians of the upper country--the great hostile tribes that had
+plotted and brought on the war fresh from treacherously signing the
+treaties at Walla Walla, had murdered the miners and agent Bolon, and
+had plundered Fort Walla Walla, and laid themselves in wait to cut off
+Governor Stevens and his party--were innocent and peaceably disposed
+Indians, who had been forced to war by the aggressions of the whites.
+
+Upon Casey's rejection or evasion of the joint operation he proposed,
+Governor Stevens determined to push his mounted men across the
+mountains, and throw upon that officer the burden of protecting the
+settlements upon the Sound against hostile incursions. Accordingly he
+offered to turn over to him his posts on the Puyallup, and on Connell's
+and South prairies, and the colonel received and occupied them, for
+which he was censured and rebuked by Wool as soon as the latter was
+informed of it. The governor was convinced that the war could be brought
+to a close only by subduing the hostile tribes of the upper country;
+that until this was done the Sound country was liable to their raids and
+stirring up of fresh outbreaks among the Sound Indians; and that every
+day's delay in striking them was helping Kam-i-ah-kan and his emissaries
+in winning over the Spokanes, Coeur d'Alenes, and disaffected Nez
+Perces to their side. He also deemed it necessary to send supplies and
+Indian goods to Craig and Lawyer, and strengthen their hands in keeping
+the Nez Perces loyal, now left more exposed by the withdrawal of the
+Oregon volunteers from the Walla Walla valley. He proceeded, therefore,
+to carry out his plans, cherished from the beginning, of striking a
+blow in the upper country.
+
+On June 12 Lieutenant-Colonel Shaw marched from Camp Montgomery with one
+hundred and seventy-five mounted men of the Central and Southern
+battalions, under their respective majors, Blankenship and Maxon,
+comprising Captain Henness's Company C, Maxon's Washington Mounted
+Rifles, Company D, under Lieutenant Powell, Captain Miller's Company J,
+and a pack-train of twenty-seven packers and one hundred and seven pack
+animals, under Captain C.H. Armstrong, the regimental quartermaster and
+commissary. On the 20th he reached the Wenass branch of the Yakima, with
+the loss of only one animal, finding the road good for a mountain road.
+Colonel Wright was still parleying with the Yakimas, trying to patch up
+a peace, and not only with them, but also with Leschi, Kitsap, Stahi,
+Nelson, and Qui-e-muth, the hostile chiefs who had fled from the Sound
+country, and would vouchsafe no information or suggestion to the
+volunteer colonel, except the statement that the regular troops were
+amply sufficient for the Yakima. Shaw therefore continued his march,
+crossed the Columbia at old Fort Walla Walla, and reached and made camp
+on Mill Creek, in the valley, on the 9th of July.
+
+Having seen the necessary arrangements made, and orders given for Shaw's
+march, the governor hastened in person to the Dalles, arriving there
+June 12, where he had already assembled Captains Goff's and Richards's
+companies, in anticipation of operating in the upper country.
+
+He had previously, on April 27, inquired of Colonel Wright if he
+intended to occupy the Walla Walla valley, and if, in case it were not
+occupied, and the Oregon volunteers there were withdrawn, he could
+furnish an escort of one company to guard the train to the Nez Perce
+country. To this Wright replied that it was no part of his plan of
+campaign to occupy the Walla Walla country, "as we are assured that the
+Indians in that district are peacefully inclined," and that the matter
+of an escort was referred to General Wool, which, of course, was
+equivalent to refusal. The governor, on receiving this reply, at once
+wrote Wright:--
+
+  "My information in regard to the Indians in the Walla Walla, and on
+  the Snake River, is that they are determined to prosecute the war.
+  This was the declaration made by the prominent chiefs of the Cuyuses
+  to the express of Mr. McDonald some weeks since. This is the opinion
+  of my agent in the Nez Perce country and of the Nez Perce chiefs,
+  and it would seem to be indicated by the recent attack by the
+  Indians on the volunteers at the Umatilla.
+
+  "I have therefore thought it my duty to communicate these views, and
+  I will suggest that you receive with great caution any information
+  of their peaceful intention, to the end that you may not be thrown
+  off your guard."
+
+Thus Wright was fixed in the opinion that these Indians were peaceably
+disposed, all evidence to the contrary notwithstanding. He ignored the
+information and views given him by Governor Stevens, who, as
+Superintendent of Indian Affairs, was especially charged with the care
+and management of them; the information furnished by the Hudson Bay
+Company's officer at Colville; the opinions of the Nez Perce chiefs and
+agent Craig; and even a recent attack actually made upon a post of
+Oregon volunteers on the Umatilla.
+
+The governor now notified Wright of Shaw's march and orders to coöperate
+with him:--
+
+  "His orders are to coöperate with you in removing the seat of war
+  from the base of the mountains to the interior, and for reasons
+  affecting the close of the war on the Sound obvious to all persons.
+
+  "He will then push to the Walla Walla valley, crossing the Columbia
+  at Fort Walla Walla.
+
+  "The supplies and escort for the Walla Walla will move from the
+  Dalles on Friday morning.
+
+  "The Walla Walla valley must be occupied immediately, to prevent the
+  extension of the war into the interior.
+
+  "Kam-i-ah-kan has, since your arrival on the Nahchess, made every
+  exertion to induce the tribes thus far friendly to join in the war.
+  He has flattered the Spokanes, where he was on the 25th of May, and
+  has endeavored to browbeat the Nez Perces. The Spokanes have
+  answered in the negative, and the Nez Perces will, I am satisfied,
+  continue friendly.
+
+  "I am ready, as the Superintendent of Indian Affairs, to take charge
+  of any Indians that may be reported by yourself as having changed
+  their condition from hostility to peace.
+
+  "From all I can gather, I presume your views and my own do not
+  differ as to the terms which should be allowed the Indians, viz.,
+  unconditional submission, and the rendering up of murderers and
+  instigators of the war to punishment.
+
+  "I will, however, respectfully put you on your guard in reference to
+  Leschi, Nelson, Kitsap, and Qui-e-muth, from the Sound, and suggest
+  that no arrangement be made which shall save their necks from the
+  executioner."
+
+But the governor's wise and patriotic efforts to secure coöperation, and
+this fine opportunity to strike the enemy a crushing blow, were
+frustrated by Wright's pacific attitude and the cold shoulder he turned
+to Shaw. It was indeed hard to induce concert of action, especially
+aggressive action, between authorities who knew the Indians as hostile
+and murderous, and to be subdued only by defeat and punishment, and
+officers who regarded them as wronged, and deserving to be made peace
+with and protected. Thus Wool's pernicious and inexcusable views and
+orders paralyzed the campaign of his subordinate, who shared his
+delusion.
+
+The governor remained at the Dalles some two weeks, combining and
+expediting the movements of his two columns to the Walla Walla valley,
+and gaining the latest information from the Indian country, and returned
+to Olympia June 30.
+
+On this trip the governor summarily dismissed a quartermaster at
+Vancouver for dishonest conduct, and the incident was made the subject
+of a caricature by John Phoenix, the _nom de plume_ of that inveterate
+wit and joker, Lieutenant George H. Derby, who was then stationed at
+Vancouver.[11]
+
+It will be recollected that the governor left Captain Sidney S. Ford in
+the Walla Walla to organize a company for home defense of the few
+settlers who had returned with the Oregon volunteers. He succeeded in
+raising twenty-five men, but was soon succeeded by a company under
+Captain Henry M. Chase, composed of ten whites and forty-three Nez
+Perces. On the withdrawal of the volunteers, they, too, had to be
+disbanded, and the valley was wholly abandoned.
+
+On the 22d the two companies under Captains Goff and Williams, who
+succeeded Richards, mustering one hundred and seventy-five men, with a
+train of forty-five wagons and thirty-five pack-animals, in charge of
+Quartermaster Robie, marched from the Dalles, and on July 9 joined Shaw
+on Mill Creek, except a detachment of seventy-five men under Captain
+Goff, which left the train on the Umatilla to go to the assistance of
+Major Lupton, of the Oregon volunteers, who was in the presence of a
+force of the enemy in the Blue Mountains. Goff and Lupton followed the
+hostiles across the mountains, and on the 15th and 16th inflicted a
+sharp blow upon them on Burnt River.
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel Craig, with a force of seventy-five Nez Perce
+volunteers under Spotted Eagle, marched from Lapwai and joined Shaw's
+command, also on the 9th, so that the three columns, starting from
+points as widely divergent as Puget Sound, the Dalles, and Lapwai, all
+met in the valley on the same day. The Nez Perces gave assurances of the
+continued friendship of the tribe, and Robie proceeded with the train of
+Indian goods to their country under their escort alone.
+
+Thus far Shaw had encountered no enemy in his march, the Yakimas being
+virtually protected by Colonel Wright and his parleyings, and the
+Cuyuses and Walla Wallas having left the valley; but learning that the
+hostiles were in the Grande Ronde valley in force, he determined to
+strike them. Moving by night by an unused trail across the Blue
+Mountains, guided by the faithful Nez Perce chief, Captain John, he
+encountered the enemy on the third day, July 17, in the open valley.
+Although taken by surprise, they received him in a defiant attitude;
+large numbers of braves, mounted and armed, and with a white scalp borne
+on a pole among them, confronted him, while the squaws were fleeing
+across the valley to seek refuge, and, on Captain John's approaching
+them to parley, cried out to shoot him. Upon this, throwing off his hat,
+and with a shout, the tall, rawboned leader of the volunteers instantly
+charged at the head of his men, his long red hair and beard streaming in
+the wind, broke and scattered the Indians, chased them fifteen miles
+clear across the valley, killed forty, and captured a hundred pounds of
+ammunition, all their provisions, and over two hundred horses and mules,
+many of which bore the United States brand, and had been evidently run
+off from Wright's and Rains's commands. Shaw's loss was only three
+killed and four wounded.
+
+Having driven the hostiles beyond the Grande Ronde, and not having
+sufficient supplies to warrant pursuing them farther, Shaw returned to
+his camp in the Walla Walla.
+
+Meanwhile Robie had been threatened and ordered out of the Nez Perce
+country by the disaffected portion of that tribe, and had returned by
+forced marches to the valley, but on learning of Shaw's victory, and in
+answer to his message that "if they beat their drums for war, he would
+parade his men for battle," the recusant chiefs again made professions
+of friendship. Lawyer and the majority of the tribe were unwavering in
+their friendship, but there were a considerable number who sympathized
+with their Cuyuse kindred, and repented having made the treaty, among
+whom Looking Glass, Red Wolf, Joseph, and Eagle-from-the-Light were
+leaders.
+
+One of the first acts of Colonel Wright at the Dalles had been to
+release the Cuyuse war chief, Um-how-lish, whom the governor had
+captured and brought to that point, and to allow him to return to his
+people, accepting all his professions at par. Under this encouragement
+some of the friendly Cuyuses and the families of some of the hostiles
+had taken refuge among the Nez Perces, despite the governor's refusal to
+permit them to go there. The very thing he apprehended occurred, viz.,
+the disaffected and hostile Cuyuses, visiting their kindred with, and
+mingling among, the Nez Perces, had stirred up considerable disaffection
+in this hitherto faithful tribe. Moreover, the Yakima emissaries had
+assured the Nez Perces that the Spokanes were about to break out against
+the whites, and threatened them with the same treatment accorded the
+whites, unless they, too, would make common cause against the
+encroaching race. Lawyer and Craig, therefore, were sorely troubled to
+hold firm the wavering friendship of the disaffected part of the tribe,
+and had written the most urgent messages to the governor for assistance.
+Hence his great anxiety to have the Walla Walla valley held in force,
+and to get through to the Nez Perce country a train bearing supplies and
+encouragement to the faithful chiefs.
+
+Shaw's victory occurred most opportunely to restrain the disaffected,
+and both he and Craig represented that the moral effect of it was great
+and salutary upon them. The governor therefore decided to proceed in
+person to Walla Walla, and there hold a council with the Indians, in
+order to confirm the friendship of the Nez Perces and restrain the
+doubtful and wavering from active hostility. He directed Craig and Shaw
+to summon the hitherto friendly Indians, the Nez Perces, Spokanes,
+Coeur d'Alenes, and friendly Cuyuses, to the council; and also to send
+messengers to the hostiles, inviting them to attend it also, under the
+sole condition of submission to the government, requiring them to come
+unarmed, and assuring them of safe conduct to, at, and from the council.
+He took this course in order to give the hostiles every opportunity to
+give up the conflict and accept peace, if their minds were ripe for it,
+and also to refute the infamous charges of Wool and satisfy the doubts
+or scruples of other regular officers, by demonstrating his earnest wish
+to end the war and treat the hostiles with all possible leniency. To
+this end, on August 3 he wrote a pressing invitation to Colonel Wright
+to attend the council, recommended him to establish a permanent garrison
+in the Walla Walla valley, and requested a conference at the Dalles on
+the 14th of September.
+
+The governor called out two hundred more volunteers to maintain the
+strength of Shaw's command, whose term of enlistment was about to
+expire, for he deemed it indispensable to hold the Walla Walla valley.
+
+Colonel Wright, acting on Wool's theory of wronged and innocent Indians,
+had suffered himself to be completely deceived by the wily Yakimas, and
+had given open ear to their lying tales and treacherous professions,
+and, without striking a blow, or seizing a single murderer, or exacting
+any guaranty for future good behavior,--not even a promise to observe
+their treaty and allow whites to come into their country,--had concluded
+a quasi-peace with them. This was as great a victory for their diplomacy
+as Haller's defeat was for their arms. It rendered Wright's campaign
+utterly abortive, saved them from losses and punishment, recognized as
+valid their objections to the treaty and the presence of white settlers,
+and left Kam-i-ah-kan and his followers free to continue their
+machinations among the doubtful tribes, which they were actively
+carrying on.
+
+While these wily Indians were thus beguiling Wright, they also tried
+their diplomacy on the authorities on the west side of the Cascades. In
+May Indian messengers from Ow-hi and Te-i-as--two of the most cunning
+and treacherous of the Yakima chiefs, the former second only to
+Kam-i-ah-kan, as well as foremost in bringing on the war--approached
+Colonel Simmons through friendly Indians, pretending a desire to make
+peace, and were sent to Olympia to the governor. After conversing with
+them, the latter was satisfied that they came only as spies and
+trouble-instigators, but directed them to return to the chiefs who sent
+them, bearing his invitation to all who wished to resume friendly
+relations to come with their women and children to the prairie above
+Snoqualmie Falls, and submit to the justice and mercy of the government;
+that only those guilty of murder and instigating the war would be
+punished, and all others would be pardoned and kindly treated, like the
+Indians on the reservations. At the same time he charged Colonel
+Fitzhugh, in connection with Colonel Simmons, with the mission of
+bringing about the surrender of the Indians in question in case they
+were acting in good faith. Three weeks later, June 20, Fitzhugh reported
+that his mission had turned out a perfect failure, that the governor was
+correct in his opinion, that the messengers only wanted to gain time and
+information, and added:--
+
+  "The Indians expected to make better terms with Colonel Wright, who
+  had been entertaining them and making them presents on the other
+  side of the mountains, and had told them that he was the 'Big Dog'
+  in this part of the world, and had come a long distance to treat
+  with them, and if they would only stop fighting all would be well.
+  As things now are, they will have to be well thrashed before they
+  will treat. From the beginning of the difficulty to the present
+  time, the regulars, from their commander-in-chief down, have
+  stultified themselves. They have done no fighting, and now they wish
+  to patch up a treaty, so as to get the credit for putting an end to
+  the war."
+
+Little did the cunning Ow-hi foresee the tragic fate that awaited him
+and his son, only two years later, at the hands of Colonel Wright.
+
+Thus ingloriously was the war carried on, or rather paralyzed, by the
+regular forces in the upper country. The only blow inflicted upon the
+hostiles of that region during the year was struck by Shaw in the Grande
+Ronde, and the effect of that was dissipated by the subsequent behavior
+of Wool's officers.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [11] In this cartoon two settlers in roughest costumes, slouch hats,
+       woolen shirts, huge muddy boots with trousers tucked into them,
+       and long, unkempt hair and beard, are represented standing in
+       front of a log-hut in the woods, while in the distance appears a
+       building, having over the door the sign "Quartermaster's Office,"
+       from which a man is being kicked into the street.
+
+       "_First Pike._ That's pretty rough, Bill, yanking a man out
+       of office like that, without giving him ary show or trial.
+
+       "_Second Pike._ Well, the governor's generally about right,
+       and he's dead right this time, you bet."
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XL
+
+                      THE FRUITLESS PEACE COUNCIL
+
+
+It will be remembered that Colonel Wright, hugging his delusion and
+shutting his eyes to obvious facts, in April expressed the opinion that
+the hostile Cuyuses and Walla Wallas were "peaceably disposed" when
+declining to occupy the valley or furnish an escort for the Nez Perce
+train. The governor, by bringing him to attend the council and see and
+judge for himself, hoped to open his eyes to the real situation, and to
+induce him to take a more manly and aggressive course in case the
+Indians persisted in the war.
+
+Accordingly, leaving Olympia August 11, Governor Stevens reached
+Vancouver on the 13th, and there met Colonel Wright, who informed him
+that he was unable to attend the council from pressure of other duties,
+but that he was dispatching a force of four companies of regulars under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Steptoe in season to be present, and that the
+governor could rely upon that officer for support in case of need, an
+assurance not made good, and which involved him in no little personal
+peril.
+
+As it was no longer necessary to maintain Shaw's force in the valley,
+since the regulars were to occupy it, the governor now revoked his call
+for two hundred more volunteers.
+
+Traveling together to the Dalles, the governor and Colonel Wright had
+repeated conferences en route, and at that point also met and conferred
+with Lieutenant-Colonel Steptoe, Major Lugenbeel, and Captain Jordan,
+with the result, as the governor supposed and reported to the Indian
+Bureau, of establishing "the most cordial and effective coöperation in
+all the measures taken to maintain the friendly relations of the tribes
+east of the mountains." It is evident that Governor Stevens, by his
+personal ascendency over men, and the manifest wisdom and necessity of
+his measures, actually compelled these officers, like Lieutenant-Colonel
+Casey, to a degree of coöperation incompatible with Wool's orders, and
+probably repugnant to their own prejudices. It is impossible, however,
+to acquit Wright and Steptoe of a lack of candor in concealing from the
+governor the real character of Wool's instructions, and in leading him
+to expect their faithful coöperation and support. For not only had Wool
+positively forbidden anything of the kind, but had ordered them to
+disarm the volunteers, if they had sufficient force to do so, and expel
+them from the Indian country, as appeared from Wool's orders when
+subsequently published by the government. He also ordered them to
+exclude American settlers from the entire upper country, but not to
+interfere with the Hudson Bay Company people, it being his intention to
+make the Cascade Range a scientific frontier to the settlements.
+
+It is noteworthy that the officers of the 4th infantry, who garrisoned
+the country at and before the outbreak of the war,--Alvord, Rains,
+Haller, Maloney, Slaughter, and Nugen,--agreed perfectly with the
+territorial authorities and the people as to the causes of the outbreak,
+and were always ready to coöperate with them. It was Major Alvord who
+first detected and reported the existence of the Indian conspiracy, and
+Major Rains who called for the volunteers.
+
+But the officers of the 9th infantry, like Wright and Casey, were
+new-comers in the country, bound by Wool's orders, and prejudiced by his
+infamous slanders, and undoubtedly affected by professional jealousy.
+They were ready to ignore the territorial authorities, and to make peace
+by restraining the whites instead of punishing the hostile Indian
+aggressors. They prolonged the war east of the mountains and kept back
+the settlement of the country for two years, but at last the scales were
+torn from their eyes by stern experience; they realized how mistaken had
+been their views and fruitless their policy, and found themselves
+obliged to adopt the views of Governor Stevens and make war in earnest.
+Then, under the severe blows of Wright, the hostile tribes were finally
+punished and subdued, and permanent peace assured.
+
+On the day after reaching Vancouver the governor held a council with a
+band of Klikitat Indians, at which Colonel Wright was present, and made
+arrangements for removing them temporarily to their original home east
+of the Cascades on the Klikitat River, with the view of placing them
+ultimately on the Yakima reservation. He informed Colonel Wright that he
+would receive and care for, as Superintendent of Indian Affairs, any
+surrendered Indians, except the Sound murderers,--Leschi, Qui-e-muth,
+Nelson, Sta-hi, etc.,--to whom he had already cautioned him against
+granting amnesty. He now made formal requisition upon Colonel Wright for
+the surrender of these chiefs to be tried for their crimes, and notified
+him that he had forbidden the Indian agents to receive them on any
+reservation either east or west of the Cascades. He gave full and
+careful instructions on all these matters to the agents on the
+river,--Captain J. Cain, who had general charge of the Indians on the
+Columbia, Mr. Field at Vancouver, Mr. Lear at the Cascades, and the
+agent near the Dalles,--and made the necessary arrangements to meet all
+exigencies. This trip affords one of many examples of the governor's
+untiring zeal and energy in the public service. In a single week he
+travels sixty miles on horseback, thirty in canoe, and forty by
+steamboat to Vancouver; holds a council with the Klikitats, and arranges
+for removing them from the settlements; instructs five Indian agents;
+revokes his call for volunteers; confers with Colonel Wright; demands of
+him the surrender of Indian murderers for punishment; travels eighty
+miles farther to the Dalles; and, by repeated conferences with Wright
+and his officers, secures their coöperation, as he has reason to
+believe. Moreover, he finds time to write the most clear and detailed
+reports to the Indian Bureau and to the Secretary of War.
+
+Leaving the Dalles on the 19th, and pushing forward in advance of
+Steptoe with a train of thirty wagons drawn by eighty oxen, and two
+hundred loose animals, attended only by Pearson, and without escort
+except the employees, Governor Stevens reached Shaw's camp in the valley
+on the 23d. On the evening of the 28th a small pack-train was captured
+by the Indians within a few miles of camp, the packers escaping on their
+horses without loss, after firing away all their ammunition. The
+governor was much chagrined at this, the only loss of animals or
+supplies suffered by his volunteers during the whole war, and in orders
+rebuked the parties whose negligence was responsible for the mishap, and
+concluded:
+
+  "He desires to impress upon the troops the fact established by
+  experience, especially in the present Indian war, that bold and
+  repeated charges upon the enemy, even when the disparity of numbers
+  is great, will alone lead to results. In this way only can the
+  superiority of our race be established. In all mere defensive
+  contests with Indians, whether behind breast-works or in the brush,
+  an Indian is as good as a white man; few laurels can thus be won,
+  and the result may be discreditable."
+
+Craig and Dr. Lansdale, the latter the agent for the Flatheads, just
+down from the Bitter Root valley, arrived on the 30th with some of the
+Nez Perce chiefs. The next day agent Montour and Antoine Plante came in
+from the Spokanes and reported that, although the tribe professed a
+friendly disposition, they would not attend the council. Captain D.A.
+Russell (later major-general commanding 1st division, 6th corps, Army of
+the Potomac) with three companies marched from the Yakima to the
+Columbia, opposite old Fort Walla Walla, and, being without means of
+crossing, the governor sent him a wagon boat guarded by twenty
+volunteers, by means of which he ferried his command over the river. On
+the 5th Steptoe reached the valley, and went into camp four miles below
+the governor's camp, his force, including Russell's, consisting of four
+companies. The volunteers were therefore all started for the Dalles,
+their term of service expiring on the 8th, except Captain Goff's
+company, which cheerfully consented to remain as a guard at the camp
+until relieved by the regulars.
+
+Lawyer and the bulk of the Nez Perces arrived on the 6th, and encamped
+four miles above. A train of Indian goods under Robie reached the camp
+the next day. On the 8th the governor received the Nez Perce chiefs and
+headmen to the number of three hundred, after which he held a conference
+with the chiefs, and entertained them at dinner. Father A. Ravalli, of
+the Coeur d'Alene mission, arrived in the evening, bringing important
+information. Reports the governor:--
+
+  "The Father reports having seen and conversed with Kam-i-ah-kan,
+  Skloom, Ow-hi, and his son, and that they will not attend the
+  council. The Spokanes also declined coming. He also saw Looking
+  Glass, who was not well disposed, and said he would not come to the
+  council. From Father Ravalli's report, it became evident to me that
+  all the Indians in the upper country, if not openly hostile, were
+  yet far from entertaining a disposition for friendship to be relied
+  upon. Kam-i-ah-kan had taken advantage of the cessation of
+  hostilities against him in the Yakima to circulate the grossest
+  falsehoods as to the objects of the government in making treaties,
+  against the volunteers, the miners, the settlers, and Americans in
+  general, and he declares that no settler shall live in the country.
+  These falsehoods are universally credited by the Indians, and thus
+  Kam-i-ah-kan, who personally visited most of the tribes, has by his
+  intrigues been enabled to excite to a point verging upon open
+  hostility all the tribes in the upper country, withdrawing from
+  their allegiance one half of the Nez Perce nation. As yet, however,
+  the Spokanes, Coeur d'Alenes, and Colvilles have not molested the
+  settlers or miners passing through their country."
+
+On the 9th provisions were issued to the Nez Perces. In the evening it
+was reported that a party of volunteers on their way to the Dalles were
+being attacked by the hostile Indians, and Colonel Shaw was dispatched
+to their assistance with all the volunteers in camp and a detachment of
+Nez Perces. This left the governor with only ten men, and as he expected
+to open the council the next day, and had a large quantity of Indian
+goods on the ground, he requested Steptoe to send a company of dragoons
+to the council ground as early as practicable. In notes to and
+conversation with him the governor had repeatedly requested him to camp
+at or near the council ground, in order "to show the Indians the
+strength of our people and the unity of our councils." In sending the
+wagon boat to Captain Russell he made a similar request. He well knew
+that the pacific and parleying attitude of the regular officers had
+imbued the Indians with the idea that the regular troops were a
+different people from the settlers and volunteers. He wished to disabuse
+the Indians, and moreover a guard would be indispensable for the
+protection of his camp and supplies as soon as the last of the
+volunteers moved away. Wright's assurances, and the cordial conferences
+with that officer and Steptoe, fully justified him in relying upon their
+support.
+
+The next morning Colonel Steptoe moved his camp farther up the valley,
+and on his way called at the governor's camp with a company of dragoons.
+The latter, supposing that, after his repeated request and the manifest
+necessity of the case, Steptoe would of course encamp near by, did not
+reiterate his request, and the regular officer continued his march and
+established his camp eight miles above the council ground, leaving it
+wholly unprotected. Fortunately Shaw, with his small force, returned in
+the afternoon, the rumored attack proving a false alarm, and reported
+having seen Stock Whitley, chief of the Des Chutes Indians, who said his
+people and the Cuyuses would come to the council that day. The opening
+of the council was postponed to the morrow. Later in the afternoon these
+Indians, with the Umatillas in large force, advanced mounted to within a
+short distance of camp, then, without any salutation or shaking hands,
+wheeled and moved off to the Nez Perce camp, where they partook of a
+feast prepared for them, after which they encamped just above their
+hosts. This demeanor, with the facts that they fired the prairie when
+coming in, and treated some members of the party with great insolence,
+was indicative of anything but a friendly spirit.
+
+The governor now ordered the company of volunteers to march for the
+Dalles the next morning, and made a requisition on Colonel Steptoe for
+the presence of two companies of troops on the council ground, stating
+that the Cuyuses had all come in, and, as the volunteers were about to
+leave, it was essential to have a force on the ground to control the
+Indians. Incredible as it may seem, Steptoe refused, giving several lame
+excuses, and his real reason in the following pregnant sentence: "And
+permit me to say that my instructions from General Wool do not authorize
+me to make any arrangements whatever of the kind you wish." As the
+governor requested no arrangements except that a regular force should
+camp near him to protect his council ground and show the Indians "the
+unity of our councils," as he bore the President's commission, and was
+charged by the government with the care of the Indians, this act shows
+to what length the malignity of Wool and the prejudices of a somewhat
+weak though well-meaning officer could extend. The fact was that these
+regular officers had idealized the Indians, accepting as true the
+falsehood of Kam-i-ah-kan, sympathized with the savages, and were "down"
+on the settlers and volunteers.
+
+The governor learned for the first time from this note that Steptoe had
+moved his camp so far away, for he had taken it for granted that that
+officer had encamped near by. Therefore he retained Goff's company of
+only sixty-nine men for the protection of the council, countermanding
+the order for it to march below in the morning. A portion of it was
+already one day's march on their way down, but was immediately brought
+back.
+
+The council was duly opened the next day, September 11, the chiefs of
+the Nez Perce, Cuyuse, Umatilla, John Day, and Des Chutes Indians being
+present. The governor expressed his sorrow at the state of
+hostilities,--reviewed the course of Kam-i-ah-kan, Pu-pu-mox-mox, and
+the hostiles in accepting their treaties, professing the utmost
+satisfaction with them, and then murdering whites traveling through
+their country and their agent, Bolon, plundering Fort Walla Walla,
+burning the houses of settlers, and threatening the lives of himself and
+party returning from the Blackfoot council. He had labored only for
+their good as their friend, and could they wonder that he was grieved at
+this state of affairs? The provisions of the treaties relating to
+punishments for offenses committed by Indians upon whites, or by whites
+upon Indians, were fully explained, and the fact stated that under the
+treaties they had bound themselves to deliver up the murderers. It was
+the law, and to that they must submit. Men were killed on both sides in
+battle, but that was not murder. But the Indians who killed their agent,
+Bolon, and others must be given up to be tried and punished by the law.
+He invited all Indians who desired peace to submit unconditionally to
+the justice and mercy of the government; the lives of all except the
+murderers should be safe. He spoke of the Indians of the Sound who had
+surrendered and been placed on reservations, fed, clothed, and
+protected, and treated not harshly, but with kindness. Few of the
+hostiles were present. Many conflicting rumors were current as to the
+whereabouts of Kam-i-ah-kan and other hostile chiefs.
+
+The council continued the next day. The governor said that he had given
+his views in regard to the war and how it could be ended, that his words
+were intended for all the Indians of the country, and called upon them
+to express their minds. The Indians manifested a reluctance to speak,
+each seeming to wait for another. Several chiefs expressed sorrow that
+war existed, and hoped a peace might be made. Peeps, a hostile Cuyuse
+chief, said there was no haste, as Kam-i-ah-kan was coming, and they
+waited for him.
+
+Wee-lap-to-leek, a hostile chief of the Tigh Indians, a band near the
+Dalles, said that the Indians were determined to have their country;
+they would bet it on a fight with the whites, and the winners should
+take it. He was indorsed by Camas-pello, former war chief of the
+Cuyuses.
+
+Eagle-from-the-Light, the prominent Nez Perce chief, complained bitterly
+because a Nez Perce brave had been hanged in the valley last winter by
+the Oregon volunteers, and asserted that the man was guiltless. He was
+followed by others in the same strain.
+
+The governor explained the laws of the whites in regard to spies, and
+that the executed Nez Perce was punished as one, and that he would speak
+further of the case the next day, after he had learned all the facts. He
+then adjourned the council, expressing the hope that Kam-i-ah-kan and
+Garry would be present the next day.
+
+The Indians held councils in their camps all night. So hostile were the
+Cuyuses, Umatillas, Walla Wallas, and others, and so much did more than
+half of the Nez Perces sympathize with them, that the friendly Nez
+Perces danced the war-dance during the whole night. The lives of the
+friendly chiefs were threatened, and the great bulk of the Indians
+seemed simply to be waiting for the coming of Kam-i-ah-kan to fall upon
+the governor and his party. Some of the Indians were detected attending
+the council with arms under their blankets, and posting themselves near
+the governor and other members of the party; but although no open notice
+was taken of them, the redoubled vigilance of the volunteer guards gave
+no chance for their premeditated treachery.
+
+Early the following morning the governor sent the following letter to
+Steptoe:--
+
+                       COUNCIL GROUNDS, WALLA WALLA VALLEY, W.T.,
+                                      September 13, 1856.
+
+  LIEUTENANT-COLONEL E.J. STEPTOE.
+
+  _My dear Sir_,--The council did not adjourn yesterday till near
+  sundown. I understand the feelings of the Indians from what was
+  developed yesterday.
+
+  The want of a military force on the ground seriously embarrassed me
+  (I have retained for a day some fifty of Goff's company), but having
+  called the council in good faith as the Indian superintendent, and
+  also as the commissioner to treat with the Indian tribes by the
+  appointment of the President, I shall go through with the duty I
+  have undertaken.
+
+  One half of the Nez Perces and all the other tribes, except a very
+  few persons, are unmistakably hostile in feeling. The Cuyuses, the
+  Walla Wallas, and other hostiles were so when they came in. Hence
+  the requisition I made upon you for troops.
+
+  I particularly desire you to be present to-day, if your duties will
+  permit, and I will also state that I think a company of your troops
+  is essential to the security of my camp.
+
+  I shall, as I said, go through with this business whatever be the
+  consequences as regards my own personal safety, but I regard it to
+  be my duty to the public, to the Indians, and to my own character.
+
+  This communication is marked confidential, but is intended as an
+  official communication, and will go on my files as such, only I do
+  not think it prudent that my judgment as to the aspect of affairs
+  should, at this time, be disclosed to any other person than
+  yourself.
+
+         I have the honor to be, very respectfully,
+                   Your obedient servant,
+
+                                          ISAAC I. STEVENS,
+                                 _Governor and Superintendent_.
+
+While this letter was being dispatched the council reopened, and the
+governor took up the case of the Nez Perce spy, showed that he had
+joined Kam-i-ah-kan, taken presents from him, participated in burning
+settlers' houses and in stirring up hostilities, and pointed out that
+Kam-i-ah-kan and his people were to blame for the death of this man, for
+they had caused the war, and but for them he would still have been
+living. He had visited and been arrested in the volunteer camp in time
+of war, and duly tried, convicted, and executed. Finally Red Wolf, to
+whose band the spy belonged, admitted that he committed the offense for
+which he was punished, and this ended all complaint.
+
+Speaking Owl, a Nez Perce chief and the mouthpiece of Looking Glass, now
+spoke up and said, "Will you give us back our lands? That is what we all
+want to hear about; that is what troubles us. I ask plainly to have a
+plain answer." The governor, in his report to the Indian Bureau,
+comments on this demand as follows:--
+
+  "Now thus far there had not been the slightest allusion to the land
+  of the Nez Perces in council, and this rapid change of front was
+  most extraordinary. The case of the Nez Perce who was hanged was
+  simply a device by means of which they hoped to get the desired
+  concession from me by way of propitiation. When they were obliged to
+  abandon the case, they had no alternative but to show their hand,
+  which they did very promptly. I called upon Lawyer, the head chief,
+  to speak. He produced his commission and a copy of the Nez Perce
+  treaty, remarking that he knew that, if he cast away the laws, he
+  should be brought to justice. He pointed out to them the boundaries
+  of the country sold, and of the reservation, and spoke of other
+  provisions of the treaty, and concluded by saying that fifty-eight
+  great chiefs of the Nez Perces had signed the treaty made at the
+  council of last year, when all fully understood it, and it was his
+  determination to abide by it, and he trusted his people would do the
+  same."
+
+Timothy and James expressed a similar determination, but Joseph,
+Speaking Owl, Eagle-from-the-Light, and Red Wolf denied that they
+understood the treaty, or ever intended to give their land away, and
+declared that Lawyer had sold it unfairly. It appeared almost certain
+that no satisfactory peace could be made with the hostiles, and that one
+half of the Nez Perces, through the intrigues of Kam-i-ah-kan and the
+Cuyuses, had become disaffected and desirous of annulling their treaty.
+
+In the afternoon a company of dragoons came with Steptoe's answer to the
+governor's dispatch of the morning:--
+
+  "If the Indians," he wrote, "are really meditating an outbreak, it
+  will be difficult for me to provide for the safety of my own camp,
+  _impossible_ to defend _both_ camps. Under these circumstances, if
+  you are resolved to go on with your council, does it not seem more
+  reasonable that you shall move your camp to the vicinity of mine? I
+  send down the company of dragoons to bring you up to this place, if
+  you desire to come. My force is so small that to be efficient
+  against the large number of savages in the neighborhood it must be
+  concentrated; nor can I detach any portion of it, in execution of
+  certain instructions received from General Wool, while the Indian
+  host remains so near to me."
+
+In view of the threatening attitude of the hostiles, and the approach of
+Kam-i-ah-kan, who was reported as encamped that day on the Touchet, only
+a few miles distant, as well as for the protection of the large quantity
+of Indian goods brought up for the friendly Nez Perces, and such of the
+hostiles as might surrender, the governor the next day moved his whole
+party and train to Steptoe's camp, and established a new camp and
+council ground within a quarter of a mile of his encampment. They were
+met on the march by Kam-i-ah-kan and Ow-hi, with a party of one hundred
+warriors under the lead of Ow-hi's son, Qualchen, who clearly meant
+mischief; but the coolness with which they were received, and the
+manifest readiness of the volunteers and dragoons for battle, checked
+them, and they made no disturbance save attempting to provoke a quarrel
+with the friendly Nez Perces in rear of the train. The Indians, having
+been notified in the morning of the change of council grounds, moved up
+to the new location the same day and the following. Kam-i-ah-kan and his
+followers encamped a quarter of a mile from the council ground,
+separated therefrom only by Mill Creek and its wooded bottom.
+
+The council continued the next two days, the 16th and 17th. The Lawyer
+and half the Nez Perces were determined in their adherence to their
+treaty and ancient friendship to the whites, and approved of all the
+governor said. The other half of the tribe wished the treaty done away
+with. The hostiles all said, "Do away with all treaties, give us back
+our lands, let no white man come into our country, and there will be
+peace; if not, then we will fight."
+
+The governor advised the Nez Perces to stand by their treaty. It was now
+in the hands of the President, and could only be set aside by him. To
+the hostiles he repeated the terms of peace alone possible: they must
+throw aside their guns and submit to the justice and mercy of the
+government; but as they were invited under safe conduct, they were safe
+in coming, safe in council, and safe in going. The council was then
+declared at an end. Many of the friendly Nez Perces departed at once to
+their camp, but a large number of hostiles, most of whom it was observed
+had arms concealed beneath their blankets, remained loitering around the
+council ground. Noting the vigilance and readiness of the volunteers,
+they made no disturbance, and by nightfall all retired to their camps.
+On every day except the first, known braves of the hostiles came to the
+council armed to the teeth, and took positions evincing designs upon the
+life of the governor; but picked men watched them closely, ready to
+strike down any assailant at the first overt act, so no attempt was
+made.
+
+During the night of the 16th there was great excitement among the
+Indians. The friendly Nez Perces were much alarmed, and brought frequent
+reports that the hostiles were bent upon attacking the camp, and wiping
+out the governor and his party. These faithful allies beat the drum all
+night, and kept guard around his camp.
+
+The governor called attention especially to the speech of Spotted Eagle
+on the last day,--
+
+  "which for feeling, courage, and truth, I have never seen surpassed
+  in an Indian council. The Spotted Eagle is the great war chief of
+  the Nez Perces, and the right arm of Lawyer. Both the words and
+  manner of the Spotted Eagle showed that his object in speaking was
+  to set himself and the friendly Indians right, and that he had no
+  expectation of changing the hearts of those who were bent on war.
+  His words, however, 'I will not follow you into the war,' were
+  significant."
+
+The day after the conclusion of the council the governor made
+preparations for returning to the settlements. He decided to withdraw
+Craig temporarily from the Nez Perce country on the advice of the
+friendly chiefs, who feared he might be killed by Kam-i-ah-kan's
+warriors as a means of embroiling the Nez Perces in war against the
+whites. Said the Spotted Eagle:--
+
+  "If you [Craig] do not return with me, we shall go back as if our
+  eyes were shut. I think my people will not go straight if Craig gets
+  up from that place. But, my friend Craig, on account of the talking
+  I have heard at this place, I am afraid for you."
+
+That afternoon Steptoe had a conference with the Indians, in which he
+declared: "My mission is pacific. I have come not to fight you, but to
+live among you. Come into my camp when you please. I trust we shall live
+together as friends," and he appointed the next day for a fuller
+conference with the chiefs. By this action Steptoe intentionally
+repelled the governor's wise recommendation and endeavor to "show the
+Indians the strength of our people and the unity of our councils."
+Reports the governor:--
+
+  "Indeed, the Indians looked upon the Indian superintendent and the
+  military officer as not representing a common cause. The former in
+  the morning parts from them, having signally failed in making any
+  arrangement to end the war; the latter speaks to the Indians as
+  though there was no war, and therefore no necessity of making any
+  arrangement at all.
+
+  "The Indians, sharp-sighted and constantly on the alert from the
+  merest trifles to draw conclusions as to character and policy, saw
+  there did not exist between the Indian Department and the military
+  the proper coöperation."
+
+What next occurred is graphically related by the governor, in his report
+to Secretary of War Davis, as follows:--
+
+  I was occupied the remainder of the day and the next morning in
+  establishing Craig's agency in the neighborhood of Steptoe's camp,
+  and a little before noon, with some fifty friendly Nez Perces in
+  charge of sub-agent Craig, I started with the train and Goff's
+  company for the Dalles.
+
+  The Indians did not, however, come to see Steptoe at the time
+  appointed. They previously set fire to his grass, and, following me
+  as I set out about eleven o'clock on my way to the Dalles, they
+  attacked me within three miles of Steptoe's camp at about one
+  o'clock in the afternoon.
+
+  So satisfied was I that the Indians would carry into effect the
+  determination avowed in their councils in their own camps for
+  several nights previously to attack me, that in starting I formed my
+  whole party, and moved in order of battle.
+
+  I moved on under fire one mile to water, when, forming a corral of
+  the wagons, and holding the adjacent hills and the brush on the
+  stream by pickets, I made my arrangements to defend my position and
+  fight the Indians. Our position in a low, open basin some five
+  hundred or six hundred yards across was good, and with the aid of
+  our corral we could defend ourselves against a vastly superior force
+  of the enemy.
+
+  The fight continued till late in the night. Two charges were made to
+  disperse the Indians, the last led by Lieutenant-Colonel Shaw in
+  person with twenty-four men, but whilst driving before him some one
+  hundred and fifty Indians, an equal number pushed into his rear, and
+  he was compelled to cut his way through them towards camp, when,
+  drawing up his men, and aided by the teamsters and pickets, who
+  gallantly sprang forward, he drove the Indians back when in full
+  charge upon the corral.
+
+  Just before the charge the friendly Nez Perces, fifty in number, who
+  had been assigned to holding the ridge on the south side of the
+  corral, were told by the enemy, "We came not to fight the Nez
+  Perces, but the whites; go to your camp, or we wipe it out." Their
+  camp, with their women and children, was on a stream about a mile
+  distant, upon which I directed the Nez Perces to retire, as I did
+  not require their assistance, and I was fearful that my men might
+  not be able to distinguish them from the hostiles, and thus friendly
+  Indians might be killed.
+
+  Towards night I notified Lieutenant-Colonel Steptoe that I was
+  fighting the Indians, that I should move the next morning, and
+  expressed the opinion that a company of his troops would be of
+  service. In his reply he stated that the Indians had burnt up his
+  grass, and suggested that I should return to his camp, and place at
+  his disposal my wagons, in order that he might move his whole
+  command and his supplies to the Umatilla, or some other point, where
+  sustenance could be found for his animals. To this arrangement I
+  assented, and Lieutenant-Colonel Steptoe sent to my camp Lieutenant
+  Davidson with detachments from the companies of dragoons and
+  artillery with a mountain howitzer. They reached my camp about two
+  o'clock in the morning, where everything was in good order, and most
+  of the men at the corral asleep. A picket had been driven in an hour
+  and a half before by the enemy,--that on the hill south of the
+  corral, but the enemy was immediately dislodged, and all the points
+  were held, and ground-pits being dug.
+
+  The howitzer having been fired on the way out, it was believed
+  nothing would be gained by waiting till morning, and the whole force
+  immediately returned to Lieutenant-Colonel Steptoe's camp.
+
+  Soon after sunrise the enemy attacked his camp, but were soon
+  dislodged by the howitzer, and a charge by a detachment from
+  Steptoe's command.
+
+  On my arrival at the camp I urged Lieutenant-Colonel Steptoe to
+  build a blockhouse immediately, to leave one company to defend it
+  with all his supplies, _then_ to march below and return with an
+  additional force and additional supplies, and by a vigorous winter
+  campaign to whip the Indians into submission. I placed at his
+  disposal for the building my teams and Indian employees.
+
+  The blockhouse and stockade were built in a little more than two
+  days. My Indian store-room was rebuilt at one corner of the
+  stockade.
+
+  In the action my whole force consisted of Goff's company of
+  sixty-nine men, the teamsters, herders, and Indian employees,
+  numbering about fifty men, and the fifty Nez Perces. Our train
+  consisted of about five hundred animals, not one of which was
+  captured by the enemy. We fought four hundred and fifty Indians,
+  and had one man mortally, one dangerously, and two slightly wounded.
+  We killed and wounded thirteen Indians.
+
+  One half the Nez Perces, one hundred and twenty warriors, all of the
+  Yakimas and Palouses, two hundred warriors, the great bulk of the
+  Yakimas, Walla Wallas, and Umatillas were in the fight. The
+  principal war chiefs were the son of Ow-hi and the Isle de Père
+  chief, Quil-to-mee, the latter of whom had two horses shot under
+  him, and who at the council showed me a letter from Colonel Wright
+  acknowledging his valuable services in bringing about the peace of
+  the Yakima.
+
+In his report to the Indian Bureau the governor adds:
+
+  "The Indians were greatly surprised at Steptoe's sending a force to
+  my assistance, and Kam-i-ah-kan said on learning it, 'I will let
+  these men [referring to the regular troops] know who Kam-i-ah-kan
+  is.'"
+
+On the 23d the combined force, accompanied by Craig and the fifty Nez
+Perce auxiliaries, started for the Dalles, where they arrived on October
+2 without incident of moment. Thus, as the governor remarks:--
+
+  "Circumstances had brought about the coöperation between the
+  military and the Indian service which had not previously existed,
+  and the words of Steptoe to the hostiles and mine to the friendly
+  Indians corresponded. I had sent messengers to the Nez Perce country
+  directing the friendly Nez Perces to separate from the hostile Nez
+  Perces, and to keep the latter out of their portion of the country.
+  Steptoe sent word that good Indians he would protect, and bad
+  Indians he would punish."
+
+In truth, a great change had come over Steptoe's views. The burning of
+his grass and the attack on his camp were too strong even for the orders
+of Wool and his own prejudices. He writes to Colonel Wright from his
+camp on the Umatilla, September 27:--
+
+  "In general terms I may say that in my judgment we are reduced to
+  the necessity of waging a vigorous war, striking the Cuyuses at the
+  Grande Ronde, and Kam-i-ah-kan wherever he may be found."
+
+The day before the attack on the governor, he wrote the same officer:--
+
+  "As it is, he [Governor Stevens] complains that I have, by not
+  aiding him, or by not coöperating heartily with him, actually
+  opposed him. This may be so, but I certainly have done for him all,
+  and more than, my instructions warranted."
+
+The governor warmly commends--
+
+  "the admirable conduct of the volunteers and the Indian employees
+  not only during the council, but in all the operations east of the
+  Cascade Mountains.... There was not a single case of injury either
+  to the person or the property of a friendly Indian, or of injury to
+  the persons or property of the hostiles, during the council. The
+  kindness and forbearance of officers and men, agents and employees,
+  even when treated with rudeness by the hostiles, was extraordinary.
+  The strayed cattle and horses of the Indians were restored to them.
+  The volunteers were well supplied, and were not tempted to plunder
+  for subsistence. I have the permission of Colonel Steptoe to refer
+  to him and his officers as witnesses of what I have stated, and have
+  the assurance from Lieutenant-Colonel Steptoe that he has reported
+  it to Colonel Wright, and of Colonel Wright that he has forwarded
+  the report to General Wool."
+
+But Wool's malignant animosity was not to be abated by the testimony of
+his own officers. He augmented his charges by declaring that Governor
+Stevens had called the council on purpose to force war upon the friendly
+Indians.
+
+Immediately on reaching the Dalles, Governor Stevens renewed his demand
+upon Colonel Wright for the delivery of the Sound murderers for trial.
+Writes Wright in reply:--
+
+  "You know the circumstances under which the Indians referred to were
+  permitted to come in and remain with the friendly Yakimas. Although
+  I have made no promises that they should not be held to account for
+  their former acts, yet in the present unsettled state of our Indian
+  relations I think it would be unwise to seize them and transport
+  them for trial. I would therefore respectfully suggest that the
+  delivery of the Indians be suspended for the present."
+
+But the governor firmly reiterated his demand, declaring:--
+
+  "If the condition of things is so unsettled in the Yakima that the
+  seizing of these men will lead to war, the sooner the war commences
+  the better. Nothing in my judgment will be gained by a temporizing
+  policy."
+
+The result was that Colonel Wright gave an order on Major Garnett, who
+commanded the post in the Yakima, to deliver up to the governor, for
+trial before the courts, Leschi, Nelson, Qui-e-muth, and Stahi.
+
+But any embarrassment that might be caused to the peace on the Yakima by
+the execution of this order was very cleverly obviated by sending these
+Indians, or permitting them to go, back to the Sound country, and
+placing them under the protection of Colonel Casey, as will more fully
+appear hereafter.
+
+On the 5th Wright and Steptoe started for the Walla Walla, their force
+being increased one company. One of Colonel Wright's first acts on
+arriving there was to hold councils with the disaffected and hostile
+chiefs, the same who had so recently attacked the governor and the camp
+of his own officer, Steptoe, at which he assured them that "the bloody
+cloth should be washed, past differences thrown behind us, and perpetual
+friendship must exist between us." He gave ready ear to their complaints
+and demands, adopted their views in regard to the Walla Walla
+treaties, and actually recommended that they never be confirmed.
+Lieutenant-Colonel Steptoe put forth a proclamation, by order of General
+Wool, forbidding all white settlers to return to the country except the
+missionaries and Hudson Bay Company people. Wool instructs Wright under
+date of October 19: "Warned by what has occurred, the general trusts
+you will be on your guard against the whites, ... and prevent further
+trouble by keeping the whites out of the Indian country."
+
+A month later Steptoe, who seems to have had doubts of the good faith of
+the Indians, and to apprehend that they might resume active hostilities
+in the spring, ventured to recommend that "a good industrious colony" be
+permitted to settle the Walla Walla valley, but Wool promptly negatived
+this suggestion, declaring that "the Cascade Range formed, if not an
+impassable barrier, an excellent line of defense, a most valuable wall
+of separation between two races always at war when in contact. To permit
+settlers to pass the Dalles and occupy the natural reserve is to give up
+this advantage, throw down this wall, and advance the frontier hundreds
+of miles to the east, and add to the protective labors of the army." He
+charged Steptoe to carry out his orders strictly. Thus he joined hands
+with the Indian enemy to keep out American settlers from the region to
+which they had been especially invited by Congress by the Donation Acts,
+and strove to frustrate the policy of his own government of
+extinguishing the Indian title and settling up the country. Seldom has
+our history shown a more shameful betrayal of duty than this veteran
+officer and his subordinates making a quasi-peace by surrendering to the
+demands of the hostile Indians for the abrogation of the treaties they
+had accepted, and the exclusion of white settlers from their country,
+and seeking to lighten "the protective duties of the army" by abandoning
+the defense and protection of their own race.
+
+Governor Stevens remained at the Dalles until the 6th, settling up the
+business of the expedition and the Indian service, when he proceeded
+down the river, and, after spending some days at Vancouver and Portland
+in discharge of his multifarious duties, reached Olympia on the 15th.
+
+In his reports, both to the Indian Bureau and to Secretary of War Davis,
+Governor Stevens condemned with just severity this craven policy.
+
+On learning of Colonel Wright's pacific and sympathetic talks with the
+disaffected and hostile chiefs in the valley, he again protested to
+Secretary Davis in the following indignant strain:--
+
+  "It would seem that, to get the consent of Colonel Wright to take
+  the ground that a treaty should not be insisted upon, it was simply
+  necessary for the malcontents to attack the Superintendent of Indian
+  Affairs and his party. Now, one half of the Nez Perce nation,
+  including the head chief, Lawyer, wish the treaty to be carried out.
+  They have suffered much from their steadfast adherence to it. Are
+  their wishes to be disregarded?
+
+  "It seems to me that we have in this Territory fallen upon evil
+  times. I hope and trust some energetic action may be taken to stop
+  this trifling with great public interests, and to make our flag
+  respected by the Indians of the interior."
+
+The following, from his report of October 22 to the Indian Department,
+sums up the mistaken policy of the regular officers and its deplorable
+results, and gives his opinion of those neutrals in the war, the Hudson
+Bay Company and the missionaries:--
+
+  The department is aware that for many months I have been of opinion
+  that a large portion of the Nez Perces were on the verge of
+  hostilities, and that I deplored the mistaken course of Colonel
+  Wright in the Yakima as tending directly to inflame the whole
+  interior and prepare it for war. The war commenced, on our part, in
+  the Yakima, in consequence of the attempt to arrest the murderers of
+  Bolon, Mattice, and others, killed without provocation and under
+  circumstances of unsurpassed atrocity. Two expeditions were made to
+  effect this object and to punish the tribe. After the massacre of
+  the Cascades, the third expedition, under Colonel Wright, went to
+  the Yakima with the avowed object of pacifying the Indians, and a
+  quasi-peace is made, and murderers are allowed to come into camp
+  with impunity.
+
+  No effort is made to strike the Indians when within reach, and they
+  breathe nothing but war, and the result of the campaign is that,
+  after the chiefs had refused to come into council as they had
+  promised, and weeks are fruitlessly expended in the attempt to
+  negotiate, certain Indians with their families come in, and the
+  master spirits of these tribes, with the flower of the young men, go
+  east of the Columbia to prepare for continuing the war.
+
+  I state boldly and plainly to the authorities that this mode of
+  managing affairs is disgraceful to the government, and will bring
+  with it in the future the most bitter consequences to the character
+  and prosperity of the people of this most remote portion of our
+  country.
+
+  The demand for the murderers should have been inflexibly insisted
+  upon; the Indians should have been struck in battle and severely
+  chastised. Then there would have been peace in the Yakima. There
+  would not have been war in the interior.
+
+  But feeble and procrastinating measures having been pursued, even to
+  the extent of impressing the Indians with the belief that the
+  regular troops were a distinct people from the Americans, and were
+  even allies of the Indians, Kam-i-ah-kan and Looking Glass have
+  effected that combination in the interior which I apprehended and
+  predicted. The brilliant victory of the Grande Ronde, which caused
+  for a time the lower Nez Perces to break from the war party, has
+  proved unavailing.
+
+  I have therefore determined to have no agent on the Spokane,
+  believing, in view of certain influences there, to which I will
+  briefly allude, his presence would not be beneficial.
+
+  In times of peace the influence of the Catholic missionaries is good
+  in that quarter, and their good offices are desirable till some
+  outrage is committed, or war breaks out. But since the war has
+  broken out, whilst they have made every exertion to protect
+  individuals, and to prevent other tribes joining in the war, they
+  have occupied a position which cannot be filled on earth,--a
+  position between the hostiles and the Americans. So great has been
+  their desire for peace that they have overlooked all right,
+  propriety, justice, necessity, siding with the Indians, siding with
+  the Americans, but advising the latter particularly to agree to all
+  the demands of the former,--murderers to go free, treaties to be
+  abrogated, whites to retire to the settlements. And the Indians,
+  seeing that the missionaries are on their side, are fortified in the
+  belief that they are fighting in a holy cause. I state on my
+  official responsibility that the influence of the Catholic
+  missionaries in the upper country has latterly been most baneful and
+  pernicious.
+
+  Again, what is the interest of the Hudson Bay Company? There are
+  unquestionably large deposits of gold, both north and south of the
+  49th parallel, east of the Cascade Mountains. A road has been made
+  connecting Fraser River with the British interior, and the Hudson
+  Bay Company have established a post in connection therewith on the
+  main Columbia, north of the 49th parallel. This post and Fort
+  Colville were supplied over this road the present year.
+
+  I ask again, what is the interest of the Hudson Bay Company? Most
+  unquestionably to develop the British interior and its mines of
+  gold, and to keep the Americans out, which will be most effectually
+  accomplished by yielding to the demands of the Indians east of the
+  Cascades, and making peace by an abandonment of the country.
+
+  I charge no man of that company with collusion with the Indians, but
+  I know what human nature is; it will look out sharply for its own
+  interests, and the interest of the Hudson Bay Company is the same as
+  the Indian conceives to be his interest in that quarter.
+
+  It will be impossible for Dr. Lansdale to return to the Flathead
+  agency this year; both the hostility of the Indians through whose
+  country he would have to pass and the lateness of the season forbid
+  it. I regret this, as the Flathead nation have stood firmly by the
+  Blackfoot treaty, and take a proper view of the acts of the hostiles
+  between the Cascades and the Bitter Root.
+
+  Thus, sir, east of the main Columbia the result of the operations of
+  the regular troops has been that I am compelled to withdraw all my
+  agents, except that it is barely possible that Craig, when he
+  reaches the Walla Walla valley on his return, may be able to go to
+  the Nez Perce country.
+
+  What is the remedy for this state of things? I answer, vigorous
+  military operations,--the whipping of hostile Indians into absolute
+  submission, the hanging of murderers on conviction, and the planting
+  of these Indians on reserves established by Congress.
+
+Agent Craig did return to Lapwai at the request of the Lawyer.
+
+The soundness of Governor Stevens's views and the accuracy of his
+foresight were abundantly vindicated within two years. During the
+following year, 1857, the settlers were excluded, the regulars lay
+inactive in their posts, and the quasi-peace continued. But in 1858 the
+Yakimas waxed too insolent and predatory for even Wright's patience. He
+sent Major Garnett through their country with a large force, who
+summarily seized and hanged a number of the chiefs and warriors, shot
+seven hundred of their ponies, and these severe acts humbled the haughty
+savages and reduced them to good behavior at last.
+
+Colonel Wright also ordered Steptoe, with two hundred dragoons, to
+advance from Walla Walla across Snake River towards Spokane. The
+Spokanes had warned the troops not to invade their country, alleging
+that they were neutral, and would permit neither the Yakima braves nor
+the white soldiers to enter their limits. Disregarding this warning,
+Steptoe marched some eighty miles north of the Snake, when he was
+assailed by the whole force of the Spokanes and Coeur d'Alenes, badly
+defeated, and driven in precipitate retreat the whole distance back to
+Snake River, hotly pursued by the victorious Indians, and his force was
+only saved from massacre by the friendly Nez Perces, who ferried the
+fugitive troops over the river in their canoes, and boldly interposed
+between them and the pursuing savages.
+
+As soon as he could organize a powerful force, Colonel Wright in
+September, two months later, marched to the Spokane in person,
+encountered and defeated the Indians near the scene of Steptoe's defeat,
+and reduced them to submission, hanging a number of them offhand without
+trial, and killing many of their horses. On his return to Walla Walla he
+seized and executed in like manner several of the more turbulent Cuyuse
+and Walla Walla warriors. And this was the end of Wool's theory of
+peaceable and injured Indians, and the prejudiced officers, who clung to
+it so long and so obstinately, were at length obliged to adopt the very
+policy that Governor Stevens urged upon them in the beginning.
+
+The Yakima chief, Ow-hi, most active next to Kam-i-ah-kan in bringing on
+the war and inciting the other tribes to hostility, and cunning and
+treacherous in his diplomacy, boldly entered Wright's camp on the
+Spokane soon after the fight, and was forthwith arrested and held a
+prisoner by that commander. The next day Ow-hi's son, Qualchen,--the
+murderer of agent Bolon,--rode into camp, putting on a bold face and
+fully expecting to be treated with the consideration formerly shown the
+Yakima chiefs. Far different was his fate. Wright sternly ordered him to
+immediate execution, and the wretched brave was forthwith hanged by the
+guard, despite his frantic pleadings and protestations. His father, the
+chief Ow-hi, was killed a few days later while attempting to escape. But
+Wool and his parasites, so vociferous in denouncing the slaying of
+Pu-pu-mox-mox under like circumstances, raised no voice in rebuke of the
+merciless severity of Wright.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XLI
+
+                       DISBANDING THE VOLUNTEERS
+
+
+On returning to Olympia the governor issued the order disbanding the
+entire volunteer organization, and took the necessary steps for
+disposing at public auction of the animals, equipments, and supplies on
+hand, and settling the accounts. The animals captured by Shaw in the
+Grande Ronde were sold at Vancouver, and brought enough to defray the
+entire cost of the expedition. In fact, owing to the large number taken,
+there were more animals actually sold at the several auctions than the
+whole number purchased for the volunteer service, notwithstanding the
+many worn out during the months of hard service. The sales of property
+realized some $150,000, and the articles sold generally brought more
+than the original cost. "I trust," remarked the governor, "that in view
+of the fact that our transportation has cost us nothing, that our people
+have let their animals go into the service from three to nine months,
+and have taken them back at a premium, the enemies of the Territory will
+be more guarded in their speech." As all the expenses of the volunteer
+organization had been defrayed by scrip, the sales were made for scrip,
+and many of the settler-volunteers were glad to purchase stock, wagons,
+or supplies to take home with them, instead of paper promises to pay,
+yet at that time the scrip was but little depreciated.
+
+An incident showing the scrupulous regard for orders and public property
+maintained among the volunteers is related of Captain Henness. He
+captured a mule at the battle of the Grande Ronde and rode it home to
+Olympia, a distance of some five hundred miles. Desirous of owning the
+animal, he bid for it when put up at the public auction, but it was
+struck off to another for $475; and this brave officer, who had served
+in the field as captain of a company for ten months, was unable to
+secure his own riding mule, and one, too, captured by himself.
+
+When the accounts were finally adjusted, the scrip issued amounted to--
+
+      Equipments, supplies, etc.,          $961,882.39
+      Pay-rolls of the troops               519,593.06
+                                         -------------
+              Total                      $1,481,475.45
+
+The aggregate number of volunteers was 1896. About one thousand were in
+service at one time. They were about equally divided between mounted and
+infantry troops. Oregon furnished 215,--the companies of Miller, Goff,
+and Richards (afterwards Williams). As the whites capable of bearing
+arms in the entire Territory did not exceed 1700, it is evident that
+this aid from Oregon was of great value.
+
+Thirty-five stockades, forts, and blockhouses were built by the
+volunteers, some of them being quite large works, twenty-three by the
+settlers, and seven by the regular troops. Besides which, the roads and
+trails cut by the volunteers involved an immense amount of labor.
+
+The strict discipline, high _morale_ and good conduct of the volunteers
+were remarkable, and very creditable to them, and to the firm and
+sagacious mind that organized and commanded them. All captured property
+was turned over to the quartermasters, and properly accounted for. There
+was no case of murder, or unauthorized killing of Indians, by the
+volunteers. There was no plundering or serious offenses of any kind
+charged upon them. They obeyed their orders with alacrity and zeal, no
+matter how arduous or how dangerous the duty required of them. They were
+the best type of American settlers, brave, intelligent, patriotic,
+self-respecting. They went into the war in self-defense, and were
+determined to put it through as soon as possible.
+
+Study the maps of their marches and scouts; count the blockhouses they
+built, the roads and trails they opened; consider the unknown and almost
+impenetrable forest region the theatre of war; the rains; the hardships,
+the labors they underwent; and reflect how uniformly successful they
+were, not only in engagements, but in throwing the savage enemy wholly
+on the defensive, in completely putting an end to his attacks and
+depredations, and hunting him down so vigorously that only flight or
+submission could save him from death,--and one cannot but realize how
+necessary were their patriotic services and achievements, and how well
+they justified the wisdom and ability of Governor Stevens in calling
+them to the defense of the country, and carrying on an aggressive war.
+
+
+    FORTS AND BLOCKHOUSES BUILT BY VOLUNTEERS.
+
+          Stockade, Cowlitz Landing
+          Blockhouse, Cowlitz Farms
+          Blockhouse, Skookumchuck
+          Blockhouse, Chehalis River, at Ford's
+          Fort Miller, Tanalquot Plains
+          Fort Stevens, Yelm Prairie
+          Blockhouse at Lowe's, Chambers' Prairie
+          Blockhouse, Olympia
+          Stockade, Olympia
+          Fort Hicks, Camp Montgomery
+          Blockhouse, Camp Montgomery
+          Fort White, Puyallup Crossing
+          Fort Hays, Connell's Prairie
+          Blockhouse, Connell's Prairie
+          Fort White, White River Crossing
+          Fort Posey, White River Crossing
+          Fort McAllister, South Prairie
+          Blockhouse, Lone Tree Point
+          Fort Ebey, Snohomish River
+          Fort Tilton, below Snoqualmie Falls
+          Fort Alden, Ranger's Prairie
+          Blockhouse, Port Townsend
+              "       Point Wilson
+              "       Bellingham Bay
+              "       on Skookumchuck
+              "       Vancouver
+              "       Fourth Prairie
+              "       Washougal River
+              "       Lewis River
+          Fort Mason, Walla Walla Valley
+          Fort Preston, Michel Fork of Nisqually
+          Blockhouse, Klikitat Prairie
+          Fort Kitsap, Port Madison
+          Fort Lander, Duwhamish River
+          Stockade, Seattle
+
+    BY SETTLERS FOR MUTUAL PROTECTION.
+
+          Blockhouse at Davis's, Claquato
+          Stockade at Cochran's, Skookumchuck
+          Stockade, Fort Henness, Grand Mound Prairie
+          Stockade at Goodell's, Grand Mound Prairie
+          Blockhouse, Tanalquot Plains
+          Blockhouse, Nathan Eaton's, Chambers' Prairie
+          Two blockhouses, Chambers' Prairie
+          Blockhouse at Ruddell's, Chambers' Prairie
+          Stockade at Bush's, Bush Prairie
+          Blockhouse at Rutledge's, Bush Prairie
+          Two blockhouses at Tumwater
+          Blockhouse, Dofflemyer's Point
+          Blockhouse, Whitby Island
+              "       Port Gamble
+          Fort Arkansas, on Cowlitz
+          Blockhouse, on Miami Prairie
+          Blockhouse, Port Ludlow
+              "       Port Madison
+          Two blockhouses, Boisfort
+          Two blockhouses, Cascades
+
+              BY REGULAR TROOPS.
+
+          Fort Slaughter, Muckleshoot Prairie
+          Fort Maloney, Puyallup River
+          Fort Thomas, Green River
+          Blockhouse, Black River
+          Fort, Walla Walla Valley
+          Fort, Yakima Valley
+          Blockhouse, Cascades
+
+A few days after his return Governor Stevens was requested by Colonel
+Casey to take charge of a band of about a hundred lately hostile Sound
+Indians who had recently returned, or been sent back, from the Yakima.
+The colonel complained that he had already sent them to the reservation,
+but the agent had refused to receive them, and, in order to prevent any
+disturbance that might arise from the "strange conduct of your agent,"
+he had again received and was feeding them. The governor, having learned
+that Stahi and other known murderers were with this band, and that
+Leschi had been recently seen near Fort Nisqually, the Hudson Bay
+Company post, at once replied, positively refusing to receive them until
+the murderers among them were arrested for trial, and formally demanded
+Colonel Casey's aid to that end:--
+
+  "I have therefore to request your aid in apprehending Leschi,
+  Qui-e-muth, Kitsap, Stahi, and Nelson, and other murderers, and to
+  keep them in custody awaiting a warrant from the nearest magistrate,
+  which being accomplished, I will receive the remainder.
+
+  "In conclusion, I have to state that I do not believe any country or
+  any age has afforded an example of the kindness and justice which
+  has been shown towards the Indians by the suffering inhabitants of
+  the Sound during the recent troubles. They have, in spite of the few
+  cases of murder which have occurred, shown themselves eminently a
+  law-abiding, a just, and a forbearing people. They desire the
+  murderers of Indians to be punished, but they complain, and they
+  have a right to complain, if Indians, whose hands are steeped in the
+  blood of the innocent, go unwhipped of justice."
+
+In response to this Colonel Casey declared that these Indians "delivered
+themselves up to Colonel Wright when in the Yakima country, made their
+peace with him, and were promised protection. Colonel Wright informed me
+of these facts." He declined, therefore, to assist in arresting the
+murderers, on the ground that it would be bad policy, if not bad faith,
+to do so, and added that he would refer the matter to General Wool. He
+also remarked: "The Indians on the Sound, there is no doubt, can, by
+neglect and ill-usage, be driven to desperation."
+
+The governor controverted the position assumed by Colonel Casey that
+protection had been promised these Indians by Colonel Wright, and
+renewed his demand:--
+
+  "I have the statement to me by Colonel Wright that he had made no
+  terms with them, and had guaranteed to them no immunity from trial
+  and punishment. This statement was made to me repeatedly by Colonel
+  Wright, and in the presence of witnesses, one of whom is Mr.
+  Secretary Mason. On the contrary, I have twice in writing made
+  requisition on Colonel Wright for the delivery to me, in order that
+  they might be brought within reach of the civil authorities, of
+  Leschi, Qui-e-muth, Kitsap, Stahi, and Nelson,--a requisition which
+  he has not pretended to disregard, but which he simply asked my
+  consent to have suspended for the present in view of the
+  circumstances under which they came in. I renew my requisition upon
+  you, as I did upon Colonel Wright, and I inclose for your
+  information the correspondence with Colonel Wright in relation to
+  the subject.
+
+  "Granted that it was a case of legitimate warfare, the men for whom
+  I make requisition committed the murders in a time of profound
+  peace, wider circumstances of unsurpassed treachery and barbarity,
+  when their victims were entirely unsuspicious of danger, and this,
+  too, in violation of the faith of treaties, which expressly
+  stipulated for the giving up of men guilty of such offenses.
+
+  "Nor is there any analogy between the cases of known Indians who
+  have murdered white men and certain unknown white men who have
+  murdered Indians. Your soldiers killed an Indian. Where are they?
+  The citizens have killed Indians. Where are they? Two are in your
+  own garrison in confinement awaiting trial; and the others,--proof
+  has not yet been found, after every exertion has been made to insure
+  a bill from a grand jury in regard to the persons suspected.
+
+  "I do not understand, in view of the known humanity and energy of
+  the Indian service on the Sound, aided as it has been by the body of
+  the citizens, the necessity, in communications to me, of this
+  constant reference to the ill-treatment of the Indians, for it must
+  be borne in mind that we have managed some four thousand five
+  hundred Indians on temporary reservations on the Sound during the
+  war. Indians taken from the war ground, by unwearied vigilance and
+  care, have been seen to pass from a state of uncertainty as to
+  whether they would join the war party, to one of contentment and
+  satisfaction, with no assistance from the military whatever."
+
+The governor also sent Colonel Casey a copy of Colonel Wright's order on
+Major Garnett to deliver up the murderers.
+
+This correspondence seems to raise an ugly question of veracity between
+the two regular officers in regard to whether protection had or had not
+been promised the Sound murderers, but the strenuous efforts to shield
+them from punishment for their crimes made by these officers is passing
+strange.
+
+Colonel Casey persisted in his refusal, saying: "This is a case in which
+the rights and usages of war are somewhat involved, and in consequence I
+consider myself and military superiors the proper persons to judge in
+the matter," and he referred it to General Wool. That officer, of
+course, swiftly directed him to protect Leschi, and all other Indians
+professing friendship, against the whites.
+
+A few days later Colonel Casey again referred to the case of the
+Indians, suggested that the reports which his agents and others carried
+to the governor should be received with great caution, and remarked:--
+
+  "The one which I had the honor to receive from you a few days since,
+  that more than one hundred Indians had left the reservation for the
+  purpose of joining Leschi, proves to have been, what I believed at
+  the time, a baseless fabrication. With a sincere desire to do
+  justice to all, I will say that it is my firm belief, after weighing
+  I trust with due consideration all the circumstances connected with
+  the matter, that if, in dealing with the Indians on the Sound, a
+  spirit of justice is exercised, and those who have charge of them
+  are actuated by an eye single to their duties and the peace of the
+  country, there need be no further difficulty."
+
+This unwarrantable slur called forth the following pungent reply from
+the governor. He had made no such report as Casey attributed to him:--
+
+  LIEUTENANT-COLONEL SILAS CASEY.
+
+  _Sir_,--My reasons for declining to receive the Indians at your post
+  have been already stated, and remain in full force. When the
+  murderers, and those accused of murder, are, in compliance with my
+  requisition, placed by you in the hands of the civil authority, the
+  Indians will be received. The agents have positive orders to receive
+  none of these Indians except by my written instructions. The
+  Indians have been or will be indicted by the grand jury of the
+  several counties. As you have proclaimed that hostilities have
+  ceased, they are in your military possession.
+
+  In regard to your observations about the reports which my "agents
+  and others carry to me," as well as the reiterations of former
+  observations in reference to the exercise of a spirit of justice,
+  and the efforts of persons in charge of Indians being "actuated by
+  an eye single to those duties and the peace of the country," I have
+  simply to state that the tone of them is offensive, and comes with
+  an ill grace from the authority which has done little to that which
+  has done much. It is not my disposition to retaliate, but the
+  occasion makes it proper for me to state that the greatest
+  difficulty I have had to encounter in stopping the whiskey traffic
+  with the Indians at Steilacoom and Bellingham Bay has been the
+  conduct of your own command. It would seem to be more appropriate
+  that you should first control and reform the conduct of your own
+  people, before going out of your way to instruct and rebuke another
+  branch of the public service,--a service, too, which, both from its
+  experience and the success which has attended its labors, is
+  entitled to the presumption that it is as much interested in, and as
+  much devoted to, the peace of the country as yourself, and as well
+  qualified, to say the least, to consider dispassionately and to
+  judge wisely of affairs at the present juncture.
+
+  I have also been informed of your thanking God, in the presence of
+  Mr. Wells, who informed you how the Muckleshoot reservation was laid
+  off, that the iniquity of it was not upon your hands,--a remark
+  highly presumptuous and insulting, as well from the fact that the
+  business did not concern you, as from the fact that the reservation
+  was laid off both in the way I arranged with the Indians at the
+  council on Fox Island and to their entire satisfaction on the
+  ground.
+
+  Very respectfully your obedient servant,
+
+                                         ISAAC I. STEVENS,
+                          _Governor and Supt. Indian Affairs_.
+
+  N.B. I will respectfully ask you to send me a copy of my letter
+  notifying you that one hundred Indians had left to join Leschi.
+
+It is perhaps creditable to Colonel Casey's discretion that he attempted
+no reply to this letter, but simply acknowledged its receipt, and
+admitted that, in attributing the report about Leschi to the governor,
+"it was an error on my part, and I cheerfully correct it." A thoroughly
+well-meaning man, he was evidently affected by Wool's orders and
+influence; and, moreover, he suffered himself to give ear to, and was
+consequently misled by, the clique of lawyers and politicians who had
+instigated the martial law trouble in order to embarrass the governor,
+and were now hounding him with unabated rancor.
+
+Notwithstanding Casey's scruples and Wool's orders, Leschi and other
+accused murderers were duly indicted, arrested, and delivered to and
+received by Colonel Casey for custody at Fort Steilacoom, and thereupon
+the governor relieved him of his unwelcome protégés by sending them to
+the reservation. Leschi was tried in due time, but the jury disagreed.
+He was convicted at a subsequent trial, and expiated his crimes on the
+gallows. The regular officers at Fort Steilacoom, with certain lawyers
+and Indian sympathizers, made desperate efforts to save him from
+punishment, but in vain. The well-meaning Casey was even hanged in
+effigy by the people, indignant at his course.
+
+Leschi's brother, Qui-e-muth, was captured near Yelm prairie, November
+18, and brought to the governor's office in Olympia at midnight. The
+governor gave strict orders for guarding and protecting him there until
+morning, when he was to be taken to Steilacoom. Just before daylight, as
+he was sleeping on the floor, surrounded by his guards, who were also
+asleep, a man rushed into the room, the door being unlocked, shot
+Qui-e-muth in the arm with a pistol, and, as he rose to his feet, drove
+a bowie knife into his heart, and rushed out as suddenly as he had
+entered. The deed was done, the assassin vanished, the victim sank
+lifeless to the floor, all in an instant, ere the startled and
+astonished guards could raise a hand to protect their charge. The
+governor, who had retired to rest in his quarters in the next building,
+aroused by the shot and the trampling of feet, came immediately to the
+scene, and was horror-struck and filled with indignation at the crime,
+and denounced it in unmeasured terms as a disgrace to the good name of
+the people and of the Territory. He made every effort to identify and
+punish the murderer, but without avail. None of the guards could
+identify him, and no testimony could be found against any one. Yet it
+was currently whispered that vengeance for the murder of McAlister, a
+settler on the Nisqually and one of the earliest victims of savage
+treachery, had nerved the arm of his son-in-law, Joseph Bunting, to
+strike the blow.
+
+Nothing that occurred during the whole war excited greater indignation
+in the mind of the governor than this act, or caused him more regret and
+chagrin. He had been unremitting in his efforts to protect the Indians
+from lawless violence, and with such remarkable success that the
+volunteers were wholly free from reproach; only six cases had occurred
+among the exasperated settlers, and several of these he had brought to
+trial. And now this dastardly deed brought reproach to his very door.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XLII
+
+                  MARTIAL LAW.--DIFFICULTIES OVERCOME
+
+
+During all the Indian outbreak and hostilities a number of Hudson Bay
+Company ex-employees, Scotchmen and Canadians, were living in the Indian
+country back of Steilacoom in safety, when every American settler was
+murdered, or had fled to the towns. They had Indian wives and half-breed
+children, and claimed to be neutral. They were in frequent communication
+with the hostile Indians, and were not molested by them. Captain Maxon
+and other officers reported that they were undoubtedly giving
+information, aid, and comfort to the enemy, and that their scouting
+expeditions were fruitless in consequence. The Indians who killed White
+and Northcraft in March so near Olympia were tracked straight to the
+houses of two of these neutrals, who acknowledged having been visited by
+the savages, but disclaimed any knowledge of their deeds. The volunteer
+officers, however, believed that they were not only sympathizers with,
+but active allies of, the hostiles, and were ready at the least
+intimation from the governor to treat them as hostiles. Colonel Casey
+declared that they ought not to be suffered to remain on their farms,
+where they could aid the enemy, if so disposed. The governor therefore
+ordered them to leave the Indian country and remove to Olympia, Fort
+Nisqually, or Steilacoom, and there remain until further orders, in
+order to place them where they would be unable to give information or
+aid to the enemy, and also for their own safety, for the indignation of
+the volunteers was at white heat against them. Accordingly they moved
+in as ordered, twelve of them.
+
+Most of them had already taken out their first naturalization papers,
+and filed on their claims under the Donation Acts, and were entitled to
+all the rights of American citizens. A few lawyers at Steilacoom,
+political or personal opponents of the governor, most active of whom was
+Frank Clark, saw here a chance to embarrass him,--in their own
+vernacular, "to get him down." They went to these ignorant men, exhorted
+them in regard to their rights as citizens, assured them that the
+governor had no authority to order them to abandon their claims, which
+Congress had bestowed upon them, and that they could return to their
+homes with safety, because the law and the courts would protect them in
+so doing. Thus persuaded, five of these misguided men, Charles Wren,
+Sandy Smith, John McLeod, Henry Smith, and John McField, went back to
+their farms. As soon as informed of their return, the governor caused
+them to be seized by a party of volunteers, taken to Fort Steilacoom,
+and turned over to Colonel Casey for safe custody, there being no jails
+in the Territory.
+
+Clark and his coadjutors lost no time in suing out a writ of habeas
+corpus. They represented matters to Colonel Casey in such a light that
+he notified the governor to relieve him of the prisoners. But the
+governor was not the man to suffer a few political tricksters to
+frustrate his necessary military measures. He well knew that if he
+surrendered in this case, he would have to abandon the practice,
+indispensable for carrying on the war, of impressing teams and supplies,
+and that his hold upon and discipline of the volunteers would be
+seriously impaired. On April 3 he proclaimed _martial law_ over the
+county of Pierce, and suspended the functions of all civil officers
+therein. He caused the prisoners to be taken from the custody of
+Colonel Casey, brought to Olympia, and incarcerated in a blockhouse.
+
+As the regular May term of the United States Court for Pierce County
+drew near, the mischief-makers were urgent for Judge F.A. Chenoweth, of
+whose district that county formed part, to hold court and enforce the
+writ of habeas corpus; but he, being sick, or else, as was currently
+believed at the time, fearing trouble and feigning sickness, requested
+Chief Justice Edward Lander to hold the term in his stead. Judge Lander
+at the time was captain of Company A, and with his company was
+garrisoning the post on the Duwhamish, near Seattle; but without a word
+of notice to his military superiors he forsook his post, hastened to
+Steilacoom, and opened court on May 7. The governor previously urged him
+to adjourn his court for one month, by which time there was every
+prospect that the Indians would be subdued, and the exigency
+necessitating the restraint of the prisoners would have passed. But
+Lander refused this way of avoiding a conflict, and persisted in what he
+doubtless deemed his duty.
+
+The governor resolutely met the issue thus raised. The court was duly
+opened on the appointed day, the lawyers were ready with their motions,
+when a detachment of volunteers under Lieutenant-Colonel Shaw marched
+into the court-room, arrested the chief justice on the bench and the
+clerk at his table, and carried them under guard to Olympia, where they
+were released.
+
+As soon as the detachment had departed with the prisoner judge and
+clerk, the clique, which had so cunningly engineered this conflict
+between the federal governor and the federal judge, both commissioned by
+the same President, made haste to hold a meeting of the "bar,"
+vociferously to denounce the "flagrant usurpation and high-handed
+outrage" of the governor, and to pass a long string of condemnatory
+resolutions, which were signed by all the members participating in the
+meeting, nine in number. Immediately afterwards the same parties held a
+"citizens' meeting" with a few others in the same room, and gave vent to
+more vituperative oratory, and passed more denunciatory resolutions. The
+whole proceedings were then published in a circular and in the
+newspapers. Undoubtedly some who took part in these demonstrations were
+sincere in believing the governor's action to be wrong and uncalled for,
+but the real motives and animus of the prime movers were abundantly
+shown by the false, bitter, and scandalous statements and affidavits
+they made against him, and dispatched to the President, committees of
+Congress, and the Eastern press. They vehemently accused him not only of
+high-handed tyranny and usurpation, but of getting up the war by his
+Indian treaties, which he had made in obedience to the instructions of
+the government; of vindictively oppressing and persecuting the Indians,
+when he was feeding five thousand of them on the reservations, and
+standing like a rock to protect them from abuse; and even of drunkenness
+and embezzlement of public funds. These charges, from their very excess
+and bitterness, largely defeated themselves with the government, and
+with all by whom Governor Stevens was personally known; but they excited
+a deep prejudice against him in the minds of many, as he afterwards
+found in his congressional career. Wool, too, welcomed with avidity
+these reinforcements to his crusade, and immediately forwarded copies of
+the resolutions, together with anonymous articles reflecting on the
+governor, to the War Department.
+
+The signers of the resolutions were: W.H. Wallace, George Gibbs, Elwood
+Evans, C.C. Hewitt, Frank Clark, B.F. Kendall, William C. Peas, E.O.
+Murden, H.A. Goldsborough.
+
+Wallace and Gibbs were the principal speakers at the citizens' meeting;
+Thomas M. Chambers, chairman; E. Schrotter and E.M. Meeker, secretaries;
+S. McCaw, R. S. Moore, Hugh Patteson, William M. Kincaid, William R.
+Downey, committee on resolutions.
+
+Evans and Kendall came among the aides whom Governor Stevens brought to
+the country with the Northern exploration, and who settled in Olympia.
+The former became distinguished as an eloquent speaker and writer and
+historian of the Pacific Northwest, and, in after-years, paid the most
+warm, heartfelt, and appreciative eulogies to Governor Stevens's
+character and public services. Gibbs and Goldsborough, whom it will be
+remembered the governor had employed in the Indian service and treated
+with great kindness and consideration, were unsuccessful and
+disappointed men. The former nursed a grievance, in that the governor
+had rejected an extensive and ambitious policy of Indian treaties and
+Indian management which Gibbs had elaborately set forth in his report on
+the Indians, and which, if accepted, would probably have furnished a
+good position for himself.
+
+The circular contained many misstatements, and was highly colored to
+give a wrong impression of the actual condition of affairs. To correct
+this, the governor published his vindication for proclaiming and
+enforcing martial law in Pierce County. In this he clearly and forcibly
+states the facts and conditions rendering it necessary, for the success
+of military operations, that the suspected men be removed from the
+Indian country, and sums up:--
+
+  "It is simply a question as to whether the executive has the power,
+  in carrying on the war, to take a summary course with a dangerous
+  band of emissaries who have been the confederates of the Indians
+  throughout, and by their exertions and sympathy can render to a
+  great extent the military operations abortive.
+
+  "It is a question as to whether the military power, or public
+  committees of the citizens, without law, as in California, shall see
+  that justice is done in the case.
+
+  "And he solemnly appeals to the same tribunals, before which he has
+  been arraigned in the circular, in vindication of his course, being
+  assured that it ought to be, and will be, sustained as an imperious
+  necessity, growing out of an almost unexampled condition of things."
+
+Judge Lander's own district included Thurston County and Olympia, and
+the term of his court was to be held in a few days after his release
+from arrest. The governor's opponents and the judge determined to call
+him to account for contempt of court in proclaiming martial law and
+arresting the judge; and a strong-room was quietly prepared by the
+United States marshal for his incarceration in case of sentence to
+imprisonment. The governor issued his proclamation declaring martial law
+in Thurston County on May 13, and sent two of the prisoners, Charles
+Wren and John McLeod, to Cape Montgomery for trial before a military
+commission. The others were released and permitted to go to Steilacoom,
+on giving their parole to remain there.
+
+Judge Lander opened his court on the 14th, and issued notice, and then a
+writ, summoning the governor to show cause why he should not be punished
+for contempt. No notice being taken of these missives, on the 15th a
+writ of attachment was issued to be served _instanter_, and United
+States Marshal George W. Corliss, with a strong posse, armed with this
+document, proceeded to the executive office for the purpose of arresting
+the governor and bringing him before the court. The governor received
+them, when they announced their business, with a quiet, cool dignity,
+which completely nonplussed them, and remarked, "Gentlemen, why don't
+you execute your office?" As they still hung back, and looked at each
+other, as though at a loss to know what to do, the clerks, aided by
+some gentlemen present, ejected the posse from the office, to which they
+offered no resistance. Major Tilton, Captain A.J. Cain, James Doty,
+Quincy A. Brooks, R.M. Walker, A.J. Baldwin, Lewis Ensign, Charles E.
+Weed, and Joseph L. Mitchell were they who expelled the posse; but it is
+evident that the latter made only a formal show of executing the writ.
+
+This farcical attempt had scarcely ended when a force of mounted
+volunteers rode rapidly into town. Judge Lander, hearing of their
+approach, hastily adjourned court, and took refuge in the office of
+Elwood Evans, the acting clerk of court, a wooden building of two rooms,
+situated on the east side of Main Street, between Fourth and Fifth
+streets. To this, a few minutes later, came Captain Bluford Miller with
+a file of men, and demanded admittance. Finding the door locked, he
+remarked, "I'll add a new letter to the alphabet: let her rip," and
+kicked in the door with his heavy boots. Entering, he found the judge
+and Evans in the rear room, and arrested them. Mr. Evans was immediately
+released, and Judge Lander was taken to Camp Montgomery, where he was
+held in honorable custody until the war on the Sound was practically
+over, when he was set at liberty.
+
+Immediately on the departure of the volunteers with their judicial
+prisoner, an attempt was made to hold a public meeting to protest
+against the governor's action. Evans and Kendall were the chief movers
+and speakers, and harangued a small crowd on Main Street, in front of
+the governor's dwelling and office. Mrs. Stevens, with her little girls,
+happened to be sitting in the front doorway as they approached, and
+refused to withdraw; but her presence did not deter nor mollify the
+speeches. Despite the would-be indignation of the promoters, the whole
+proceeding fell flat, for nearly every one approved the governor's
+course, and only a mere handful took part in the demonstration. At
+length, having emptied the vials of their wrath, one of the speakers
+moved to adjourn in order to spare the feelings of Mrs. Stevens, who had
+sat apparently unmoved through it all, and the assemblage dispersed.
+
+A mass meeting, one of the largest ever convened in Olympia, was held at
+the blockhouse on the public square, Judge B.F. Yantis presiding, and
+J.W. Goodell, secretary, and the course of Governor Stevens in the
+matter of martial law was emphatically indorsed, with but twelve
+dissenting votes. Memorials strongly defending his action were almost
+unanimously signed by the volunteers, and sent to the Oregon and
+Washington delegates in Congress. Both Judge Lander and Judge Chenoweth,
+in their reports to the Secretary of State, complaining of the governor
+for enforcing martial law, admit that the people indorsed his course,
+and that the marshals or sheriffs were powerless to resist his orders.
+
+The two prisoners, Wren and McLeod, were tried by military commission on
+the charge of giving aid and comfort to the enemy; but owing to lack of
+evidence and the end of the war, they were not convicted, and were
+finally set at liberty.
+
+Martial law was revoked by proclamation on May 24. Judge Lander held his
+court at its next regular term in July. In response to notice the
+governor appeared by counsel, disclaimed any intentional disrespect to
+the court, but justified his action in proclaiming and enforcing martial
+law on the ground of imperious public necessity. A fine of fifty dollars
+for contempt was imposed, which he paid. Anticipating a heavy fine, his
+friends and admirers were preparing a popular subscription to defray it,
+but they were not called upon. The judge's action in imposing a merely
+nominal fine was taken to be an acknowledgment, in accordance with the
+opinion of nine tenths of the community, that the governor's course, if
+technically illegal, was necessary and right. No action was taken
+against the volunteers who broke up the courts, or the citizens who
+turned the marshal and his posse into the street. In his communications
+to the government in defense of his course in proclaiming martial law,
+Governor Stevens advanced almost identically the same reasons and
+arguments that were afterwards adduced by President Lincoln to justify
+his suspension of the writ of habeas corpus.
+
+By a letter of the Secretary of State, dated September 12, Governor
+Stevens was informed that the President, while having no doubt of the
+purity of his motives, disapproved his action in proclaiming martial
+law.
+
+
+                         THE CASE OF COMPANY A.
+
+The chief punishment by which the governor maintained such excellent
+discipline among the volunteers was that of dishonorable dismissal from
+the service, which carried with it the loss of pay. This was inflexibly
+enforced in flagrant cases of disobedience or misconduct, and, being
+regarded as a disgraceful stigma, was found sufficient. The good conduct
+and discipline of the volunteers was doubtless promoted by the incessant
+activity and labor to which they were put; but they were due still more
+to the superior intelligence and character of the settlers who turned
+out _en masse_ in defense of their hearthstones, and carried on the war
+with such patriotic zeal.
+
+In one case, however, the governor felt constrained to dismiss a whole
+company, an act afterwards made the pretext for much political
+denunciation and censure. It will be remembered that almost the first
+act of the governor, in the prosecution of the war, was to disband all
+local and home guards, and to enlist volunteers for general defense, to
+serve wherever and whenever ordered. On February 1 he directed Judge
+Lander to disband a company he had raised in Seattle for home defense,
+and to enlist there a company for six months, subject to the orders of
+the executive, in conformity with the proclamation calling out
+volunteers. "Every man," wrote the governor to Lander, "who enlists,
+must do so with the understanding that he enlists for the general
+defense of the Territory, and that he must move to any point where his
+services, in the opinion of his commanding officer, are most needed."
+
+Under these instructions Lander disbanded his first company and raised
+another, Company A, which garrisoned Seattle for a time, and then built
+and occupied a post on the Duwhamish River, a few miles above Seattle,
+and rendered good service in scouting that vicinity and Lake Washington.
+It was this post and command that Lander abandoned in order to hold
+Judge Chenoweth's court, with such mortifying results to himself.
+
+On June 9 Lieutenant A.A. Denny, who succeeded to the command of Company
+A on Lander's abandonment of it, was ordered to detail an officer and
+eight men to hold the post, and to move with his company to Fort Hays,
+on Connell's prairie, thence to assist in cutting a road to Snoqualmie
+Falls. On his representation that a greater force was needed for the
+protection of the citizens in his vicinity than was designated, he was
+directed to leave twenty men at the post, and to send the remainder of
+his company by canoe to Steilacoom, thence to march to Camp Montgomery,
+where he would receive supplies. He was informed that--
+
+  "the representation of Captain Lander that forty men could be
+  spared, the fact of parties of from three to five having traveled in
+  safety the route from the falls of the Snoqualmie to Porter's
+  prairie, and the reports of Mr. Yesler that but six or eight
+  Indians are still out east of Seattle, are sufficient to warrant the
+  leaving of the town of Seattle to the protection of the naval forces
+  and the regulars at Fort Thomas;"
+
+and that fifteen days would probably be occupied in cutting the road.
+The Massachusetts lay in the harbor of Seattle, and fifteen of her men
+were on shore garrisoning the town. Lieutenant Denny, in a long and
+argumentative letter dated June 19, reiterated his opinion that it would
+not be safe to withdraw the company from its post. He wrote:--
+
+  "I am extremely surprised at the opinion represented as expressed by
+  Judge Lander. During the period of his command it was often publicly
+  stated by him that this company was expressly organized (by private
+  understanding with the governor and commander-in-chief) for the
+  protection of this immediate neighborhood."
+
+It is hard to reconcile this with the governor's explicit orders and
+letter to Judge Lander.
+
+For such failure to obey orders Lieutenant Denny was directed to turn
+over his command to the next officer in rank, and was relieved from duty
+in the volunteer service until further orders. Lieutenant D.A. Neely,
+the next in rank, was ordered to assume command of the company, and
+detail twenty men to proceed to Camp Montgomery for work on the road.
+But Lieutenant Neely and the whole company proved equally recusant, and
+signed and transmitted to the governor resolutions fully indorsing the
+course of Lieutenant Denny, and declaring that they considered the
+course of the commander-in-chief in suspending Lieutenant Denny from his
+command an act of injustice and an insult to the company, wholly
+unjustifiable and uncalled for.
+
+With great forbearance, regarding the company not as willfully
+disobedient, but as led astray by feeling and bad advice, the governor
+sent his aide, Colonel Fitzhugh, to endeavor to bring them to reason and
+due sense of duty, and gave him the following instructions:--
+
+  "You will show these resolutions to the company, and request the
+  signers to either repudiate or modify them in such a manner as to
+  relieve themselves from the position of disobedience to the orders
+  which these resolutions condemn.
+
+  "You will represent to the company that the resolution disapproving
+  of the course of the commander-in-chief, and considering it 'an act
+  of injustice and wholly uncalled for,' places the company in an
+  attitude of insubordination which will necessarily preclude the
+  possibility of their being honorably discharged from the service
+  until they, by their own acts, occupy different ground from that of
+  justifying disobedience to orders.
+
+  "There is nothing improper or objectionable in Company A requesting
+  the reinstatement of Lieutenant Denny, and a request to that effect
+  would be properly considered, but by indorsing and sustaining that
+  officer in his refusal to obey orders they participate in a state of
+  indiscipline and insubordination which is destructive to efficiency,
+  and injurious to the reputation of the volunteer service of
+  Washington Territory.
+
+  "In the hope that the intelligent and gallant men of Company A will
+  see the matter in the true light, and by their act in rescinding
+  these unmilitary and insubordinate resolutions will place themselves
+  upon the same footing as the rest of the regiment, and so enable the
+  commander-in-chief to report as efficient and useful the whole body
+  of troops raised from the citizen soldiery of Washington Territory,
+  I have the honor to be," etc.
+
+But Colonel Fitzhugh was unable to induce the company to rescind the
+resolutions, and reported that a false sense of shame restrained them.
+He was then sent back to formally disband the company, which he did July
+28, and they were dishonorably discharged. The governor, however, did
+not allow this discharge to deprive them of full pay, but in this
+respect presented their claims on the same footing as the other
+volunteers. All were finally paid by Congress.
+
+
+                    CONTROL OF DISAFFECTED INDIANS.
+
+Governor Stevens's responsibilities and labors were vastly increased by
+the great number of Indians on the Sound who did not actively join in
+the outbreak, but who caused constant care and anxiety on the one hand
+to prevent their aiding their kindred who had taken the war-path, and on
+the other to protect them from retaliatory violence at the hands of
+infuriated settlers, whose nearest and dearest had been sacrificed in
+savage massacre, and from the destructive whiskey traffic with vicious
+and debased white men. Five thousand of such Indians were placed upon
+the insular reservations and supported, in large part, under the charge
+of reliable agents; while three thousand more remained on the Strait of
+Fuca and the western shore of the Sound in less strict custody, as they
+were more remote from the scene of hostilities. For a time these
+reservation Indians were in a very excited and disaffected state. It was
+impossible to prevent hostile emissaries from mingling among them, or
+some of the young braves from slipping away to help their brethren
+against the hated whites. The agents lived among them in constant and
+imminent danger of massacre; they carried their lives in their hands.
+The governor's plan of enlisting them as auxiliaries, and sending them
+out under white officers to hunt down the enemy, although attended at
+first with great risk of treachery, was the most effective means of
+confirming their fidelity, and when the tide turned against the enemy,
+all were eager in their professions of friendship and offers of
+services. The first of these expeditions, that of Pat-ka-nim and his
+Snohomish warriors under Colonel Simmons, was considered a very doubtful
+and dangerous experiment; but heavy rewards were offered the chief for
+the heads of the hostiles he might slay, and one that he sent in was
+said to have been that of his own brother. Well might Shaw exclaim,
+"Blankets will turn any Indian on the side of the whites." After this,
+Pat-ka-nim's allegiance was well secured.
+
+When Sidney Ford led a party of Chehalis Indians on a scout against the
+enemy, he lay one night pretending slumber, while he listened to a long
+discussion between his _friendly_ Indian followers as to the expediency
+of killing him and joining the hostiles. Agent Wesley Gosnell had a
+somewhat similar experience. What iron nerves, what devoted patriotism,
+thus to venture into the trackless forests at the head of these
+uncertain and treacherous savages! There is not the slightest doubt that
+a few weeks of Wool's pacific and defensive policy would have united all
+these disaffected Indians in the outbreak, and swept the whole country
+with a whirlwind of savage war. Nothing but Governor Stevens's prompt,
+aggressive, and masterly measures prevented the catastrophe.
+
+By many of the settlers the governor's treatment of the Indians was
+deemed too lenient and generous. They declared that Indians who received
+and concealed the visits of hostile warriors, and allowed their young
+men to join in the raids and fights, ought themselves to be treated as
+hostile, and warred down without mercy. On one occasion a worthy and
+intelligent clergyman pleaded long and earnestly with the governor,
+urging him to attack and put to the sword the Indians on the Squaxon
+reservation, many of whom were Nisquallies, the tribe that had taken the
+lead in the outbreak. But the governor disregarded all such appeals, and
+remained as firm in protecting the friendly or merely disaffected
+Indians as inflexible in requiring the punishment of the murderers who
+first instigated the war by the wanton massacre of inoffensive settlers.
+
+Summary measures were taken with whiskey-sellers, when caught about the
+reservations. The agent would arm his employees, and when necessary a
+few stout and trustworthy Indians, descend on the culprit, stave, smash,
+and destroy his poisonous stores, and drive him to instant flight. There
+was no fooling with legal proceedings or courts. The means were
+effective, if somewhat high-handed, and the only ones that could be made
+so. It was more difficult to prevent the Indians from obtaining liquor
+away from the reservations, especially about the towns, and the governor
+complained that the regular soldiers were among the worst offenders in
+this respect.
+
+In a private letter to Colonel Nesmith, who succeeded him as
+Superintendent of Indian Affairs, the governor says of his Indian
+agents:--
+
+  "I have never known a more faithful and efficient body of men than
+  the officers and employees connected with me in the Indian service.
+  I have never known, all things considered, a body of men at all to
+  be compared to them in the high qualities which fit men for duty in
+  times of emergency. They literally for months went with their lives
+  in their hands, and moreover in the economy of the service they were
+  vigilant and faithful. I look upon it as the duty of all officers,
+  without waiting for instructions, to guard the treasury. I have had
+  some difficulties to contend with in the past, growing out of
+  political antipathies. I have from the beginning set my face sternly
+  against all cliques, combinations, and sinister influences in the
+  discharge of my duty."
+
+On these temporary insular reservations were collected some 5000
+Indians. The Snohomish and other tribes, numbering 1700, were placed on
+Skagit Head, the southern point of Whitby Island, under Colonel M.T.
+Simmons; the Lummi, Nooksahk, and Samish, 1050, at Penn's Cove, Whitby
+Island, under R.C. Fay; the Duwhamish, etc., 1000, on Port Madison Bay,
+Dr. D.T. Maynard, H. L. Yesler, and G.A. Paige taking charge of them;
+the Puyallaps, and Nisquallies, 806, on Fox Island, under Sidney S.
+Ford; the Quaks-na-mish, 400, on Klah-shemin or Squaxon Island, under
+Wesley Gosnell; the Chehalis, 400, on the Chehalis River, near Judge
+S.S. Ford's, and under his charge; the Cowlitz, 300, near Cowlitz, under
+Pierre Charles.
+
+On the Columbia River, under general charge of agent J. Cain, 200
+Chinooks were collected at Vancouver; 200 Klikitats on the White Salmon,
+under A. Townsend; and 300 Yakimas, opposite the Dalles, under A.H.
+Robie.
+
+The Indian Department, in response to Governor Stevens's urgent letters
+taken to Washington by Secretary Mason, and the latter's clear statement
+of the emergency, promptly remitted $27,000 to feed these Indians, and
+followed it with large sums for that purpose.
+
+The northern Indians, gangs of whom persisted in visiting the Sound in
+their great war canoes in spite of the prohibition and warnings of both
+American and British authorities, caused great anxiety and apprehension.
+The governor urged the naval officers to keep a vessel constantly
+cruising the lower Sound to overawe and restrain them. On February 17 he
+wrote Captain Gansevoort that, from information received, he was
+apprehensive of a descent on the settlements by fourteen war canoes of
+these savages, and urged that the Active be kept cruising the whole time
+between Port Townsend, Bellingham Bay, and Seattle, saying:--
+
+  "These northern Indians, in daring, force, and intelligence, greatly
+  surpass the Indians of the Sound. Their war canoes, carrying
+  seventy-five men, can be moved through stormy seas, and with great
+  rapidity. I deem it essential to the safety of the lower portion of
+  the Sound that a steamer should be constantly in motion there."
+
+Apparently reliable reports were brought to the governor from time to
+time that these desperadoes were seeking to join the hostiles. Some of
+them actually offered their services to fight for the whites. They were
+attracted to the scene of war like vultures to the carrion, and were
+equally ready to fight and spoil either party to the conflict, or both.
+In July one of these unwelcome visitors was killed in a drunken brawl by
+a regular soldier at Steilacoom. From their well-known vindictive
+character, it was certain that they would avenge the death sooner or
+later by some act of atrocity. The governor therefore reinforced Whitby
+Island with fifteen men from the line of the Snohomish, and the
+Massachusetts and Hancock were kept diligently cruising. When, in
+November, another party appeared near Steilacoom, committing
+depredations, and had a fight with the Indians on the reservation, in
+which two of their number were killed, Captain Gansevoort hastened to
+the scene in the Massachusetts, determined to compel them to leave the
+Sound. They had already started down it, but he pursued and overtook
+them at Port Gamble, where he found them encamped on an island. After
+exhausting all efforts at conciliation, offering to pardon all their
+depredations, and even to tow their canoes to Victoria if they would
+only depart from the Sound, and all friendly overtures being treated
+with the utmost contempt and ridicule by the Indians, Captain Gansevoort
+opened fire upon them from his guns, and, throwing a party ashore,
+attacked them on land also. Their canoes were destroyed, and they were
+driven back into the woods, but they fought with desperate courage and
+determination, and continued the contest the entire day. To a message
+sent by a captured squaw, inviting them to surrender with the sole
+condition of leaving the Sound, they returned the defiant answer that
+they would fight as long as there was a man left alive. But being on a
+small island, and all their canoes and supplies destroyed, they were
+forced by hunger to surrender, which they did after holding out for
+forty-eight hours. The party consisted of one hundred and seventeen men,
+besides squaws and boys, and lost twenty-seven killed and twenty-one
+wounded. Captain Gansevoort took the survivors in his vessel to
+Victoria, where he purchased canoes for them and started them northward,
+exacting their promises never to return to the Sound. Even this severe
+punishment did not deter them from seeking revenge. The following year a
+party of them landed on Whitby Island, murdered Colonel Isaac N. Ebey,
+the United States collector of customs, cut off his head, plundered his
+house, and departed northward with their booty and ghastly trophy.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XLIII
+
+               LEGISLATIVE CENSURE.--POPULAR VINDICATION
+
+
+The family remained in Olympia during this year of Indian troubles. The
+children attended the public school, and found kind and judicious
+teachers in the Rev. George F. Whitworth and his estimable wife. Mrs.
+Stevens, escorted by her son, frequently rode on horseback over the
+neighboring prairies, heedlessly running a greater peril than they knew
+of, for the Indians murdered two men and committed depredations quite
+near the town. There was not much social gayety at such an anxious time,
+but the little community were drawn closer together by the dangers
+surrounding it.
+
+When not absent on his trips, the governor usually worked in his office
+till long after midnight, and his assistants and clerks were kept hard
+at it to dispose of the multifarious orders, reports, accounts, and
+other details of the war and the Indian service. He kept both the War
+and Indian departments in Washington constantly informed of the progress
+of the war and the condition of affairs by frequent detailed and graphic
+reports, and these, with his correspondence, made a volume of four
+hundred pages as published with his message of 1857. His physical labors
+were also extreme, involving journeys to the Columbia River, the Dalles,
+Walla Walla, and down the Sound, aggregating over two thousand miles.
+And it should be borne in mind that he was not assisted by any regularly
+long established and tried services, but had in a measure to create the
+organizations, and to make use of hastily selected and inexperienced
+officers. He had by this time fully adopted the rough, serviceable
+costume of the country,--slouch hat, woolen shirt, and heavy
+riding-boots,--and, indeed, no other garb was practicable for one so
+constantly engaged on long and arduous journeys by horseback and canoe,
+frequently in stormy weather.
+
+  [Illustration: HOMESTEAD IN OLYMPIA]
+
+In the summer and fall the governor caused his block of land No. 84,
+which he purchased on his first arrival, to be cleared, and the late
+Benjamin Harned built for him a plain, square dwelling, with a wide hall
+in the centre and rooms on either side, a story and a half high. A
+smaller building, for an office, on the northeast corner of the block,
+and a stable in the rear on the southwest corner were also built. The
+family moved into the new home in December, and found the spacious
+rooms, with the magnificent view of the Sound and the Coast Range, a
+most agreeable change from the former contracted quarters and noisy
+surroundings.
+
+The governor gave a house-warming, to which he invited the members of
+the legislature, a number of naval officers, who happened to be in the
+harbor, and about all the townspeople, including Elwood Evans and others
+who had been unmeasured in their denunciation of his course.
+
+The site of the residence had been covered with immense fir-trees, and
+all within reach of the dwelling had to be felled to avoid danger of
+their falling and crushing the house during some storm, which involved
+the felling of the trees over an area of ten acres. But notwithstanding
+all this care, one of these forest monarchs was left standing some
+distance in front of the office, and the following winter fell directly
+across it, cutting the building clear to the ground. The labor of
+digging out the immense stumps was very great and expensive, and when
+the governor, late in the winter, assured Colonel Cock and Mr. George A.
+Barnes that he meant to have the finest garden in town the next spring,
+and would send them the earliest vegetables, these old settlers laughed
+in confident incredulity.
+
+The governor was unable to follow up the improvement of the Taylor claim
+this year, but John Dunn, the hired man, and Hazard, now an active lad
+of fourteen, rode out there from time to time and planted and raised
+quite a crop of potatoes, celery, cabbages, etc., on the beaver meadow,
+which also afforded several tons of hay.
+
+The legislature met in December, and Governor Stevens, in a strong
+message, accompanied by the correspondence with the War Department and
+military officers, rendered a clear and graphic account of his
+successful prosecution of the war. In view of his herculean labors and
+entire self-devotion, and the outrageous abuse heaped upon him, the
+concluding paragraph is touching in its manly simplicity and
+confidence:--
+
+  "I have endeavored faithfully to do my whole duty, and have nothing
+  to reproach myself with as regards intention. I could have wished
+  some things had been done more wisely, and that my whole course had
+  been guided by my present experience. I claim at your hands simply
+  the merit of patient and long labor, and of having been animated
+  with the fixed determination of suffering and enduring all things in
+  your behalf. Whether in the wilderness contending with the hostile
+  elements, managing and controlling the more hostile aborigines, or
+  exploring the country, or at the Capitol struggling with
+  disaffection, the subject of obloquy and abuse, I have had no end
+  but my duty, no reward in view but my country's good. It is for you
+  to judge how I have done my part, and for the Almighty Ruler to
+  allot each man his desert."
+
+It was generally believed that the legislature, like the people, would
+gladly recognize the great services of the governor, and do all in their
+power to sustain him. But his political and personal enemies had been
+very active, and had covertly secured a number of members, some of them
+elected in the guise of pretended friends. From Whitby Island was chosen
+an able but corrupt man, J.S. Smith, commonly known as "Carving Fork
+Smith," from the current report that his too pressing advances towards a
+married woman in Oregon had been repulsed with such an implement by the
+insulted matron. This worthy called upon Governor Stevens at the
+beginning of the session and proposed some deal, with the result that
+the governor indignantly ordered him out of the office. Angered at this
+repulse, he made common cause with the governor's enemies, and eagerly
+sought means to attack and injure him. His general course in the
+prosecution of the war, and even in the martial-law difficulty, was so
+universally approved that it would be useless to assail him on that
+score, but finally they concluded to make a handle of the dismissal of
+Company A. Their object was to obtain some sort of legislative censure
+of the governor in aid of the untiring and unscrupulous efforts they
+were making for his removal. A resolution pronouncing the charge of
+insubordination against Company A to be without sufficient foundation
+and also a resolution condemning martial law were introduced, and by the
+combination of the supporters of the two, and the strenuous efforts of
+the governor's enemies, were passed by a bare majority.
+
+A committee was appointed to present them to him in person, in order to
+make the censure more emphatic and offensive. The governor received the
+committee with his wonted dignity and equanimity. One of the members was
+Colonel William Cock, whom the governor had always treated with
+consideration, whose son he had befriended and employed in the Indian
+service, and who had always professed a warm friendship for the
+governor, and approval of his course. But Colonel Cock had been won
+over by the conspirators by appeals to his vanity, and had allowed
+himself to be placed on the committee. When it had delivered its
+message, the governor, genuinely grieved at the defection of a friend,
+addressed Colonel Cock in a quiet and friendly manner, pointing out how
+he had stultified himself, repudiating his own sentiments and
+declarations, endeavored to strike down the man who had done so much to
+defend the country, and his own professed friend, and finally, against
+his better feelings and judgment, had allowed himself to be made a tool
+of as a member of the committee. Colonel Cock, realizing at last the
+ignoble part he was playing, was thoroughly ashamed and took his leave,
+expressing his regret and sorrow at his course. The remainder of the
+committee sneaked out, feeling small and crestfallen. But the
+conspirators were jubilant, making sure that this legislative censure,
+coming on top of General Wool's attacks, the martial-law resolutions,
+and the numerous secret affidavits sent on, would certainly cause the
+governor's removal, and went about exclaiming, "Governor Stevens is a
+dead lion at last."
+
+After this deliverance, the legislature passed all the measures and
+memorials that the governor recommended. Some of the members who voted
+for the resolutions of censure regretted their action like Colonel Cock,
+and all were soon compelled to cower and apologize before the
+indignation which their action excited all over the Territory.
+Everywhere the real people, the stalwart settlers, the men of worth and
+character, were denouncing this underhanded and cowardly attempt to
+misrepresent their sentiments, and strike down the man who had saved the
+Territory in her peril and defended her fair fame against the slanders
+of high officials, whose patriotic self-devotion and herculean labors
+they had witnessed, whose courage, force of character, and ability they
+admired, and whose leadership they were proud to follow. The people
+were eager to manifest their approval and support of Governor Stevens,
+and in response to this sentiment the Democratic convention, meeting at
+Cowlitz Landing, unanimously nominated him for delegate in Congress.
+
+Meantime the governor, least disturbed of all at the unjust but impotent
+censure, enjoyed a little respite after four years of incessant and
+overwhelming responsibilities and labors. He was comfortably established
+in his new home, and hugely enjoyed his garden and farming. He employed
+two excellent men about the place, Joel Risden and William Van Ogle, and
+fully redeemed his promise of the finest garden and earliest vegetables
+in Olympia. He purchased a yoke of oxen, had a cart built, and commenced
+clearing the Walker claim, situated half way to Tumwater. The malignant
+charges and attacks upon him failed to cause his removal.
+
+The governor, however, felt that he had not been properly supported at
+Washington. His Indian treaties were left unconfirmed, and Wool's course
+in excluding settlers from the upper country and vilifying the people
+was not rebuked. He declared with great feeling that he would never
+accept another appointive civil office.
+
+On January 26, 1857, at the instance of the governor, the legislature
+passed an act incorporating the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, with
+a capital of fifteen millions, which might be increased to thirty
+millions, and authority to build a railroad from one of the passes in
+the Rocky Mountains, on the border of Nebraska, westwardly across
+Washington by the Bitter Root valley, crossing the Coeur d'Alene
+Mountains, and traversing the plain of the Columbia, with two branches,
+one down the Columbia, the other over the Cascade Mountains to the
+Sound, with a line from the river to the Sound. Among the incorporators
+were Governor Isaac I. Stevens, Senator Ramsay, and General James
+Shields, of Minnesota, Judge William Strong, Colonel William Cock,
+Elwood Evans, A.A. Denny, and W.S. Ladd. The governor expected a rapid
+development of the Territory, and evidently thought that an organized
+company with a charter was a practical step towards starting the great
+railroad enterprise.
+
+Early in the year 1857 General Wool was relieved of the command of the
+Pacific Department by General N. G. Clarke, colonel 6th infantry, and
+went to New York, where he continued his malignant warfare upon the
+authorities, volunteers, and people of Oregon and Washington, by whose
+governors and legislatures he was denounced, "and whose respect he had
+long since ceased to possess."
+
+After his nomination the governor determined to make a canvass of the
+Territory, and invited Alexander S. Abernethy, who was nominated by the
+Whig convention, to accompany and meet him in joint discussion. The
+newly appointed receiver of the Land Office, just arrived from the East,
+Selucious Garfielde, a man of fine, showy presence and great oratorical
+gifts, offered to assist in the canvass by discussing national politics.
+A small steam-tug, the Traveler, W.H. Horton owner and captain, was
+chartered to take the party around the Sound. Mr. Abernethy declined the
+invitation, but Colonel William H. Wallace went in his stead, and the
+governor, accompanied by Garfielde, Wallace, his son Hazard, and a few
+friends, started from Olympia in May, and visited Steilacoom, Seattle,
+Ports Madison, Gamble, Ludlow, and Townsend, thence up Hood's Canal to
+Sebec, thence Whitby Island, thence Bellingham Bay, and thence returned
+to Olympia. At each point the governor spoke at length, defending his
+course, but devoting more time to pointing out the needs of the
+Territory and the measures necessary for its benefit, such as the
+confirmation of the treaties, payment of the war debt, additional roads
+and mail service, and especially the Northern Pacific Railroad and its
+relation to the trade of Asia. With much feeling he indignantly denied
+the personal charges against himself, denounced the traducers, and
+defied them to meet him face to face and repeat them. Though not a
+fluent speaker, he was clear, strong, earnest, and convincing, and was
+everywhere received with the greatest attention and respect.
+
+A plot was formed at Steilacoom to get up a row at the meeting to be
+held there, and under cover of it to assassinate the governor; and in
+consequence of the earnest entreaties of his friends there, who had
+discovered the plot at the last moment and were wholly unprepared for
+it, he made but a short stop at that point. In July he again visited
+Steilacoom, and held a meeting and joint discussion, but no attempt at
+disturbance was made, his friends being ready for it.
+
+As the little Traveler slowly churned her way into Bellingham Bay, a
+great war canoe, manned by the northern Indians,--those dreaded sea
+wolves,--went speeding across the entrance to the bay twice as fast as
+the Traveler could possibly go, and the little party felt rejoiced to
+have escaped meeting them. It was only a few weeks later that the
+unfortunate Colonel Ebey met his tragic fate at the hands of a crew of
+these savages. They were forbidden to enter the Sound, and the
+appearance of one of their war canoes betokened only violence and
+robbery.
+
+After returning to Olympia the governor spoke at meetings of the
+settlers there, at Tumwater, and Yelm, Chambers', and Grand Mound
+prairies. Then he proceeded down the Chehalis River and traveled along
+the coast, crossing Gray's Harbor and Shoalwater Bay, to the mouth of
+the Columbia, holding meetings on Miami prairie, and each of these
+points; thence, continuing the canvass, he went up the river, speaking
+at Cathlamet, Monticello, Lewis River, Vancouver, and the Cascades, and
+then, returning home by way of the Cowlitz, he spoke at Cowlitz Landing
+and Judge Ford's.
+
+In this canvass, in five weeks Governor Stevens traveled by steamer,
+canoe, and on horseback fourteen hundred and sixty miles, and spoke at
+forty meetings. His friends supported him with great enthusiasm, and one
+of the features of the contest was the "Stevens Hat," adopted as a badge
+by his more enthusiastic supporters,--a black slouch hat, the rougher
+and shabbier the better.
+
+The election took place July 13, and he was chosen by a vote of 986
+against 549 for his opponent.
+
+During the governor's absence on the canvass occurred the untimely death
+of James Doty, his faithful secretary and assistant in so many difficult
+and dangerous Indian councils and expeditions. "I have never been
+connected with a more intelligent and upright man," declared the
+governor. He was buried on Bush prairie beside his friend, George W.
+Stevens.
+
+After his election as delegate Governor Stevens resigned as governor,
+August 11, 1857, and Lafayette McMullan, of Virginia, was appointed his
+successor. The governor turned over the gubernatorial office to the new
+appointee on his arrival, and the Indian superintendency to Colonel
+Nesmith, who was appointed superintendent for both Oregon and
+Washington, the two superintendencies having been united by the last
+Congress, in May. At his invitation Colonel Nesmith visited him at
+Olympia, and the governor took the greatest pains to impart to him all
+the information and assistance in regard to his new duties in his power.
+
+It was on a beautiful morning in the early fall that Governor Stevens
+with his family started from Olympia on the return journey to the East.
+He rode his noble gray charger Charlie, and his son was also mounted,
+while Mrs. Stevens and the three little girls rode in an easy spring
+wagon. The roads were dry, the weather of the finest, the country in its
+most beautiful garb, and all the family were in high health and spirits;
+and the governor, buoyant with courage, hope, and vigor, having
+accomplished the tremendous tasks laid upon him by the government,
+carried the Territory through the Indian hostilities, overcome all
+obstacles, and put down his enemies, now looked forward with renewed
+confidence to vindicating his course in Washington, and compelling a
+deceived and misguided Congress and administration to do justice to his
+people and himself.
+
+The return journey to the Cowlitz, and down that stream in canoes, and
+up the Columbia to Portland by steamboat was uneventful but pleasant, in
+strong contrast to the discomforts of the trip on entering the country
+three years previously. San Francisco was reached after a short voyage
+down the coast, where the governor was again welcomed by his old
+friends, and everywhere received with the attention and deference
+considered due his remarkable achievements in face of unprecedented
+obstacles.
+
+On the voyage to Panama, the steamer Golden Gate broke her shaft the
+second day out, and had to creep back to port with one wheel, like a
+bird with a broken wing, losing an entire week. The Golden Age, which
+took her place, came near meeting a worse disaster; for one stormy and
+misty afternoon, as the captain and cabin passengers were at dinner, a
+steerage passenger on the forward upper deck espied a rock-bound island
+directly in front of the steamship, upon which she was rushing at full
+speed, and gave the alarm. The great paddle-wheels were instantly
+reversed, and the vessel just managed to back off before striking.
+
+Colonel John C. Fremont, the Pathfinder, the Republican candidate for
+the presidency, was one of the passengers,--a slender, alert man,--as
+was also one of the Californian senators, John Broderick, who fell in a
+duel with Judge Terry soon afterwards. The passage across the Isthmus
+was made safely and easily all the way by rail; and the voyage from
+Aspinwall to New York was unmarked, save by a severe storm, with
+mountainous billows for three days, off Cape Hatteras. They arrived in
+New York in time to make a short visit in Newport, and to spend
+Thanksgiving at Andover with the Puritan father.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XLIV
+
+                  IN CONGRESS.--VINDICATING HIS COURSE
+
+
+Governor Stevens lost no time in hastening to Washington, and the very
+next day after his arrival called upon the Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs in regard to the funds for, and accounts of, Superintendent
+Nesmith. The large numbers of Indians, chiefly in Oregon, still being
+restricted to reservations and partially supported by the government,
+necessitated heavy expenditures, some of which were made without
+previous authorization, and it was essential for the peace of the
+country that they should be approved and Nesmith sustained. Following
+the matter up with his accustomed energy and thoroughness, he calls upon
+the commissioner and Secretary of the Interior again and again; he has
+all the suspended accounts, estimates, and papers brought together, and,
+having mastered them, he sits down with the chief clerk,--"an old friend
+of mine," he writes Nesmith,--posts him up and satisfies him on all
+points, and secures his favorable report, and then convinces the
+commissioner and secretary. By the very next steamer the funds for
+Washington Territory liabilities are sent to Nesmith, and during the
+next few months, by unremitting and painstaking efforts, his deficiency
+payments are allowed, his estimates approved, and ample funds remitted.
+This was an extremely difficult and laborious task, for the expenditures
+for the Indian service in the two Territories were unexpectedly large,
+the department was naturally reluctant to authorize them, and the
+difficulties were largely increased by the rasping and peppery, if not
+insubordinate, letters which Nesmith, indignant at the neglect of his
+recommendations, addressed to the commissioner, and which the governor
+ingeniously neutralized by personally vouching for Colonel Nesmith, and
+submitting extracts of Nesmith's letters to himself evincing the
+superintendent's devotion to duty.
+
+The still more important duty of vindicating his Indian treaties and
+procuring their ratification engaged his closest attention. In one short
+fortnight, by his clear exposition of their wise and beneficent
+provisions, and by his graphic portrayal of the conditions in the
+Pacific Northwest, he satisfies Commissioner Mix, Secretary Thompson,
+and President Buchanan that the treaties ought to be confirmed, and
+secures their urgent recommendations to the Senate in favor of
+confirming them without delay. He seemed to take his former attitude of
+personal influence with the highest officers of the government at a
+bound, despite the serious charges that had been made against him. On
+December 2 he writes Nesmith:--
+
+  "We have had many conferences with the commissioner, and two with
+  the President and Secretary of War, in regard to Indian affairs. I
+  am working very hard with the department in order to have everything
+  completely in train against the meeting of Congress.
+
+  "I have been most cordially received in all quarters since my
+  arrival, and I hope I shall be useful to our Territories."
+
+And again, on December 17:--
+
+  "Lane and myself will canvass the Indian committees. Have seen
+  Senator Sebastian, chairman Senate committee. Pushing armed steamer
+  for the Sound. Indian and War departments and President all concur.
+  I have had a most attentive and courteous hearing from all these
+  gentlemen. Years since, I learned brevity and directness in the
+  transaction of business here, and I find no difficulty whatever in
+  effecting a good deal in very brief interviews."
+
+His old friends in Washington--Professors Bache, Henry, and Baird,
+General Totten, Mr. John L. Hayes, former brother officers, and
+others--welcomed him back, and were glad and proud to observe that he
+was unchanged except in increased maturity and strength of character,
+and that his very presence, with his simple, earnest, and dignified
+demeanor, refuted the infamous slanders that had been circulated against
+him. General Joseph Lane, the delegate from Oregon, received him with
+open arms, delighted to have so able a coadjutor to fight the battles of
+the far-distant and neglected Northwestern Territories. General Lane was
+highly esteemed by all parties, and had much influence with the
+Democratic leaders. The governor said he was a tower of strength. A
+devoted friendship grew up between the two whole-souled and patriotic
+men.
+
+It will be remembered how inflexibly Governor Stevens insisted upon the
+trial and punishment of the Indian murderers who so treacherously
+massacred unoffending settlers, deeming the example absolutely
+necessary, to deter the commission of outrages by the Indians in the
+future. Having brought Leschi and the Sound murderers to condign
+punishment, in spite of the efforts of the regular officers to shield
+them, he now urged the Indian Department to make requisition upon the
+War Department for the arrest and delivery to the civil courts, for
+trial, of the Yakima murderers, whose atrocious slaying of their agent,
+Bolon, and the miners, precipitated the war, but who thus far had been
+virtually safeguarded by the pacific and temporizing policy of the
+regular officers. After a number of interviews with the Indian
+commissioner and the two secretaries, the demand was about to be
+complied with, for all agreed that the murderers ought to be punished,
+when the objection was raised by the military authorities on the Pacific
+that an attempt to seize the offenders would lead to further
+hostilities, and it was intimated that the Indians regarded the
+quasi-peace operations of Colonel Wright in 1856 as promising them
+immunity for the murders. The Secretary of the Interior, doubtful how
+far the good faith of the government might be involved, was consequently
+reluctant to make the necessary requisition on the War Department. The
+governor thereupon addressed an able letter to the commissioner, in
+which he pointed out that an inflexible adherence to the policy of
+punishing perpetrators of unprovoked murders was the only course to
+impress savage tribes with respect, and deter them from the commission
+of similar outrages; that, while such a course in this case might be
+attended with the renewal of hostilities on a small scale with the
+recalcitrant faction of the Yakimas, it would do more than all else to
+strengthen the hands of peaceful and friendly Indians in other tribes.
+He declared that he had always understood, from repeated interviews with
+Colonel Wright, that that officer had given no immunity to murderers.
+Moreover, the very manner in which the military objected showed
+conclusively that no such immunity was ever granted; for, if it had been
+granted, they would have avowed it positively as their own act, and not
+merely have referred to it hypothetically, as it were, and as
+subordinate to the question of expediency. For if the faith of the
+government had been pledged, questions of expediency were subordinate.
+He concluded:--
+
+  "I must therefore urge the requisition, unless the military will
+  take the responsibility of saying, 'We did make a pacification on
+  the ground of immunity to the murderers,' in which case I shall
+  press the matter no further, except to suggest that measures be
+  taken to prevent such pacifications hereafter."
+
+Thus ably and ingeniously the governor forced upon the military the onus
+of acknowledging having patched up a fictitious peace by granting
+immunity to murderous savages, whom it was their duty to punish. This
+they could not bring themselves to do; they were obliged to abandon
+their protégés to their fate, and the requisition was made. One cannot
+but think, after a careful study of all the evidence, that the Indian
+murderers were led to believe in the promise of immunity, if it was not
+explicitly promised them.
+
+At the end of December he broke away from these engrossing cares and
+labors for a few days, and went North for his family, having leased a
+commodious brick house, No. 510, on the north side of Twelfth Street,
+between E and F, at $200 a month; but on January 4 he is again at his
+post in the House. He installed Mr. James G. Swan as his secretary, set
+apart the upper rooms in the house as an office, and plunged with
+redoubled energy into the important and multifarious duties and objects
+he had undertaken, chief of which was the confirmation of the Indian
+treaties; payment of the Indian war debt; advocacy of the Northern
+route, separate Indian superintendency for Washington Territory, armed
+steamer for Puget Sound, mail route, military roads, appropriations for
+Indian service, and for other needs of the Territory; and pressing
+before the departments many private claims growing out of the Indian
+war. Besides all these, he published, February 1, a circular letter to
+emigrants, giving useful information for those wishing to move to the
+Territory. In this month he also wrote a strong appeal to the Indian
+Department, urging that the farms promised the Blackfeet by the treaty
+of the Blackfoot council be established without further delay, and
+suggesting that the commissioner confer with Alexander Culbertson, who
+was then visiting Washington,--an appeal which bore fruit, for the
+commissioner immediately sent for Mr. Culbertson, and took steps to
+start the farms. The governor also gave effective aid to Mr. Culbertson
+in collecting an account due him from the government.
+
+The appropriation of $30,000 for a wagon-road between Fort Benton and
+Walla Walla--made in 1855--had never been used, in consequence of the
+Indian hostilities, and the governor now induced the Secretary of War to
+authorize the commencement of the road, and to place Lieutenant Mullan
+in charge of it. The topographical engineers of the army were not a
+little put out at the governor's action in Mullan's behalf, claiming
+that the duty rightfully belonged to one of their corps, and that he was
+disregarding the rights of the engineers in bestowing it upon a line
+officer; but he had found Mullan one of the most zealous and efficient
+officers of the Exploration, and one, moreover, especially conversant
+with the country. His recommendation had great weight with the War
+Department, thus to overcome the influence of the corps and the almost
+invariable usage. Another incident which occurred at this time afforded
+further evidence of his influence. An officer of General Wool's staff,
+Captain T.J. Cram, in 1857 made a report to him upon the upper Columbia
+country, much of which was taken from Governor Stevens's exploration
+reports without acknowledgment. Moreover, the navigability of the great
+river was pronounced utterly impracticable, and the country itself
+stigmatized as essentially barren and worthless; and the report was made
+the vehicle for reiterating all Wool's exploded charges against the
+territorial authorities, people, and volunteers, and collecting and
+retailing all the stories of outrage upon Indians by whites that could
+be trumped up. This precious "topographical memoir" was widely published
+in the newspapers, and was submitted by General Wool to the War
+Department, with the evident design of defeating the confirmation of
+the treaties and the payment of the war debt. When the report arrived,
+the governor filed a statement in the department exposing its character;
+and at his instance Captain A.A. Humphreys, who had charge of all the
+Pacific Railroad reports, also filed a similar statement, pointing out
+Cram's unreliability and plagiarisms, so thoroughly discrediting the
+report that the department would never give it out, and it failed of its
+intended effect.
+
+It was a hard fight over the treaties before the Senate committee.
+Wool's charges, widely spread in the newspapers, had excited much
+prejudice against them, and they were strenuously opposed by most of the
+regular officers on the Pacific. But by the middle of March the governor
+was equally successful in convincing that committee that they ought to
+be confirmed, and was able to write Nesmith that the committee would
+report favorably, and that there was every prospect of confirmation.
+
+The Northwestern boundary, with the disputed question of the San Juan
+archipelago, also claimed his attention. His resolute letter of May,
+1855, to Sir James Douglass, declaring that he would sustain the
+American right to the islands to the full force of his authority, having
+been submitted to both governments with Sir James's protests, had
+brought home to them the risk of armed collision unless the boundary
+question were speedily settled. Accordingly commissioners were appointed
+on both sides to determine and delimit the boundary as drawn by the
+treaty of 1846. But as the controversy turned on the construction of the
+treaty itself, it could not be settled by any survey, and in this, the
+most important part of their task, the commissioners soon became clever
+disputants, each advocating his own side of the question. Jefferson
+Davis, now a senator of great influence, writes Governor Stevens, March
+18, requesting him "to call on the President and Secretary of State, and
+give them your views as to the importance and necessity of marking the
+boundary," etc. The American commissioner was Mr. Archibald Campbell,
+and Captain J. G. Parke, of the engineers, was the chief surveyor, both
+old friends of Governor Stevens. With his thorough knowledge of the
+islands in dispute, and of the astute, grasping, and persistent
+character of the Hudson Bay Company and British officials, the governor
+strove to stiffen the backbone of the administration, and to expedite
+the boundary survey.
+
+Governor Stevens's first speech in the House occurred May 12, on his
+bill to create additional land districts in his Territory, and was a
+brief one. The next day a bill came up to reimburse Governor Douglass
+for the supplies he had furnished in the Indian war, and the governor
+seized the opportunity to deliver a powerful speech in behalf of the war
+debt. He referred to Sir James's emphatic testimony that his, the
+governor's, course was the only one which could have protected the
+settlements, or prevented their depopulation, and vigorously defended
+the people and volunteers:--
+
+  "During the whole course of that war, not a friendly Indian, nor an
+  Indian prisoner, was ever maltreated in the camp of the volunteers
+  of Washington. For six months the people of Washington had to live
+  in blockhouses; and yet so obedient were the people to law, so proud
+  of their country, doing such high homage to the spirit of humanity
+  and justice, that during all that time the life of the Indian was
+  safe in the camp of the volunteers. Why, sir, there were nearly five
+  thousand disaffected Indians during all this time on the
+  reservations lying along the waters of the Sound, and not a man ever
+  went there to do them harm.
+
+  "I trust that the same measure of justice, which the committee
+  propose to deal out to Governor Douglass, will be dealt out to the
+  people of the Territories of Oregon and Washington. The debt in all
+  the cases rests upon the same foundation. Our people furnished
+  supplies and animals and shipping, and rendered their own services,
+  on the faith of the government."
+
+On the 31st he delivered a long and exhaustive speech on the same
+subject, giving the history of the war, vindicating his own course, and
+the patriotism and conduct of the volunteers and people.
+
+On May 25 he delivered a speech of an hour upon the Pacific Railroad,
+the subject of all others in which he took the greatest interest and
+expended the greatest exertions. He took the broad national view,
+embracing the whole country, and advocated three routes, and then
+pointed out the superior advantages of the Northern route, and dwelt
+upon its value for gaining the trade of Asia:--
+
+  "Therefore I would not carve our way to the Pacific by a single
+  route. It would not satisfy the country. It is not for its peace and
+  harmony politically. It could not do the business of the country. It
+  is not up to the exigencies of the occasion. But carve your way to
+  the Western ocean with at least three roads.
+
+  "Considering, therefore, the greater shortness of the Northern
+  route, and its nearer connections with both Asia and Europe, it must
+  become the great route of freight and passengers from Asia to
+  Europe, and even of freight from Asia to the whole valley of the
+  Mississippi."
+
+These views have become established facts for so many years that it is
+hard to realize how far in advance of his contemporaries Governor
+Stevens was in holding them. He was one of the first, if not the very
+first, to discern the necessity for three transcontinental railroads,
+and the opportunity for securing the trade of Asia offered by the
+Northern route.
+
+A few days later he sprang to his feet in defense of his friend Nesmith,
+who was bitterly assailed by M.R.H. Garnett, of Virginia, and answered
+him in a manner so complete and satisfactory as to defeat an amendment
+offered by him.
+
+On the 27th he spoke in support of an appropriation for a military
+survey of the upper Columbia, and in a sharp and breezy debate had the
+satisfaction of exposing Cram's report.
+
+Congress adjourned on June 9. The treaties were not reached, but the
+governor writes Nesmith that a test vote showed that the Senate was
+strongly in favor of them, and that they would all be confirmed next
+session.
+
+During the session Governor Stevens introduced nineteen bills and
+resolutions, and offered four amendments. He spoke nine times, making
+five considerable speeches, including two on the war debt, one on the
+Pacific Railroad, one on the survey of the Columbia, and the defense of
+Nesmith. The following synopsis gives the matters which claimed his
+attention in Congress:--
+
+          Indian war debt.
+          Military roads.
+          Additional land districts.
+          Settlement of accounts of clerks of courts.
+          Erection of public buildings.
+          Survey of Columbia River.
+          Geological survey.
+          Military road, Columbia to Missouri.
+          Increased pay for land surveys.
+          Relief of C.H. Mason.
+          Additional post and mail routes.
+          Pacific Railroad.
+          Port of entry at Vancouver.
+          Marine hospital.
+          Land for lunatic asylum.
+          Port of delivery at Whatcom.
+          Enrolling clerk for legislature.
+          As to false reports of Wool.
+          Bringing on Indian chiefs.
+          Payment territorial deficiency.
+          Extending certain acts to Washington Territory.
+
+The above summary gives but a faint idea of the amount of work and
+attention involved in the several matters enumerated. With
+characteristic thoroughness, the governor always paved the way for his
+measures by first obtaining the support and recommendation of the
+department to which each pertained, and was equally indefatigable in
+following them up before the committees. But nothing engrossed so much
+of his time and attention as the numerous claims for losses and services
+growing out of the Indian war, sent to him by his constituents, almost
+all poor men, all of which he presented and pressed with the greatest
+pains and assiduity.
+
+So intent had he become upon all these important measures that, as he
+writes Nesmith, he determined to remain in Washington during the recess
+of Congress, and prepare for success the next session.
+
+On July 21 Governor Stevens submitted an able and exhaustive memoir to
+Lewis Cass, Secretary of State, on the unjust and exorbitant exactions
+imposed upon Americans, who were then flocking to the newly discovered
+gold fields of New Caledonia,--now British Columbia,--on Fraser and
+Thompson rivers, having previously, on May 18 and June 29, informed him
+of this emigration, and the impositions placed upon it by Governor
+Douglass. The chief of these were, a license tax of five dollars a month
+for the privilege of mining, and the prohibition of all navigation and
+trading except by license from the Hudson Bay Company, and the
+requirement that all supplies must be purchased from that company. He
+showed that with forty thousand miners, nearly all of them American
+citizens, entering the gold fields, as was the estimate of the most
+intelligent gentlemen of the Pacific coast, the license tax would amount
+to $2,400,000 per annum; while the Hudson Bay Company, from the
+exclusive right of furnishing supplies, would reap the enormous harvest
+of $14,000,000 per annum. Moreover, as the bulk of these supplies could
+not be furnished from the present resources of that company, they would
+have to be drawn by it from California, Oregon, and Washington, so that
+in fact those States were compelled to make that company their factor
+for the sale of their products, and allow it all the profits from the
+sale of their own products to their own citizens.
+
+The governor declared that this state of things could not be submitted
+to by American citizens unless imposed by positive and imperative law,
+and that the exactions in question had been imposed without any legal
+authority which should be respected by the citizens or government of the
+United States.
+
+He held that, the British government having passed no law levying a
+mining tax, Governor Douglass, as governor of Vancouver Island, was not
+given authority by his commission or instructions to impose such tax;
+that he was governor of Vancouver Island only, and his political
+jurisdiction did not extend to the mainland, where, in fact, he had
+always declined to exercise authority over the Indians as governor,
+while he had dealt with them as chief factor of the Hudson Bay Company.
+
+That the company, a mere Indian trading company, had no authority under
+its charter to set up a monopoly of selling supplies to white men,
+whether American citizens or British subjects, such monopoly, moreover,
+being expressly prohibited by British law.
+
+And he concluded by asking, in behalf of the citizens of our whole
+Pacific coast, that the government would interpose with the British
+authorities for the removal of the restrictions, and would demand the
+repayment of all mining taxes collected, and of the value of all vessels
+and cargoes confiscated. In the last paragraph he takes pains to
+acknowledge the assistance of his friend, John L. Hays, Esq., in the
+investigation of the legal questions involved.
+
+The memorial was widely published in the papers, and produced an
+excellent effect on the Pacific coast. The Hudson Bay Company
+relinquished its attempt to compel the miners to purchase supplies from
+it exclusively, and the monthly mining tax was reduced to a moderate
+yearly one. The memorial was a timely and much-needed warning to the
+Buchanan administration to stand up against the ever greedy and bull-dog
+demands of the British upon the Pacific Northwest.
+
+The news of Steptoe's defeat reached Washington in June, and created a
+great sensation. It was looked upon as a complete vindication of
+Governor Stevens's views and policy in regard to the management of the
+Indians, and a convincing proof of the folly and failure of the Wool
+military peace policy. The very officers who had condemned and denounced
+the governor's plan of punishing and subduing the hostiles in order to
+preserve the fidelity and peace of the friendly and doubtful tribes, now
+that their weak temporizing had drawn the latter into hostilities,
+breathed nothing but war. Writes Colonel Nesmith with glee, natural
+enough considering how his request for two howitzers had been brusquely
+refused, and himself treated with contumely, by Wool:--
+
+  "General Clarke and the whole military are now fully answered, and
+  they believe there _is a war_. The military now find themselves in
+  something like your position when the Indians, in violation of all
+  pledges, attacked your camp in the Walla Walla. I say again, 'Hands
+  off;' they have a fair field, and I hope they will have a _free
+  fight_!"
+
+The War Department took energetic measures in consequence of Steptoe's
+defeat. Colonel Wright was largely reinforced, and in September led a
+thousand troops into the Spokane country, defeated the Indians in two
+engagements, and summarily hanged sixteen of them without trial. The
+same month Oregon and Washington were constituted a separate military
+department, and the veteran general, William S. Harney, was sent out in
+command. This appointment was highly satisfactory to Governor Stevens,
+for General Harney adopted all his views in regard to the military
+problem, the Indians, the opening of the country to settlement, and
+later, as will be seen, in regard to defending our right to the San Juan
+archipelago. The governor writes Colonel Nesmith and Governor Curry
+requesting them to call on the veteran commander on his arrival, and
+extend to him their good will and support.
+
+General Harney's first act on reaching his new command was to throw open
+to settlement the whole upper country, revoking Wool's orders excluding
+settlers therefrom. This was a notable victory for Governor Stevens, and
+wiped out the last of Wool's reactionary measures.
+
+The governor spent the whole recess in Washington, except for a flying
+visit North in July (when, in passing through New York, he had his
+phrenological chart again drawn by Fowler) and a visit of three weeks in
+the fall to Newport and Andover.
+
+In the evening of December 2 he delivered before the American
+Geographical and Statistical Society, in New York, an elaborate address
+on the Northwest, comprising fifty-six printed pages. Mr. E.V. Smalley,
+the historian of the Northern Pacific Railroad, says of this address
+that "he presented the whole argument in behalf of the Northern route.
+Some of his statements were received with a great deal of skepticism,
+but time has shown that they were strictly and conscientiously
+accurate."
+
+Mr. Swan returned to the Pacific coast in the fall, and a very capable,
+faithful, and agreeable young man, Mr. Walter W. Johnson, succeeded him
+as secretary. The adjacent house on the south side was occupied by Mr.
+Johnson's aunts, Mrs. W.R. Johnson and Miss Donelson, most estimable,
+cultivated, and attractive ladies, and the two families contracted the
+warmest friendship for each other.
+
+Congress reassembled December 6. During the session Governor Stevens
+offered seven bills and five resolutions, and moved four amendments. His
+longest and most important speech was on the payment of the war debt,
+delivered February 21, 1859. He also spoke on bringing Indian chiefs to
+Washington, twice on the Northwest boundary, and on the military road
+between Fort Benton and Walla Walla.
+
+In January he had two hearings before the Senate Indian Committee. The
+treaties were all confirmed in the Senate on March 8 without serious
+opposition, for by this time their wisdom and merit were recognized on
+all hands. J. Ross Browne, special agent sent out by the Interior
+Department to investigate matters, strongly urged their confirmation.
+Judge G. Mott, another special agent, who had been dispatched to examine
+Nesmith's superintendency, did the same. Colonel Mansfield, the
+inspector-general of the army, after visiting the upper country and
+studying the conditions there, strongly recommended the treaties. And
+even General Clarke and Colonel Wright, nobly acknowledging their
+mistake in opposing them, joined in the recommendation. At last Governor
+Stevens's great work was vindicated by the test of experience, and
+approved by its former opponents.
+
+It has already been related how Jefferson Davis, as Secretary of War,
+summarily rejected Governor Stevens's plans for continuing the surveys
+on the Northern route, throwing the whole influence of the government in
+favor of the Southern route, and strove to discredit his report of the
+superior advantages of the former; and how the governor, on his
+expedition to the Blackfoot council, notwithstanding this rebuff,
+indefatigably continued his surveys, taking barometrical observations,
+and making careful examinations of different passes and routes, using
+the officers and parties of the Indian service for the purpose.
+Throughout all the labors and responsibilities of the Indian war he
+kept up the determination of important points, and the collection of
+data concerning the climate, snows, navigability of the great rivers,
+passes, etc., making use in like manner of the volunteer parties.
+
+During this fall and winter he made his final report on the Northern
+Pacific Railroad route, giving the results of his labors since the first
+report, made some three years before. This final report was published in
+two large quarto volumes, containing 797 pages. The first volume
+contains the Narrative, 225 pages; Geographical Memoir, 81 pages;
+Meteorology, 25 pages; Estimate, 27 pages; and, with the exception of
+the meteorological tables and a paper on the hydrography of Washington
+Territory, comprising 28 pages, was entirely the governor's own
+composition, and equal to about 700 ordinary printed pages. The second
+volume contains the botany, zoölogy, ichthyology, etc., with numerous
+plates.
+
+The governor expected, on returning from Fort Benton, to devote a year
+to the preparation of his final report, but this was interrupted by the
+Indian war, and then, with largely increased data, he found himself
+absorbed in these congressional duties and labors, which completely
+engrossed all his time and attention. It was a physical impossibility
+for any man to write out with his own hand in a few months such a
+report, even if it lay all composed and arranged in his mind. The way in
+which Governor Stevens overcame the difficulty was original, and showed
+his remarkable mental grasp and powers of memory. He dictated the whole
+report. Every morning an expert stenographer came at six, and the
+governor, walking up and down in the dining-room, dictated to him for
+one or two hours before breakfast. The reporter then took his notes,
+wrote them out, and had the manuscript ready for the governor's revision
+at the next sitting. Walter W. Johnson, Dr. J.G. Cooper, and other
+assistants were kept hard at work on the report, and on February 7,
+1859, the governor had the satisfaction of submitting it to the
+Secretary of War, John B. Floyd, Jefferson Davis's successor.
+
+The report is written in a clear and graphic style. The facts presented
+in it fully sustained and confirmed the conclusions of the first report,
+and made a crushing answer to Jefferson Davis's doubts and criticisms.
+And Governor Stevens's views set forth therein have been fully and
+strikingly borne out in the subsequent development of the country.
+
+Ten thousand copies of the report were ordered to be printed by the
+Senate March 3, and afterwards the House ordered ten thousand extra
+copies March 25, and the Senate as many more May 9, 1860. Those first
+printed were not satisfactory to the governor in execution, paper, or
+binding, and he was at no little pains to have the twenty thousand extra
+copies ordered. Being disappointed in a certain senator whom he expected
+to pass the desired order in the Senate, the governor frankly applied to
+Jefferson Davis to secure the order, and Davis was manly and magnanimous
+enough to do so at once. It was characteristic of Governor Stevens, as
+has already been pointed out, to base all his action and objects upon
+the high ground of public needs and welfare, and therefore, ignoring any
+personal considerations, he demanded Davis's aid, on the ground that the
+valuable data in his final report ought to be published for the benefit
+of the country.
+
+The governor was inclined to attribute good motives to his opponents, or
+those who differed from him; was quick to see and admit their points of
+view; and never assailed their motives, nor descended to personal
+attacks. Indeed, he was inclined to think too well of men, and to expect
+too much of them.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XLV
+
+                            SAVING SAN JUAN
+
+
+Six weeks after the final adjournment of Congress, Governor Stevens left
+New York in April, on the steamer Northerner, on the long journey to
+Puget Sound, via the Isthmus and San Francisco. He was accompanied by
+his family, except his son, who remained at school in Boston, and by his
+brother-in-law, Mr. Daniel L. Hazard, who was going to the Pacific coast
+to seek his fortune, which he found after six years' devotion to
+business. The journey out was a pleasant one, and they reached Vancouver
+on the Columbia, and repaired to the hotel of the town. General Harney
+immediately called, and insisted on taking the governor and family to
+his house, where they remained several days. The incident is significant
+as showing the close relations between the veteran commander and
+Governor Stevens, and helps explain the prompt and decisive action of
+the former on the San Juan controversy a few weeks later. This dispute
+was in the acute stage; the boundary commissioners were as busy with
+arguments and contentions as a whole bar of lawyers, and as far from
+agreement. Undoubtedly the governor, in his earnest and convincing
+manner, fully imbued the general with his views of the American right,
+and the duty of the authorities to defend it.
+
+The journey from Vancouver to Olympia was made in the manner usual in
+those days,--down the Columbia in river steamboat, up the Cowlitz in
+canoes paddled and poled by Indians, and across country in wagons to
+Olympia. The governor was everywhere received with demonstrations of
+popular confidence and goodwill. The Democratic convention unanimously
+renominated him as delegate to the next Congress.
+
+Colonel William H. Wallace was nominated by the Republican convention.
+Selucious Garfielde, having been removed from his office of receiver of
+the Land Office for misconduct, now vehemently opposed the governor, and
+came out in support of Wallace. Governor Stevens at once entered upon a
+systematic and thorough canvass of the Territory, inviting his
+competitor to accompany him, which he did. But Garfielde and Judge
+Chenoweth started around the Sound ahead of the candidates, hoping to
+capture the vote of the people for Wallace beforehand. Mr. Daniel L.
+Hazard accompanied the canvassing party. The governor, as was too much
+his habit, crowded into a short space of time a greater amount of
+speaking and traveling than most men could stand. Colonel Wallace broke
+down on the Columbia River under the strain, and had to return home,
+whereat the governor seemed rather pleased, not at his opponent's
+misfortune, but at his own superior endurance.
+
+The election took place July 11, and he was chosen by a vote of 1684
+against 1094.
+
+Mr. Charles H. Mason, the secretary of the Territory and at times the
+acting governor, died on July 23, rather unexpectedly. He was beloved by
+every one, and the whole town was plunged in mourning. The governor felt
+his loss as that of a brother, and was very much affected. Two days
+later the funeral services were held in the Capitol building. Governor
+Stevens delivered an eloquent and heartfelt eulogy, moving all present
+to tears, after which a procession was formed, and almost the entire
+population followed the remains to the grave. He was laid at rest on
+Bush prairie, beside his friend, George W. Stevens.
+
+A row over a pig precipitated a crisis in the San Juan dispute. An
+American settler shot a Hudson Bay Company's porker found rooting in his
+garden, whereupon Governor Douglass promptly dispatched a steamer to the
+scene, bearing his son-in-law, who was a high official of the company
+and also of the colony, and two members of the colonial council.
+Landing, they loudly claimed the island as British soil, and ordered the
+settler to pay one hundred dollars for the slain pig, on penalty of
+being taken to Victoria for trial if he refused. But the settler, who
+had already offered to pay the reasonable value of the pig, did refuse,
+and boldly defied arrest, revolver in hand. The British officials
+retired, baffled for the time, but declaring that the settler was a
+trespasser on British soil, and must submit to trial by a British court
+for his offense. A few days after this episode General Harney, returning
+from a visit to Governor Douglass, stopped at San Juan, and the American
+settlers there invoked his protection against British aggression,
+relating the story of the pig. They also begged protection against the
+raids of the northern Indians, who had committed many depredations on
+Americans, while they never molested the English or Hudson Bay Company
+people, whom they regarded as friends. The old soldier realized the
+defenseless condition of the settlers. His blood was stirred at the
+attempted outrage. On his way back to Vancouver he stopped at Olympia
+and dined with Governor Stevens, and discussed with him what action the
+emergency required. Immediately on reaching his headquarters at
+Vancouver, General Harney ordered Captain George E. Pickett,--the same
+who, a Confederate general, led the famous charge at Gettysburg,--to
+proceed with his company of the 9th infantry from Bellingham Bay to San
+Juan Island, occupy it, and afford protection to American settlers.
+Pickett landed on the island July 27, and at once issued a proclamation
+declaring that, in compliance with the orders of the commanding general
+(Harney), he came to establish a military post on the island, notifying
+the inhabitants to call on him for protection against northern Indians,
+and stating that "this being United States territory, no laws other than
+those of the United States, nor courts except such as are held by virtue
+of said laws, will be recognized or allowed on this island." This was
+throwing down the gauntlet at the feet of the British lion with a
+vengeance; and Governor Douglass, a bold, haughty, and determined man,
+hurried three warships to the island, with positive orders to prevent
+the landing of any more United States troops; but Pickett took up a
+position on high ground, threw up intrenchments, and notified the
+British that he would fire upon them if they attempted to land.
+
+Governor Douglass now issued his proclamation, protesting against the
+"invasion," and reasserting that the island was British soil; and, armed
+with this document, his three naval commanders waited on Pickett, and
+formally demanded his withdrawal. On his refusal, they proposed a joint
+occupation. But the daredevil American officer was equally obdurate in
+rejecting this compromise, and repeated his warning to them not to land.
+Nothing remained for them but to report their mortifying failure to
+Governor Douglass. It happened that Admiral Baynes, commanding the
+British Pacific fleet, had just put into Esquimault Harbor, the British
+naval station on Vancouver Island, four miles from Victoria, with a
+strong naval force. Sir James, his indignation at white-heat, and
+fiercely determined to expel the Yankees from the coveted island, now
+ordered the admiral to take his whole force and drive them from it. As
+governor of a British colony, Sir James was authorized to give the
+order, and it was the admiral's duty to obey it. But Admiral Baynes
+took the responsibility of not obeying it. It would be ridiculous, he
+declared, to involve the two great nations in war over a squabble about
+a pig. But he reinforced the ships blockading San Juan, and renewed the
+orders to prevent the landing of any more American troops. Five British
+ships of war, carrying 167 guns and 2140 men, closely beset the
+southeastern end of the island, charged with the execution of these
+orders.
+
+Governor Stevens visited San Juan soon after Pickett landed, and on
+August 4 left it in the steamer Julia. Captain Jack Scranton, with
+dispatches from Captain Pickett to General Harney, reached Olympia the
+next day, and at once forwarded the dispatches by special messenger to
+General Harney at Vancouver. In return, Harney's orders reached Olympia
+on the 8th, were forwarded immediately by the Julia to Steilacoom, and
+in pursuance of them Colonel Casey embarked on the steamer with three
+companies, hastened down the Sound, silently stole through the
+blockading fleet in a dense fog, and effected a landing on San Juan on
+the 10th. The sight of the empty steamer anchored close to the shore in
+the gray of the morning, and the cheers of the reinforcements as they
+marched into Pickett's fort on the hill above, first apprised the
+British navy of the successful landing.
+
+Soon afterwards Admiral Baynes withdrew his ships and relinquished the
+blockade, leaving the American forces in undisputed possession.
+
+While the British were omnipotent on the water, they were ill prepared
+to sustain a contest on land, and undoubtedly the knowledge of this fact
+influenced Admiral Baynes, and Governor Douglass, too, after his first
+indignation, in their forbearing attitude. Victoria and all the points
+on Fraser and Thompson rivers and other places on the mainland were
+thronged with American miners, attracted by the recently discovered gold
+fields. The British were but a handful. The brave and adventurous
+pioneers of Washington and Oregon, the Indian war volunteers, were close
+at hand. The first clash of arms on San Juan would have signaled the
+downfall of every vestige of British authority in northwest America,
+except on the decks of their warships. There is no doubt that Governor
+Stevens and the American commander intended to press their advantage to
+the utmost in case of conflict. The governor of the Territory was then
+R.D. Gholson, a well-meaning and respectable Kentuckian, who had
+recently succeeded McMullan, and who reposed wholly on Governor Stevens
+for advice and guidance, constantly consulting him. This governor now
+tendered to General Harney the support of the territorial militia in
+case of need, sending him a return showing the number of stands of arms
+the Territory possessed, with the statement that there was a lack of
+ammunition. In response General Harney immediately dispatched a large
+quantity of ammunition to Fort Steilacoom and placed it at the
+governor's disposal. Truly the times were changed since General Wool
+refused ammunition to the settlers battling for their homes against the
+savage foe, and maligned their patriotic efforts.
+
+The directing hand of Governor Stevens is manifest in this resolute
+assertion of American rights. It was his determined stand, when
+governor, against the persistent encroachments of the British, which
+first put our government on its guard. He it was who instructed General
+Harney as to the merits of the controversy, encouraged him to take
+decisive action, visited San Juan and noted the conditions there at the
+critical time, and saw to hurrying reinforcements to Pickett. It is not
+too much to say that he was the master spirit whose bold and decided
+action repelled the foreign aggression, aroused public opinion, deterred
+a weak and timid administration from surrendering our rights, and saved
+the archipelago to the United States.
+
+Judge James G. Swan, who was acting as the governor's secretary at this
+time, quotes from his diary how General Harney and Governor Gholson
+consulted Governor Stevens, and declares that the stand he took and his
+influence were the great means of saving San Juan to the United States;
+that, without his clear and decided counsel, General Harney would hardly
+have felt justified in taking such vigorous action as he did; that there
+was a deal of doubt felt and expressed among officers of the army, and
+it needed the strong, outspoken action of such a man as Governor Stevens
+at that crisis to turn the scale.
+
+Alarmed at the risk of war, and the scarcely veiled threats of the
+British minister, the government hastened to send General Scott to the
+seat of war, big with compromise. He withdrew Captain Pickett and all
+the troops save one company from the island. Admiral Baynes established
+a post of an equal number of marines on the opposite or western end, and
+the joint occupation was maintained thirteen years, and until terminated
+by the Emperor William's award in favor of the United States.
+
+Scott then endeavored to perform a still more ungracious task, laid upon
+him by the administration, to wit, to remove Harney in deference to
+Great Britain, without arousing the indignation of the people at such a
+rebuke for his spirited and patriotic action; to cringe to the Lion
+without exciting the Eagle. He gave Harney an order to relinquish his
+command on the Pacific and take the Department of the West, with
+headquarters at St. Louis, with permission to accept or decline the
+order as he saw fit. But Harney was not disposed to assist in his own
+rebuke, or smooth the way of truckling to England, and kept his post.
+Hardly had Scott turned his back, when Harney ordered Pickett back to
+San Juan, an order in turn countermanded by the general-in-chief.[12]
+
+The people of the Pacific coast were enthusiastic over Harney, the
+legislatures of Oregon and Washington applauded his course by public
+resolutions, and the public opinion thus aroused put a needed check to
+the compromising spirit of the administration.
+
+Governor Stevens spent the remainder of August and part of September in
+Olympia. He enjoyed visiting his farms and planning their improvement,
+for his early and hereditary love of the soil was always strong. In
+September he started eastward by the Isthmus route with his family, and
+reached Washington the following month.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [12] Major Granville O. Haller, in an article on the San Juan
+       affair, states that immediately on receipt of news of the
+       action of the British he was sent with his company by Colonel
+       Casey from Steilacoom to San Juan, ostensibly as a guard
+       against northern Indians, but with instructions to confer with
+       Pickett, and if he needed aid, to land and assume command. On
+       reaching the scene of action he was closely questioned by the
+       British officers as to the latest news from the east,--the
+       American mail had just brought news of the battle of
+       Solferino,--for their mails were delayed, and they were
+       somewhat restrained by the reflection that their government
+       might have already relinquished the archipelago, and advices of
+       it not yet arrived. Major Haller remained on his vessel a few
+       days, probably not wishing to precipitate a conflict by forcing
+       a landing, but did land soon afterwards.
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XLVI
+
+                       THE STAND AGAINST DISUNION
+
+
+The Indian treaties confirmed, Governor Stevens was more determined than
+ever to secure the payment of the Indian war debt. This had been
+thoroughly examined and audited by a commission appointed by the
+Secretary of War, consisting of Captains Rufus Ingalls and A.J. Smith,
+of the army, and Mr. Lafayette Grover, the brother of Lieutenant Grover
+and afterwards governor of Oregon, and their report had been referred by
+the last Congress to the third auditor. It was a long time before he
+reported, and his report, when made, was a very unjust and condemnatory
+one, manifestly tinged with the prejudice so widely spread by Wool's
+slanders. The friends of the debt for some time were unable to get it
+before the House, and had to content themselves with enlightening
+individual members and the public.
+
+The governor followed up the various matters in behalf of the Pacific
+Northwest with his usual energy this session. He spoke on the Pacific
+Railroad, on steam vessels for Puget Sound, on Indian appropriations,
+military post on Red River, appropriations for surveys, separate Indian
+superintendency for Washington Territory, etc. He succeeded in obtaining
+an appropriation of $100,000 for the military road between Fort Benton
+and Walla Walla, which Lieutenant Mullan was now building, $10,000 for a
+military road between Steilacoom and Vancouver, $4500 for the boundary
+survey between Oregon and Washington, $95,500 for the Indian service,
+and secured a new land office and district for the southern part of the
+Territory. During the session he offered thirteen bills, eight
+resolutions, and two memorials.
+
+His chief interest and labors, however, were on the Northern Railroad
+route. He was indefatigable in making known its great national
+advantages. On April 3 he addressed an elaborate letter on the subject
+to the railroad convention of the Pacific coast, held at Vancouver. In
+this he again advocated three routes; showed the national importance of
+the Northern route, its advantages for securing the trade of Asia, and
+the danger, if that route were neglected, that the British-Canadians
+would build a line to the Pacific within their own borders, and thereby
+forestall this country in developing its Pacific ports and securing the
+Asiatic commerce. He declared that the explorations thus far made were
+simply reconnoissances; that two years would be required to complete the
+surveys, and probably ten years to build the road. He urged the
+convention to reject absolutely the compromise in the shape of a branch
+line from some point on the central route to the Columbia River and
+Puget Sound, which had been urged in Congress and elsewhere, and firmly
+to insist on the Northern route as a great national work. As published,
+this letter makes twenty-four printed pages, and Mr. Smalley, the
+historian of the Northern Pacific Railroad, already quoted, says of it
+that--
+
+  "he gave so clear and condensed an account of the Northern route,
+  its distances and grades, as compared with the line then projected
+  to Benicia, California, its advantageous situation in relation to
+  the China and Japan trade, and the adaptability of the country it
+  would traverse for continuous settlement, that the document, printed
+  in pamphlet form, became a cyclopedia in miniature, from which facts
+  and arguments have ever since been drawn by the friends of that
+  route."
+
+Governor Stevens had now become the recognized authority on the Northern
+route, and the acknowledged leader of its advocates in Congress. He was
+ably supported by General Lane, and by the Minnesota senators, Rice and
+Ramsay, and was indefatigable in furnishing them with data and points
+for use in debate. At a dinner party on one occasion, Senator Gwin
+openly taxed the governor with writing the speech which a certain
+senator had just delivered in behalf of that route, and which made some
+stir, declaring that no one could mistake the governor's style and
+ideas; and the charge was well founded.
+
+During Governor Stevens's first term in Congress great efforts were made
+by the friends of the Central route to pass a bill granting a subsidy in
+lands and bonds to that route, and the bait of a branch from the
+vicinity of Salt Lake to the Columbia River and Puget Sound was held out
+to placate the adherents of the Northern route. Governor Stevens
+strenuously fought this scheme of a branch instead of the through
+Northern route. The proposed bill failed.
+
+In the next Congress the adherents of the Central and Southern routes
+joined forces. The extreme secessionists, on the eve of withdrawing from
+Congress in order to break up the Union, were ready enough to vote
+subsidies to the united routes, and the Union sentiment was invoked by
+the argument that the aid extended to the Southern route would help
+satisfy the South and strengthen the Union. By this combination the
+House, on December 20, 1860, passed a bill for a land grant and subsidy
+to both the Central and Southern routes. The Northern route was
+completely ignored. An amendment offered by Governor Stevens, granting
+ten sections of land per mile for a road from Red River to Puget Sound,
+was rejected. But when the bill came before the Senate, an amendment
+was offered by Senator Wilkinson, of Minnesota, and adopted, the New
+England senators aiding those from Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Oregon,
+giving a subsidy of twenty-five millions for a railroad from Lake
+Superior to Puget Sound, and a land grant of six alternate sections per
+mile on each side of the track in Minnesota, and ten alternate sections
+for the rest of the way. The amendment created the Northern Pacific
+Railroad Company, and empowered Charles D. Gilfillan, of Minnesota,
+Nathaniel P. Banks, of Wisconsin, and Isaac I. Stevens, of Washington
+Territory, to act as a board of commissioners to organize the company.
+The bill thus amended went back to the House for concurrence, but the
+session was almost at an end, and repeated efforts to take the bill from
+the speaker's table, to get it before the House for consideration,
+failed for lack of a two thirds vote.
+
+Governor Stevens rapidly overcame--lived down--the prejudice excited by
+the charges and reports against him, and won the respect of his fellow
+members. Several of them expressed to him their surprise at finding him
+so different a man from what they had been led to believe. Said one
+gentleman, "I expected to find you a loud-voiced, tobacco-chewing,
+drinking, swearing, violent man, and instead I find a gentleman of quiet
+manners, education, ability, and high aims and ideals." The governor
+used to regard this change of opinion, which he personally made upon
+members, with a good deal of satisfaction.
+
+He usually rose early, and spent the two hours before breakfast at work
+in his office. After breakfast and until noon, when Congress met, he
+would spend in visiting the departments. He kept a light carriage with
+one horse for this purpose, and for going to and from the Capitol,
+having the colored servant Bob drive it, or driving himself. He had
+unbounded influence in all the departments. The clear, lucid way in
+which he presented his cases; his brief, prompt, business-like methods;
+the fact that he never asked anything that he did not believe to be
+right, and called for by public interests, and that he would not submit
+to delay or neglect, but would follow up his matters until they received
+due attention, even to the President himself if necessary,--made him
+respected and somewhat feared, while his uniform courtesy and
+consideration for the clerks and subordinates won their goodwill.
+
+He acquired great influence with President Buchanan. His son Hazard was
+desirous of entering West Point, and he took the youth to call on the
+President and ask an appointment for him. Mr. Buchanan very naturally
+asked the governor why he did not give his son the appointment within
+his own gift as a member of Congress. The latter declared he could not
+do this with propriety, and pointedly requested the desired appointment,
+which the President seemed reluctant to make, pleading the many claims
+upon him for the few cadetships at his disposal. But finding the
+governor still firm in his request, he promised unequivocally and
+positively to appoint his son. The governor carefully refrained from
+advising or influencing the latter in the choice of a profession,
+telling him that he had better decide the matter for himself. An uncle,
+however, very strenuously urged him not to go to West Point. At last the
+young man besought the advice of his father, who simply said that he
+would not advise him to enter West Point, or adopt the army as a
+profession, but told him to decide according to his own judgment and
+inclination. Under these circumstances he concluded to give up West
+Point. Within a year the rebellion broke out, and he was carrying a
+musket in the ranks of the Union volunteers. How little can we foresee
+the future!
+
+The governor appointed Robert Catlin as cadet to West Point from
+Washington Territory.
+
+He dined at six, and spent the evening in social intercourse. Sometimes
+he would make the rounds of the hotels, meeting old friends and
+acquaintances, and frequently would work late in the night on some
+matter that engaged his attention. Like all rising and influential men,
+he was more and more sought after in behalf of all sorts of people and
+schemes. Mrs. Stevens relates that on one occasion, when she was reading
+in the rear end of the large double parlors and the governor was
+receiving two gentlemen in the front room, she was startled to see him
+suddenly spring from his chair, face his visitors with upright,
+soldierly bearing and head erect, exclaiming in a stern and indignant
+voice, "Look at me, gentlemen, and tell me what you see about me that
+you dare intimate such a proposition! Leave my house!" They slunk off
+without a word.
+
+The governor delighted in hospitality, and was never happier than when
+entertaining his friends. While in Washington he was visited by many of
+his own and Mrs. Stevens's relatives.
+
+Governor Stevens was preëminently a national man in all his ideas and
+sympathies. His Revolutionary ancestry, his West Point training, his
+participation in large national interests,--as the Mexican war, the
+Coast Survey, the exploration of the continent and upbuilding of the
+Pacific Northwest, together with the natural bent of his patriotic
+nature and comprehensive, far-sighted mind,--strengthened his love for
+and pride in the great Republic, and made sectionalism or disunion
+utterly abhorrent to him. Like Webster, he regarded the Union as the
+palladium of national liberty, life, and power, and its preservation the
+highest patriotic duty.
+
+There was an aggressive disunion faction, in the Southern tier of slave
+States, seeking to disrupt the Union by magnifying Northern
+encroachments against the Southern institution of negro slavery; but the
+great bulk of the Southern people still held fast to their ancient
+moorings. Governor Stevens firmly believed that to maintain unimpaired
+the compromises of the Constitution in regard to slavery was not only
+the highest statesmanship looking to the preservation of the Union, but
+a matter of justice and good faith to the Southern Unionists. He
+believed that as long as the Northern Democracy stood by the
+constitutional rights of the South, they would continue to hold fast to
+the Union, and defeat the Secessionists, and that thus, by the league of
+broad-minded national men both North and South, the extremists could be
+kept down and the Union maintained.
+
+The political issues of the day sprang up over the question of slavery
+in the Territories. The Republican party held that Congress had the
+right, and it was its duty, to prohibit slavery within them; and its
+more progressive leaders openly expressed the belief that the
+institution, if debarred from extension and confined to the existing
+slave States, would ultimately become extinct. The Democratic party was
+divided between two doctrines on the question. The majority of Northern
+Democrats upheld the "Squatter Sovereignty" doctrine of Stephen A.
+Douglas, to wit, that the people of each Territory had the right to
+decide for or against slavery; while the Southern Democrats and a large
+part of those in the North, including many of the oldest and ablest
+leaders and public men, held that, as the Territories had been acquired
+by the blood and treasure of all the States, neither Congress nor the
+citizens of a Territory could lawfully prohibit slavery therein as long
+as they remained Territories; but when they assumed Statehood, the
+people could prohibit or establish slavery, as they saw fit. The latter
+doctrine had the support of a dictum of the Supreme Court. Moreover,
+well-informed men knew that, as a practical matter, there was no
+probability that negro slavery could be extended into any of the
+existing Territories, for both natural conditions and the great
+preponderance of Northern emigration to the West were adverse to it. A
+few brief years would settle the question in the Territories, and remove
+it from national politics; and meantime, if the Southern people, the
+great majority of whom were Union-loving and patriotic, could be
+reassured that their constitutional rights as to slavery would be
+respected, the disunionists would become powerless, the dangerous
+controversies over slavery would die out, and the Union would be saved,
+stronger and more glorious than ever. Such were the views of Stevens and
+many of the ablest Democratic leaders, the same views that actuated Clay
+and Webster and their compatriots when they allayed the storm of an
+earlier strife over the same subject. No spirit of subserviency to the
+South actuated them, but a strong sense of justice to the weaker
+section, of fidelity to the Constitution, of loyalty to the Southern
+Unionists, and, above all, a broad-minded national patriotism. Thus it
+was that the men of whom Governor Stevens was a type, after striving to
+the utmost to safeguard the Southern constitutional rights, when
+sacrilegious hands assailed the nation's life, and the Southern people,
+frenzied with the madness of the hour, were swept into the maelstrom of
+the great rebellion, were foremost in defense of the country, in
+self-devotion and self-sacrifice for her sake. In this school of
+patriots are numbered two members of Lincoln's cabinet, Edwin M.
+Stanton, the great War Secretary, and Joseph Holt, the Attorney-General;
+General John A. Dix and Daniel L. Dickinson, of New York; Generals
+Grant, Sherman, Halleck, Sheridan; Benjamin F. Butler, of
+Massachusetts; John A. Logan, of Illinois; and many others, all of whom
+supported Breckinridge and Lane.
+
+Although deeply immersed in the important practical measures for the
+advancement of the Northern route and the Pacific Northwest, Governor
+Stevens was as earnest and decided in his political views as in
+everything else he undertook. He attended the Democratic National
+Convention, which was held in Charleston, S.C., April 23, as a delegate
+representing Oregon, the Territories having no representation. He
+ardently advocated the nomination of General Lane, his friend and
+co-worker in behalf of the Pacific Territories. General Lane had
+achieved much distinction in the Mexican war, was a man of broad,
+statesman-like views, sound judgment, upright, high-toned, generous, and
+considerate of others, and universally esteemed. He was just the man for
+a compromise candidate, and his chances were good for the nomination
+after the more prominent candidates should defeat each other. But the
+convention split upon the platform, the Northern delegates insisting
+upon the squatter sovereignty doctrine; whereupon the representatives of
+nine extreme Southern States seceded from the convention, which, without
+making any nominations, adjourned to meet at Baltimore on June 18. In
+the few ballots taken, General Lane received six votes; but the
+opportune moment for which his friend hoped never arrived, owing to the
+disruption of the convention.
+
+The Baltimore convention served but to emphasize the irreconcilable
+difference between the two doctrines and wings dividing the Democracy.
+Douglas's doctrine was adopted, and himself nominated, by a reduced
+convention; while the delegations of eight more States, withdrawing from
+it, met in separate convention on June 28, in the same city, and
+nominated John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, for President, and Joseph
+Lane, of Oregon, for Vice-President, on a platform declaring the other
+doctrine, and assuming the name of the National Democratic party.
+
+President Buchanan and the entire influence of the administration
+supported the latter, and, as the election showed, not only the majority
+of the foremost public men of the Northern Democracy, but one third of
+its voters.
+
+Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin were nominated by the Republican
+party on a platform opposing the extension of slavery in the
+Territories; and a convention representing the old Whigs, and many
+moderate men and Unionists in both sections, nominated John Bell, of
+Tennessee, and Edward Everett, of Massachusetts, on the bare declaration
+of "The Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement of the Laws."
+
+The National Democratic party, thus launched into the struggle, was
+destitute of any national organization, so essential for carrying on a
+presidential contest. The leaders, including the nominees and members of
+the cabinet, after full consultation, besought Governor Stevens to
+accept the position of chairman of the National Executive Committee,
+organize it, and carry on the canvass. Ever ready to devote himself to
+any cause in which he was enlisted, the governor undertook the herculean
+task. In a single night he wrote the party address to the country,--an
+address covering a whole page of a large metropolitan newspaper, a feat
+for which General Lane years afterwards expressed unbounded admiration
+and astonishment, both for its ability and for the ease and rapidity
+with which it was dashed off.
+
+During the next four months Governor Stevens drove on the canvass with
+his accustomed energy and ability. Headquarters were opened in New York,
+contributions collected, meetings organized, and large numbers of
+speeches and documents circulated all over the country. On September 5
+he entertained at dinner, in Washington, General Lane, Secretaries
+Howell Cobb and Jacob Thompson, of the cabinet, and a delegation from
+New York. The situation seemed by no means hopeless to the adherents of
+Breckinridge and Lane. The Republican vote at the last presidential
+election was far in the minority, even in the North; and now, with four
+candidates in the field, it seemed probable that there would be no
+popular election. In such case the choice of President would devolve
+upon the House of Representatives, voting by States, and the Democratic
+members controlled a majority of the States, and could therefore choose
+one of the Democratic candidates. In the event that the House failed to
+elect, owing either to dissensions among the Democratic members, or the
+abstention of enough members to break a quorum, which the Republican
+members could bring about, as they had the numerical majority, then the
+Senate had the election of Vice-President, who would act as President,
+and that insured the choice of General Lane, because the majority of the
+States were represented in the Senate by senators who supported
+Breckinridge and Lane.[13]
+
+The election of Lincoln in November overset all these hopes and
+calculations, and the drama of the great rebellion, which was to humble
+the arrogant fire-eaters of the South, free the land from the curse of
+slavery, and vindicate the Union by the sword, the last argument of
+kings and nations, was ushered in.
+
+At the last session of this, the 36th Congress, the bill to pay the
+Indian war debt was passed, notwithstanding the most strenuous and
+bitter opposition, led by a member from New York, General Wool's State,
+and inspired by him. The report of the third auditor, which greatly and
+very unfairly cut down the award of the Ingalls commission, was made the
+basis of the bill. Governor Stevens, in his speeches in Congress,
+severely criticised and exposed the mistakes and unfair findings of the
+auditor, without impugning his honesty. He was a well-meaning but narrow
+man, who had allowed himself to be prejudiced against the volunteers.
+Other advocates of the bill were less considerate towards him. On one
+occasion he thanked the governor with great warmth and sincerity for
+always treating him, and referring to him, as an honest man and
+well-meaning public servant, much to the governor's surprise.
+
+He also succeeded in having his Territory made a separate Indian
+superintendency, and his friend W.W. Miller appointed superintendent. He
+also increased the mail service on the Sound from weekly to semi-weekly,
+and secured appropriations of $59,700 for the Indian service, $61,000
+for general expenses, and had Lieutenant Mullan's report on building the
+military road across the mountains printed. He offered five bills, six
+resolutions, and four amendments, and spoke on the Northern Pacific
+Railroad, in defense of the Coast Survey, Indian war debt, increased
+mail service on Puget Sound, military post on Red River, etc.
+
+During his congressional tour the governor was particularly
+indefatigable and successful in establishing new post-roads, and
+increasing mail facilities in all parts of the Territory. Years
+afterwards General Miller declared that the government had done nothing
+since his death but to cut down the mail service, and abolish the
+post-offices and routes he had caused to be established.
+
+The military road between Fort Benton and Walla Walla, which the
+governor caused to be opened, and in charge of which he had placed
+Lieutenant Mullan, known as the Mullan road popularly, was for a number
+of years the highway across the Bitter Root and Rocky Mountains,
+traversed by thousands of trains, and the great artery for communication
+with and supply of thousands of settlers and miners in Montana, until
+superseded by the railroads.
+
+The payment of the Indian war debt was a great triumph for Governor
+Stevens, and completed the vindication of his course, as the
+confirmation of his treaties vindicated his Indian policy.
+
+During the last seven years, what severe and unremitting labors he had
+undergone, what great results he had achieved, and what tremendous
+obstacles and opposition he had overcome! He had made the exploration of
+the Northern route the most complete and exhaustive of all; had
+demonstrated its superiority, not simply as a transcontinental line, but
+as a world route for the world's commerce, and had made himself the
+authority and exponent of that route. By his Indian service he had
+treated with over thirty thousand Indians, extinguished the Indian title
+to a hundred and fifty million acres, established peace among hereditary
+enemies over an area larger than New England and the Middle States, and
+instituted over thousands of savages a beneficent policy of instruction
+and civilization. By calling out volunteers and waging an aggressive war
+against the savage foe, when all was gloom and terror, and the settlers
+were not only forsaken but vilified by the military authority, whose
+duty it was to protect them, he saved the settlements of his Territory
+from extinction, and the progress of the Northwest from being set back
+for years. And his firm and patriotic stand against British aggression
+saved the San Juan group to the United States.
+
+Entering Congress vilified by high and low, with the censure of his
+territorial legislature and the disapproval of the President recorded
+against him, he had so ably demonstrated the wisdom and rightfulness of
+his course that he secured the ratification of his Indian treaties, the
+payment of the Indian war debt, the reversal of the reactionary policy
+of Wool, the opening of the interior to settlement, and the punishment
+of Indian murderers.
+
+During his brief career up to this time he disbursed over three quarters
+of a million dollars for the government, as follows:[14]--
+
+  As an officer of engineers, the larger part on Fort Knox   $278,108.29
+  As Governor and Superintendent of Indian Affairs            386,642.66
+  In the Northern route exploration                           114,103.56
+                                                             -----------
+                                                             $778,854.51
+
+Events followed fast that winter in the great national drama. The
+ultra-secessionists in the cotton States had it all their own way; and
+the Democratic leaders throughout the South, regardless of their
+Northern allies, who had stood by them so bravely and against such odds,
+were only too ready to follow in the same treasonable path, some
+accepting Seward's doctrine of an irrepressible conflict between slavery
+and freedom, and believing that separation and an independent government
+were the only means by which slavery could be maintained; while others,
+furious at the loss of political power, like Lucifer, would rather reign
+in hell than serve in heaven,--would ruin where they could no longer
+rule.
+
+Great efforts were made by the moderate men, especially of the border
+States, to heal the breach; the Republican leaders, frightened at the
+storm, displayed a conciliatory spirit; and it seemed for a time that
+the differences might be compromised, the fears of the South allayed,
+and the Union peacefully preserved. Governor Stevens clung to this hope
+to the last. He thought that if a constitutional convention could be
+held, the breach could be healed; that the strong Union sentiment in
+most of the Southern States would cause them to adhere to the Union; and
+that the few seceding States, isolated and helpless, would soon be glad
+to resume their places. It is altogether probable that this view was
+correct, but one essential condition of such a plan was that no overt
+act of hostility should be committed. The secessionists, by violently
+seizing the national forts and property, and beginning hostilities,
+rendered peaceful adjustment hopeless.
+
+Governor Stevens was firm and decided in his opinion that it was the
+duty of the President to protect the national property and forts and
+enforce the laws. The following sentences culled from his correspondence
+show his views and feelings at this trying and momentous crisis:--
+
+  December 10. Should Carolina attack the forts, or seize the revenue,
+  there must be collision. The government must protect its property
+  and execute its laws.
+
+  Let all men agree to a convention of all the States. When the
+  delegates meet, I am sure it will be found easier to unite than to
+  separate. If Union seems to be accompanied by occasional discord,
+  separation will threaten perpetual war. If in Union there is not
+  always harmony, in separation there will never be peace.
+
+  December 17. That the President will protect the public property and
+  execute the laws, no one can doubt. That he has troops in readiness
+  to embark at a moment's warning to succor the forts in the event of
+  their attack by South Carolina cannot be doubted. I do not believe
+  that the authorities of South Carolina will make any attack of the
+  kind, or resist the collecting of the revenue, at least until ample
+  notice has been given. When the case arises will be the time for the
+  President to act. That he will act decisively I do not doubt. But
+  the great problem to be solved is to vindicate the laws without
+  collision. The only hope of reconciliation is in avoiding collision.
+  Never were wanted more the qualities of forbearance and moderation
+  in connection with those of decision and of action.
+
+  January 3. The blow of the secessionists in seizing the arsenal and
+  forts at Charleston has been followed up by the seizure of the
+  arsenal at Augusta, and of the forts on the Savannah River. There is
+  no doubt that the secessionists here sent word South some time ago
+  to seize all the forts on the Gulf, and most if not all are probably
+  now in their hands.
+
+  The mad, headlong, and unjustifiable course of the Southern States
+  is tending to unite the North as one man. The firm course which the
+  President is taking will rally around him all true, Union-loving,
+  conservative men.
+
+When secession raised its treasonable head among his political
+associates, Governor Stevens denounced it, and broke with them at once
+and forever. He took an active part in urging President Buchanan to
+withdraw his confidence from the Southern members of his cabinet, and
+take a positive stand in defense of the government and country. He
+called on Mr. Buchanan repeatedly, and strongly urged this course. His
+recent position as chairman of the National Democratic Executive
+Committee added strength to the personal influence he already had, and
+aided much in bringing the President to the firmer attitude which
+distinguished the last days of his administration. The governor
+respected Mr. Buchanan, while he pitied his lack of firmness and moral
+courage. He said that for a time Mr. Buchanan presented a pitiable
+spectacle of indecision and lack of firmness and courage. He even feared
+personal violence, and had been threatened with it by some of the
+Southerners.
+
+During the winter Washington was filled with alarming rumors that the
+secessionists were plotting to seize the capital, to assassinate the
+President-elect, to prevent his inauguration, and there was considerable
+foundation for them. To guard against such dangers, Governor Stevens
+aided in the organization of a regiment of District of Columbia militia,
+and was one of the chief advisers and supporters of Colonel C.P. Stone,
+who raised and commanded it, assisting him in procuring arms and
+equipments. Colonel Stone was the General Stone who was so unjustly
+persecuted for the disaster at Ball's Bluff. The governor personally
+urged Mr. Buchanan to sustain Major Anderson in his bold move of
+occupying Fort Sumter, to give his entire confidence to General Scott,
+and approved and defended his bringing regular troops to Washington. In
+these matters Governor Stevens was intimately associated and acted with
+Holt, Stanton, Dix, and other Democrats, most of whom had been
+supporting Breckinridge and Lane, and who rescued Mr. Buchanan from the
+hands of his secessionist cabinet, and inspired him to assert the
+national authority.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [13] Alexander H. Stephens, _The War Between the States_, vol. ii.
+       p. 276.
+
+  [14] The accounts for this vast sum were all found correct, and were
+       all passed by the accounting officers of the treasury, except
+       some of the expenditures on the exploration, and it is
+       instructive to note these items as an example of how great
+       injustice the rigid rules, or notions of accounting officials,
+       ofttimes inflict upon the most scrupulous and careful officers.
+       Governor Stevens was charged with a balance of $8856.14, the
+       largest item in which ($2626) consisted of the payment to ten
+       regular officers on the exploration of one dollar per diem
+       each, while engaged in topographical duty, according to an
+       established regulation. Other items were for payments for
+       subsistence and transportation; for compensation paid civil
+       employees; for interest on the protested drafts, which were
+       necessary to continue the survey, and for which Congress made
+       appropriation; for articles and animals necessarily lost or
+       worn out in so widespread and extended a service; and even for
+       recompense paid certain of the party who had to abandon their
+       clothing and effects in the mountains in a snowstorm. No
+       compensation was ever allowed Governor Stevens for his services
+       in conducting the exploration and preparing his final report.
+       Although the disallowed items were referred to Captain A.A.
+       Humphreys (General Humphreys) for examination, and he reported
+       in favor of Governor Stevens, and recommended the allowance of
+       nearly every item, no action was taken before the latter fell
+       at the battle of Chantilly, the following year. Since then
+       application has been made to Congress, resulting in one bill
+       passing the House and another the Senate at different times,
+       but neither passed both branches. And General Stevens, after
+       serving his country so faithfully, and accomplishing so much in
+       her behalf, is accounted a _debtor_ to the government.
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XLVII
+
+                    THE OFFER OF SWORD AND SERVICES
+
+
+Immediately after the inauguration of President Lincoln, Governor
+Stevens hastened to return to the Territory. General Miller wrote:--
+
+  "I believe that the National Democracy can easily keep possession of
+  the Territory. As to your own prospects, they seem as good to me as
+  ever they were. Now that you have won a national fame, you will
+  always be looked upon as the leading man of the Northwest. Should
+  you be thrown out of the delegateship at the next election, in two
+  years you would be the strongest man on the coast. But you cannot be
+  beaten even at the next election."
+
+General Lane, however, had just been defeated in Oregon by a coalition
+of the Republicans and Douglas Democrats, and Colonel J.W. Nesmith was
+chosen his successor.
+
+Breaking up the Twelfth Street establishment, and leaving Mrs. Stevens
+and the three girls in Newport and his son at Harvard, Governor Stevens
+sailed from New York on the steamer Northern Light, March 12, by the
+Isthmus route, and arrived in Olympia the last of April. There he
+denounced secession, took strong ground in favor of supporting the
+government, and recommended organizing and arming the territorial
+militia. Accordingly a company was raised in Olympia, known as the Puget
+Sound Rifles; he was elected captain, accepted the command without
+hesitation, and was duly commissioned and sworn in. This was before the
+news of the attack on Fort Sumter and the grand uprising of the nation
+had reached the Pacific slope, and the minds of many were still in
+doubt.
+
+The Democratic convention was held at Vancouver in May. Untiring efforts
+had been made by the faction opposed to Governor Stevens to defeat his
+renomination, and the showy and oratorical Garfielde headed the
+opposition. The governor's friends felt too secure in his well-earned
+and undiminished popularity, and the prestige of his successful career
+in Congress, just crowned by the payment of the war debt, and neglected
+the active work and support the occasion called for. Notwithstanding
+this, a clear majority of the delegates were elected as Stevens men; but
+when the convention met, the opposition were found well organized,
+active, and bitter; they won over a number of delegates, several of them
+by bribery, as was publicly charged, and rendered the governor's
+nomination doubtful, and only to be made at the cost of a protracted
+contest. Indignant at such unworthy treatment at the hands of the party
+he had served so faithfully and well, and disdaining such a contest at
+such a time, for the news of the firing on Sumter had just been
+received, and he had resolved to tender his service to the country,
+Governor Stevens at once withdrew his name as a candidate before the
+convention. Garfielde was then nominated, and the governor accepted the
+situation in the following manly and magnanimous speech:--
+
+  MR. PRESIDENT, GENTLEMEN OF THE CONVENTION, AND FELLOW CITIZENS OF
+  THE TERRITORY OF WASHINGTON,--I congratulate you on the harmonious
+  termination of your labors. Notwithstanding great differences of
+  judgment as to the admission of delegates and the fairness of the
+  organization of this convention, you have at length, with almost
+  entire unanimity, agreed upon a platform and a candidate. By your
+  action I shall abide. The choice of this convention is my choice,
+  and shall receive my cordial and unwavering support. For one, I
+  shall not look mournfully into the past. This, the hour of agony of
+  our country's life, is no time for recrimination and the indulgence
+  of selfish feeling. It appeals to whatever is noble and patriotic in
+  behalf of that country's cause. Our beloved Union is in most
+  imminent peril. The sad spectacle of civil and fratricidal strife is
+  being exhibited to the world, and doubt has arisen as to the
+  capacity of man for self-government. No longer devotion to our whole
+  country, no longer an enlarged view of the liberties and progress of
+  mankind, shapes the policies of parties and prevails in the councils
+  of the government, but the strife of jarring sections and an insane
+  grasp after ascendency has precipitated upon the country a cruel,
+  internecine war. It is the duty of the Democracy to unite for the
+  sake of the union of these States. The sundered Democracy of the
+  States has already come together. Let not our hitherto united
+  Democracy now separate.
+
+  I most heartily indorse the platform of the convention that
+  secession is revolution. There is no such thing, indeed, as
+  peaceable secession. From the beginning of this controversy, not
+  only have I deprecated, but I have denounced secession. I have
+  deemed it the worst possible remedy for the redress of the
+  grievances of the South. I have considered it an aggravation
+  ten-thousand-fold of all their wrongs. I feel that, as the
+  representative of the most northwest Territory, I have been true and
+  unfaltering to my constituency and my country. For during the entire
+  winter past I have used every exertion of my nature in behalf of the
+  union of these States and against secession.
+
+  Gentlemen, it is our duty as patriots, and as true lovers of
+  liberty, to stand by our government and our country in this its
+  great emergency. The aggressions of the South upon the property and
+  the forces of the general government must be sternly repelled. The
+  government must be maintained as well against domestic as foreign
+  foes. Let these States become the prey of revolutionary schemes, let
+  the doctrine be admitted that one of the parties can alter or break
+  up the compact without the consent of the others, and anarchy will
+  reign throughout the land and all hopes of regulated liberty will
+  come to an end. We must, I repeat, stand steadfastly by the
+  constituted authorities in their efforts to sustain the government.
+
+  Fellow citizens and fellow Democrats, I am profoundly grateful for
+  the confidence which, during eight long years of labor, you have
+  placed in me. I am especially grateful for the marks of confidence
+  which I have received in this hour of uncertainty and doubt. My own
+  views and opinions are known to you. I have nothing to explain, to
+  retract, or to apologize for. I have sought faithfully, under all
+  circumstances, to do my duty. I feel that at my hands the honor of
+  the Territory has been sustained, and I can look every man in the
+  face, knowing, as I do, that I have done no man intentional
+  injustice.
+
+But many of his friends were so indignant at the rascally methods
+employed to compass his defeat that they refused to support Garfielde,
+and he was badly defeated in the election.
+
+The day the convention adjourned, Governor Stevens tendered his services
+to the government in the following letter:--
+
+                                 PORTLAND, OREGON, May 22, 1861.
+
+  HON. SIMON CAMERON, _Secretary of War_.
+
+  _Sir_,--I have the honor to offer my services in the great contest
+  now taking place for the maintenance of the Union in whatever
+  military position the government may see fit to employ them.
+
+  For my services in the war with Mexico I will respectfully refer you
+  to General Scott, on whose staff I served as an officer of engineers
+  during that war.
+
+  For my services in the subsequent Indian wars of the country, I will
+  refer you to the Hon. J.W. Nesmith, one of the senators from Oregon.
+
+  I need not add that, throughout this unhappy secession controversy,
+  I have been an unwavering and steadfast Union man.
+
+        I am, sir, very respectfully,
+
+                            Your obedient servant,
+                                  ISAAC I. STEVENS.
+
+  [Illustration: _Facsimile of Letter offering Services_]
+
+The same day, from Vancouver the governor wrote Senator Nesmith,
+requesting him to see the Secretary and--
+
+  "let him know that the offer is made from the earnest purpose and
+  desire to do my duty in this great emergency of our country's
+  history.... I am afraid there is to be a protracted contest. I want
+  to see the rebellion crushed out. The policy of conciliation, to
+  which I adhered as long as it presented the least hope, has not only
+  been exhausted, but it has been contemptuously rejected by the
+  South. The war ought to be prosecuted with the utmost vigor. Let us
+  see if we have a government. Nothing can be worse than anarchy."
+
+The governor was anxious to reach Washington at the earliest possible
+moment in order to renew in person his tender of services, but was
+detained in Portland over the sailing of one steamer by a severe though
+brief fit of sickness. At this time he was obliged to borrow $600 of
+Judge Seth Catlin,--a warm personal and political friend,--for his
+expenses in Washington had been heavy and he had nothing laid up. He was
+always too much engrossed in public affairs to give due attention to his
+private interests, but he was always careful to meet his bills and
+expenses. He was able to take the next steamer down the coast, the
+Cortez, and on board of her he wrote General Totten as follows:--
+
+                                        STEAMER CORTEZ, June 19, 1861.
+
+  MY DEAR GENERAL,--I am on my way to the States to offer my services
+  in a military capacity to the government, and for the war.[15] I
+  feel and know that I can do good service. Educated at the public
+  expense, my country has a right to my services. This secession
+  movement must be put down with an iron hand. Anarchy and
+  interminable civil wars will be the inevitable, logical consequence
+  of yielding to it.
+
+  I do not propose a permanent return to the service, but simply
+  service for the war. Whilst I shall accept any military position the
+  government may tender me, I take it for granted proper regard will
+  be had to my somewhat large military experience since I left the
+  army, and my position before the public.
+
+  I want, therefore, the confidence of those in authority. You can
+  render good offices in the matter. I want the confidence of General
+  Scott. I have ever been his discriminating friend. Last winter I
+  sustained his entire course. I personally urged the President to
+  give his entire confidence to General Scott. I approved and defended
+  the bringing of regular troops to the city, the organizing, arming,
+  and promptly officering the District militia, of which, except the
+  late President and Secretary of War, the inspector-general, Colonel
+  Stone, is more cognizant than any one else. I had frequent
+  conferences with him about the District militia, and was able to be
+  of some service to him in consequence of my relations with Mr.
+  Buchanan and Mr. Holt.
+
+  It has been most fortunate that, notwithstanding my intimate
+  relations with most of the secession leaders, in consequence of the
+  part I took in the presidential campaign, I never wavered for a
+  moment in resolutely fighting secession. I was actively at work the
+  moment it arose. I gave it no quarter. My position was well known in
+  Congress.
+
+General Totten forwarded this letter with the following indorsement:--
+
+  "With a high order of talent, his great characteristics of
+  promptness, boldness, and energy cannot fail to mark prominently any
+  career that may be opened to him as a soldier, and I trust the
+  government will at once avail itself of his high qualifications by
+  assigning him a position that will give full play to powers so well
+  suited to the present wants of the country."
+
+Governor Stevens also wrote Professor Bache, Colonel Stone, and others
+to present his merits to the new administration; for, confident in his
+own powers, he was most anxious to secure such a position as would
+enable him to render his best service to his country.
+
+He reached New York early in July, and went straight to Washington, not
+even stopping to visit his family in Newport. His reception there was
+cold and discouraging. The very active part he had taken in the recent
+presidential campaign, and his intimate association during it with men
+who were now foremost in striving to destroy the country, prejudiced
+many against him, and Douglas Democrats even more than Republicans.
+Senator Nesmith rather turned the cold shoulder, alleging that he felt
+bound to reserve all his influence for the benefit of men from his own
+State. Governor Stevens called upon the new President, and made a good
+and lasting impression upon him, but no response was made to his tender;
+and while the whole country was aroused, and troops were flocking to
+Washington, and the great needs of the hour were military ability and
+experience, it seemed as though the services of one of her best
+qualified and most patriotic sons would be rejected, and he be denied
+the opportunity of serving his country in her extremity. He offered his
+services to General McDowell as aide, or in any capacity, for the
+movement which culminated in the defeat of Bull Run, but they were
+declined. The only bright spot in this time of disappointment and
+mortification was his meeting General Scott, and regaining the esteem
+and confidence of his old chief.
+
+Meantime his friends and patriotic men of all parties, who were anxious
+that his services should not be lost to the country, were sending on
+recommendations in his behalf. Governor Sprague and the legislature of
+Rhode Island, Governor Andrew, Senator Wilson, Representatives Rice,
+Train, and others, of Massachusetts, Senator John P. Hale, of New
+Hampshire, Nesmith, of Oregon, Rice, of Minnesota, and many other
+members of Congress urged his appointment as brigadier-general. The
+"Springfield Republican" strongly set forth his qualifications, and
+urged the government to employ his services. As, contrary to
+expectations, it was not made, Governor Andrew offered him the colonelcy
+of a Massachusetts regiment, and Governor Sprague that of a Rhode Island
+regiment, both explaining that they would have made the offer before,
+had they not supposed he would be given the position of general. But
+just before these offers were received, the Secretary of War tendered
+him the colonelcy of the 79th Highlanders, a New York regiment, which
+had been badly cut up at Bull Run, and he had accepted it. A few days
+later a paragraph appeared in the papers to the effect that he had
+declined this position, and immediately Governor Andrew telegraphed,
+"Can you now accept regiment temporarily while we try for brigade?" and
+Governor Sprague telegraphed, "I hear you decline position in 79th. Will
+you accept my offer?" But having tendered his services to the government
+without qualification, Governor Stevens felt in duty bound to accept any
+position to which he might be assigned, and therefore was obliged to
+decline both offers.
+
+Before entering upon the new duty he made a hasty visit of two days to
+his family in Newport, where he addressed a Union meeting with General
+Burnside.
+
+At this time he was still reduced in health and strength from the
+overwork of the last year, and mortified and depressed in spirit, almost
+the only occasion his buoyant and self-reliant character was thus
+affected. To a personal friend he exclaimed, "I will show those men in
+Washington that I am worthy of something better than a regiment, or I
+will lay my bones on the battlefield."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [15] Governor Alexander S. Abernethy writes the following anecdote
+       of Governor Stevens. Meeting him just before starting East, the
+       governor said that he had told the Southern gentlemen, with
+       whom he had been associated in the Democratic Executive
+       Committee and in the convention, that, if a war should result
+       from the action they had taken, he would be found supporting
+       the government against them. "And," said he, "I am going to
+       Washington at once, and shall offer the President my sword and
+       my services as long as this war shall last."
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XLVIII
+
+             THE 79TH HIGHLANDERS.--THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
+
+
+For many years the Highland Guard was a crack New York city militia
+battalion, composed of Scots, or men of Scottish lineage. They wore the
+kilt as their uniform, and, for fatigue or undress, a blue jacket with
+red facings, and trousers of Cameronian tartan. At the breaking out of
+the rebellion, the battalion was raised to a full regiment by the
+addition of two companies and filling up the ranks, and on May 13, 1861,
+entered the United States service for three years as the 79th
+Highlanders, New York volunteers.
+
+Few regiments even in those patriotic days contained a finer, braver, or
+more intelligent body of men. Nearly every walk of life was represented
+among them except common laborers; but business men, clerks, and
+mechanics, with some sailors and even a few veteran British soldiers,
+filled the ranks. One company contained so many bookkeepers and clerks
+that it was known as the clerks' company. If a skilled man was wanted at
+headquarters for any purpose, from clerk to mule-driver, from manning a
+light battery to rowing a boat, the Highlanders were always called upon
+to furnish the detail, and their successive commanders had all they
+could do to prevent the regiment from being depleted by such calls.
+
+At the battle of Bull Run the Highlanders were terribly cut up, losing
+one hundred and ninety-eight killed, wounded, and missing, including
+eleven officers. The colonel, James Cameron, brother to the Secretary of
+War, was killed gallantly leading his regiment, which was considerably
+scattered after the battle. It was collected together in a few days, and
+moved to a camp on Meridian Hill, at the head of Tenth Street, north of
+Washington, named Camp Ewen. The officers and non-commissioned officers
+now petitioned the secretary to order the regiment home to recruit and
+recuperate. The secretary, visiting the camps, repeatedly expressed
+great regard for the regiment, and promised to do anything in his power
+for it. When the petition reached him, he indorsed it as follows:--
+
+  The Secretary of War believes that in consideration of the gallant
+  services of the 79th regiment, New York volunteers, and of their
+  losses in battle, they are entitled to the special consideration of
+  their country; and he also orders that the regiment be sent to some
+  one of the forts in the bay of New York to fill up the regiment by
+  recruits, as soon as Colonel Stevens returns to the command.
+
+                                   SIMON CAMERON,
+                                          _Secretary of War_.
+
+The men were informed of the secretary's order, and notified to prepare
+for the homeward trip, to which they looked forward with eager
+anticipations and longing. But the military authorities remonstrated so
+strenuously against the order, on the ground of the bad effect on other
+troops of allowing one regiment to go home, that the secretary allowed
+it to be set aside, yet no notice of the revocation was given the
+Highlanders. As day by day went by without the much-desired homeward
+orders, they became more and more dissatisfied; the officers, as much in
+the dark as the men, could not satisfy their doubts and misgivings, and
+the spirit of insubordination grew daily.
+
+On August 7 Lieutenant-Colonel Samuel M. Elliott was directed from
+Headquarters First Division, New York State Militia, to convene the
+commissioned officers, after five days' notice, for the purpose of
+electing a colonel, and accordingly notified them to meet on the 13th at
+four P.M. for such purpose. Apparently the state authorities ignored the
+action of the War Department in appointing a new colonel, and it does
+not appear that the appointment of Colonel Stevens was announced to the
+regiment, except by his own order assuming command.
+
+On August 10 Colonel Stevens arrived at the camp, and at dress parade
+that evening the following order was read:--
+
+  The undersigned, in pursuance of orders from the War Department,
+  hereby assumes command of the 79th regiment, New York State Militia.
+  He will devote himself earnestly to the regiment, and trusts that
+  its high reputation, gained by honorable service in the face of the
+  enemy, will not suffer at his hands. He doubts not that zeal,
+  fidelity, and soldierly bearing will continue to characterize every
+  member of the regiment.
+
+                                     ISAAC I. STEVENS,
+                                                       _Colonel_.
+
+The new colonel spent the next day in simply observing the officers and
+men and inspecting the camp, taking no active steps. On the following
+day, however, he summoned the major and several other officers to his
+tent, and demanded and exacted their resignations. On the 13th, the
+third day of his command, he issued an order at dress parade that the
+regiment should move camp on the morrow.
+
+This brought matters to a climax. The men plainly saw that they were not
+to go to New York, and felt that they had been trifled with and
+deceived. They gathered in knots like angry bees to discuss their
+wrongs. Many of them went into the city that night and returned late,
+more or less intoxicated. Whiskey was smuggled into the camp, and some
+of the forced-to-resign officers had a hand in this, and by the
+eventful morning of the 14th the regiment was ripe for mutiny.
+
+When, after an early breakfast, the order was given to strike tents, all
+flatly refused except two companies,--I and K,--which remained faithful
+and obedient during the trouble. These were the new companies recently
+organized, and probably were less infected with militia notions than the
+others. Colonel Stevens visited the refractory companies in turn, but
+the men, deaf to orders and expostulations, stubbornly refused
+obedience, and told how they had been deceived and disappointed.
+Lieutenant-Colonel Elliott attempted to explain his action, but without
+satisfying the colonel, who gave him half an hour in which to resign, on
+penalty of court-martial. Elliott resigned.
+
+Colonel Stevens continued going freely and fearlessly among the men,
+remonstrating with them and urging them not to bring disgrace upon the
+regiment, but in vain. When the officers attempted to strike the tents
+themselves, they were forcibly prevented, and several of them roughly
+handled. Colonel Stevens, coming to a group where some officers had just
+been thus repulsed, the armed and angry mutineers threatening to shoot
+any one who touched a tent, at once exclaimed, "Then I will take it down
+myself," and, disregarding threatening words and looks, laid hold of the
+tent to strike it. At this the men, struck with admiration at his
+intrepidity, exclaimed, "Dinna mind, colonel; we'll take it doon for ye
+this ance."
+
+At length, finding all efforts to restore obedience fruitless, Colonel
+Stevens felt obliged to report the mutiny, and ask for troops to
+suppress it. In response the camp was surrounded late in the afternoon
+by an overpowering force of regular infantry, artillery, and cavalry,
+which, in presence of the refractory regiment, ostentatiously loaded
+muskets, drew sabres, and charged the guns with canister and trained
+them on the camp. Colonel Stevens then addressed them, standing in the
+midst of the camp:--
+
+  "I know you have been deceived. You have been told you were to go to
+  your homes, when no such orders had been given. But you are
+  soldiers, and your duty is to obey. I am your colonel, and your
+  obedience is due to me. I am a soldier of the regular army. I have
+  spent many years on the frontier fighting the Indians. I have been
+  surrounded by the red devils, fighting for my scalp. I have been a
+  soldier in the war with Mexico, and bear honorable wounds received
+  in battle, and have been in far greater danger than that surrounding
+  me now. All the morning I have begged you to do your duty. Now I
+  shall order you; and if you hesitate to obey instantly, my next
+  order will be to those troops to fire upon you. Soldiers of the 79th
+  Highlanders, fall in!"
+
+His voice rang out like a trumpet. The men, thoroughly cowed, made haste
+to fall into the ranks.
+
+The regiment, guarded on both flanks by the regulars, was then marched
+into Fourteenth Street, the colors were taken away by order of General
+McClellan, and thirty-five men, reported by the officer of the guard as
+active in the disturbance, were marched off to prison. The regiment
+resumed its march for the Eastern Branch, crossed that stream, and
+bivouacked for the night near the Maryland Insane Asylum,--a suggestive
+coincidence, remarks the historian of the regiment. Soon after daylight
+the next morning the new camp was reached, named Camp Causten, after a
+resident of Washington, who had shown the Highlanders many kind
+attentions after Bull Run, tents were pitched, and the routine of camp
+life established.
+
+Fourteen of the so-called ringleaders were soon afterwards released and
+returned to the regiment, and the remainder were sent to the Dry
+Tortugas on the Florida coast, where they were kept on fatigue duty
+until the 16th of the following February, when they were also released,
+and rejoined the regiment at Beaufort, S.C.
+
+Colonel Stevens commanded his regiment with a firm and severe hand. He
+enforced early roll-calls, hard drilling, and strict cleanliness in
+person and camp. There were some men so demoralized, by homesickness or
+otherwise, that they could not be induced to keep themselves decent, or
+attend to their duties, and he made the guard take them daily to the
+river, and strip and scrub them with soap and brooms. Under such drastic
+treatment they speedily recovered their tone. He promptly and severely
+punished every neglect of duty. He selected a number of bright,
+efficient young sergeants, and promoted them to be officers of the
+companies. He daily sent out detachments on scouting expeditions, or
+marches of ten or twelve miles, and had sketches and measurements made
+for a topographical map. By these means he varied the monotony of camp
+life, and infused hope and spirit into the command. He obtained
+furloughs for a limited number of men, those with families having the
+preference, and thus assisted some forty to visit their homes for
+fifteen days each. He was especially strict with the officers, taught
+them to assert their authority, and broke up the time-honored habit, the
+curse of militia organizations, of deferring to, and hobnobbing with,
+the rank and file.
+
+On the 26th the regiment broke camp, marched through Washington, the
+band playing the dead march, by order of the colonel, in token of their
+disgraced condition and loss of the colors, and went into camp on
+Kalorama Hill, beyond Georgetown, a mile from the Chain Bridge. Colonel
+Stevens named the new location Camp Hope, and in a brief address to the
+regiment bade them hope, and declared that together they would win back
+the colors and achieve a glorious career. With all his matter-of-fact
+judgment, he had a pronounced vein of enthusiasm and poetic feeling, and
+had a singular power of arousing them in others, and of appealing to the
+higher motives. It was Napoleon who declared that in war the moral is to
+the physical as three to one.
+
+At this camp Colonel Stevens dispensed entirely with camp guards, which
+in all the new regiments were deemed indispensable, and appealed to the
+sense of honor and discipline of the Highlanders to refrain from
+wandering from camp, and from annoying, or pilfering from, the country
+people. The men responded nobly to this appeal, and took great pride in
+scrupulously obeying these orders, and in the confidence reposed in
+them. The inhabitants felt safe when they saw the uniform of the
+Highlanders, and frequently spoke of the difference between them and
+other troops. The Highlanders still wore the blue jacket with red
+facings, but the regulation uniform as to the remainder. Later, when the
+jackets were worn out, they were uniformed like other troops.
+
+On the evening of the 6th of September a large force, including the
+Highlanders, crossed Chain Bridge to the southern side of the Potomac,
+and took up positions in front and extending to the left, connecting
+with troops from Arlington. At midnight, as the regiment was drawn up in
+line, Colonel Stevens addressed them as follows:--
+
+  "'Soldiers of the 79th! You have been censured, and I have been
+  censured with you. You are now going to fight the battles of your
+  country without your colors. I pray God you may soon have an
+  opportunity of meeting the enemy, that you may return victorious
+  with your colors gloriously won.'
+
+  "As cheering was prohibited," says the historian, "the men listened
+  in silence, but with a determination to do all in our power to
+  recover our lost honors."
+
+It was an impressive scene,--the long line of silent soldiers dimly seen
+in the gloom of night, as they gained new courage and determination from
+the brief, brave, and soldierly words of their leader.
+
+The troops in front of Chain Bridge constituted a division under General
+W.F. Smith (Baldy Smith), of the Army of the Potomac, forming under
+General George B. McClellan, and Colonel Stevens was placed in charge of
+the First Brigade, consisting of the 2d and 3d Vermont, the 6th Maine,
+and his own regiment, and was intrusted with building Fort Ethan Allen,
+a strong and extensive earthwork on the left of the Leesburg turnpike,
+and of felling the woods in the vicinity. The Maine men, all expert
+woodsmen, armed with axes and deployed in a long line at the foot of a
+wooded slope, worked upwards, chopping every tree nearly through, so
+that it stood by only a narrow chip, until they reached the top of the
+slope; then at the signal of the bugle the last few quick strokes of the
+axe resounded against the top row of trees, which fell crashing on those
+below, and they on the next lower, and so on, until the whole forest
+crashed down together in thundering ruin.
+
+The troops were kept hard at work, thus felling forests and digging
+forts, and also in outpost duty, for a strong picket line to cover the
+front, posted nearly a mile in advance, had to be maintained. Alarms
+from this line were frequent, and on one occasion the enemy were
+reported as advancing in heavy force, and the troops were hastily gotten
+under arms. Every one expected to take post in the fort, but Colonel
+Stevens led his brigade out nearly to the picket line, deployed them on
+a commanding position on both sides of the road, and coolly awaited the
+attack. This movement, so promptly but deliberately made, visibly raised
+the confidence and _morale_ of the troops; and when, the alarm proving
+unfounded, they marched back to camp, they felt able and eager to
+encounter the enemy on equal ground.
+
+On the 11th, under orders from General Smith, but with strictest
+injunction not to bring on a general engagement under any circumstances,
+Colonel Stevens, with two thousand troops, made a reconnoissance in
+force of Lewinsville, a hamlet six miles in advance of Chain Bridge. His
+force comprised the Highlanders; the 3d Vermont, under Colonel Breed N.
+Hyde; two companies of the 2d Vermont, under Lieutenant-Colonel George
+J. Stannard; four companies of the 1st Chasseurs or 65th New York, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Shaler; five companies of the 19th Indiana,
+under Colonel Solomon Meredith; four guns of Griffin's battery, 5th
+United States artillery, Captain Charles Griffin; a detachment of fifty
+of the 5th regular cavalry, under Lieutenant William McLean; and one of
+forty volunteer cavalry, under Captain Robinson.
+
+With skirmishers in advance, and exploring the ground on both flanks to
+the distance of a mile, the command advanced steadily to Lewinsville,
+the enemy's cavalry pickets falling back without resistance, and
+occupied the village at ten A.M. Cavalry pickets were thrown out on all
+the roads; three guns and some five hundred skirmishers were posted well
+out to command the approaches on all sides; and the position was held
+for five hours, during which Lieutenant Orlando M. Poe, of the engineers
+(afterwards General Poe), and Mr. West, of the Coast Survey, made a
+topographical map and sketch of the place and vicinity. Colonel Stevens,
+with Captain Griffin and Lieutenant Poe, thoroughly examined the whole
+position of Lewinsville, of which he reported, "It has great natural
+advantages, is easily defensible, and should be occupied without delay."
+During this time small bodies of the enemy were seen observing the Union
+force at a safe distance, and a cavalry picket, or reconnoitring party
+of fifty men, was driven off by Lieutenant McLean.
+
+The accompanying sketch shows the roads and dispositions of the force to
+cover the reconnoissance. Colonel Meredith, with three companies of his
+regiment and one gun, held the road leading north to the Leesburg pike.
+The same road, running south of the village to Falls Church, was guarded
+by one company of the same regiment with one gun. Colonel Hyde, with the
+3d Vermont and one gun, held the road leading westward to Vienna, and
+also the new road to Vienna, which fell into the Falls Church road half
+a mile south of the hamlet. The remaining gun, with the two companies of
+the 2d Vermont, was kept in reserve at the cross-roads; while the
+Highlanders and Chasseurs were held in reserve a third of a mile back
+from the village, and two companies of the former were thrown out as
+skirmishers to cover the left flank and rear, and connected with the
+Indiana skirmishers on the Falls Church road.
+
+About three in the afternoon the skirmishers were called in, and the
+column formed for the return march. Just as the bugle sounded "Forward!"
+a section of artillery, which the enemy, stealing up under cover of the
+woods as the Highlanders' skirmishers retired, had adroitly planted on
+the left rear, opened a brisk fire of shells over the head of the column
+as it marched back; and simultaneously a considerable force of their
+skirmishers from the Vienna and Falls Church roads advanced on the
+village and commenced firing on the withdrawing troops, but were
+directly repulsed, and gave no further trouble. For a few minutes there
+was some flurry in the column under the shell fire at a turn in the road
+where it was most exposed. Some of the officers and men threw themselves
+flat on the ground at every missile that burst or hurtled overhead, and
+once twenty men ranged themselves in line behind a tree barely a foot
+in diameter. But this confusion was over in a few minutes; the excitable
+ones, under the jeers and laughter of their comrades, resumed their
+places in the ranks, and the column was not broken or delayed.
+
+  [Illustration: RECONNOISSANCE OF LEWINSVILLE, SEPTEMBER 11, 1862]
+
+Colonel Stevens posted Griffin's battery in a good position on the
+right, or north of the road, which opened a rapid and well-sustained
+fire on the enemy's guns, and in half an hour silenced them. The column
+continued its march meantime in admirable order, and Lieutenant McLean
+brought up the rear unmolested. Colonel Stevens, having thus withdrawn
+his column from the village and well past the annoying battery, selected
+other positions for the guns, a section on each side of the road, and
+disposed his troops to meet the enemy's attack, or to attack him if
+opportunity offered. The troops were in fine spirits, and obeyed every
+order with alacrity. But the enemy having ceased his artillery fire, and
+making no demonstration, showing glimpses only of cavalry and infantry
+at a distance, the return march was continued, and the troops reached
+their camps without further incident.
+
+The Union loss in this affair was two killed and thirteen wounded,
+besides three captured, the latter having, in their eagerness to get a
+shot at the enemy, ventured too far in front of the skirmish line of the
+19th Indiana, to which they belonged.
+
+The enemy's force consisted of the 13th Virginia, a section of Rosser's
+battery of the Washington artillery, and a detachment of the 1st
+Virginia cavalry, all under command of Colonel J.E.B. Stuart, of the
+latter. Colonel Stuart made a most exaggerated and magniloquent report
+of the action, and was actually promoted to brigadier-general for it.
+
+The action was over, and the Union troops were calmly marching down the
+road, when General Baldy Smith came galloping up it in hot haste,
+followed by his staff and a section of Mott's battery, and manifesting
+considerable anxiety, for the artillery firing had been brisk and noisy
+while it lasted, and his orders from McClellan--the same he had
+impressed on Colonel Stevens--charged him not to bring on a general
+engagement. But perceiving the fine order and undaunted bearing of the
+troops, and learning how well they had all behaved, and that the enemy
+was keeping his distance, he resumed his wonted coolness, and heartily
+congratulated Colonel Stevens and his command on the well-conducted and
+successful reconnoissance. Half an hour later General McClellan, with a
+large following of staff and escort, came tearing up the road to the
+returning column, showing even greater excitement and anxiety. He, too,
+calmed down on learning that the affair was all over, congratulated
+General Smith, ostentatiously visited and commiserated the wounded, and
+returned to Washington without noticing Colonel Stevens.
+
+A few days later the colors were restored to the Highlanders by General
+McClellan in person, in recognition of their soldierly conduct since
+recrossing the Potomac, especially in the affair at Lewinsville.
+
+Colonel Stevens took great pains in disciplining and training the
+regiments under his command, one of which, the 6th Maine, was raised at
+Bucksport and vicinity, and some of whose officers he knew when building
+Fort Knox, and he looked forward with confidence and pride to forming
+and commanding in them a fine body of soldiers. They, too, were
+responding to and appreciating his efforts, and strong feelings of
+mutual esteem and devotion were fast growing up between the commander
+and command. Before moving from Camp Hope, President Lincoln had assured
+him of his appointment as brigadier-general within a week, and he was
+daily expecting it. He never doubted that the troops he was so
+carefully instructing would form his brigade when he became a general,
+nor did they. His surprise and chagrin, therefore, were great when the
+Maine and Vermont regiments were summarily taken from him to make up a
+brigade for General W.S. Hancock, who, a new brigadier, had just
+reported to Smith, and three newer and greener regiments were sent to
+replace them. They were the 33d and 49th New York and 47th Pennsylvania.
+Colonel Stevens was deeply hurt and disappointed at this action. With
+the unexplained delay in his promised appointment, and McClellan's
+significant and averted demeanor, it seemed to indicate a fixed
+intention on the part of the authorities to deny him promotion, and to
+keep him down to his colonelcy indefinitely. But he uttered no word of
+remonstrance or repining at this unworthy treatment, and took the new
+regiments in hand with unabated care and vigor. He declared to his son,
+in strict confidence, that, if his appointment as general was not soon
+made, he would relinquish the command of a brigade and devote himself to
+the Highlanders; that he would make them the best-disciplined and the
+best-drilled regiment in the army, and would so infuse them with the
+spirit of devotion to the country and the cause that, like Cromwell's
+Ironsides, nothing could resist their onset. He dwelt much at this time
+on Cromwell, and how he had formed and trained his invincible soldiers.
+
+Before embracing the contemplated course, however, Colonel Stevens sent
+his son to see the President and deliver a brief message to the effect
+that, although several weeks had elapsed since the assurance was given
+of his appointment as a general officer within a week, he had heard
+nothing of it, and feared that the President, under the great weight of
+care and responsibilities, might have forgotten it. The young man
+accordingly rode into the city and presented himself at the White
+House. His card was taken; the ante-rooms were crowded with anxious
+applicants and callers, and among them he waited for hours, unable to
+get access to the President, or secure any attention. At last he
+accosted a colored messenger, who from time to time entered the
+President's room with cards, and begged his assistance in obtaining an
+interview, stating that he had a message of great importance from his
+father, Colonel Isaac I. Stevens, who had sent him expressly to deliver
+it to the President. The messenger would scarcely listen, indeed, had to
+be almost forcibly detained, until the name struck his ear, when his
+whole manner changed. "Do you mean Governor Stevens?" he exclaimed. "Is
+Governor Stevens your father? I used to see him here often in Mr.
+Buchanan's time, and I am glad to do anything in the world I can for
+him. I'll take your name in the next time, and you shall see the
+President, if I can fix it." He was as good as his word, and soon
+ushered the youth into the inner office.
+
+Mr. Lincoln received him in a kindly and fatherly manner that at once
+placed him at ease, listened to the message, and said: "Tell your father
+that I have not forgotten my promise, nor him; that I should have had
+his appointment made before this, if it had not been for General
+McClellan; that General McClellan said Colonel Stevens had better remain
+in command of the Highlanders some time longer; that they were not yet
+reduced to proper discipline, and it would be unsafe to take away their
+colonel at present. But tell your father," he added, "that it shall be
+no longer delayed." He then took a small blank card and wrote a line
+upon it, directing that Colonel Stevens's appointment as
+brigadier-general be made out, and handed it to his visitor, bidding him
+take it over to the War Department and deliver it to the
+adjutant-general. This was soon done, and the young man, plying the
+spur, joyfully galloped back to camp with the gratifying news.
+
+Any military man knows perfectly well that as brigadier-general he could
+have as much oversight and control over a regiment in his brigade as
+though he remained its colonel. In fact, General Stevens retained
+personal and immediate command of the Highlanders, although he commanded
+a brigade, and long after he became a general.
+
+On the 25th General Smith advanced to Lewinsville with five thousand
+troops on a foraging expedition. Colonel Stevens, with the Highlanders
+and the 2d Vermont, led the advance, and the skirmishers of the former
+captured an officer of Stuart's regiment with his horse. The enemy made
+no resistance, and after loading ninety wagons with corn and grain, the
+expedition returned.
+
+                               CAMP ADVANCE, September 27, 1861.
+
+  MY DEAR WIFE,--I appointed Hazard adjutant of the Highlanders
+  yesterday. He has been with the regiment under fire three times,
+  acting as my aide on two occasions, and the aide of Captain Ireland
+  on the third. The appointment is very acceptable to the regiment.
+
+  Hazard will make an excellent adjutant. It will be easy for him to
+  learn the technical part. His general experience will make
+  everything easy.
+
+  I am looking somewhat for my brigadier's commission this week.
+
+The young man joined the regiment immediately after it crossed the
+Potomac, and had borne a musket in some of its skirmishes, and was
+appointed adjutant on the advancement of the former adjutant, David
+Ireland, to a captaincy in the regular army.
+
+General Stevens's appointment as brigadier was made on the 28th, and on
+the following day he was formally assigned to the command of the third
+brigade of Smith's division, consisting of the four regiments already
+under his charge, viz., the Highlanders, 33d and 49th New York, and
+47th Pennsylvania. He retained the immediate command of the Highlanders
+in addition to that of the brigade.
+
+A few days afterwards Smith's division and other troops of the right
+wing were advanced some four miles permanently, without encountering the
+enemy. About noon, soon after the troops had come to a halt, General
+McClellan, escorted as usual by a numerous staff, appeared on the scene,
+and, after visiting different points, dismounted, and sat down to a
+lunch which his attendants spread for him. He invited General Smith and
+some other officers to partake of the repast, but ignored the presence
+of General Stevens, who was quite near. The latter may have been unduly
+sensitive, but he regarded the omission as an intentional slight, and
+remarked that he actually pitied McClellan.
+
+General Stevens named the new position occupied by his brigade, which
+was not far from Falls Church, the Camp of the Big Chestnut, from a huge
+sylvan monarch near by. A train of one hundred and forty-four wagons
+came over from Washington to move the tents and baggage of the
+command,--what a contrast to later campaign days, when four wagons only,
+or even less, were allowed to a brigade!--but even this number proved
+inadequate to bring everything at one trip. The new adjutant of the
+Highlanders directed the wagon-master to send some wagons back for what
+was left behind, but that functionary flatly refused, alleging that he
+was under orders to make but one trip, and then return to the city. The
+adjutant thereupon applied to the general for instructions in the
+premises, but his reception was hotter than he bargained for. "Have you
+a thousand men at your disposal, and suffer yourself to be set at
+defiance by a wagon-master? If you are not man enough to make your
+authority respected, you are not fit to be an officer. Go back to your
+regiment and attend to your duty."
+
+Smarting under this unexpected rebuke, the young officer again summoned
+the wagon-master and reiterated the order, and, on his second refusal to
+obey it, had him lashed fast to a neighboring tree. Four of his
+wagoners, equally contumacious, shared the same fate; and a sergeant and
+four soldiers of the ever ready and capable Highlanders were soon
+driving the teams back to the old camp, and in a few hours safely
+returned with the left-behind goods. The bound wagon-master and
+teamsters were then set free and ordered to mount their wagons and drive
+off instantly, an order which they obeyed with alacrity, and returned to
+Washington doubtless madder if not wiser men. Although at times a severe
+and exacting man, General Stevens always encouraged his subordinates to
+self-reliance, to do things, "to take the responsibility," in Jackson's
+phrase, and was sure to back them up if they acted in this spirit.
+
+Drilling, picketing, and tree-felling fully employed the troops, at Camp
+of the Big Chestnut. By McClellan's orders the woods, which covered a
+good part of the country, were slashed, the roads blocked, and the whole
+front obstructed by felled trees. The troops were ordered to get under
+arms and stand in line for half an hour before daylight every morning in
+anticipation of an attack which never came. This was an especially
+disagreeable and unhealthy task, for the Potomac fog shrouded the
+country at that hour, the autumnal mornings were damp and chilly, and
+the men would stand coughing all along the line. Many a poor fellow owed
+his death or disablement to this useless exposure. Strict orders were
+issued to avoid any movement which might lead to a collision with the
+enemy, and especially to shun everything which might bring on a general
+engagement. The orders frequently repeated these cautions, and seemed to
+be filled with a nervous apprehension of fighting. General Stevens
+thought this passive-defensive attitude all wrong. He took great pains
+to inculcate and develop a bold and enterprising spirit in his own
+brigade, especially charging his pickets to hold their ground in case of
+attack, and was delighted when a detachment of the 49th New York stood
+firm, and handsomely repulsed a dash of the enemy.
+
+At breakfast on October 16 General Stevens unexpectedly received orders
+to turn over the command of his brigade to the senior colonel, and
+report in person to General Thomas W. Sherman at Annapolis, Md., by
+daylight the next morning. By eleven o'clock A.M. he had written
+farewell orders to the brigade and to the Highlanders, devolved the
+command upon Colonel Taylor, of the 33d New York, had all his belongings
+packed up, and mounted his horse to ride to Washington.
+
+To avoid anything like a scene, the general was about to ride away
+without visiting the regiment and bidding them farewell, but Captain
+David Morrison, the senior officer, came and begged him to say good-by
+in person, saying that the regiment was formed and was most anxious to
+see him. He rode in front of the line, and in a few feeling words
+expressed his regards and hopes for them and bade them farewell. As he
+wheeled and rode off, a spontaneous and universal cry of "Tak' us wi'
+ye! Tak' us wi' ye!" burst from end to end of the line, and tears stood
+in many a manly eye.
+
+Stopping only two hours in Washington, during which he called at the War
+Department and secured the appointment of his son as captain and
+assistant adjutant-general of United States volunteers, and to make
+necessary purchases, he took the cars in the afternoon for Annapolis.
+
+As they rolled along through the pleasant rural scenery of Maryland,
+General Stevens threw off all traces of care and became as cheerful and
+light-hearted as a boy. He fell to talking about the recent experiences
+in the Army of the Potomac in a most interesting and instructive way,
+exposing and condemning the mistakes and evil effects of McClellan's
+passive-defensive management, and pointing out what he deemed to be the
+right course. Instead of obstructing the entire front with blocked roads
+and tracts of slashed woods, which would impede the enemy's attack
+indeed, but would also confine the Union troops to the strict defensive,
+making it impossible to manoeuvre them offensively outside the works,
+the front should have been kept clear and unobstructed, and the ground
+carefully studied and understood by subordinate commanders, with the
+view of throwing a heavy force upon the enemy's flank, or any weak point
+he might offer, in case he attacked. Instead of restraining the natural
+enterprise and ardor of the troops, prohibiting and deprecating all
+hostile contact with the enemy, as if they were no match for the rebels,
+thus keeping them under the cowing of Bull Run, and aggravating the awe
+of the enemy's prowess inspired by that defeat, they should have been
+continually brought face to face with the foe, scouts and
+reconnoissances kept afoot and boldly pushed, and parties of picked men
+under picked officers sent to fall upon the enemy's pickets and exposed
+detachments at every favorable opportunity. Such a course, he declared,
+would most speedily give the troops confidence and restore their
+_morale_, would foster and develop their natural enterprise and bravery,
+and would most effectively and quickly make them reliable soldiers. He
+had none of that distrust of volunteers often felt by regular officers,
+and which undoubtedly influenced McClellan, for he knew how quickly such
+splendid material as the brave young volunteers then flocking to the
+country's defense would become soldiers, if well officered and under a
+bold and skillful commander. He discussed, also, McClellan's character
+without the least trace of animosity, admitting his ability and
+patriotism, but lamenting his fatal lack of boldness and decision,
+which, he said, rendered his failure inevitable, and finally he
+exclaimed, with great feeling and conviction, "I am glad to leave
+McClellan's army. I am rejoiced to get out of that army. I tell you that
+army under McClellan is doomed to disaster."
+
+They reached Annapolis that evening, and were most cordially received by
+General Sherman, and by Colonel Daniel Leasure, of the 100th
+Pennsylvania, known as the "Roundheads," which was to form part of
+General Stevens's new brigade. His first act on reaching Annapolis was
+to apply by telegraph to the Secretary of War, in conjunction with
+General Sherman, for the Highlanders. He also personally telegraphed the
+President to that effect. Colonel Leasure, too, telegraphed the
+Secretary that his regiment was largely composed of the descendants of
+Scotch Covenanters and Cromwell's soldiers, and were anxious to be
+joined by the Highlanders. Both the President and secretary were
+desirous of granting the request, but it was first referred to General
+McClellan, and properly, as the regiment was in his army. He strenuously
+objected to it, protesting that he could not possibly spare one of his
+best veteran regiments. But Mr. Lincoln again overruled the "Young
+Napoleon," and ordered the Highlanders to Annapolis to rejoin their
+beloved commander.
+
+  [Illustration: Hazard Stevens,
+                 Capt. & Asst. Adj. Gen'l.]
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XLIX
+
+                       THE PORT ROYAL EXPEDITION
+
+
+The force which General Sherman was fitting out at Annapolis was
+destined, in conjunction with the navy, to secure a harbor on the
+Southern coast to serve as a base for the blockading fleets. General
+Sherman was a veteran regular officer of artillery, who had greatly
+distinguished himself at the battle of Buena Vista, a thorough soldier,
+a strict disciplinarian, devoted to his profession, and moreover a man
+of ability, sound judgment, and true patriotism, but perhaps somewhat
+deficient in enterprise. He personally applied for General Stevens, for
+whom he entertained great esteem, as one of his brigade commanders. His
+force numbered some twelve thousand, all new, raw volunteers, except two
+regular batteries and the Highlanders, who, having fought at Bull Run,
+were looked up to as veterans by the other troops, and was divided into
+three brigades, commanded by Brigadier-Generals Egbert L. Viele the
+first, Isaac I. Stevens the second, and Horatio G. Wright the third.
+
+General Stevens's brigade consisted of the Highlanders, the 100th
+Pennsylvania or Roundheads, Colonel Daniel Leasure; the 50th
+Pennsylvania, Colonel B. C. Christ; and the 8th Michigan, Colonel
+William M. Fenton. They were all brave, patriotic, and intelligent men,
+the best types of American volunteers, and destined to render great and
+glorious service to the very end of the war, participating in many
+battles and engagements, and preserving their colors without a stain.
+The Michiganders, as they were familiarly called, were largely of New
+England stock, many of them farmers' boys, and had all the grit,
+intelligence, and enterprise of their lineage. The 50th Pennsylvania
+were Pennsylvania Dutch, descendants of the Germans who settled the
+central part of the State before the Revolution, and were slower, more
+heavily moulded than the others, but always steadfast and reliable. The
+Roundheads came from the western, more mountainous part of the Keystone
+State, and were of the vigorous Scotch-Irish stock, with many tall,
+rawboned men.
+
+The regiments were quartered in the Naval Academy buildings and grounds.
+On Colonel Leasure's recommendation, General Stevens took a large brick
+building as headquarters, but soon after moving into it an ambulance was
+driven up to the front door, and a soldier in an advanced stage of the
+smallpox, his face perfectly black and festering, was taken out of the
+vehicle on a stretcher and borne into the house, which, it seems, had
+been selected as a smallpox hospital. Needless to say that headquarters
+fled before this visitation. General Stevens, indignant at Leasure's
+carelessness in the matter, summarily ordered him out of his own
+spacious quarters and took them for himself, greatly to the colonel's
+disgust, who was heard to exclaim that there were too many Roundheads
+about for him to submit to such an indignity; but the incident had a
+good effect in showing that the new commander would stand no trifling.
+
+The Highlanders arrived on the 18th, and the next day the troops were
+taken off in small bay steamboats to the large ocean steamships anchored
+two miles out, and embarked upon them. The largest of these vessels, and
+second only to the Great Eastern, was the Vanderbilt, a noble side-wheel
+ship of three thousand tonnage, which had recently been given the
+government by Cornelius Vanderbilt, the old commodore, and was named
+after him. His favorite captain, Le Favre, a skillful navigator and
+accomplished gentleman, commanded her. On this fine steamer were crowded
+General Stevens and staff, the Highlanders, the 8th Michigan, and a
+hundred quartermaster's employees, all together over two thousand men. A
+large number of surf-boats and quantities of tents and baggage were
+piled in confusion on her decks, leaving scarce standing-room for the
+troops. The Roundheads and one battalion of the 50th embarked on the
+Ocean Queen, while Colonel Christ with the remainder of his regiment
+were loaded on the Winfield Scott.
+
+Captain and Assistant Quartermaster William Lilly here joined the
+command as brigade quartermaster. He had met General Stevens during the
+presidential campaign and won his confidence, of which he proved
+unworthy, and owed his appointment to the general's recommendation.
+General Stevens was also joined by Colonel William H. Nobles, who had
+seen much service on the frontier, and whom he appointed
+lieutenant-colonel of the Highlanders, but he was unequal to the
+position and soon afterwards resigned. The general appointed as his
+first aide-de-camp Lieutenant William T. Lusk, of the Highlanders, an
+educated and high-toned gentleman, who had abandoned his studies in
+Germany to fight for his country, and who proved a brave and excellent
+officer, and has since achieved distinction in his profession as a
+physician. The remaining members of the staff were Dr. George S. Kemble,
+brigade surgeon; Captain L.A. Warfield, brigade commissary; and
+Lieutenants Henry S. Taft and William S. Cogswell, signal officers.
+
+The transports sailed on the 20th and reached Fortress Monroe the next
+day. Here were awaiting them a fleet of thirty warships, under Commodore
+Samuel F. Dupont, and a large number of sailing vessels laden with
+munitions and stores. The expedition lay here at anchor for a week,
+completing the necessary preparations. Commodore Dupont held many
+conferences on his flagship, the Wabash, with General Sherman and the
+brigade commanders, at which the objective point was decided upon. The
+weather was fine, the sea smooth, and the blue road-stead, covered with
+the great fleet, comprising every variety of vessel,--the great, grim,
+black warships, with their frowning batteries; the transports, swarming
+with blue-clad soldiers; the deep-laden sailing ships, with their tall
+spars,--presented an impressive and animated scene, enlivened by the
+numerous launches and cutters darting from ship to ship with officers
+bearing dispatches or exchanging calls. One of the swiftest and nattiest
+of these small craft was the captain's gig of the Vanderbilt, manned by
+a crew of fine oarsmen from the Highlanders, which attracted much
+attention from the army and navy alike, was the envy of other
+headquarters, and was kept busy conveying General Stevens and staff over
+the waters blue.
+
+It was a fine, bracing autumn afternoon, October 29, when the great
+fleet sailed out of the Chesapeake in two parallel columns a mile apart.
+The giant warship Wabash led the right column, followed in single file
+by the war vessels, thirty in number, a black and formidable array. The
+left column was composed of the transport steamers, crowded with troops,
+each towing one of the sailing-vessels, and also contained some thirty
+ships. The Vanderbilt towed the Great Republic, a four-masted,
+full-rigged ship of four thousand tons, the largest sailing-ship then
+afloat. Besides a vast cargo of stores, she carried on her main and
+upper decks a great number of artillery horses. Thus the mighty armada
+steadily ploughed its way out to sea, with flags waving and bands
+playing, a glorious and awe-inspiring sight; while the troops,
+exhilarated by the novel and stirring scene and the excitement of
+sailing to an unknown destination, their hearts swelling with the hope
+and determination of soon dealing the rebel lion a mighty and perhaps
+fatal blow, cheered and cheered again until they could cheer no more.
+
+The third day a furious storm struck the combined fleet and scattered it
+far and wide. At midnight, in the height of the tempest, the great
+hawsers by which the Vanderbilt was towing her consort threatened to
+tear off her quarters under the terrific strain of the mountain billows,
+and had to be cut asunder with axes, and the Great Republic was
+abandoned to her fate in the raging storm, furious sea, and black night.
+When day broke no other sail was visible amid the driving and tossing
+billows. Later in the day General Stevens opened the sealed orders with
+which every ship was provided, to be opened in case of separation from
+the fleet, in presence of Captains Le Favre, Stevens, and Lilly, and
+announced that the destination and point of rendezvous was off Port
+Royal, one of the finest harbors on the Southern coast, situated midway
+between Charleston and Savannah. The Vanderbilt, the swiftest of the
+fleet, arrived off the entrance on November 3, among the first. The
+other ships came straggling in, and by the 6th were nearly all assembled
+and anchored just outside the bar, save four, the Governor and Peerless,
+that foundered in the storm, and the Osceola and Union, that were driven
+ashore. The loss of life, however, was small under the circumstances,
+being seven drowned and ninety-three captured. The 50th Pennsylvania, on
+the Winfield Scott, came near going to the bottom, and were only saved
+by incessant pumping and bailing, and throwing overboard the entire
+cargo.
+
+Port Royal was defended by earthworks on each side of the entrance, Fort
+Walker on Hilton Head, the south side, and Fort Beauregard on Bay Point,
+on the north. These were strong and well-constructed forts, with heavy
+parapets, traverses, and bomb-proofs, mounted forty-one guns of large
+calibre, and were garrisoned and defended by three thousand troops,
+under General Thomas F. Drayton, whose brother, Captain Percival
+Drayton, commanded the gunboat Pocahontas in Dupont's fleet. The enemy
+had also three small gunboats in the bay, under Commodore Tatnall,
+formerly an officer of the United States navy.
+
+After reconnoissance by his gunboats, Commodore Dupont decided to attack
+the forts with his fleet, and arranged with General Sherman that the
+troops were to land in small boats on the open beach during the naval
+bombardment and carry the works by assault, in case the navy failed to
+shell the enemy out. Accordingly, on the morning of November 7 the
+surf-boats, of which there were a large number, and all the boats
+belonging to the vessels, were launched, and brought up alongside or
+astern of the transports, and the troops of Stevens's and Wright's
+brigades were provided with ammunition and one day's cooked rations, and
+held in readiness to land and attack. While they awaited this movement
+in high-wrought expectation, the following order was written by General
+Stevens and read to them, and had a marked effect to increase their
+determination and ardor:--
+
+         HEADQUARTERS SECOND BRIGADE, EXPEDITIONARY CORPS,
+               S.S. VANDERBILT, November 7, 1861.
+
+  GENERAL ORDERS No. 5.
+
+  The brigadier-general commanding the second brigade trustfully
+  appeals to each man of his command this day to strike a signal blow
+  for his country. She has been stabbed by traitorous hands, and by
+  her most favored sons. Show by your acts that the hero age has not
+  passed away, and that patriotism still lives. Better to fall nobly
+  in the forlorn hope in vindication of home and nationality than to
+  live witnesses of the triumph of a sacrilegious cause. The Lord God
+  of battles will direct us; to Him let us humbly appeal this day to
+  vouchsafe to us his crowning mercy; and may those of us who survive,
+  when the evening sun goes down, ascribe to Him, and not to
+  ourselves, the glorious victory.
+
+  By order of BRIGADIER-GENERAL STEVENS.
+
+                                       HAZARD STEVENS,
+                                   _Capt. and Ass't Adj't-Gen_.
+
+At nine o'clock on the bright, clear morning, with a smooth sea, the
+great war fleet crossed the bar, and deliberately advanced to attack the
+forts in a long column of single ships, while the transports lay at
+anchor just outside with their decks, masts, and shrouds covered with
+the troops, eagerly watching the scene. Commodore Dupont in the Wabash
+led the long string of warships slowly up the middle of the bay,
+receiving and replying to the fire of both forts until two miles beyond
+them, then turned to the left in a wide circle and led back past Fort
+Walker, at a thousand yards distance, opening upon it broadside after
+broadside. At the same time a flanking column of five gunboats steamed
+up the bay nearer to Bay Point and poured its broadsides into Fort
+Beauregard, and, steering towards the other side, advanced against
+Tatnall's fleet, driving it into Skull Creek, which cuts off Hilton Head
+on the inside, and then, taking position near the shore and flanking the
+fort, opened upon it a destructive fire. Meantime the main column, led
+by the Wabash, was majestically and slowly passing the work, each
+succeeding vessel opening its batteries upon it in turn as it came
+within range, and maintaining a rapid fire as it drew past. The naval
+gun fire was terrific, rising at times to a continuous roar; dense
+clouds of smoke belched forth and hung about the ships, while the white
+puff-balls showed where the great 11 and 9-inch shells were bursting
+over and about the work. The enemy replied with a brisk and
+well-maintained fire, and many of his missiles could be traced by the
+great columns of water dashed up as they ricochetted across the bay
+beyond the vessels. After passing down the bay as far as the depth of
+water permitted, Dupont turned and again led the fleet in front of Fort
+Walker, at much closer range than before, pouring upon the devoted work
+a still more terrific fire. As the admiral repeated this manoeuvre for
+the third time, one of the light-draught gunboats, pushing closely in at
+six P.M., discovered that the enemy had fled, and sent a boat with a
+small party ashore, who pulled down the rebel flag and hoisted over it
+the glorious stars and stripes. What cheers then burst forth from ship
+to ship of the crowded transports, what joy and relief from suspense
+were felt by the officers who had so anxiously watched the bombardment
+for hours, momentarily looking for orders to land and assault the works,
+which were so stubbornly resisting the navy, can never be realized by
+those not actors in the scene.
+
+The flight of the enemy was panic. They left their flags flying, their
+tents standing, and all their supplies. Tatnall's mosquito fleet
+hastened up Skull Creek, and, with the aid of some large flatboats,
+ferried the fugitives across that stream. The fact that the enemy's
+retreat might have been cut off and his entire force captured, by
+sending gunboats up the inner channels separating Hilton Head and Bay
+Point from adjacent islands, lent wings to his flight. The opportunity
+was not improved. Fort Beauregard was abandoned in equal haste, although
+not subjected to nearly so severe a battering as Fort Walker. The navy
+lost only thirty-one killed and wounded; that of the enemy was
+sixty-six.
+
+The morning after the bombardment the Highlanders went ashore on Bay
+Point, and occupied Fort Beauregard and the deserted camp, and the rest
+of the troops were landed on Hilton Head. The beach shoals very
+gradually, and the men and impedimenta had to be loaded from the ocean
+steamers into small boats, which took them in until they grounded, a
+hundred yards or more from the beach, when the troops had to jump
+overboard and wade ashore. All the camp equipage and supplies had to be
+taken ashore in the arms of men detailed for the purpose, so that the
+landing was a very laborious and tedious process.
+
+The enemy's camp bore witness to his panic flight; clothing, bedding,
+half-cooked provisions, even a rebel flag over one tent and a sword
+inside, and in another an excellent repast, with jelly, cake, and wine,
+were found abandoned. General Drayton's headquarters, in a large
+building near Fort Walker, was abandoned in such haste that the horses
+in the stable were left behind, and General Drayton's own charger, a
+fine, handsome bay horse of medium size, but compactly built and of
+great spirit and endurance, was captured here and became the favorite
+horse of General Stevens. Back of the fort was a large field in sweet
+potatoes, and it presented a singular appearance after the soldiers
+landed and discovered it, covered with thousands of men, all digging the
+tubers for dear life. General Sherman facetiously remarked that General
+Drayton planted that potato-field on purpose to demoralize his army.
+
+Immediately after landing, General Sherman held a conference with his
+general officers as to undertaking an offensive movement. The enemy was
+evidently demoralized, and either Charleston or Savannah might fall
+before a sudden dash, and offered a tempting prize. But the general
+opinion was that a movement upon either involved too great risks, and
+that the first duty was to fortify and render absolutely secure the
+point already gained. General Stevens alone dissented from this view. He
+strenuously urged an aggressive movement inland to the mainland, then,
+turning to right or left, against one of the cities. In answer to
+objections, he declared that the overpowering naval force rendered
+Hilton Head already secure, and it could be fortified at leisure. The
+navy, too, could support an advance, and cover a withdrawal in case of
+need. The country was full of flatboats used by the planters for the
+transportation of cotton. Hundreds of these could be collected among the
+islands by the negroes, and would furnish means of transporting the
+troops up, or ferrying them across the inland waters, which, instead of
+an obstacle, could thus be made an aid to the movement. But the cautious
+counsel prevailed, and General Sherman reaped the reward of his lack of
+enterprise by being superseded a few months later, after rendering
+faithful service. Certainly he lost a great opportunity. With such
+subordinates as Generals Stevens and Wright, and the navy to assist, he
+might have taken Savannah, and could not have been badly damaged, even
+if repulsed. General Stevens had visited Savannah as an engineer officer
+shortly after the Mexican war, and his habit of acquiring information
+about every subject that interested him entitled his views to more
+attention. But, after all, the general, like the poet, is born, not
+made, and Sherman may have been wisely governed by his own limitations.
+As will be seen hereafter, this idea of a movement inland, and making
+use of flatboats, took a deep hold of General Stevens's mind.
+
+He placed his brigade in camp a mile back from the beach, and was given
+charge of an extensive line of works, laid out by Captain Q.A. Gilmore,
+the chief engineer officer. He pushed this work with his accustomed
+vigor, detailing daily the greater part of his force as working parties.
+He had a full quota of officers turn out with the men, the details
+verified every morning, and kept some of his staff always on the work.
+The troops, seeing that no shirking was tolerated, gave diligent labor,
+and within a month the line, over a mile in length, was completed. The
+Highlanders, however, continued to occupy Bay Point, and made many
+scouting expeditions on neighboring islands. Considerable sickness broke
+out among the troops on Hilton Head,--smallpox, measles, and
+typhoid,--and there were many deaths, so that the practice of playing
+the dead march at funerals was forbidden, notwithstanding which the
+troops were generally in fine condition and spirits. General Stevens
+himself had a severe attack of bilious fever, from which he but slowly
+recovered. The following letters give a pleasant sketch of life at
+Hilton Head:--
+
+                              HEADQUARTERS SECOND BRIGADE, E.C.,
+                                  HILTON HEAD, November 28, 1861.
+
+  MY DEAREST WIFE,--We are getting on in the most quiet manner
+  possible. As I wrote you a day or two since, my brigade is almost
+  exclusively occupied in throwing up intrenchments. It has been hard
+  at work the last ten days, working even the last Sunday. I have
+  to-day nearly thirteen hundred men in the trenches. We are living at
+  my headquarters quite comfortably. For instance, to-day is
+  considered a sort of Thanksgiving Day, being the day set apart for
+  Thanksgiving in some of the States. I have for dinner, at half past
+  five o'clock, roast turkey, boiled turkey, and a fine boiled ham.
+  This ought to be pretty satisfactory. In our stores we have two
+  dozen fine turkeys, growing in better condition every day. These
+  turkeys we buy from the negroes. We have plenty of beef and mutton
+  and sweet potatoes, also oysters and fish.
+
+                              HEADQUARTERS SECOND BRIGADE, E.C.,
+                                  HILTON HEAD, December 5, 1861.
+
+  MY DEAR WIFE,--We are enjoying fine weather, and the health of the
+  troops is daily improving. My brigade is still at work on the
+  intrenchments. They have done an immense amount of work, much to the
+  satisfaction of General Sherman. Hazard takes great interest in
+  everything. We are living quite comfortably; have an old house with
+  a fireplace, which answers for my office and Hazard's office and our
+  quarters. Hazard has three and sometimes four clerks, two
+  messengers, and, when needed, an officer to assist him. Our mess
+  consists of the brigade quartermaster, Captain Lilly; the brigade
+  surgeon, Dr. Kemble; my aide-de-camp, Lieutenant Lusk; Hazard, and
+  myself. We have a most excellent cook, brought from New York, and a
+  good dining-room servant picked up here. We have our breakfast at
+  seven o'clock, lunch at twelve, and dinner between half past five
+  and six. How long we shall remain here, I cannot form an
+  idea,--probably some months. We are most wanting in books. I must
+  also get some more military books, and now regret I left so many
+  behind me. Hazard is in the trenches to-day. I keep a large force
+  out, and all my staff that can be spared.
+
+  [Illustration: PORT ROYAL AND SEA ISLANDS OF SOUTH CAROLINA]
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER L
+
+                 BEAUFORT.--ACTION OF PORT ROYAL FERRY
+
+
+Scarcely were the works at Hilton Head completed when General Stevens
+was ordered, early in December, to occupy Beaufort, as an advanced post
+threatening the mainland, and affording protection to the negroes on the
+islands. This was a town of five thousand souls, delightfully situated
+on Port Royal Island on the banks of Beaufort River, some fifteen miles
+above Hilton Head. It was a place of fine mansions and houses, almost
+wholly exempt from the poorer class, the seat of wealth and refinement,
+and often styled the Newport of the South. It was the headquarters of
+the Sea Islands, upon which alone was grown the fine, long stapled Sea
+Island cotton, worth a dollar a pound during the war. With unbounded
+confidence in the strength of the forts at the harbor entrance, and in
+the prowess of their defenders, the most chivalric blood of Carolina,
+the people of Beaufort listened to the thunder of Dupont's guns on the
+eventful 7th of November, and from the steeples and roofs watched the
+moving masts and clouds of smoke of his fleet as he attacked the works;
+and when the appalling news reached them of his victory, the whole white
+population fled in terror, only one white person, and he a native of New
+England, remaining in the town. From all the islands the flight of the
+planters was equally hasty and complete. Negroes, live-stock, large
+quantities of cotton, household goods and furniture, and even wearing
+apparel, were all abandoned in the panic exodus. Since the bombardment,
+raiding parties of the enemy were venturing over with increasing
+boldness, burning the cotton and terrorizing the negroes. These numbered
+at least ten thousand, thus abandoned by their masters, and were
+scattered over the extensive archipelago, but chiefly upon Port Royal,
+Ladies', and St. Helena islands.
+
+The more intelligent house servants having gone with their owners,
+nearly all the negroes left on the islands were in the densest
+ignorance, some of them the blackest human beings ever seen, and others
+the most bestial in appearance, and there were even some native
+Africans, brought over by slavers in recent years. They were not put to
+hard labor, judging by Northern standards, and were set so light a daily
+task in the cotton-field that they would usually finish it in the
+forenoon, and have the rest of the day to themselves. The only food
+furnished them was a peck of shelled Indian corn a week apiece, which
+the black women had to grind into meal upon rude stones turned by hand;
+but this ration was eked out by fish and oysters, with which the waters
+abounded, by the poultry which they were allowed to keep, and also by
+the vegetables from their little garden patches. At Christmas they were
+given a liberal dole of fresh beef for a grand feast. The turkeys, of
+which great numbers were kept on every plantation, were deemed a kind of
+royal fowl, reserved for the whites like the cattle, and tabooed to the
+blacks, who were not allowed to raise them as they did the common
+barnyard fowl. But upon the flight of their masters the negroes were
+prompt enough to take them for their own, and used to sell them to the
+troops at generous prices.
+
+These ignorant and benighted creatures flocked into Beaufort on the
+hegira of the whites, and held high carnival in the deserted mansions,
+smashing doors, mirrors, and furniture, and appropriating all that took
+their fancy. After this loot, a common sight was a black wench dressed
+in silks, or white lace curtains, or a stalwart black field-hand
+resplendent in a complete suit of gaudy carpeting just torn from the
+floor. After this sack, they remained at home upon the plantations, and
+reveled in unwonted idleness and luxury, feasting upon the corn, cattle,
+and turkeys of their fugitive masters.
+
+Embarking his brigade and a section of Battery E, 3d United States
+artillery, under Lieutenant Dunbar R. Ransom, on steamers at Hilton
+Head, General Stevens on the Ocean Queen, with the 50th Pennsylvania,
+reached Beaufort at seven in the evening of December 11, landed, and
+threw out a strong picket on the main road across the island, known as
+the shell-road. The negroes stated that a party of rebel cavalry had
+visited the town that afternoon, and threatened to return at night and
+lay it in ashes. At midnight they came riding down the shell-road; but
+being fired upon by the picket, the whole party, with the exception of
+the "colonel" and his son, took to their heels, and never drew rein
+until they reached the mainland, ten miles distant, according to the
+report of the doughty commander.
+
+The next morning the remainder of the troops landed, and General Stevens
+advanced across the island on the shell-road to Port Royal Ferry on the
+Coosaw River, with two regiments and Ransom's guns. The rebel cavalry,
+falling back without resistance, crossed the ferry, taking to the
+farther side the ferry-boat and ropes and all other boats. The Coosaw is
+a large and deep tidal river, separating the island from the mainland.
+It is bordered by wide, impassable marshes, across which at the ferry
+long causeways extended on each side from the firm land to the main
+river. A small, square ferry-house stood at the end of each causeway,
+and the one on the farther side had been strengthened and converted into
+a blockhouse, and from it the enemy fired on the Union advance. But the
+first shell from the 3-inch rifled gun went crashing through the
+extempore blockhouse, and sent its brave defenders scampering up the
+long causeway. Two adventurous soldiers then swam the river and brought
+back a boat, in which a party crossed over, demolished the blockhouse,
+and returned with the ferry scow and paraphernalia.
+
+A strong picket-line was posted along the river, a good force left in
+support at a cross-roads some miles back on the shell-road, and the
+general with the remainder of the party returned to Beaufort.
+
+General Stevens at once cleared the blacks out of town, and established
+a camp in the suburbs for the temporary reception of refugees and
+vagrant negroes. He placed the troops under canvas in the outskirts, and
+prohibited their entering the town without a permit, and strictly
+forbade all plundering, or even entering the empty houses. Guards were
+posted over a fine public library, the pride of the town, which,
+however, had been thrown about in utter disorder; patrols were kept
+scouring the streets, and the strictest order and discipline were
+enforced.
+
+In order to protect the negroes and keep the enemy within his own lines,
+General Stevens strongly picketed the western or exposed side of Port
+Royal and Ladies' islands, guarding all the landing-places, and watching
+the Coosaw and Broad rivers for twenty-five miles. Knowing the
+difficulty of maintaining so long and exposed a line of outposts against
+an enterprising enemy, he threw him on the defensive by the boldness of
+his advanced line, and by a succession of well-planned and daring raids
+upon his pickets on the opposite shore. Thus Lieutenant Benjamin F.
+Porter, of the 8th Michigan, on the night of December 17 captured a
+picket of six men on Chisholm's Island, and on several occasions small
+parties were thrown across the Coosaw in boats, the enemy's pickets
+were driven off, and the buildings from which they fired upon the Union
+pickets were destroyed. So successfully was this policy carried out that
+the enemy made but one counter attack during the six months that General
+Stevens occupied the islands, viz., an attempt on the picket on Barnwell
+Island, February 11, 1862, and that was repulsed without loss on our
+side.
+
+The first and, as it turned out, only serious operation undertaken by
+General Sherman was the siege of Fort Pulaski at the mouth of the
+Savannah River. A large force of troops, under General Viele, and heavy
+guns and mortars were dispatched to this quarter, and Captain Q. A.
+Gilmore, the chief engineer officer, was given charge of the siege
+works.
+
+General Wright was sent down the coast with a considerable force, and in
+March occupied Fernandina and Jacksonville, Fla., which had been
+abandoned by the enemy.
+
+By the end of December the enemy erected a strong field-work on the
+mainland, opposite and commanding Port Royal Ferry, and repulsed the
+efforts of the gunboats to dislodge him. The naval authorities
+pronounced it impracticable to reduce the work, or to keep the river
+open with the light wooden gunboats which alone could operate in those
+waters. Negro refugees reported a large force of the enemy at Garden's
+Corners, only four miles from the ferry. They were endeavoring to
+obstruct the channel by driving piles in it. Opposite Seabrook, at a
+point a mile and a half above the ferry, they were throwing up a
+formidable-looking battery. Their increased activity and boldness, as
+well as their success in closing the river to the navy, indicated
+aggressive action; for with the river closed they could throw a force
+upon Port Royal Island without fear of its being cut off, could raid the
+plantation and negroes, and could compel the Union commander to
+maintain a large force on the island, or run the risk of losing a small
+one.
+
+Impressed with the importance of dislodging the enemy and keeping the
+river open, General Stevens laid before General Sherman a plan to that
+end, which the latter promptly approved. It was simply to throw a
+sufficient force across the river several miles below the ferry, advance
+up the left bank, beat any force that might be found covering the work,
+and take it in the rear. Three light-draught gunboats were to coöperate
+in the movement. At the same time, two gunboats entering the Coosaw from
+Broad River through Whale Branch and small bodies of troops from
+Seabrook Landing and opposite the ferry were to threaten the enemy on
+the upper side, and distract his attention from the real attack. It was
+decided to reinforce General Stevens with two regiments from Hilton Head
+for the movement,--the 47th and 48th New York.
+
+Nearly every plantation on these islands was supplied with large
+flatboats, used chiefly for the transportation of cotton. Ever since his
+occupation General Stevens had been quietly collecting these scows at
+Beaufort, with a view to using them in future operations. During the
+night of December 30 over one hundred of these flats, with a crew of
+negro oarsmen and a guard of two soldiers in each boat, were sent up
+Beaufort River, Brickyard Creek, and an inlet or creek which branches
+from the Coosaw near the northeast corner of the island and extends
+inland southwesterly several miles. There was an excellent landing-place
+two and a half miles up this creek, and only eight miles from Beaufort,
+with good roads between. At this landing, screened from sight of the
+enemy by well-wooded banks, the fleet of flatboats lay during the day.
+Every precaution was taken to prevent any negro from leaving the party
+and giving information of the movement.
+
+  [Illustration: ACTION AT PORT ROYAL FERRY, JANUARY 1, 1862]
+
+Commodore Dupont furnished the desired gunboats, placing them under the
+command of Captain C.P.R. Rodgers. About noon on the 31st that officer
+reached Beaufort with the Ottawa and Pembina, followed by the Hale, and
+the details of the joint movement, and particularly the signals to
+enable the troops and ships to act in concert, were arranged between him
+and General Stevens. About dark the 47th and 48th New York, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel James L. Fraser and Colonel James H. Perry
+respectively, arrived on the transport steamer Boston.
+
+Two companies of the Roundheads were left to guard the town and depot of
+Beaufort. Another company of that regiment took post three miles out at
+the cross-roads. Two companies of the Highlanders and two of the
+Roundheads, under Captain William St. George Elliott of the former, were
+posted at Seabrook, with orders, when the gunboats came through Whale
+Branch and opened on the enemy's battery, to cross over and take it if
+practicable. Colonel Leasure, with the remainder of his Roundheads and
+one company of the Highlanders, was stationed at the ferry to observe
+the enemy, make a demonstration against him, and cross over if
+circumstances permitted. Flatboats were collected at both points in
+readiness for the crossing. Lieutenant Ransom, with his guns, was also
+posted near the ferry. Four companies of the 50th Pennsylvania were left
+in Beaufort with orders to embark on flats at midnight and proceed
+upstream to the mouth of the creek already mentioned.
+
+After dark the remainder of the brigade, viz., the 8th Michigan and six
+companies of the 50th Pennsylvania from Beaufort, and seven companies of
+the Highlanders from Seabrook and other advanced posts, from which they
+had been relieved by the Roundheads during the day, marched to the
+well-hidden landing-place on the creek, where the flats lay awaiting
+them. At one A.M. New Year's morning the embarkation commenced. The
+landing-place was narrow, and only two or three flats at a time could be
+loaded, which made the embarkation slow, tedious, and confused. Each
+boat was ordered to push off into the stream as soon as loaded, and
+proceed far enough down it to give plenty of room for others. But the
+creek became almost blocked with flats crowded with men, laden to the
+gunwale, and apparently floating about without aim or order. The night
+was dark, a pale mist rose on the water, the sickly beams of a half moon
+struggled through the gloom, the fires and lanterns flared at the
+landing, the smothered orders, oaths and calls of officers from flat to
+flat, striving to avoid becoming separated from their regiments, made a
+babel of voices, and all added to and heightened the appearance of
+hopeless confusion. The scene to the painter or poet was weird and
+picturesque in the extreme, but to a soldier most exasperating.
+
+When half the troops were afloat, and the embarkation of the remainder,
+proceeding steadily though slowly, was assured, General Stevens entered
+his barge and, rowing rapidly downstream, placed himself at the head of
+the flotilla. Each boat as passed was ordered to follow. Their progress,
+deeply laden as they were, was necessarily slow, but as they took up the
+movement, the dense and confused mass very soon lengthened out into an
+orderly column, and the perplexities and misgivings of many an officer
+gave place to the alacrity and confidence which aggressive action ever
+inspires. The first faint pencilings of dawn were streaking the eastern
+sky as the flotilla slowly drew out of the mouth of the creek and
+entered the river. The fog lay low upon the water, and completely
+shrouded the farther shore. Here joined Captain Rodgers with four
+launches, each armed with a 12-pounder boat howitzer, and the four
+companies of the 50th Pennsylvania, which embarked at Beaufort. Then
+hove in sight the gunboat Ottawa.
+
+Noiselessly the stalwart blacks strained at the muffled oars, the long
+ashen blades steadily rose and dipped; the blue-coated masses sat in
+silence, muskets in hand, straining their eyes ahead; while the
+flotilla, like a huge black cloud, slowly crept over the face of the
+broad sound, here a mile and a half wide. After an age of cramped
+waiting and suspense, the dim, spectral trees lining the low shore
+opposite comes in sight; the launches and swiftest boats now shoot
+rapidly ahead, the rowers straining every nerve, and the soldiers
+anxiously scanning the hostile shore; a score of gray forms are
+discerned among the trees; a straggling volley spatters harmlessly over
+the water, and the next instant the boats drive upon the bank, and the
+landing is effected. General Stevens's barge outstripped the other
+boats, and he leaped ashore the first man, closely followed by Captain
+John More and ten picked men of the Highlanders, and the enemy's pickets
+took to their heels.
+
+It was now found that the 8th Michigan, through some strange mistake,
+had remained near the mouth of the creek, notwithstanding the explicit
+orders, repeated, too, by General Stevens in person when passing down
+the creek. Orders were immediately dispatched to Colonel Fenton to
+proceed across and up the river and land at the Adams House, some three
+miles above, where there was an excellent landing-place. Colonel Perry
+had received orders the night before to follow the gunboats, and debark
+his two regiments at the same point as soon as it was in the possession
+of the landing party. Thither were also sent the empty flats.
+
+Skirmishers and scouts were thrown out while the troops were landing,
+and several negroes were picked up who proved useful as guides. With
+the Highlanders in the advance, preceded by two companies deployed as
+skirmishers, and followed by two boat howitzers under Lieutenant Irwin,
+of the navy, and the 50th Pennsylvania bringing up the rear, the little
+column pushed rapidly on, taking a course parallel to the river, and
+traversing woods and swampy and difficult ground, without any road for
+most of the way, and at eleven A.M., after a hot and fatiguing march,
+reached a position abreast of the Adams house. Small parties of the
+enemy, who fired a few shots, were observed at several points on the
+march, but a few shells from the howitzers and the Highlanders'
+skirmishers easily brushed them aside.
+
+The column now rested for two and a half hours while the remainder of
+the troops were debarking, for the landing-place was contracted, and the
+regiments on the Boston had to be put ashore in small boats. At 1.30
+P.M. General Stevens formed his order of march, and moved forward for
+the fort, marching parallel to the river. The Highlanders, with two
+companies skirmishing in advance, led the way; the two naval howitzers
+followed; Colonel Christ's 50th Pennsylvania and Colonel Fenton's
+Michiganders formed the support, and the 47th and 48th New York the
+reserve. The column advanced in echelon, the Highlanders nearest the
+river, and each succeeding regiment battalion distance in rear of and to
+the right of the one preceding it. This formation was equally well
+adapted to meet an attack in front or on the right flank. The river
+protected the left.
+
+A broad belt of cotton-fields stretched along the river to and beyond
+the ferry, some three miles distant. Back of the open fields a body of
+woods presented an irregular front, from a mile to half a mile distant
+from the river. Over these fields the skirmishers advanced steadily,
+followed by the entire command in the order by echelon described, each
+regiment moving in line, or occasionally by the flank, or by column of
+companies, according to the ground, with the regularity of parade. The
+signal officer, Lieutenant Henry S. Tafft, kept with the skirmishers,
+signaling constantly with his colleague, Lieutenant Cogswell, on the
+Ottawa, thus directing her fire, and establishing perfect concert of
+action afloat and ashore. The shells from the gunboat tore the wood just
+in front of the skirmishers as they advanced. As the troops advanced in
+this order the scene from the gunboats was most inspiriting,--the wide
+strip of open country, the dark, frowning forest beyond it, the broad,
+silver-hued river with the black gunboats, and line after line of
+dark-blue infantry, tipped with steel, moving onward over the fields
+with the steady, rapid, irresistible flow of billows rolling across the
+sea.
+
+The column had advanced a mile in this order when a puff of smoke and
+the roar of a gun burst from the edge of the woods, followed by others
+in rapid succession, and a battery, well screened in the timber, opened
+a rapid fire of shells over and among the leading regiments. But,
+without pause, General Stevens continued his movement, regardless of the
+noisy shelling, until the third regiment, the Michiganders, was fully
+abreast with the battery. Then halting, he brought his three leading
+regiments into line, facing the woods, wheeling them to the right, and
+advancing the Highlanders and 50th on a line with the Michiganders, and
+threw out four companies of the latter upon the battery to develop the
+enemy's force. He left the reserve regiments as they stood when halted,
+being already considerably to the right and in advance of the newly
+formed line.
+
+The Michigan skirmishers had scarcely disappeared within the bushes
+which masked the battery, when a rolling volley of musketry rattled
+among the trees, and out they came, falling back. At the same time a
+large regiment of the enemy appeared from behind a point of the woods
+which partially screened its advance, bearing directly down upon the
+50th Pennsylvania. Colonel Christ was directed to meet and not to await
+the attack. At the command his regiment deliberately fixed bayonets and
+moved forward, presenting a long and imposing line. The charging rebel
+regiment first ceased its shouts and yells, then fired a scattering and
+ineffective volley, and broke and fled to the cover of the woods so
+precipitantly that the 50th had scarcely time to fire a round after
+them. General Stevens now threw one wing of the 50th upon the flank of
+the enemy's position, and Colonel Perry's regiment upon the other flank.
+But the hostile battery ceased its fire, and the troops, on reaching its
+position, found the enemy gone, with every sign of a precipitate
+retreat.
+
+Meantime the Highlanders' skirmishers, never halting, had reached the
+fort, and entered it simultaneously with the force under Colonel Leasure
+which crossed at the ferry. A single gun, a 12-pounder, was found in the
+work; the others had been removed by the enemy. The troops were
+recalled, the wounded cared for, and the march was resumed to the ferry
+without further opposition. Colonel Leasure and Captain Elliott were
+found at the fort, and reported the complete success of the movements
+intrusted to them. Two gunboats--the Seneca, Captain Daniel Ammen, and
+Ellen, Captain Budd--entered Whale Branch as prearranged, and opened
+fire on the battery opposite Seabrook. Captain Elliott immediately
+crossed over with his party, found the battery ready for guns, but none
+there, and, after destroying the work, returned to Seabrook. Thence
+hastening to the ferry, he joined Colonel Leasure, and crossed at that
+point just as the skirmishers from the main column appeared.
+
+The troops bivouacked that night at the ferry, with pickets well out,
+and two naval howitzers, under Lieutenant J.H. Upshur, in position
+commanding the main road, while at short intervals the gunboats fired
+big 11-inch shells as far into rebeldom as heavy charges could throw
+them. It was afterwards reported by the refugee negroes that one of
+these "rotten shot," as they termed the bursting shells, fell at
+Garden's Corners, four miles away.
+
+During the night the ferry was completely restored. The captured gun and
+wagons, with the wounded, crossed early in the morning. The captured
+work was leveled, and at nine A.M. the troops commenced crossing, using
+both the ferryboat and flats. By noon the entire force of three thousand
+men was over. The enemy remained quiet back in the woods. The troops
+marched into Beaufort that afternoon in fine spirits, and with
+confidence in themselves heightened by the brush with the enemy and the
+success of the expedition. Both officers and men had shown themselves
+steady, prompt, and ready to march, manoeuvre, and fight, and it was
+not their fault if the enemy would not give them a harder tussle.
+Excepting the Highlanders, all were green troops, never having even seen
+an enemy before, except as distant witnesses of the naval bombardment of
+Hilton Head. The 47th and 48th New York embarked on their transport at
+Beaufort, and returned to Hilton Head the next morning.
+
+The enemy's forces in the action, as reported by him, comprised the 14th
+and four companies of the 12th South Carolina, a section of Leake's
+Virginia battery, and a detachment of cavalry, forty-two in number, who
+are commended as participating with their double-barreled shotguns and
+navy revolvers. Colonel James Jones, of the 14th, commanded. Besides
+these troops General Pemberton hurried forward from Pocotaligo a large
+part of a Tennessee brigade, under General Donelson, which met the
+retreating troops after the action was over.
+
+The Union losses consisted of three men of the 8th Michigan killed, and
+one officer, Major Watson, and eight men of the same regiment, three men
+of the 48th New York, and two of the 50th Pennsylvania, wounded,--in
+all, seventeen.
+
+The enemy acknowledged, in official reports, the loss of an officer and
+seven men killed, and an officer and twenty-three men wounded,--in all,
+thirty-two.
+
+General Stevens warmly commended the conduct of his troops and the
+services of his staff, Captain Hazard Stevens, assistant
+adjutant-general; Lieutenants William T. Lusk and Benjamin R. Lyons,
+aides; Andrew J. Holbrook, volunteer aide; Henry S. Tafft and William S.
+Cogswell, signal officers; and Captain Charles A. Fuller, quartermaster.
+
+This action was almost the first Union success achieved by the army
+since the disaster of Bull Run, and the thanks of the government were
+extended in general orders to General Stevens and his command for their
+victory, styled the battle of Port Royal Ferry.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER LI
+
+             BEAUFORT.--CAMPAIGN PLANNED AGAINST CHARLESTON
+
+
+After the action of Port Royal Ferry, General Stevens continued to hold
+Beaufort and the neighboring islands for five months, without the
+occurrence of any military event of importance, chiefly occupied in
+thoroughly drilling and disciplining his troops. Lieutenant Abraham
+Cottrell, of the 8th Michigan, was added to the staff as aide. A
+battalion of the 1st Massachusetts cavalry, under Lieutenant-Colonel
+H.B. Sargent, was added to his command; also another section of Battery
+E of the 3d artillery, Captain A.P. Rockwell's Connecticut light
+battery, and a company of Serrell's New York engineers, under Captain
+Alfred F. Sears, with a pontoon bridge equipment. His attention,
+moreover, was largely taken up with other matters, not military, but
+growing out of the peculiar conditions there. He caused the public
+library, which has already been mentioned, with several fine private
+libraries added to it, to be put in order, restored to the shelves and
+catalogued, and thrown open for the use of the troops. Corporal Joseph
+Matthews, Joseph Hall, and George Lispenard, of Company E of the
+Highlanders, were busy at this work for several months. He intended that
+the library, thus preserved, should be cared for and kept in the town
+where it belonged, and restored to the inhabitants when they resumed
+their allegiance and returned to their homes. But one day the treasury
+agent, Colonel William H. Reynolds, presented himself, and demanded the
+books as captured rebel property, to be sold for the benefit of the
+government,--a demand which General Stevens indignantly and peremptorily
+rejected. A month later the agent again appeared with a formal demand
+from the Secretary of the Treasury for the library, indorsed by General
+Sherman with an order to give them up. Even then General Stevens
+suspended the order, and wrote a strong protest to General Sherman,
+setting forth the vandal character of the proposed action, and urging
+him to represent the matter in its true light to the government, and
+secure the revocation of the order. But General Sherman was unwilling to
+take such a responsibility, and there was no alternative but to give up
+the books.
+
+General Stevens disapproved the action of the government in sending such
+treasury agents into the field, with independent authority to gather up
+cotton and other property, as meddling with military operations,
+encroaching on the authority of military commanders, and opening the
+door for dishonest or over-zealous agents to plunder private property.
+Such work, he declared, should be done by the army through the
+quartermaster's department, and the captured property then turned over
+to the Treasury Department.
+
+Apprehensive that the numerous negroes within his lines might become
+vagrant and burdensome unless brought under control and made
+self-supporting, General Sherman issued an elaborate order, providing
+for teaching them the elementary branches, and inducing them to plant
+crops. The latter requirement General Stevens heartily approved, but he
+seriously doubted the propriety of the former, and wrote General
+Sherman, pointing out that to educate the blacks and raise hopes of
+freedom in their breast would make their condition doubly hard in case,
+on the suppression of the rebellion, they had to return to their
+masters, and that the order, manifestly looking to freeing the slaves,
+might alienate the support of the border States from the Union cause.
+This view now seems reactionary, but it should be borne in mind that the
+great mass of Union soldiers sprang to arms, not to free the slaves, but
+to preserve the Union. Lincoln himself guided his course by the same
+view of not alienating the border States, withholding his emancipation
+proclamation until the progress of public opinion made it expedient.
+Writes General Sherman in reply:--
+
+  "After all, my dear general, the government will do as it sees best
+  in this matter. My order can be reversed at its pleasure. But, of
+  myself, it would be doing some violence to my own views of duty to
+  make the change you desire in the system therein indicated. But
+  allow me to express to you my warmest thanks for the thoughtful and
+  considerate manner in which you have done me the honor to write.
+  Although we may differ in our views in one or two points,--both
+  admitted to be delicate ones,--it will not permit any change of my
+  exalted opinion of your talents and your personal character."
+
+But the generals were only wasting time in discussing the negro problem,
+for by the next steamer, early in March, there descended on the
+Department of the South, like the locusts on Egypt, a swarm of treasury
+agents and humanitarians, male and female, all zealously bent on
+educating and elevating the "freedmen," as they immediately dubbed the
+blacks. The irreverent young officers styled these good people the
+"Gideonites," and were disposed to make all manner of fun of them; but
+among the number were persons of the highest respectability and purest
+motives, and they undoubtedly accomplished some good. They met with a
+cold and ungracious reception from General Sherman, who declared that
+their coming was uncalled for and entirely premature, and incontinently
+packed them off to Beaufort to the care of General Stevens, thus washing
+his hands of them.
+
+The latter treated them with the utmost courtesy and kindness, assigned
+them good quarters in town, and detailed a capable and gentlemanly young
+officer, Lieutenant H.G. Belcher, of the 8th Michigan, to see to their
+comfort and needs. He not only gave them every facility and assistance
+in his power in their care of the blacks, but took a real interest in
+their mission, talked and advised with the chiefs, and exerted a decided
+and salutary influence in modifying some of their crude and extravagant
+ideas, and bringing them down to judicious and practicable measures. It
+is a curious fact that in several instances he had to curb the attempts
+of some of the more zealous, who strove to work the blacks harder than
+their old masters did. Always frank and outspoken in his opinions, and
+differing widely from many of the views of these visitors, General
+Stevens impressed them with his sincere and earnest sense of duty, and
+won their gratitude and goodwill. Hon. Edward L. Pierce, the biographer
+of Sumner, who was the chief agent, thus acknowledged their feelings and
+obligations toward General Stevens:--
+
+  "General Stevens was an officer with whom subordination was a
+  controlling duty. The order for sending able-bodied negroes to
+  Hilton Head to be armed imposed on him an uncongenial service, but
+  he performed it faithfully and with dispatch, and even aided in the
+  selection of the officers to drill them. His preconceived opinions,
+  although he desired them humane treatment, were understood to be
+  unfavorable to an effort at the present time to raise them to
+  intelligent citizenship; but to the industrial and educational
+  movement to that end he offered no opposition, but gave to it in
+  good faith his official protection and aid, and the special agent of
+  the Treasury Department, who was charged with its direction, never
+  asked facilities which he denied, often more being granted than was
+  requested. The better part of the territory to which that movement
+  applied was under his command, and its friends will gratefully
+  remember him for his personal courtesies and honorable coöperation."
+
+Mrs. Stevens also arrived on the same steamer to visit her husband, with
+her youngest daughter, Kate, a beautiful and engaging little girl of
+ten, and remained nearly a month. Their visit was a great solace to
+General Stevens, and the last time he was to see them.
+
+The Washington ladies, Mrs. Johnson and Miss Donelson, their neighbors
+and warm friends for four years, came with the Gideonites, actuated by
+benevolence. Other visitors were Mr. Caverly, whom General Stevens had
+met in Washington, and his beautiful young wife. He was in the last
+stages of consumption, and the general had him taken into his own
+quarters and carefully nursed and cared for until his death. Hon. John
+M. Forbes, of Milton, Mass., and his wife, whose son, William H. Forbes,
+was an officer of the 1st Massachusetts cavalry, then at Beaufort, also
+visited there that winter; and Hon. W.J.A. Fuller, of New York, an
+eminent lawyer, and brother to Captain Charles A. Fuller, was another
+visitor.
+
+During all this time General Stevens was chiefly engaged in training and
+disciplining his command. Besides company and battalion drills in the
+forenoon, brigade drills were had four afternoons a week, usually in
+some extensive cotton-field below the town, and occasionally these
+drills were varied by movements through timber, bridging and crossing
+streams, or overcoming other obstacles, the three arms being exercised
+to act in concert. There was no other brigade in the armies on either
+side that was put through such a complete and thorough course of brigade
+drill as General Stevens gave his command at Beaufort. Schools of
+instruction for officers and for non-commissioned officers were also
+vigorously kept up. The picketing of the widely extended and exposed
+points on the islands involved a line twenty-five miles in extent, and
+was a severe task on the troops. An entire regiment was required for
+this duty, and was changed every ten days. To insure the vigilance of
+the pickets, General Stevens organized a system of nightly inspections
+by members of his staff and other officers specially sent out from
+Beaufort, in addition to the grand rounds and inspections by their own
+officers. Besides the staff officers already mentioned, Lieutenant
+Benjamin R. Lyons, of the 50th Pennsylvania, and Lieutenant A. Cottrell,
+of the 8th Michigan, were detailed as aides, and Captain Charles A.
+Fuller took the place of Captain Lilly as quartermaster, the latter
+being court-martialed and cashiered.
+
+A fine mansion in the edge of town, in the midst of a luxuriant
+semi-tropical garden, with the negro quarters and kitchens in detached
+buildings, served as headquarters. On the open space on one side,
+brigade guard-mounting was held every morning to the martial and
+inspiring music of the Highlanders' band. This was one of the finest
+bands in the service, or, indeed, in the country. It had been long
+established in New York, and was maintained with indefatigable zeal and
+industry by Lieutenant William Robertson, the band-master.
+
+Thus well occupied with drills, dress parades, guard-mountings,
+picketing, and study, in that beautiful region and delightful winter
+climate, profusely supplied with fresh beef, poultry, and sweet
+potatoes, in addition to the ample regular ration, the troops greatly
+enjoyed their sojourn at Beaufort, while they rapidly gained soldierly
+discipline and efficiency. In April a detachment of two hundred and
+fifty of the 8th Michigan escorted Lieutenant James H. Wilson on a
+reconnoissance to Wilmington Island, on the Savannah River, and in a
+very creditable action defeated and drove an entire rebel regiment, the
+13th Georgia, suffering, however, a loss of forty-two killed and
+wounded.
+
+The following letters from General Stevens to his wife give interesting
+sketches of this period:--
+
+  [Illustration: HEADQUARTERS AT BEAUFORT]
+
+                            BEAUFORT, S.C., February 16, 1861.
+
+  MY DEAR WIFE,--I am devoting my energies to perfecting the
+  discipline of my brigade. All the regiments are now in very
+  respectable drill,--one in very superior drill. For five weeks I
+  have had brigade drills, an average of four per week. In this week
+  they will have been instructed in all the evolutions of the line.
+  Hazard is very expert both at battalion and brigade drill, and he
+  can drill a brigade much better than any of my colonels. Then I have
+  a regiment doing picket duty on the island. I relieve it every ten
+  days, so each regiment has been thoroughly instructed in picket and
+  outpost duty. I have here the second battalion of the 1st
+  Massachusetts cavalry, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Sargent. It
+  is finely officered, and is a splendid body of men. I have also a
+  Connecticut light battery of six guns. It will, however, take months
+  to make this battery efficient. For the last three weeks I have had
+  regimental schools for officers and non-commissioned officers. They
+  are doing well, and both officers and non-commissioned officers take
+  great interest in them. Hazard's health is excellent. He takes very
+  great interest in everything, is full of life and energy, very
+  industrious, studies carefully his tactics, regulations, etc. He is
+  making a very superior officer indeed; is a very efficient
+  adjutant-general. My aides, Captain Lusk and Lieutenant Cottrell,
+  are good men.
+
+  April 17.... I have endeavored to do all I could with propriety to
+  facilitate everything which tended to the improvement of the
+  condition of the negroes. Many of the people here, both men and
+  women, understand pretty well the circumstances of the case, and are
+  getting to take practical views of the subject.
+
+  April 21.... Mrs. Johnson and Miss Donelson leave day after
+  to-morrow on the Atlantic. We shall send for them and see that they
+  are comfortably taken on the ship. Two officers of my brigade return
+  at the same time on leave of absence, in whose special charge I will
+  place them.
+
+  The 8th Michigan regiment had a very brilliant affair last
+  Wednesday. Whilst about two hundred and sixty of the regiment under
+  their colonel (Fenton) were reconnoitring Wilmington Island, they
+  were attacked by a full regiment (the Georgia 13th), eight hundred
+  strong. After a desperate conflict of nearly two hours our men
+  whipped them, drove them off the ground, pursued them for a mile,
+  and then carefully and leisurely held the field for five hours. All
+  our dead and wounded and every particle of baggage were brought off.
+  We lost two officers and ten men killed, and thirty men wounded,--a
+  very heavy loss, being one fifth of the entire command. On Friday
+  and Saturday we buried the dead. The services were very affecting.
+  The regiment returned on Saturday afternoon, and the whole brigade
+  turned out to receive them. We had invited the ladies from the Pope
+  plantation to come to Beaufort on Friday to attend a concert given
+  by the Highlanders on Friday evening. Mrs. Johnson, Miss Donelson,
+  and Miss Ward came over. They returned on Saturday evening. We had
+  the burial of the dead, the concert, and the reception while they
+  were here. We entertained them at the house, and they really enjoyed
+  their visit. Indeed, Mrs. J. and Miss D. have found it rather lonely
+  on Ladies' Island, and I thought, in view of old acquaintance' sake
+  and their kind and excellent natures, that we ought to do something
+  to give them a little change.
+
+  May 24. We have had a sad household the last few days. Mr. Caverly
+  has been sinking gradually since Wednesday morning, and died this
+  morning at one o'clock. He was exceedingly patient and resigned, and
+  very grateful for the attentions he had received here. I am very
+  thankful I did not hesitate, in his enfeebled condition, insisting
+  upon his coming to my house. His wife has borne herself with great
+  fortitude and courage throughout. Lieutenant Pratt, of the
+  Massachusetts cavalry, is going home on leave of absence, and will
+  take charge of Mrs. Caverly.
+
+  May 18. Above is a view of the steamer Planter, a dispatch boat of
+  General Ripley in Charleston harbor, which was run off by the pilot
+  Robert and the black crew last week. It is a very remarkable affair,
+  and makes quite a hero of Robert. She was tied up at the wharf close
+  to Ripley's office. Yet he slipped out of the harbor unobserved, and
+  gave the steamer up to our blockading fleet. The Planter lay at
+  Beaufort from Thursday morning to this morning. She was run off on
+  Tuesday, May 13.
+
+The following to Mr. Fuller gives General Stevens's views on the proper
+war policy, and the severity of the contest yet to be fought. It was at
+this time that the government, rendered over-confident by Western
+successes, stopped recruiting. It will be seen how exactly he read the
+military situation:--
+
+                              BEAUFORT, S.C., March 15, 1862.
+
+  MY DEAR SIR,-- ... At this moment every effort should be made to
+  keep our ranks full by enlistments. We are only at the beginning of
+  the hard fights. Our men will fall in battle, and die in the
+  hospitals. The best troops rapidly melt away in aggressive
+  movements. We must take nothing for granted except the determination
+  on the part of the South to make a stern and protracted resistance.
+  The great point is to open the Mississippi down to the Gulf, and
+  this can be done by driving our forces southward in Tennessee, and
+  farther south into Alabama and Mississippi. This should be combined
+  with a great movement from the Gulf. The Mississippi River in our
+  control, everything westward will fall by vigorous, rapid,
+  comparatively short movements. We must husband our men and
+  resources. We, if we don't look out, will find our victorious march
+  stayed in mid-course by the melting away of our attacking columns,
+  not kept full in consequence of a too great dissemination of our
+  force.
+
+At this time General Stevens wrote Professor Bache a memoir, to be laid
+before the President, giving his views of the military policy and
+operations to be undertaken. Dr. Lusk, who, as his aide, copied the
+letter from the rough draft, declares that he urged the very movements
+that were afterwards adopted, and was greatly impressed with the ability
+and prophetic foresight of the memoir. Unfortunately, no copy of it has
+been found.
+
+                              HEADQUARTERS SECOND BRIGADE, E.C.,
+                              BEAUFORT, S.C., February 25, 1862.
+
+  W.J.A. FULLER, ESQ.,
+
+  _My dear Sir_,--I hope not the least suggestion will be made in any
+  quarter in relation to placing me in command of the expeditionary
+  corps of General Sherman. I am induced to write you in relation to
+  it, because I have learned from a reliable source that it is being
+  spoken of in some influential quarters in Massachusetts. General
+  Sherman has treated me with marked kindness and consideration, and I
+  feel that I would be acting badly towards him if I did not express
+  decidedly my views and feelings in regard to the matter. It would
+  be, however, sheer affectation on my part to say that I did not
+  desire a separate command. I of course most earnestly desire one,
+  but not at the expense of a friend, or with injustice to any one.
+
+The advanced position of General Stevens's command was a constant threat
+to the Charleston and Savannah Railroad, justly regarded by the enemy as
+the vital line of communication between the two cities. The railroad
+crossed the many rivers which empty along this part of the coast by long
+pile or trestle bridges of hard Southern pine, full of pitch, and
+exceedingly combustible. In thirty miles it thus crossed, going north
+from Savannah, the Coosawhatchie, Tulifiny, Broad, Pocotaligo, Combahee,
+and Ashepoo rivers, with six miles of bridges in the aggregate, and at
+Pocotaligo, the centre of this stretch, was only eight miles distant
+from Port Royal Ferry and the Union lines. So important was the
+preservation of this railroad regarded by General Robert E. Lee, the
+Confederate commander, and so probable did he deem our advance in this
+direction, that he made his headquarters at Coosawhatchie, posted strong
+detachments with guns and intrenchments at the bridges, and supported
+them with considerable bodies of troops at central points, all under
+General J.C. Pemberton, with headquarters at Pocotaligo. And that
+officer, on succeeding Lee in command of South Carolina and Georgia in
+March, remained at the same place, and continued the same attitude of
+watchful defense.
+
+General Stevens early fixed his eye upon these bridges as affording the
+most feasible way of breaking up the railroad. He was eager to cross
+swords with Lee and confident, more than once remarking that he could
+beat "Bob Lee,"--that he felt himself more than a match for him. From
+negro refugees he learned that the enemy held them in force, but nothing
+sufficiently definite and reliable to be of much value. Anxious to gain
+exact and full information of the bridges, the enemy, and his
+dispositions, and of the roads and nature of the country, he offered the
+task to Captain Elliott, of the Highlanders, who undertook it with
+alacrity. During January, February, and March, this intrepid officer
+made trip after trip within the enemy's lines, explored the whole
+region, and examined every bridge between the Coosawhatchie and the
+Ashepoo, located the enemy's posts, ascertained their forces,
+intrenchments, guns, etc., and gleaned much information in regard to the
+roads, approaches, and country. On these scouts Captain Elliott went in
+uniform. He would start at night in a small canoe with a trusty negro
+guide, paddle noiselessly up one of the rivers until within the enemy's
+lines, then land and pursue his explorations on foot. By day he usually
+lay hid in the swamps or pine woods. The service was not only fraught
+with danger, but extremely arduous, involving every hardship of cold,
+hunger, and exposure. It was so well performed that it is doubtful if
+the Confederate commander himself was much better informed as to the
+state of things within his lines than was his opponent. No whisper of
+suspicion of Captain Elliott's scouts was suffered to get out; and
+although his long and frequent absences on special duty excited comment,
+all knowledge of them was confined to himself, General Stevens, and the
+assistant adjutant-general of the brigade.
+
+In the latter part of February General Stevens sent Captain Ralph Ely,
+of the 8th Michigan, with four officers and twenty-two men, in boats on
+a reconnoissance up the Combahee River. Captain Ely performed this duty
+with skill and success, was gone three days, and went entirely around
+some of the enemy's posts without revealing his presence to them.
+
+With the thorough knowledge of the enemy's defenses he had so carefully
+gained, General Stevens conceived the plan of moving suddenly by land
+and water upon the railroad, breaking it up irremediably by destroying
+every bridge for thirty miles, thus cutting the communication between
+the cities and threatening both, and then rapidly to countermarch the
+whole force to the ferry, Beaufort, or Broad River, embark on
+transports, and, reinforced by every available man of Sherman's command,
+to strike for Charleston by the inner waterways of the North Edisto,
+Wadmalaw, and Stono, thus completely turning the heavy harbor and sea
+defenses which protected the city against a front attack.
+
+He worked out the details of this movement against the railroad with
+great pains, knowing that he would have it to execute. He counted
+largely upon the flotilla of launches and flatboats, by means of which
+he would be enabled to throw strong forces up the rivers, and cut off
+and isolate every position and bridge in turn. Port Royal Ferry had
+demonstrated the practicability of thus moving troops by water, and had
+given them the idea. He had plenty of flats, great numbers of negroes
+trained to the oar, and there was no lack of good boatmen among the
+soldiers.
+
+The largest part of the attacking force was to be thrown directly on the
+railroad, moving simultaneously in two columns, one overland from Port
+Royal Ferry via Garden's Corners, the other ascending Broad and
+Pocotaligo rivers in flatboats, supported by naval launches and
+light-draught gunboats. Strong detachments were boldly to press the
+enemy's posts on the Coosawhatchie and Tulifiny, and be ready to join in
+the attack upon them later by the main force. A picked detachment was to
+ascend the Combahee in boats, carry the enemy's posts on that river and
+on the Ashepoo, and destroy the railroad bridges, and then, proceeding
+along the railroad, join and coöperate with the main column in
+destroying the bridge over the Pocotaligo, when the united force were to
+press southward down the railroad towards Savannah, sweeping everything
+clear beyond the Coosawhatchie, and leaving the railroad in smoking
+ruins for thirty miles.
+
+In connection with the siege of Pulaski, General Sherman desired to
+operate against Savannah. He complained that a combined movement in
+force upon that city planned by him in January was balked by the refusal
+of the navy to coöperate. Later, he was ordered by McClellan to abandon
+the design. Naturally impatient of delay, and anxious to achieve some
+success, he was ripe for new undertakings. As the fall of Pulaski was
+evidently impending, General Stevens unfolded his plan to General
+Sherman, and the two officers, in several long and confidential
+conferences, discussed it fully. General Sherman decided to adopt and
+carry it out as soon as the fall of Pulaski should free his whole force
+for the operation. Commodore Dupont also heartily entered into the plan,
+and was ready to give it all requisite naval support. Moreover, he
+proposed making a strong naval demonstration on Bull Bay, north of
+Charleston, in order still further to distract the enemy at the critical
+time.
+
+The objective point to be seized as the key to Charleston--the
+turning-point of the campaign--was known as Church Flats, situated on
+the stream extending from the Wadmalaw to the Stono River. From this
+point a good road led to Charleston, fourteen miles distant. The
+gunboats could approach within two miles of it. The movement of
+Sherman's entire force was to be so combined and timed that every
+effective man--Wright from Florida, Viele from Pulaski, Williams from
+Hilton Head, and Stevens's flying column fresh from their attack on the
+railroad, leaving ruined bridges and a beaten, disconcerted enemy behind
+it--was to be transported by water and thrown upon Church Flats. True,
+the point was fortified and garrisoned, but the navy would cover the
+landing, and afford support in case of repulse. A successful dash might
+take Charleston at a blow. Or, if a foothold only were gained, the army
+could force its way by the Stono, turn all the defenses on James Island
+and the harbor, and reduce or destroy the city from the banks of the
+Ashley. This movement was taking the enemy by the throat. The subsequent
+attacks on the sea front were taking the bull by the horns, and met the
+usual fate of that performance.
+
+Fort Pulaski fell April 11. With due allowance for preparation and
+delays, the railroad should have been destroyed and our army in
+possession of Church Flats by May 1. What means of defense had the enemy
+at this juncture? Lee had been sent to Virginia, and during the six
+weeks succeeding his departure Pemberton was stripped of regiment after
+regiment, dispatched to Richmond or to Corinth. About April 20 he
+withdrew all troops except the cavalry between the Ashepoo and Oketie
+for the defense of the two cities. "This," he reports, "will leave the
+line of the Charleston and Savannah Railroad with no other protection
+than what the cavalry companies can afford, which is altogether
+insufficient." At this time also he moved his headquarters from
+Pocotaligo to Charleston, and abandoned the defenses of Georgetown north
+of Charleston, removing the guns therefrom for the protection of the
+latter.
+
+Only four thousand men, under Colonel P.H. Colquitt, 46th Georgia,
+guarded the long and exposed line south of the Ashepoo clear to
+Savannah. Colquitt's headquarters, with his own regiment and two field
+batteries, were at Pocotaligo; the remainder of his force was scattered
+along the road.
+
+There were no obstructions yet planted in the Stono, except possibly at
+Church Flats, where, as late as April 29, Pemberton orders Evans, "Sink
+the obstructions at Church Flats immediately." The line of defenses
+across James Island was not commenced. The guns with which it was
+afterwards armed were in the exposed, advanced batteries on Cole and
+Battery islands, and must have been abandoned there.
+
+The returns of Pemberton's forces for May 11, 1862, give the effective
+force in his department:--
+
+          Georgia                            9,172
+          South Carolina                    18,514
+                                            ------
+                  Total                     27,686
+
+The South Carolina troops were disposed as follows:--
+
+  Charleston defenses, Brigadier-General Ripley               9750
+  James Island to the Ashepoo, Brigadier-General Evans        4883
+  Ashepoo to Savannah, Colonel Colquitt                       3881
+
+General Stevens's movement on the railroad, if successful, would
+effectually break up Colquitt's command, and prevent succor reaching the
+threatened point at Charleston from the troops at and about Savannah for
+at least a week, most probably two weeks; for they would have to be sent
+around by way of Augusta, Ga., and by this route the rail was not
+continuous, there being a gap of over forty miles.
+
+Consequently Pemberton's available force to resist the proposed movement
+would be reduced to Ripley's and Evans's commands, which mustered,--
+
+
+          Infantry                        10,477
+          Artillery                        3,032
+          Cavalry                          1,133
+                                          ------
+                  Total                   14,642
+
+Counting out the garrisons of the forts and batteries about the city and
+harbor, and on James, Cole, and Battery islands, it is clear that
+Pemberton could not possibly have concentrated over six or seven
+thousand troops to meet Sherman's advance on the Stono. In all
+probability he would not have had half that number at the critical point
+in time; for the vigor of the attack on the railroad, sweeping
+southward, would surely have impressed him that Savannah was in danger,
+causing him perhaps to hurry part of his troops to the relief of that
+city via Augusta, while Dupont's demonstration on Bull Bay would have
+still further distracted his attention from the real point of attack
+until too late.
+
+Returns of the Union forces for April 30 show present for duty some
+17,000, as follows:--
+
+      Brigadier-General Viele, Daufuskie, Bird and
+        Jones islands                                    3077
+      Brigadier-General Stevens, Beaufort                3881
+      Brigadier-General Wright, Edisto and Otter islands 3623
+      Brigadier-General Q.A. Gilmore, Fort Pulaski,
+        Tybee, and Cockspur                              2139
+      Colonel Robert Williams, Hilton Head               2987
+      Fernandina and St. Augustine, Florida              1194
+      Fort Seward, South Carolina, 92, and department
+        commander and staff, 16                           108
+                                                       ------
+              Total                                    16,988
+
+An effective force of 10,000 could have been formed from these troops
+and thrown upon the Stono. Sherman was a good and resolute soldier; his
+troops were in fine condition, and full of pluck and confidence. With
+Stevens and Wright to lead them, and the navy at his back, he would
+almost certainly have achieved success.[16]
+
+But this promising movement was nipped in the bud by the untimely and
+unexpected arrival of Major-General David Hunter to supersede Sherman.
+Brigadier-General H.W. Benham accompanied Hunter as a kind of second in
+command. In fact, both officers were _enfants terribles_, whom the
+administration exiled to South Carolina to get rid of. Hunter had just
+been relieved from commanding in Missouri for an act of insubordination
+in issuing an emancipation proclamation in defiance of orders; and
+Benham, fresh from skirmishes in West Virginia, was in Washington,
+claiming everything in the way of credit, and loudly importuning the
+government for high command, when they were ordered to South Carolina.
+
+Sherman turned over the command of the department, and sailed north on
+the 8th of April. Three days later Pulaski fell after a day and a half's
+bombardment, and Benham made haste to claim the credit of the
+achievement due to Sherman and Gilmore.
+
+General Hunter divided his department into the Northern and Southern
+Districts, and gave Benham the command of the former, comprising South
+Carolina, Georgia, and part of Florida, and nearly all the troops. About
+the middle of April General Wright returned from Florida with the
+greater part of his brigade, and took post on Edisto Island.
+
+Hunter, a sincere, earnest, and patriotic man, was absorbed in the
+political and humanitarian aspects of the great struggle. He lost no
+time in issuing another emancipation proclamation. "Martial law and
+slavery," so ran this unique document, "in a free country are altogether
+incompatible; the persons heretofore held as slaves are therefore
+declared forever free." The same day he issued the following order to
+the commanding officers of the several posts and islands: "Sir, you will
+send immediately to these headquarters, under guard, all able-bodied
+negroes capable of bearing arms within your lines." The six hundred
+forlorn and frightened darkeys, who next day were loaded on a steamer at
+Beaufort and shipped to Hilton Head, must have been sadly puzzled over
+their new-found forever freedom. But Hunter soon solved all doubts by
+throwing them into camp with uniforms on their backs, arms in their
+hands, white officers to drill them, black preachers to exhort them, and
+a cordon of white soldiers sentineling their camp to make sure they did
+not run away. Thus was raised the first negro regiment. Hunter, having
+proclaimed them free, felt no scruples in making them fight for freedom.
+
+General Stevens, after obeying the order with a promptness altogether
+unexpected by General Hunter, and for which he was totally unprepared,
+remonstrated against it in a letter to General Benham, his immediate
+commander:--
+
+  "1. There is very little material for soldiers in the able-bodied
+  men of color in this department. I have not yet been able to find a
+  single man who would venture alone inside the enemy's lines,
+  although I have diligently sought to find such a man. Occasionally a
+  negro has been used to accompany white men. They have great fear of
+  the prowess of their masters, and of white men generally. They have
+  the strongest local and domestic attachments, which make them very
+  reluctant to leave their homes.
+
+  "2: They can be used to very great advantage in connection with and
+  for the menial duties of the military service, and also as adjuncts
+  of existing organizations; thus, as quartermasters' employees, doing
+  all kinds of labor, from mechanical to the merest drudgery work. As
+  boatmen, also, and as laborers on the defensive works, as guides and
+  scouts, they can render most effective service, and should be
+  employed _as adjuncts of existing organizations_. In fixed batteries
+  they could do the heavy work, moving the guns, and carrying the shot
+  and shell. In engineering operations they could do the heavy labor,
+  even some of the hard lifting and carrying in managing the pontoon
+  equipage. Thus I conceive a great use can be made of the blacks in
+  our military operations in devolving upon them the menial duties,
+  and as strictly subordinate to existing organizations."
+
+These were precisely the views as to raising negro troops expressed not
+long afterwards by the distinguished general, W.T. Sherman.
+
+The remonstrance seems to have had some effect, for General Hunter
+telegraphed, and afterwards wrote, General Stevens to say to the negroes
+that they were sent for to receive their free papers, and would have a
+chance to volunteer, if they wished, and that those who did not wish to
+remain would be sent back to their homes. In fact, the regiment was
+disbanded not long afterwards.
+
+Another cause of anxiety to General Stevens was the delay of the Senate
+in confirming his appointment as brigadier-general. The confirmation was
+held up by Senator Wilson, of Massachusetts, chairman of the Military
+Committee, in consequence of numerous anonymous letters to him and other
+senators, written from the Department of the South, charging that
+General Stevens was unsound on the slavery question. But when General
+Sherman reached Washington and indignantly refuted these slanders,
+described the able handling of his troops at Port Royal Ferry, and the
+fine condition to which he had brought his brigade; and Messrs. Pierce,
+French, and Suydam, the treasury agents, abolitionists themselves, bore
+willing witness to his patriotic spirit and the ungrudging assistance
+he had given them,--Wilson assented to the confirmation. Senators
+Fessenden, John P. Hale, Rice, Nesmith, and others strongly stood up for
+him, and on April 12 it was made without further delay.
+
+  NOTE.--Admiral Dupont's fleet-captain, Charles Henry Davis, in a
+  letter written soon after the naval victory at Port Royal, declares
+  that the true way of attacking Charleston is "by lines of water
+  communication from St. Helena Sound; and, if you will observe, South
+  Edisto, North Edisto, and Stono rivers and inlets afford the means
+  of lateral support to an army moving towards Charleston by vessels
+  of the navy," etc. _Life of Charles Henry Davis, Rear Admiral_, p.
+  174.
+
+  On the arrival of the new commanders, the admiral, waiving rank in
+  order to expedite matters, consented to put himself in official
+  communication with General Benham; but he soon had occasion to call
+  General Hunter's attention to the tone and character of one of
+  Benham's letters, and to withdraw the concession.
+
+  In a subsequent letter to Hunter the admiral remarks: "I have,
+  however, to take exception to the attempt of General Benham to
+  attribute his inability to meet his own arrangements to any
+  shortcomings on my part." _Official Dispatches of Admiral Dupont_,
+  pp. 172-183.
+
+  [Illustration: LIEUT. WM. T. LUSK, LIEUT. ABRAHAM COTTRELL,
+                 ---- ----, MAJOR GEORGE S. KEMBLE, CAPT. B.F.
+                 PORTER, CAPT. HAZARD STEVENS, GENERAL
+                 STEVENS, LIEUT. BENJ. R. LYONS
+                 GENERAL STEVENS AND STAFF]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [16] The author was General Stevens's chief of staff, and was
+       confidentially informed and employed by him in all the details
+       of this plan of campaign against Charleston, and of the scouts
+       by Captain Elliott and others. Since the war he has gone over
+       the whole matter with General Thomas W. Sherman, who expressed
+       the utmost confidence in the proposed movement, and his lasting
+       regret that he was deprived of the opportunity of carrying it
+       out.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER LII
+
+                JAMES ISLAND CAMPAIGN AGAINST CHARLESTON
+
+
+General Hunter, busy in proclaiming martial law and freedom, and in
+raising a black army by conscription, with which he hoped to strike a
+blow into the vitals of the Confederacy in the future, decided for the
+present simply to maintain a defensive attitude.
+
+But Benham was greedy to signalize himself. His dense egotism and
+self-sufficiency rendered him almost incapable of listening to any
+suggestions, or even information, that did not originate with himself.
+The movement planned by General Stevens with so much care was rejected
+offhand by Benham. Yet he was extremely anxious to employ the troops in
+some offensive operation, and gave Hunter no peace on that point.
+
+Early in May Pemberton abandoned his works at the mouth of the Stono,
+dismantling them and removing the guns for the purpose of arming an
+inner line across James Island, which he was commencing, and which ran
+from Fort Johnson in the harbor to Fort Pemberton on the Stono, ten
+miles above its mouth, and the naval gunboats entered and took
+possession of the lower four miles of the river. Here Benham saw his
+chance. Hunter at length yielded to his importunity, and consented to a
+demonstration in force upon Charleston by way of James Island. Benham
+made the plan. One division of troops, under General Stevens, embarking
+on transports, were to go around by sea, enter the Stono, and debark on
+James Island. Another division, under General Wright, who was already
+on Edisto Island with four thousand troops, was to make a combined land
+and water movement over Edisto and John's islands, crossing the
+intervening bays and streams, and reach James Island simultaneously with
+Stevens. A prompt and successful attack upon the incomplete line of
+intrenchments across that island would place Charleston in our power.
+
+The plan was entirely practicable, but marred from the start by Benham's
+unfortunate talent for blundering. When he communicated the details of
+the movement to General Stevens, that officer pointed out to him that he
+was not allowing time enough for Wright to make the movement required of
+him, and reach James Island simultaneously with the other division, and
+that he would necessarily be a week later in arriving unless his orders
+were changed. Benham took this friendly advice in dudgeon. The orders
+were not changed, and Wright was just one week behind the appointed
+time, as predicted.
+
+As soon as he was informed of the intended movement, General Stevens
+earnestly urged Benham to inaugurate it by sending him to break up the
+railroad, as he had so long and so well planned, or, if not with the
+heavy force and thoroughness approved by General Sherman, at least to
+permit him to throw his own brigade upon it. In a personal interview he
+presented his views with such clearness and force that he actually
+obtained a reluctant consent from Benham to make the attack, but at the
+last moment he peremptorily countermanded the movement. Finally, to
+General Stevens's last earnest request by telegraph he would only
+consent that a demonstration might be made by the single regiment that
+was to be left to garrison Beaufort, the 50th Pennsylvania, stipulating,
+moreover, that it was to be back the same day it started on the raid.
+Accordingly the 50th, under Colonel Christ, supported by a company of
+the Highlanders and another of the Michiganders, a detachment of eighty
+men of the 1st Massachusetts cavalry under Major Henry L. Higginson, and
+a section of Rockwell's battery, advanced on May 29 to Pocotaligo, had a
+brisk skirmish with the enemy, driving him from his position, with a
+loss of two killed, six wounded, and two captured, and returned. The
+Union loss was two killed and nine wounded. How different this mere
+demonstration from the bold and crushing onslaught planned by General
+Stevens!
+
+General Rufus Saxton arrived at Beaufort to take charge of affairs there
+on General Stevens's departure. He was one of the army officers who took
+part in the Northern Pacific Railroad exploration under the latter, and
+had been warmly recommended by him, as an able and experienced officer,
+for appointment as brigadier-general, a recommendation which General
+Saxton declares was finally the cause of his obtaining the appointment;
+for, taking advanced views in favor of emancipating and elevating the
+slaves, he was chiefly supported by the abolitionists, and was
+considered a representative of that element. He brought with him a
+provost-marshal, who, when the troops were embarking, came on the wharf
+with a considerable guard, and summarily took from the hostler two
+horses belonging to Captain Stevens, claiming that, having been captured
+from the enemy, they were improperly held by that officer. They were, in
+fact, captured animals, but had been regularly appraised by a board of
+survey, and the value of them paid into the quartermaster's department.
+The troops on the vessel witnessed this seizure with no goodwill, for
+they all knew the horses, and one of the soldiers made haste to acquaint
+the owner with what was taking place. He, finding remonstrance useless
+and the captor determined to hold on to his prey, quietly stepped across
+the wharf to the steamboat alongside, crowded with troops, all
+interested spectators, and directed an officer of the 8th Michigan to
+take his company ashore, seize the horses, and put them on board. The
+order had scarcely left his lips when a hundred brawny fellows, musket
+in hand, leaped over the ship's rail and on the wharf, rescued the
+animals with no gentle hand, and drove the astonished and crestfallen
+provost-marshal and his myrmidons off the wharf. Of course he rushed to
+General Saxton, big with complaint, and the latter at once sought
+redress of General Stevens for the forcing of his provost-guard. But the
+latter in most emphatic terms rebuked the high-handed act of the
+over-zealous provost, and fully upheld his staff officer.
+
+Embarking the other three regiments of his brigade and Rockwell's
+battery, reduced to four guns, on June 1 General Stevens proceeded to
+Hilton Head, where he was joined by the 28th Massachusetts and 46th New
+York in transports, and on the 2d steamed by sea around to, and entered,
+the Stono, which was held by several gunboats, to a point above
+Grimball's plantation, which was six miles above the mouth. The
+transports anchored two miles below this point, and opposite a hamlet on
+John's Island known as Legareville. A strong picket was thrown ashore on
+James Island for the night, it being too late to land the troops. On the
+3d they were put on shore in small boats, which were insufficient in
+number, and made the landing slow and laborious. As soon as a few
+companies were ashore, General Stevens advanced with them, drove back
+the enemy, who were in considerable force, after a sharp action,
+captured three guns, which they were moving back to their inner line,
+and established his permanent picket line two and a half miles from the
+river, running diagonally across the island from Big Folly Creek to the
+Stono near Grimball's.
+
+The action perhaps merits a fuller account. A farm road led back from
+the river about two and a half miles to the bank of Big Folly Creek,
+where it passed along a row of negro quarters. Here, turning to the left
+or westward, it crossed a wide cotton-field, then traversed a strip of
+woods, then crossed a marsh and slough by a causeway and continued on
+across the island in a generally westward direction. Driving back the
+enemy, General Stevens occupied the negro quarters with six companies,
+two of the 28th Massachusetts on the right, then two of the Roundheads
+and two of the Highlanders on the left. Two more companies of the
+latter, as they came up, were posted farther to the left and front. The
+enemy held the woods in front, and both sides opened a brisk musketry
+fire across the broad intervening cotton-field. Some of their
+skirmishers got across the field far to the right of our position, and,
+under cover of the bushes which fringed the bank of the creek there,
+threatened the flank. To meet this danger, Captain Stevens stationed a
+platoon of the Roundheads a short distance to the right of the quarters,
+where they, too, had the cover of the bushes.
+
+Soon afterwards a column of the enemy, apparently a regiment, and which
+was in fact the Charleston battalion, the crack corps of the city,
+emerged from the woods, and advanced by the flank in column of fours,
+headed by a mounted officer. In this order they charged down the road
+across the field at the double-quick, and, notwithstanding the fire of
+the companies stationed at the negro quarters, which proved singularly
+ineffective, actually penetrated to the buildings; the 28th companies
+gave way, and for a moment they had the position. But the Roundheads
+held their ground, while the Highlanders charged them with the bayonet
+and drove them in confusion to the right, whence they escaped across the
+field to the woods. In the rush, however, they swept off and captured
+Captain Cline and part of his platoon, which was posted to protect the
+right flank. The Highlanders wounded and captured Lieutenant Henry
+Walker, adjutant of the battalion, in the mêlée. General Stevens
+immediately followed up this repulse by advancing his troops upon and
+through the woods, and to the other side of the marsh and causeway,
+forcing the enemy to abandon three pieces of artillery in his hasty
+retreat. The guns were hauled to camp in triumph. The enemy acknowledged
+a loss of seventeen wounded, one mortally, and one captured. His force
+consisted of the Marion Rifles, Pee Dee Rifles, Evans Guard, Sumter
+Guard, Beauregard Light Infantry, Charleston Riflemen, Irish Volunteers,
+Calhoun Guard, and Union Light Infantry, in all apparently nine
+companies. Yet all this array of chivalry did not save the guns they
+were sent to bring in.
+
+The picket line was posted along the front side of the woods, and on the
+edge of the marsh. The enemy's pickets held the other side of the marsh.
+There were several picket skirmishes during the next few days. The
+troops were kept well employed in landing stores, making camps, and on
+picket duty, awaiting the arrival of Wright's division.
+
+Benham was eager for General Stevens to make a dash upon the enemy's
+lines without waiting for the balance of his army, but hesitated to give
+the order. The latter, fearing most his commander's blundering
+precipitancy, in the following confidential note urged him to come to a
+speedy decision, representing that a day's preparation was absolutely
+essential:--
+
+                                  JAMES ISLAND, June 6, 1862.
+
+  DEAR GENERAL,--I understand your wish to be to make an armed
+  reconnoissance of the enemy's position, and if the result be
+  favorable, to follow it up by a dash, in order to seize James Island
+  below James River and Newton Cut.
+
+  We shall probably be as well able to make it day after to-morrow
+  (daylight) as at any other time.
+
+  Should you decide to make it day after to-morrow, it is of the first
+  consequence to make that decision without delay. It will require all
+  day to-morrow to prepare for it. I would suggest that not more than
+  three companies be left at Legareville; that everything else be
+  brought over to-morrow, including the six guns of Hamilton's
+  battery; that arrangements be made with the gunboats to open
+  cross-fires. The system of signals will require careful arrangement.
+
+  I desire that the dash be successful, and therefore I want to see
+  every man thrown in. But I desire particularly to express my
+  judgment that, in the present position of our troops, twenty-four
+  hours of vigorous work is absolutely essential in the way of
+  preparation.
+
+                                  Very truly yours,
+                                          ISAAC I. STEVENS.
+
+  BRIGADIER-GENERAL BENHAM.
+
+How completely this judicious caution as to the necessity of due
+preparation was thrown away upon the opinionated Benham was proved ten
+days later, but for the present he gave up the idea of a dash.
+
+In a letter to his wife, dated June 11, General Stevens gives expression
+to his disgust at the incompetents set over him:--
+
+  "I am not in very good spirits to-night, for the reason that I have
+  two commanders, Hunter and Benham, who are imbecile, vacillating,
+  and utterly unfit to command. Why it has been my fortune to be
+  placed in positions where I was of little account, and to be
+  subjected to such extreme mortification and annoyance, is beyond my
+  imagining. It may not even teach me patience. I shall, however, do
+  the best I can. If the authorities would send some man not
+  altogether incompetent, I should be better satisfied. Why can't
+  Mansfield be sent here, and both Hunter and Benham relieved? As for
+  myself, I am tabooed. No proper use is intended to be made of me,
+  and as everybody is in the humor to speak highly of my abilities, I
+  shall be held in part responsible for the follies of others. Benham
+  is an ass,--a dreadful man, of no earthly use except as a nuisance
+  and obstruction."
+
+A few days later he writes:--
+
+  "We are now attempting an enterprise for which our force is entirely
+  inadequate. The want of a proper commander is fearful. We shall try
+  to prevent any disaster occurring. This is all I can say at
+  present."
+
+On the 8th Wright's division reached Legareville, and was occupied the
+next two days in crossing the river, and taking a position at
+Grimball's, a mile and a half above General Stevens's camp. Colonel
+Robert Williams went into camp with his 1st Massachusetts cavalry just
+below Wright. The 7th Connecticut, which came with the overland column,
+joined General Stevens's division.
+
+Wright's delay was caused by the inadequacy of the water transportation,
+especially boats, furnished him. It was found an exceedingly slow and
+laborious operation to transfer troops, guns, and horses from shore to
+ship, and from ship to shore, in a few small boats. There were no
+wharves, and the landing-places were narrow and swampy. It was only by
+the greatest exertions, working his command night and day, that he was
+able to accomplish in a week the movement which Benham expected made in
+a day. Yet Benham, blind to the energetic and loyal character of Wright
+and the strenuous exertions of his troops on this march, never forgave
+that officer for the delay. Utterly unaccustomed to the command and
+handling of troops, and swollen with new-found authority, he ever deemed
+his loud and peremptory "Those are my orders, sir," an equivalent to
+that painstaking attention to details and to means which Napoleon and
+Wellington and all great soldiers have found indispensable.
+
+The army now assembled numbered about twelve thousand, and was organized
+in two divisions and an independent brigade, as follows:--
+
+
+  First Division, Brigadier-General H.G. Wright.
+  First Brigade, Colonel J.L. Chatfield.
+    6th Connecticut, Colonel J.L. Chatfield.
+    47th New York, Colonel P.C. Kane.
+    97th Pennsylvania, Colonel H.R. Guss.
+
+  Second Brigade, Colonel Thomas Welsh.
+    45th Pennsylvania, Colonel Thomas Welsh.
+    76th Pennsylvania, Colonel J.M. Power.
+
+  Battery E, 3d U.S. artillery, Captain John Hamilton.
+
+  Second Division, Brigadier-General Isaac I. Stevens.
+  First Brigade, Colonel William M. Fenton.
+    8th Michigan, Lieutenant-Colonel Frank Graves.
+    28th Massachusetts, Lieutenant-Colonel M. Moore.
+    7th Connecticut, Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph R. Hawley.
+
+  Second Brigade, Colonel Daniel Leasure.
+    79th Highlanders, Lieutenant-Colonel David Morrison.
+    100th Pennsylvania, Major David A. Lecky.
+    46th New York, Colonel Rudolph Rosa.
+    1st Connecticut Battery, Captain A.P. Rockwell.
+
+  Independent Brigade, Colonel Robert Williams.
+
+    1st Massachusetts cavalry, Lieut.-Col. H.B. Sargent.
+    3d R.I. heavy artillery (infantry), Major E. Metcalf.
+    3d New Hampshire, Colonel J.H. Jackson.
+    1st New York engineers, Colonel E.W. Serrell.
+
+All this time the enemy were concentrating and working like beavers on
+their new line of works across the island. In advance of the left of the
+line, at the narrowest neck of a peninsula formed by two inlets
+extending from Big Folly Creek, they had previously erected a strong
+work, known as Battery or Fort Lamar. It was a hundred yards long in
+front, and completely blocked the neck from shore to shore, so that it
+was impossible to turn or flank it. It had a wide and deep ditch, and a
+heavy parapet sixteen feet in height above the general level of the
+grounds and twenty-four feet above the bottom of the ditch, and
+extended back on both flanks along the inlets. It mounted eight heavy
+guns, viz., an 8-inch columbiad, two rifled 24-pounders, four
+18-pounders, and a 15-inch mortar, and protected the whole left of their
+line with a flank fire. The front was well covered by abattis, except at
+the left angle, where a cart road ran along the left flank a hundred
+yards, then passing inside and to the rear.[17] In front of the fort the
+peninsula rapidly widened out. The ground was in old cotton-fields, open
+and level, except for the high ridges and deep furrows resulting from
+that crop. About five hundred yards in front of the fort a hedge and
+ditch extended across the peninsula, separating field from field; and
+five hundred yards farther another hedge-row and ditch separated the
+second field from the road already mentioned. Both sides of the neck
+were skirted with bushes along the banks of the inlets, a light fringe
+on the eastward or left, a thicker fringe, affording some cover, on the
+west side. The ground rose immediately behind the work, overlooking it,
+and was covered with a growth of pine timber, above which uprose a tall,
+skeleton signal tower. The peninsula was known as Secessionville Neck,
+from the landing-place of that name on its extremity.
+
+Half a mile to the right of Battery Lamar, on the main line, was Battery
+Reed, mounting two 24-pounders, and commanding the ground in front of
+the former with a searching cross-fire.
+
+There was also a floating battery, mounting two guns, moored in the
+inlet to the left rear of the fort.
+
+These works were continually shelling our pickets. The camps were beyond
+their range. In order to answer them General Stevens was allowed by
+Benham to erect a battery of three 24-pounder siege-guns on the point
+nearest the enemy's fort, and half a mile to the right of the negro
+quarters already mentioned. The battery was situated some two hundred
+yards from the extreme point, and on the bank of Big Folly Creek, and
+partially screened by the bushes there. It was well built, with heavy
+parapet and traverse, and the detachment of Roundheads who manned the
+guns soon felt quite secure. When it opened on the fort, it evidently
+caused some perturbation among the enemy. For some time a lively
+interchange of missiles was kept up. Our shells set fire to the floating
+battery, and the next night it was moved farther down the inlet. The
+Union battery could be approached on foot under cover of the bushes
+which lined the bank of the creek, but to reach it on horseback it was
+necessary to ride down the field in open view of the hostile work, and a
+group of horsemen was pretty sure to draw their fire.
+
+A few days after the battery was completed, General Benham, accompanied
+by General Stevens and quite a cavalcade of their respective staffs,
+rode out to inspect the picket line. As they were returning by the road
+towards the negro quarters, Benham expressed a wish to visit the
+battery, and turned his horse to ride towards it. General Stevens
+suggested that it would be better to approach the battery on foot under
+cover of the bushes, as the enemy would probably fire on so large a
+party in the open field. Benham repelled the suggestion with a rude
+exclamation, and continued to ride towards the battery. General Stevens,
+of course, kept his place by his side without further comment, and the
+staffs and orderlies followed as in duty bound. As soon as the
+cavalcade emerged beyond the shelter of the woods, and came in view of
+the fort, a puff of smoke dashed from its side, and one of those
+shrieking shells hurtled just overhead and struck with a splash in the
+creek. Benham instantly pulled up, stared around bewildered a moment,
+and, wheeling his horse short about, hastily rode back behind the
+friendly screen and shelter of the woods, followed by his staff. General
+Stevens, ignoring this manoeuvre, kept quietly on at a moderate trot,
+followed by his staff, and all soon reached the welcome battery
+unharmed, although several more shells were fired at them.
+
+On the 8th the 46th New York and one company of the 1st Massachusetts
+cavalry, under Colonel J.H. Morrow, of Hunter's staff, made a
+reconnoissance to the enemy's right through the woods above Grimball's,
+but, meeting a heavy force of skirmishers, retired without seeing the
+works. That same afternoon General Stevens sent Captain Stevens of his
+staff, accompanied by Lieutenant P.H. O'Rourke of the engineers, with a
+company of the 3d New Hampshire, under Captain M.T. Donohoe (afterwards
+General Donohoe), to reconnoitre the fort at Secessionville. The enemy's
+pickets were driven in, four of them captured; half the company, in
+skirmish order, approached the fort to within six or seven hundred
+yards, while the other half moved down the road to the left. Though
+subjected to a brisk shell-fire, and the fire of the pickets, not a man
+was touched. The character of the ground in front of the fort was
+ascertained, and the little party withdrew deliberately.
+
+On the 10th the 13th Georgia, under cover of the woods, the pickets not
+being sufficiently advanced, got close to Wright's camp, and opened a
+sudden and furious attack upon it. They were repulsed in short order,
+with severe loss, by Wright's troops, aided by the fire of the
+gunboats.
+
+  [Illustration: HEADQUARTERS, JAMES ISLAND]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [17] The Confederate major, Pressley, who went over the ground just
+       after the assault to be related in the next chapter, thus
+       describes Fort Lamar, in _Southern Historical Society Papers_,
+       vol. xvi.: "The work across the neck of the Secessionville
+       peninsula was about fifty yards in length, and was a very
+       well-constructed line of intrenchments. The ramparts were about
+       fifteen feet from the level of the ground. There was a ditch in
+       front about ten to fifteen feet in width. The exterior slope
+       was so nearly perpendicular that it was impossible to get up in
+       front without scaling-ladders. The enemy were not provided with
+       these."
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER LIII
+
+                         BATTLE OF JAMES ISLAND
+
+
+Meantime Benham was chafing at the helpless and ignominious position in
+which he found himself. At the head of twelve thousand fine troops,
+within six miles of Charleston, he was confronted by a formidable line
+of works, and had received positive orders from Hunter not to fight a
+battle. For several days he contemplated a movement towards the enemy's
+right, and issued some preliminary orders to that end. General Stevens
+thought an attempt should have been made in that direction as soon as
+Wright's division arrived. General Wright agreed that, if any part of
+the line was to be attempted, it should be the right. Both judged the
+left impracticable, resting as it did on the water, and covered by the
+advanced flanking fort at Secessionville.
+
+General Hunter returned to Hilton Head for a short visit. In his
+absence, in an evil hour General Benham took it into his head that he
+might take the Secessionville fort. Its guns were shelling our pickets,
+and even the commanding general himself, when he ventured within range.
+They could almost reach Wright's camp. He resolved upon this attempt as
+precipitantly, and as regardless of the difficulties, as was his wont.
+On the evening of the 15th be summoned his subordinate commanders on
+board his headquarters steamer. There assembled Generals Stevens,
+Wright, and Williams. Captain Percival Drayton, commanding the naval
+force, was also present. To them Benham announced his decision: General
+Stevens to assault the fort before daylight with his division, Wright
+and Williams to support, the navy to coöperate. This announcement,
+coming at nine o'clock at night, for such an attack before daylight the
+next morning, without any previous notice or chance for preparation,
+must have taken them aback.
+
+General Wright couched an emphatic protest in the diplomatic form of
+questions to General Stevens:--
+
+  "Have you impaired the strength of the enemy's works at
+  Secessionville by the firing of your battery?"
+
+  "Not in the least," replied General Stevens; "I have driven the
+  enemy from his guns by my fire, and I can do it again, but as soon
+  as the fire ceases he returns. I have not dismounted a gun, and we
+  shall find him in the morning as strong as ever."
+
+  "Do you know of any instance where volunteer troops have
+  successfully stormed works as strong as those which defend the
+  approach to Secessionville?"
+
+  "I know of no such instance."
+
+  "Have you any reason to believe that the result in the present case
+  will be different in its character from what it has invariably been
+  heretofore?"
+
+  "I have no reason to expect a different result. It is simply a bare
+  possibility to take the work."
+
+  "There, general," said General Wright, turning to Benham, "you have
+  my opinion."
+
+In this General Williams concurred.
+
+General Stevens states in a letter to General Hunter, written on July 8,
+soon after the battle:--
+
+  "I then proceeded to state with all possible emphasis my objections
+  to this morning attack. I urged that it should be deferred to a much
+  later period in the day; that we should first shake the _morale_ of
+  the garrison, and endeavor to weaken its defenses by a continuous
+  fire of the battery and of our gunboats; that in the mean time we
+  should carefully survey the ground and prepare our troops, and make
+  the attack when the battery and gunboats had had the desired effect.
+  I closed by saying that under such circumstances I could do more
+  with two thousand men than I could with three thousand men in the
+  way he proposed. General Wright, moreover, warned General Benham
+  that his orders were in fact orders to fight a battle. In this
+  General Williams and myself in express terms concurred. General
+  Benham, however, overruled all our objections, and premptorily
+  ordered the attack to be made.
+
+  "I assured him, as did the other gentlemen, that he should rely upon
+  my promptitude and activity in obeying his orders, but I considered
+  myself as obeying orders to which I had expressed the strongest
+  possible objections, and I therefore determined there should not be
+  the least want of energy or promptitude on my part."
+
+With this the conference broke up, and the officers hastened ashore to
+their respective commands to prepare for the arduous task of the morrow.
+
+General Stevens at once ordered his troops to be in readiness at the
+advanced camps, two miles from the river, at two A.M., with sixty rounds
+of ammunition and twenty-four hours' cooked rations. Captain Strahan's
+company, I, 3d Rhode Island, was detailed from Wright's division to
+relieve the detachment of Roundheads in the three-gun battery. Over
+three hundred of that regiment were out on the widely extended picket
+line. Ordered to assemble and join their regiment, only one hundred and
+thirty of the number succeeded in reaching it in time to take part in
+the action, and then only after it had come under fire, so scanty and
+inadequate was the time allowed for preparation. Two companies of the
+28th Massachusetts were on fatigue duty and had to be left behind. The
+7th Connecticut, moreover, had been on severe fatigue duty the three
+previous nights, and were much jaded.
+
+At the hour fixed, the troops were at the appointed place. Before 3.30
+A.M. the column was advanced two miles farther to the outer pickets, and
+was arranged in the following order:--
+
+Lieutenant Benjamin R. Lyons, aide-de-camp, with a negro guide, led the
+storming party, which consisted of two companies of the 8th Michigan,
+commanded respectively by Captains Ralph Ely and Richard N. Doyle,
+followed by Captain Alfred F. Sears's company, E, Serrell's New York
+engineers.
+
+Then followed Fenton's first brigade, comprising the 8th Michigan,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Frank Graves; the 7th Connecticut, Lieutenant-Colonel
+Joseph R. Hawley; and the 28th Massachusetts, Lieutenant-Colonel
+McClellan Moore.
+
+Then Rockwell's battery of four guns.
+
+Then Colonel Leasure's second brigade, consisting of the Highlanders,
+Lieutenant-Colonel David Morrison; the Roundheads, Major David A. Lecky;
+and the 46th New York, Colonel Rudolph Rosa.
+
+Captain L.M. Sargent, with his Company H, 1st Massachusetts cavalry,
+twenty-eight men, brought up the rear.
+
+The attacking column numbered not exceeding 2900 officers and men, as
+shown by the following return:--
+
+                                                Officers.  Men.   Total.
+  General and staff                                9        6      15
+  First brigade:--
+    8th  Michigan                                 25      509     534
+    7th Connecticut                               25      573     598
+    28th Massachusetts                            20      416     436
+  Second brigade:--
+    79th Highlanders                              24      460     484
+    100th Pennsylvania                            21      230     251
+    46th New York                                 22      452     474
+  Rockwell's battery, four guns                    4       73      77
+  Sears's company, E, 1st New York engineers       2       59      61
+  Sargent's company, H, 1st Mass. cavalry          2       28      30
+                                                 ---     ----    ----
+          Aggregate                              154     2806    2960
+
+  [Illustration: BATTLE OF JAMES ISLAND, JUNE 16, 1862]
+
+General Stevens gave the most explicit orders, reiterated in person to
+the several commanders, that the troops were to preserve strict silence,
+no stop to be made after passing the enemy's pickets; to form forward
+into line on reaching the fields in front of the fort; regiment to
+follow regiment and storm the work; not to fire a shot but rely
+exclusively on the bayonet, the muskets to be loaded but not capped. The
+idea impressed upon all was simply to assault the work in column of
+regiments, without an instant's pause after alarming the enemy's
+pickets, and take it with the bayonet.
+
+Just before four A.M. the column moved forward on the road already
+described, and crossed the marsh by the causeway. Here a section of
+Rockwell's guns dropped out, and fell in again behind the second
+brigade. No opposition was encountered until the first house beyond our
+lines was reached, when the enemy's pickets fired, wounding five men of
+the storming party, and fled; but an officer and three men of their
+number were captured. The road was found blocked with felled timber, but
+the column without any delay advanced through the fields alongside the
+road until past the obstruction, and reached the open fields in front of
+the fort at 4.15 A.M., just as day was breaking. The storming party and
+the 8th Michigan filed into the field through an opening in the hedge
+and ditch which bordered the road, formed forward into line without a
+pause, and advanced steadily in excellent order over the uneven, deeply
+furrowed ground, soon surmounted the second ditch and hedge, and swept
+onward across the field next the work. The enemy were seen hastily
+forming on the parapet; their commander, Colonel Lamar, rushing to the
+gun half dressed, fired the great columbiad, heavily charged with grape,
+which tore a great gap through the advancing line, and they immediately
+opened with a storm of grape and canister from the guns, and a rapid and
+deadly fire of musketry along the whole front. Closing their ranks
+without break or pause, the gallant Michiganders pushed on, the
+storming party forty yards in advance, strewing the ground at every step
+with their dead and wounded. As they reached the ditch, Lieutenant Lyons
+dashed forward crying, "Come on, boys!" was the first man across the
+ditch, and fell half way up the parapet with a shattered arm. Many of
+the brave fellows who survived the murderous fire resolutely pressed on,
+gained the parapet, and poured their fire into the defenders behind it,
+who visibly gave back. Captain Reed, of the 1st South Carolina
+artillery, was killed at the gun he was serving by a Union captain, who
+was in turn immediately shot down. But the enemy rallied, the supports
+in the grove of pines in rear of the work poured in a deadly fire, and
+the brave stormers on the parapet, too few in number, soon melted away.
+The few survivors were forced to give back, and, throwing themselves on
+the ground, sheltered themselves as best they could behind the cotton
+ridges, from which they opened a fire on the fort with their muskets.
+
+Meantime the 7th Connecticut and 28th Massachusetts, following close
+upon the 8th Michigan, turned into the field, deployed in like manner,
+and moved forward. Unfortunately they inclined a little to the left, and
+after crossing the second hedge the heavy grape and canister and
+musketry of the fort cut them up severely, and drove them still farther
+to the left, where they became disordered, and entangled in the bushes
+and broken ground bordering the marsh on that side. Lieutenant-Colonel
+Hawley tried to straighten out his regiment, setting up his colors in
+the field, and moved it to the rear and to the right, when he was
+ordered by Colonel Fenton to move still farther to the right, and
+advance again on the fort. The 28th Massachusetts, although considerably
+scattered, moved forward under cover of the bushes until they
+encountered an inlet of the marsh and the abattis of slashed trees,
+when they fell back under cover.
+
+By this time Leasure's brigade was up, and, directed by General Stevens
+in person, advanced straight on the fort, regiment after regiment,
+deploying as they advanced. The Highlanders moved forward in fine order,
+followed by the Roundheads, taking ground a little more to the left.
+Crossing the second hedge, they came under the terrible fire of canister
+which struck the left of the Highlanders and the centre of the
+Roundheads, literally cutting the latter in two. The Highlanders pushed
+steadily forward, supported by the right wing of the Roundheads, passing
+the 7th Connecticut as Hawley was endeavoring to lead it to the right as
+directed by Fenton, struck the work at the angle on its left (our
+right), and, led by the gallant Morrison, plunged across the ditch, and
+clambered up the steep parapet; many of the defenders ran back, and
+again the fort seemed won. But again the musketry from the sharpshooters
+on the flanks and rear cut down the brave Scotsmen; a bullet grazed
+Morrison's temple, inflicting a serious wound, and he and the half score
+survivors of the brave band that so gallantly gained the parapet were
+forced to leap down again. But they did not return empty handed.
+Morrison brought out a prisoner at the muzzle of his revolver. The
+capture of another was even more daring. A rebel soldier sprang upon the
+parapet in his eagerness, and aimed his musket at one of the assailants,
+scrambling up the steep and lofty bank, but the Highlander, making a
+tremendous leap, dashed aside the weapon, seized his antagonist in his
+arms, and rolled with him to the bottom of the ditch, where he was
+forced to surrender.
+
+While the Highlanders were thus storming the work, the left wing of the
+Roundheads, with some of the Highlanders, cut off and driven to the left
+by the terrible hail which smote them, yet pushed determinedly on. They
+ran over or through the 7th Connecticut as that regiment was moving out
+into the field, as already narrated, throwing it into some confusion,
+and dashed themselves against the fort. But here the front was well
+protected by abattis, and afforded no opening. The Reed battery raked
+them terribly. The men fell by scores, the line lost its impetus, and
+the survivors threw themselves on the ground behind the cotton-ridges
+for shelter.
+
+The 46th New York was double-quicked the last half mile of the road,
+conducted across the first field and through the farther hedge, and
+ordered forward. Its course, like that of the 7th Connecticut and 28th
+Massachusetts, bore too much to the left, and like them it became
+entangled in the bushes on that side. Here portions of the 7th
+Connecticut and 28th Massachusetts, retreating, broke through the 46th,
+carrying back fifty men of that regiment. There they stayed, suffering
+considerably from grape, until the advanced regiments moved back, when
+they also withdrew to the hedge.
+
+While the attack was making, Rockwell planted three guns of his battery
+well forward and to the left in the first field, and maintained as
+constant a fire of shells upon the fort as the movement of our troops
+admitted. His fourth gun was posted on the road to guard the left rear.
+Captain Sears aided Rockwell's guns across the hedge and ditch and high
+ridges, and later cleared out the felled trees from the road in rear.
+
+General Stevens, from his position in the first field, had a clear view
+of every movement. Lieutenant Lyons and other wounded officers brought
+discouraging reports. Seeing plainly that the assailants were all driven
+from the parapet, and that the attacking force was completely scattered
+and had in a manner disappeared, he was satisfied the attack had failed.
+With instant decision he ordered the troops to fall back, and reform
+behind the hedges. Captain Stevens was sent with the order. On reaching
+the front of the fort not a line, or semblance of one, could be seen,
+except about forty men standing in the field within a hundred yards of
+the work. Besides the dead and wounded, the ground was covered with
+blue-clad men, crouching down between the ridges, many of whom were
+firing on the work. A heavy hail of musketry came from it, or from the
+pine grove and cover behind it. The guns fired only at intervals.
+Captain Stevens did not see a mounted officer, nor a single color,
+except perhaps one with the scanty line referred to, nor a single man
+running away. Riding to this line, he found Lieutenant-Colonel Hawley
+and two officers on the right of it, endeavoring to cheer on the men.
+The line had stopped. The men were dropping fast, some stricken down,
+others voluntarily for shelter in the deep furrows; two were knocked
+over within arm's length as he delivered the order.
+
+Hawley at once about-faced his line and moved back. Then a most
+remarkable sight was observed. The men of his regiment, lying between
+the ridges, rose to their feet, and hastened to form on either flank of
+the line, which rapidly grew and lengthened out as it withdrew. Then
+another and another and another line rose out of the ground in like
+manner, and in a few minutes the four regiments, which had so gallantly
+dashed themselves against the fort, were moving back in four well-formed
+lines with colors flying, and men rising from all parts of the field and
+running to form on their respective regiments; but, alas, how reduced
+and scanty were they as compared with the strong, brave regiments which
+so proudly entered that fatal field barely a half hour before, where six
+hundred brave men now lay weltering in their blood!
+
+The withdrawn regiments were halted behind the second hedge and
+straightened out. As soon as the troops could be seen moving back,
+Captain Strahan opened on the fort. Two of his guns were soon disabled,
+and he lost a sergeant killed, but with the remaining gun he kept up a
+well-directed and regular fire until the close of the battle. The
+gunboats Ellen and Hale, moving up Big Folly Creek, now began throwing
+shells at the long range of over two miles, some of which fell in the
+fields, greatly endangering our own men; but, guided by the signal
+officers, Lieutenant Henry S. Tafft on shore and Lieutenant O.H. Howard
+on the Ellen, the subsequent fire was more accurately directed upon the
+fort. The distance, however, was too great, and the shells too few, to
+produce much effect.
+
+According to the plan, while General Stevens's division was assaulting
+the fort, Wright and Williams, moving together from Grimball's, were to
+act as a support to the former, protecting his left and rear from an
+attack by the enemy from his main line. Williams's brigade comprised
+five companies of the 3d Rhode Island, the 3d New Hampshire, six
+companies of the 97th Pennsylvania, and a section of Battery E, 3d
+United States artillery.
+
+Wright had of his own division, of Chatfield's brigade, two companies of
+the 6th Connecticut and eight companies of the 47th New York; and of
+Walsh's brigade, six companies of the 45th Pennsylvania, three companies
+of Serrell's New York engineers, and besides these the other two
+sections of Hamilton's battery, E, and two squadrons of the 1st
+Massachusetts cavalry. These organizations were mere skeletons, and
+numbered about two thousand seven hundred effective. The remaining
+troops were left on picket, and to guard the camps.
+
+Wright moved soon after three A.M. to, and formed under cover of, the
+woods one mile in front of his camp. Hearing a few shots on his right
+front, he rightly judged that Stevens's column was advancing, and at
+once moved forward. By this time daylight was upon him. Now he was
+joined by General Benham, who assumed command, leaving Wright
+responsible for only his own skeleton division. Moving rapidly to the
+front, Wright soon placed his troops in position fronting the enemy's
+main line, and maintained substantially this position until ordered to
+withdraw, throwing the 47th New York to the left, and advancing a
+section of Hamilton's battery, which opened a sharp fire.
+
+Before reaching this position General Benham received a message from
+General Stevens asking immediate support, and ordered Williams to move
+forward and report to him. Reaching the field just as the assaulting
+column was falling back and reforming behind the hedges, and ordered by
+General Stevens to push in on his left, and do the best in concert with
+him that the ground would admit of, Williams threw the 3d New Hampshire
+forward beyond, or on our left of the marsh and inlet which covered the
+flank of the fort on that side, with the view of taking it in flank, and
+supported it with the battalion of the 3d Rhode Island. The 97th
+Pennsylvania he posted on the left of General Stevens's reforming
+regiments. The two former advanced with great bravery and steadiness, so
+far that they actually poured a telling fire into the flank of the fort,
+and the garrison was manifestly shaken. For half an hour they maintained
+the contest, sustaining unflinchingly a severe fire from the fort and
+the 4th Louisiana battalion, which hastened to reinforce it, raked by
+the Reed battery on the left and smitten in the rear by Boyce's field
+battery. The 3d Rhode Island was thrown to the left against the latter.
+It encountered three companies of the 24th South Carolina, drove them
+back, and struck the 25th and 1st South Carolina, which supported
+Boyce's guns, and were protected by a patch of felled timber, and
+maintained an unequal contest with them until ordered to withdraw.
+
+Meantime General Stevens, with the greatest possible rapidity, was
+advancing his regiments as fast as reorganized to the farther hedge, the
+one nearest the fort, where they found cover in the ditch. The sun had
+cleared away the morning clouds, and now shone bright and clear. It was
+a beautiful and inspiriting sight to see each regiment move forward
+across the wide field in well-dressed line with colors flying, unheeding
+the shell and grape which hurtled past or overhead. Rockwell dashed his
+guns up to the same line nearly, and in the open field maintained a
+rapid and steady fire on the fort, only five hundred yards distant.
+Strahan plied his single gun, and the occasional heavy shells from the
+gunboats burst over the work with a deeper roar. Sharpshooters, as well
+as the advanced men who still clung close up to the fort, kept the
+parapet tolerably clear, but the fort was no whit silenced. The grape
+fell in frequent showers. Notwithstanding the severe losses the men were
+not discouraged, but were as determined and confident as before.
+Stimulated by the volleys and cheers of Williams's troops, they were
+ready, nay eager, to be led to the assault the second time. General
+Stevens sent word to Benham that his whole division was in the advanced
+position, reformed and ready, and that he would attack again as soon as
+Williams's movement produced its effect.
+
+Just as he was about to give the order to advance, the firing on the
+left slackened and ceased, and Williams's troops were seen moving back.
+Benham, as hasty and ill judged in abandoning the field as he was
+precipitate and obstinate in ordering the assault, had ordered them to
+retreat. On the left were heard the rebel cheers. In front the fort
+redoubled its fire.
+
+Soon afterwards General Benham ordered General Stevens to withdraw his
+column to camp. Wright and Williams had already fallen back. The former
+is particular to state in his report that "the withdrawal from the field
+of both columns was ordered by General Benham." General Stevens withdrew
+his forces without loss and unopposed. Even the advanced men were all
+brought off. Lieutenant H.G. Belcher, of the 8th Michigan, took them the
+order, and, working over singly to the left, they got under cover of the
+bushes on that side and thus withdrew. The enemy attempted no pursuit,
+and by ten A.M. the entire force was back in camp.
+
+Thus ended the battle of James Island or Secessionville, the culmination
+of crass obstinacy and folly. Benham, who, deaf to the orders of his
+commander, deaf to the warnings of Wright, deaf to Stevens's earnest
+entreaties to be allowed to attack later in the day and after due
+preparation, had so rashly and obstinately forced the fight,--this very
+Benham shrank from the shock of battle, and ordered the retreat when
+victory was within his grasp.
+
+The enemy's forces upon James Island were commanded by General N.G.
+Evans, and numbered certainly not less than 9000 effective. Colonel T.G.
+Lamar commanded the fort and was severely wounded. He had two companies,
+B and I, of his own regiment, the 1st South Carolina artillery, the 1st
+South Carolina or Charleston and 9th South Carolina or Pee Dee
+battalions, four officers and one hundred picked men of the 22d South
+Carolina, and three officers and presumably the crew of the floating
+battery, which had been withdrawn from the fire of the three-gun battery
+a few days before. All these commands must have numbered at least 800,
+although Colonel Lamar reports that his force did not exceed 500 until
+reinforced. He was soon reinforced by the 4th Louisiana battalion,
+numbering 250, and later by the balance of the 22d South Carolina, so
+that he must have had at least 1500 men before the action closed. The
+losses in these commands amounted to 172, of which the original garrison
+suffered 144, an unusually heavy loss behind strong works, viz.:
+Charleston battalion, 42; 1st South Carolina artillery, 55; Pee Dee
+battalion, 29; detachment 22d South Carolina, 18; total, 144. The loss
+of the 1st South Carolina artillery, 55, would indicate that more than
+two companies were in the fort.
+
+Colonel Lamar reports that he was expecting an attack, having a
+detachment at each gun, and the alarm was given when the pickets were
+driven in; yet the assaulting column advanced so rapidly that it was
+within seven hundred yards when he reached the battery, and much nearer
+when in person he fired the 8-inch columbiad heavily charged with grape,
+which he says broke the leading regiment, cutting it completely in two.
+
+The other Confederate troops engaged were the 1st, 24th, and 25th South
+Carolina, Boyce's field battery, and Company H, 1st South Carolina
+artillery, which manned the Reed battery. General Evans ordered up the
+47th and 51st Georgia to support his right. His force, engaged and on
+the field, numbered 4500 effective, besides which were plenty of other
+troops available on the main works.
+
+The Confederate loss all told was 204.
+
+The Union loss aggregated 685, of which Stevens's column suffered 529;
+Williams's brigade, 152; Wright's division, four.
+
+The 8th Michigan lost 185 out of 534, or thirty per cent.; 13 out of 22
+officers who went into the fight, including every officer of the
+storming party, were killed or wounded. The Highlanders lost 110 out of
+484, notwithstanding which they withdrew in good order, and brought off
+60 of their wounded, some of their dead, and their two prisoners. These
+losses would have been much greater had it not been for the partial
+shelter afforded by the cotton-ridges, and the fire of the men behind
+them, which kept down that of the fort. But the loss of the garrison is
+unparalleled behind such works, and shows the desperate nature of the
+fighting.
+
+The nearest parallel to this assault afforded by the war was that on
+Fort Saunders at Knoxville, where the Highlanders had their revenge.
+They manned the exposed salient of the fort when Longstreet tried to
+carry it by storm, November 29, 1863. This work was not so strong either
+in profile or position as Fort Lamar. It was subjected to a severe
+shelling and fire of sharpshooters, and then three veteran brigades,
+fifteen regiments, rushed upon both faces of the salient angle. The
+Highlanders and Benjamin's Battery E, of the 2d artillery, repulsed
+every attack. No enemy raised his head above the parapet and lived. And
+in the midst of the fight, amid the noise and fury of battle, as the
+Highlanders plied their muskets and rolled by hand 20-pounder shells
+with fuses cut short and lighted into the ditch, filled with the
+struggling mass of men, the Highlanders grimly passed the word along the
+line, "Remember James Island! Remember James Island!"
+
+The Highlanders here lost four killed and five wounded. The entire loss
+in the fort was inconsiderable. The enemy lost 813 men, three flags, and
+600 small-arms. This would seem almost incredible, were it not attested
+by the official reports, both Union and Confederate.
+
+Why the assault failed, it is not far to seek. The principal cause was
+the strength of the work, manned as it was by a resolute garrison, and
+the destructive fire of its heavy guns. Although the alarm was given by
+the outposts nearly a mile from the work, the column reached it upon the
+heels of the fleeing picket, and was actually within five hundred yards
+before the first gun could be fired. But this gun, an 8-inch columbiad
+charged with grape, shattered the centre of the leading regiment,
+cutting it completely in two. Then the canister from the big howitzer
+and other guns doubly decimated them, yet the brave fellows gained the
+parapet. Had the next two regiments, the 7th Connecticut and 28th
+Massachusetts, following close upon the Michiganders as ordered, joined
+them at this instant, the work would undoubtedly have been taken. But
+they were green troops, never having been under fire; the 28th, indeed,
+was fresh from home, and under the terrible storm of grape and canister
+they were beaten to the left, and entangled in the bushes and broken
+bank there. Although Lieutenant-Colonel Hawley lost no time in
+disentangling his regiment and moving it out into the field and again
+forward, it is significant, and well shows the difficulty of handling
+green troops under fire, that the Highlanders rushed past the right of
+the 7th Connecticut, and the Roundheads broke through or ran over its
+centre, and both assaulted the fort and were repulsed--nearly all who
+reached the parapet being killed, and the remainder forced to give
+back--by the time the Connecticut regiment had advanced to within a
+hundred yards of the work, where Hawley received the order to withdraw.
+
+Certainly the rapid advance and onset of the Michiganders, Highlanders,
+and Roundheads were all that men could do. Their loss was so great and
+the parapet so difficult that not enough men could surmount it to be
+able to hold it; but the chief reason for the failure was the deadly
+fire from the woods and cover behind the fort. The work was fairly
+stormed, but the stormers, too few to hold it, were destroyed by the
+deadly fire from its rear.
+
+These three regiments had already smelt powder, and had been well
+drilled and disciplined by General Stevens. The others, new and
+inexperienced, could not be expected to equal them, yet they evinced no
+lack of bravery.
+
+General Stevens says in his report:--
+
+  "I must confess that the coolness and mobility of all the troops
+  engaged on the 16th surprised me, and I cannot but believe, had
+  proper use been made of the artillery, guns from the navy, and our
+  own batteries, fixed and field; had the position been gradually
+  approached and carefully examined, and the attack made much later in
+  the day, when our batteries had had their full effect, all of which,
+  you will recollect, was strongly urged by me upon General Benham the
+  evening of the conference,--the result might have been very
+  different."[18]
+
+General Stevens commends the gallantry of his troops in strong terms,
+and the brave and efficient service of his staff, already mentioned, of
+Lieutenant Orrin M. Dearborn, of the 3d New Hampshire, aide in place of
+Lieutenant Cottrell, who, having been promoted captain, had command of
+his company, and of Lieutenant Jefferson Justice, of the Roundheads,
+acting division quartermaster, who served upon the field as his aide.
+Lieutenant Lyons, who so bravely led the stormers, died of his wound in
+hospital at Hilton Head soon afterwards.
+
+For his wrong-headed and disobedient conduct Benham was placed under
+arrest by General Hunter and sent North. His appointment as
+brigadier-general was revoked by the President. Later, by unwearied
+importunity and the pressure of influence, he managed to get himself
+reinstated, but never again was he trusted with the lives of brave men.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [18] See _Rebellion Records_, vol. xiv.; _History of the 79th
+       Highlanders_, by William Todd; Major Pressley, in _Southern
+       Historical Society Papers_, vol. xvi., Major John Johnson's
+       _Defense of Charleston Harbor_.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER LIV
+
+                           RETURN TO VIRGINIA
+
+
+A few days after their bloody repulse from Fort Lamar the Highlanders
+paraded in front of General Stevens's headquarters and presented him
+with a beautiful sword, together with a sash, belt, and spurs, in the
+following feeling address. The address was inscribed upon a large sheet
+of parchment by one of the skillful penmen in the regiment, in
+characters as clear and distinct as copperplate engraving, and in the
+middle of the sheet was an excellent photograph of the general in
+uniform. The sword was the gift of the non-commissioned officers and
+privates exclusively, for they had refused to permit the officers to
+contribute a cent towards or bear any part in the testimonial, although
+the latter were anxious to do their share. It was common talk among the
+men that the officers never amounted to anything until General Stevens
+took them in hand; that he had saved and redeemed the regiment after
+they had well-nigh ruined it; and that they should not have any part in
+the sword, which was the tribute of the rank and file. The presentation
+was a great surprise to General Stevens, and was the more gratifying as
+showing the undiminished regard of the regiment immediately after the
+recent severe battle and loss:--
+
+  BRIGADIER-GENERAL ISAAC I. STEVENS.
+
+  _Sir_,--A unanimous feeling of gratitude and respect pervading the
+  non-commissioned officers and privates of the Seventy Ninth Regiment
+  (Highland Guard) New York State Militia, and wishing to give that
+  feeling a humble and appropriate expression, we have determined
+  to-day to present for your acceptance this sword, feeling assured
+  that by you it will be worthily worn, and never drawn but in defense
+  of human rights and their political guaranties. Your recent
+  connection with us as our colonel, our friend, and our counselor has
+  fitted us in a peculiar manner to judge of and appreciate your
+  virtues in each of these capacities. Coming amongst us at a critical
+  period in our history as a regiment, when our fair fame was
+  eclipsed, and demoralization was fast hurrying us to the vortex of
+  anarchy, you listened to the story of our wrongs, tempered your
+  decisions against the erring ones with the high attribute of mercy,
+  and bade us hope. We did hope, and ere long we found ourselves
+  recuperated and in Camp Advance. There our confidence in you was
+  perfected, and our esteem became affection. When it was announced
+  that your distinguished military services had brought you higher and
+  greener laurels, we were glad and proud; but sorrow, deep and
+  profound, pervaded our ranks when it was made known that your
+  services were demanded in another sphere, and that we must separate.
+  The exclamation of "Tak' us wi' ye!" which greeted you upon that
+  day's parade was heartfelt and sincere, and your intervention in our
+  behalf has enabled us to preserve our connection, if not as close,
+  not the less fondly. That your valuable and beneficent life may long
+  be spared to the service and to mankind, and that the blessing of
+  God may rest upon you and upon your family, is the sincere prayer of
+  the non-commissioned officers and privates of the
+
+                              SEVENTY-NINTH, HIGHLAND GUARD.
+
+
+                      GENERAL STEVENS'S RESPONSE.
+
+  FELLOW-SOLDIERS OF THE HIGHLAND GUARD,--I have no words to express
+  my gratitude for this unexpected and unmerited mark of your
+  confidence and affection. We came together not only at a critical
+  period of your own history as a regiment, but at a critical period
+  of our beloved country's history, when its armies had been stricken
+  down, and dismay and discouragement spread over the length and
+  breadth of the land. It was the time for the true and the strong to
+  come to the work, and by a firm stand in our country's cause again
+  to cause hope and faith to spring up in the hearts of men. You
+  recollect we moved from our camp of "Hope" on the beautiful heights
+  in the rear of Washington to the camp of the "Advance" across the
+  Potomac. Then I spoke to you words of encouragement, and together,
+  in the glorious light of day, we won back our colors. We had soon
+  become acquainted. As your colonel, I ever found you brave and true.
+  The pathos of your address, its living expressions, touch me. When I
+  was ordered South, and rode through your ranks to say farewell, and
+  saw the tear glisten in every manly eye, and heard the words, "Tak'
+  us wi' ye!" from every lip, I thought we could not part; so, on
+  reaching Annapolis, I said to our late able and respected commander,
+  General Sherman, "Send for the Highlanders; they want to come, and
+  you can depend upon them." Here you have come, and here you are
+  to-day. Have you not always done well? Who ever finds the
+  Highlanders behind? I know not which feeling of my heart is stronger
+  in regard to you,--my pride or my affection. Your firm step, your
+  manly countenances, cold steel for your enemies, and the open hand
+  and heart for your friend,--such are you, beloved comrades. In the
+  late sad, glorious fight where were you? Laggards, or seeking the
+  front on the double-quick to succor your friends, the 8th Michigan,
+  led on by your gallant lieutenant-colonel there, David Morrison? You
+  gained that front and parapet, and some of your noblest and your
+  best there found a soldier's grave. It was indeed a sad but glorious
+  field. Not a laggard, not a fugitive,--all the regiment in
+  line,--all by their colors and in order of battle, but many dead and
+  wounded men. I am profoundly affected by the circumstance that you
+  have seized such an occasion to show your regard for me. Yes,
+  beloved comrades, we are ready to expose and, if need be, to lay
+  down our lives for our country. We will keep steadfastly to the work
+  till this sad, terrible war is ended, and peace smiles again upon
+  the land. My friends, I shall endeavor to be deserving of your
+  magnificent testimonial of respect and affection. I accept it, not
+  as my right, but as your free gift. I accept it most gratefully. God
+  willing, that sword shall ever be borne by me in defense of my
+  country's rights, and in the cause of God and humanity. The spurs,
+  too, from my friends of the drum corps,--the boys who scour the
+  battlefield and bring off the dead and wounded men,--I will wear in
+  memory of your mission, and perhaps some day they may urge the fleet
+  steed to your relief and assistance. Friends, the thistle of your
+  native land has stung our enemies, and been an omen of hope to our
+  friends. It has been planted here, and glorious properties has it
+  shown in this palmetto soil. In conclusion, permit me again to
+  express my deep gratitude for these marks of your affection and
+  esteem.
+
+The sword was an exceedingly handsome one. The blade was richly inlaid
+with gold, representing a Highlander bearing the American flag, an
+ancient Scottish soldier, and many Scottish and patriotic devices and
+mottoes. The hilt represented the Goddess of Liberty; the guard was
+formed of the thistle, the emblem of Scotland, and was studded with a
+large topaz surrounded by thirteen diamonds. The hilt and scabbard were
+heavily gilded, and the latter terminated in a tiger's head. There was
+also a plain steel scabbard bronzed, a general's yellow sash, and a
+red-and-gold belt. The spurs were also richly gilded, the shank and
+rowel representing the thistle, and were the gift of the drummer-boys.
+
+                                  JAMES ISLAND, June 26, 1862.
+
+  MY DEAREST WIFE,--General Wright called down at my quarters last
+  evening and took a look at my sword. He thought it a very splendid
+  thing, and advises me to send it home as soon as possible. I hope
+  those beautiful testimonials will reach you speedily and safely. I
+  want my friends to see them. The sword is the most beautiful I ever
+  saw.
+
+  I have already sent you my reply to the address. It is thought here
+  to be very appropriate. It was wholly unstudied, as I had not the
+  least idea of what the address would be.
+
+  Hazard has worked very hard of late. Did I write you that his
+  conduct on the battlefield was witnessed by the rebels with great
+  admiration? So say the rebel officers whom my officers met under a
+  recent flag of truce. These officers say a great many shots were
+  fired directly at him. Every one in the division knows the officer
+  they refer to, from the description of the officer and his horse, to
+  be Hazard. The boy did most nobly, and every one speaks in the
+  highest terms of his conduct on the field of battle. Was not his
+  life wonderfully preserved? My own staff is considered a very
+  excellent one. Cottrell was not killed, but was wounded, and a
+  prisoner in the hands of the enemy. Lyons is getting on well with
+  his wound. Lyman Arnold is dead. I particularly interested his
+  brigade commander, Colonel Williams, and the surgeon, in his case,
+  and I cannot doubt that every attention was paid to him.
+
+Daniel Lyman Arnold, who has already been mentioned as a member of the
+Northern Pacific Railroad exploration, with his brother, General Richard
+Arnold, was a cousin of Mrs. Stevens. He was a private in the 3d Rhode
+Island, and was mortally wounded in the battle, where he had shown great
+bravery. General Stevens, with his son, visited the dying man soon after
+the battle, and did all in his power to make him comfortable.
+
+  June 30. I wrote you three days ago that General Hunter had given
+  orders to evacuate this place. It is a large operation. The cavalry
+  were got on board yesterday and last night, and started this morning
+  for Hilton Head. We expect the transports back to-morrow, when
+  General Williams's division will be embarked. My own division will
+  be embarked last.
+
+  Raymond Rodgers came here to-day from the squadron at Hilton Head.
+  He talked considerably about the 16th. He assured me that my conduct
+  and management on that day is universally commended. Indeed, I have
+  good reason to believe that here in this department, both with the
+  army and navy, it has very much increased my military reputation. No
+  one but Benham calls in question my perfect fidelity to my orders,
+  and that the course I actually pursued alone gave, under his orders,
+  the least promise of success. I moved with exceeding rapidity,
+  without stopping to fire, and pushed in everything without reserve.
+  The statement of the enemy shows how near the work came to falling
+  into our hands. I know I could have seized that work with but little
+  loss of life, and on that very day, had the entire management been
+  mine.
+
+  My own course with him after the battle was stern and determined. I
+  _compelled_ him to modify his report so as to do my division full
+  justice. I warned him that the entire responsibility of bringing on
+  that fight was his, that I had opposed it, and that I should take no
+  part of the responsibility. He wilted and quailed under my eye and
+  speech. He made a second attempt to falsify the truth with me, and I
+  made him quail again, and this was in the presence of witnesses.
+
+  There has been a real comfort and satisfaction in serving under
+  Wright, which I have not had for a long time. He has shown very
+  sound judgment in all his arrangements since he has been in command.
+  Williams, who commands the second division, is a very agreeable and
+  sensible man, and is highly esteemed throughout the command.
+
+On Benham's arrest General Wright succeeded to the command as next in
+rank, and field-works to protect the camps were commenced, and
+considerable work done upon them, when General Hunter wisely decided to
+withdraw from James Island. General Stevens brought off the last of the
+troops on July 4. He was first ordered to Beaufort with his division,
+except the 7th Connecticut and Rockwell's battery, which were detached
+and landed at Hilton Head; but scarcely had they reached Beaufort
+when--including the 50th Pennsylvania, which rejoined the command--they
+were brought back to Hilton Head and debarked July 5, then reëmbarked
+July 9, and sent back to Beaufort; then, without leaving the transports,
+they were dropped four miles down the Beaufort River, and landed on
+Smith's plantation, where the whole division was to be encamped. In the
+absence of wharves, all the baggage had to be put ashore in small boats.
+By great exertions this was accomplished, and the tents were up before
+dark, when orders were received to reëmbark immediately and proceed to
+Hilton Head, there to take ocean steamers for Virginia. After a brief
+rest the harassed and wornout soldiers toiled the balance of the night,
+reëmbarking the camp equipage, baggage, and supplies. The troops were
+transferred to ocean steamers at Hilton Head on July 10 and 11, and on
+the 12th were borne away northward, rejoiced to leave a command marked
+by incompetence and disaster, and to rest after the useless toil to
+which they had been subjected.
+
+The point on Beaufort River where General Stevens's division landed is
+of especial interest as the site of the first European settlement in the
+United States, made by Jean Ribaut and a party of French Huguenots in
+1562, just three centuries before; and the walls of a small fort,
+constructed by him of coquina, a very hard and durable concrete of
+oyster-shells, were visible on the shore of and partly in the river,
+which had considerably undermined them.
+
+                                  STEAMER VANDERBILT, July 14, 1862.
+
+  MY DEAR WIFE,--We left Hilton Head at eight o'clock, yesterday
+  morning. I was utterly worn out, and was very glad to go to bed. I
+  slept twenty hours the first twenty-four I was on board, and to-day
+  I have been very well rested.
+
+  It is supposed our destination will be McClellan's army. McClellan
+  has unquestionably met with a very serious check. Indeed, it is
+  nothing less than a disaster. His loss in men and material of war
+  must have been immense. The plan of campaign of the Potomac (army)
+  has been a monstrous folly, and disaster is its legitimate fruit.
+  The army should never have been divided, and the route should not
+  have been by Fortress Monroe. I doubt whether any adequate plan will
+  be hit upon to make the most of the present condition of things. I
+  am afraid the Confederates will by a rapid countermarch fall upon
+  Pope with overwhelming force. I think, so far as I can gather the
+  facts, that Pope should be largely reinforced, and that he should
+  wage the campaign. It has also occurred to me that the wisest plan
+  would be to withdraw McClellan from his present position, send
+  him to the Potomac, unite him with Pope, and commence anew. But it
+  is useless to speculate. We shall reach Fortress Monroe to-morrow,
+  where we will receive additional orders.
+
+  [Illustration: CAMP OF GENERAL STEVENS'S DIVISION AT NEWPORT NEWS]
+
+The transfer to Virginia was the very movement that General Stevens
+recommended to the President in a letter dated July 8, in which he
+wrote:--
+
+  "In the district formerly commanded by Sherman are some twenty-three
+  regiments. Eleven of these regiments are ample for the purpose I
+  have mentioned. This will leave a full division of twelve regiments
+  to reinforce our columns at points where the enemy is fighting with
+  the energy of despair, and where its timely aid may bring to our
+  arms the crowning victory of the war.
+
+  "I earnestly desire this war to be prosecuted to a signal and speedy
+  success. This department can well afford to wait. It is not the
+  proper base for operations. We are, moreover, much too small for an
+  advance, and much too large for simply holding the points we now
+  occupy. Let us simply hold these points. The crisis of the war is in
+  Virginia. There throw your troops. There signally defeat and destroy
+  the enemy. You strike Charleston and Savannah by striking Richmond.
+
+  "Send us, therefore, and send twelve of our regiments to Virginia.
+  Let us have the satisfaction of sharing there the dangers, the
+  privations, and the sacrifices of our companions in arms. Let us
+  feel that we are doing good service for our country, that we are
+  really helping in the gravest contest of the war."
+
+After a smooth and pleasant voyage the command reached Fortress Monroe
+on the 16th, debarked at Newport News, and went into camp on the level
+plain overlooking the broad expanse of water where James River enters
+Hampton Roads. General Burnside had just arrived here with eight
+thousand troops from North Carolina, and the ninth corps was organized
+from the two commands, General Stevens's division forming the first and
+the North Carolina troops the second and third divisions under Generals
+Jesse L. Reno and John G. Parke respectively, General Burnside
+commanding the corps.
+
+General Cullum, Halleck's chief of staff, was at Fortress Monroe when
+General Stevens arrived there, and had a long and confidential talk with
+his former brother officer and old friend in regard to the military
+situation. It is noteworthy that the very movements he mentioned as best
+in his letter to his wife were precisely the ones adopted immediately
+afterwards, viz., the withdrawal of McClellan and reinforcement of Pope.
+Halleck, whose voice was then controlling in military councils in
+Washington, was undoubtedly led to adopt, or strengthened in his own
+ideas by, the views of his former classmate and rival, whose ability and
+sound military judgment he fully appreciated.
+
+                                  NEWPORT NEWS, August 2, 1862.
+
+  MY DEAR WIFE,--I send by this mail sketches with brief letters to
+  each of the girls. We go on board ship to-morrow. I am now satisfied
+  there will be marked improvement in the general management of army
+  matters. Probably the moves now being made will take the country
+  somewhat by surprise, but they are wise and absolutely necessary.
+  Before this reaches you our destination will be known, but I am not
+  at liberty to speak of it. Reno sets off about sundown this evening,
+  Parke will be off to-morrow, and myself the next day.
+
+  [Illustration: HEADQUARTERS, NEWPORT NEWS]
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER LV
+
+                            POPE'S CAMPAIGN
+
+
+The military authorities having decided to throw Burnside's troops up
+the Rappahannock to reinforce Pope, General Stevens sailed from Newport
+News on August 4, debarked at Acquia Creek on the 6th, and reached
+Fredericksburg the same day. Here two light batteries were added to the
+division, E, of the 2d United States artillery, under Lieutenant S.N.
+Benjamin, with four 20-pounder rifled Parrotts and the 8th Massachusetts
+battery, a new organization recently from home, enlisted for six months
+only. The division was divided into three brigades, the 8th Michigan and
+50th Pennsylvania, under Colonel B. C. Christ, constituting the first
+brigade; the Roundheads and 46th New York, under Colonel Leasure, the
+second; and the Highlanders and 28th Massachusetts, under Colonel
+Addison Farnsworth, the third. Colonel Farnsworth was appointed colonel
+of the Highlanders by the governor of New York, and joined his regiment
+at Beaufort, but was absent on leave during the James Island campaign,
+at the close of which he returned to it. Lieutenant H.G. Heffron was
+appointed aide in place of Lieutenant Lyons.
+
+Starting from Fredericksburg on the 13th, Generals Stevens's and Reno's
+divisions, eight thousand strong, the latter as ranking officer in
+command, stripped of all baggage except shelter tents, marched up the
+north bank of the Rappahannock, passing Bealton Station on the
+Alexandria and Orange Court House Railroad, crossed the river at
+Rappahannock Station, and joined Pope at Culpeper Court House on the
+15th. General Stevens bivouacked three miles in front of that point, and
+on the following day was thrown forward to guard Raccoon Ford, on the
+Rapidan River, which he held with a strong detachment, placing his
+division a mile and a half back in support.
+
+Pope's bombastic orders, and his invitation to forage on the enemy,
+greatly increased straggling and relaxed discipline among his troops.
+General Stevens ordered roll-calls at every halt, and at the end of
+every day's march; reports of stragglers made daily, and prompt and
+severe punishment inflicted upon such delinquents and upon plunderers,
+and sternly stopped the evil in its inception. The 46th New York, a
+German regiment, where even the commands at drill were given in German,
+loaded some of its supply-wagons with lager beer on leaving
+Fredericksburg, leaving behind a good part of their rations, having some
+vague notion of living off the country. General Stevens at once had all
+the lager thrown into the road, and the wagons sent back for the
+abandoned rations. The indignation of Colonel Rosa and his officers rose
+to such a pitch over this summary loss of their beloved beverage that
+they tendered their resignations in a body, with a grandiloquent letter
+from the colonel. But General Stevens emphatically assured them that
+they must remain and do their duty as soldiers during the campaign, and
+took no further notice of their insubordinate and unsoldierly action.
+
+  [Illustration: VIRGINIA--POTOMAC TO RAPIDAN RIVER]
+
+On the 9th, only a week before the arrival of the two divisions of
+the ninth corps, the severe fight of Cedar Mountain occurred between
+Banks's corps and Jackson. The latter, although victor on the field by
+force of numbers, was so badly crippled that he withdrew behind the
+Rapidan the second day after the battle. Pope, on receiving these
+reinforcements, advanced to the line of that river, and General Stevens
+held his extreme left, a cavalry picket only watching Germanna Ford, the
+next below Raccoon. The army, officially known as the Army of Virginia,
+consisted of the corps of McDowell, Banks, and Sigel, and numbered forty
+thousand effective. The ninth corps troops added eight thousand more,
+and heavy reinforcements from the Army of the Potomac were on their way,
+so that, if Pope could only hold his ground a few days, both armies
+would be united in his advanced Position.
+
+But Lee, safely leaving McClellan, with his great army, on the Peninsula
+to his inaction, swiftly gathered his army opposite Pope, and, crossing
+the river, advanced one wing under Jackson to strike him on the left and
+rear, and the other, under Longstreet, to attack him in front. Pope
+gained timely notice of this move by a lucky cavalry reconnoissance, and
+withdrew to the Rappahannock just in time to escape it. During the 17th,
+18th, and 19th General Stevens kept his officers busily engaged in what
+he termed "looking up the country," that is, in tracing out all the
+roads and by-roads, and studying the topography, defensive positions,
+and approaches. He always attached great importance to a thorough
+knowledge of the ground, and seized every opportunity to gain it.
+Ordered, on the afternoon of the 19th, to move back his train
+immediately, and his troops at two in the morning, by way of Stevensburg
+and Barnett's Ford on the Rappahannock, General Stevens started off the
+train at once, and at nine in the evening drew out his division three
+miles on the designated road, which runs parallel to the river for a
+considerable distance, and halted. By this movement he placed his whole
+force in position to defend the ford till the last moment, and all
+danger of being cut off by the sudden advance of the enemy was
+obviated. The column resumed the march in retreat at two A.M., reached
+Stevensburg at daylight, where it was detained an hour by General Reno's
+train, that officer with his division having already fallen back, and
+after a march of twenty-six miles crossed the Rappahannock at Barnett's
+Ford, and went into bivouac at four P.M. That day the whole of Pope's
+army fell back and took up the line of the Rappahannock, the ninth corps
+on the left.
+
+At dusk on the evening of the 21st, leaving four companies of infantry
+and four light guns of the 8th Massachusetts battery at the ford, and
+two companies at another ford a few miles higher up, General Stevens
+marched eight miles up the river to Kelly's Ford, arriving at midnight,
+and a day after General Reno.
+
+The next day he recrossed the river with two brigades in support of a
+cavalry reconnoissance by General Buford. Deploying the third
+brigade,--the Highlanders and 28th Massachusetts,--he drove back a
+considerable force of the enemy for more than a mile in a sharp action,
+and, after accomplishing all that was expected or desired, withdrew to
+the left bank.
+
+On the 2d both divisions continued moving up the river ten miles to
+Rappahannock Station, two regiments from each being left to guard
+Kelly's Ford. Here were found the troops of McDowell and Banks. Sigel
+was farther up the river, and his artillery was heard thundering in the
+distance all day. Banks moved after him late in the afternoon. Both
+armies were now moving up the Rappahannock, but on opposite sides. Lee,
+foiled in his bold onslaught by the timely retreat of his antagonist,
+and finding him strongly posted behind the river, was now pushing his
+columns up the right bank, seeking to cross it or to outflank and turn
+Pope's right, and Pope was carefully following his movement to head him
+off.
+
+On the 23d General Stevens continued the march up the river, followed by
+Reno's division. Banks's troops and Sigel's train were soon overtaken,
+blocking up the road; the march was continually interrupted and delayed
+by them, and after struggling forward over the muddy and slippery roads,
+pelted by a heavy, drenching rainstorm, until after midnight, having
+marched only four miles in eighteen hours, the tired and bedraggled
+troops were allowed to rest, or rather halt, by the roadside until
+morning. During the day the troops left at the lower fords rejoined the
+division, having been relieved by General Reynolds's division, the first
+to arrive from the Army of the Potomac. On overtaking Banks's corps,
+General Stevens had a talk with that officer, who was quite lame from a
+recent fall, and looked thin and careworn. His troops had been sadly cut
+up at Cedar Mountain, and his regiments, with their scanty numbers,
+seemed reduced almost to the size of companies. All day Sigel's guns
+were thundering up the river as though a pitched battle were raging,
+but, as afterwards appeared, he was wasting ammunition on skirmishers
+and single horsemen beyond the stream, while his enormous and
+ill-regulated wagon-train was keeping back the rest of the army.
+
+The march was resumed on the 24th, and Sulphur Springs reached late in
+the afternoon. General Stevens, riding at the head of his column, was
+here met by General Sigel, who requested him to take one of his (General
+Stevens's) brigades and a battery, and destroy the bridge across the
+river at this point, which the enemy's sharpshooters were making very
+hot. Astonished at such a request, a virtual acknowledgment of his own
+and his troops' inefficiency, General Stevens nevertheless promptly set
+to work to comply with it, when the bridge was found to be in flames,
+having been fired by some of Sigel's men.
+
+On this day's march, as the division was halting for a noon rest, and
+the soldiers were reclining on the ground in groups, or making their
+cups of coffee over little fires of fence rails, a party of rebel
+cavalry with a section of artillery appeared on a cross-road a mile
+distant and near the river, and a lively shower of shells suddenly fell
+over and among the resting troops. At this Lieutenant Benjamin very
+coolly and deliberately unlimbered and sighted one of his 20-pounders;
+the shell flew straight to the mark, fairly striking the annoying piece,
+and the enemy beat a hasty retreat at this single shot.
+
+The following morning, the 25th, General Stevens continued marching up
+the river, and, on reaching Waterloo Bridge, was ordered to countermarch
+and proceed to Warrenton. Arrived here, passing McDowell's corps
+bivouacked along the road, the division rested some hours, then marched
+for Warrenton Junction, and halted at midnight at a place known as
+Eastern View, several miles from the Junction, to which it moved the
+next day, the 26th.
+
+Meantime the reinforcements were arriving from the Army of the Potomac.
+Reynolds's division, 6000 strong, coming by way of Acquia Creek and the
+Rappahannock, joined on the 23d and was attached to McDowell's corps. By
+the same route two divisions of the fifth corps, under General Fitz John
+Porter, reached Bealton on the 26th and the Junction the next day. They
+numbered 9000 effective, and were commanded by Generals George W. Morell
+and George Sykes respectively. On the 25th Generals Kearny's and
+Hooker's divisions of the third corps, under General Samuel P.
+Heintzelman, numbering 10,000 effective, were brought out on the
+railroad from Alexandria to the same place, Warrenton Junction. With
+these reinforcements, deducting losses and straggling, Pope's strength
+was raised to 60,000. Lee's army numbered,--Longstreet, 30,000;
+Jackson, 22,000; Stuart's cavalry, 3000; total, 55,000.[19]
+
+On the 22d Lee attempted a crossing near Sulphur Springs, and threw a
+heavy force of Jackson's troops across the river; but the storm, and the
+sudden rise of the stream making the fords impassable, induced him to
+withdraw. Thus baffled in his design of crossing at Sulphur Springs, and
+finding that point and Waterloo Bridge, four miles above, held in force
+by the Union troops, and well knowing that Pope's strength was
+increasing daily by reinforcements from the Army of the Potomac, Lee now
+determined to push Jackson completely around the right of the Union
+army, turning it by a circuitous but rapid march, and throw him on the
+railroad in its rear, its sole line of supply, and to follow up the
+movement with the other wing under Longstreet. Accordingly, on the 24th
+Jackson moved back from the river to Jefferson, his troops being
+relieved by Longstreet's; on the 25th marched by Amissville and Orleans
+to Salem; and on the 26th continued his march through Thoroughfare Gap
+and Gainesville to Bristoe Station, on the ill-fated line of
+communications, which he struck at dark, capturing some prisoners and
+two trains loaded with supplies. Bristoe is only eight miles north of
+Warrenton Junction, about which so many Union troops were grouped; and
+Jackson, by his bold move, had thrown himself fairly upon the back of
+Pope's army. Without delay he dispatched a small force that night to
+Manassas Junction, five miles down the railroad, and eight guns, three
+hundred prisoners, and an immense quantity of stores fell into his
+hands. Next morning, leaving Ewell to hold back the Union forces, he
+moved the other divisions to Manassas, where they spent the day
+outfitting themselves from the captured stores.
+
+  [Illustration: Positions, nine P.M., August 26, 1862.]
+
+When this blow fell, Pope had his troops well in hand: McDowell and
+Sigel's corps grouped about Warrenton; the four divisions of Stevens,
+Reno, Kearny and Hooker near Warrenton Junction; while Porter at Bealton
+and Banks at Fayetteville were within an easy march of the Junction.
+Pope, having made up his mind that the enemy would fall upon his right,
+was loath to believe that he had gotten into his rear in heavy force,
+but he embarked a regiment on a train of cars and sent it down the road
+towards Bristoe that night to find out. This reconnoissance reported the
+enemy in force; but even yet Pope was not convinced, still clinging to
+his opinion that his right, the line from Warrenton to Gainesville, was
+most exposed to Lee's attack. Therefore, instead of throwing upon
+Bristoe, at daylight the next morning, the overwhelming force he had at
+hand near the Junction, he sent only Hooker's division down the railroad
+to brush away the supposed raiding party, moved the other three
+(Stevens, Reno, and Kearny) to Greenwich, and ordered McDowell and Sigel
+to Gainesville; the former to take command of both corps, for he was not
+satisfied with Sigel's dilatoriness in marching and obeying orders.
+
+  [Illustration: Positions of Troops, Sunset, August 27, 1862.]
+
+Hooker encountered Ewell in front of Bristoe, and, in a sharp action in
+the afternoon, pushed him across Broad Run, from which, after destroying
+the bridge, he retreated unmolested to Manassas. As the result of
+Hooker's fight, Pope now knew that Jackson with his whole corps was at
+Bristoe that very morning, and had just marched--his rear division was
+even then marching--down the railroad to Manassas. He supposed that
+Longstreet was far to the westward, beyond supporting distance to
+Jackson. Confident that the great flanker was at last within his power,
+he issued vigorous orders for the morrow's movements, designed to throw
+his whole army upon him at Manassas and crush him. To this end he
+ordered Hooker to push down the railroad towards Manassas; Porter to
+hasten from Warrenton Junction to support Hooker, starting at one in the
+morning; Kearny to Bristoe; and Stevens and Reno directly on
+Manassas,--the three to move at daylight; McDowell to advance his whole
+force from Gainesville also on Manassas, with Sigel resting his right on
+the Manassas Gap Railroad, and McDowell's divisions following in echelon
+extended on his left, so that this great force would sweep a wide scope
+of country,--practically the whole region between the Manassas Gap
+Railroad and the Warrenton pike,--and would intercept Jackson's retreat
+by that thoroughfare. This plan was well plotted to overwhelm the wolf
+at Manassas, if the wolf would only wait there until the toils closed
+around him. A day, or even half a day, would suffice. But Jackson was
+not the man to wait anywhere long enough to give his adversary the
+initiative. That night and early the next morning he moved to the field
+of Bull Run, and took up a position admirable for defense, and from
+which with equal facility he could attack any force moving along the
+pike, or fall back westward by good roads to meet Longstreet, now
+rapidly approaching.
+
+It is a high, undulating country west of Bull Run upon which on June 21,
+1861, and August 28, 29, and 30, 1862, were fought the battles of Bull
+Run, Gainesville, and second Bull Run, or, as known to the Confederates,
+Bull Run, Groveton, and Manassas. Long, broad ridges stretch across the
+country, sloping down in successive rolls of ground to wide hollows.
+Open fields cover two thirds of the surface of hill and dale,
+alternating with tracts of woods, which clothe the remaining third.
+These are of oak and other deciduous trees, and are tolerably open and
+free from underbrush.
+
+The Alexandria and Warrenton pike, running nearly west (west 15° south),
+bisects the field, and was the most important line of communication upon
+it. Crossing Bull Run by a stone bridge, the pike follows up the valley
+of a tributary, Young's Branch, gently and gradually ascending for two
+miles, and then passes over several ridges and high ground on to
+Gainesville, five miles farther. Young's Branch has worn a deep and
+narrow valley through the first ridge, a mile from the stone bridge, and
+to the traveler passing up the pike the abutting ends of the ridge
+present the appearance of quite steep and high hills. The first hill on
+the left, separated from the next by a hollow down which a dirt road
+descends, is the Henry Hill, the scene of the fiercest fighting of the
+first battle, where Bee and Bartow, the Southern generals, fell, and
+where Ricketts and his gallant battery were all but destroyed and were
+captured. The next hill is the Chinn House, termed in some of the
+reports the Bald Hill. Opposite these, and on the right or north side of
+the road, are Buck Hill and Rosefield or Dogan House. The tops of these
+hills are not peaked but flat, being simply the general level of the
+plateau or ridge.
+
+Another road scarcely less important crosses the field at right angles
+to the pike, nearly on the line of this first ridge, passing between the
+Henry and Chinn Hills, and Buck Hill and Rosefield. This is the Manassas
+and Sudley road. From Manassas Junction, six miles to the south on the
+Alexandria and Orange Court House Railroad, it runs in a northerly
+direction to and over the plateau on the south part of the field,
+descends by the lateral hollow to Young's Branch, where it crosses the
+pike, and, climbing up the end of the ridge on the north, continues in
+the same general direction over two miles to Sudley Ford across Bull
+Run.
+
+Another road from the south crosses the pike at a point two and a half
+miles beyond the stone bridge, known as Groveton, and marked by two
+houses and some outbuildings. This road, running north, descends down a
+hollow from the plateau on the south, crosses the pike at Groveton,
+passes across low or flat ground for half a mile, enters a tract of
+woods, and extends through them to Sudley Ford.
+
+One of the most important features of the second battle was a section of
+railroad grade about two miles in length, which extended from the Run
+near Sudley Church nearly parallel to the Groveton road for a mile and a
+half, traversing thickly wooded but level ground with shallow cuts and
+low embankments; then, curving westward away from the road and emerging
+from the woods into the open, it crossed a hollow on an embankment,
+which at one place was ten feet high, and bore away on its course to
+Gainesville.
+
+Standing at Rosefield, the eye of the observer sweeps westward or
+frontward over a broad expanse of open country, descending to the lower
+ground crossed by the Groveton road, and beyond it, over the rising
+slopes and summit of a bare, high ridge two miles and a half distant, a
+ridge much higher than the one on which he stands, and the dominating
+feature of the landscape. To the right, or northward, open fields extend
+nearly a mile, but to the right front is seen the extensive tract of
+woods in which is concealed the railroad grade, and which covers the
+broad flat between the two ridges. To the left or southward, across the
+narrow valley of Young's Branch, appear the steep Henry and Bald hills,
+really the verge of the plateau. They are bare of trees. But farther to
+the west, the left front, a tract of woods, from two to three hundred
+yards back from the pike, clothes the plateau. On the south side the
+ground slopes up sharply from the Branch and extends southward in a
+broad, high plateau, while on the north side of the pike the ground is
+much lower, extending, as already described, to the Groveton road.
+
+Bull Run bounds the field on the east and northeast, and can be readily
+crossed by several fords as well as by the stone bridge. Among them are
+Sudley Ford, over three miles above the bridge; Lock's or Red House
+Ford, half way between these points; Blackburn's Ford, four miles below;
+one a short distance above, and another alongside the bridge.
+
+It was Thursday, August 28, 1862, that the first rays of the rising sun,
+falling athwart the cloudless skies and warm but balmy air of a Southern
+summer morning, revealed an animated scene,--throngs of gray-coated,
+slouch-hatted men, yet with many a blue-coated one intermingled,
+clustering thickly along the Sudley road near the pike, some of them
+resting outspread upon the grass, others boiling tin cups of coffee and
+roasting ears of field-corn over tiny fires of fence rails; long lines
+of stacked muskets with bayonets glittering in the sun; guns and wagons
+blocking the roads, while their teams of horses and mules were drinking
+from the little rivulet, or munching their feed from the wagon-boxes.
+Travel-stained, gaunt, and unkempt were these men, but their alert
+bearing, and ready joke and laugh, told of unbroken strength and
+confidence. They were Jackson's old division, now commanded by General
+William B. Taliaferro. Among them was the brigade that a twelvemonth
+before won on yonder hill the proud sobriquet of "Stonewall." In high
+glee and spirits, they recounted and gloated over the incidents of the
+previous day, how, marching swiftly clear around the flank of the Union
+army, they struck the railroad in rear and almost in midst of its
+extended columns, capturing guns, men, and immense stores of military
+supplies at Manassas Junction; how, after loading themselves with all
+they could carry and burning the rest, they left the Junction at
+midnight, and after a short march were now regaling themselves with
+captured Yankee rations upon the scene of the first Yankee defeat.
+
+Soon the command, "Fall in," is passed along, and, resuming the arms and
+packs, the dusty column continues its march. One brigade, under Colonel
+Bradley T. Johnson, moves up the pike to Groveton, where it takes post
+with pickets well out towards Gainesville and the road leading
+southward; while the remainder of the division streams along the Sudley
+road nearly to Sudley Church, where, turning to the left and crossing
+the railroad grade, it again comes to a halt in the woods beyond it.
+Scarcely had these troops cleared the road when another motley column
+came crossing Bull Run by the pike and swinging up it at a rapid gait,
+and they, too, followed the others down the Sudley road and into the
+woods across the railroad. These were General Richard S. Ewell's
+division of Jackson's corps, which left the Junction at daylight,
+crossed Bull Run by Blackburn's Ford, marched up the left or east bank
+across the fields, and recrossed by the stone bridge. And still another
+column, General A.P. Hill's light division of the same corps, came
+marching up from Centreville an hour later, following Ewell up the pike
+and along the Sudley road, and also disappeared in the woods beyond the
+railroad. Thus, soon after noon, Jackson had his whole corps of 20,000
+effective men united, and hidden in the woods behind the railroad with
+his train parked at Sudley, one brigade advanced to Groveton watching
+the roads west and south, and General J. E.B. Stuart with his cavalry
+guarding Bull Run bridge and fords and the Sudley road half way to
+Manassas.
+
+Now, leaving Jackson's "foot-cavalry," as his men delighted to call
+themselves, resting under the oaks, the narration of the movements of
+the Union army is continued, in order clearly to understand the bloody
+and fruitless battles then impending.
+
+Pope's right wing, as it may be termed, moved on the 28th as ordered;
+reached Manassas about noon, only to find the smoking ruins of Jackson's
+destructive visit; continued towards Centreville, and bivouacked for the
+night,--Kearny at that point, Stevens, Reno, and Hooker near Blackburn's
+Ford. Porter came up to Bristoe. Truly a sluggish advance, but Pope was
+placing his chief reliance upon his left wing, under McDowell, which he
+expected to sweep up from Gainesville and head off Jackson on the west
+and north, while he assailed him on the south with his right.
+
+The complete and ignominious fiasco which McDowell and Sigel contrived
+to make of this movement is one of the strangest and most discreditable
+episodes of this unhappy campaign. The previous day (27th) Sigel had not
+moved his whole corps to Gainesville as ordered, but only the head of
+his column, the main body of which was stretched back along the pike
+towards Warrenton. The divisions of Reynolds, King, and Ricketts, of
+McDowell's corps, in the order named, extended the column in rear of
+Sigel still farther. Moreover, the road was incumbered by Sigel's train
+of two hundred wagons, which he kept with the troops, although ordered
+to send them to Catlett's Station, on the Alexandria and Orange Court
+House Railroad, where all the trains were to assemble under guard of
+Banks. Although ordered to move at daylight on Manassas, resting his
+right on the Manassas Gap Railroad, and to be supported by McDowell's
+corps in echelon on his left, Sigel made a late start, and at 7.30 was
+halting at Gainesville, his troops building fires to cook breakfast and
+blocking up the road, and finally, claiming that his orders were to rest
+his right flank on the Alexandria and Orange Court House Railroad,
+sheered off to the right after passing Gainesville, keeping on the right
+of the Manassas Gap Railroad, upon the left of which his orders
+explicitly directed him to advance, and in the afternoon reached the
+vicinity of the Junction. From this point, after a start for Centreville
+and countermarch, he moved down the Sudley road to the pike, which the
+head of his column reached at dark. But he still held on to his train.
+
+Reynolds, although greatly impeded by Sigel's troops and wagons, forced
+his way past them, passed Gainesville, and moved down the pike towards
+Groveton, in order to gain his required position upon Sigel's left.
+Approaching Groveton about ten A.M., he flushed Jackson's advanced
+brigade,--Bradley Johnson's,--and deployed and pushed forward his
+leading brigade, under General George G. Meade. But Johnson drew back
+into the woods on the west, concealing his troops; and Reynolds supposed
+that the enemy was a mere scouting party, and sheered off in turn from
+the pike to the right in order to follow Sigel as ordered. After a
+laborious march across country on the left of the Manassas Gap Railroad,
+he came out in sight of Manassas, and thence, moving by the Sudley Road,
+he reached the vicinity of the pike and bivouacked near the Chinn House,
+still on the left of Sigel. Thus these commands spent the whole day in
+laboriously marching clear around the circle from a point just west of
+Groveton to a point on the same pike a mile east of it, marching fifteen
+miles to gain two!
+
+General Buford, with his cavalry, by a bold reconnoissance developed
+Longstreet's column at Salem on the 27th. McDowell, therefore, wisely
+modified the order to move his whole force on Manassas by directing his
+rear division under Ricketts, starting at one A.M., to move across from
+New Baltimore to Haymarket, thence to Thoroughfare Gap, and hold
+Longstreet in check. Ricketts was greatly delayed by the wagons and
+troops blocking the road ahead of him, but reached the vicinity of the
+Gap at three P.M. to find the enemy already in possession of it. But
+deploying in position, and opening with artillery, he maintained a
+resolute stand, holding him in check until dark, when he retreated to
+Gainesville.
+
+King, next to Reynolds in the column, was so long delayed that he was
+five hours later in reaching the point near Groveton, where the former
+caught a glimpse of Bradley Johnson's brigade. He was ordered to march
+down the pike to Centreville. The leading brigade under Hatch had passed
+this point, and the next brigade under Gibbon had just reached it, when
+his column was subjected to artillery fire from batteries which suddenly
+appeared north of the road. Deploying and advancing to drive them off,
+Gibbon came face to face with extended lines of infantry advancing upon
+him in battle order, and one of the most stubborn fights of the war took
+place.
+
+It was Jackson who, after lurking in his wooded lair all the afternoon,
+watching the heavy masses of Union troops passing down the pike, and
+successively sheering off near Groveton and marching away in the
+direction of Manassas, now pushed forward the divisions of Ewell and
+Taliaferro and attacked King's column. The field was a high, level, open
+plain, without any cover except a small patch of woods and an orchard
+and some farm buildings. Reports Taliaferro:--
+
+  "Here one of the most terrific conflicts that can be conceived of
+  occurred. Our troops held the farmhouse and one edge of the orchard,
+  while the enemy held the orchard and inclosure next the turnpike.
+  For two hours and a half, without an instant's cessation of the most
+  deadly discharges of musketry, roundshot, and shell, both lines
+  stood unmoved, neither advancing and neither broken or yielding,
+  until at last, about nine o'clock at night, the enemy slowly and
+  sullenly fell back, and yielded the field to our victorious troops."
+
+This fierce conflict was sustained by Gibbon's brigade of four
+regiments, two regiments of Doubleday's brigade, and Campbell's battery,
+alone and without help from the remainder of King's division. General
+Gibbon, after an hour and a half of this terrible struggle, finding
+himself far outnumbered and outflanked on the left, ordered his line to
+fall back, which was done in good order. His pickets occupied the ground
+and collected the wounded. The enemy seems to have also drawn back to
+care for the wounded and reorganize, for Jackson's report contains this
+significant statement: "The next morning (29th) I found he had abandoned
+the ground occupied as the battlefield the evening before."
+
+It is incontestable that Gibbon's small force--six regiments and one
+battery--thus gloriously sustained the attack of five brigades of
+infantry and three batteries of artillery under Jackson's own direction.
+The loss was about eight hundred on each side. Ewell and Taliaferro were
+both severely wounded, the former losing a leg. During the battle
+General Reynolds rode to the field from his bivouac, and aided Gibbon in
+calling for support.
+
+General Ricketts reached Gainesville with his division just as the fight
+was over, having retreated from holding Longstreet in check. Thus at
+nine o'clock that night, Thursday, August 28, Ricketts and King held the
+pike from Gainesville to Groveton. Reynolds was in touch with King,
+being a short distance east of Groveton, Sigel next to him; while Pope's
+right wing was in the positions already stated, the ninth and
+Heintzelman's corps between Blackburn's Ford and Centreville, Porter
+east of, Banks at Bristoe.
+
+Thus Pope's army was well positioned for a determined attack upon
+Jackson the first thing the next morning by McDowell and Sigel, with the
+right coming up early to support. Such an attack should have beaten
+Jackson, if he accepted battle, but he could readily decline an unequal
+struggle by drawing back to Haymarket and uniting with Longstreet's
+columns. And it is clear that Pope's only chance of "bagging" or beating
+Jackson was lost on the 28th by the dilatory, disconnected, and
+purposeless marches of McDowell's wing.
+
+  [Illustration: Conclusion of Gibbon's Fight.
+
+Positions, nine P.M., August 28, 1862; excepting Jackson's, which is
+that occupied by him during the 28th, 29th, and 30th.]
+
+But whatever advantage might have been gained from Gibbon's stanch fight
+was speedily thrown away by King's decision to abandon the ground, and
+that, too, after assuring General Ricketts, as that officer states, that
+he would hold on. At midnight he retreated to Manassas, and General
+Ricketts retreated to Bristoe. Both marched away from the enemy, and by
+daylight their troops, exhausted and discouraged by being marched day
+and night and made to shun the enemy, were strung out along the dusty
+roads ten miles from where they were needed, while Lee's right wing was
+swiftly marching to join Jackson, which nothing could now prevent.
+Something may be said in palliation of this retreat. The enemy held the
+ground in front of King, and might be expected to renew the battle in
+the morning. The advance of Longstreet was through the Gap and in
+contact with Ricketts, and only five miles distant, the afternoon
+before. It was to be expected that the Confederate leader would lose no
+time in pushing on to join Jackson, and he might move up during the
+night, and fall upon the two Union divisions with his whole
+force--thirty thousand men--at daylight. "No superior general officer
+was in the vicinity with the requisite knowledge and authority to order
+up troops," etc., says Gibbon.
+
+But why they did not retreat down the pike, where were Reynolds and
+Sigel close at hand, and by which King was ordered to move, is indeed
+incomprehensible.
+
+The chief responsibility for the series of blunders which rendered
+abortive the movements of the left wing clearly rests upon McDowell, its
+commander. His was the nerveless command that failed to make Sigel march
+when and whither ordered; his the sluggish movements that left his
+troops strung along the pike nearly to Warrenton, instead of
+concentrating them about Gainesville on the 27th; his the mistaken
+judgment that kept him from hastening in person that night to
+Gainesville, the key-point to his whole movement, and, worse yet, that
+led him to gallop off to consult with Pope the next day instead of
+remaining with his command, keeping his divisions in hand, and pushing
+them vigorously eastward along the railroad and the pike until he
+developed Jackson's position. But McDowell was constantly conferred
+with and depended upon by Pope, and had too much upon his mind the task
+of manoeuvring the whole army.
+
+During the day (28th) Pope was in a state of great uncertainty as to
+Jackson's movements, but late at night, learning of Gibbon's battle, he
+concluded that Jackson, while retreating up the pike, had been headed
+off and stopped by McDowell's troops, and his hopes revived. He issued
+his orders accordingly,--Kearny to move at one o'clock at night, even if
+he carries no more than two thousand men, and to advance up the
+turnpike; Hooker to march at three A.M., even if he shall have to do so
+with only half his men; the ninth corps, also, all up the pike; Sigel
+and Reynolds are to attack at earliest dawn; Porter to hasten forward to
+Centreville.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [19] John C. Ropes, _Army under Pope_, pp. 193-199, gives Pope
+       71,000; Lee, 54,268. General Longstreet, _Manassas to
+       Appomattox_, gives Pope 54,500; Lee, 53,000. Colonel William
+       Allen, _Army of Northern Virginia_, puts "Lee's strength at
+       47,000 to 55,000; say over 50,000."
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER LVI
+
+                     THE SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN
+
+
+Early in the morning of Friday, the 28th, Jackson moved back behind the
+railroad grade, extended his lines, and took up his defensive position,
+extending from near Sudley Church along and in rear of the railroad to
+the high ground north of the pike, opposite to, or just north of, the
+battle-ground of the previous evening, curving his right to present a
+somewhat convex front towards the pike. Ewell's division, now under
+General A.R. Lawton, held the right, Hill's the left, and Jackson's,
+under General William E. Starke, the centre; Hill and Starke were in the
+woods. A battery was placed on the high ground in front of the right,
+and between it and the pike, and two regiments of infantry, 13th and
+35th Virginia, were thrown across the pike into the woods on the south
+side of it. Other batteries were planted on the high "stony ridge" in
+rear of the main line. Secure in this position he calmly awaits events,
+knowing that a few hours will bring Longstreet on his right.
+
+  [Illustration: SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN, AUGUST 29, 1862, AT NOON
+                 Except attacks on right, 4 to 5.30 P.M., as indicated]
+
+Sigel's troops are now pushing forward from the vicinity of Henry and
+Chinn hills. Schurz's division, with Milroy's independent brigade on its
+left, advances to the right across the pike, and, wheeling to the left,
+crosses the Sudley road and enters the woods which cover and screen
+Jackson's left and centre, with sharp fighting pushes back his
+skirmishers, seizes part of the railroad, and develops the enemy's
+position there. On the left of the pike Schenck's division advances,
+with its right on the pike and Reynolds's division on its left.
+Schenck's batteries take position on the ridges on each side of the pike
+near Groveton, and keep up a long-range cannonade with the enemy's guns
+on the high ridge in front; while the infantry slowly works forward,
+unopposed except by artillery fire, to that point. Reynolds also moves
+forward, swinging to the right, and driving back the two Virginia
+regiments, until he reaches the pike half a mile or more beyond
+Groveton, where Gibbon's battle began, and there finds the Union dead
+and wounded abandoned when King fell back the previous night. His line
+is formed along the road, facing north, and a short advance over the
+high ground will throw him on Jackson's extreme right. One of Schenck's
+brigades, Stahel's, is on his right; the other, McLean's, is in rear, or
+south of Stahel, and in the woods. It is now about ten A.M. It has taken
+four hours for Schurz to develop the enemy's left and centre, and for
+Schenck and Reynolds to advance a mile and a half over an easy country
+and push back a handful of skirmishers; and they have not yet located
+Jackson's right, although they have gained a good position from which to
+attack it. Their movement diverged from that of Schurz, and opened an
+interval in the line between Milroy and Stahel. The ground between them,
+indeed, was the open country on the right of the pike, commanded by
+their batteries, and the forward movement northward of the troops of
+Reynolds would soon have closed the gap. But Milroy was calling on Sigel
+for support, and for troops to fill the gap on his left. Schurz was also
+asking aid, and to meet their calls Stahel was hastily moved by the
+right flank across the fields towards Milroy.
+
+Reynolds was not informed of this movement, but, discovering that the
+troops on his right had disappeared, and supposing that the whole of
+Schenck's division had moved away, and observing a force of the enemy
+approaching his left, which was entirely in air, he immediately swung
+his division back, recrossed the Groveton road, and, finding McLean's
+brigade in the woods, took position on its left with his line refused
+somewhat. It was Longstreet's leading division under Hood just reaching
+the field that Reynolds observed, and it was probably well for him that
+he moved back so promptly.
+
+Now the troops of the right wing are reaching the field. First Kearny,
+who moves across country north of the pike with Poe's brigade pushing
+back the enemy's cavalry and skirmishers along Bull Run, and comes up
+against Jackson's extreme left, and on the right of Schurz. Then
+Stevens's division marches up the pike to the crossing of the Sudley
+road, where Sigel is receiving Schurz's and Milroy's cries for aid, and
+listening to the thunder of his guns shelling the batteries of the
+enemy, with the fervid imagination of a war correspondent. Sigel, with
+the consent of Reno, as he claims, immediately scatters this fine
+division, sending one brigade to Schurz, another to Milroy, and the
+third, with Benjamin's battery, E, of the 2d artillery, up the pike to
+Schenck. Reno's division, which next arrived, was dissipated in like
+manner, Nagle's brigade being sent to support Schurz, while the other
+with the artillery was placed in reserve on the ridge in rear of the
+Sudley road. Hooker's division on its arrival was also divided, Grover's
+brigade being sent to support Schurz; and afterwards Carr's brigade was
+put on the front line, relieving part of Schurz's force, and was in turn
+relieved by Hooker's remaining brigade, under General Nelson Taylor.
+
+It was not an uncommon thing during the war, as many an officer knows
+from dear-bought experience, for commanders of troops in action to
+beseech support, usually claiming that they were out of ammunition, or
+their flanks were being turned, and, when the reinforcements reached
+them, to put the new-comers into the front line and withdraw their own
+troops to the rear. This was what Sigel did with the divisions of the
+right wing as they reached the field. Thus these fine troops, second to
+none in condition, discipline, and _morale_, which, led by their own
+generals and thrown in mass upon the enemy, would have struck a mighty
+blow, were frittered away over the field, simply relieving other troops,
+and adding but little to the extent or strength of the battle line.
+Schurz, ever mightier with the pen than the sword, evinced a marvelous
+capacity to absorb reinforcements. And Sigel, having demonstrated his
+talents as a strategist and a marcher the previous day, now proved his
+ability on the battlefield by so scattering the seventeen thousand
+troops of the right wing as to deprive them of their own able and tried
+commanders, and reduce them to the least possible weight upon the
+fighting line.
+
+His division being thus scattered, General Stevens led up the pike the
+brigade which was to reinforce Schenck. This consisted of only a
+regiment and a half,--the 100th Pennsylvania and five companies of the
+46th New York, the other five companies being detached to guard
+trains,--and Benjamin's battery of four 20-pounder rifled Parrotts.
+Approaching Groveton, two batteries on the right of the road, on the low
+ridge overlooking the hamlet, were exchanging shell-fire at long range
+with the enemy's batteries on the high ridge a mile in front. Save this,
+no enemy was visible in that vicinity. The little column was moving
+without skirmishers in front, for it was said that our troops held the
+ground beyond Groveton, the battery first, followed by the infantry in
+marching column of fours. The general and staff had reached the
+cross-road, the battery was descending the slope in the road, which here
+ran in quite a cut gullied out by rains and wear, when an extended line
+of gray-coated skirmishers emerged over the crest of the opposite
+ridge, two hundred yards distant, and, catching sight of the group of
+horsemen and the battery, quickly began firing upon them. It was
+impossible to turn the guns either to right or left out of the sunken
+road in which they were imprisoned; but Benjamin coolly led his battery
+thirty yards forward to where the banks were lower, the skirmishers
+coming nearer and their fire sharper every minute, then turned the
+leading team short to the left; the drivers plied the whip, the horses
+leaped up the steep bank, and with a sudden pull jerked the gun out of
+the cut. And piece after piece followed to the same point, and was
+extricated in like manner, and then, remounting the ridge, whirled into
+battery on the left of the road and opened fire. While Benjamin was thus
+extricating his guns, five companies of the 100th Pennsylvania dashed
+forward at double-quick, deploying as skirmishers across the cross-road,
+drove the enemy's skirmishers back behind their ridge, and held their
+ground until withdrawn four hours later. The two half regiments were
+placed in line on the reverse slope of the ridge in rear and to the left
+of the guns. A short distance on the left were the woods, and in the
+edge rested the right of McLean's brigade.
+
+It was the skirmishers of Hood's division that so nearly caught
+Benjamin's guns. They were pushed out to feel and locate the Union
+position promptly after Reynolds drew back. Longstreet's wing was fast
+arriving, and by noon four of his divisions were in position,--Hood
+across the pike, Kemper on his right, Jones still farther on their
+right, extending to the Manassas Gap Railroad, Evans's independent
+brigade in support of Hood, and Wilcox's division also supporting him on
+his left and rear. Two batteries of the Washington artillery took post
+on the high ridge with Jackson's guns and added their fire.
+
+With these additional batteries the artillery firing waxed heavier, and
+soon twenty hostile guns were hurling a storm of missiles upon the Union
+artillery at Groveton. After an hour's firing Schenck's batteries on the
+right of the road, Dilger and Wiedrich, went to the rear, out of
+ammunition, and for three long hours Benjamin was left to sustain
+unaided this storm of shot and shell. But Benjamin could plant his
+heavy, long-range shells with wonderful accuracy. He concentrated his
+fire on one battery, and ere long a caisson was seen to blow up on the
+distant ridge, and it ceased firing. Again and again he would
+concentrate on a battery and silence it, but only to have the others
+redouble their fire, and when he turned on them the first would reopen.
+At length two of his guns were disabled, and nearly half his men were
+killed or wounded.
+
+Now, at two P.M., Schenck concluded that he "was too far out," because
+Reynolds had refused his line on the left, and he could get no fresh
+artillery to continue the duel on the pike. Sigel says that he sent him
+an order to retire, but that Schenck anticipated it, so the discredit of
+the move belongs to both of them. By order of General Schenck, General
+Stevens drew in his skirmishers and moved back down the pike, placing
+Benjamin's two guns on an eminence of the Chinn Hill, and his two
+regiments on the right of the road in advance of the Rosefield House.
+Schenck and Reynolds moved back abreast to the western slope of the
+Chinn Hill.
+
+Thus, in this sequence of withdrawals, it will be seen that after
+Schenck and Reynolds had gotten in position to strike Jackson's right,
+although too late to do so without danger of Longstreet's advance
+falling upon their flank, Schenck sent off Stahel's brigade at Milroy's
+calls. Reynolds then moved back, because Schenck had retired and left
+him unsupported, as he supposed, and also because his left was
+threatened by Longstreet's advance; and Schenck in turn moved back
+because Reynolds had withdrawn, although the latter had only refused his
+line, which, situated in open ground with the enemy in force in his
+front, was the right thing for him to do.
+
+Our guns at Groveton could see along and flank the front of the Union
+line on the right as far as the railroad, and their thunder encouraged
+the troops on that wing, and deterred the enemy from aggressive
+movements which would subject them to an enfilade fire of artillery. The
+position was in truth a key-point, not only commanding the lower ground
+to the right, but also affording good ground upon which to receive an
+attack, or from which to advance, and, moreover, it covered the roads
+southward, by which Porter's troops, as will be seen presently, were
+expected to join the army.
+
+The drawing back of our guns and troops from Groveton was the signal for
+Jackson's lines to push forward more aggressively. Milroy was roughly
+handled and forced back. It was General Stevens's third brigade, under
+Colonel Addison Farnsworth, that was sent to support Schurz, and was
+posted on the front line along the railroad, next to Schimmelfennig's
+brigade. Part of this brigade, on Farnsworth's left, broke at the
+advance of the enemy, and fell back through the woods, but the
+Highlanders and Faugh-a-ballaghs stood firm and repulsed the attack.
+Soon afterwards the fugitives, having reformed, moved up in line from
+the rear, and began firing into the backs of the troops who had stood
+their ground, mistaking them for the enemy; but this was speedily
+stopped, and they were again placed on the line.
+
+The experience of the first brigade was equally unsatisfactory. Placed
+in the first line, they were left to bear the brunt of the fighting on
+Milroy's front, and were finally obliged to fall back by the giving way
+of troops on their flanks.
+
+General Pope arrived on the field about noon, and made his headquarters
+in rear of the Sudley road, near Buck Hill. Although he declares in his
+report that he refused Sigel's demands for reinforcements, it is clear
+beyond doubt that he neither put a stop to the wasteful scattering of
+his best troops, nor attempted to unite and bring them together as a
+disposable force of weight for offensive movements. All the afternoon he
+was expecting Porter's and McDowell's column to fall upon Jackson's
+right and rear, for he had worked himself up to the belief that
+Longstreet would not be up for another day, and nothing short of
+disastrous defeat could shake his dogged belief.
+
+On receiving news of King's and Ricketts's retreat from Gainesville and
+Groveton, which he did about daylight, General Pope ordered Porter to
+march upon Gainesville with his own corps and King's division. "I am
+following the enemy down the Warrenton turnpike," he adds. "Be
+expeditious, or we will lose much." And later he dispatched a joint
+order to McDowell and Porter to the same effect:--
+
+  "You will please move forward with your joint commands toward
+  Gainesville.... Heintzelman, Sigel, and Reno are moving on the
+  Warrenton turnpike, and must now be not far from Gainesville. I
+  desire that as soon as communication is established between this
+  force and your own, the whole command shall halt.... One thing must
+  be had in view, that the troops must occupy a position from which
+  they can reach Bull Run to-night or by daylight."
+
+Porter had already passed Manassas on his way to Centreville when he
+received the first order, but immediately countermarched to the Junction
+and towards Gainesville as ordered, with Morell's division leading,
+Sykes's next, then Piatt's brigade, and King following in rear. About
+eleven o'clock the head of the column reached Dawkins Branch, an
+insignificant brook four and a half miles from Gainesville, and two and
+a half miles south of Groveton. Here the enemy was perceived, and
+skirmishers were thrown across the creek, supported by Butterfield's
+brigade; and Porter was forming to advance on the enemy, when General
+McDowell joined him, and showed a dispatch from Buford as follows:--
+
+  "Headquarters Cavalry Brigade, 9.30 A.M. Seventeen regiments, one
+  battery, and five hundred cavalry passed through Gainesville three
+  quarters of an hour ago on the Centreville road."
+
+The presence of the enemy in front, and clouds of dust rising along the
+roads in his rear, corroborated this dispatch. So, too, did the noise of
+the artillery combat at Groveton. The two generals rode together through
+the woods to the right as far as the Manassas Gap Railroad, but decided
+that it was "impracticable" to move northward a mile and a half across
+country to effect a junction with the right wing. McDowell then left
+Porter, telling him that he would take King's division around by the
+Sudley road and put it in between Porter and the right wing. Except for
+some slight changes in position of the head of his column, Porter
+remained inactive the rest of the day, with his rear stretching back two
+and a half miles along the road. What befell King's division, under
+McDowell's guidance, will be seen later. Unquestionably, Longstreet was
+up and in position in time to resist the attack of McDowell and Porter,
+had they made one. And a board of three officers of great reputation and
+experience,--Generals Schofield, Terry, and Getty,--after a thorough
+examination, has declared that such an attack would have been ill
+advised, has applauded Porter's conduct, and pronounced the opinion that
+his presence there that day saved the army from disaster.
+
+Nevertheless, the fact remains that this great column of over twenty
+thousand troops was kept out of the ring completely. The orders given
+and objects to be gained were perfectly plain and simple. They were,
+first, to fall upon the enemy, supposed to be Jackson, and, second, to
+effect a junction with the right wing. McDowell and Porter did neither.
+
+Granting that an attack was ill judged, why was not a brigade brought up
+and deployed athwart the railroad, and a regiment pushed through the
+woods northward to locate and connect with the force on the pike, whose
+artillery was distinctly heard? Traversing only three quarters of a mile
+of intervening woods, such a column would have reached open fields, and
+come in sight of Reynolds's troops. But, more surprising still, why was
+no one sent up the roads which fork both from the road and railroad only
+half a mile back of the head of Porter's column, traverse the woods in a
+northerly direction, and lead to Groveton? A staff officer sent up this
+road would have come in sight of Reynolds's skirmishers in a ride of
+only a mile.
+
+Unable longer to control his impatience, General Pope began about four
+P.M. sending peremptory orders to attack, first to one command, then to
+another, as he could get hold of them, accompanying the orders with
+assurances that the enemy was being driven by some other command, and
+that Porter was about to fall, or was falling, on his flank and rear,
+and using him up.
+
+The first victim of this plan of beating a corps in strong position by
+attacking it with a brigade at a time was General Cuvier Grover's
+brigade, first of Hooker's division, comprising five regiments,--1st,
+11th, and 16th Massachusetts, 2d New Hampshire, and 26th
+Pennsylvania,--which was already supporting Schurz. With muskets loaded
+and bayonets fixed, ordered to close on the enemy, fire one volley, and
+charge with the bayonet, they struck him where the railroad emerged from
+the woods and crossed the hollow on an embankment, broke the first line,
+carried the embankment, swept eighty yards beyond it and broke a second
+line, only to be forced back by overpowering numbers, with a loss of
+four hundred and eighty-six, for this gallant charge was entirely
+unsupported. Reports General Grover:--
+
+  "We rapidly and firmly pressed upon the embankment, and here
+  occurred a short, sharp, and obstinate hand-to-hand conflict with
+  bayonets and clubbed muskets. Many of the enemy were bayoneted in
+  their tracks, others struck down with the butts of pieces, and
+  onward pressed our line. In a few yards more it met a terrible fire
+  from a second line, which in its turn broke. The enemy's third line
+  now bore down upon our thinned ranks in close order, and swept back
+  the right centre and a portion of the left. With the gallant 16th
+  Massachusetts on our left I tried to turn his flank, but the
+  breaking of our right and centre and the weight of the enemy's lines
+  caused the necessity of falling back, first to the embankment and
+  then to our first position, behind which we rallied to our colors."
+
+One is not surprised to find the following in the report of Colonel
+William Blaisdell, 11th Massachusetts:--
+
+  "I was greatly amazed to find that the regiment had been sent to
+  engage a force of more than five times its numbers, strongly posted
+  in thick woods and behind heavy embankments, and not a soldier to
+  support it in case of disaster."
+
+Hooker's third brigade, under Colonel Joseph B. Carr, earlier in the day
+had relieved part of Schurz's troops, and after, as he reports, fighting
+two hours and expending most of his ammunition, was in turn relieved by
+the second brigade, under General Nelson Taylor. When Grover was driven
+back, Taylor's left regiment was broken by the rush of fugitives; the
+enemy poured through the gap, giving an enfilade and reverse fire, and
+taking many prisoners, among them General Taylor's aides, Lieutenants
+Tremain and Dwight.
+
+  "Finding my line," says Taylor, "completely flanked and turned, and
+  in danger of being entirely cut off, I gave the order to fall back,
+  which was done in as good order as could be, situated as we were.
+  The loss on this occasion was not as large as I had reason to
+  apprehend, yet it was considerable."
+
+Scarce had these broken troops emerged from the woods and reformed in
+the open ground in rear, when General Reno led up his first brigade,
+under Colonel James Nagle, to a second attack on the same position from
+which Grover had been repulsed. This consisted of only three
+regiments,--48th Pennsylvania, 6th New Hampshire, and 2d Maryland. This
+also was a gallant and determined assault. Again the enemy was forced
+back from the railroad, but again his rear lines rushed forward, flanked
+Nagle on the left, and drove him back with a loss of five hundred and
+thirty-one.
+
+Kearny was holding the right with Robinson's brigade, while Poe's
+brigade was guarding his right flank, with his skirmishers extending to
+and across Bull Run, and Birney's brigade was supporting both. Now,
+after the crash of musketry of Reno's attack had all died away, and his
+troops were all out of the woods, Kearny makes his attack. Reinforcing
+Robinson with one of Poe's and four of Birney's regiments, and throwing
+forward his right, wheeling to the left until his lines are nearly
+athwart the railroad, he charges along it to the left, driving the enemy
+in great disorder. But his attacking force lacks weight; the charge
+comes to a stand. They are assailed by two brigades from Ewell, those of
+Lawton and Early, outflanked, overpowered, and are forced back to the
+position from which they started; many of them, however, in broken and
+disordered crowds, run out of the woods farther to the left, near the
+same place where appeared Hooker's and Reno's fugitives so recently.
+Eight regiments only out of Kearny's fifteen make this attack. His loss
+was about six hundred. Nothing but the timely counter-charge of Lawton
+and Early saved Hill.
+
+The rattle of musketry is still echoing in the forest, and Kearny's
+fugitives are pouring out upon the open, when an officer in hot haste
+conveys Pope's order to General Stevens to advance into the woods and
+attack. The only troops left him are the regiment and a half withdrawn
+from Groveton, only seven hundred strong. Without an instant's delay,
+the troops take their muskets from the stacks, double-quick across the
+open ground, and form line at the edge of the woods. Kearny himself
+rides over to the little force just forming, and, at his request,
+Captain Stevens stops a moment to write an order or message for him, for
+he has but one arm. The scanty line enters and sweeps through the woods,
+encounters the enemy now holding the railroad, delivers and receives for
+fifteen minutes, which seem hours, a heavy musketry fire, and then, with
+the enemy swarming past both flanks, is forced back through the woods to
+the open ground, where the men at once halt and reform. Both the
+regimental commanders and Colonel Leasure, commanding the brigade, were
+severely wounded, and the loss was about two hundred. General Stevens's
+horse was shot under him, and also that of his orderly. It was remarked
+that when his troops emerged out of the woods, almost the last one was a
+short man in a general's uniform, followed by a tall orderly bearing a
+saddle on his shoulder.
+
+With this attack the fighting on the right came to an end for the day.
+The possession of the woods along the railroad was relinquished to the
+enemy. A strong skirmish line held the edge of, and to the right a good
+part of, the timber. The troops were posted in rear in good positions
+for the night, the scattered commands being collected. General Stevens's
+brigades were gotten together after some search, and the division was
+posted in the woods a quarter of a mile to the right and a little to the
+rear of the place where Leasure's brigade formed for the attack. The
+following incident, which illustrates the evil effects of scattering
+commands, is related in the history of the 79th Highlanders by Captain
+William T. Lusk, one of the general's aides:--
+
+  "I was directed to find Farnsworth; was sent by Sigel to Schurz, and
+  by Schurz to Schimmelfennig. The gallant German, when at last found,
+  exclaimed, 'Mein Gott! de troops, dey all runned avay, and I guess
+  your men runned avay, too!' General Stevens was indignant, and used
+  some pretty strong language, when I carried back this report, and
+  ordered me to find the missing regiments, and not to return until I
+  brought them with me. I started, therefore, for the old railroad
+  embankment. Luckily, I found Farnsworth just on the edge of the
+  woods. He said he was waiting for orders, but had none since I left
+  him in the morning."
+
+But the day was not to close without one more useless slaughter of brave
+troops. McDowell brought King's division along the Sudley road nearly to
+the pike, by half past four, passing without notice, at Newmarket, the
+old Warrenton turnpike, which here forked from the Sudley road and led
+to the unoccupied gap between Porter and Reynolds, to the very position
+where he told Porter he would put King. Pope first directed the division
+over to the right, where his attacks by detachments were being so
+disastrously repulsed, and finally, just as it reached the pike, ordered
+McDowell to push it up the road in pursuit of the enemy, declaring that
+he was in full retreat. McDowell gave the order and the encouragement.
+Gibbon's brigade, which had suffered so severely in the fight the
+previous night, was placed in support of batteries on the Rosefield
+ridge. The other three brigades, under Hatch (King being sick), fired by
+the lying promises of success, which were strengthened by the tremendous
+outbursts of musketry and roar of guns on the right wing, where they
+were told Jackson was being driven, hastened up the road with high
+hopes. Near Groveton, about dusk, they deployed,--Hatch's brigade on the
+right of the road, Doubleday on the left, Patrick in reserve,--and
+pushed on with great confidence. But Longstreet, who all the afternoon
+had held his hand, notwithstanding Lee's wish to attack, was at that
+very moment advancing Hood's division, supported by Evans's brigade and
+Wilcox's division, with Hunton's brigade of Kemper's division on Hood's
+right. The opposing forces encountered a short distance in front of
+Groveton, but the disparity in numbers was too great for the Union
+troops. The fight was furious but brief. Their left was outflanked and
+broken, and both brigades were driven back with heavy loss, including
+one gun. Patrick in some degree checked the enemy, who pursued
+considerably to the rear of Groveton. Night put a stop to the unequal
+struggle.
+
+This ended the fighting of the 29th. The Union arms were outnumbered and
+repulsed in every encounter, and lost ground on both wings. Sigel's
+dilatory and timid advance consumed the morning hours until, with
+Longstreet's arrival, the chance of attacking Jackson's right was lost.
+Sigel, too, may be censured for his importunate and unsoldierly demands
+for aid which so frittered away the weight of the right wing. But Pope
+on his arrival could have rectified this. Pope, and Pope alone, ordered
+the hasty and disconnected attacks of the afternoon, wasting the blood
+and impairing the _morale_ of his best troops. The four divisions of
+Stevens, Reno, Kearny, and Hooker numbered forty-three regiments, 17,000
+effective, as fine troops as ever marched under the stars and stripes,
+and as well commanded. Had Pope, disregarding the clamors of Sigel and
+Schurz, arrayed these splendid troops in battle order on his right, and
+hurled them in one combined attack upon the enemy, pushing into the
+fight also Schurz and Milroy and twenty of the guns that were idling in
+the centre upon the ridge, Jackson would surely have been driven back
+upon Longstreet. The battle would then have raged on the heights beyond
+Groveton, the scene of Gibbon's fight; and here Longstreet, with the
+advantages of position and greatly superior numbers, might have
+retrieved the day, or at least stayed farther Union advance, even though
+Schenck and Reynolds attacked his right with their utmost vigor. In such
+a battle Porter might possibly have turned the scale; but his troops,
+only partly deployed and stretching back along the road for three miles,
+were not in hand for prompt aggressive movement.
+
+All that afternoon Lee was master of the situation. His army was united.
+Pope's was divided; over twenty thousand of his troops out of reach and
+beyond his control. If Lee had struck with his right wing, Schenck and
+Reynolds, who alone confronted it, could not long have resisted the
+overpowering numbers, and Pope would have been driven across Bull Run.
+Porter could never have prevented the disaster. He could not have thrown
+his troops into the fight in time, unready as they were, and especially
+if the ground on his right was broken, difficult, and impenetrable, as
+he claimed, but mistakenly. It was Longstreet's slow-paced caution that
+saved Pope that afternoon.
+
+On McDowell's arrival on the field Pope learned of Porter's inaction,
+and immediately sent him a positive order to attack, which reached him
+at too late an hour to be executed. Pope thereupon sent him an order to
+march to the battlefield.
+
+Early in the morning of the next day, the 30th, General Stevens went
+over to Pope's headquarters, which were a short distance in the rear,
+and there found assembled Pope, McDowell, Heintzelman, Reno, and other
+general officers. Pope was confident that the enemy had retreated during
+the night, and, greatly to General Stevens's astonishment, some of the
+others coincided in that opinion. He, however, strongly expressed the
+contrary view, whereupon Pope directed him to push a strong skirmish
+line into the woods in his front and try the enemy. Accordingly Captain
+John More, of the 79th Highlanders, one of the best and bravest officers
+in the division, with one hundred men of his regiment, skirmished into
+the woods and attacked the enemy with great spirit; but after half an
+hour's sharp firing Captain More was brought out shot through the body,
+and a third of his men were killed or wounded. No impression was made on
+the enemy. General Early, who commanded a brigade in Ewell's division,
+says in his report: "During the course of the morning the skirmishers
+from my brigade repulsed a column of the enemy which commenced to
+advance." The Highlanders were withdrawn, and the result of their effort
+immediately reported to General Pope, but it had no effect upon his
+opinionated mind. By his positive assertions of driving the enemy and of
+his having retreated, he had imbued McDowell and Heintzelman largely
+with his own views. Thus filled with Pope's ideas, and having little
+personal observation of the previous day's battle, they hastily rode
+along the right wing, and came back and corroborated the mistaken views
+of the infatuated commander. One circumstance there was which lent color
+to them, and that was that during the night both Jackson and Longstreet
+drew back to their main line those troops that, in the eagerness of
+combat, had pushed beyond it. Yet there was scarcely a man in all the
+Union army, except the army and two corps commanders, who did not
+bitterly realize that they had been worsted the day before, and who did
+not feel sure that the enemy was still in front, stronger and readier
+than ever to renew the battle.
+
+Ricketts's division reached the field the previous evening. In the
+morning two brigades were placed on the extreme right, relieving some of
+Kearny's troops, and the other two brigades were left in reserve near
+the centre. Apparently no opportunity of dividing and scattering
+commands was to be lost. About nine A.M. Porter arrived with his troops,
+except Griffin's brigade of Morell's division and Martin's battery,
+which by some error had retired to Centreville. The forenoon wore away
+without demonstration beyond considerable artillery firing. No
+reconnoissance in force was attempted.
+
+At length at noon Pope issued an order, the most astonishing in its
+fatuity ever given on a battlefield:--
+
+              HEADQUARTERS NEAR GROVETON, August 30, 1862, 12 M.
+
+  SPECIAL ORDERS, NO. --. The following forces will be immediately
+  thrown forward and in pursuit of the enemy, and press him vigorously
+  during the whole day. Major-General McDowell is assigned to the
+  command of the pursuit.
+
+  Major-General Porter's corps will push forward on the Warrenton
+  turnpike, followed by the divisions of Brigadier-Generals King and
+  Reynolds. The division of Brigadier-General Ricketts will pursue the
+  Haymarket road, followed by the corps of Major General Heintzelman.
+  The necessary cavalry will be assigned to these columns by
+  Major-General McDowell, to whom regular and frequent reports will be
+  made. The general headquarters will be somewhere on the Warrenton
+  turnpike.
+
+          By command of MAJOR-GENERAL POPE,
+
+                                       GEORGE D. RUGGLES,
+                                     _Colonel and Chief of Staff_.
+
+The enemy he thus ordered pursued were at that moment, as they had been
+since noon the previous day, all up, posted in strong position, flushed
+with success, confident in themselves, well rested, and not inferior in
+numbers. And their skillful leader was only waiting the opportune moment
+to launch the mighty thunderbolt of war he so ably wielded. Such was the
+situation. But nothing had any effect upon the mind of the infatuated
+commander; the bloody repulses of the previous day, the loss of ground
+on both wings, the information thrust upon him by McDowell, Porter,
+Ricketts, and Reynolds that Longstreet's advance had passed Gainesville
+before nine o'clock the previous morning, over twenty-four hours before,
+and that his forces had confronted Porter and Reynolds all the afternoon
+before,--all, all was disregarded, and Pope, impervious alike to reason
+and to facts, without a reconnoissance save the spirited push of the
+hundred Highlanders, gave the fatal order fraught with disaster to his
+army, and the acme of his own fatuity and incompetence.
+
+But the officers charged with the execution of the order never attempted
+to carry it out according to its terms. With the exception perhaps of
+McDowell, they knew too well that it was an order impossible to execute.
+Ricketts, already in contact with the hostile line, reported that the
+enemy had no intention of retreating, and was ordered to hold his
+position. Porter made no effort to "push up the Warrenton turnpike,
+followed by the divisions of King and Reynolds." The pursuit feature of
+the order was ignored by all, and instead of it a strong column of
+attack was organized against Jackson's centre. This was composed of
+Porter's troops and King's division, under Porter's command, and was
+slowly formed behind the screen of woods in advance of the right centre
+of the Union lines. Stevens's division, two brigades of Ricketts's
+division, and Kearny held the lines on the right. In rear of Porter and
+King, and in rear of the centre, were placed Hooker's, Reno's, and two
+brigades of Ricketts's division, and all of Sigel's corps except
+McLean's brigade, which held the left, south of the pike, in front of
+the Chinn Hill. Reynolds with his small division extended the line on
+McLean's left. Extending from Rosefield for a long distance toward the
+right, on the crest of the ridge, was planted a long row of
+artillery,--forty guns at least,--as near together as they could be
+handled, while other batteries were in rear, unable to find a place in
+the line. A few batteries occupied positions in advance of this ridge,
+and exchanged incessant fire with the enemy's guns across the wide, open
+ground. Thus Pope bunched nearly his whole army in the centre, leaving
+his right weak, and his left wing a mere handful.
+
+  [Illustration: SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN, SECOND DAY, AUGUST 30, 1862
+                 Positions at 4 P.M., and successive positions
+                 on left]
+
+While Porter was slowly forming his column, his skirmishers pushed
+forward over the open ground nearly to Groveton. Reynolds, too, advanced
+his skirmishers on the left through the skirt of woods near Groveton,
+south of the pike, and discovered the enemy's skirmishers extending far
+to his left and rear, "evidently masking a column of the enemy formed
+for attack on my left flank, when our line should be sufficiently
+advanced." So important was this discovery deemed by Reynolds that he
+galloped instantly to Pope and reported it. How the information was
+received is graphically told by General Ruggles, Pope's chief of staff,
+in a letter to General Porter, which the author is permitted to use:--
+
+  "At two P.M. or thereabouts, Reynolds came dashing up, his horse
+  covered with foam, threw himself out of the saddle, and said,
+  'General Pope, the enemy is turning our left.' General Pope replied,
+  'Oh, I guess not!' Reynolds rejoined, 'I have considered this
+  information of sufficient importance to run the gauntlet of three
+  rebel battalions to bring it to you in person. I had thought you
+  would believe _me_.' Thereupon General Pope turned to General John
+  Buford and said, 'General Buford, take your brigade of cavalry and
+  go out and see if the enemy _is_ turning our left flank.' Reynolds
+  then said, 'I go back to my command.'"
+
+How clearly this incident reveals the infatuated, dogged state of mind
+that possessed Pope!
+
+It is after four P.M. when Porter gives the order to advance. The first
+and third brigades of Morell's division in columns, under Butterfield,
+are in front, Sykes's regulars are in support. King's division, under
+Hatch, advances on the right of Butterfield in a column seven lines
+deep, with intervals of fifty yards between the lines. Sweeping through
+the woods, they come in sight of the railroad embankment and the wooded
+hill beyond it. Instantly the whole side of the hill and edges of the
+woods swarm with men before unseen. Says General Warren in his report:
+"The effect was not unlike flushing a covey of quails." A terrific
+musketry is poured upon the advancing column, while a storm of shell and
+shrapnel smite its flank with most deadly fire from the batteries on the
+ridge to the left front. With hearty cheers, the advancing troops
+desperately charge the embankment and railroad cut on the right of it,
+and when repulsed, charge again, and then cling to their ground and open
+steady musketry. All in vain. Longstreet throws two more batteries
+forward on the ridge, and fatally enfilades the struggling troops.
+"Butterfield's troops are torn to pieces," says Sykes. In half an hour
+all is over, the repulse is complete, and the shattered troops move
+sullenly back, bearing out many wounded. In that short time they have
+lost 700 men.
+
+General Stevens, having formed his divisions in three lines, each a
+brigade, moves forward through the woods on the right of Porter's
+column, and, without waiting for orders, attacks simultaneously with
+him, at once becomes furiously engaged, and suffers heavy loss,
+including Colonel Farnsworth, who is severely wounded. General Stevens
+maintains this contest until Porter's column is repulsed, when he
+withdraws his command to the first ridge in rear of the woods, posting
+his lines just behind the crest, with skirmishers holding the edge of
+the woods.
+
+Porter's attack, made nearly at the same point as Grover's, did not
+penetrate the enemy's position so deeply. With only 2500 men, the latter
+broke two lines and swept eighty yards beyond the embankment, while
+Porter with 12,000 men did not carry the embankment. But how different
+the conditions under which he attacked,--the enemy in stronger force,
+better prepared, and Longstreet's terrible artillery tearing to pieces
+the flank of the columns! And is not something due the _morale_ of his
+troops, which was almost systematically broken by the blunders and
+disasters of this unhappy campaign? With what confidence could King's
+division be expected to charge, which, after marching all day Thursday,
+sustained the fierce and stubborn fight near Groveton with Jackson's two
+divisions, then moved away at midnight, abandoning their wounded and the
+field they had so bravely won; then marching all the next day, with
+occasional halts, until at dusk they were brought upon the field, and,
+deceived with false hopes of success, were dashed against overpowering
+masses of the enemy almost on the scene of their recent battle, and only
+twelve hours after it, and were broken and driven back with disaster;
+and the third day--Saturday--were exposed to shell fire for several
+hours, while slowly taking place in the attacking column, knowing full
+well that they were about to be hurled against the very centre and
+strongest part of the enemy's position, from which every attack of the
+previous day had been met with bloody repulse,--"Where even privates
+realized," says Colonel Charles W. Roberts, commanding Morell's first
+brigade, "that they were going into the jaws of death itself"? Clearly,
+this was not such an attack as these troops would have made if in their
+normal condition, and with any hopes of success. And their able
+commander did not drive it home with the full weight and vigor of one
+who, confident of success, puts in the last man and the last effort.
+Sykes's division was not brought up to renew the charge upon the
+railroad, for Porter, seeing that success was hopeless, wisely used it
+to cover the falling back of Butterfield and Hatch.
+
+The enemy's reports bear abundant witness to the gallantry and severity
+of Porter's charge, which shook Jackson so that even he called aloud for
+assistance. In his report he says:--
+
+  "The Federal infantry, about four o'clock in the evening, moved from
+  under cover in the woods and advanced in several lines, first
+  engaging the right, but soon extending its attack to the centre and
+  left. In a few minutes our entire line was engaged in a fierce and
+  sanguinary struggle. As one line was repulsed, another took its
+  place and pressed forward, as if determined, by force of numbers and
+  fury of assault, to drive us from our positions. So impetuous and
+  well sustained were these onsets as to induce me to send to the
+  commanding general for reinforcements."
+
+Says Colonel Bradley T. Johnson, who commanded the second brigade of
+Ewell's division:--
+
+  "Before the railroad cut, the fight was most obstinate. I saw a
+  Federal flag hold its position for half an hour within ten yards of
+  the flag of one of the regiments in the cut, and go down six or
+  eight times; and after the fight one hundred dead were lying within
+  twenty yards from the cut, some of them within two feet of it. The
+  men fought until their ammunition was exhausted, and then threw
+  stones. Lieutenant Lewis Randolph killed one with a stone, and I saw
+  him after the fight with his skull fractured."
+
+With Porter's repulse comes Lee's opportunity, the opening for which he
+has so coolly waited the better part of two days. Longstreet,
+anticipating the order to advance, throws forward his whole wing in one
+of those overwhelming attacks for which he became famous. At first there
+seems to be almost nothing to oppose the avalanche. Pope has just
+ordered Reynolds's division to the right of the pike to aid in
+protecting Porter's withdrawal, although more than half the army was
+bunched together there in the centre, and Meade's and Seymour's brigades
+and Ransom's battery have taken the new position. Colonel G.K. Warren,
+of Sykes's division, without waiting for orders, seeing Hazlett's
+battery, which was well advanced on the pike, uncovered by Reynolds's
+movement, has just hurried his little brigade of two regiments, 5th and
+10th New York, over to the left of the road to support the battery, when
+the storm bursts upon him. Furiously assailed in front, masses of the
+enemy come swarming through the woods on his left and rear, and it is
+only by breaking to the rear that any escape capture. His loss is four
+hundred and thirty-one, but the few minutes he holds back the enemy
+saves the guns. Reynolds's remaining brigade, under Anderson, with three
+batteries, in the act of moving to the right as ordered, is suddenly
+assailed with fury and forced to turn and fight where it stands, and now
+bears the brunt of the onslaught. Under cover of the woods, the enemy
+has completely turned the flank of all the Union positions, as Reynolds
+had told Pope only an hour before, and now strikes them with heavy
+masses of infantry on both front and left. After a gallant resistance
+Anderson is forced back, with the loss of four guns of Kerns's battery
+and the caissons of Cooper's. McLean, who sees with amazement Reynolds's
+division move away, leaving him to hold the hill alone, at once deploys
+his brigade, facing westward, and receives the attack. He now changes
+front to the left, and in a magnificent charge drives back the flanking
+forces of the enemy, but has to offer his right in the movement to the
+deadly enfilade fire from his former front, and he, too, bravely
+struggling, is borne back over the Chinn Hill. Meantime the generals in
+the centre are making frantic efforts to hurry troops over to the left.
+General Zealous B. Tower, distinguished for his gallantry in the Mexican
+war, one of the ablest officers of the army, leads the two reserve
+brigades of Ricketts across the pike and up the Chinn Hill, where McLean
+is being overborne; but, before he can reach a good position, his men
+are falling by scores, he is stricken down with a severe
+wound,--disabled for life and his career in the field closed,--and ere
+long his brigades are driven back. Colonel Koltes, of Sigel's corps,
+leading his brigade to the same position, is killed, and his troops,
+too, are forced back. General Schenck, leading reinforcements to McLean,
+is wounded. The enemy have driven the last defenders from the Chinn Hill
+and plateau, and their exultant lines go sweeping on to complete the
+victory. But Reynolds, with Meade's and Seymour's brigades, and Milroy
+with his brigade, are now formed in line upon the slope of the Henry
+Hill, along or near the Sudley road, and throw back the charging
+Confederates with deadly fire, and soon Sykes's regulars, Buchanan's and
+Chapman's brigades, and Weed's battery reinforce the hard-pressed and
+struggling line, extending it farther to the left and rear. The enemy
+cannot break it, but his fire fast thins its ranks, and his flanking
+movement and deadly enfilade still continue. At last night is at hand,
+and the fury of his attack abates. The defenders, spent with heavy loss
+and the hard struggle, now fall back; but General Reno has just led his
+second brigade and Graham's battery up the hill, and forms his three
+regiments, 21st Massachusetts, 51st Pennsylvania, and 51st New York,
+around its crest in a thin line facing both the Chinn Hill and the
+woods on the left, with the guns in the intervals between the regiments.
+In this position he repulses after dark two attacks of Wilcox's troops,
+the last efforts of Longstreet's mighty onslaught. After nine o'clock,
+after the fighting had ceased, he quietly retires from the hill and
+marches to Centreville.
+
+In the centre Jackson's right followed up Porter's retreating troops
+sharply; but the fire of the numerous guns searching all the open ground
+there, and the firm attitude of our troops, kept them at bay. But when
+the Chinn Hill was lost, and the enemy's fire from there smote the
+troops of Sigel holding the centre near the pike, they were forced to
+fall back to the ridge, where they took up a new position behind the
+Sudley road.
+
+As soon as Longstreet's attack was well in progress, all the rebel guns
+upon the high ridge were turned upon our right, for they dared not
+continue firing upon the left and centre for fear of injuring their own
+troops now swarming onward against the Union positions, and the
+concentric fire of forty guns now pounded with a perfect hail of shot
+and shell the Union troops and batteries on that wing. The men there lay
+hugging the ground in rear of the guns, partially sheltered by the low
+ridges, while the artillery fired with its utmost rapidity upon the
+rebel lines of battle emerging over the distant ridge and advancing down
+the slope until lost to view in the woods, or beneath the smoke which
+now hung over the lower ground. They swept onward in splendid order, not
+in one or two long lines, but regiment after regiment, separately, with
+blood-red colors proudly borne aloft and pointed forward, like wave
+after wave of ocean after a storm, rolling onward with resistless
+majesty and power. From the great battery in our centre belched a mighty
+and continuous roar and volume of thunder, and dense clouds of dusky,
+sulphurous smoke rolled over the landscape in front; while beyond it,
+on the left, but apparently beneath its folds, rose the incessant
+clatter and crackle of musketry, with now and again the heavier, sharper
+noise of great volleys, telling of the dreadful struggle raging there.
+Surely there are no sights and sounds more terrible than those of a
+great battle.
+
+When this scene of pandemonium was at its height, General Stevens
+quietly remarked to General Ricketts, as they stood near one of our
+batteries watching the fight on the left front: "If we can hold the
+right here, the enemy must be repulsed, for General Pope has nearly all
+his troops over there, and can certainly repel any attack on his left."
+
+Soon after this General Reno was standing with General Stevens near the
+same point. The battery had ceased firing, for the enemy's infantry were
+no longer visible. Suddenly a tall young fellow, in a Union sergeant's
+uniform, came running up the slope from the woods two hundred yards in
+front, and cried out, "Don't fire on that regiment; it is the 26th New
+York. It has been in the woods, and is just coming out. Don't fire!
+Don't fire!" All looked, and there, at the edge of the woods, was a line
+of troops in blue uniforms just forming. General Reno turned to General
+Stevens, as if in doubt; but Captain Stevens, knowing that the enemy's
+skirmishers held the edge of the woods ever since ours were drawn in,
+impulsively called out to the battery, "Fire! They are rebels! Fire!"
+The guns instantly fired upon them, and as quickly they disappeared,
+melted, into the woods. The sergeant, too, had disappeared, when we
+turned to find him, having made good use of his long legs to rejoin his
+companions when his bold ruse failed.
+
+A little later, when the great struggle on the left was still raging, a
+mounted officer came galloping at high speed down to the line and
+delivered an order from General Pope to retreat. "General Pope orders
+the right wing to fall back at once. The enemy has turned the left, and
+if it remains half an hour longer, it will be cut off and captured."
+With this, back he raced, faster, if possible, than he came. Very
+deliberately and quietly General Stevens gave the necessary orders,
+cautioning his colonels against haste or flurry. One by one the guns
+ceased firing, and were limbered up and taken to the rear. When the last
+one had gone, the infantry rose to their feet, and marched back in usual
+marching column. Out of the woods in front the enemy were swarming like
+angry bees in clouds of skirmishers, and beginning to push up the slope.
+By the time our troops had moved two hundred yards back from the little
+ridge or roll of ground they had just left, the enemy came pouring over
+it in considerable numbers. But General Stevens had thrown his two rear
+regiments in line, and they opened with a well-aimed volley, which
+instantly cleared the ridge of the pursuers. The regiments promptly
+resumed the retreat, and four hundred yards farther back filed past two
+more of General Stevens's regiments, which in like manner stood in line
+ready to repel too hot a pursuit. At this moment General Kearny came
+from the right at the head of a small force, apparently a regiment,
+passing along the rear side of a point of woods which extended to near
+where General Stevens's line stood. Just then the enemy began firing out
+of this cover. Instantly Kearny fronted his scanty force into line and
+dashed it into the woods; but quickly a sharp volley resounded in the
+timber, and his men came running out, and continued to the rear, pursued
+by the enemy's skirmishers in equal disorder. Upon these the waiting
+line poured a deliberate volley, and back they went running into the
+woods. The troops, after administering this sharp rebuff, filed off to
+the rear unmolested, and moved over a prominent ridge a thousand yards
+back, along the crest of which was drawn up in line a part of Ricketts's
+division, apparently a brigade. It was now fast growing dark. General
+Stevens, knowing that the pike would be crowded with retreating troops,
+wished to cross Bull Run somewhere above the bridge, and sent for Major
+Elliott, of the Highlanders, who was at the first battle of Bull Run,
+and might know of some practicable ford. This proved to be the case; and
+after some little delay the division, guided by Major Elliott, crossed
+at Locke's or Red House Ford, and moved by a cross-road to the pike,
+where, finding the main road jammed full of troops and artillery flowing
+past in a dense column, General Stevens bivouacked till morning, when he
+moved to Centreville.
+
+While the division was waiting on the ridge behind Ricketts's troops,
+they opened with a sudden volley, as startling as unexpected, in the
+darkness. The enemy, pursuing, were advancing up the hill when this
+volley stopped them, and, falling back to the foot of the ridge, they
+lay there all night. Ricketts's brigade immediately moved off to the
+left by a farm road to a ford a short distance above the bridge, where
+they crossed. Soon after these troops had filed away in the darkness,
+General Stevens sent Lieutenant Heffron, one of his aides, to the crest
+which they had just left, telling him to observe, try if he could see or
+hear the enemy, and come back and report. After sufficient time had
+elapsed for Heffron to have performed the duty, he sent Captain Stevens
+on a similar errand, for his column was not quite ready to move; owing
+to delay in finding out about the ford, and there was nothing between it
+and the enemy. He, too, rode back to the crest, gazed into the darkness,
+listened intently, without catching sight or sound, and started to ride
+down the front of the ridge to make sure of the enemy's position, when
+the reflection that Heffron had probably done that very thing and had
+not returned caused him to turn back and rejoin his command, the rear of
+which was just moving off. Heffron had ridden down the slope and into
+the enemy's line at its foot, and was captured.
+
+At this time two brigades of Kearny's division, which, being more in
+rear than Ricketts's, had moved back before him, were on or in front of
+the ridge, only a musket-shot to the left of the enemy lying at its
+foot, each force ignorant of the other's presence, and remained there
+until ten P.M., when they retreated by the same route as Ricketts. Poe's
+brigade, on the extreme right, fell back, and recrossed the run by the
+same ford as General Stevens's division, and before it. Thus the troops
+of the right wing made good their retreat in perfect order and without
+loss, except that of some guns of Ricketts.[20]
+
+General Pope in his report, after claiming that he repulsed the enemy at
+all points, states that he gave the order to withdraw to Centreville
+after eight o'clock at night. No doubt he did give such an order at that
+time, but he suppresses all mention of the orders he gave to retreat and
+fall back long before that time, when he saw his left being turned and
+overpowered, and, his presumptuous confidence knocked out of him,
+thought more of saving part of his army than of repelling the enemy. And
+then it was, about six P.M., that so many troops were hurried off the
+field in retreat to Centreville, among them Nagle's brigade, of Reno's
+division, two brigades of Hooker's, King's division, and some of Sigel's
+troops in the centre, and the whole of the right wing; and then, too, it
+was that he dispatched the order to General Banks at Bristoe Station to
+destroy the public property and retreat to Centreville. At that time
+the head of Franklin's corps of the Army of the Potomac was up to the
+stone bridge on its march to reinforce Pope, and might have been used to
+maintain his battle. But that commander already had more men on the
+field than he was capable of using. Under the leadership of a Sheridan,
+a Grant, a Meade, or a Thomas, his gallant army would never have
+retreated from the field, and might have inflicted a deadly blow upon
+its antagonist. How bravely and even desperately the Union troops fought
+is best attested by the Confederate reports, and the nine thousand
+Confederate losses in killed and wounded. The Union loss, including that
+of the 28th, amounted to fourteen thousand. That at the end of the
+battle there was disorder and demoralization among some commands it were
+idle to deny, but it has been grossly exaggerated.
+
+  NOTE.--General Pope's reports are very erroneous and misleading; the
+  histories of the battle, following his statements, scarce less so.
+  He and they habitually speak of corps when only brigades were
+  engaged, and give all his dispositions and movements an aspect of
+  forethought and order the reverse of the fact. It is only by careful
+  study of the reports of division, brigade, and regimental
+  commanders, and of the dispatches on the field, that the shifting
+  struggle can be traced out. _War Records_, vol. xii., Report and
+  Testimony in Review of Fitz-John Porter Case.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [20] The reports of Jackson and his subordinates indulge in much
+       exaggeration as to driving the Union forces in their front, but
+       Longstreet, with more truth, states in his book, p. 189, that
+       "Jackson failed to pull up even on the left."
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER LVII
+
+                        THE BATTLE OF CHANTILLY
+
+
+Having safely withdrawn his division from the disastrous field, crossing
+Bull Run by Red House Ford, General Stevens conducted it to the main
+turnpike, now brimful with retreating troops. It was night, too, and
+quite dark. Unwilling to plunge his command into the crowded throng, he
+halted and allowed them to sleep on their arms by the roadside, while
+the dense, dark tide of troops, trains, and artillery flowed past all
+night. After daylight he resumed the march by the pike, now clear, and
+halted for breakfast in the fields a mile from Centreville. The men were
+ravenously hungry, having long since emptied their haversacks; the
+supply trains were in the rear, no one knew where, so that a drink of
+water and a tightened belt seemed destined to be the only breakfast. But
+General Stevens, having observed a small herd of cattle near by
+belonging to some commissary, had them driven up and slaughtered; some
+wagons loaded with hard bread were also seized, and soon the entire
+command were cooking and enjoying a hearty repast of beefsteak and hard
+tack.
+
+General Stevens now received orders from General Pope to act as
+rear-guard. Reno's division (that officer being ill and off duty), a
+brigade of cavalry, and two batteries were added to his command for that
+duty, the most important and responsible in the army at this juncture.
+He moved out and took position on Cub Run, two and a half miles in front
+of Centreville, throwing out a strong skirmish line beyond the creek,
+and disposing his batteries and troops to resist an attack. Contrary to
+expectation, the enemy did not press on after his victory, although he
+appeared in force, advanced his skirmish line in plain view, and opened
+briskly with his artillery, to which ours as briskly replied. The day
+was wet, drizzling, and dreary, but at last wore away with nothing more
+serious.
+
+At night General Reynolds and his division relieved General Stevens. He
+criticised some of the latter's dispositions, which called out a sharp
+rejoinder. He declared that the enemy's skirmishers were too close, and
+deployed a regiment to drive them back, but his men, to his intense
+chagrin, hung back. Then he said the enemy might attack at any moment.
+But General Stevens did not share his apprehensions, and remarked to
+him, "I think it most probable that the enemy will move around and
+strike us under the ribs."
+
+After being relieved, the division moved to Centreville, and bivouacked
+on the heights half a mile south of the hamlet. The following morning,
+Monday, September 1, the officers straightened out their commands and
+took account of their losses; rations and ammunition were brought up and
+issued; and all hoped for at least one day of much needed rest. Captain
+Stevens, by direction of the general, counted the stacks of muskets, and
+found the latter to number 2012. Half of the division had fallen in
+battle, or on the march, since leaving Fredericksburg a fortnight
+before.
+
+Lieutenant S.N. Benjamin, a very brave and intelligent young officer,
+whom General Stevens treated with great kindness and consideration
+during the campaign, relates that about noon the general came to his
+battery,--
+
+  "and came where I was sitting. (My crutches had been broken, and I
+  could not rise without help.) I soon saw that he felt very
+  blue,--that he felt the defeat very keenly, and feared its effect on
+  the men. I tried to assure him that his own command felt more
+  devoted to him than ever, and if possible more faith in his skill
+  than before. And this was God's truth,--_they did_, and he had
+  earned it.
+
+  "Still he felt very blue. I asked him if he would write to his wife.
+  'Yes; but there is no way to send a letter in. I am anxious to send
+  word.' 'Well, general, you write, and I will send it by some
+  Christian or Sanitary man. We have just sent letters, and I will
+  have a man watch the turnpike until some one will take it.'
+
+  "He seemed much pleased with this. I brought him the envelope, etc.,
+  and he wrote on a book, sitting on the ground. Before he had
+  finished, the order came to move. He closed it hastily, after giving
+  some orders, gave it to me, and went to his headquarters. The letter
+  was given to a gentleman going to Washington with a wounded man."
+
+It was General Stevens's last letter.
+
+While the beaten and distracted Union commander was trying to straighten
+out his forces huddled about Centreville, uncertain whether to risk
+further conflict or to fall back to the defenses of Washington, Lee was
+moving his whole army in one column, to fall upon his enemy's line of
+retreat and rear. The very day after the battle he advanced Jackson's
+wing across Bull Run by Sudley Ford to the Little River turnpike, which
+runs straight to Fairfax Court House, and there intersects the
+Alexandria and Warrenton pike, eight miles behind Centreville. On this
+Monday morning Jackson was marching down the turnpike with Longstreet
+and his whole wing following closely in support, thus turning the Union
+army at Centreville, and moving to fall upon its only line of retreat;
+"to strike it under the ribs," as General Stevens so clearly foresaw.
+Pope had taken no steps to anticipate or guard against this fatal flank
+movement. He was groping in the dark, utterly at a loss what course to
+pursue, and consequently he did nothing until noon, when startling news
+forced him to decision and to action.
+
+  [Illustration: Jackson's Flank March to turn Centreville.]
+
+Such was the situation,--the bulk of the Union forces grouped about
+Centreville with their distraught commander, the victorious rebel army,
+in one strong column, Jackson at its head, turning their flank and
+striking far in their rear,--when, at one P.M., two cavalrymen dashed up
+to General Stevens's headquarters. They bore orders to him from General
+Pope to march immediately across country, guided by the two troopers, to
+the Little River pike, and there take position and hold in check a
+column of the enemy reported advancing down that road.
+
+General Stevens soon had his division under arms, moved across the
+fields, and entered the Alexandria pike a short distance east of
+Centreville. Here Ferrero's brigade of Reno's division, the other
+brigade after its heavy loss on the 29th not being again called upon,
+fell in behind and followed. The scanty column moved down the road a
+mile and a half, then turned off to the left, and followed a farm road
+in a northeasterly direction between the two pikes. As General Stevens
+and staff were riding at the head of the column the cavalrymen told how
+they had been out foraging that morning to the Little River pike, and
+had run into a heavy column of the enemy advancing down it, and had made
+all haste to gallop to Pope's headquarters with the news. Thence they
+were at once dispatched to General Stevens with the orders already
+related, and directed to guide his column to the endangered road.
+
+This startling news brought him about noon by these cavalrymen was
+unquestionably the first intelligence that Pope received of Lee's
+thrust. His own orders prove this, for he not only immediately
+dispatched General Stevens to seize and hold the Little River pike, but
+detached Hooker from his division and sent him to Germantown, a point
+just in front of Fairfax Court House, where the two pikes meet, to take
+charge of some troops there and post them to resist the threatening
+movement, ordered McDowell--
+
+  "immediately to march rapidly back to Fairfax Court House with your
+  whole division (corps) and assume command of the two brigades there,
+  and occupy Germantown with your whole force, so as to cover the
+  turnpike from this place to Alexandria. Jackson is reported
+  advancing on Fairfax with 20,000 men,"--
+
+and soon afterwards hurried Heintzelman's two divisions down the pike
+toward Fairfax. And it was while thus moving that General Kearny
+received General Stevens's urgent summons, and opportunely hastened to
+the stricken field, as will soon be related.
+
+After proceeding across country several miles in rather a winding or
+crooked course, the column was marching over an elevated tract of open
+country, which sloped down in front to a marshy hollow clothed with
+small growth, and partially timbered. Beyond the hollow, open fields
+appeared again, and beyond them dense pine woods. To the rear the high
+ground extended to the main turnpike, half a mile distant, down which
+were seen the white covers of the crowded wagons moving in retreat.
+
+At this moment the little cavalcade at the head of the column was
+suddenly surprised by the sight of a rebel skirmish line deployed across
+the fields in front and cautiously advancing toward it, and the more
+because the Little River pike, as the cavalrymen said, was still some
+distance away. The skirmishers were already across the hollow and close
+at hand when first seen.
+
+At the first glance General Stevens realized what that rebel skirmish
+line portended. It portended an attack in force upon the turnpike, the
+only line of retreat. Full well he knew that the movement must be
+arrested, or the line of retreat would be broken, the army cut in two
+while widely extended along the road, and a great disaster inflicted.
+Instantly he threw forward two companies of the Highlanders, under
+Captains W.T. Lusk and Robert Ives, to drive back the enemy's advance
+and uncover his movement. Deploying in skirmish order, they ran forward,
+exchanging a sharp fire with the opposing line and driving it back,
+crossed the hollow, surmounted a graded railroad embankment which
+traversed it, and pushed on after the rebel skirmishers into the farther
+fields. The embankment was the grade of the same Manassas Gap Railroad
+over which, beyond Bull Run, Jackson made his fierce fight.
+
+  [Illustration: BATTLE OF CHANTILLY, SEPTEMBER 1, 1862]
+
+Captain Stevens, directing the skirmishers, had just ridden on top of
+the embankment, when a rebel soldier half way across the field in front,
+who was helping off a wounded comrade, withdrew his arm from his
+comrade's support, deliberately aimed at the mounted officer, and
+fired, and the bullet passed through his hat, inflicting a sharp rap
+upon his head. Twenty muskets were instantly fired at the bold rebel in
+return, but without effect, and coolly and deliberately he shifted his
+piece to his left hand, replaced his right arm around his comrade's
+waist, and helped him slowly off in safety.
+
+While the Highlanders were thus pushing back the enemy, General Stevens,
+without halting or retarding the march of his troops an instant, was
+forming them as fast as they came up in a column of brigades on the
+hither side of the fields beyond the hollow. While thus forming, a
+regiment of the enemy advanced in line of battle from the woods more
+than half way across the fields, and the Union skirmishers fell back
+before it. But Benjamin's guns, having just taken position on the right
+of the forming column, opened upon the regiment, and it immediately fell
+back and disappeared in the woods. Lusk's company now rejoined its
+regiment, but Ives's fell back to the railroad grade, and remained there
+during the battle.
+
+The column was formed in the edge of quite a large open tract, the
+farther side of which was closed by the woods. Woods also extended on
+the right side all along the open ground. Near the centre of the open
+tract, and to the left and front of the column, was a farmhouse, with
+outbuildings and orchard, and just beyond it a large field of tall,
+waving corn extended to the woods in front, and to woods on the left.
+The estate was known as Fruitvale, and belonged to the family of Reid,
+but was occupied at this time by a family named Heath.
+
+A road coming from the main turnpike in rear ran in a northerly course
+past the right of the forming column, extended along the right edge of
+the open ground, traversed the farther woods, and crossed the Little
+River pike at right angles. This has been known since colonial days as
+the Ox Road, and the eminence over which it runs, just north of the
+crossing, is Ox Hill, from which the Confederates have named the coming
+engagement the battle of Ox Hill. In Union reports and histories it is
+known as the battle of Chantilly, from the hamlet of that name six miles
+westward on the Little River pike.
+
+The column was soon formed in the following order:--
+
+      28th Mass., 79th Highlanders, Col. David Morrison.
+      50th Penn., 8th Michigan, Col. Benjamin C. Christ.
+     100th Penn., 46th New York, Lieut.-Col. David A. Lecky.
+
+The formation was nearly completed when General Reno appeared. He had
+been sick and off duty the day before. The conference between him and
+General Stevens was brief. The latter pointed out the supposed position
+of the enemy, in a few strong words showed the necessity of hurling back
+his threatened advance, and declared his intention of attack as soon as
+his column was formed. General Reno seemed undecided and hesitating. He
+seemed not to approve the movement, but he certainly did not disapprove
+it in words, nor did he give any orders, nor take command in any way,
+and soon turned and rode back.
+
+General Stevens now dismounted, and directed his staff to dismount, and
+sent one of them to each of the leading regiments, with orders to go
+forward with it and make every exertion to force the charge home. He
+sent Captain Stevens to the Highlanders, and Lieutenant Dearborn, his
+aide, to the 28th Massachusetts.
+
+The column now advanced, Benjamin's guns firing shells into the woods in
+front. It descended a long, gentle slope, crossed a slight hollow, and
+swept steadily up the easy ascent in three firm, regular lines with the
+fixed bayonets glistening above them. Not a sight nor sound betrayed the
+presence of the enemy. There was nothing to be seen but the open field,
+extending two hundred yards in front and closed by the wall of woods,
+with an old zigzag rail fence at its edge. "There is no enemy there,"
+exclaimed Captain Lusk to Captain Stevens, as they were marching side by
+side; "they have fallen back; we shall find nothing there."
+
+Even as he spoke, the enemy poured a terrific volley from behind the
+rail fence. Captain Stevens struck the ground with great force and
+suddenness, shot in the arm and hip, and as he struggled to his feet saw
+the even battle line of the Highlanders pressing firmly and steadily on.
+A few minutes later General Stevens came up on foot, stopped a moment to
+ask his son if he was badly hurt, and to order a soldier to help him off
+the field, and, unheeding his remonstrances, moved on after the first
+line.
+
+The enemy was smiting the column with a terrible and deadly musketry.
+The men were falling fast. General Stevens now ordered Captain Lusk to
+hasten to the 50th Pennsylvania, which was hesitating at entering the
+cornfield, and to push them forward, for, as the column advanced, the
+left struck and extended into this cornfield.
+
+The troops, under the withering hail of bullets, were now wavering and
+almost at a standstill. Five color-bearers of the Highlanders had fallen
+in succession, and the colors again fell to the ground. At this crisis
+General Stevens pushed to the front, seized the falling colors from the
+hands of the wounded bearer, unheeding his cry, "For God's sake, don't
+take the colors, general; they'll shoot you if you do!" and calling
+aloud upon his old regiment, "Highlanders, my Highlanders, follow your
+general!" rushed forward with the uplifted flag. The regiment responded
+nobly. They rushed forward, reached the edge of the woods, hurled
+themselves with fury upon the fence and the rebel line behind it, and
+the enemy broke and fled in disorder. The 28th Massachusetts joined
+gallantly in the charge, and the other brigades as gallantly supported
+the first. At this moment a sudden and severe thunderstorm, with a
+furious gale, burst over the field and the rain fell in torrents, while
+the flash of lightning and peals of thunder seemed to rebuke man's
+bloody, fratricidal strife.
+
+General Stevens fell dead in the moment of victory. A bullet entered at
+the temple and pierced his brain. He still firmly grasped the flagstaff,
+and the colors lay fallen upon his head and shoulders. His noble, brave,
+and ardent spirit, freed at last from the petty jealousies of earth, had
+flown to its Creator.
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER LVIII
+
+                        THE BATTLE OF CHANTILLY
+
+
+The enemy's troops thus struck and hurled back were Ewell's division of
+Jackson's corps. Hays's and Trimble's brigades were behind the fence,
+and were supported by Early's and Lawton's brigades in the woods in
+their rear. This was the centre division in Jackson's column. The
+leading one, under Starke, had already crossed the Ox Road, and the rear
+division, under A.P. Hill, was closed up on Ewell's.
+
+Jackson, judging from the fury of the attack and the numbers of his men
+running in disorder out of the woods that he was assailed by a heavy
+force, and fearing for his artillery, which had taken position on Ox
+Hill, on the north side of the pike, when Ewell's division advanced into
+the woods on the south side, at once moved his batteries half a mile
+back up the pike to a long ridge, and planted them in position to rally
+his troops upon in case of need, while at the same time he hurried
+Hill's infantry division forward to maintain the battle. That officer
+advanced the brigades of Branch and Brockenbrough (Field's), and
+successively threw into the fight those of Gregg, Pander, Thomas, and
+Archer, all of which, except the last, became heavily engaged and
+suffered severely. General Stevens's division withstood the attack of
+these fresh troops stoutly. It had driven back everything in its
+immediate front, but the contest now raged over the cornfield on the
+left. It was impossible for its scanty numbers long to resist the
+pressure of Hill's brigades, successively rushing into the conflict.
+
+But aid was at hand.
+
+At the moment of ordering the fatal charge, General Stevens sent
+Lieutenant H.G. Belcher, of the 8th Michigan, back to the main turnpike
+with instructions to ask support, and to go from commander to commander
+until he secured it. Belcher applied to several generals, who declined
+to go without orders, until finally he met General Kearny. Scarcely had
+he made known his mission to him, and its urgency was startlingly
+emphasized by the rapid and fierce musketry of the battle, when Kearny
+exclaimed, "By God, I will support Stevens anywhere!" and at once broke
+the head of his column off the pike, and struck across the fields to the
+sound of the battle.
+
+It was Birney's brigade that Kearny so promptly brought to the rescue.
+They arrived just in time. The 4th Maine, Colonel Elijah Walker, formed
+line in rear of the cornfield, considerably to the left of the
+farmhouse, and opened on the enemy swarming in the farther edge of the
+field. The remaining regiments as they came up, the 101st New York, 3d
+Maine, 4th New York, and 1st New York, extended the line to the right as
+far as the house, or the right border of the cornfield, and, as General
+Birney reports, "held the enemy and sustained unflinchingly the most
+murderous fire from a superior force." From this position they made a
+gallant advance well into the cornfield, driving back the enemy to the
+woods, and then withdrew to their former ground. Captain George E.
+Randolph planted his battery of four guns immediately in rear of the
+line, and fired over it into the farther side of the cornfield and into
+the woods. The 18th New York and 57th Pennsylvania were put in later,
+and helped sustain the contest.
+
+General Stevens's troops maintained their unequal battle until after
+Birney's line opened. Jackson reports, "So severe was the fire in front
+and flank of Branch's brigade as to produce in it some disorder and
+falling back," and other Confederate officers mention the severe flank
+fire, showing conclusively that both Stevens's and Birney's smote this
+brigade, one in flank, the other in front, under which double fire it
+was broken and driven back. "This engagement is regarded by this brigade
+as one of our severest," says its commander in his report. After holding
+their ground for an hour in the unequal contest, and expending all their
+ammunition, General Stevens's troops fell back to the Reid house from
+the position they had so gallantly won. The enemy did not advance into
+the open ground on the right of the cornfield, and Birney's fight was
+continued over it until night ended the contest.
+
+Ferrero's brigade, of only three regiments, reached the field
+immediately after Stevens's division, and was ordered by General Reno to
+cover his right. The 51st New York, the leading regiment, moved forward
+into the woods some distance on the right of Stevens's column until it
+encountered the line of Starke's division, became somewhat engaged, and
+retired with a loss of thirteen. The next regiment, the 21st
+Massachusetts, was not to escape so easily. Thrown forward on the left
+of the 51st New York, and disconnected from it, it advanced for a long
+distance in the woods, somewhat disordered by fallen trees, struck the
+enemy's line, and unexpectedly received a deadly volley, and nearly one
+hundred brave fellows, dead and wounded, lay prostrate at the blow. The
+gallant regiment returned the fire as well as it could, but in the
+drenching rain many guns became unserviceable, and it fell back from the
+woods, the enemy not pursuing. The third regiment, the 51st
+Pennsylvania, entered the woods on the right of the 51st New York, but
+were not engaged.
+
+Meantime Starke withdrew his whole division from the woods back to the
+Little River pike, and moved to the rear. Whether his line, struck by an
+unaccountable panic, fell into disorder, or whether Jackson drew back
+the troops for the support of Hill, all of whose brigades were then
+going into the fight, is uncertain, but probably the latter. Early moved
+to the left and covered the front vacated by Starke, but with a
+contracted line, while Trimble's and Lawton's brigades were content to
+hold their ground in the woods considerably to the rear of the fence
+from which Hays and Trimble had been so roughly driven.
+
+Longstreet deployed Toombs's and Anderson's brigades of his leading
+division (Jones's), and advanced them into the woods in support of
+Jackson's troops, but they were not called upon, as night soon closed
+the contest.
+
+  "As I rode up and met General Jackson," says Longstreet in his
+  "Manassas to Appomattox," "I remarked upon the number of his men
+  going to the rear.
+
+  "'General, your men don't appear to work well to-day?'
+
+  "'No,' he replied, 'but I hope it will prove a victory in the
+  morning.'"
+
+As the stricken 21st Massachusetts emerged from the woods, near where
+General Stevens formed his column, it was met by General Kearny, who was
+searching for troops to cover the right flank of Birney's line.
+
+  "In fierce haste," says General C.F. Walcott, the historian of the
+  regiment, in a paper on this battle before the Massachusetts
+  Military Historical Society, "he ordered the regiment to move on the
+  run to take post on Birney's right, the position of whose line was
+  indicated only by the flashes of their muskets. Luckily two of our
+  companies, which had been detached in the woods to cover our flanks,
+  had escaped the ambuscade into which the others had fallen, and now
+  joined us with serviceable guns, and the regiment, about two hundred
+  strong, moved across the open ground towards the cornfield and the
+  front of Birney's right, deploying a thin skirmish line to cover
+  our right and front as we advanced.
+
+  "As our skirmishers came up to the rail fence of the cornfield they
+  were fired on by Thomas's skirmishers, whose brigade, with two of
+  Pender's regiments, was in the cornfield, and coming from the woods
+  well on Birney's right. Crossing the line of the fence we soon
+  halted in the corn, under a dropping fire from the enemy. General
+  Kearny was following us up closely, and as we came to a halt
+  fiercely tried to force us forward, saying that we were firing on
+  our own men, and that there were no rebels near us. We had the proof
+  in two prisoners--an officer and private of a Georgia
+  regiment--brought in by our skirmishers, besides the warning cries
+  of 'Surrender,' coming both from our right and front; but,
+  unfortunately, Kearny's judgment seemed unable to appreciate the
+  existence of the peril which his military instinct had caused him to
+  guard against. Lieutenant Walcott, of the brigade staff, took our
+  prisoners to him, saying, 'General, if you don't believe there are
+  rebels in the corn, here are two prisoners from the 49th Georgia,
+  just taken in our front.' Crying out fiercely, '---- ---- you and
+  your prisoners!' the general, entirely alone, apparently in
+  ungovernable rage at our disregard of his peremptory orders to
+  advance, forced his horse through the deep, sticky mud of the
+  cornfield past the left of the regiment, passing within a few feet
+  of where I was standing. I watched him moving in the murky twilight
+  through the corn, and, when less than twenty yards away, saw his
+  horse suddenly rear and turn, and half a dozen muskets flash around
+  him: so died the intrepid soldier, General Philip Kearny!
+
+  "Diverted by our movement from their design upon Birney's brigade,
+  the enemy surged up against our front and right flank, took what
+  fire we could give them at a few paces distance (which they returned
+  with interest), and in the dark, ignorant of our weakness, allowed
+  us to withdraw from their front without pursuit, and in a few
+  minutes also drew back themselves from the cornfield to the woods
+  behind it. Except a few scattering shots on Birney's front, which
+  soon ceased, the battle of Chantilly was now over."
+
+Supposing from the non-return of General Kearny that he had fallen or
+been captured, General Birney assumed command of his division, and after
+the battle was over relieved his hard-fought troops with General Poe's
+brigade. Robinson's brigade was posted during the battle on the high
+ground near the main turnpike, and was not engaged. The Union troops
+held the ground upon which they fought until half past two in the
+morning, brought off their wounded, and then retreated to Fairfax Court
+House after the last of the troops from Centreville had passed.
+
+Only sixteen Union regiments, viz., six of Stevens's division, three of
+Ferrero's brigade, and seven of Birney's brigade, with six guns,
+Benjamin's two 20-pounder rifles, and Randolph's four 12-pounders,
+fought this battle against Jackson's whole corps of seventy regiments,
+of which at least forty-eight were in the fight. The Union force
+numbered 5500 effective, the Confederate at least twice as many.
+
+In this brief and fierce battle the losses on each side were from 800 to
+1000. The following statement is made up from Confederate official
+reports and, on the Union side, from regimental histories, for there are
+no official reports of Union losses, except four in Poe's brigade, and
+from estimates based on all available data, but undoubtedly falls short
+of the actual losses.
+
+How exactly General Stevens grasped the military situation when he
+caught sight of the rebel skirmish line, and instantly decided to stay
+Jackson's impending advance by an attack that would throw even him on
+the defensive, is clearly shown by the Confederate leader's objective,
+and the dispositions he had made of his troops to accomplish it.
+
+Jackson had moved down the pike from Chantilly slowly and carefully, to
+give time for Longstreet to close up in support. His troops were well
+in hand, the infantry of one division, and probably of all three,
+marching in two columns, one on each side of the road, and the artillery
+on the road between them. Already he had thrown this solid column,
+prepared for battle rather than for the march, athwart the Ox Road,
+which led straight across to the coveted line of retreat. Already his
+skirmishers, supported by a regiment, had pushed southward half a mile,
+and were advancing across country to the other pike, and in another half
+mile--in ten minutes more--would come in plain sight of the wagons
+moving back upon it. His whole corps was in position,--Ewell's division
+(under Lawton) in the centre, Starke on the left, Hill on the right. It
+lay wholly in Jackson's will and power, advancing but little over a
+mile, to hurl this mighty mass, seventy regiments strong, upon Pope's
+only road and his retreating troops and trains. Who that knows Jackson's
+career can doubt his will and power to seize the golden opportunity?
+
+At the very instant of launching the thunderbolt, Jackson learns that
+the enemy is advancing upon him, his skirmishers are driven in, his
+centre division is hurled headlong from its position, the fugitives pour
+out of the woods, he hurries his artillery to the rear, is forced to
+throw the whole of his right division into the fight, brigade after
+brigade, and to withdraw his left division for his last reserve. The
+possibility of striking his enemy is gone. He can only say, "I hope it
+will prove a victory to-morrow."
+
+And the troops that General Stevens led to this desperate and victorious
+charge were the same who, but ten weeks since, suffered the slaughter on
+James Island, and had just lost half of their number in the bloody
+encounters on the plains of Bull Run. Can more be said for the gallantry
+and devotion of the soldiers, or the hold upon them of their heroic
+leader?
+
+Had General Stevens remained on the defensive and given time--and time
+counted by minutes--for Jackson to advance, disaster were inevitable.
+How long could his scanty force of nine regiments, outflanked and
+overborne, have resisted the avalanche? True, Kearny was on the pike,
+and perhaps others would have joined in the defense, but where was the
+army or corps commander to put them in, and order and control battle
+against Jackson's onslaught, backed by Longstreet? Pope was at
+Centreville; Sumner, with his second corps, north of it; Sigel's,
+McDowell's, Franklin's troops scattered from Fairfax to Alexandria and
+Washington; Banks retreating down Braddock road,--all scattered and out
+of reach. The closest study of the situation strengthens the conviction
+that General Stevens that day saved the army and the country from an
+appalling disaster.
+
+General McDowell, hurrying to Fairfax Court House as directed by General
+Pope, met Patrick's brigade near that point and posted it behind
+Difficult Run, just in front of Germantown,[21] where it was supported
+by Ricketts's division. General Stuart, who with his cavalry preceded
+Jackson's column down the pike, after passing the Ox Road some two miles
+found his advance arrested by these troops, and, after some skirmishing,
+moved off northward toward Flint Hill in a fruitless effort to flank the
+Union line. Patrick's brigade lost twenty wounded. Neither force took
+any part in the battle of Chantilly.
+
+UNION LOSSES.
+
+  Stevens's division:           Staff                               2
+    First brigade:             {100th Pennsylvania                 36
+      Colonel Daniel Leasure   {46th New York                      50[A]
+    Second brigade:            {79th Highlanders                   40
+      Colonel David Morrison   {28th Massachusetts                 99
+    Third brigade:             {8th Michigan (7 killed)            50[A]
+      Colonel B.C. Christ     {50th Pennsylvania (7 killed)        50[A]
+                                                                  ---
+                                                                  327
+
+  Reno's division:
+    Ferrero's brigade          21st Massachusetts                 130
+                               51st New York                       13
+                               51st Pennsylvania (none)
+                                                                  ---
+                                                                  143
+
+  Kearny's division:           Staff                                1
+    Birney's brigade           3d Maine                            50
+                               4th Maine                           64
+                               40th New York                      163
+                               1st New York                        40[A]
+                               38th New York                       25[A]
+                               101st New York                      40[A]
+                               57th Pennsylvania                   25[A]
+    Poe's brigade:             Pickets                              4
+                                                                  ---
+                        Total: 16 regiments                       412
+                                                                  ---
+                                                                  882
+
+[A] Estimated. No report in war records or histories.
+
+CONFEDERATE LOSSES.
+
+  Jackson's corps:
+    Stark's division             20 regiments                      71[B]
+    Ewell's division:
+      Lawton's brigade            6 regiments                      12
+      Early's brigade             7 regiments                      32
+      Trimble's brigade           5 regiments                      21
+      Hays's brigade              5 regiments                     135
+                                 --                               ---
+                                 43                               200
+
+  Hill's division:
+    Branch's brigade              5 regiments                     108
+    Pender's brigade              4 regiments                      58
+    Gregg's brigade               5 regiments                     104
+    Archer's brigade              5 regiments (not engaged)
+    Field's (or Brockenbrough's)  4 regiments (no report)          75[B]
+    Thomas's brigade              4 regiments (loss not reported)  75[B]
+                                 --                               ---
+                                 27                               420
+
+  Longstreet's corps:
+    Jones's division                                                1
+
+                         Total:  70 regiments--48 in action       692
+
+[B] Estimated. General Hill reports his loss as 306. It is impossible to
+reconcile these small losses with the Confederate reports of the
+severity of the fighting.
+
+  NOTE.--The Confederate reports of the battle of Chantilly, or Ox
+  Hill, show with tolerable clearness their troops engaged, and the
+  positions and parts taken by them. Early's report definitely locates
+  Hays's and Trimble's brigades "in line of battle on the right of
+  Jackson's division, and occupying positions in the edge of a field
+  beyond a piece of woods through which the Ox Road here runs." This
+  is unmistakably the very position from which General Stevens's
+  charge drove the enemy. The loss in Hays's brigade (135) was greater
+  than that of any other. Early acknowledges that Hays's brigade "fell
+  back in confusion, passing through these regiments (second line),
+  followed by the enemy;" that the commander of Trimble's brigade was
+  killed, and one or two regiments of it were thrown into some
+  confusion. There are no reports from any officer of Jackson's
+  (Starke's) division, except the bare mention by one brigade
+  commander that they met the enemy at Ox Hill, September 1, and
+  repulsed him; none from Hays's, Trimble's, or Lawton's brigades of
+  Ewell's division; and none from Field's (Brockenbrough's) brigade of
+  Hill's division. General Longstreet, in his book _Manassas to
+  Appomattox_, pp. 193-195, says of this battle: "Two of Hill's
+  brigades were thrown out to find the enemy, and were soon met by his
+  advance in search of Jackson, which made a furious attack, driving
+  back the Confederate brigades in some disorder. Stevens,
+  appreciating the crisis as momentous, thought it necessary to follow
+  the opportunity by aggressive battle in order to hold Jackson away
+  from the Warrenton turnpike. Kearny, always ready to second any
+  courageous move, joined in the daring battle. At the critical moment
+  the rain and thunder storm burst with great violence upon the
+  combatants, the high wind beating the storm in the faces of the
+  Confederates. So firm was the unexpected battle that part of
+  Jackson's line yielded to the onslaught. At one moment his artillery
+  seemed in danger.... As I rode up and met General Jackson, I
+  remarked upon the number of his men going to the rear:--
+
+  "'General, your men don't appear to work well to-day.'
+
+  "'No,' he replied, 'but I hope it will prove a victory in the
+  morning.'
+
+  "As both Federal division commanders fell, the accounts fail to do
+  justice to their fight. Stevens, in his short career, gave evidence
+  of courage, judgment, skill, and genius not far below his
+  illustrious antagonist."
+
+  Immediately after the close of the Civil War, in June, 1865, the
+  author visited the battlefield of Chantilly. The ground and its
+  incidents agreed precisely with his recollections. The remains of
+  the fence at the edge of the woods from which General Stevens hurled
+  the enemy were plainly visible, many of the rails as well as the
+  trees showing marks of bullets. From a point near the corner of the
+  cornfield, extending nearly perpendicularly into the woods for fifty
+  yards, and facing to the left, were the vestiges of a hastily thrown
+  up breastwork, or cover, of earth, rails, logs, and branches, which
+  the Union troops had scraped together after driving back the enemy
+  in order to meet the attack of Hill's troops on their left.
+
+  In May, 1883, the author, accompanied by the late General Charles F.
+  Walcott, again visited the field, and by the hospitality of
+  Lieutenant John N. Ballard, the present owner of the estate, himself
+  a Confederate soldier, spent the night at the Reid house. Mr.
+  Ballard exhibited a plan of the estate, made in 1858, accompanying a
+  former deed, which comprised almost exactly the battlefield, and
+  kindly permitted a tracing of it to be made. The distance between
+  the fence where General Stevens fell and the Little River pike was
+  found by pacing to be about four hundred yards. By this data a
+  fairly accurate map of the battlefield was obtained. Mr. Charles
+  Stewart, a very intelligent gentleman, whose house is on the Little
+  River pike half a mile west of the field, who was at home at the
+  time of the battle and an eye-witness of the movements of the
+  Confederate troops, and who went over the field the third day after
+  the engagement, pointed out to the visitors the localities of
+  interest in connection with the fight near his house, and
+  graphically narrated how Jackson hurried his artillery to the rear
+  at the opening of the battle, and threw it into position half a mile
+  back on a bare, commanding ridge near the Stewart house. This
+  account was fully corroborated by Mr. Ballard. A full and
+  interesting account of this visit, and also an account of the
+  battle, by General Walcott, is given in volume ii., Military
+  Historical Society of Massachusetts.
+
+  The author has been aided in preparing his account of the battle by
+  written statements from Colonel David Morrison, Captain William T.
+  Lusk, and Captain Robert Armour, of the 79th Highlanders; Lieutenant
+  Samuel N. Benjamin and Captain George E. Randolph, who commanded the
+  two batteries engaged; Colonel Elijah Walker, of the 4th Maine, and
+  Colonel Moses B. Lakeman, of the 3d Maine; and by personal
+  interviews with these officers and many others, including Lieutenant
+  H.G. Belcher, who participated in the engagement.
+
+  _War Records_, series 1, vol. xii., "History of 79th Highlanders,"
+  by William Todd; _The One Hundredth Regiment Pennsylvania
+  Volunteers, Roundheads_; James C. Stevenson, _Michigan in the War_,
+  _Maine in the War_; Bates's _History of Pennsylvania Volunteers_.
+
+  The only reports of the battle of Chantilly by Union officers who
+  took part in it are those of General Birney and Captain Randolph,
+  and they are very brief. There are actually no reports from any
+  officers of General Stevens's or General Reno's division, owing to
+  the death of the commanders--Reno fell at South Mountain a few days
+  later--and the rapid changes in, and movements of, the troops in the
+  Maryland campaign, which immediately followed.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [21] Statement of Colonel Charles McClure, of Patrick's staff.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER LIX
+
+                              FINAL SCENE
+
+
+After the successful charge Colonel Morrison sent an officer to report
+that General Stevens had fallen, and that the enemy had been driven
+back. General Reno, to whom the report was made, returned orders to bury
+General Stevens on the field, and to fall back. The Highlanders
+reverently and tenderly bore away the body of their beloved commander
+and placed it in an ambulance, from which one of their number, although
+wounded, willingly alighted to give room. The remains were taken to
+Washington to the house of his dear friend, John L. Hayes, and thence to
+Newport, R.I.
+
+General Reno's apparently unfeeling order excited great indignation
+among the Highlanders.
+
+At the very moment of his heroic death General Stevens was being
+considered by the President and his advisers as commander of the armies
+in Virginia. Mr. Hayes was assured of the fact by a member of the
+cabinet, and it was currently stated in the press. Certain it is that
+ignoble personal rivalries and jealousies could not have kept him down
+much longer.
+
+He was appointed and confirmed a major-general, to rank from July 4,
+1862.
+
+He was only forty-four years, five months, and seven days of age when he
+fell.
+
+The stern old Puritan Abolitionist, his aged father, died August 22,
+only ten days previous. He frequently declared that he should never see
+Isaac again, that he knew his spirit too well, that he would surely be
+killed in battle, and it was thought that brooding over this idea
+hastened his own death.
+
+General Stevens was buried in the Island Cemetery in Newport. The
+obsequies were attended by Governor Sprague, of Rhode Island, and
+Governor Andrew, of Massachusetts, Professor Bache and officers of the
+Coast Survey, the mayor and council of Newport and other dignitaries,
+and a large military escort. The city of Newport erected beside his
+grave a massive granite obelisk, bearing the following simple and
+appropriate inscription, composed by his brother-in-law, the Rev.
+Charles T. Brooks:
+
+                             IN MEMORY OF
+                 MAJOR-GENERAL ISAAC INGALLS STEVENS,
+                       BORN IN ANDOVER, MASS.,
+                           MARCH 25, 1818,
+                WHO GAVE TO THE SERVICE OF HIS COUNTRY
+                   A QUICK AND COMPREHENSIVE MIND,
+                      A WARM AND GENEROUS HEART,
+                    A FIRM WILL AND A STRONG ARM,
+               AND WHO FELL WHILE RALLYING HIS COMMAND
+          WITH THE FLAG OF THE REPUBLIC IN HIS DYING GRASP,
+                   AT THE BATTLE OF CHANTILLY, VA.,
+                          SEPTEMBER 1, 1862.
+
+                            THIS MONUMENT
+                       IS ERECTED AS A TOKEN OF
+                          ADMIRING GRATITUDE
+                                BY THE
+                           CITY OF NEWPORT.
+
+When the Highlanders were mustered out of service, the flag under whose
+folds General Stevens fell was sent to his widow, with the following
+letter from the brave Colonel Morrison:--
+
+                                     NEW YORK, September 22, 1864.
+
+  Mrs. ISAAC I. STEVENS.
+
+  _Dear Madam_,--I have the honor to transmit to you the colors of the
+  79th Highlanders, the same that were in the hand of your late
+  lamented husband when he received his wound. Since I knew that you
+  wished to have them in your possession I have watched them with a
+  jealous eye through many stormy fields. Although but a rag, many a
+  brave man would have sacrificed his life rather than anything
+  dishonorable should happen them. From Chantilly to Blue Springs,
+  wherever they were unfurled, victory has perched upon them, and
+  when, torn and tattered, we exchanged them for a new set, I have
+  carried them about with me, and I assure you it gives me great
+  pleasure in sending them to you, so that you may preserve them as an
+  heirloom in your family. Serving immediately under General Stevens,
+  no one had a better opportunity of knowing him than myself. Well may
+  you feel proud of him! His nobleness of heart, his firm devotion to
+  his country, his untiring energy, his unflinching bravery, have
+  endeared him to all those who have served under him. His memory is
+  engraven on the hearts of every one of his Highlanders, and the few
+  of us that are left often speak of the many acts of kindness
+  bestowed on us by "Our General."
+
+          I am, madam, your obedient servant,
+
+                                       D. MORRISON,
+                          _Late Colonel 79th Highlanders_.
+
+The legislature of Rhode Island passed resolutions upon the death of
+General Stevens, and offered to provide a fit resting-place for his
+ashes. The city of Newport, the officers of the Coast Survey, and many
+other public bodies paid fitting tribute by resolutions. "When the
+intelligence of his death reached Washington Territory, the grief of all
+classes was sincere and profound. Nothing could any one recall that was
+base or dishonorable, but much that was lofty and manly in the dead
+hero. The legislature passed resolutions in his honor, and ordered crape
+to be worn."[22] For many years the successive governors and
+legislatures regularly paid tribute to his memory.
+
+          He fell--that glowing eye
+            In sudden night was quenched;
+          But still the flag he lifted high,
+          And onward bore to victory,
+            In his dead hand was clenched.
+
+          He sank--but o'er his head
+            The drooping ensign fell,
+          As if its folds it fondly spread
+          Above the forehead, pale and dead,
+            Of him who loved it well.
+
+          He sleeps--unlock that clasp!
+            The hero's work is done!
+          Another hand that staff shall grasp,
+          And, if need be, till life's last gasp,
+            Like him shall bear it on.
+
+          He rests--the true and brave!
+            And where his relics lie,
+          In holier beauty long shall wave,
+          Fit canopy for freeman's grave,
+            God's starry flag on high.
+
+          He lives--his deeds inspire
+            New strength for duty's strife:
+          Now myriads burn with nobler fire
+          Onward to press--to mount up higher
+            And win the eternal life.[23]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [22] H.H. Bancroft's _History of Washington_.
+
+  [23] Anonymous, from _Boston Commonwealth_.
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL STEVENS'S DESCENDANTS.
+
+
+1. HAZARD, born in Newport, R.I., June 9, 1842.
+
+2. JULIA VIRGINIA, born in Newport, June 27, 1844, died in Bucksport,
+Me., December 7, 1845.
+
+3. SUSAN, born in Bucksport, November 20, 1846; married Richard
+Isaac Eskridge, United States Army, in Portland, Oregon,
+October 27, 1870.
+
+4. GERTRUDE MAUDE, born in Bucksport, April 29, 1850.
+
+5. KATE, born in Washington, D.C., November 17, 1852; married
+Edward Wingard Bingham, in Boston, Mass., February 18, 1886.
+
+GRANDCHILDREN, CHILDREN OF RICHARD ISAAC ESKRIDGE AND
+SUSAN STEVENS ESKRIDGE.
+
+1. MAUD, born at Fort Vancouver, Washington Territory, August
+21, 1871; married Edward Pennington Pearson, United States
+Army, at Fort Reno, Oklahoma Territory, April 16, 1898.
+
+2. RICHARD STEVENS, born at Yuma Depot, Arizona Territory,
+October 24, 1872.
+
+3. HAZARD STEVENS, born at Yuma Depot, February 24, 1874;
+died at Fort D.A. Russell, Wyoming Territory, October 12,
+1874.
+
+4. VIRGINIA, born at Fort D.A. Russell, March 2, 1875.
+
+5. OLIVER STEVENS, born in Boston, Mass., October 12, 1876.
+
+6. MARY PEYTON, born at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, March 28,
+1878; married Charles McKinley Saltzman, United States Army,
+in Boston, May 9, 1899.
+
+  [Illustration: THE MONUMENT]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+
+Following are the marginal notes on the
+
+                                  MAP
+
+of the Indian Nations and Tribes of the Territory of Washington, and of
+the Territory of Nebraska west of the mouth of the Yellowstone. Sent to
+the Hon. George W. Manypenny, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, with
+letter of this date.
+
+                                    ISAAC I. STEVENS,
+                              _Governor and Supt. Indian Affairs_.
+
+OLYMPIA, WASHINGTON TERRITORY, April 30, 1857.
+
+
+_Tabular Statement of the Indians East of the Cascade Mountains, etc._
+
+ ------------------+-----------+-------+-----------------+-----------------
+ NAME AND DATE OF  |NAMES OF   |POPULA-|RESERVATIONS.   |TEMPORARY
+ TREATIES.         |TRIBES.    |TION.  |                |ENCAMPMENTS.
+ ------------------+-----------+-------+----------------+------------------
+ Treaty with the   |Pisquouse. |   600 |Simcoe and the  |About 1500
+  Yakima Nation    |Yakimas.   |   700 |adjoining       | of these
+  concluded at     |Pshawm     |       |country and     | tribes are
+  Walla Walla,     |  wappam.  |   500 |forks of the    | encamped in
+  June, 1855.      |           |       |We-nat-scha-pan,| the vicinity
+                   |           |       |or Pisquouse    | of Simcoe
+                   |           |       |River.          | River.
+                   |Bands on   |       |                |Opposite the
+                   |  Columbia.|  1000 |                | Dalles, Oregon.
+                   |Klikitats. |   500 |                |White Salmon
+                   |           |       |                | River.
+                   |Palouses.  |   600 |                |
+                   |           |-------|                |
+                   |           |  3900 |                |
+                   |           |-------|                |
+                   |           |       |                |
+ Walla Walla       |Nez Perces.|  3300 |On the Snake    |
+  treaty,          |           |       | and Clearwater |
+  concluded June,  |           |       |  Rivers.       |
+  1855.            |           |       |                |
+                   |           |       |                |
+ Treaty with the   |Flatheads. |   500 |Flathead River. |
+  Flathead Nation  |Upper Pend |       |                |
+  concluded        |  Oreilles.|   700 |                |
+  June, 1855.      |Kootenays. |   500 |                |
+                   |           |-------|                |
+                   |           |  1700 |                |
+                   |           |-------|                |
+                   |           |       |                |
+ Tribes with whom  |Coeur      |   450 |                |
+  no treaties      |  d'Alenes.|       |                |
+  have been        |Lower Pend |       |                |
+  made.            |  Oreilles.|   450 |                |
+                   |Colvilles. |   500 |                |
+                   |Okinakanes.|   600 |                |
+                   |Spokanes.  |  1100 |                |
+                   |           |-------|                |
+                   |           |  3100 |                |
+ ------------------+-----------+-------+----------------+----------------
+
+  Total number of Indians east of the Cascade Mountains       12,000
+  Treaties have been made with                                 8,900
+  Number with whom treaties have not been made                 3,100
+  Largest number held on temporary reservations                3,000
+
+  Written on upper central margin in Governor Stevens's handwriting:--
+
+  Total number of Indians west of the Cascade Mountains        9,712
+  Total number of Indians east of the Cascade Mountains       12,000
+  Total number of Indians, Territory of Washington            21,712
+  Treaties have been made with                                17,497
+  Treaties remain to be made with                              4,215
+
+
+  _Tabular Statement of the Indians West of the Cascade Mountains,
+  showing Tribes, Population, Parties to the several Treaties,
+  Reservations provided for in the Treaties, and Temporary
+  Encampments._
+
+ ------------------+---------------+-------+------------------+----------------
+ NAME AND DATE OF  |NAMES OF       |POPULA-|RESERVATIONS.     |TEMPORARY
+ TREATIES.         |TRIBES.        |TION.  |                  |ENCAMPMENTS.
+ ------------------+---------------+-------+------------------+----------------
+                   |               |       |                  |
+ Treaty of Medicine|Quaks-na-mish, | }     |Klah-che-min      |Klah-che-min
+  Creek, December  |Nisqually,     | }1200 | Island,          | Island.
+  26, 1854.        |Puy-all-up.    | }     |Near mouth of     | }
+                   |               |       | Nisqually River. | } Fox Island.
+                   |               |       |Near mouth of     | }
+                   |               |       | Puy-all-up River.| }
+                   |               |       |                  |
+ Treaty of         |Duwamish,      | }     |Noo-soh-te-um,    |Dunginess Point.
+  Point Elliott,   |Suquamish,     | }     | near Port        | Fort Kitsap.
+  January 22, 1855.|and allied     | } 942 | Madison, and     |
+                   | tribes.       | }     | at Muckleshoot.  |
+                   |               |       |                  |
+                   |Sno-qual-moo,  | }     |Te-wilt-sch-da,   |Skagit Head, on
+                   |Sno-ho-mish,   | }     | north side       | Whitby Island.
+                   |and allied     | }1700 | Sno-ho-mish      |
+                   | tribes.       | }     | River.           |
+                   |               |       |                  |
+                   |Skagits and    | }     |S.E. end Perry    |
+                   | allied        | }1300 | (or Fidalgo)     |
+                   | tribes.       | }     | Island.          |
+                   |               |       |                  |
+                   |Lummi,         | }     |Chah-choo-sa      |Penn's Cove, on
+                   |Nook-Sahk,     | }1050 | Island, at mouth | Whitby Island.
+                   |Sa-mish.       | }     | of Lummi River.  |
+                   |               |-------|                  |
+                   |               |  4992 |                  |
+                   |               |-------|                  |
+                   |               |       |                  |
+ Treaty of         |Clallams,      |   926 | } Head of Hood's |
+  Point-No-Point,  |Skokomish,     |   290 | }  Canal.        |
+  January 25, 1855.|Chem-a-kum.    |   100 | }                |
+                   |               |-------|                  |
+                   |               |  1316 |                  |
+                   |               |-------|                  |
+                   |               |       |                  |
+ Treaty of         |Ma-kahs.       |   596 |Cape Flattery.    |
+  Neah Bay,        |               |       |                  |
+  January 31, 1855.|               |       |                  |
+                   |               |       |                  |
+                   |               |       |Reservation to be |
+ Treaty of Olympia.|Quinaiult,     | }     | selected by the  |
+                   |Kwilleyute.    | } 493 | President.       |
+                   |               |       |Quinaiult River   |
+                   |               |       | and land set     |
+                   |               |       | apart.           |
+                   |               |       |                  |
+ Tribes with whom  |Lower          |       |                  |
+  treaties have not| Chehalis.     |   217 |                  |
+  been made.       |Upper          |       |                  |S.S. Ford's on
+                   | Chehalis.     |   216 |                  | the Chehalis
+                   |               |       |                  | River.
+                   |               |       |                  |
+                   |Cowlitz and    |       |                  |Near Cowlitz
+                   | Tia-tin-a-pan.|   240 |                  | Landing.
+                   |Lower          |       |                  |Removed to
+                   | Chinooks.     |   112 |                  |  White Salmon.
+                   |Upper          |       |                  |Vancouver and
+                   | Chinooks.     |   330 |                  | Cascades.
+                   |               |-------|                  |
+                   |               |  1115 |                  |
+ ------------------+---------------+-------+------------------+---------------
+
+  Total number of Indians west of Cascade Mountains             9712
+  Number with whom treaties have been made                      8597
+  Number with whom treaties have yet to be made                 1115
+  Largest number held on temporary reservations                 5686
+
+  All have been assisted during the war. The parties to the treaties
+  of Neah Bay and Olympia, the Lower Chehalis and Lower Chinooks, have
+  required but little assistance at the hands of the Department.
+
+
+  NOTES OF THE INDIANS OF THE TERRITORY OF NEBRASKA BETWEEN THE ROCKY
+                MOUNTAINS AND MOUTH OF THE YELLOWSTONE.
+
+The Blackfoot Nation are in four tribes, viz., Piegans, Bloods,
+Blackfeet, Gros Ventres, and number 11,500 souls.
+
+The map shows the hunting-grounds, secured exclusively to the Blackfeet
+in the treaty, at the mouth of the Judith, concluded October 17, 1855;
+the hunting-ground common to the Blackfeet and Western Indians, the
+Blackfeet and Assiniboines; the western and southern boundaries of the
+Assiniboine country; and the western boundary of the Crow country.
+
+The Western Indians, Flatheads, Pend Oreilles, and a portion of the
+Kootenays, generally make two hunts a year east of the Rocky Mountains,
+and they depend for their lodges, parfleches, apechinos, and much of
+their meat upon these hunts. They get some of their supplies by trade
+with the Blackfeet. The Indians of the western tribes, as the Spokanes
+and Coeur d'Alenes, "go to buffalo," but not in as large numbers or
+with as much regularity as the preceding.
+
+The Nez Perces generally have a large camp--over one hundred
+lodges--either on the common hunting-grounds or in the Crow country.
+Their hunters always pass one winter, and sometimes two winters, in
+succession, east of the mountains before they return to their own
+country.
+
+
+                    CENSUS OF THE BLACKFOOT NATION.
+
+          Tribes.        Number of Lodges.     Population.
+          Piegans.             340               3,150
+          Bloods.              290               2,690
+          Blackfeet.           290               2,690
+          Gros Ventres.        360               2,970
+                              ----              ------
+                              1280              11,500
+
+
+
+
+                                 INDEX
+
+
+  A Company, dismissed for disobedience, ii. 250-253, 263.
+
+  Abaco Island, Bahamas, i. 101, 102.
+
+  Abernethy, Alexander S., ii. 265, 317.
+
+  Academic Board, West Point, awards first place to Cadet Stevens, i. 59.
+
+  Acajete, i. 140.
+
+  Acapulco, i. 436.
+
+  Achilles, Captain, ii. 169-171, 187.
+
+  Acquia Creek, ii. 425, 430.
+
+  Active, Coast Survey steamer, ii. 185.
+
+  Adams, Fort, at Newport, i. 60, 61.
+
+  Adams, John Quincy, i. 44, 73.
+
+  Adams, Lieutenant, i. 113.
+
+  Adams, Mount, i. 394.
+
+  Adams, Thomas, i. 306; ii. 75, 92, 107, 108, 114.
+
+  Agnew, i. 444.
+
+  Ah-tah-nam, branch of Yakima River, ii. 22, 160.
+
+  Alabama volunteers, i. 114.
+
+  Albany, Me., i. 35, 86.
+
+  Alden, Fort, ii. 184, 234.
+
+  Alden, James, Captain, ii. 185.
+
+  Alexander, Barton S., General, i. 28.
+
+  Alexander, head chief of Pend Oreilles, ii. 77;
+    at Flathead council, 82-89, 113, 114.
+
+  Alexandria and Orange Court House Railroad, ii. 425.
+
+  Alexandria and Warrenton turnpike, ii. 433, 435.
+
+  Allen, Robert, General, i. 28.
+
+  Allen, William, Colonel, ii. 481.
+
+  Almonte, Mexican general, i. 203.
+
+  Al-pa-wha Creek, ii. 70, 147.
+
+  Alvarado, Mexico, i. 119.
+
+  Alvarez, Mexican general, i. 168, 203.
+
+  Alvord, Benjamin, General, ii. 25, 26, 207.
+
+  Amasoque, i. 141, 153.
+
+  Ambrose, Flathead chief, ii. 85-87.
+
+  Amelia, Lake, i. 304.
+
+  American Fur Co., i. 287, 298, 302, 347; ii. 96, 97.
+
+  American Geographical and Statistical Society of New York, address
+   before, by Governor Stevens, ii. 284.
+
+  Amissville, Va., ii. 431.
+
+  Amman, Daniel, Captain, ii. 364.
+
+  Ampudia, Mexican general, i. 126.
+
+  Anderson, George T., Colonel, ii. 490.
+
+  Anderson, J. Patten, i. 414; ii. 15.
+
+  Anderson, Peter, i. 462.
+
+  Anderson, Robert, Colonel, ii. 469.
+
+  Andover, Mass., i. 1, 2, 19, 35, 86, 227, 274; ii. 270.
+
+  Andover, Me., i. 5, 6.
+
+  Andrew, John A., Governor, offers regiment to Governor Stevens,
+        ii. 319, 320, 499.
+
+  Andrews, Colonel, i. 220.
+
+  Annapolis, ii. 340-342.
+
+  Anti-Slavery Society, Isaac Stevens bequeaths it $500, i. 10.
+
+  Appleton, D., & Co., i. 300.
+
+  Archer, J.J. General, ii. 487.
+
+  Armour, Robert, Captain, ii. 497.
+
+  Armstrong, C.H., Captain, ii. 168, 197.
+
+  Armstrong, Captain, killed at Molino del Rey, i. 206.
+
+  Army, reorganization of, efforts to promote, i. 240, 259-263.
+
+  Army of Virginia, ii. 427.
+
+  Arnold, Daniel Lyman, i. 307, 370;
+    death of, ii. 420.
+
+  Arnold, Lewis G., Lieutenant, i. 60, 77.
+
+  Arnold, Richard, Lieutenant, detailed on exploration, i. 307, 370,
+        379, 380, 382;
+    takes charge of wagon-road, 409, 422; ii. 27, 28.
+
+  Ashepoo River ii. 374, 379-381.
+
+  Ashley River, ii. 380.
+
+  Aspinwall, description of, i. 433, 434; ii. 270.
+
+  Assiniboine Indians, meeting and talk with, i. 342-345, 347; ii. 115.
+
+  Atchison, Camp, on Milk River, i. 354.
+
+  Athsio, Mexican village, i. 148.
+
+  Augusta, Ga., ii. 381.
+
+  Ayotla, village in valley of Mexico, i. 164, 166, 168, 224.
+
+  Ayres, Captain, killed, i. 206.
+
+  Azotea, parapeted roof, i. 181.
+
+
+  Bache, Alexander Dallas; Professor, i. 241, 242, 245-247, 250, 253, 254,
+        276-279, 281;
+    remarks on Major Stevens, 284, 367; ii. 273, 319;
+    letter to, giving
+    views on military operation, 375, 499.
+
+  Bacon, John D., room-mate, i. 40, 58.
+
+  Bad Lands, i. 350.
+
+  Bahama Banks, i. 102.
+
+  Bahama Islands, i. 101, 102.
+
+  Bailey, P., i. 468.
+
+  Bainbridge, Captain, i. 137.
+
+  Baird, Spencer F., Professor, i. 276, 295, 299; ii. 273.
+
+  Baker, Lieutenant, i. 221.
+
+  Balch, Lafayette, i. 412, 468.
+
+  Bald Hillock Creek, i. 330.
+
+  Bald Hill, ii. 435.
+
+  Baldwin, A.J., ii. 248.
+
+  Ball-in-the-Nose, Gros Ventre chief, i. 356.
+
+  Ballard, John N., Lieutenant, ii. 496, 497.
+
+  Baltimore, i. 250.
+
+  Baltimore Democratic Convention, ii. 304, 305.
+
+  Bangor, Me., i. 95.
+
+  Banks, Nathaniel P., ii. 299, 426-429, 432, 475, 494.
+
+  Barker, Stephen, i. 35.
+
+  Barnes, Dr., i. 219.
+
+  Barnes, Ellis, i. 468.
+
+  Barnes, George A., i. 415; ii. 15, 224.
+
+  Barnett's Ford, ii. 427, 428.
+
+  Barnwell Island, ii. 357.
+
+  Barry, William F., General, i. 28.
+
+  Bartlett, W.H.C., Professor, gives characteristics of General Stevens,
+        i. 41.
+
+  Bartow, General, ii. 435.
+
+  Battery Island, ii. 381, 382.
+
+  Bay Point, ii. 345, 347.
+
+  Bayly, George, i. 260.
+
+  Baynes, Admiral, ii. 291, 292.
+
+  Bealton, Va., ii. 426, 432.
+
+  Beam, George W., Captain, ii. 169, 170.
+
+  Bear Tracks, Flathead chief, ii. 86.
+
+  Bear's Coat, Gros Ventre chief, i. 356.
+
+  Bear's Paw Mountains, i. 359-361.
+
+  Beaufort, S.C., ii. 353;
+    occupied by General Stevens, 355.
+
+  Beaufort River, ii. 355, 358.
+
+  Beauregard, P.G.T., i. 28, 60, 111, 114, 122, 130, 165, 166, 169, 171;
+    sketch of, 216.
+
+  Beauregard, Fort, ii. 345.
+
+  Beauregard Light Infantry, ii. 392.
+
+  Beaver Creek, i. 376.
+
+  Beaver Lodge Creek, i. 330.
+
+  Bee, General, ii. 435.
+
+  Belcher, H.G., Lieutenant, ii. 370, 411, 488, 497.
+
+  Belen, gate to Mexico, i. 207, 210.
+
+  Belfast, Me., i. 68.
+
+  Belland, i. 306, 312.
+
+  Bell, John, ii. 305.
+
+  Bell's Lake, i. 322.
+
+  Bellingham Bay, i. 412; ii. 184, 267.
+
+  Belt Mountains, i. 361.
+
+  Benham, Henry W., Captain, i. 28, 283, 284;
+    General, ii. 383, 384, 386, 387, 392;
+    General Stevens's opinion of, 393, 394, 397, 399, 400, 409-411;
+    sent North in arrest, i. 415, 420, 421.
+
+  Benjamin, Lieutenant, wounded, i. 211.
+
+  Benjamin, Samuel N., Lieutenant, ii. 413, 425, 430, 449, 451, 478, 479,
+        483, 484, 492, 497.
+
+  Benny Haven's restaurant, adjacent to West Point, i. 50.
+
+  Benton, Fort, i. 348;
+    description of, 362, 375; ii. 94, 95, 120.
+
+  Berry Islands, Bahamas, i. 102.
+
+  Bevard, Professor, French teacher at West Point, i. 34, 39.
+
+  Biddle, Henry J., rival classmate, i. 25, 31, 32, 35-37, 46.
+
+  Big Blackfoot River, i. 385; ii. 93.
+
+  Big Canoe, Pend Oreille chief, ii. 83, 84.
+
+  Big Chestnut, Camp of the, ii. 336-338.
+
+  Big Folly Creek, ii. 390, 391.
+
+  Big Horn River, ii. 108.
+
+  Big Muddy River, i. 352.
+
+  Big Star, Spokane chief, speech, ii. 138, 139.
+
+  Big Top, Gros Ventre chief, i. 356.
+
+  Bigelow, D.R., i. 415; ii. 168.
+
+  Biles, James, i. 415.
+
+  Bird, James, ii. 101, 114.
+
+  Bird Island, ii. 382.
+
+  Bird Tail Rock, i. 376; ii. 124.
+
+  Birney, David B., General, ii. 457, 488, 492, 497.
+
+  Bishop, David H., marries Susan B. Stevens, i. 68;
+    announces her death, 77.
+
+  Bissel, Lieutenant, i. 113.
+
+  Bissel, of Illinois, i. 260.
+
+  Bitter Root Mountains, i. 380-382; ii. 75, 127.
+
+  Bitter Root River, i. 379, 382, 386; ii. 75, 127.
+
+  Bitter Root valley, i. 352, 364-382, 385.
+
+  Blackburn's Ford, ii. 437, 439.
+
+  Blackfeet, description of, i. 348, 351, 352, 368, 370;
+    talk with, 373, 374; ii. 99;
+    Governor Stevens's opinion of, 105, 106;
+    council and treaty, 112-119, 275.
+
+  Blackfoot council, i. 431; ii. 27, 58, 89, 112-119.
+
+  Blackfoot River, i. 377, 379.
+
+  Blackfoot trail, i. 376.
+
+  Black River, ii. 188.
+
+  Blaisdell, William, Colonel, ii. 456.
+
+  Blanchet, Father, i. 412, 443.
+
+
+  Blankenship, George, Major, ii. 168, 170, 197.
+
+  Blue Mountains, i. 402, 403; ii. 31.
+
+  Blood Indians, i. 348, 351, 352; ii. 114, 505.
+
+  Blunt, Simon F., Captain, i. 269.
+
+  Bois de Sioux River, i. 322-325.
+
+  Bolon, A.J., i. 416; ii. 26, 61, 67;
+    murdered by Indians, 121, 157.
+
+  Bonneville, Colonel, i. 405.
+
+  Borup, Dr., i. 313.
+
+  Boston, i. 1, 78, 82, 94-96.
+
+  Boston, steamship, ii. 359, 362.
+
+  Boston Post, i. 271-273.
+
+  Boulieau, Henry, i. 306, 312, 325, 329, 330, 341.
+
+  Boulieau, Paul, i. 306, 314, 325, 329, 330.
+
+  Boutineau, Pierre, i. 306, 310, 325, 329, 341.
+
+  Bowman, wagonmaster, i. 122-124.
+
+  Bow River, ii. 100.
+
+  Box Elder Creek, i. 360.
+
+  Boyce's field battery, ii. 409.
+
+  Braddock Road, ii. 494.
+
+  Bradford, Edward, i. 28.
+
+  Bragg, Braxton, i. 28.
+
+  Branch, L.O.B., General, ii. 487-489, 495, 496.
+
+  Brannon, John M., General, i. 28.
+
+  Bratton, William, Captain, ii. 170.
+
+  Breckinridge, John C. ii. 304.
+
+  Breckinridge, town, i. 320.
+
+  Brickyard Creek, ii. 358.
+
+  Brent, Captain, i. 438.
+
+  Bridges, i. 7.
+
+  Bristoe Station, ii. 431, 433, 439.
+
+  Broad River, ii. 356, 374, 378.
+
+  Broad Run, ii. 438.
+
+  Broadwell, i. 382.
+
+  Brockenbrough, J.M., Colonel, ii. 487, 495, 496.
+
+  Broderick, John, ii. 270.
+
+  Brooke, Lloyd, i. 403; ii. 32.
+
+  Brooklyn, visits navy yard, i. 36.
+
+  Brooks, Charles M., i. 94.
+
+  Brooks, Charles T., Rev., i. 67;
+    solemnizes marriage, i. 77;
+    poem on death of Julia, 92; ii. 499.
+
+  Brooks, Lieutenant, i. 112.
+
+  Brooks, Quincy A., i. 415; ii. 248.
+
+  Brown, i. 398.
+
+  Brown, B.F., i. 415.
+
+  Browne, J. Ross, ii. 25, 28.
+
+  Buchanan, James, President, ii. 272, 300, 305, 312.
+
+  Buchanan, Robert C., Lieutenant-Colonel, ii. 470.
+
+  Buck Hill, ii. 435.
+
+  Bucksport, Me., i. 84, 87-100;
+    returns to, 233, 249, 265.
+
+  Budd, Captain, ii. 364.
+
+  Buena Vista, village of, valley of Mexico, i. 164.
+
+  Buffalo, countless herds of, i. 328, 329; ii. 105.
+
+  Buffalo chips, i. 331.
+
+  Buford, John, General, ii. 428, 440, 454, 465.
+
+  Bull Bay, ii. 379.
+
+  Bull Run, ii. 434, 437.
+
+  Bull's Head, Blackfoot chief, ii. 101.
+
+  Bumford, i. 403; ii. 32.
+
+  Bunker Hill, battle, i. 4, 5.
+
+  Bunting, Joseph, ii. 241.
+
+  Burke, Captain, killed, i. 184.
+
+  Burns, M.P., Dr., ii. 168.
+
+  Burnside, Ambrose E., General, ii. 320, 423, 424.
+
+  Burr, F.H., i. 306, 339, 340, 345.
+
+  Burntrager, David E., Captain, ii. 169, 170.
+
+  Burt, Representative, i. 257, 261.
+
+  Burwell, Lieutenant, killed, i. 206.
+
+  Bush prairie, i. 412.
+
+  Bush, W.O., i. 412.
+
+  Butler, Benjamin F., ii. 303.
+
+  Butler, Colonel, killed, i. 182.
+
+  Butler, General, i. 107.
+
+  Butler, J.H., classmate, i. 31, 36.
+
+  Butte de Morale, i. 337.
+
+  Butte Micheau, i. 327.
+
+  Butterfield, Daniel, General, ii. 454, 466, 468.
+
+  Byzantium, i. 139.
+
+
+  Cadotte's Pass, i. 365, 378; ii. 93, 124.
+
+  Cadwallader, General, i. 150, 172, 173, 179, 205.
+
+  Cain, J., Captain, i. 445; ii. 27, 208, 248, 257.
+
+  Calhoun Guard, ii. 392.
+
+  California, i. 233, 248, 252.
+
+  Callender, Franklin D., i. 40, 41, 58, 116, 171, 172;
+    wounded, 176, 209.
+
+  Cambridge, Mass., i. 98.
+
+  Cameron, James, Colonel, killed at Bull Run, ii. 321.
+
+  Cameron, Simon, Secretary of War, Governor Stevens tenders sword and
+        services to, ii. 316, 322.
+
+  Camospelo, Cuyuse chief, ii. 46, 214.
+
+  Campaigns of the Rio Grande and of Mexico, i. 255, 256, 267, 268.
+
+  Campbell, Archibald, ii. 277.
+
+  Campbell, Colonel, i. 125.
+
+  Campbell, Fort, i. 348, 363.
+
+  Campbell, L.M., marries Elizabeth B. Stevens, i. 82, 87;
+    announces death of wife, 97.
+
+  Campbell's battery, ii. 442.
+
+  Canby, E.R.S., General, classmate, i. 27, 132.
+
+  Cañete, actress, i. 224.
+
+  Canning, John, ii. 70.
+
+  Cape Fear River, i. 277.
+
+  Capron, Captain, killed, i. 184.
+
+  Carcowan, Chehalis chief, ii. 7.
+
+  Caribbean Sea, i. 433.
+
+  Carpenter, Stephen D., i. 40, 41, 58.
+
+  Carigan, Sapper, burial of, remarks, i. 136.
+
+  Carr, Joseph B., Colonel, ii. 448, 456.
+
+  Carusi, Jamaica negro innkeeper, i. 434, 435.
+
+  Casa Mata, fort at Molino del Rey, i. 205.
+
+  Cascade Range, i. 288, 394-396;
+    snow, 408, 409; ii. 159.
+
+  Cascades of the Columbia, 405;
+    massacre, ii. 190.
+
+  Casey, Silas, Lieutenant-Colonel, i. 208; ii. 172, 176, 185, 186, 188;
+    Governor Stevens proposes joint movement across Cascades, declined,
+        195;
+    seeks to protect Indian murderers, correspondence with Governor
+        Stevens, 236-240, 243, 244, 292.
+
+  Cass, Lewis, i. 236;
+    Secretary of State, Governor Stevens submits memoir to, against
+        British exactions, ii. 281-283.
+
+  Castine, Me., visits, i. 85.
+
+  Castoff, Miss, boards with, in Newport, i. 60.
+
+  Cathlamet, i. 411.
+
+  Catholic missionaries, not disturbed by hostiles, ii. 132, 255;
+    Governor Stevens's opinion of, as neutrals, 228, 229.
+
+  Catlett's Station, ii. 439.
+
+  Catlin, Robert, ii. 301.
+
+  Catlin, Seth, i. 411; ii. 317.
+
+  Causten, Camp, ii. 325.
+
+  Caverly, Mr. and Mrs., ii. 371, 374.
+
+  Caversham, England, whence came John Stevens in 1638, i. 2.
+
+  Cavilaer, i. 325.
+
+  Cedar Mountain, battle of, ii. 426.
+
+  Cedar River, ii. 187.
+
+  Celeste, danced as usual, i. 36.
+
+  Centralia, i. 412.
+
+  Centreville, ii. 439, 445, 474, 477-480.
+
+  Cerro Gordo, i. 122, 123;
+    battle of, 124-128.
+
+  Cha-chu-sa Island, i. 466, 468.
+
+  Chagres River, i. 335.
+
+  Chain Bridge, ii. 327.
+
+  Chalco, Lake, i. 163, 165;
+    village, 167.
+
+  Chambers, Andrew J., i. 412.
+
+  Chambers, David J., i. 412.
+
+  Chambers prairie, i. 412.
+
+  Chambers, Thomas M., ii. 246.
+
+  Champagne, Baptiste, i. 369, 375.
+
+  Chancellorsville, battle of, i. 83.
+
+  Chantilly, battle of, ii. 482-497.
+
+  Chapman, William, Lieutenant-Colonel, ii. 470.
+
+  Chapultepec, i. 163, 204, 205;
+    battle of, 207-210.
+
+  Charles, Pierre, ii. 169, 187, 257.
+
+  Charleston, campaign planned against, ii. 378-382;
+    James Island campaign against, 387-394;
+    battalion, 381, 411, 412;
+    riflemen, 392.
+
+  Charleston, Democratic Convention at, ii. 304.
+
+  Charlie, Governor Stevens's gray charger, i. 440; ii. 269.
+
+  Chase, Henry M., ii. 169, 200.
+
+  Chasseurs, or 65th New York, ii. 329.
+
+  Chatfield, J.A., Colonel, ii. 395.
+
+  Chehalis Indians, i. 334; ii. 1-9, 187, 257;
+    council, ii. 1-9;
+    river, i. 412; ii. 1, 2, 10, 257;
+    town, i. 441.
+
+  Chemakane Mission, valley, i. 398, 399.
+
+  Chenoweth, F.A., Judge, ii. 244, 249, 289.
+
+  Chicago, i. 302.
+
+  Childs, Colonel, i. 214, 219, 221, 226.
+
+  Chim-a-kum Indians, i. 469-473.
+
+  Chimalpa, i. 168.
+
+  Chinn Hill and House, ii. 435, 470.
+
+  Chinn, Major, ii. 147, 150.
+
+  Chinook Indians, ii. 1-9, 23, 257.
+
+  Chinook jargon, i. 453; ii. 5.
+
+  Chippewa Indians, i. 334;
+    river, 321.
+
+  Chirouse, Father, i. 403; ii. 37, 148.
+
+  Chisholm's Island, ii. 356.
+
+  Chow-its-hoots, Indian chief, i. 463, 466-468.
+
+  Christian Mirror, newspaper, i. 84.
+
+  Christ, B.C., Colonel, ii. 341, 343, 364, 388, 425, 484.
+
+  Christy's Minstrels, i. 433, 435.
+
+  Church, A.E., Professor, describes traits of General Stevens, i. 41.
+
+  Church Flats, ii. 379-381.
+
+  Churubusco, battle of, i. 180-186, 196-199;
+    brought on by Lieutenant Stevens, 187, 188.
+
+  Cincinnati, i. 162.
+
+  Citadel Hill or Rock, i. 361; ii. 98.
+
+  Clallam or Sklallam Indians, i. 469.
+
+  Clark County Rangers, ii. 169, 190.
+
+  Clark, Frank, stirs up trouble leading to martial law, i. 242-245.
+
+  Clark, George T., Major, i. 16, 430.
+
+  Clark, in charge of Fort Benton, i. 361.
+
+  Clark, Owen, servant, i. 100, 101;
+    deserts, 108.
+
+  Clark, sergeant of sappers, i. 136.
+
+  Clarke, Colonel, i. 157, 182, 205, 206.
+
+  Clarke, Nathan G., Colonel, relieves General Wool, ii. 266;
+    recommends treaties, 285.
+
+  Clark's Fork, ii. 79.
+
+  Clay, Henry, i. 75, 248;
+    view of, 252.
+
+  Clay-Pipe-Stem-Carrier, Gros Ventre chief, i. 356.
+
+  Clendenin, J.V., i. 414.
+
+  Cline, Captain, ii. 391.
+
+  Cloudy Robe, Gros Ventre chief, i. 356.
+
+  Coast Survey, accepts charge of office, i. 241;
+    views of, 243, 244;
+    reforms, 245-248, 250, 254;
+    officers present silver service, 284.
+
+  Cobb, Howell, ii. 306.
+
+  Cochichewick, stream in Andover, i. 1;
+    meadows, 5, 8;
+    woolen mills, 16, 47.
+
+  Cock, Henry D., i. 455-461.
+
+  Cock, William, Colonel, i. 415; ii. 262-264.
+
+  Cockspur Island, ii. 382.
+
+  Coe, ii. 153.
+
+  Coeur d'Alene Indians, i. 386-388, 390; ii. 16-23;
+    present conditions, 64-72;
+    wrestling match, 73, 74, 121, 127, 129, 130, 230, 231.
+
+  Coeur d'Alene Lake, i. 391.
+
+  Coeur d'Alene Mission, i. 389-391; ii. 72, 73, 129.
+
+  Coeur d'Alene Mountains, i. 387.
+
+  Coeur d'Alene Pass, i. 382, 387; ii. 127.
+
+  Coeur d'Alene prairie, i. 391.
+
+  Coeur d'Alene River, i. 391, 392; ii. 72, 75, 131.
+
+  Cogswell, William S., Lieutenant, ii. 343, 363, 366.
+
+  Cold Springs, i. 315.
+
+  Cole Island, ii. 381.
+
+  Cole, Lieutenant, ii. 170.
+
+  Collins, S.M., i. 468.
+
+  Colquitt, P.H., Colonel, ii. 380.
+
+  Columbia River, i. 394, 405, 411, 438; ii. 153, 157, 269.
+
+  Columbus, tomb of, visited, i. 433.
+
+  Colville, i. 297, 393, 394, 396, 397.
+
+  Colville Indians, ii. 22.
+
+  Colville valley settlements, i. 399.
+
+  Combahee River, ii. 376, 378, 379.
+
+  Commencement Bay, i. 459, 462.
+
+  Conception, Fort, at Vera Cruz, i. 110.
+
+  Confidence, ship of John Stevens, i. 2.
+
+  Connecticut volunteers, 6th, i. 395.
+    See 7th Connecticut, Rockwell's battery.
+
+  Connell's prairie, ii. 155;
+    battle of, 186.
+
+  Conrad, Charles M., Secretary of War, rebukes political action,
+        answered, i. 274, 275.
+
+  Constitution, Fort, at Portsmouth, N.H., i. 83.
+
+  Contreras, i. 169, 170;
+    battle of, 171-179, 181, 192-195.
+
+  Cooper, J.G., Dr., i. 296, 307; ii. 3.
+
+  Cooper's battery, ii. 469.
+
+  Coosaw River, ii. 355, 360, 361.
+
+  Coosawhatchie River, ii. 376, 379.
+
+  Corinth, ii. 380.
+
+  Corliss, George W., ii. 247.
+
+  Cortez, i. 161.
+
+  Cortez, steamship, ii. 317.
+
+  Coster, Corporal, i. 312.
+
+  Coteau de Missouri, i. 338-340, 345.
+
+  Cottrell, Abraham, Lieutenant, ii. 367, 372, 420.
+
+  Coues, Samuel Elliott, i. 83, 257.
+
+  Cowlitz Indians, ii. 1-9, 187, 257, 269.
+
+  Cowlitz Landing, i. 411, 439; ii. 28.
+
+  Cowlitz River, i. 405, 411, 412;
+    canoeing up, 438; 439; ii. 28, 154, 187, 257.
+
+  Coxie, Patrick, ii. 33.
+
+  Coyoacan, i. 180, 181, 202.
+
+  Cram, A.J., Captain, ii. 276, 277.
+
+  Crane, Colonel, i. 83.
+
+  Craig, Captain, i. 173.
+
+  Craig, William, ii. 18, 33, 62, 67, 91, 92, 108, 109, 115, 117, 129,
+        130, 145-150, 168, 201, 203, 209, 220, 223, 230.
+
+  Crees, ii. 215.
+
+  Crockett, ii. 154.
+
+  Cromwell, Oliver, lecture on, i. 76;
+    view of, 230-232; ii. 333.
+
+  Crook, George, General, ii. 148.
+
+  Crosby, Clanrick, i. 415.
+
+  Crosby, R.H., ii. 27, 32, 67, 72, 168.
+
+  Crow Wing River, i. 316.
+
+  Crown Butte, i. 376; ii. 124.
+
+  Crows, i. 347, 361, 362; ii. 108, 109, 115.
+
+  Cuapa, hacienda of, i. 169.
+
+  Cub Run, ii. 477.
+
+  Culbertson, Alexander, i, 302, 307, 347, 348, 359, 368, 370; ii. 114,
+        275, 276.
+
+  Cullum, G.W., General, i. 61, 260, 274, 275; ii. 424.
+
+  Culpeper Court House, ii. 426.
+
+  Cumming, Alfred, ii. 66, 94-96;
+    arrogates authority, rebuked, 102, 103;
+    stigmatizes country and Indians, 103, 104, 114, 117-119, 149.
+
+  Cummings, Asa, uncle, i. 12, 84, 85.
+
+  Cummings genealogy, Isaac^1, John^2, Abraham^3, Joseph^4, Thomas^5,
+        Asa^6, Hannah (mother)^7, i. 12.
+
+  Cummings, Hannah, wife of Isaac, Stevens (mother), i. 7-9;
+    death, 15.
+
+  Cummings, John, uncle, warm welcome to, i. 86.
+
+  Cunningham, Michael, servant, i. 160.
+
+  Curry, Governor, ii. 284.
+
+  Cushman, Joseph, i. 415.
+
+  Cushman, Orrington, i. 415, 445, 455; ii. 3-5.
+
+  Cuyuses, ii. 16, 20, 21;
+    at Walla Walla council, 36-64, 121, 144, 148, 150;
+    take war path, 157, 158, 212;
+    attack Governor Stevens, 221-223;
+    turbulent warriors hanged by Colonel Wright, 231.
+
+  Cypress Mountain, i. 359, 368.
+
+
+  Dale, Eben, i. 99.
+
+  Dalles, i. 400, 405; ii. 28, 30, 151, 153, 197, 199, 206, 208, 257.
+
+  Dana, N.T.J., General, i. 28.
+
+  Danpher, Matthew, ii. 32.
+
+  Daufuskie Island, ii. 382.
+
+  Davidson, Lieutenant, ii. 222.
+
+  Davies, Professor, i. 44.
+
+  Davis, Camp, i. 308, 310.
+
+  Davis, Jefferson, i. 261, 281, 285;
+    reports to, 287, 288, 422;
+    order from, to stop survey, 423;
+    disparages northern route, 427-430;
+    answer to, 431;
+    fault-finding, apologizes, 430;
+    Governor Stevens reports to, ii. 209, 221-223, 227, 277, 287.
+
+  Davis, Jefferson, revenue cutter, ii. 185.
+
+  Davis, Robert, i. 468.
+
+  Dawkins Branch, ii. 454.
+
+  Dead Colt Hillock line, i. 321.
+
+  Dearborn, Orrin M., Lieutenant, ii. 415, 484.
+
+  Dearborn River, i. 376; ii. 94, 124.
+
+  Decatur, U.S. man of war, ii. 107, 185.
+
+  Deficiency in funds, i. 366, 367, 423.
+
+  De Hart, Lieutenant, i. 112.
+
+  Delacour, Father, i. 325.
+
+  De Lacy, W.W., ii. 168.
+
+  Delaware Jim, ii. 69, 70, 108, 115, 117, 124.
+
+  De Lein, Dr., i. 218.
+
+  Democratic party, i. 260, 280;
+    nominates Governor Stevens for delegate in Congress, ii. 265;
+    unanimously renominates him, 289;
+    doctrines, 302.
+
+  Democratic convention at Vancouver, Governor Stevens withdraws, his
+        speech, i. 314-316.
+
+  Denig, Mr., i. 345.
+
+  Denny, i. 412.
+
+  Denny, A.A., ii. 251-253, 265.
+
+  De Parris, William S., ii. 70.
+
+  Derby, George H., Lieutenant, ii. 200.
+
+  Des Chutes River, ii. 30, 152.
+
+  Detroit, i. 302.
+
+  Dialectic Society, i. 38, 48, 49, 55, 57.
+
+  Dickinson, Daniel L., ii. 303.
+
+  Difficult Run, ii. 494.
+
+  Dilger, Hubert, Captain, ii. 451.
+
+  Dimick, i. 179.
+
+  Discover, Gros Ventre chief, i. 356.
+
+  Dix, John A., ii. 303, 312.
+
+  Dobbins, W., i. 415.
+
+  Dogan house, ii. 435.
+
+  Dominguez, chief of robbers, i. 149.
+
+  Donaldson, J.L., General, i. 27.
+
+  Donation Act, i. 413; ii. 26, 162.
+
+  Donelson, A.J., Lieutenant, detailed on exploration, i. 291, 297, 302,
+        307, 345, 350, 351, 364, 368, 370, 371, 378, 379, 382, 384, 400,
+        404, 406, 431.
+
+  Donelson, General, ii. 366.
+
+  Donelson, Miss., ii. 284, 371, 373, 374.
+
+  Donohoe, Michael T., Captain, ii. 398.
+
+  Doty, James, i. 306, 308, 331, 371, 375, 422, 452, 458; ii. 26, 31, 47,
+        68, 70, 93, 95;
+    recovers stolen horses, 100, 101, 114, 124, 126, 132, 151, 168, 248;
+    death of, 268.
+
+  Doubleday, Abner W., General, i. 27.
+
+  Douglass, James, Sir, i. 418, 477; ii. 13, 14, 277, 290-293.
+
+  Douglass, Stephen A., i. 260; ii. 302.
+
+  Downey, William R., ii. 246.
+
+  Doyle, Richard N., ii. 402.
+
+  Drayton, Percival, Captain, ii. 346, 399.
+
+  Drayton, Thomas F., General, ii. 346, 349.
+
+  Drum, i. 210;
+    killed, 211.
+
+  Dry Creek, ii. 70.
+
+  Dry Tortugas, ii. 325.
+
+  Du Berry, Beekman, Lieutenant, detailed on exploration, i. 291, 298, 306,
+        308, 314;
+    leaves exploration, 217.
+
+  Duncan, Colonel, i. 106, 120, 140, 141, 167, 181, 206, 212, 223.
+
+  Duncan, Johnson K., Lieutenant, detailed on exploration, i. 293, 296,
+        307, 394.
+
+  Duncan, of Haverhill, i. 243.
+
+  Dunn, John, ii. 262.
+
+  Dunnells, i. 77.
+
+  Dupont, Samuel F., Commodore, ii. 343;
+    capture of Port Royal, 346-348, 358, 379, 382.
+
+  Duwhamish Indians, i. 463-469; ii. 161-192, 256.
+
+  Duwhamish River. See White River.
+
+  Dwight, Lieutenant, ii. 457.
+
+  Dyer, Alexander B., i. 27.
+
+
+  Eagle-from-the-Light, Nez Perce chief, speech at Walla Walla council,
+         ii. 48-50;
+    presents his medicine bear-skin to Governor Stevens, 58;
+    signs treaty, 63, 92, 107, 202, 214.
+
+  Eagle, Gros Ventre chief, i. 355, 356.
+
+  Earl, Lieutenant-Colonel, i. 114.
+
+  Early, Jubal A., i. 27; ii. 457, 458, 462, 487, 490, 495, 496.
+
+  Eastern View, ii. 430.
+
+  Eaton, Charles H., ii. 170.
+
+  Eaton, Nathan, i. 412.
+
+  Ebey, Isaac N., ii. 170;
+    murdered by northern Indians, 259.
+
+  Edisto Island, ii. 382, 383.
+
+  Eggers, Albert, ii. 168.
+
+  Eighth infantry, i. 172.
+
+  Eighth Massachusetts battery, ii. 425.
+
+  Eighth Michigan volunteers, ii. 341-343, 359-366, 372, 374, 389;
+    battle of James Island, 402-415, 425;
+    battle of Chantilly, 484, 495.
+
+  Elbow Lake, i. 322.
+
+  Eldredge, Edward, i. 412.
+
+  Eells, C., missionary among Spokanes, i. 398; ii. 22.
+
+  Eleventh infantry, i. 170.
+
+  Elk River, ii. 100.
+
+  Ellen, gunboat, ii. 364, 408.
+
+  Ellen, nurse, i. 433.
+
+  Elliott, Point, treaty of, i. 462-469.
+
+  Elliott, Samuel M., Lieutenant-Colonel, ii. 322, 324.
+
+  Elliott, William St. George, Major, ii. 359, 364, 377, 474.
+
+  El Pinal, i. 138, 140, 153.
+
+  El Soldado, Mexican village, i. 137.
+
+  Ely, Ralph, Captain, ii. 377, 378.
+
+  Emerson, Ralph Waldo, lectures, i. 81.
+
+  Emigrants, circular letter to, ii. 274.
+
+  Encerro, Santa Anna's hacienda, i. 126, 129.
+
+  En-cha-rae-nae Creek, i. 401.
+
+  En-chush-chesh-she-luxum, Lake, i. 401.
+
+  Endicott, William, i. 16.
+
+  Engineer company, advocates, i. 93;
+    enlists first man, private Lothrop, 94, 118, 119, 139, 140, 164, 167,
+        171.
+
+  English cemetery, City of Mexico, i. 210.
+
+  Ensign, Lewis, ii. 248.
+
+  Ensign, Shirley, i. 415.
+
+  Ernst, Lieutenant, i. 112.
+
+  Eskridge, Richard I., Colonel, U.S.A., married Susan Stevens; their
+        children, Maud, Richard Stevens, Hazard Stevens, Virginia, Oliver,
+        Mary Peyton, ii. 502.
+
+  Esquimault Harbor, ii. 291.
+
+  Ethan Allen, Fort, ii. 328.
+
+  Eustis, Henry L., General, i. 27.
+
+  Evans Guards, ii. 392.
+
+  Evans, Elwood, i. 306, 328, 375; ii. 245, 246, 248, 261, 266.
+
+  Evans, John, Dr., i. 287, 296, 302, 307, 351, 364.
+
+  Evans, N.G., General, ii. 381, 411, 412, 450, 460.
+
+  Evelyn, Mr., i. 306.
+
+  Everett, Edward, ii. 302.
+
+  Everett, T.S., i. 106, 308, 311.
+
+  Ewell, Richard S., General, i. 27, 183; ii. 431, 433, 438, 441, 442,
+        446, 457, 487.
+
+  Ewen, Camp, ii. 322.
+
+
+  Fairhaven, Mass., takes charge of battery, i. 76, 80.
+
+  Falls Church, ii. 330.
+
+  Farnsworth, Addison, Colonel, ii. 425, 452, 459, 466.
+
+  Faugh-a-ballagh, "Clear the way," designation of 28th Massachusetts,
+        ii. 452.
+
+  Fay, R.C., ii. 256.
+
+  Fayetteville, Va., ii. 432.
+
+  Fenton, William, Colonel, ii. 341, 361, 395, 402, 403.
+
+  Fernandina, Fla., ii. 357, 382.
+
+  Ferrero, Edward, General, ii. 489.
+
+  Fessenden, W.P., Senator, ii. 386.
+
+  Field, Charles W., General, brigade, ii. 487, 495, 496.
+
+  Field, H., ii. 208.
+
+  Fifteenth infantry, i. 173.
+
+  Fiftieth Pennsylvania volunteers, ii. 341, 359-366, 388, 389, 421, 425;
+    battle of Chantilly, 484, 485, 495.
+
+  First artillery, i. 114, 156, 180, 181, 184, 210, 211.
+
+  Fitzhugh, E.C., ii. 158, 205, 253.
+
+  Fitzwater, killed, i. 169.
+
+  Five Crows, Cuyuse chief, ii. 51, 52, 61, 121.
+
+  Flathead Indians, i. 348;
+    talk with, 381, 382, 384; ii. 16, 22, 23;
+    manner of ferrying across rivers, 77, 79, 80;
+    council and treaty, 80-91;
+    present condition, 91, 92, 99, 107, 114, 115, 125.
+
+  Flathead Lake, i. 382.
+
+  Flathead River, ii. 80, 90.
+
+  Flathead trail, i. 376.
+
+  Flattery, Cape, i. 473, 474, 477.
+
+  Flette, John, ii. 33.
+
+  Flint Hill, Va., ii. 494.
+
+  Floyd, John B., Secretary of War, ii. 287.
+
+  Folsom, Captain, i. 425, 437.
+
+  Forbes, John M., ii. 371.
+
+  Forbes, William H., ii 371.
+
+  Ford, Sidney S., Judge, i. 412, 441-443; ii. 168, 257.
+
+  Ford, Sidney S., Jr., ii. 1, 3, 68, 70, 73, 132, 151, 169, 185, 187, 200,
+         255, 256.
+
+  Forts, stockades, and blockhouses built: thirty-five by volunteers,
+        ii. 234;
+    twenty-three by settlers, 235;
+    seven by regulars, 235.
+
+  Forty-sixth New York, ii. 390;
+    battle of James Island, 402-415, 425, 426, 449, 450, 484, 495.
+
+  Foster, John G., General, i. 112, 119, 131, 172, 178;
+    wounded, 205, 224;
+    letter from, 227, 250;
+    on Coast Survey, 275, 277, 409.
+
+  Foster, Susan, i. 15.
+
+  Fourcier, Louis, ii. 70.
+
+  Fourteen Years' Bill, carried, i. 257-259.
+
+  Fourth infantry, i. 114, 164.
+
+  Fowler, E.S., i. 454, 468.
+
+  Fowler, Professor, phrenologist, i. 60, 265.
+
+  Fowler, William H., Lieutenant, i. 83.
+
+  Fox Island, council at, ii. 192;
+    reservation, 256.
+
+  Franklin Academy, i. 15.
+
+  Franklin, William B., General, corps, ii. 476, 494.
+
+  Fraser River, ii. 293.
+
+  Fraser, James L., Colonel, ii. 359.
+
+  Fredericksburg, ii. 425.
+
+  Fremont, John C., ii. 270.
+
+  French, Mr., ii. 385.
+
+  French, William H., General, i. 27;
+    remarks on General Stevens's reconnoissance of the Peñon, i. 186.
+
+  Frontera, Mexican general, killed, i. 173.
+
+  Fruitvale farm, battlefield of Chantilly, ii. 483.
+
+  Fry, Dorothy, wife of Captain James, i. 3.
+
+  Fuca, Strait of, i. 473, 477.
+
+  Fuller, Charles A., Captain, ii. 366, 372.
+
+  Fuller, of Maine, i. 260.
+
+  Fuller, W.J.A., ii. 371, 375, 376.
+
+
+  Gaines, Major, i. 165.
+
+  Gainesville, Va., ii. 431, 433, 439-441.
+
+  Galena, i. 303.
+
+  Gallicer, first mate bark Prompt, i. 99.
+
+  Gansevoort, G., Captain, ii. 167;
+    punishes northern Indians, 258, 259.
+
+  Garden's Corners, ii. 357, 365.
+
+  Gardiner, J.W.T., Captain, detailed on exploration, i. 293, 298, 306.
+
+  Gardner, Major, i. 164.
+
+  Gardner, Port, i. 468.
+
+  Garfielde, Selucious, ii. 265, 280, 314, 316.
+
+  Garland, Colonel, i. 139, 140, 142, 169, 205, 206, 211.
+
+  Garnett, Major, ii. 195, 225, 230.
+
+  Garnett, M.R.H., ii. 280.
+
+  Garrison, Mayor of San Francisco, i. 425.
+
+  Garry. See Spokane Garry.
+
+  Gazzoli, Père, i. 388.
+
+  Genette, Frank, ii. 70.
+
+  George's Island, Boston Harbor, i. 57.
+
+  Georgia, Gulf of, ii. 13.
+
+  Georgia volunteers, 13th, ii. 372, 374, 398;
+    47th and 51st, i. 412.
+
+  Germanna Ford, ii. 427.
+
+  Germantown, ii. 481.
+
+  Getty, George W., General, i. 28; ii. 454.
+
+  Gholson, R.D., Governor, ii. 293, 294.
+
+  Gibbon, John, General, ii. 63, 441, 442, 459.
+
+  Gibbs, George, i. 307, 394, 416, 445, 453-457; ii. 3, 5, 245, 246.
+
+  Gibson, A.A., Lieutenant, i. 277.
+
+  Gibson, Edward, ii. 158.
+
+  Giddings, Edward, i. 456.
+
+  Gideonites, ii. 369, 370.
+
+  Giles, Henry, lecturer, i. 93.
+
+  Gilfillan, Charles D., ii. 299.
+
+  Gilmer, Jeremy F., classmate, i. 27, 58, 77, 226, 235.
+
+  Gilmore, Q.A., General, ii. 350, 357, 382.
+
+  Goff, Francis M.P., ii. 169, 171, 187, 197, 200, 201, 210, 214, 222.
+
+  Golden Age, steamship, i. 436; ii. 269.
+
+  Golden Gate, steamship, ii. 269.
+
+  Goldsborough, H.A., i. 415, 445, 453; ii. 245, 246.
+
+  Goliah, chief, i. 463, 466.
+
+  Goodell, J.W., ii. 249.
+
+  Goodell, W.B., i. 412.
+
+  Goose's Neck, i. 376.
+
+  Gosnell, Wesley, ii. 169, 187, 255, 257.
+
+  Goudy, George B., ii. 170.
+
+  Gove, Warren, ii. 168.
+
+  Governor, the, steamship, ii. 345.
+
+  Gracie, Archibald, Lieutenant, ii. 29, 33, 66.
+
+  Grafton, i. 37.
+
+  Graham, Lieutenant, wounded, i. 183.
+
+  Graham, Major, i. 112, 170.
+
+  Graham, William M., i. 302, 307.
+
+  Graham, William M., Captain, ii. 470.
+
+  Grainger, Robert S., General, i. 28.
+
+  Grand Mound prairie, i. 412.
+
+  Grande Ronde, battle at, ii. 201, 202.
+
+  Grant, U.S., General, ii. 303.
+
+  Graves, Frank, Lieutenant-Colonel, ii. 395, 402.
+
+  Gray, i. 341.
+
+  Gray's Harbor, ii. 1.
+
+  Great Britain, ii. 12, 13.
+
+  Great Northern Railroad, i. 320, 380, 395.
+
+  Great Pond, North Andover, i. 5, 8;
+    ducking in, 47.
+
+  Great Republic, ship, ii. 344, 345.
+
+  Great Salt Lake, i. 422.
+
+  Green River, ii. 184, 187.
+
+  Greene, Charles G., i. 273.
+
+  Greene, William B., i. 37, 58.
+
+  Greenwich, ii. 433.
+
+  Gregg, Maxcy, General, ii. 487, 495, 496.
+
+  Griffin, Charles, Captain, ii. 329-331, 463.
+
+  Grimball's plantation, ii. 390.
+
+  Grinnell, Joseph & Co., i. 420.
+
+  Gros Ventres, i. 347, 348, 355;
+    council with, 356-358, 362; ii. 99, 109, 114.
+
+  Grover, Cuvier, Lieutenant, detailed on exploration, i. 293, 298, 306,
+        308, 312, 314, 319-321, 345, 351, 355, 359, 364, 370, 372;
+    winter trip, Fort Benton to Olympia, 422; ii. 448, 455, 456.
+
+  Grover, Lafayette, ii. 296.
+
+  Groveton, ii. 436, 438, 440, 441, 449, 450, 452.
+
+  Guadalupe, Fort, in Puebla, i. 144.
+
+  Guadalupe, Mexico, i. 163, 214.
+
+  Gulf Stream, i. 100.
+
+  Guthrie, Camp, i. 327, 328.
+
+  Guy, i. 329, 338.
+
+  Gwin, William, Senator, i. 269, 437; ii. 298.
+
+
+  Hahd-skus, treaty of, on Point-no-Point, i. 469-473.
+
+  Halbert, i. 38.
+
+  Hale, C.H., i. 415.
+
+  Hale, Frank, ii. 70.
+
+  Hale, gunboat, ii. 408.
+
+  Hale, John P., Senator, ii. 320, 386.
+
+  Hal-hal-tlos-sot. See Lawyer.
+
+  Hall, Fort, i. 422.
+
+  Hall, Joseph, ii. 367.
+
+  Hall, J.H., i. 468.
+
+  Halleck, Henry W., General, classmate, rival, i. 26, 27, 31, 35-37,
+        58, 71, 72, 75, 80;
+    letter to, 420;
+    letter from, 420, 425; ii. 303, 424.
+
+  Haller, Granville O., Major, ii. 28, 29, 121, 157, 158, 207, 294.
+
+  Hamilton, John, Captain, ii. 395, 409.
+
+  Hamilton, Schuyler, General, i. 28.
+
+  Hamlin, i. 243.
+
+  Hammell, Augustus, i. 368, 369.
+
+  Hammond, Dr., i. 436.
+
+  Hampshire, England, i. 1.
+
+  Hampton Roads, ii. 423.
+
+  Hancock, United States warship, ii. 258.
+
+  Hancock, W.S., General, ii. 333.
+
+  Hardcastle, Lieutenant, i. 113.
+
+  Hardee, William J., i. 28, 260.
+
+  Harned, Benjamin, ii. 261.
+
+  Harney, William S., Colonel, i. 125, 126, 153, 167;
+    General Harney placed in command in Oregon and Washington, ii. 283,
+        284, 288;
+    orders Captain Pickett to San Juan, 290;
+    reinforces him, 291-295.
+
+  Haro, Canal de, ii. 13.
+
+  Harris, Major, i. 83.
+
+  Haskin, Joseph P., Lieutenant, i. 114, 116, 132, 173.
+
+  Hassard, Nicholas, i. 63.
+
+  Hastings, L.B., i. 412.
+
+  Hatch, Rufus, General, ii. 441, 460, 466, 468.
+
+  Hathaway, M.R., ii. 168, 200.
+
+  Hatteras, Cape, storm off, ii. 270.
+
+  Havana, i. 433.
+
+  Haverhill, Mass., i. 1, 35.
+
+  Hawk, Isaac, i. 415.
+
+  Hawley, Joseph R., Lieutenant-Colonel, ii. 395, 402, 405, 407, 414.
+
+  Hayes, John L., i. 83, 257; ii. 273, 282, 498.
+
+  Hayes, William, General, i. 28.
+
+  Hays, Fort, i. 185, 234.
+
+  Hays, Gilmore, i. 414; ii. 158, 168-171, 186;
+    resigns, 189.
+
+  Hays, Harry T., General, ii. 487, 490, 495, 496.
+
+  Hays, Isaac, ii. 170.
+
+  Haymarket, Va., ii. 440.
+
+  Hazard, Benjamin, i. 63-65, 70, 71;
+    death, 77.
+
+  Hazard, Daniel L., i. 303; ii. 288, 289.
+
+  Hazard, Emily L., i. 65, 94.
+
+  Hazard, Harriet (_née_ Lyman), i. 65, 91.
+
+  Hazard, Harriet L., i. 67.
+
+  Hazard, Margaret L., i. 63, 64, 67, 79, 81, 87, 96.
+
+  Hazard, Mary W., i. 65, 94, 95, 276.
+
+  Hazard, Mrs., i. 232.
+
+  Hazard, Nancy, i. 87, 91, 95, 96, 268, 269.
+
+  Hazard, Thomas G., i. 91, 266, 267.
+
+  Hazen, Nathan W., i. 19, 20, 22, 48, 71.
+
+  Hazlett, Charles E., Captain, ii. 469.
+
+  Head, J.C., i. 415.
+
+  Heath family, ii. 483.
+
+  Hebert, Paul O., i. 58.
+
+  Heffron, H.G., Lieutenant, ii. 425, 474, 475.
+
+  Heintzelman, Samuel P., General, ii. 430, 462, 463, 481.
+
+  Hell Gate, i. 379; ii. 93, 125.
+
+  Hell Gate River, ii. 93.
+
+  Hell Gate Ronde, i. 379; ii. 92.
+
+  Henness, B.L., Captain, ii. 169, 170, 186, 197.
+
+  Henry Hill, ii. 435, 470.
+
+  Henry, Joseph, Professor, i. 276; ii. 273.
+
+  Henry, Lake, i. 315.
+
+  Herrera, Mexican peace commissioner, i. 203.
+
+  Hewett, C.C., Captain, ii. 170, 245.
+
+  Hicks, Urban E., i. 412.
+
+  Higgins, C.P., i. 306, 422, 444; ii. 31, 48, 68, 70, 77, 108, 109,
+        131, 132, 169.
+
+  Higginson, Henry L., Major, ii. 389.
+
+  Hilgard, H.E., Professor, i. 277.
+
+  Hill, A.P., General, ii. 438, 446, 458, 487, 493, 495, 496.
+
+  Hill, D.H., i. 27.
+
+  Hill, Humphrey, ii. 168.
+
+  Hillsborough, N.C., i. 274.
+
+  Hilton Head, ii. 345, 350-352, 382.
+
+  Hitchcock, C.M., Dr., i. 436, 463.
+
+  Hitchcock, E.A., Colonel, i. 150, 257.
+
+  Hodges, Henry C., Lieutenant, detailed on exploration, i. 307.
+
+  Hodgdon, Stephen, i. 412.
+
+  Hoecken, Father, ii. 85, 90.
+
+  Hoffman, Lieutenant, killed, i. 184.
+
+  Holbrook, Andrew J., Lieutenant, ii. 366.
+
+  Holt, Abiel, i. 13.
+
+  Holt, Joseph, ii. 303, 312, 318.
+
+  Hood, John B., General, ii. 448, 450, 460.
+
+  Hood River, ii. 153.
+
+  Hooker, Joseph, General, i. 27, 83; ii. 430, 432-434, 439, 445, 448,
+        460, 464, 481.
+
+  Hope, Camp, ii. 325.
+
+  Horn, Cape, i. 300; ii. 153.
+
+  Horse Butte, i. 327.
+
+  Horse Plains, ii. 79.
+
+  Horton, W.H., ii. 266.
+
+  Hough, F.O., i. 462.
+
+  Howard, O.H., Lieutenant, ii. 408.
+
+  Howard, O.O., General, ii. 63.
+
+  Howe, A.W., General, i. 28.
+
+  Howe, Samuel D., Captain, ii. 169, 171, 188.
+
+  How-lish-wam-poo, Cuyuse chief, ii. 148.
+
+  Hoyt, O.S., i. 307.
+
+  Huger, Eustis, ii. 168.
+
+  Hughes, C., ii. 70.
+
+  Hudson Bay Company, i. 281, 285, 297;
+    Governor Stevens reports on claims, 297; ii. 13;
+    people not molested by hostile Indians, 132, 225;
+    Governor Stevens's opinion of, as neutrals, 229;
+    ex-employees ordered to settlements, imprisoned, tried, 242-249;
+    claim San Juan, 289;
+    exactions of, 281, 282.
+
+  Huet, Charles, i. 389.
+
+  Humber, i. 37.
+
+  Humphreys, A.A., Captain, i. 241, 244, 246; ii. 277, 309.
+
+  Hunt, E.B., Lieutenant, i. 277.
+
+  Hunt, H.J., General, classmate, i. 27, 60, 77, 106;
+    General Stevens's sense of justice, 188, 210, 212;
+    army reforms, 240, 259;
+    letter to, 260;
+    Jefferson Davis and Governor Stevens, 427, 428.
+
+  Hunter, David, General, ii. 383-386, 393, 399, 420, 421.
+
+  Huntington family, i. 412.
+
+  Hunton, Eppa, General, ii. 460.
+
+  Hurd, James K., ii. 168.
+
+  Hurd, Jared S., i. 415; ii. 168.
+
+  Hurd, M., i. 415.
+
+  Hydah Indians, i. 452.
+
+  Hyde, Breed N., Colonel, ii. 329.
+
+
+  Indian Affairs, Commissioner of, reports to, ii. 91, 227-230, 271-273.
+
+  Indian councils and treaties:
+    She-nah-nam, i. 456-462;
+    Point Elliott, 463-468;
+    Point-no-Point, 469-473;
+    Neah Bay, 473-477;
+    Chehalis, Quinaiult, ii. 1-9;
+    Walla Walla, 34-65;
+    Flathead, 81-91;
+    Blackfoot, 107-119;
+    Spokane, 133-140;
+    Nez Perce, 143, 144;
+    Fox Island, 192;
+    Klikitat, 208;
+    second Walla Walla, 210-220;
+    treaties confirmed, 285.
+
+  Indian policy, Governor Stevens's, i. 448-450, 454, 455.
+
+  Indian tribes. See map, ii. 16;
+    Appendix, 503-505, and following:--
+      East of Rocky Mountains, Assiniboines, in four bands of Blackfeet,
+          Bloods, Piegans, and Gros Ventres; Chippewas, Crees, Crows,
+          Sioux, Winnebagoes.
+      Tribes of Rocky Mountains, Flatheads, Pend Oreilles, Kootenays.
+      Tribes of Upper Columbia, Nez Perces, Cuyuses, Umatillas, Walla
+          Wallas, Coeur d'Alenes, Spokanes, Yakimas, Palouses,
+          Klikitats, Snakes.
+      Tribes of Puget Sound, Nisquallies, Puyallups, Duwhamish, Snohomish,
+          Clallams, Chimakums, Skokomish, Makahs.
+      Tribes of Coast, Quinaiults, Quillehutes, Chehalis, Chinooks,
+          Cowlitz.
+      Northern Indians, Hydahs.
+
+  Indian war, causes of, ii. 25, 26, 163.
+
+  Indian war debt, ii. 296;
+    paid by Congress, 306-308.
+
+  Indiana, 19th regiment volunteers, ii. 329, 330.
+
+  Ingalls, Mary, wife of Joseph, i. 3.
+
+  Ingalls, Rufus, Captain, ii. 296.
+
+  Ingraham, Sampson, i. 269.
+
+  Ip-se-male-e-con or Spotted Eagle, Nez Perce chief, i. 58.
+    See Spotted Eagle.
+
+  Ireland, David, Captain, ii. 335.
+
+  Irish volunteers, ii. 392.
+
+  Irons, Lieutenant, killed, i. 184.
+
+  Irvin, Colonel, i. 224.
+
+  Irwin, Lieutenant, ii. 362.
+
+  Istacalco, i. 207.
+
+  Ives, Robert, Captain, ii. 482, 483.
+
+  Iztaccihuatl, mountain in Mexico, i. 159.
+
+
+  Jack, i. 393.
+
+  Jackson Club, i. 269.
+
+  Jackson, Fort, near Savannah, i. 230.
+
+  Jackson, J.H., Colonel, ii. 395.
+
+  Jackson, John R., i. 411, 440; ii. 170.
+
+  Jackson, Thomas J., General, ii. 426, 427, 431, 434, 438, 441, 446, 452,
+        462, 468, 471, 475, 479, 480;
+    battle of Chantilly, 487-496.
+
+  Jacksonville, Fla., ii. 357.
+
+  Jacques River, i. 330.
+
+  Jalapa, i. 123, 126, 129, 130;
+    description of, 132, 133.
+
+  James Island, ii. 380-388;
+    campaign, 390-399;
+    battle of, 399-415.
+
+  James, Nez Perce chief, ii. 63, 217.
+
+  James or Jacques River, i. 277, 320, 330, 331.
+
+  James River, Va., ii. 423.
+
+  Jameson, Mr., i. 201.
+
+  Jamestown, i. 320.
+
+  Janney, Mrs., i. 226, 264, 265.
+
+  Jefferson, Va., ii. 431.
+
+  Jekelfaluzy, A., i. 306, 317.
+
+  Jennings, i. 38, 48.
+
+  Jessie, Lake, i. 328, 329.
+
+  Jesuit missionaries, ii. 21, 22.
+
+  Juan el Diablo, Don, i. 225.
+
+  Judith River, ii. 98;
+    Blackfoot council at mouth of, 110-116.
+
+  Julia, steamer, ii. 292.
+
+  Justice, Jefferson, Lieutenant, ii. 415.
+
+  Jocko River, i. 381, 384, 385; ii. 79.
+
+  John, Captain, Nez Perce chief, ii. 129, 152, 201.
+
+  John Day's River, ii. 30.
+
+  John Taylor, Snohomish chief, ii. 169.
+
+  Johnson Bradley, T., General, ii. 438, 440, 468.
+
+  Johnson, Bushrod, i. 27.
+
+  Johnson, Edward, i. 27.
+
+  Johnson, Fort, ii. 387.
+
+  Johnson, John, ii. 70.
+
+  Johnson, Mr., i. 36.
+
+  Johnson, T. Preston, Lieutenant, killed, i. 172, 184.
+
+  Johnson, Walter W., ii. 284.
+
+  Johnson, W.R., Mrs., ii. 284, 371, 373, 374.
+
+  Jones, camp at West Point, i. 36.
+
+  Jones, David R., General, ii. 450, 490.
+
+  Jones, Gabriel, i. 412.
+
+  Jones Island, ii. 382.
+
+  Jones, James, Colonel, ii. 365.
+
+  Jordan, Captain, ii. 206.
+
+  Jordan, Lieutenant, i. 112.
+
+  Joseph, Coeur d'Alene guide, ii. 67.
+
+  Joseph, Nez Perce chief, ii. 58, 63, 202, 217
+
+
+  Kalorama Hill, near Georgetown, D.C., ii. 325.
+
+  Kam-i-ah-kan, head chief of Yakimas, ii. 27, 38;
+    at Walla Walla council, 40;
+    speech, 48, 51-53;
+    signs treaty, 55-57;
+    chief instigator to war, 61, 64, 121, 157, 211, 218, 223.
+
+  Kane, P.C., Colonel, ii. 395.
+
+  Kearny, Philip, General, i. 155, 170, 183; ii. 430, 434, 439, 445, 448,
+        457, 458, 462, 464, 473, 475;
+    at battle of Chantilly, 488;
+    death, 490, 491.
+
+  Kelley, Mrs., i. 257.
+
+  Kelly, James K., Colonel, ii. 144, 160.
+
+  Kelly, William, Captain, ii. 169, 190.
+
+  Kemble, George S., Dr., ii. 343.
+
+  Kemper, James L., General, ii. 450, 460.
+
+  Kendall, B.F., i. 306, 311, 312, 317, 325, 332; 375; ii. 245, 246, 248.
+
+  Kendrick, Captain, i. 113, 259.
+
+  Kendrick, David, i. 412.
+
+  Kennedy, H., ii. 95.
+
+  Kerns's battery, ii. 469.
+
+  Kincaid, William M., ii. 246.
+
+  King, Rufus, General, ii. 439, 441-443, 453, 454, 459, 460, 463, 464.
+
+  Kip, Lawrence, ii. 29, 33, 60, 61.
+
+  Kirby, Major, i. 224.
+
+  Kirkham, Ralph W., General, i. 28.
+
+  Kiser, Benjamin, ii. 92, 115, 117.
+
+  Kitchelus, Lake, i. 408.
+
+  Kittson, i. 325.
+
+  Klady, Samuel, i. 462.
+
+  Klah-she-min or Squaxon Island, i. 458.
+
+  Klikitat Prairie, ii. 187.
+
+  Klikitat River, i. 208.
+
+  Klikitats, i. 452; ii. 22, 190, 208, 257.
+
+  Knox, Fort, opposite Bucksport, Me., buys land for, i. 84;
+    constructs, 85-100, 265;
+    resumes charge of, 283;
+    relinquishes, 283; ii. 309.
+
+  Knox, Mr., buys house, i. 272.
+
+  Knoxville, Tenn., i. 35; ii. 413.
+
+  Koh-lat-toose, Palouse chief, ii. 72.
+
+  Koltes, John A., Colonel, ii. 470.
+
+  Koos-koos-kin, or Clearwater River, ii. 18, 141, 145.
+
+  Kootenay Indians, ii. 17, 22, 77, 79, 80.
+
+  Kossuth, Louis, i. 269.
+
+
+  La Frambois, i. 306, 329, 338.
+
+  La Hoya, Mexico, i. 137, 156.
+
+  La Vega, Mexican general, i. 129.
+
+  Las Vegas, Mexican village, i. 137, 138, 207.
+
+  Lakeman, Moses B., Colonel, ii. 497.
+
+  Lamar, Fort or Battery, ii. 396;
+    assault on, 400-416.
+
+  Lamar, T.G., Colonel, ii. 403, 411, 412.
+
+  Ladies' Island, ii. 354.
+
+  Ladd, Alexander, i. 83.
+
+  Ladd, W.S., ii. 266.
+
+  Lambert, John, i. 306.
+
+  Lambert River, i. 318.
+
+  Lancaster, Columbia, i. 411;
+    elected delegate in Congress, 418, 432; ii. 15.
+
+  Lander, Edward, Judge, i. 414; ii. 169, 171, 188;
+    arrested and taken off bench, 244;
+    holds court in Olympia, issues writs, again arrested, held prisoner
+        to end of war, 247, 248;
+    fines Governor Stevens $50, 249, 251-253.
+
+  Lander, Frederick W., i. 295, 298, 299, 306, 308, 314, 319, 321, 325,
+        326, 330-332, 338, 345, 350, 355, 359, 365, 368-370, 372, 380,
+        381, 383, 384;
+    ordered to examine Nahchess Pass;
+    fails, 405, 406.
+
+  Lander's Fork, ii. 125.
+
+  Lake George, N.Y., i. 3, 4.
+
+  Lame Bull, Blackfoot chief, ii. 100.
+
+  Lane, Joseph, General, i. 221, 300, 432; ii. 273, 298;
+    nominated for vice-president, 304;
+    his chances, 306, 313.
+
+  Lansdale, R.H., Dr., i. 385; ii. 26, 33, 68, 70, 92, 125, 127, 209.
+
+  Lansing, Arthur B., Lieutenant, i. 60.
+
+  Lapwai, ii. 18, 142, 145.
+
+  Lathrop, i. 100, 264.
+
+  Lawrence, Mass., i. 1.
+
+  Lawton, A.R., General, ii. 446, 457, 458, 487, 495, 496.
+
+  Lawton, Robert R., Colonel, i. 106.
+
+  Lawyer, Hal-hal-tlos-sot, head chief of Nez Perces, ii. 18;
+    at Walla Walla council, 35-64;
+    moves lodge in Governor Stevens's camp, 47;
+    speech, 51, 54;
+    advises Governor Stevens, 56-58, 71, 146, 202, 210, 217, 218.
+
+  Le Bombard, Alexis, guide, i. 337, 338.
+
+  Le Favre, Captain, ii. 343.
+
+  Leake's Virginia battery, ii. 365.
+
+  Lear, Mr., ii. 208.
+
+  Leasure, Daniel, Colonel, ii. 340-342, 359, 364, 395, 402, 406, 425, 458.
+
+  Lecky, David A., Major, ii. 395, 402, 484.
+
+  Lee, John E., i. 233, 269.
+
+  Lee, Robert E., General, i. 109, 111, 114, 117, 121, 122, 130, 139, 141,
+        142, 144, 149;
+    reconnoitres the Peñon, 164-166, 169, 170;
+    at Contreras, 171, 172, 174, 175, 179, 180;
+    important services, 185;
+    sketch of, 194 216, 250, 255; ii. 376, 377, 380, 427, 431, 460, 479.
+
+  Legareville, ii. 390, 393, 394.
+
+  Lemere, Joseph, ii. 70.
+
+  Leschi, i. 461; ii. 184, 208, 225, 236, 238;
+    hanged, 240.
+
+  Lewinsville, Va., reconnoissance, ii. 329-332.
+
+  Lewis and Clark, i. 348, 378, 379.
+
+  Lewis and Clark's Pass, ii. 93.
+
+  Lewis, Mr., i. 307.
+
+  Lewis, Père, i. 397.
+
+  Lewis River, i. 411.
+
+  Lighthouse Board, i. 271.
+
+  Lightning Lake, i. 316, 318.
+
+  Lilly, William, Captain, ii. 343, 372.
+
+  Lincoln, Abraham, President, nominated, ii. 305;
+    elected, 306;
+    Governor Stevens calls upon, 319, 332, 334, 340.
+
+  Lincoln, Lieutenant, i. 114.
+
+  Lindner, Sergeant, i. 322, 330.
+
+  Lispenard, George, ii. 367.
+
+  Little Dog, Blackfoot chief, i. 368; ii. 100, 114.
+
+  Little Muddy River, i. 351.
+
+  Little River turnpike, ii. 479, 481, 497.
+
+  Little Soldier, Gros Ventre chief, i. 355.
+
+  Little White Calf, Gros Ventre chief, i. 356.
+
+  Lobos Island, Mexico, i. 105, 106.
+
+  Lock's Ford, ii. 437, 475.
+
+  Logan, John A., General, ii. 304.
+
+  Logan, Private, remarks on death of, i. 276.
+
+  Long Island Sound, i. 78.
+
+  Longstreet, James, i. 27; ii. 413, 427, 431, 434, 440, 448, 450-452,
+        454, 460, 462, 466;
+    his attack, ii. 469-471, 475, 479, 490, 496.
+
+  Looking Glass, war chief of Nez Perces, ii. 54-58, 92, 129, 130;
+    treachery discovered, 133, 143, 144, 202.
+
+  Loring, George B., i. 16.
+
+  L'Orme, De, Governor, Red River hunters, i. 340, 341.
+
+  Louisburg, i. 3.
+
+  Louisiana volunteers, 4th, ii. 409, 411.
+
+  Lovell, Mansfield, i. 28.
+
+  Low, J.M., i. 412.
+
+  Lowell, Mass., i. 68.
+
+  Low Horn, Piegan chief, i. 374; ii. 99.
+
+  Lugenbeel, Major, ii. 206.
+
+  Lummi Indians, ii. 256.
+
+  Lummi River, i. 468.
+
+  Lupton, Major, ii. 200, 201.
+
+  Lusk, William T., ii. 343, 368, 459, 482, 483, 485, 497.
+
+  Lyman, Daniel, Colonel, i. 65.
+
+  Lyman, Harriet, i. 65.
+
+  Lymans, i. 77.
+
+  Lyon, Nathaniel, General, i. 28.
+
+  Lyons, Benjamin R., Lieutenant, ii. 366, 372, 402, 405, 406;
+    death of, 415.
+
+
+  Maryland volunteers, 2d, ii. 457.
+
+  Macfeely, Robert, Lieutenant, i. 307, 370, 393.
+
+  Madison, Port, i. 468; ii. 256.
+
+  Maginn, i. 389.
+
+  Magruder, John B., Captain, i. 114, 171, 172, 176, 211.
+
+  Maine, i. 3, 5.
+
+  Maine volunteers, i. 209;
+    6th regiment, ii. 332;
+    3d and 4th, 488, 495.
+
+  Maison du Chien, i. 338.
+
+  Makah Indians, treaty with, i. 473-477.
+
+  Major Tompkins's steamer, i. 413, 462.
+
+  Malinche, mountain in Mexico, i. 159.
+
+  Maloney, Maurice, Captain, ii. 158, 207.
+
+  Manassas Gap Railroad, ii. 434.
+
+  Manassas Junction, ii. 431, 434, 435, 439.
+
+  Mansfield Joseph, K.F., Colonel, i. 230, 237, 255; ii. 285.
+
+  Man-who-goes-on-Horseback, Gros Ventre chief, i. 356.
+
+  Maple River, i. 326.
+
+  Marble Ridge Farm, stratagem against Indians, i. 7.
+
+  Marcy, Camp, i. 319.
+
+  Marcy, William L., Secretary of State, i. 285; ii. 250.
+
+  Marias Pass, i. 380, 381, 384.
+
+  Marias River, i. 361, 362, 369, 370.
+
+  Marion Rifles, ii. 392.
+
+  Marsh, Edwin, i. 415.
+
+  Martial law, ii. 240-250, 263.
+
+  Martin, Augustus P., Captain ii. 463.
+
+  Mason, Charles H., i, 414, 456, 461, 462, 464; ii. 123, 158, 159,
+        165, 257, 258;
+    death of, 289.
+
+  Mason, James L., i. 60-64, 66, 67, 77, 81, 105, 106, 108, 111, 113,
+        114, 117, 119, 122, 130, 138, 144;
+    reconnoitres the Peñon, 164-167, 169-171, 182, 201;
+    wounded, 205, 216;
+    sketch of, 217, 232, 255, 274, 425.
+
+  Mason, Jeremiah, i. 71.
+
+  Massachusetts, U.S. war-ship, ii. 185, 252, 258.
+
+  Massachusetts volunteers, 1st cavalry, ii. 367, 389;
+    28th regiment, 390;
+    1st, 11th, and 16th, 455, 456;
+    21st, 470, 489-491, 495.
+
+  Matthews, Joseph, ii. 367.
+
+  Matthias, Frank, ii. 168.
+
+  Maxon, H.J.G., Major, ii. 168, 171, 186, 187, 197, 242.
+
+  Maynard, D.S., Dr., i. 412, 465, 466; ii. 256.
+
+  Maynard, Mr., i. 45.
+
+  McAlister, James, i. 412, 462.
+
+  McAlister, John W., i. 462.
+
+  McBane, i. 403.
+
+  McCafferty, Green, ii. 3, 151.
+
+  McCaw, S., ii. 246.
+
+  McClary, Fort, at Portland, Me., i. 83.
+
+  McClellan, George B., General, i. 111, 130, 141, 142, 166, 171, 172,
+        180;
+    asks aid, 238, 260, 263, 264;
+    Governor Stevens applies for, 288;
+    letter to, 289, 293, 295-297, 299, 307, 394;
+    his exploration of Cascade passes, 394-400, 404, 406;
+    ordered to run line to Snoqualmie Pass, 406;
+    his failure, 407-409;
+    disparages settlers, 410;
+    commended by Secretary Jefferson Davis, 429; ii. 325, 328, 332;
+    keeps back General Stevens's appointment as brigadier-general, 334,
+        336;
+    General Stevens condemns McClellan's management, and foretells
+        disaster, 339, 340, 427.
+
+  McClelland, Camp, i. 326.
+
+  McClelland, Robert, Secretary of the Interior, i. 286.
+
+  McClure, Charles, Colonel, ii. 494.
+
+  McCorkle, W.A.L., Captain, ii. 170.
+
+  McCown, John P., i. 28.
+
+  McDonald, in charge of Fort Colville, i. 393, 394, 397, 398; ii. 133.
+
+  McDonough or Caamano Island, i. 409.
+
+  McDowell, Irvin C., General, i. 28; ii. 319, 427, 430, 432-434, 439,
+        440, 444, 453-455, 459, 462-464, 481, 494.
+
+  McFarland, Aunt, i. 68.
+
+  McField, John, ii. 243.
+
+  McKay, William C., ii. 32, 170.
+
+  McKensie, Captain, i. 113, 208, 213.
+
+  McKensie, Patrick, ii. 33.
+
+  McKenzie, Fort, i. 370.
+
+  McKinstry, Justus, General, i. 28.
+
+  McLaws, Lafayette, i. 28.
+
+  McLean, Nathaniel C., General, ii. 447, 448, 465, 469, 470.
+
+  McLean, William, Lieutenant, ii. 329, 331.
+
+  McLeod, John, ii. 243, 247, 249.
+
+  McMullin, Fayette, Governor, ii. 268.
+
+  McWillie Senator, i. 257.
+
+  Meade, George G., General, ii. 440, 469, 470.
+
+  Meeker, E.M., ii. 246.
+
+  Meiggs, Montgomery C., General, i. 27, 258.
+
+  Menetrey, Father, ii. 89.
+
+  Menoc, i. 306, 311, 312, 329.
+
+  Meredith, Solomon, Colonel, ii. 329.
+
+  Merrill, Captain, killed, i. 206.
+
+  Merrimac River, Mass. i. 1.
+
+  Merton, W.B., lectures in Bucksport, i. 93.
+
+  Metcalf, E., Major, ii. 395.
+
+  Metsic, Indian hunter, i. 98.
+
+  Mexicalcingo, town in valley of Mexico, i. 165, 166.
+
+  Mexican Congress, i. 151.
+
+  Mexican Gulf, i. 102;
+    norther in, 104.
+
+  Mexican war justified, i. 232, 273;
+    work on 250, 255, 256;
+    Ripley's History, 254.
+
+  Mexico, i. 91.
+
+  Mexico, City of, defenses of, i. 154, 163;
+    capture, 213-215;
+    condition of, 222.
+
+  Micheau, Butte, i. 327.
+
+  Michelle, head chief of Koo-te-nays, ii. 77;
+    at Flathead council, 84, 88.
+
+  Michigan. See 8th regiment volunteers.
+
+  Miles, General, ii. 63.
+
+  Milk Creek, scene of Walla Walla council, ii. 31, 218.
+
+  Milk River, i. 353-355, 361, 362.
+
+  Millard, Justin, ii. 168.
+
+  Millard, M.B., ii. 168.
+
+  Miller, Bluford, Captain, ii. 169, 171, 187, 197;
+    arrests Judge Lander, 248.
+
+  Miller, General, i. 45.
+
+  Miller, W.W., General, ii. 168, 193;
+    appointed Superintendent of Indian Affairs, 307, 313.
+
+  Milroy, Robert H., General, ii. 446, 447, 451, 452, 470.
+
+  Minot, i. 320.
+
+  Minter, J.F., i. 307, 398-400, 406.
+
+  Minton, John R., i. 116.
+
+  Missionaries, Catholic, not disturbed by hostiles, ii. 132, 225;
+    Governor Stevens's opinion of, as neutrals, 228, 229.
+
+  Mississippi River, i. 288, 302, 303, 308-310, 353.
+
+  Missoula, town, river, valley, i. 379; ii. 93.
+
+  Missouri, Coteau du, i. 338-340, 345.
+
+  Missouri River, i. 297, 302, 345, 362.
+
+  Mitchell, Joseph L., ii. 248.
+
+  Mix, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, ii. 271-275.
+
+  Mixcoac, i. 201, 202.
+
+  Moffett, Joseph F., i. 306, 322.
+
+  Molinard, Professor at West Point, i. 32.
+
+  Molino del Rey, battle of, i. 204-207.
+
+  Monroe, Fortress, i. 60; ii. 343, 423, 424.
+
+  Monroe, guide, i. 385.
+
+  Monroe, Victor, i. 414.
+
+  Monterey, Mexico, i. 107.
+
+  Montezumas, i. 207, 222.
+
+  Montgomery, Camp, ii. 185, 197, 234.
+
+  Monticello, i. 438.
+
+  Montour, Indian agent, ii. 210.
+
+  Mooar, George, cousin, i. 11.
+
+  Moore, McClellan, Lieutenant-Colonel, ii. 395, 402.
+
+  Moore, R.S., ii. 246.
+
+  Mora, i. 203.
+
+  Morale, Butte de, i. 337.
+
+  More, John, Captain, ii. 361, 462.
+
+  Morell, George W. General, ii. 430, 453, 466.
+
+  Morgan, Colonel, i. 173, 220.
+
+  Morrison, David, Colonel, ii. 338, 395, 402, 406, 484, 497, 498;
+    transmits colors to Mrs. Stevens, 499, 500.
+
+  Morrow, J.H., Colonel, ii. 398.
+
+  Moses, Flathead chief, ii. 88, 89.
+
+  Moses, Simpson P., i. 414.
+
+  Mott, G., ii. 285.
+
+  Mouse River, i. 320, 338, 339, 341, 345, 351.
+
+  Mowry, Sylvester, Lieutenant, detailed on exploration, i. 307.
+
+  Muckleshoot Prairie, ii. 186, 192.
+
+  Mukilteo, i. 462.
+
+  Mullan, John, Lieutenant, detailed on exploration, i. 293, 297, 302, 364,
+        380-382, 384;
+    remarkable trips, 422; ii. 275, 296.
+
+  Mullan Pass, i. 380.
+
+  Mullan road, Fort Benton to Walla Walla, i. 431; ii. 276, 285, 296, 307,
+        308.
+
+  Murden, E.O., ii. 245.
+
+  Murphy, Daniel, i. 84, 88, 96, 98.
+
+  Muscle Shell River, i. 364, 381; ii. 99.
+
+
+  Nagle, James, Colonel, ii. 448, 457.
+
+  Nahchess Pass, i. 395, 446; ii. 158, 187, 195, 197.
+
+  Nahchess River, i. 395, 405, 406.
+
+  Narkarty, Chinook chief, ii. 6.
+
+  National Bridge, Mexico, i. 120, 121.
+
+  National Democratic Party, Governor Stevens chairman of executive
+        committee, ii. 305, 306.
+
+  National Palace, occupied by General Scott, i. 213.
+
+  Naylor, Captain, i. 222.
+
+  Neah Bay, i. 473, 477.
+
+  Neely, D.A., Lieutenant, ii. 188, 252.
+
+  Nelson, Duwhamish chief, ii. 208, 225.
+
+  Nesmith, James W., Colonel, ii. 140, 160, 256, 267, 271, 272, 279, 288;
+    elected senator, 313, 317-320, 386.
+
+  Newarkum, ii. 28, 187.
+
+  New Baltimore, ii. 440.
+
+  New Bedford, Mass., i. 76, 79, 82, 83, 98.
+
+  Newell, Robert, ii. 160, 170.
+
+  New Hampshire volunteers, 3d regiment, ii. 395-409;
+    2d regiment, 455;
+    6th regiment, 457.
+
+  Newmarket, ii. 459.
+
+  New Mexico, i. 233, 252.
+
+  New Orleans, i. 104.
+
+  Newport, R.I., stay at, i. 60, 79, 82, 83, 87, 226, 232, 250, 265, 274;
+    arrives at, 427; ii. 320;
+    monument erected to General Stevens by, 499, 502.
+
+  Newport News, Va., i. 423, 425.
+
+  Newton Cut, ii. 392.
+
+  Newton, John, General, i. 27.
+
+  New York city, i. 36, 78, 427; ii. 270, 319.
+
+  New York volunteers, i. 112, 156, 209.
+    See 79th Highlanders, 65th, ii. 329, 330;
+    33d and 49th, 333, 336;
+    47th and 48th at action, Port Royal Ferry, 358-366;
+    Serrell's engineers, 367, 395;
+    46th, 390, 393;
+    47th, 393-409;
+    5th and 10th, 469;
+    1st, 4th, 18th, 101st, 488, 495;
+    51st, 470, 489, 495.
+
+  Ninth infantry, i. 173, 176-179.
+
+  Nez Perce Indians, i. 385, 390; ii. 16-21;
+    at Walla Walla council, 34-64;
+    sign treaty, 62, 63;
+    present condition, 65, 99-107, 109, 114, 115, 121, 125, 141;
+    council with, 143, 144;
+    furnish escort, 145, 147, 150;
+    at peace council, 210-220;
+    aid in fighting hostiles, 221-223;
+    save Steptoe's defeated force, 230.
+
+  Nez Perce reservation, ii. 62.
+
+  Ninth corps, ii. 423, 424, 427, 445.
+
+  Nisqually, Fort, Hudson Bay Company's, i. 412.
+
+  Nisqually Indians, i. 456-462; ii. 12, 161;
+    new reservation given, 192, 256.
+
+  Nisqually plains, i. 412.
+
+  Nisqually River, i. 412, 456; ii. 186, 187.
+
+  Noble, Mr., ii. 32.
+
+  Nobles, William H., ii. 341, 343.
+
+  Nooksahk, ii. 256.
+
+  Nopalucan, i. 140, 153.
+
+  North Andover, i. 1, 2, 47, 53, 60, 81.
+
+  North Yarmouth, Me., i. 85.
+
+  North Edisto River, ii. 378.
+
+  Northern Indians, i. 452; ii. 12, 154, 161, 188, 257-259, 289, 294.
+
+  Northern Light, steamship, ii. 313.
+
+  Northern Pacific Railroad, i. 381, 395;
+    Governor Stevens's speeches on, ii. 279;
+    letter to Vancouver Railroad convention, 297-299;
+    company incorporated, 265.
+
+  Northern Pacific Railroad Route Exploration, i. 285-380;
+    preparing reports in Olympia, 421, 422;
+    address on, in San Francisco, 426, 427;
+    makes first report, 427, 428;
+    final report, 431; ii. 286-309.
+
+  Northerner, steamship, ii. 288.
+
+  Noyes, A.M., sapper, i. 130, 136.
+
+
+  Oak Point, i. 411.
+
+  Ocean Queen, steamship, ii. 343, 355.
+
+  Offut, Levi and James, i. 415.
+
+  Ogden, Michael, i. 401.
+
+  Ohio regiment, i. 224.
+
+  Oho de Agua, i. 139, 153, 156.
+
+  Oketie, ii. 380.
+
+  Okinakane or Okanogan River, i. 394.
+
+  Old Horse, Gros Ventre chief, i. 356.
+
+  Olney, Nathan, ii. 33.
+
+  Olympia, i. 400, 405-412, 414, 415;
+    appearance of, 441, 442; ii. 154, 259, 261, 313.
+
+  Ord, E.O.C., classmate, i. 26.
+
+  Oregon volunteers, ii. 140;
+    defeat hostiles in Walla Walla, 144, 147, 160;
+    operations, 194.
+
+  Orizaba, peak of, i. 132.
+
+  Orleans, Va., ii. 431.
+
+  O'Rourke, P.H., Lieutenant, ii. 398.
+
+  Osgood, Gayton P., appoints to West Point, i. 22, 273.
+
+  Osgood, Isaac, i. 88, 295, 306, 311, 318, 328, 332, 341, 365, 375, 384,
+        385, 392, 427.
+
+  Oson, Louis, ii. 70.
+
+  Osoyoos, Lake, i. 394.
+
+  Ostrander, N., Dr., i. 411.
+
+  Ottawa, gunboat, ii. 358, 361.
+
+  Otter Island, ii. 382.
+
+  Owen, Fort, i. 370, 379, 380; ii. 80, 124, 125.
+
+  Owen, John, ii. 127.
+
+  Ow-hi, Yakima chief, ii. 40, 51, 52;
+    signs treaty, 64, 204;
+    death of, 205, 218, 231.
+
+  Ox Hill, Va., ii. 484, 487.
+
+  Ox Road, ii. 483, 487.
+
+
+  Packwood, William, i. 412; ii. 169, 170.
+
+  Palmer, H., ii. 70;
+    death of, 126.
+
+  Palmer, Joel, ii. 12, 27, 29, 66.
+
+  Palmetto regiment, i. 182, 209, 211.
+
+  Palouse Indians, ii. 22, 39, 121.
+
+  Palouse River, i. 401, 402; ii. 71, 141.
+
+  Pambrun, A.D., i. 402; ii. 33.
+
+  Panama, city, i. 435, 436.
+
+  Panama fever, i. 436.
+
+  Panama, Isthmus of, i. 427, 431, 433-436; ii. 270.
+
+  Pandosy, Father, ii. 37.
+
+  Panther Hill, i. 354.
+
+  Paredes, Mexican general, i. 203.
+
+  Parke, John G., General, ii. 277, 424.
+
+  Parker, John G., i. 415.
+
+  Paso de Obejas, i. 120.
+
+  Pataha Creek, ii. 70.
+
+  Patterson, General, i. 126, 221.
+
+  Pat-kanim, Snohomish chief, i. 462-465; ii. 156, 169, 184, 187, 254.
+
+  Patrick, Marsena R., General, ii. 460, 494.
+
+  Pay, brevet, i. 237.
+
+  Peabody, A.P., i. 93.
+
+  Peabody, R.V., Captain, ii. 169, 171, 188.
+
+  Peabody, Sarah, wife of Lieutenant James Stevens, i. 3.
+
+  Pearson, Edward Pennington, Colonel U.S.A., ii. 502.
+
+  Pearson, W.H., express rider, ii. 66, 69, 70, 92, 101, 102;
+    runs gauntlet of hostile tribes with news of outbreak, 120-123, 129,
+        132, 152, 209.
+
+  Pease, William C., Captain, ii. 185, 245.
+
+  Pedregal, lava rock, i. 170, 192.
+
+  Pee Dee battalion, ii. 411-412.
+
+  Pee Dee Rifles, ii. 392.
+
+  Peeps, Cuyuse chief, ii. 214.
+
+  Peerless, steamer, ii. 345.
+
+  Peers, Henry A., Captain, ii. 170.
+
+  Pemberton, John C., i. 28; ii. 365, 376, 380-382, 387.
+
+  Pembina, i. 298, 335.
+
+  Pembina carts, train, i. 313, 314.
+
+  Pembina, gunboat, ii. 358.
+
+  Peña y Peña, Mexican statesman, i. 219.
+
+  Pend Oreille Indians, i. 386, 390; ii. 22-77, 79, 80, 92, 99, 109, 114.
+
+  Pend Oreille, Lake, i. 370, 401; ii. 17.
+
+  Pender, W.D., General, ii. 487, 495, 496.
+
+  Penn's Cove, ii. 256.
+
+  Pennsylvania volunteers, i. 112, 209;
+    47th, ii. 333.
+    See 50th, 100th or
+
+  Roundheads;
+    45th, 50th, 76th, 97th, 100th, 395-409;
+    26th, 455;
+    48th, 457;
+    51st, 470, 489, 495;
+    57th, 488, 495.
+
+  Penobscot River, Me., i. 84, 88.
+
+  Peñon, i. 163-165;
+    Lieutenant Stevens's close reconnoissance of, 166, 167, 190.
+
+  Percival, S.W., i. 415; ii. 169.
+
+  Perote, Mexico, i. 138, 153.
+
+  Perry, James H., Colonel, ii. 358, 361, 364.
+
+  Perry, Matthew C., Commodore, i. 257.
+
+  Perry, Oliver Hazard, Commodore, i. 62.
+
+  Peter, Captain Lee's man, murdered, i. 222.
+
+  Peter, John Colville, Spokane chief, speech, ii. 138.
+
+  Peters, John A., lectures in Bucksport, i. 93.
+
+  Pettygrove, F.W., i. 412.
+
+  Phelps, John W., General i. 28.
+
+  Philadelphia, trip to, i. 53.
+
+  Phillips Academy, enters, i. 19.
+
+  Phillips, Wendell, lectures in North Andover, i. 10.
+
+  Piatt, A. Sanders, General, ii. 453.
+
+  Pickett, George E. Captain, occupies San Juan Island, ii. 290-295.
+
+  Piedad, church, village, causeway, Mexico, i. 164, 207.
+
+  Piegan Indians, i. 348, 351;
+    talk with, 373, 374; ii. 99, 109, 114.
+
+  Piegan's Tear, i. 376.
+
+  Pierce, Edward L., ii. 370, 385.
+
+  Pierce, Franklin, General, i. 156;
+    arrives at Puebla, 162, 172, 174;
+    at Churubusco, 181, 182, 202;
+    advocates election of, 272-274;
+    elected President, 280, 281;
+    invites correspondence, 432.
+
+  Pierre's Hole, fight at, ii. 18.
+
+  Pike, Fort, ii. 185, 234.
+
+  Pike Lake, i. 314.
+
+  Pilkington, James, ii. 2.
+
+  Pillow, Gideon, General, i. 125, 150, 153, 157, 164, 167;
+    battle of Contreras, 171, 174, 175, 178, 179, 201, 202;
+    of Chapultepec, 207-210, 224.
+
+  Pioneer Company, ii. 169.
+
+  Pisquouse or Wenatche River, i. 395.
+
+  Pitman, Captain, i. 161, 201, 268.
+
+  Plano del Rio, Mexico, i. 121.
+
+  Plante Antoine, i. 385, 392, 393; ii. 131, 210.
+
+  Planter, rebel dispatch boat, ii. 374.
+
+  Plebe, member of youngest class, West Point, i. 48.
+
+  Plumb, W.W., i. 412.
+
+  Plummer, Alfred A., Captain, ii. 170.
+
+  Pocotaligo, ii. 365, 376, 379, 389.
+
+  Pocotaligo River, ii. 376, 378.
+
+  Poe, Orlando M., Lieutenant, ii. 329;
+    General, 448, 457, 475, 492.
+
+  Poinsett, Camp, at West Point, i. 46.
+
+  Point-no-Point, treaty of, i. 469-473.
+
+  Pond, Judge, i. 88.
+
+  Poor, Ann, second wife to Isaac Stevens, i. 9, 15.
+
+  Pope, John, General, i. 28; ii. 427, 428, 431-433, 439, 445, 453, 455,
+        459-465, 469, 473, 475, 476, 479-481, 494.
+
+  Poplar River, i. 352.
+
+  Popocatepetl, mountain in Mexico, i. 159.
+
+  Porcupine River, i. 353.
+
+  Porter, Benjamin F., ii. 356.
+
+  Porter, Fitz John, General, ii. 430, 432, 434, 439, 445, 453-455, 461,
+        462-468.
+
+  Port Labadie, Mo. i. 53.
+
+  Portland, Me., takes charge of works at, i. 83, 84, 95.
+
+  Portland, Ore., i. 438; ii. 153, 269.
+
+  Port Royal, ii. 345.
+
+  Port Royal Ferry, ii. 355, 357;
+    action of, 358-366.
+
+  Port Royal Island, ii. 353.
+
+  Portsmouth, frigate, launch, i. 84.
+
+  Portsmouth, N.H., takes charge of works, i. 83, 86;
+    speaks for General Pierce, 274.
+
+  Port Townsend, i. 412.
+
+  Posey, Fort, ii. 185, 234.
+
+  Potter, R.B., schooner, i. 454.
+
+  Powell, Jephtha S., Captain, ii. 169, 170, 197.
+
+  Power, J.M., Colonel, ii. 395.
+
+  Prairie of the Knobs, or Blackfoot prairie, i. 378.
+
+  Pratt, Lieutenant, ii. 374.
+
+  Preble, Fort, at Portland, Me., builds barracks at, i. 84, 87.
+
+  Prescott, General, capture of, i. 62.
+
+  Pressley, Major, ii. 396.
+
+  Prompt, bark, sailing to Mexico, i. 99.
+
+  Providence, R.I., i. 65, 81.
+
+  Prudhomme, William, ii. 70.
+
+  Puebla, occupied, i. 143-162, 214, 224.
+
+  Puget Sound, i. 280, 288;
+    tour of, i. 416, 417;
+    description of country, ii. 159, 160.
+
+  Puget Sound Agricultural Company, i. 411.
+
+  Puget Sound Rifles, Governor Stevens commissioned captain of, ii. 313.
+
+  Pulaski, Fort, i. 230; ii. 357, 379, 380, 383.
+
+  Pullen, W.H., i. 462.
+
+  Pu-pu-mox-mox, head chief of Walla Wallas, i. 403, 404; ii. 21, 36, 37;
+    sarcastic speech at council, 45, 46;
+    signs treaty, 53, 55-63, 121, 130;
+    threats to take Governor Stevens's scalp, 132;
+    treachery of, 144;
+    death of, 148, 158.
+
+  Putnam, at Bunker Hill, i. 5.
+
+
+  Putnam, Simon, schoolmaster, Franklin Academy, i. 16.
+
+  Puyallup Indians, i. 456-462; ii. 161, 187, 192.
+
+  Puyallup River, i. 456; ii. 185, 256.
+
+
+  Quaitso Indians, ii. 1-9.
+
+  Quaks-na-mish Indians, ii. 256.
+
+  Qualchen, Yakima chief, murders Agent Bolon, ii. 157, 218, 223;
+    hanged by Colonel Wright, 231.
+
+  Queretaro, i. 214.
+
+  Qui-e-muth, i. 461; ii. 186, 208, 225;
+    killing of, 240, 241.
+
+  Quijano, Mexican commissioner, i. 202.
+
+  Quillehute Indians, ii. 8.
+
+  Quil-to-mee, Yakima chief, ii. 222.
+
+  Quinaiult Indians, ii. 1-9.
+
+  Quin-quim-moe-so, Spokane chief, speech, ii. 139.
+
+  Quitman, John A., General, i. 119, 136, 137, 141, 153, 157;
+    advances from Puebla, 164, 167, 168, 202;
+    Chapultepec, 207-213, 220.
+
+
+  Rabbeson, A.B., i. 412; ii. 169, 171, 187.
+
+  Rabbit River, i. 322.
+
+  Raccoon Ford, ii. 426.
+
+  Rainier, i. 438.
+
+  Rains, G.J., Major, i. 405; ii. 28, 29, 140, 158;
+    expedition to Yakima valley, 160, 207.
+
+  Ramsay, Senator, ii. 266, 298.
+
+  Randolph, George E., Captain, ii. 488, 492, 497.
+
+  Randolph, Julia, i. 67.
+
+  Randolph, Kidder, i. 88.
+
+  Randolph, Lewis, Lieutenant, ii. 468.
+
+  Randolph, Lucy, i. 83.
+
+  Ransom, Dunbar R., Lieutenant, ii. 355, 359, 469.
+
+  Ransom, Trueman B., Colonel, i. 173, 176.
+
+  Rapidan River, ii. 426, 427.
+
+  Rappahannock River, ii. 425, 427, 428, 430.
+
+  Rappahannock station, ii. 427.
+
+  Rattlers, i. 376; ii. 124.
+
+  Ravalli, Père, i. 389; ii. 22, 72, 210.
+
+  Raymond, N., ii. 33.
+
+  Red House Ford, ii. 437, 474.
+
+  Red River, i. 320.
+
+  Red River hunters from Pembina, i. 333-337.
+
+  Red River hunters from Selkirk settlements, i. 339-341.
+
+  Red River traders, i. 325, 326.
+
+  Red Wolf, Nez Perce chief, ii. 58, 63, 70, 144, 202, 216, 217.
+
+  Red Wolf's ground, ii. 70.
+
+  Red Wolf, Flathead chief, ii. 82, 86.
+
+  Reed, Captain, ii. 404.
+
+  Reed, Battery, ii. 396, 406, 409.
+
+  Regan, a sapper, i. 136.
+
+  Reid family, ii. 483.
+
+  Remenyi, A. i. 306, 317.
+
+  Reno, Jesse L., General, i. 172; ii. 424, 425, 427, 428, 433, 434, 439,
+        448, 457, 462, 464, 470, 472, 477, 484, 489, 497, 498.
+
+  Republic, The, newspaper, i. 272.
+
+  Republican party, doctrine, ii. 302.
+
+  Revolution, i. 62.
+
+  Reynolds, Captain, i. 209.
+
+  Reynolds, John F., General, ii. 430, 439, 440, 442, 445, 447, 448, 451,
+      452, 455, 463, 465, 466, 469, 470, 478.
+
+  Reynolds, William H., ii. 367.
+
+  Rhode Island, battle of, i. 62;
+    legislature, ii. 319;
+    resolutions on death of General Stevens, 500.
+
+  Rhode Island volunteers, 3d H.A., ii. 395, 409.
+
+  Rhoeder, Henry, i. 413.
+
+  Ribaut, Jean, ii. 422.
+
+  Ricard, Father, i. 412, 443;
+    his warning, ii. 29.
+
+  Rice, Alexander H., ii. 320.
+
+  Rice, Henry M., Senator, ii. 298, 321, 386.
+
+  Richards, Captain, ii. 169, 170, 187, 197, 200.
+
+  Richmond, ii. 380.
+
+  Ricketts, James B., General, classmate, i. 26; ii. 435, 439, 442, 443,
+      463, 464, 472, 474.
+
+  Rifles, i. 210.
+
+  Riley, Colonel, i. 125, 137, 157;
+    battle of Contreras, 172-174, 179, 181.
+
+  Riley, C.W., Captain, ii. 169, 171.
+
+  Rio del Plano, Mexico, i. 123, 124.
+
+  Rio Frio, Mexico, i. 138, 155, 164, 224.
+
+  Ripley, Roswell S., Major, History of Mexican war, i. 254, 255;
+    General, ii. 381.
+
+  Risden, Joel, ii. 265.
+
+  River of the Lakes, i. 341, 345.
+
+  Roberts, Charles W., ii. 467.
+
+  Robertson, William, ii. 372.
+
+  Robie, A.H., ii. 68, 70, 98, 124, 132, 152, 168, 200, 202, 210, 257.
+
+  Robinson, Captain, ii. 329.
+
+  Robinson, John C., General, ii. 457, 492.
+
+  Robinson, R.S., ii. 168.
+
+  Rochambeau, i. 62.
+
+  Roche, M., ii. 114.
+
+  Rockwell, Alfred P., Captain, ii. 367, 389, 395, 406, 410, 421.
+
+  Rocky Mountains, i. 364;
+    proclamation on crossing the summit, 377, 378;
+    a broad plateau, ii. 93.
+
+  Rodgers, C.P.R., Captain, ii. 358, 360, 420.
+
+  Ropes, John C., ii. 437.
+
+
+  Rosa, Rudolph, Colonel, ii. 395, 402, 426.
+
+  Rosario Strait, ii. 13.
+
+  Rose Island, recommends fortifying, i. 69.
+
+  Rosecrans, William S., General, i. 27.
+
+  Rosefield, ii. 435.
+
+  Rotten Belly, Crow chief, i. 368, 369.
+
+  Rotten Belly Rocks, i. 369.
+
+  Roulet, i. 325.
+
+  Roundheads, or 100th Penn. volunteers, ii. 341, 343, 359-366, 391;
+    battle of James Island, 402-415, 425, 449, 450;
+    battle of Chantilly, 484, 495.
+
+  Ruddell, Stephen D., i. 412.
+
+  Ruggles, George D., Colonel, ii. 463, 465.
+
+  Ruff, Charles F., General, i. 27.
+
+  Rum River, i. 309.
+
+  Rummell, Corporal, i. 329, 338, 345.
+
+  Running Fisher, Gros Ventre chief, i. 356, 359, 361.
+
+  Rush, Richard C., i. 277.
+
+  Rusk of Texas, i. 260.
+
+  Russell, David A., Captain, ii. 210.
+
+  Ruth, B.F., ii. 168.
+
+  Rutledge, William, i. 412.
+
+
+  Sacrificio, island, Mexico, i. 109.
+
+  Sahaptin. See Nez Perce Indians.
+
+  Salem, Mass., i. 35.
+
+  Salem, Va., ii. 431, 440.
+
+  Salisbury, i. 1.
+
+  Salish or Selish, race of Indians, ii. 23, 79.
+
+  Saltillo, Mexico, i. 107.
+
+  Saltzman, Charles McKinley, U.S.A., ii. 502.
+
+  St. Anthony, i. 308.
+
+  St. Augustine, Florida, ii. 382.
+
+  St. Helena Island, ii. 354.
+
+  St. Louis, i. 297, 302.
+
+  St. Mary, village, ii. 80.
+
+  St. Paul, i. 298, 303, 304, 346.
+
+  St. Regis de Borgia River, ii. 75.
+
+  Samish Indians, ii. 256.
+
+  San Angel, i. 169, 179-181, 202.
+
+  San Antonio, i. 138, 169, 170, 174, 180, 182.
+
+  San Augustin, i. 168-171, 174, 185, 202.
+
+  San Cosme, causeway, garita (gate), i. 164, 210, 211;
+    Lieutenant Stevens wounded, 218, 219.
+
+  San Francisco, i. 422;
+    visits, 425, 436; ii. 269.
+
+  San Geronimo, i. 173, 174.
+
+  San Juan de Ulloa, castle at Vera Cruz, i. 110.
+
+  San Juan Island controversy begins, ii. 12, 277, 285;
+    threatens war, 290-295.
+
+  San Juan River, i. 120.
+
+  San Luis Potosi, i. 108.
+
+  San Miguel, hacienda, i. 141.
+
+  San Martin, i. 162, 224.
+
+  Sanders, Captain, i. 106, 112.
+
+  Santa Anna, i. 108, 126;
+    renounces authority, his career, 145, 146, 173, 179, 202, 203,
+        214, 219.
+
+  Santa Annaced, hacienda, i. 139.
+
+  Sante Fé, i. 119.
+
+  Santiago, Fort at Vera Cruz, i. 110.
+
+  Sargent, Horace Binney, Lieutenant-Colonel, ii. 367, 395.
+
+  Sargent, L.M., Captain, ii. 402.
+
+  Saskatchewan River, ii. 100.
+
+  Satsop, ii. 1-9.
+
+  Saugus, Mass., i. 82.
+
+  Sauk or Osakis River, i. 308-310, 315.
+
+  Sauk Rapids, i. 309.
+
+  Saunders bottom, i. 441.
+
+  Saunders, Daniel, i. 16.
+
+  Saunders, Fort, at Knoxville, ii. 413.
+
+  Saunders, S.S., i. 412.
+
+  Savage, New England Genealogies, i. 1.
+
+  Savannah, Ga., ordered to, i. 229, 230, 233; ii. 379, 381, 382.
+
+  Savannah River, ii. 357.
+
+  Saviour, drawing of, i. 44.
+
+  Saxton, Rufus, Lieutenant, detailed on survey, i. 293, 296, 297, 307,
+      369-371; ii. 389, 390.
+
+  Scalp dance, view and description, i. 59, 60.
+
+  Scammell, Fort, at Portsmouth, N.H., i. 83.
+
+  Scammon, S. Parker, General, i. 28.
+
+  Scattering Creek, i. 380.
+
+  Schenck, Robert C., General, ii. 446, 447, 451, 452, 470.
+
+  Schimmelfennig, General, ii. 452, 459.
+
+  Schlat-lal, Spokane chief, speech, ii. 138.
+
+  Schofield, John M., General, ii. 454.
+
+  Schrotter, E., ii. 246.
+
+  Schurz, Carl, General, ii. 446-449, 452.
+
+  Schuyler, Fort, i. 238, 239.
+
+  Scott, Martin, Colonel, i. 111;
+    killed, 206.
+
+  Scott, Winfield, General, i. 105, 108, 109, 118, 127, 128;
+    arrives at Puebla, 144, 156;
+    estimate of, 162;
+    advances from Puebla, 164, 168, 170;
+    battle of Contreras, 174;
+    able, confident bearing, 175, 179, 180, 194;
+    addresses troops, 184, 202-204;
+    Chapultepec, 207, 213, 214, 219, 221, 250;
+    takes offense, 255, 256, 272-275;
+    compromises San Juan trouble, 194, 295, 319.
+
+  Scotum, Nez Perce chief, ii. 144.
+
+  Scranton, John H., Captain, i. 413, 468; ii. 292.
+
+  Scull Creek, ii. 347.
+
+  Seabrook, ii. 357-359, 364.
+
+  Sea Islands of South Carolina, ii. 353.
+
+  Sears, Alfred F., Captain, ii. 367, 402, 406.
+
+  Seattle, i. 412;
+    proper railroad terminus, 417;
+    Indians attack, ii. 166, 167.
+
+  Seattle, Chief, ii. 463-468.
+
+  Sebastian, Senator, ii. 272.
+
+  Secessionville, ii. 396.
+
+  Second artillery, i. 112, 113, 182.
+
+  Second infantry, ii. 173, 181.
+
+  Second Vermont, ii. 329.
+
+  Se-cule-eel-qua Creek, i. 400.
+
+  Sedgewick, John, General, i. 28.
+
+  Seely, F.W., i. 444.
+
+  Seneca, gunboat, ii. 364.
+
+  Serrell, E.W., Colonel, ii. 395.
+
+  Serrell's engineer regiment, ii. 367, 395.
+
+  Settlers, American pioneers, character of, i. 410, 413, 414;
+    murdered by Indians, ii. 158.
+
+  Seventh Connecticut, ii. 394;
+    battle of James Island, 403-415, 421.
+
+  Seventy-Ninth Highlanders, New York volunteers, ii. 320;
+    character of the men, 321;
+    heavy losses at Bull Run, mutiny, 322-327, 329, 330;
+    colors returned 332, 335, 336;
+    scene when General Stevens bade farewell, 338, 340, 342, 343, 348;
+    action at Port Royal Ferry, 358-366, 388, 389, 391;
+    battle of James Island, 402-415;
+    present sword to General Stevens 416-419, 425, 428, 452, 459;
+    battle of Chantilly, 482, 485, 495.
+
+  Seward, Fort, ii. 382.
+
+  Seymour, Truman, General, ii 469, 470.
+
+  Shackleford, Lieutenant, i. 112.
+
+  Shaler, Alexander, Lieutenant-Colonel, ii. 329.
+
+  Shaw, B.F., Colonel, i. 415, 453; ii. 1, 3, 5, 148, 151, 168, 171;
+    marches across Cascades to Walla Walla, i. 197;
+    battle of Grande Ronde 201-203, 211, 212, 221;
+    arrests Judge Lander, 244.
+
+  Shazer, George i. 462.
+
+  Shead, Oliver, Captain, ii. 169, 171.
+
+  She-nah-nam or Medicine Creek, i. 456.
+
+  Shepard, George, lectures in Bucksport, i. 93.
+
+  Sherburne, Miss, marriage to Lieutenant Whipple, i. 84.
+
+  Sheridan, P.H., General, ii. 190, 303.
+
+  Sherman, Thomas W., General, i. 28; ii. 338, 340, 341, 346, 349,
+        350, 357, 358, 368, 369, 376, 383.
+
+  Sherman, William T., General, i. 28; ii. 303, 385.
+
+  Sheyenne River, i. 315, 327, 332.
+
+  Shields, James, General, i. 125, 129, 154, 166, 181, 182, 220, 221;
+    senator, 248, 258;
+    gratifying letter from, 268, 271; ii. 266.
+
+  Shoalwater Bay, i. 411.
+
+  Shoshone or Snake Indians, i. 346.
+
+  Shroder, Mrs., i. 67.
+
+  Sibley, i. 166, 178, 176.
+
+  Sigel, Franz, General, ii. 427-429, 432-434, 439, 440, 442, 445-449,
+        465, 494.
+
+  Simcoe River, branch of Yakima, ii. 63.
+
+  Simmons, M.T., Colonel, i. 415, 445, 453, 464; ii. 1, 3, 4, 123,
+        159, 184, 204, 256.
+
+  Simpson, George, Sir, Governor Hudson Bay Company, i. 291, 296.
+
+  Simpson, William, i. 306, 308, 384; ii. 70.
+
+  Sioux Indians, i. 333.
+
+  Sitting Squaw, Gros Ventre chief, i. 356, 359.
+
+  Sixth infantry, i. 182.
+
+  Skagit Head, ii. 256.
+
+  Skloom, Yakima chief, ii. 40, 55, 64.
+
+  Sko-ko-mish Indians, i. 469-473.
+
+  Sko-ko-mish River, i. 473.
+
+  Skookumchuck Creek, i. 412, 441; ii. 10, 11, 28.
+
+  Slah-yot-see, Palouse chief, ii. 72.
+
+  Slaughter, W.A., Lieutenant, i. 456, 462; ii. 154, 158;
+    killed by Indians, 159, 207.
+
+  Slaughter, Fort, i. 185, 235.
+
+  Slawntehus or Chimakane Creek and valley, i. 399.
+
+  Small, Robert, ii. 374.
+
+  Smalley, Daniel, Captain, ii. 169-171, 187.
+
+  Smalley, E.V., ii. 284, 297.
+
+  Smith, Alexander (Sandy), ii. 243.
+
+  Smith, Andrew J., General, i. 28; ii. 296.
+
+  Smith, C.F., Lieutenant-Colonel, i. 120, 169.
+
+  Smith, E.W., Captain, i. 113.
+
+  Smith, Frederick A., Captain, i. 235.
+
+  Smith, General, i. 156;
+    battle of Contreras, 172-175, 179, 202;
+    Chapultepec, 208-210.
+
+  Smith, Gustavus W., i. 28, 94, 112, 130, 144;
+    sketch of, 217, 260, 262, 264.
+
+  Smith, Henry, ii. 243.
+
+  Smith, Henry L., i. 58, 64, 71, 72, 264.
+
+  Smith, J.A., lectures in Bucksport, i. 93.
+
+  Smith, John L., Major, i. 117, 119, 121-123, 149, 150, 155, 166,
+        169-171, 185, 220, 221, 283.
+
+  Smith, J.S., ii. 263.
+
+  Smith, Larkin, i. 181.
+
+  Smith, William F., General, ii. 328, 329, 332, 335.
+
+  Smith's plantation, ii. 421.
+
+  Snake Indians, ii. 29, 99, 107, 115, 148.
+
+  Snake River, i. 402; ii. 71.
+
+  Snelling, Fort, i. 304.
+
+  Snohomish, Spokane chief, speech, ii. 138.
+
+  Snohomish Indians, i. 463-468; ii. 156, 169, 256.
+
+  Snohomish River, i. 407, 409; ii. 171, 172, 184, 187.
+
+  Snoqualmie Pass, i. 394, 396, 406; ii. 187.
+
+  Snoqualmie River, ii. 172.
+
+  Snow, in mountains, i. 408;
+    question solved, 422.
+
+  Sohon Gustave, ii. 68, 70, 93, 95, 115.
+
+  Southampton, England, i. 2.
+
+  South Carolina volunteers, i. 209;
+    12th and 14th regiments, ii. 365;
+    1st, 24th, and 25th regiments, 409;
+    1st artillery, 1st, 9th, and 22d regiments, 411.
+
+  Spalding, H.H., ii. 17-19.
+
+  Speaking Owl, ii. 218, 217.
+
+  Spokane, Garry, i. 391-393, 399, 400, 422; ii. 39, 133, 135;
+    speeches, 136, 139, 140.
+
+  Spokane House, i. 391, 392, 399.
+
+  Spokane Indians, i. 390-392, 399; ii. 16-22;
+    present condition, 64, 121, 131;
+    council with, 133-140;
+    defeat Steptoe, 230;
+    defeated by Wright, 231.
+
+  Spokane Invincibles, ii. 132, 141, 151, 169.
+
+  Spokane River, i. 399; ii. 141.
+
+  Spotted Eagle, Nez Perce chief, ii. 40, 41, 58, 68, 92, 129, 130,
+        150, 151, 169, 201, 219, 220.
+
+  Sprague, William, Governor, offers regiment to Governor Stevens,
+        ii. 319, 320, 499.
+
+  Springfield, Mass., i. 78.
+
+  Springfield Republican, ii. 320.
+
+  Square Hill, i. 361.
+
+  Squaxon Indians, i. 456; ii. 187, 257.
+
+  Squaxon Island or Klah-she-min, i. 456; ii. 257.
+
+  Stacy, John A.C., i. 61.
+
+  Stahel, General, ii. 447.
+
+  Stahi, Nisqually chief, ii. 208, 225.
+
+  Stanberry, Captain, i. 83.
+
+  Stanley, J.M., i. 296, 306, 308, 359, 368, 370, 373, 375, 378, 385,
+        392, 397, 403, 405.
+
+  Stanley, Lake, i. 318.
+
+  Stannard, George J., Lieutenant-Colonel, ii. 329.
+
+  Stanton, Edwin M., ii. 303, 312.
+
+  Stanton, of Tennessee, i. 260.
+
+  Starke, William E., General, ii. 446, 487, 489, 490, 495, 496.
+
+  Steachus, Cuyuse chief, ii. 50, 53, 57, 148, 150.
+
+  Stebbins, second mate bark Prompt, i. 99.
+
+  Steele, Richard, Lieutenant, i. 123, 124.
+
+  Steilacoom, Fort, i. 296, 297, 412; ii. 156, 159, 267.
+
+  Stellam, head chief Coeur d'Alenes, ii. 129;
+    speech, 137, 138.
+
+  Stephens, Alexander H., ii. 306.
+
+  Steptoe, E.J., battery, i. 141.
+
+  Steptoe, E.J. Colonel, defeat by Spokanes, ii. 185, 206;
+    at peace council, 210-221;
+    Indians attack his camp, 222;
+    marches back to Dalles, 223, 225, 226;
+    defeated by Spokanes, 230, 283.
+
+  Stevensburg, ii. 427, 428.
+
+  Stevens Cantonment, ii. 80.
+
+  Stevens Guards, ii. 132, 151, 169.
+
+  Stevens hat, ii. 268.
+
+  Stevens, Abiel, captured by Indians, i. 3.
+
+  Stevens, Asa, Captain, died in Lake George campaign, i. 3.
+
+  Stevens, Benjamin, Jr., i. 2.
+
+  Stevens, Charles A., cousin, i. 33, 98, 99.
+
+  Stevens, Dolly, i. 4.
+
+  Stevens, Eliza, aunt, death of, i. 45.
+
+  Stevens, Eliza, cousin, i. 91.
+
+  Stevens, Elizabeth Barker, sister, i. 11;
+    letters to, 35, 45;
+    visits Belfast, 51, 67, 68;
+    goes to Nashville, 73;
+    marries L.M. Campbell, 82-87;
+    death, 97.
+
+  Stevens, Ephraim, recompensed for loss by Indians, i. 3.
+
+  Stevens, Fort, ii. 185, 235.
+
+  Stevens, George Watson, i. 265, 266, 269, 295;
+    breaking mules, 304-306, 319;
+    scenes at Fort Benton, 365, 366, 441;
+    death of, ii. 10, 11.
+
+  Stevens, Gertrude Maude, i. 249;
+    lost on Isthmus, 436;
+    Panama fever, 437; ii. 502.
+
+  Stevens, Hannah, i. 4.
+
+  Stevens, Hannah Peabody, sister, i. 11, 22, 29, 30, 35, 51, 56, 66, 67;
+    death, 73.
+
+  Stevens, Hazard, i. 81, 82, 456-462; ii. 27, 56, 70, 98, 99, 110, 152,
+        153, 193, 260, 262, 266, 300, 313;
+    calls on President Lincoln, 334;
+    appointed adjutant, 79th Highlanders, 335, 337;
+    appointed captain and assistant adjutant-general, 338, 352, 366,
+        383, 389-391, 398;
+    at battle of James Island, 407, 419, 420, 458, 472, 474, 478, 482-485,
+        502.
+
+  Stevens, Henry H., cousin, i. 47, 77, 98.
+
+  Stevens, Isaac, father, i. 4;
+    settles in Maine, crippled by falling tree, 6;
+    marries Hannah Cummings, i. 7;
+    settles in Andover, 8;
+    characteristics, 9, 10;
+    children, 11;
+    wife's ancestry, 12;
+    letters to, 31, 39, 40, 44, 46, 52-56;
+    visits West Point at son's graduation, 59;
+    letters, 69, 74, 78-81, 85, 89, 92, 117, 228, 249; ii. 270;
+    death of, 498, 499.
+
+  Stevens, Isaac Ingalls. See Table of Contents;
+    descendants, ii. 502.
+
+  Stevens, James, captain in Louisburg expedition, i. 3.
+
+  Stevens, James, Lieutenant, died in Lake George campaign, i. 3.
+
+  Stevens, James, Revolutionary soldier, diary of siege of Boston,
+        i. 5, 6.
+
+  Stevens, James, settles in Maine, i. 5, 6.
+
+  Stevens, Jeremy, i. 4.
+
+  Stevens, John, died in Louisburg expedition, i. 5.
+
+  Stevens, John, founder of Andover, i. 1, 2.
+
+  Stevens, Jonathan, grandfather, fights at Bunker Hill, i. 4;
+    characteristics, 5, 8, 15.
+
+  Stevens, Jonathan, settles in Maine, i. 5, 6.
+
+  Stevens, Joseph, deacon, i. 3.
+
+  Stevens, Julia Virginia, daughter, born, i. 87;
+    died, Mr. Brooks's tribute, 92; ii. 502.
+
+  Stevens, Kate, daughter, born, i. 277;
+    lost on Isthmus, 436; ii. 371, 502.
+
+  Stevens, Margaret L. (_née_ Hazard), wife, i. 63, 64, 67, 79, 81, 87;
+    letters to, 97-99;
+    voyage to Mexico, 109-115;
+    Vera Cruz, 115-117;
+    battle of Cerro Gordo, i. 127, 128;
+    Jalapa, description of, 132-135;
+    Puebla, description of, 158-162;
+    account of campaign in valley, including Churubusco, 189-202;
+    arrives at New Orleans, 225;
+    Washington, 226;
+    views and ideals, 251-254, 265-267;
+    canoeing up Cowlitz, 439, 440;
+    impressions of Olympia, 442-444;
+    visits Whitby Island, ii. 154, 155, 187, 248, 249, 260, 313, 371;
+    letters to, 373, 374, 479, 500.
+
+  Stevens, Mary Jane, sister, i. 11, 35, 51, 67, 68, 81, 82, 85-87;
+    death, 162.
+
+  Stevens, Moses, uncle, i. 4, 51.
+
+  Stevens, Nathan, councillor, first male child born in Andover, i. 2.
+
+  Stevens, Nathaniel, uncle, i. 4, 16, 81, 92.
+
+  Stevens, Oliver, brother, i. 11, 46, 47, 51, 54-56, 67, 73, 74, 77, 81,
+        82, 85, 87, 92, 97, 229, 230, 236, 242, 243.
+
+  Stevens, Oliver, uncle, i. 4.
+
+  Stevens, Primus, faithful servant to Benjamin, Jr., i. 2.
+
+  Stevens, Sarah, i. 4.
+
+  Stevens, Sarah Ann, sister, i. 11, 22, 35, 51, 67, 81, 85;
+    death, 86.
+
+  Stevens, Susan, daughter, i. 95, 257; ii. 502.
+
+  Stevens, Susan Bragg, sister, i. 11;
+    letters to, 34, 35, 45;
+    attending school, Andover, 51;
+    goes to Missouri, 52, 67;
+    marries David H. Bishop, 68;
+    death, 77.
+
+  Stevens, Susanna (_née_ Bragg), wife of Jonathan, grandmother, i. 4, 13;
+    death, 68.
+
+  Stevens, William, uncle, i. 4;
+    suggests West Point, 22;
+    letter to, emotions on entering West Point, 24, 29, 33, 35-39, 58,
+        66, 69, 81.
+
+  Stevens, William O., cousin, i. 91.
+
+  Stevensville, ii. 80.
+
+  Stewart, Charles, ii. 497.
+
+  Stock, Whitley, Des Chutes chief, ii. 212.
+
+  Stone, C.P., General, ii. 312, 319.
+
+  Stono River, ii. 378, 387, 390.
+
+  Strahan, Captain, ii. 401, 408, 410.
+
+  Strobel, Max, i. 306, 326.
+
+  Strong, William, Judge, i. 411; ii. 160, 170.
+
+  Stuart, A.B., ii. 10.
+
+  Stuart, J.E.B., General, ii. 331, 431, 438, 494.
+
+  Suckley, George, Dr., i. 296, 306, 308, 312, 314, 315, 317-319, 345,
+        375, 382, 422.
+
+  Sudley Church, ii. 438.
+
+  Sudley Ford, ii. 435.
+
+  Sullivan, Bridget, nurse, i. 269.
+
+  Sulphur Springs, ii. 429, 431.
+
+  Sumner, Edwin V., General, i. 122; ii. 494.
+
+  Sumter Guards, ii. 392.
+
+  Sun River, i. 375, 376; ii. 94, 124.
+
+  Suydam, Mr., ii. 385.
+
+  Swan, James G., account of Chehalis council, ii. 1-9, 25;
+    Governor Stevens's secretary, 275, 284, 294.
+
+  Swan, John M., i. 415.
+
+  Swan, Mr., i. 458.
+
+  Swartwout, Captain, i. 113, 206.
+
+  Swartwout, Samuel, Captain, ii. 185, 187.
+
+  Sweet Grass Hill, i. 360.
+
+  Swindal, C.W., Captain, ii. 169, 171, 186.
+
+  Sykes, George, General, i. 27; ii. 430, 453, 466, 468, 470.
+
+  Sylvester, Edmund, i. 414.
+
+
+  Tacoma, i. 459.
+
+  Tacubaya, village near City of Mexico, i. 164;
+    occupied, 200, 202, 210, 219.
+
+  Tafft, Henry S., Lieutenant, ii. 343, 363, 366, 408.
+
+  Talcott, General, i. 257.
+
+  Taliaferro, William B., General, ii. 437, 441, 442.
+
+  Talisman, paper, edits, i. 57, 58.
+
+  Talome River, Mexico, i. 120.
+
+  Tampico, Mexico, i. 105, 106, 108.
+
+  Taplin, Charles, i. 302.
+
+  Tappan, William H., i. 416; ii. 1, 3, 67, 91, 92, 107-109, 132.
+
+  Tatnall, Commodore, ii. 346.
+
+  Taylor, Battery, i. 164, 180, 181.
+
+  Taylor claim, ii. 262.
+
+  Taylor, Colonel, ii. 338.
+
+  Taylor, Nelson, General, ii. 448, 456, 457.
+
+  Taylor, William, ii. 14, 15.
+
+  Taylor, Zachary, General, i. 91, 107, 108;
+    view of, 236, 244.
+
+  Tepe Ahualco, Mexico, i. 139.
+
+  Terry, Alfred H., General, ii. 454.
+
+  Teton River, i. 362, 368, 375; ii. 94, 120.
+
+  Texas, i. 91;
+    bill, 252.
+
+  Texcuco, lake in valley of Mexico, i. 164.
+
+  Texmaluca, village in valley of Mexico, i. 169.
+
+  Thayer, Colonel, i. 57, 237.
+
+  Third artillery, Battery E., ii. 395.
+
+  Third infantry, i. 156, 176, 181.
+
+  Third Vermont, ii. 329, 330.
+
+  Thom, George, General, classmate, i. 27.
+
+  Thomas, Edward L., General, ii. 487, 495, 496.
+
+  Thomas, George H., General, i. 28.
+
+  Thompson, Jacob, Secretary of Interior, ii. 272, 274, 306.
+
+  Thompson, R.R., ii. 32, 33.
+
+  Thompson River, ii. 293.
+
+  Thornton, Captain, i. 164;
+    killed, 169.
+
+  Thoroughfare Gap, ii. 431, 440.
+
+  Three Bears, Blackfoot chief, i. 368.
+
+  Three Buttes or Sweet Grass Hills, i. 360.
+
+  Three Feathers, Nez Perce chief, ii. 129, 130, 144.
+
+  Til-coos-tay, Flathead chief, ii. 86.
+
+  Tilden, Bryant P., i. 58, 72, 132.
+
+  Tilton, Fort, i. 184.
+
+  Tilton, James, Major, i. 445; ii. 123, 159, 168, 176, 193, 248.
+
+  Timothy, Nez Perce chief, ii. 39, 57, 63, 70, 217.
+
+  Tinkham, Abiel W., assistant at Fort Knox, i. 88, 233, 268, 295, 298,
+        306, 308, 314, 319, 321, 322, 326, 330-334, 341, 342, 370, 381,
+        383-385;
+    ordered to examine Snoqualmie Pass, 406;
+    his successful trip, 408, 422, 427.
+
+  Tin-tin-meet-see, ii. 148.
+
+  Tlascala, i. 144.
+
+  Tleyuk, Chehalis chief, ii. 7, 8.
+
+  Tlinkits, northern Indians, i. 452.
+
+  Todd, John B.S., General, i. 28.
+
+  Tolmie, William Frazer, Dr., i. 412.
+
+  Toombs, R., General, ii. 494.
+
+  Totten, Joseph G., General, i. 60-62, 89-91, 94, 98, 105, 109, 114,
+       119, 226, 227, 235, 237, 239, 256;
+    letter to, resigning, 282;
+    reply, 283; ii. 273, 317, 318.
+
+  Touchet River, i. 402; ii. 218.
+
+  Tower, Zealous B., General, i. 28;
+    draws character of General Stevens, 43, 58, 105, 108, 111, 119, 121,
+        122, 130, 139, 142, 144, 166, 167, 169, 170, 179, 185;
+    sketch of, 217, 237; ii. 470.
+
+  Townsend, A., ii. 257.
+
+  Townsend, E.D., General, his advice, i. 26, 28.
+
+  Townsend, Port, i. 473, 477.
+
+  Train, Charles R., ii. 320.
+
+  Train guard, ii. 169.
+
+  Trapier, Lieutenant, i. 105.
+
+  Traveler, steam tug, ii. 266.
+
+  Traveler's Rest Creek, i. 379.
+
+  Tremain, Lieutenant, ii. 457.
+
+  Trimble, Isaac R., General, ii. 487, 495, 496.
+
+  Tripler, Dr. i. 124.
+
+  Trist, Nicholas, i. 200, 208.
+
+  Tulalip Reservation, i. 468.
+
+  Tulancingo, i. 168.
+
+  Tulifiny River, ii. 376.
+
+  Tumwater, i. 441.
+
+  Twelfth infantry, i. 173, 179.
+
+  Twenty-eighth Massachusetts, ii. 390, 391;
+    battle of James Island, 402-415, 425, 428, 452, 484, 485, 495.
+
+  Twiggs, General, i. 12;
+    battle of Cerro Gordo, 125, 126;
+    reaches Puebla, 144, 155;
+    advances, 162, 164;
+    battle of Contreras, 170-172, 175-182, 202;
+    Chapultepec, 208-210.
+
+  Twiggs, Major, i. 209.
+
+  Tybee Island, ii. 382.
+
+  Tyerall, E.R., i. 462.
+
+
+  Umatilla Indians, ii. 16, 21;
+    at Walla Walla council, 36-64, 121, 158, 212.
+
+  Umatilla River, ii. 30.
+
+  Umatilla treaty, ii. 63.
+
+  Ume-how-lish, war chief of Cuyuses, captured, ii. 147, 152, 262.
+
+  Union, Fort, i. 295, 297, 320, 345, 346;
+    description of, 347, 351.
+
+  Union, preservation of, ii. 301, 302.
+
+  Union, steamship, ii. 345.
+
+  Union Light Infantry, ii. 392.
+
+  Updyke, Isabella, i. 88.
+
+  Upshur, J.H., Lieutenant, ii. 365.
+
+  Utah Bill, i. 252.
+
+
+  Valencia, Mexican general, i. 179, 203.
+
+  Van Bokkelen, J.J.H., ii. 168-171, 187.
+
+  Vancouver, fort and town on Columbia River, i. 297, 394, 400, 405, 406,
+        411; ii. 12, 153, 156, 159, 206, 208, 288.
+
+  Vancouver Island, i. 417, 418; ii. 13.
+
+  Vanderbilt, Cornelius, ii. 343.
+
+  Vanderbilt, steamship, ii. 342, 344, 345.
+
+  Van Dorn, Earl, i. 27.
+
+  Van Ogle, William, ii. 265.
+
+  Van Vliet, Stewart, General, i. 27.
+
+  Vaughan, A.J., ii. 114.
+
+  Venta Nueva, i. 224.
+
+  Vera Cruz, Mexico, i. 106-108, 110;
+    siege of, 111-115;
+    leaves, 119-221.
+
+  Vermont, 2d and 3d volunteers, ii. 329-331.
+
+  Vernon, i. 63.
+
+  Victor, Flathead chief, i. 383-385; ii. 77-80;
+    at Flathead council, i. 80-92.
+
+  Victoria, B.C., i. 417, 418, 477; ii. 292.
+
+  Viele, Egbert L., General, ii. 341, 357, 382.
+
+  Vienna, ii. 330.
+
+  Vigara, Mexico, i. 119.
+
+  Villamil, Mexican commissioner, i. 202.
+
+  Vireyes, i. 139.
+
+  Virginia, Army of, ii. 427.
+
+  Virginia, 13th regiment, ii. 331;
+    1st cavalry, 332;
+    13th and 35th, 446, 447.
+
+  Vogdes, Israel, General, i. 25, 27.
+
+  Voltigeurs, i. 208.
+
+
+  Wabash, Commodore Dupont's flagship, ii. 344.
+
+  Wadmalaw River, ii. 378.
+
+  Walcott, Charles F., General, ii. 490, 496, 497.
+
+  Walcott, Lieutenant, ii. 491.
+
+  Walker, Elijah, Colonel, ii. 488, 497.
+
+  Walker, E., missionary among Spokanes, i. 398; ii. 22.
+
+  Walker, Fort, ii. 345.
+
+  Walker, Henry, ii. 392.
+
+  Walker, R.M., i. 315; ii. 168, 248.
+
+  Walker Donation Claim purchased, i. 421; ii. 265.
+
+  Walla Walla, old fort, i. 296, 297, 402, 403;
+    plundered by Indians, ii. 158.
+
+  Walla Walla River and valley, i. 393, 400, 403; ii. 31, 147, 149, 209.
+
+  Walla Walla Indians, ii. 16, 21;
+    at Walla Walla council, 35-64, 121, 157, 158.
+
+  Walla Walla council, ii. 27, 31-65.
+
+  Wallace, William H., ii. 170, 245, 266, 289.
+
+  Wallamet Indians, ii. 23.
+
+  Wanton, Gideon, Governor, i. 65.
+
+  Wanton, John G., i. 65.
+
+  Wanton, Mary, "Charming Polly," i. 65.
+
+  Warbass, Edward D., ii. 169, 187.
+
+  Warbass, N.G., Dr., i. 439; ii. 168.
+
+  Ward, Ira, i. 415.
+
+  Warfield, L.A., Captain, ii. 343.
+
+  Warren, Dr., treats rupture, i. 18.
+
+  Warren, G.K., Colonel, ii. 466, 469.
+
+  Warrenton, ii. 430, 432.
+
+  Warrenton Junction, ii. 430-432.
+
+  Washington, Camp, near Vera Cruz, i. 115.
+
+  Washington, Camp, south of Spokane River, 399, 400.
+
+  Washington, George, General, i. 62.
+
+  Washington, George, i. 412.
+
+  Washington, Territory of, formed, i. 280;
+    appointed governor of, 282;
+    sparse settlements in, 411-414;
+    Governor Stevens's messages to legislature, 418, 419, 445, 447;
+        ii. 162-164, 262;
+    resolution that governor visit Washington, i. 424;
+    of censure, ii. 263-264.
+
+  Washington Artillery, ii. 450.
+
+  Washington City, visits, i. 75, 89, 226, 237;
+    life in, 242-292, 302;
+    spends summer of 1854 at, 427-434; ii. 271, 295, 319.
+
+  Washington Lake, ii. 188.
+
+  Washington Mounted Rifles, ii. 169, 197.
+
+  Washington territorial library, purchased, i. 300.
+
+  Washington volunteers, called out by Governor Mason, disbanded by Wool,
+        ii. 149, 158, 160, 168-171, 189;
+    mustered out on Sound, 192;
+    all disbanded, character and services, 232-235.
+
+  Waterloo Bridge, ii. 430.
+
+  Watson, Colonel, i. 221.
+
+  Watson, Major, ii. 366.
+
+  Webster, Daniel, i. 75, 248, 249.
+
+  Weed, Stephen H., Captain, ii. 470.
+
+  Weed, Charles E., ii. 168, 248.
+
+  Wee-lap-to-leek, chief of Tigh Indians, ii. 214.
+
+  Wellman, Captain, bark Prompt, i. 99, 108.
+
+  Welsh, Thomas, Colonel, ii. 395.
+
+  Wenass River, ii. 197.
+
+  Wenatche River, i. 395; ii. 64.
+
+  West, Mr., ii. 329.
+
+  West Point, i. 22, 83;
+    course at, 24-59;
+    revisits, 78.
+
+  Whig party, i. 260.
+
+  Whipple, A.W., General, i. 27, 83, 84.
+
+  Whitby Island, ii. 154, 184, 258.
+
+  White, sapper, death of, i. 346.
+
+  White, William, Captain, ii. 169, 171, 187.
+
+  White Antelope, Gros Ventre squaw, ii. 355.
+
+  White Bear, Gros Ventre chief, i. 356.
+
+  White Bear Lake, i. 312, 318.
+
+  White Eagle, Gros Ventre chief, i. 355.
+
+  White Earth River, i. 345.
+
+  White Man's Horse, Blackfoot chief, i. 352.
+
+  White River or Duwhamish, ii. 159, 187, 188.
+
+  White Salmon River, ii. 257.
+
+  White Tail Deer, Gros Ventre chief, i. 356.
+
+  White Wood Lakes, i. 338.
+
+  Whitman, Marcus, missionary among Cuyuses, i. 403; ii. 21.
+
+  Whitney, L., Major, i. 114.
+
+  Whitworth, George F., Rev., i. 415; ii. 260.
+
+  Wiedrich, Captain, ii. 451.
+
+  Wilbur, agent of Yakimas, ii. 64.
+
+  Wilcox, C.M., General, ii. 450, 460, 471.
+
+  Wild Rice River, i. 324.
+
+  Wilkie, Governor, Red River hunters, i. 334, 335.
+
+  Wilkinson, Morton S., Senator, ii. 299.
+
+  Willard, G.K., Dr., i. 415; ii. 168.
+
+  William I., Emperor of Germany, awards San Juan Archipelago to United
+        States, ii. 294.
+
+  Williams, Hezekiah, i. 229.
+
+  Williams, James, Captain, ii. 169, 170, 200.
+
+  Williams, Robert, General, ii. 382, 394, 395, 399, 400;
+    at battle of James Island, 408-411.
+
+  Williams, Seth, General, i. 27.
+
+  Wilmington Island, ii. 372.
+
+  Wilmington, N.C., i. 272, 277.
+
+  Wilson, Henry, Senator, ii. 319, 385.
+
+  Wilson, James H., Lieutenant, ii. 372.
+
+  Wilson Point, ii. 184.
+
+  Winders, Captain, i. 211.
+
+  Winfield Scott, steamship, ii. 313.
+
+  Winnebago Indians, i. 309.
+
+  Winthrop, Theodore, ii. 64.
+
+  Wi-ti-my-hoy-she, Palouse Indian chief, i. 402.
+
+  Wolf's Lodge prairie, i. 390; ii. 131.
+
+  Wolf Talker, Gros Ventre chief, i. 356.
+
+  Wolf that Climbs, Blackfoot chief, i. 368.
+
+  Woodbury, Charles Levi, i. 274.
+
+  Woodbury, D.P., General, i. 27, 226.
+
+  Woodward, H.R., i. 415.
+
+  Wool, John E., General, rebuked, i. 437; ii. 33, 148, 149, 153, 156,
+        160, 161;
+    memoir sent to, 173, 174;
+    reply, 175, 176;
+    demand to disband volunteers, 177;
+    Governor Stevens's caustic reply, 177-184, 196, 207, 224;
+    orders settlers kept out of upper country, 225, 226;
+    relieved by General Clark, 266, 276.
+
+  Worth, William S., General, i. 105-107, 115, 119, 120, 126, 129, 130,
+        138, 139, 141;
+    occupies Puebla, 143;
+    advance from Puebla, 164, 167-169, 171, 174, 175, 180;
+    at Churubusco, 181, 202;
+    battle of Molino del Rey, 205, 206;
+    battle of Chapultepec, 208, 213.
+
+  Wren Charles, ii. 243, 247, 249.
+
+  Wright, George, Major, i. 205;
+    Colonel, ii. 64, 147, 173, 190, 191;
+    abortive campaign against Yakima, 194-199;
+    Governor Stevens's letter to, 199, 202, 203;
+    quasi-peace with Yakimas, 204;
+    puts Ow-hi and Quelchen to death, 205-208;
+    gives order to give up Indian murderers, its evasion, 224, 225;
+    punishes the Yakimas and Spokanes, 230, 231, 274, 283;
+    recommends treaties, 285.
+
+  Wright, H.G., General, i. 27; ii. 341, 357, 380, 382, 383, 387, 388,
+        394, 395, 399, 400, 408-411, 421.
+
+  Wyncoop, Colonel, i. 156.
+
+
+  Xochimilco, lake in valley of Mexico, i. 163, 165.
+
+  Xochimilco, village, i. 168, 171.
+
+
+  Yale College, solves problem from, i. 20.
+
+  Yantis, Benjamin F., Judge, ii. 132, 169, 249.
+
+  Yellowstone, i. 337, 345, 347; ii. 107, 108.
+
+  Yelm prairie, ii. 185.
+
+  Yakima Indians, ii. 16, 22;
+    at Walla Walla council, 40-64;
+    present condition, 64, 121, 140;
+    begin war, 157;
+    defeat Major Haller, 158, 160, 186;
+    massacre at Cascades, 190, 197, 221-223, 257, 273, 274.
+
+  Yakima River, ii. 63, 197.
+
+  Yakima treaty, ii. 63, 64.
+
+  Yakima valley, i. 394.
+
+  Yesler, H.L., i. 412; ii. 251, 256.
+
+  Young's Branch, ii. 435.
+
+  Young Chief, head chief of Cuyuses at Walla Walla council, ii. 38, 42,
+        44, 51;
+    assents to treaty, 53, 61, 121.
+
+
+  Zacatecas, Mexico, i. 151.
+
+
+                          The Riverside Press
+           _Electrotyped and printed by H.O. Houghton & Co._
+                       _Cambridge, Mass, U.S.A._
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Some compound words (e.g., 'wagon-master') appeared both with and
+without a hyphen. They are given as printed. Where a word is hyphenated
+on a line break, the hyphen is retained if the preponderance of other
+appearances indicate it was intended. Index entries tend not to
+hyphenate words that are unhyphenated in the text. All variants
+were retained.
+
+Illlustrations cannot be reproduced here, but the approximate position
+of each is indicated as: [Illustration: <caption>].
+
+Footnotes are repositioned at the end of each chapter. They have been
+re-numbered consecutively.
+
+The word 'coöperate' is consistently printed with the diaeresis on the
+second syllable's opening 'o'. On p. 181, the word fell on a line break,
+and was hyphenated without the diaeresis. The 'ö' has been restored for
+consistency.
+
+The total for the second table on p. 381 appears incorrectly as 16,988.
+The figures, as printed, add to 17,009.
+
+On p. 401, the word 'premptorily', apparently an error for
+'peremptorily' appears in a quoted passage, and is merely noted here.
+
+Neither of the versions of 'Quinault' in the table on p. 504 agrees
+with the modern spelling. To be consistent, the second instance was
+changed to agree with the first, 'Quinaiult'.
+
+Index
+
+There were several errors discovered in the index, which refers to
+both volumes. On occasion, the volume numbers 'i' or 'ii' are missing
+or incorrect. These errata are included in the table below.
+
+While these errors are corrected, no systematic attempt
+was made to check all entries.
+
+The entry for 'Daufuskie Island' was misprinted as 'Danfuskie', and
+attributed to the wrong page (p. 282 rather than p. 382). It should
+have followed the entry for 'Danpher', just below it.
+
+Minor punctuation lapses were silently corrected.
+
+The following minor issues, most likely printer's errors, are noted, and
+were corrected.
+
+ p. 85  Governor Stevens[;/:]                             Corrected.
+
+ p. 94  vicin[i]ty                                        Added.
+
+ p. 95  luxur[i]ant                                       Added.
+
+ p. 181 co[-o]/ö]perate                                   Corrected.
+
+ p. 268 meeting[s]                                        Added.
+
+ p. 318 well known in Congress.["]                        Removed.
+
+ p. 349 stren[u]ously                                     Removed.
+
+ p. 368 Serr[i/e]ll's                                     Corrected.
+
+ p. 371 discipl[in]ing                                    Added.
+
+ p. 381 Brigad[i]er-General Ripley                        Added.
+
+ p. 401 premptorily                                       _sic._
+
+ p. 432 Junct[i]on                                        Added.
+
+ p. 450 b[r]ack                                           Removed.
+
+ p. 504 Quin[ia/ai]ult                                    Transposed.
+
+ p. 507 Anderson, George T., Colonel, i[i]. 490.          Added.
+
+ p. 510 river, [i.] 412;                                  Added.
+
+ p. 512 Da[n/u]fuskie                                     Corrected and
+                                                            repositioned.
+
+ p. 513 Flattery, Cape, [i.]  473, 474, 477.              Added.
+
+ p. 514 Gosnell, Wesley, ii. 169, 187, 255, 2[2/5]7       Corrected.
+
+ p. 516 James River, Va., [ii.] 423.                      Added.
+
+ p. 525 Seventy-Ninth Highlanders, New York volunteers,
+          [i]i. 320,                                      Added.
+
+        action at Port Royal Ferry, 3[6/5]8-366           Corrected.
+
+ p. 526 Stevens, Eliza, cousin, [i]. 91.                  Added.
+        Stevens, George Watson, [i.] 265, 266, 269, 295;  Added.
+
+ p. 528 Townsend, E.D., General, his advice, [i.] 26, 28. Added.
+
+ p. 529 Virginia, 13th regiment, ii. 3[2/3]1;             Corrected.
+          1st cavalry, [3]32;                             Added.
+        Washington, Camp, south of Spokane River,
+          [i.] 399, 400.                                  Added.
+        Wellman, Captain, bark Prompt, [i.] 99, 108.      Added.
+
+ p. 530 Xochimilco, village, [i.] 168, 171.               Added.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43590 ***