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| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-03-07 16:52:01 -0800 |
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diff --git a/43456-h/43456-h.htm b/43456-h/43456-h.htm index 7fabe97..038e47f 100644 --- a/43456-h/43456-h.htm +++ b/43456-h/43456-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Intimate China, by Mrs. Archibald Little. @@ -225,46 +225,7 @@ td {padding-left: 1em; </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Intimate China, by Mrs. Archibald Little - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Intimate China - The Chinese as I Have Seen Them - -Author: Mrs. Archibald Little - -Release Date: August 13, 2013 [EBook #43456] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTIMATE CHINA *** - - - - -Produced by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43456 ***</div> <div class="tnbox"> <p class="center"><b>Transcriber's Note:</b></p> @@ -557,7 +518,7 @@ of a Lifetime.—Pilgrims.—Glory of Buddha.—Unburied Priests</td <td colspan="2" class="chapname">CHINESE SENTIMENT.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="chapsum">In Memory of a Dead Wife.—Of a Dear Friend.—Farewell Verses.—Æsthetic +<td class="chapsum">In Memory of a Dead Wife.—Of a Dear Friend.—Farewell Verses.—Æsthetic Feeling.—Drinking Song.—Music.—Justice to Rats</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_383">383</a></td> </tr> @@ -645,7 +606,7 @@ Preserves.—Strikes.—Rowdies.—Young Men to be prayed for</td> <td colspan="2" class="chapname">THE EMPRESS, THE EMPEROR, AND THE AUDIENCE.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="chapsum">A Concubine no Empress.—Sudden Deaths.—Suspicions.—Prince Ch`ün.—Emperor's +<td class="chapsum">A Concubine no Empress.—Sudden Deaths.—Suspicions.—Prince Ch`ün.—Emperor's Education.—His Sadness.—His Features.—Foreign Ministers' Audience.—Another Audience.—Crowding of the Rabble.—Peking's Effect on Foreign Representatives</td> @@ -659,7 +620,7 @@ Effect on Foreign Representatives</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="chapsum">Everybody guaranteed by Somebody Else.—Buying back Office.—Family -Responsibilities.—Guilds.—All Employés Partners.—Antiquity +Responsibilities.—Guilds.—All Employés Partners.—Antiquity of Chinese Reforms.—To each Province so many Posts.—Laotze's Protest against Unnecessary Laws.—Experiment in Socialism.—College of Censors.—Tribunal of History.—Ideal in @@ -684,10 +645,10 @@ Minister's Reported Advice</td> <td colspan="2" class="chapnum">CHAPTER V.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2" class="chapname">THE COUP D'ÉTAT.</td> +<td colspan="2" class="chapname">THE COUP D'ÉTAT.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="chapsum">Kang Yü-wei.—<i>China Mail's</i> Interview.—Beheading of Reformers.—Relatives +<td class="chapsum">Kang Yü-wei.—<i>China Mail's</i> Interview.—Beheading of Reformers.—Relatives sentenced to Death.—Kang's Indictment of Empress.—Empress's Reprisals.—Emperor's Attempt at Escape.—Cantonese Gratitude to Great Britain.—List of Emperor's Attempted Reforms.—Men @@ -851,7 +812,7 @@ Cloth spread in Compliment to Europeans</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_0155">138</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="hang">Woman's Natural Foot, and another Woman's Feet bound to 4½ Inches</td> +<td class="hang">Woman's Natural Foot, and another Woman's Feet bound to 4½ Inches</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_0156">139</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -920,7 +881,7 @@ West of China</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_0260">243</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="hang">Temple to God of War, Yünyang</td> +<td class="hang">Temple to God of War, Yünyang</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_0263">246</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -1125,7 +1086,7 @@ in Front</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_0506">489</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="hang">Shan Ch`ing, Prince Ch`ün, and Li Hung-chang</td> +<td class="hang">Shan Ch`ing, Prince Ch`ün, and Li Hung-chang</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_0512">495</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -1133,7 +1094,7 @@ in Front</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_0522">505</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="hang">Emperor Kwang-shü, 1875</td> +<td class="hang">Emperor Kwang-shü, 1875</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_0533">516</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -1171,7 +1132,7 @@ of High Schools for Girls</td> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XIV" id="Page_XIV">xiv</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="hang">Wên Ting-shih, the Reformer, Late Tutor to the Ladies of the Imperial +<td class="hang">Wên Ting-shih, the Reformer, Late Tutor to the Ladies of the Imperial Household</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#i_0580">563</a></td> </tr> @@ -1230,12 +1191,12 @@ The population of China is over</td> </tr> <tr> <td>That of France in 1896</td> -<td class="tdr">38½ millions.</td> +<td class="tdr">38½ millions.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>One alone of China's eighteen provinces, Kiangsu, has over</td> -<td class="tdr">39½ millions.</td> +<td class="tdr">39½ millions.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">The Russian nation, already extending over one-sixth of the globe, @@ -1552,7 +1513,7 @@ were pale men for the most part, of rather finely strung susceptibilities, or their palates would not have been so critical. And they did not care much for games of chance, they gambled so high in tea, a fortnight's -business easily leading a man to win or lose £20,000.</p> +business easily leading a man to win or lose £20,000.</p> <p>Ah! the good old days of China tea and silk are gone. Are there better days yet to come in the new @@ -2011,9 +1972,9 @@ and most comfortable of clothes, are the appropriate wear. But that seems to be the whole of the roughing of it. For naturally each boat-traveller takes care to start with a favourite chair and a comfortable bed; and it -is his cook's business to provide the most <i>recherché</i> of +is his cook's business to provide the most <i>recherché</i> of little repasts whenever wanted. What else is he there -for? Nor do <i>soufflés</i> and pheasants taste any the worse +for? Nor do <i>soufflés</i> and pheasants taste any the worse because the supply of fresh air is unlimited, and the cabin as cosy as nothing but a perfectly well-built house, or a boat floating in water warmer than the surrounding @@ -2067,7 +2028,7 @@ massiveness of the bastions, and towers of rock, and overhanging pinnacles, and projecting isolated blocks, or pillars, standing bolt upright in fine relief against the sky, are not picturesque like the scenery round -Méran, not exciting like some of the Alpine scenery +Méran, not exciting like some of the Alpine scenery in Switzerland, but awe-inspiring and sublime.</p> <div class="figcenter"><a name="i_0048" id="i_0048"></a> @@ -2499,7 +2460,7 @@ FEARSOME POOL, OR BELLOWS GORGE.<br /> <p>We longed to walk along the great Szechuan Road, completed as far as the Hupeh frontier, sixty miles, at -a reputed cost of £52,000, and really a road, though, +a reputed cost of £52,000, and really a road, though, as is usual in Szechuan, it is often long flights of steps, and several of its crossings over streams looked doubtful. The Chinese do not make roads sufficiently @@ -2691,7 +2652,7 @@ But it is obvious that the Chinese plan leads to a great deal of pleasant sociability; and as it is always the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span> eldest man of the family whose authority is (nominally) -absolute, this must lead to a certain continuity of <i>régime</i>, +absolute, this must lead to a certain continuity of <i>régime</i>, very different from what it would be, if, as with us, a young eldest son every now and then became the head. It also leads to the erection of very large and @@ -3146,7 +3107,7 @@ ornamentally laid out with pots and flowers. The house door opens from this; and entering by it, you find yourself in the lofty entrance hall, used by Europeans as a dining-room. Passing through an ornamental screen -with open doorways, over which hang portières, you find +with open doorways, over which hang portières, you find yourself in a sitting-room, of which one wall and two half-walls consist of paper windows, with occasional panes of glass. On either side of these two principal rooms @@ -3402,8 +3363,8 @@ is lacking in grace and elegance.</p> miles from Shanghai to Chungking than it does to get a letter the thirteen thousand from England to Shanghai. Freight of goods is a great deal higher; -indeed, a ton of goods costs £6 from Shanghai to -Chungking, and £36 to get it to Talifu in Yunnan. +indeed, a ton of goods costs £6 from Shanghai to +Chungking, and £36 to get it to Talifu in Yunnan. Once I wrote to England on Christmas Eve for stockings, saying I was in such need of them I should like to have them sent out by post; and yet I @@ -3561,7 +3522,7 @@ again all a case of sun-spots? When it is so very hot, what can one think of but the weather?</p> <p>I never saw the thermometer mark higher than -120° Fahr. in our sitting-room; but then, when it got to +120° Fahr. in our sitting-room; but then, when it got to that, I always went down into the cellar, and did not come out again till evening. The Chinese have cool, dark places dug out of the rock into which they retire @@ -4149,7 +4110,7 @@ the British Minister will not support them. Nor can the British Minister do much, if the permanent officials at the Foreign Office wish him to do little.</p> -<p>When two men were murdered at Wusüeh, the +<p>When two men were murdered at Wusüeh, the village ought, at least, to have been razed to the ground. When the Kucheng massacre occurred, the Viceroy and the Chinese officials, who <i>laughed</i> about it all as they @@ -4489,7 +4450,7 @@ and that the loss to China caused by the influx of foreign dollars is, if less visible on the surface, at bottom none the less real.</p> -<p>"During the reigns of Tao Kwang and Hien Fêng +<p>"During the reigns of Tao Kwang and Hien Fêng (1821-1862), to buy each of these dollars China parted with eighty-five tael cents; and as the real value was seventy-two tael cents, on every dollar which she purchased @@ -4814,7 +4775,7 @@ BOUND TO 6 INCHES.<br /> <div class="figcenter"><a name="i_0156" id="i_0156"></a> <img src="images/i_0156.jpg" width="497" height="459" alt="" /> <p class="caption">WOMAN'S NATURAL FOOT, AND ANOTHER WOMAN'S FEET -BOUND TO 4½ INCHES.<br /> +BOUND TO 4½ INCHES.<br /> <i>By Dr. E. Garner.</i></p> </div> @@ -5047,7 +5008,7 @@ he gave in: but no additional money is to be expected from him. The little girl herself admires her young <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">148</a></span> man very much, and said if her father did not give her -to Yü Ch`ien (the young man) she would jump into the +to Yü Ch`ien (the young man) she would jump into the well when she got home. I have just heard that the father is dead. He was an opium-smoker, and wanted to betroth the girl where they could get the most @@ -5123,7 +5084,7 @@ not our tract be thought very low and vulgar in such common language? Should it be translated into ordinary mandarin? But would not the learned even then despise it? We knew of course—we all sat sadly -weighted by the thought—that feet are the most <i>risqué</i> +weighted by the thought—that feet are the most <i>risqué</i> subject of conversation in China, and no subject more improper can be found there. And some of us felt as if we should blush before those impassive blue-gowned, @@ -5882,7 +5843,7 @@ Chinese women take no part in affairs. A Governor's wife is always supposed to be the keeper of his official seal, and is therefore never expected to go out and pay visits. When my husband was obliged to go to -Shanghai on business, it was his Chinese employés who +Shanghai on business, it was his Chinese employés who immediately suggested that I should keep the keys of the safe, and supervise the accounts in his absence, this being what they said the wife of a Chinese man of @@ -6511,7 +6472,7 @@ nation to accept the other's lower ideas.</p> interesting than trite generalisms, I must mention the peculiar measure devised in 1891 by his Excellency the Viceroy at Nanking to keep up the standard of morality -among his writers and the higher class of employés. +among his writers and the higher class of employés. Shortly before, one of the composers of memorials had taken to leading a fast life, frequenting places not over-respectable. One day he leaned out of a wine-shop, @@ -6551,7 +6512,7 @@ of his subordinates as this Chinese Viceroy.</p> how to get hold of other people's money. Here is an idea of his for collecting contributions to a Famine Relief Fund. He furnishes a long list of subscriptions, -mostly of £150 each, from officials whose generosity +mostly of £150 each, from officials whose generosity was due to the promptings of their parents or other relatives now deceased. Each donor had been granted permission to erect an archway (<i>pai fang</i>) to the @@ -6560,7 +6521,7 @@ idea of contributing to the relief of suffering humanity. Among those to whom this honour was accorded were <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">200</a></span> the President and members of the Chinese club at -Yokohama, whose joint contributions amounted to £300.</p> +Yokohama, whose joint contributions amounted to £300.</p> <p>The west of China is exceptionally decorated with these memorial arches, generally erected to the memory @@ -6670,7 +6631,7 @@ there is naturally seems to us of Europe somewhat superstitious; for the religions of China appear to have had their day, to have effected what they could for China, and to be passing away. Is it true that -the youthful Emperor Kwang-shü was considering with +the youthful Emperor Kwang-shü was considering with his adviser Kang whether Christianity should not be adopted as the national religion, when he was precipitated from the throne by the woman who rules @@ -6742,7 +6703,7 @@ a bright example and beautiful memory.</p> <p>The merchants look askance at the missionaries' saints, and missionaries are very suspicious of the -merchants' business employés and butlers. But a +merchants' business employés and butlers. But a nation, that all through the land produces men, who so thoroughly satisfy their employers, cannot be called a decadent race; nor, indeed, are any of the signs of @@ -7097,7 +7058,7 @@ Virgin Mother and Infant Saviour, or a crucifix, or a figure of some high and holy man of old, an ensample to us of these latter days, that so, like as in the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">220</a></span> -neighbourhood of Méran, the peasant may feel called +neighbourhood of Méran, the peasant may feel called to offer upon it his beautiful white gardenia flowers, or a bunch of pink azaleas from the mountain-side, or a blossom of the gorgeous red dragon-claw flower, @@ -7170,7 +7131,7 @@ weapons are sharp, and that his position is by no means an enviable one. Exhausting himself at last, he descends with all the agility at his command. "Sometimes under such treatment the patient manages -to recover," adds the Chinese paper naïvely enough.</p> +to recover," adds the Chinese paper naïvely enough.</p> <p>In 1890 such a curious account was given in the <i>North China Daily News</i> of an incident that had @@ -7791,7 +7752,7 @@ taste, or building some hideous European erection -which must offend the æsthetic feelings of every Chinaman +which must offend the æsthetic feelings of every Chinaman that sees it. In this city of beautiful roof-curves a foreign house, without any proportion being observed between its windows and wall space, without any @@ -7825,7 +7786,7 @@ hearing of his son's death.</p> <div class="figcenter"><a name="i_0263" id="i_0263"></a> <img src="images/i_0263.jpg" width="549" height="393" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">TEMPLE TO GOD OF WAR, YÜNYANG.<br /> +<p class="caption">TEMPLE TO GOD OF WAR, YÃœNYANG.<br /> <i>By Mrs. Archibald Little.</i></p> </div> @@ -8042,9 +8003,9 @@ Franciscans condemned the Jesuit toleration of ancestral worship, and for the second time China was thrown back. The Emperor and his advisers were considering whether Christianity should not be proclaimed the -religion of the country, when the <i>coup d'état</i> came. +religion of the country, when the <i>coup d'état</i> came. Those of the reformers who have survived, and the -Emperor Kwang-shü through them, have thus for +Emperor Kwang-shü through them, have thus for the third time been holding out asking hands to Christendom.</p> @@ -8064,8 +8025,8 @@ official place.</p> time. May it not be in vain! Of all means for helping her, the Society for the Diffusion of Christian and General Knowledge seems the most useful at the -present juncture, and £20 would bring a new city -under its influence, while £200 would enable this +present juncture, and £20 would bring a new city +under its influence, while £200 would enable this Society to permeate a whole new province with its revivifying literature. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">253</a></span></p> @@ -8415,7 +8376,7 @@ of fourteen, who to everything said, "Yes!" Between them they send two messages a day, morning and evening, "Yes" and "All right," and that is all they have to do. "And conceive," said the superior, "that I -spent £12 learning English, and therewith bought five +spent £12 learning English, and therewith bought five thousand words, and then am set down in a place like this, where there is not even anything to eat."</p> @@ -8464,7 +8425,7 @@ buy rhubarb in bulk quite fresh in Szechuan. It grows chiefly on the Tibetan border. Even under the Sung Dynasty the Chinese had three hundred and sixty-five kinds of drugs and one hundred and thirteen kinds -of formulæ. But they use rough decoctions, and make +of formulæ. But they use rough decoctions, and make tisanes from their drugs; they never make extracts, nor use minute and accurate weights to dole them out.</p> @@ -8675,7 +8636,7 @@ in their motley and decorative uniforms, sat in groups mounted up on top of the junks. Occasionally the old-world, almost antediluvian music of their long, somewhat mournful trumpets sounded across the water. -"Nous allons à la boucherie, à la boucherie, à la +"Nous allons à la boucherie, à la boucherie, à la <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">276</a></span> boucherie," sang the French recruits @@ -9226,7 +9187,7 @@ considered to have passed.</p> also permissible under certain circumstances to bring to the notice of the Throne cases of scholars well advanced in years who have failed to pass their examinations for -the degree of <i>chüjen</i>, and begged to recommend for +the degree of <i>chüjen</i>, and begged to recommend for favourable consideration the case of Lien Hsiang-yang, a Bachelor of over eighty years of age, who had failed to pass at the last examination. He had obtained his @@ -9299,7 +9260,7 @@ time, and are going up for the Hanlin College. They are very much afraid of turning their attention away from the classics for a moment to look even at histories of the Japanese War or of the nineteenth century. -They know all about the Röntgen rays, but they dare +They know all about the Röntgen rays, but they dare not be interested. They have got to pass, and to get means to do so they must teach other young men to pass preliminary examinations; and they have @@ -9321,7 +9282,7 @@ he is mortified. As to spelling, I know no way to make him understand it, until he has learnt how to spell; till then it is a mystery to him. He was a most brilliant young scholar, who had already passed his second -examination with great <i>éclat</i>, whom I essayed to teach, +examination with great <i>éclat</i>, whom I essayed to teach, and every now and then I seemed to see glimmerings of understanding, but then again all became dark, as I tried desperately to teach him to read, so that he might @@ -9350,7 +9311,7 @@ passes; sometimes he is reputed honest.</p> </div> <p>When the second of two brothers passed in the same -year his examination as <i>chüjen</i> (or M.A.), he was carried +year his examination as <i>chüjen</i> (or M.A.), he was carried round Chungking in triumph in a sedan-chair; and a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297"></a></span> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298"></a></span> @@ -9378,7 +9339,7 @@ born.</p> <p>The <i>Peking Gazette</i> of February 20th, 1891, records that "the number of provincial graduates being limited, -and the right to compete for the degree of <i>chüjen</i> being +and the right to compete for the degree of <i>chüjen</i> being strictly confined in each province to those, who have attained the standing of natives thereof either through birth or domicile, the intrusion of outsiders is jealously @@ -9431,7 +9392,7 @@ These farmers have hitherto been debarred from competing at the examinations on what would seem to be insufficient grounds, and have asked that their status be thoroughly gone into and definitely established. It -appears there are four classes of employés attached to +appears there are four classes of employés attached to the Collectorate of Rent; namely, the foremen of agricultural labourers, the agricultural labourers themselves, labourers attached to the households of the foremen @@ -11214,10 +11175,10 @@ the rooms we were lodging in wanted repairing, and how everything did (which is quite true), and how we could see every one who came to worship was very poor, and the last Europeans who lodged -there gave about £15, and he thought it would be so -nice if we gave £25. And he brought the subscription +there gave about £15, and he thought it would be so +nice if we gave £25. And he brought the subscription list out, and the brush to write with; and positively -would <i>not</i> let our Boy write down £2 10<i>s.</i>—twice as +would <i>not</i> let our Boy write down £2 10<i>s.</i>—twice as large a sum as I thought necessary. Then another priest begged too. They begged and begged, till I said at last, determined to interrupt them, 'There is a @@ -11376,7 +11337,7 @@ sacredness in the far west of China, with an all-round view from its summit, where the beholder stands on the verge of one of the most gigantic precipices in the world, said by Mr. Baber to be a mile deep. But it would be -hard to surpass that of Fan Yü-tsz, of the Ming Dynasty, +hard to surpass that of Fan Yü-tsz, of the Ming Dynasty, who tells how he saw the Wa-wu, and the snowy mountains "running athwart like a long city wall," and India, and the mountains of Karakorum, together with all the @@ -11725,7 +11686,7 @@ the joys of Paradise. <div class="blockquot"> <p> In Memory of a Dead Wife.—Of a Dear Friend.—Farewell -Verses.—Æsthetic Feeling.—Drinking +Verses.—Æsthetic Feeling.—Drinking Song.—Music.—Justice to Rats. </p> </div> @@ -11914,7 +11875,7 @@ without a vase for one lovely blossom, and no woman would think herself dressed until she had stuck a flower on one side of her glossy hair. But every one probably would acknowledge that the Chinese have a very strong -æsthetic sentiment. Here, however, is an adieu to the +æsthetic sentiment. Here, however, is an adieu to the Old Year much resembling one of Burns' songs in its sentiment, or want of it:</p> @@ -12054,14 +12015,14 @@ rather a novel view of the question?</p> <p>The old legend of the Fairy Foxes, which I Englished some years ago, and brought out in -Mr. Hasegawa's very pretty <i>crêpe</i> paper series, shows +Mr. Hasegawa's very pretty <i>crêpe</i> paper series, shows a sentiment of kindness for animals with which some people are unwilling to credit a nation that emphatically does not say, "What a beautiful day! Let us go out and kill something." Both that and <i>The Rat's Plaint</i>, translated from the original Chinese and rendered into verse by my husband, and very beautifully -illustrated as well as reproduced on <i>crêpe</i> paper by +illustrated as well as reproduced on <i>crêpe</i> paper by Mr. Hasegawa, might be circulated by the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. The latter's quaintness—it is a very old Chinese legend—alone @@ -12243,7 +12204,7 @@ were wild to get there, and to get fur coats, the Chinaman's ambition. As for ourselves, we wondered if it were worth while to go on, but we were certainly in no hurry as yet to get back to Chungking. Our last -news from there was that it was 100° in the shade, and +news from there was that it was 100° in the shade, and cholera worse than ever. Thirty thousand people, we learnt afterwards, died of it in the course of the summer, and it was worse still at Chengtu, the capital @@ -12539,8 +12500,8 @@ heads. They had large silver earrings with red coral drops, red cloth collars fastened by large silver clasps, always a lump of coral in the centre of the middle one, and a large turquoise in that on either side. -They had silver châtelaines hanging from their waists, -though often only a needlebook on the châtelaine, large +They had silver châtelaines hanging from their waists, +though often only a needlebook on the châtelaine, large silver bracelets and strings of coral beads on their arms, and their fingers covered with enormous rings.</p> @@ -12837,7 +12798,7 @@ own, should have sunk under Chinese control, in spite of the impregnable natural fastnesses of their mountains, and the defence established by their climate. Whilst we were there, in September, the thermometer varied from -56° to 60°, but the winds blew so keenly off the +56° to 60°, but the winds blew so keenly off the glaciers that many people were wearing heavy furs, and the price of them had already gone up.</p> @@ -13095,7 +13056,7 @@ of interest to Chinese collectors about eight centuries ago. From that date on great attention has been paid to the inscriptions upon ancient vases, and it is very <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">427</a></span> -difficult to deceive Chinese archæologists, from their +difficult to deceive Chinese archæologists, from their thorough knowledge of their own past history. A vase dating from the Chow Dynasty, and preserved at Silver Island near Chinkiang, has attracted especial @@ -13103,7 +13064,7 @@ attention. A former Viceroy of Kwangtung, Yuen-yuen, writing at the beginning of this century, describes his visit to Silver Island to see this vase. He examined it critically, and described it minutely in his four-volume -archæological collection. He studied its colour, shape, +archæological collection. He studied its colour, shape, and dimensions, and especially the inscriptions of forty characters. He was himself a scholar of the highest attainments, and his judgment in regard to the epoch @@ -13116,7 +13077,7 @@ Dynasty. Yuen-yuen refers to these abortive designs, because, Yen-sung being a good judge of all relics of old times, this is an additional testimony to the genuine antiquity of the vase, and it indicates the deep interest -felt in it by the archæologists of the Ming Dynasty. +felt in it by the archæologists of the Ming Dynasty. Beside the descriptions of it in the ordinary works which give details on bells and vases generally, monographs have been published on this particular vase showing @@ -13129,7 +13090,7 @@ spread the knowledge both of the new-found Han <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">428</a></span> Dynasty sculptures and of the earlier bronze vessels. Rich men and scholars became sensible of the great -pleasure to be derived from archæological research. +pleasure to be derived from archæological research. And this has become a real feature of modern Chinese life. Men of means and leisure visit all celebrated monuments to study them for themselves, and take back with @@ -13152,7 +13113,7 @@ themselves." In the following century, the third, Western traders resorted to Canton; so that it appears the Cantonese have been afflicted by the presence of barbarians for no less than sixteen hundred years. Possibly -this explains how the Mæander pattern on old Chinese +this explains how the Mæander pattern on old Chinese bronzes so resembles the Greek "key" pattern, and why the lions' heads at the approach to the tomb of the first Ming Emperor at Nanking have rings in their @@ -13276,7 +13237,7 @@ discovered, all sorts of medicinal properties were attributed to it. It is to be hoped the virtue lay rather, as we are told now it does with whisky-and-water, in the hot water; for if not, what does the poor Tibetan -get out of the <i>£</i>150,000 he is said to spend on tea +get out of the <i>£</i>150,000 he is said to spend on tea at Tachienlu, the frontier city—for 65 per cent. of wild scrub leaves, scrub oak, etc., are said to be mixed up in the brick tea he receives? And the cost of the @@ -13488,7 +13449,7 @@ really are, because such a quantity of work is done by men working at frames, and merely for so much a day. The best has always been done by ladies, working at home, and putting all the fancy of -a lifetime into a portière, or bed-hanging. One of +a lifetime into a portière, or bed-hanging. One of the most fairylike pieces of embroidery I have ever seen was mosquito-curtains worked all over with clusters of wistaria for either the Emperor or Empress, and @@ -13558,7 +13519,7 @@ carved, to the effect that it was the fairy carriage and the dragon's wheel.</p> <p>It seemed strange to come upon this touch of -æstheticism in this very homely sort of factory, whose +æstheticism in this very homely sort of factory, whose <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">444</a></span> whole plant must have cost so very little, and which was in consequence, though so well adapted for its @@ -14326,7 +14287,7 @@ within its sheltered courtyards. The wood-carvings were beautiful, the galleries long enough to satisfy all desire for walking. The Chinese decorations satisfied our eyes. At last—at last we had come -upon something Oriental in China, æsthetic, eye-satisfying. +upon something Oriental in China, æsthetic, eye-satisfying. At the same time we were surrounded by every English comfort, enjoying delightful English society! Why ever go outside the Embassy compound? @@ -14344,7 +14305,7 @@ about, so disagreeable to live in?</p> <p>But one evening we took the one Peking walk, along the summit of the walls. There was something pathetic, as well as ludicrous, in thinking of European -attachés and their wives, European diplomatists and +attachés and their wives, European diplomatists and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472">472</a></span> their families, having for a pleasure-walk the walls of Peking. The horrors of the approach to them can @@ -14502,7 +14463,7 @@ persimmons nestling beside them, relieved it from its native ugliness. But alongside of it was a great two-storied building in true Chinese style, that we indeed admired. It stood four-square, with a grandly massive -<i>porte-cochère</i>, answering all the purposes of a verandah, +<i>porte-cochère</i>, answering all the purposes of a verandah, so vast was it. We looked at the simple, graceful curves of its two stories of roofs, the upper definitely but only slightly smaller than the lower, and wished @@ -14656,7 +14617,7 @@ to the high towers of the church, as destructive of <i>Fung shui</i>. Then she was saying she observed ever since they were built she had been particularly fortunate, and she begged that church and towers and organ might -be handed to her intact, together with Père Armand +be handed to her intact, together with Père Armand David's valuable collection of birds. Fortunately, there are counterparts of these in Paris, for it was feared she might give one specimen to one favoured courtier and @@ -14914,7 +14875,7 @@ But as I think some details of his State may be interesting to the general reader, and indeed would well repay thinking over, I have extracted an abridged translation from a Chinese newspaper's account of the -present Emperor Kwang-shü's visit to the Temple of +present Emperor Kwang-shü's visit to the Temple of Heaven in 1888, when, it must be remembered, he was only a boy between sixteen and seventeen. Those who do not care for the accounts of pageants can @@ -14931,7 +14892,7 @@ be a young man of weak character. But contrast him with one of our European princes, read what he has attempted, which I hope to describe in a following chapter, and then decide which is the stronger character. -Kwang-shü has always been of weak physique—not +Kwang-shü has always been of weak physique—not unnaturally, considering that he has never known what it is to go out into the country, and take free, healthy exercise. But probably this has been his salvation. @@ -14951,7 +14912,7 @@ be unfounded.</p> <div class="figcenter"><a name="i_0512" id="i_0512"></a> <img src="images/i_0512.jpg" width="550" height="368" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">SHAN CH'ING. PRINCE CH'ÜN. LI HUNG-CHANG. +<p class="caption">SHAN CH'ING. PRINCE CH'ÃœN. LI HUNG-CHANG. Son of general (Tartar). Emperor's father (Manchu). (Chinese.) </p> </div> @@ -15022,7 +14983,7 @@ a prayer-scroll, and the Master of Rites spread a cushion on the ground. The Emperor advanced in front of the Yellow Table, and reverentially inspected the objects lying on it, after which he performed the genuflection -called 'once kneel and thrice <i>k´otow</i>,' and then took +called 'once kneel and thrice <i>k´otow</i>,' and then took up his position again, standing as before. The Chief of the Court of Sacrifice rolled up the prayer-scroll <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_499" id="Page_499">499</a></span> @@ -15030,11 +14991,11 @@ again, and the cushion on which the Emperor had just knelt was removed.</p> <p>"The Readers of Prayers now advanced to the -Yellow Table, and made three <i>k´otows</i>. They respectfully +Yellow Table, and made three <i>k´otows</i>. They respectfully took from the table and bore aloft the prayer-scrolls, the silken scrolls, and the incense, which they deposited one by one in the graceful pavilionlike -stand meant to receive them. With three more <i>k´otows</i>, +stand meant to receive them. With three more <i>k´otows</i>, they retired.</p> <p>"The mandarin in charge of the incense now carried @@ -15085,7 +15046,7 @@ to support it.</p> <p>"Ahead of this stately procession rolled the five gigantic cars, ordinarily drawn by elephants, which -animals were this year absent from the fête by permission +animals were this year absent from the fête by permission of the Emperor, to whom the danger of their suddenly getting ungovernable had been pointed out.</p> @@ -15230,7 +15191,7 @@ change his attire and have some repose. Then getting into his palanquin again, he was carried through the inner and the outer gates of the Temple, the State <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_505" id="Page_505">505</a></span> -musicians performing an ancient melody. The <i>cortège</i>, +musicians performing an ancient melody. The <i>cortège</i>, in the same order as before, passed through the Cheng Yang Gate, and the Emperor burned incense in the Buddhist Temple and the Temple of Kwan Ti (the God @@ -15297,7 +15258,7 @@ chair at about a quarter to five.</p> <p>"When the Mongol Princes come to Court at Peking from their country every year, they are presented by the Emperor with several hundreds of rolls of silk, and -also with a sum of about £685 for travelling expenses, +also with a sum of about £685 for travelling expenses, issued from the Board of Revenue through the Colonial Office. In case the Board of Revenue does not issue <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_507" id="Page_507">507</a></span> @@ -15315,9 +15276,9 @@ the finest quality and 1,204 round articles of a high-class kind. In addition to this there was a special indent for 1,414 plates, dishes, cups, and vases, to be distributed as presents on the occasion of the Emperor's -birthday. The total cost amounted to £4,000; and -as the yearly allowance is £1,500, there is a debit -balance of £2,500, which will be deducted from the +birthday. The total cost amounted to £4,000; and +as the yearly allowance is £1,500, there is a debit +balance of £2,500, which will be deducted from the surplus remaining over from previous years."</p> <p>In 1890 the <i>Peking Gazette</i> tells us that "Yu Hsiu, @@ -15344,10 +15305,10 @@ he will be unable to execute the order by the end of the tenth moon.</p> <p>"The necessary funds for carrying on the work he -estimates at £19,500, and he will, in concert with +estimates at £19,500, and he will, in concert with the Governor of the province, take measures to have this amount collected as soon as possible. He proposes, -in the first instance, to raise the sum of £10,000, and +in the first instance, to raise the sum of £10,000, and at once set to work on the ceremonial robes; and some of the satin, together with the silk, he hopes to be able to deliver within the year as a first instalment. @@ -15384,10 +15345,10 @@ that time taken over the reins of government. The fourth day of the third moon of the present year was appointed for offering a sacrifice to the Patron Saint of Sericulture. As her Majesty was wearing mourning -for the late Prince Ch`ün, two maids of honour of the +for the late Prince Ch`ün, two maids of honour of the first grade were ordered to act on her behalf."</p> -<p>Prince Ch`ün was the father of the Emperor, a +<p>Prince Ch`ün was the father of the Emperor, a man held in high esteem; and of him the <i>Peking Gazette</i> says in 1891: "His innate humility and modesty made him receive such favours with ever-increasing awe and @@ -15404,7 +15365,7 @@ by the State."</p> youthful Emperor greatly resembles his father in appearance.</p> -<p>As giving a little further insight into the mediæval +<p>As giving a little further insight into the mediæval usages still observed in the Court at Peking, it may be interesting to notice that in 1891, "after the Clear-Bright Festival, the Court of Feasting, in accordance @@ -15572,7 +15533,7 @@ AUDIENCE.</i></h2> <div class="blockquot"> <p> A Concubine no Empress.—Sudden Deaths.—Suspicions.—Prince -Ch`ün.—Emperor's Education.—His +Ch`ün.—Emperor's Education.—His Sadness.—His Features.—Foreign Ministers' Audience.—Another Audience.—Crowding of the Rabble.—Peking's Effect on Foreign Representatives. @@ -15582,12 +15543,12 @@ Rabble.—Peking's Effect on Foreign Representatives. <p>According to Chinese usage or unwritten law, the concubine of an Emperor can never become Empress-Dowager; yet Tze Hsi, the concubine of -the Emperor Hien Fêng, and mother of the late +the Emperor Hien Fêng, and mother of the late Emperor Tung Chih, has ruled over China in this capacity since 1871. For a time she nominally shared the power with Tze An, the childless widow of the -Emperor Hien Fêng. In like manner for a while -the youthful Kwang-shü, her step-sister's son, has been +Emperor Hien Fêng. In like manner for a while +the youthful Kwang-shü, her step-sister's son, has been nominal Emperor. But the ease with which she resumed the reins in September, 1898, sufficiently shows that she had never really let go of them. Tze, @@ -15609,11 +15570,11 @@ to the Hanlin College. Some people suspect her of having been instrumental in causing the death of the Emperor -Hien Fêng, as also of his and +Hien Fêng, as also of his and her son Tung Chih. She is more than suspected of having caused the death of her sister, the mother of the -Emperor Kwang-shü. The two ladies had a violent +Emperor Kwang-shü. The two ladies had a violent altercation about the upbringing of the child, and two days after his mother died—of pent-up anger in the heart, it was announced. The beautiful Aleute, widow @@ -15626,24 +15587,24 @@ have killed herself.</p> <div class="figleft"><a name="i_0533" id="i_0533"></a> <img src="images/i_0533.jpg" width="221" height="358" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">EMPEROR KWANG-SHÜ, 1875.<br /> +<p class="caption">EMPEROR KWANG-SHÃœ, 1875.<br /> <i>Lent by Society for Diffusion of Christian and General Knowledge in China.</i></p> </div> -<p>It is of course well known that Kwang-shü was not +<p>It is of course well known that Kwang-shü was not the natural successor to Tung Chih. He was simply chosen as Emperor by his ambitious aunt because he was the very youngest person who had any claim, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_517" id="Page_517">517</a></span> she thus secured to herself a longer lease of power. Her sister was notoriously averse to it, and the little -Kwang-shü was stolen by the Empress Tze Hsi from +Kwang-shü was stolen by the Empress Tze Hsi from his cradle to bear the burden of an honour unto which he was not born. The child is reported to have cried. He was then four years old. His father was the -poetical Prince Ch`ün, who made one great tour, and +poetical Prince Ch`ün, who made one great tour, and wrote a collection of poems on the novel objects he saw during his travels. An Englishman, who knew him, describes him as rather jovial than otherwise, but his @@ -15678,9 +15639,9 @@ anger.</p> <p>The quarrel between the Empress and her sister was about the method of education of the youthful -Kwang-shü. The former is openly accused of having +Kwang-shü. The former is openly accused of having taught him to play cards and drink wine. And the -marvel is, not that Kwang-shü is a young man of weak +marvel is, not that Kwang-shü is a young man of weak physique, and lacking in the characteristics of a Cromwell or a Bismarck, but that he is, in spite of all, a young man with aspirations and a real wish for his country's @@ -15710,7 +15671,7 @@ piercing eye. But a lady, who had been some years in the Palace embroidering, seemed surprised at hearing this, and implied that she had never noticed it.</p> -<p>I have heard many descriptions of the young Kwang-shü. +<p>I have heard many descriptions of the young Kwang-shü. They all agree on one point—that he looks sorrowful. "Very sorrowful?" I asked the other day of an Englishman, who had seen him just before his @@ -15756,7 +15717,7 @@ enough, to the deprivation of nearly all the pleasures of his age and to the strict life which the hard and complicated duties of his high position force him to lead. As he sat cross-legged, the table in front hid the -lower part of his person. In addressing Prince Ch´ün, +lower part of his person. In addressing Prince Ch´ün, he spoke in Manchu rather low and rapidly, being perhaps a little nervous."</p> @@ -15952,7 +15913,7 @@ to make digital examination of the uniforms and decorations of the Ministers. After a lapse of an hour the party were conducted into three tents erected at the foot of the steps of the Tze-kuang-ko, where, -divided into three groups—Ministers, attachés, and +divided into three groups—Ministers, attachés, and interpreters—they remained half an hour. Then the Emperor arrived, and M. Von Brandt was the first to enter the presence, where he remained exactly five @@ -16144,7 +16105,7 @@ FEDERATION.</i></h2> <p> Everybody Guaranteed by Somebody Else.—Buying back Office.—Family Responsibilities.—Guilds.—All -Employés Partners.—Antiquity of Chinese Reforms.—To +Employés Partners.—Antiquity of Chinese Reforms.—To each Province so many Posts.—Laotze's Protest against Unnecessary Laws.—Experiment in Socialism.—College of Censors.—Tribunal of @@ -16220,12 +16181,12 @@ did before—dining out and giving dinner parties, and even balls—Tsai is known to have paid so much to obtain the post as would represent all he could hope to get in every way during two years of office: about -£20,000. He was dismissed from his post November, +£20,000. He was dismissed from his post November, 1898; but possibly may be able to bribe heavily enough to get it back. Li Hung-chang and his two particular dependants of former days, the late Viceroy of Szechuan, degraded because of the anti-foreign riots -there, and Shêng, Chief of Telegraphs and Railways, +there, and Shêng, Chief of Telegraphs and Railways, etc., etc., have all done this again and again. When English people were laughing over Li's yellow jacket and peacock feather being taken from him, certain @@ -16233,7 +16194,7 @@ eunuchs of the Palace were growing rich over the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_535" id="Page_535">535</a></span> process of getting them back again. The eunuch in the closest confidence of the Empress is always said -to charge about £1,000 for an interview, and till lately +to charge about £1,000 for an interview, and till lately none could be obtained but through him. When a man has enormous wealth, and is degraded, every one naturally feels it is a pity nothing should be got @@ -16487,7 +16448,7 @@ above all things to practise <i>wu-wei</i>, or inaction."</p> <p>The Chinese, it seems, experimented in socialism eight centuries ago. The Emperor Chin-tsung II., at a very early age, and led thereto by Wu-gan-chi, the -compiler of a vast encyclopædia, conceived the idea +compiler of a vast encyclopædia, conceived the idea that "the State should take the entire management of commerce, industry, and agriculture into its own hands, with the view of succouring the working classes and @@ -16792,7 +16753,7 @@ Company then became the leader, and the prospectus of the school was published in the <i>North China Herald</i>, with the names of the two Chinese lady doctors as its managers. On which they wrote the following letter to -the editor, which, as I afterwards ascertained, was <i>bonâ +the editor, which, as I afterwards ascertained, was <i>bonâ fide</i> written by themselves, not at foreign instigation. They even refused to accept any corrections, saying if they wrote it at all it must be their own letter. It is @@ -16941,7 +16902,7 @@ making open screens rather than walls, through which the wind can blow freely, yet at the same time giving a feeling of privacy; as also writhing dragons and birds and beasts. It is quite Chinese, and very pretty -and æsthetic. But the windows are foreign, and there +and æsthetic. But the windows are foreign, and there is no house in the European settlement more airy, nor perhaps so clean.</p> @@ -17049,7 +17010,7 @@ in a European manager, to save them from the Empress Tze Hsi's grasping fingers.</p> <div class="figcenter"><a name="i_0580" id="i_0580"></a> <img src="images/i_0580.jpg" width="438" height="538" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">WÊN TING-SHIH, THE REFORMER, LATE TUTOR TO THE +<p class="caption">WÊN TING-SHIH, THE REFORMER, LATE TUTOR TO THE LADIES OF THE IMPERIAL HOUSEHOLD.<br /> <i>Lent by Rev. Gilbert Reid.</i></p> </div> @@ -17057,7 +17018,7 @@ LADIES OF THE IMPERIAL HOUSEHOLD.<br /> <p>But a few days after the ladies' dinner—a very merry <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_563" id="Page_563">563</a></span> one—we were invited by three Chinese gentlemen to -meet the Mr. Wên before mentioned as late tutor to +meet the Mr. Wên before mentioned as late tutor to the ladies of the Imperial Household. There were only four other Europeans, and a little party of Chinese men, all members of the Reform party. It is perhaps as well @@ -17087,9 +17048,9 @@ so impassive, gives way, it makes the more impression.</p> <p>But then happened the astonishing, as always occurs in China; and when next heard of, the Emperor of -China himself, the youthful Kwang-shü, was at the +China himself, the youthful Kwang-shü, was at the head of the Progress party. All that has been told -of Kwang-shü has always been very interesting and +of Kwang-shü has always been very interesting and pleasing. Chinese people all speak well of him, and say he wishes for his country's good. But then they shrug their shoulders, for they have always maintained @@ -17167,8 +17128,8 @@ enjoyed liberty of any kind, the character of a Bismarck or a Napoleon. That his advisers were equally unaware of the dangers awaiting him is shown by their having taken no precautions even to save themselves. -It was indeed Kwang-shü who advised Kang to fly -from Peking, not Kang who advised Kwang-shü to be +It was indeed Kwang-shü who advised Kang to fly +from Peking, not Kang who advised Kwang-shü to be careful. And that the plot that dethroned the young Emperor was kept carefully secret is also shown by the British Minister, a man of experience, and who @@ -17253,11 +17214,11 @@ Court, any longer the capacity for government. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_570" id="Page_570">570</a></span></p> <h2>CHAPTER V.<br /> -<i>THE COUP D'ÉTAT.</i></h2> +<i>THE COUP D'ÉTAT.</i></h2> <div class="blockquot"> <p> -Kang Yü-wei.—<i>China Mail's</i> Interview.—Beheading +Kang Yü-wei.—<i>China Mail's</i> Interview.—Beheading of Reformers.—Relatives sentenced to Death.—Kang's Indictment of Empress.—Empress's Reprisals.—Emperor's Attempt at Escape.—Cantonese @@ -17270,7 +17231,7 @@ Salisbury's Policy in China. <p>In considering the recent bolt from the blue, as it seemed to the outside world, at Peking, it is necessary to say a few words more about the Reform -leaders. Kang Yü-wei, commonly called the Modern +leaders. Kang Yü-wei, commonly called the Modern Sage, is a Cantonese. He has brought out a new edition of the ancient Classics, which he contends have been so glossed over by numbers of commentators as @@ -17315,7 +17276,7 @@ at first believed to be outside the range of practical politics. For those who are interested in the present crisis in China, it is better to give the <i>China Mail's</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_572" id="Page_572">572</a></span> -interview with Kang Yü-wei, to be followed by his +interview with Kang Yü-wei, to be followed by his own open letter to the papers.</p> <p>"Before proceeding with the interview, Kang wished @@ -17332,7 +17293,7 @@ anxiety of the past fortnight had unnerved him, and he was disinclined to see any one or to discuss the events which had led up to his flight from Peking.</p> -<p>"After this preliminary statement, Kang Yü-wei +<p>"After this preliminary statement, Kang Yü-wei proceeded with his story.</p> <p>"'You all know,' he said, 'that the Empress-Dowager @@ -17341,7 +17302,7 @@ that she has been very reluctant to give the Emperor any real power in managing the affairs of the empire. In the year 1887 it was decided to set aside thirty million taels for the creation of a navy. After the -battleships <i>Tingyuen</i>, <i>Weiyuen</i>, <i>Chihyuen</i>, <i>Chênyuen</i>, +battleships <i>Tingyuen</i>, <i>Weiyuen</i>, <i>Chihyuen</i>, <i>Chênyuen</i>, and <i>Kingyuen</i> had been ordered, and after providing for their payment, the Empress-Dowager appropriated the balance of the money for the repair of the Eho @@ -17373,7 +17334,7 @@ repose most confidence in Prince Kung and Jung Lu. As a rule, however, she retains absolute control in her own hands. There is a sham eunuch in the Palace, who has practically more power than any of the -Ministers. Li Luen-yên is the sham eunuch's name. +Ministers. Li Luen-yên is the sham eunuch's name. He is a native of Chihli. Nothing could be done without first bribing him. All the Viceroys have got their official positions through bribing this man, who @@ -17410,7 +17371,7 @@ Chang Lin and Wang Ming-luan, sent a memorial to the Emperor advising him to take the power into his own hands, stating that the Empress-Dowager was only the concubine of his uncle, the -Emperor Hien Fêng; therefore according to Chinese +Emperor Hien Fêng; therefore according to Chinese law she could not be recognised as the proper <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_575" id="Page_575">575</a></span> Empress-Dowager. The result of this memorial was @@ -17444,12 +17405,12 @@ officials.'</p> Emperor?'</p> <p>"'I was recommended to the Emperor by Kao -Hsi-tsêng, one of the Censors, a native of Hupeh. -Then Wêng Tung-ho, the Emperor's tutor, who is +Hsi-tsêng, one of the Censors, a native of Hupeh. +Then Wêng Tung-ho, the Emperor's tutor, who is supposed to be one of the most conservative officials <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_576" id="Page_576">576</a></span> in China, but is not actually so, devoted some attention -to me, and Li Tuan-fên, President of the Board of +to me, and Li Tuan-fên, President of the Board of Rites. These officials wished to introduce me to the Emperor, to give me some responsible office, and to put me beside the Emperor as his adviser. The @@ -17487,13 +17448,13 @@ the Emperor has been pushing on the other reforms before preparing the way for them. That has contributed to bring about the present crisis.</p> -<p>"'The following morning Prince Kung and Wêng +<p>"'The following morning Prince Kung and Wêng Tung-ho reported the conference to the Emperor. Prince Kung was against me, although I have heard it said that he admired my abilities, and thought me clever and able. But he said of me: "He is talking nonsense; he speaks about changing the ways of our -ancestors!" Wêng Tung-ho gave my proposals his +ancestors!" Wêng Tung-ho gave my proposals his support.</p> <p>"'The outcome of the conference was that I was @@ -17589,7 +17550,7 @@ and other necessary reforms effected.</p> and said that he had never seen a better memorial nor such a good system as I proposed. He recommended the memorial to the consideration of the Tsung-li Yamen -for report. Prince Kung, Jung Lu, and Hsü Ying-kuei +for report. Prince Kung, Jung Lu, and Hsü Ying-kuei were against it; but the Emperor pressed for a reply, which was never given in detail. All the Ministers would report was that the memorial was so sweeping, @@ -17609,7 +17570,7 @@ proposals for reform.</p> <p>"'To this memorial the Emperor replied with an Edict. On June 16th I was granted an audience with the Emperor. It lasted for two hours. I was received -at 5 a.m. in the Jênshow Throne-hall. Port Arthur and +at 5 a.m. in the Jênshow Throne-hall. Port Arthur and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_581" id="Page_581">581</a></span> Talienwan had just been taken over by Russia, and the Emperor wore an anxious, careworn expression. The @@ -17835,7 +17796,7 @@ of the Empress-Dowager, and she then determined that Jung Lu should take the first step. That was on or about September 14th or 15th. On September 17th an open Edict was issued by the Emperor, asking why -Kang Yü-wei was still in Peking and did not proceed +Kang Yü-wei was still in Peking and did not proceed to Shanghai at once to attend to the establishment of the official organ. 'That was a hint to me to go away. An Edict of this sort is generally issued to a Viceroy @@ -18032,7 +17993,7 @@ streets. It is related also that all were given decent burial with the exception of Kang's own young brother, whose body no man dared touch.</p> -<p>Kang Yü-wei's ancestral home is in the small village +<p>Kang Yü-wei's ancestral home is in the small village of Fangchun, right opposite the walls of Canton City, and separated from it by the Pearl River. Late on <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_594" id="Page_594">594</a></span> @@ -18051,7 +18012,7 @@ of more important prisoners.</p> <p>Kang's uncle, who kept a large grain shop in Canton, had a narrow escape from arrest, the warning to get away arriving only a few minutes before the -police made their appearance, while his employés also +police made their appearance, while his employés also got away in the nick of time. The premises were then sealed up, as also was the ancestral hall of the Kang clan in their native village of Fangchun. A @@ -18064,13 +18025,13 @@ there they received warning and escaped before the <p>Mr. Liang, the editor of <i>Chinese Progress</i>, was warned by Kang in time to fly himself, but four of his relatives had been captured. It was under the -agitation of all these events that Kang Yü-wei wrote +agitation of all these events that Kang Yü-wei wrote the following letter, which only one Chinese newspaper had the courage to publish. Perhaps, considering what has followed, it is kinder to suppress its name. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_595" id="Page_595">595</a></span></p> -<p class="center p2">AN OPEN LETTER FROM KANG YÜ-WEI.</p> +<p class="center p2">AN OPEN LETTER FROM KANG YÃœ-WEI.</p> <p class="i2"> "<span class="smcap">Respected Seniors</span>,—</p> @@ -18080,7 +18041,7 @@ Heaven on the fatal 5th day of the 8th moon (20th September), bringing such unexpected and fearful changes over the empire by the usurpation of the Imperial power by the antitype of those vile and -licentious ancient Empresses Lü and Wu, followed by +licentious ancient Empresses Lü and Wu, followed by the deposition and imprisonment of our true Sovereign, causing thereby heaven and earth to change places and obliterating the lights of the sun and moon from his @@ -18117,20 +18078,20 @@ to triumph long.</p> <p>"This Usurper, when she came into power in former years, poisoned the Eastern Empress-Consort of Hien -Fêng; she murdered with poisoned wine the Empress +Fêng; she murdered with poisoned wine the Empress of Tung Chih; and by her acts made the late Emperor -Hien Fêng die of spleen and indignation. And now +Hien Fêng die of spleen and indignation. And now she has dared to depose and imprison our true Sovereign. Her crime is great and extreme in its wickedness. There has never been a worse deed. Although the writer, your humble servant, and Lin, Yang, Tan, and Liu [four of the six martyrs] all received his Majesty's commands in his last extremity, we, alas! -have not the power and strength of Hsü Chin-yi [who +have not the power and strength of Hsü Chin-yi [who restored the Emperor Tsung-chung to the throne after -deposing the Empress Wu Tsêh-tien of the T`ang -Dynasty], but can only emulate the example of Shên -Pao-sü in weeping. [This was a minister of Ts`u +deposing the Empress Wu Tsêh-tien of the T`ang +Dynasty], but can only emulate the example of Shên +Pao-sü in weeping. [This was a minister of Ts`u (Hunan), who over two thousand years ago went weeping to beseech the powerful King of Chin (Shensi) to avenge the deposition of his master the King of Ts`u, @@ -18148,10 +18109,10 @@ in recognising the mother who bore him as his own mother, and not an Imperial concubine as his mother. The False One in relation to the Emperor Tung Chih was the latter's mother; but as regards his Majesty -Kwang-shü, our Sovereign, she is but a former -Emperor's concubine-relict [Hien Fêng's]. According +Kwang-shü, our Sovereign, she is but a former +Emperor's concubine-relict [Hien Fêng's]. According to the tenets of the <i>Spring and Autumn Records</i> (written -by Confucius), although Queen Wên Chiang was the +by Confucius), although Queen Wên Chiang was the mother of King Chuang of Lu, yet that did not save her from being imprisoned by her own son on account of her licentious conduct; much more in the @@ -18166,7 +18127,7 @@ some hero must surely arise to avenge our Sovereign. With my humble compliments,</p> <p class="left65"> -"(Signed) <span class="smcap">Kang Yü-wei</span>."</p> +"(Signed) <span class="smcap">Kang Yü-wei</span>."</p> <div class="figcenter"><a name="i_0614" id="i_0614"></a> <img src="images/i_0614.jpg" width="450" height="550" alt="" /> @@ -18180,7 +18141,7 @@ for twenty-three years nominal Emperor of China, but now, at the first attempt to take the power into his own hands, summarily deposed. It is believed that it was his attempt to summon soldiery to his aid -that led to the Empress's <i>coup d'état</i>. Some say the +that led to the Empress's <i>coup d'état</i>. Some say the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_599" id="Page_599">599</a></span> Reform party were advising that the Empress-Dowager should be asked to retire to a palace in the country.</p> @@ -18188,16 +18149,16 @@ should be asked to retire to a palace in the country.</p> <p>"The following is the list of the proposed 'Council of Ten' who were to have assembled daily in the Maoching Throne-hall to advise the Emperor on reform -measures, as given by the <i>Sinwênpao</i>:</p> +measures, as given by the <i>Sinwênpao</i>:</p> -<p>"1. Li Tuan-fên (President of the Board of Rites +<p>"1. Li Tuan-fên (President of the Board of Rites to be President of the Council).</p> -<p>"2. Hsü Chih-ching (Senior Reader of the Hanlin +<p>"2. Hsü Chih-ching (Senior Reader of the Hanlin Academy, and at the time of his disgrace acting Vice-President of the Board of Rites).</p> -<p>"3. Kang Yü-wei (Junior Secretary of the Board of +<p>"3. Kang Yü-wei (Junior Secretary of the Board of Works and a Secretary of the Tsung-li Yamen).</p> <p>"4. Yang Shen-hsiu (Censor of the Kiangnan @@ -18205,24 +18166,24 @@ Circuit).</p> <p>"5. Sung Peh-lu (Censor of the Shantung Circuit).</p> -<p>"6. Hsü Jên-chu (Literary Chancellor of Hunan).</p> +<p>"6. Hsü Jên-chu (Literary Chancellor of Hunan).</p> <p>"7. Chang Yuan-chi (Hanlin Compiler).</p> <p>"8. Liang Chi-chao (M.A., ex-editor of <i>Chinese Progress</i>).</p> -<p>"9. Kang Kuang-jên (M.A., and younger brother of -Kang Yü-wei).</p> +<p>"9. Kang Kuang-jên (M.A., and younger brother of +Kang Yü-wei).</p> -<p>"10. Hsü Jên-ching (Hanlin Bachelor, son of Hsü -Chih-ching and brother of Hsü Jên-chu).</p> +<p>"10. Hsü Jên-ching (Hanlin Bachelor, son of Hsü +Chih-ching and brother of Hsü Jên-chu).</p> <p>"With reference to the punishments meted out to -the above-noted ten: (1) Li Tuan-fên was cashiered -and banished to Kashgaria for ever; (2) Hsü Chih-ching, +the above-noted ten: (1) Li Tuan-fên was cashiered +and banished to Kashgaria for ever; (2) Hsü Chih-ching, imprisoned in the dungeons of the Board of -Punishments for life; (3) Kang Yü-wei, proscribed +Punishments for life; (3) Kang Yü-wei, proscribed and ordered to be sliced to pieces at moment of capture; <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_600" id="Page_600">600</a></span> his family to suffer death, together with his uncles, @@ -18231,20 +18192,20 @@ razed; (4) Vang Shen-hsiu, one of the Martyred Six; (5) Sung Peh-lu, disappeared the day he was cashiered and dismissed for ever—September 23rd—but is reported to have been captured afterwards while travelling -overland for the South; (6) Hsü Jên-chu, cashiered +overland for the South; (6) Hsü Jên-chu, cashiered and dismissed for ever; (7) Chang Yuan-chi, a man of great wealth, also cashiered and dismissed for ever; (8) Liang Chi-chao, proscribed and now a refugee in -Japan; (9) Kang Kuang-jên, one of the Martyred -Six; and (10) Hsü Jên-ching, also cashiered and dismissed -for ever. As for Li and Hsü, the first and +Japan; (9) Kang Kuang-jên, one of the Martyred +Six; and (10) Hsü Jên-ching, also cashiered and dismissed +for ever. As for Li and Hsü, the first and second of the list given above, their place would also have been by the side of the Martyred Six on the fatal evening of the 28th ultimo, had they not been aged men, high in rank.</p> <p>"It is reported from reliable sources at Peking -that on the day of the Empress-Dowager's <i>coup d'état</i> +that on the day of the Empress-Dowager's <i>coup d'état</i> (September 22nd) no less than fourteen eunuchs who were the Emperor's own personal attendants, and on whose devotion he was in the habit of relying, were @@ -18256,7 +18217,7 @@ grounds, where refractory and rebellious eunuchs are always attended to, unknown to the outside world."</p> <p>It is not surprising that, according to the Peking -correspondent of the <i>Sinwênpao</i>, in October, 1898, a +correspondent of the <i>Sinwênpao</i>, in October, 1898, a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_601" id="Page_601">601</a></span> great fear of some impending disaster seemed to have fallen over the capital, and numbers of houses had the @@ -18278,14 +18239,14 @@ loyalty to the Manchu Dynasty.</p> <p>And yet, in spite of all this, people are surprised that the young man of twenty-seven, without funds, without an army, did not assert himself more. The -silence of Kwang-shü is perhaps the noblest action of +silence of Kwang-shü is perhaps the noblest action of a much-enduring life.</p> <p>There was a pathetic story current in Peking that he contrived once to escape from his prison in the island at the Southern Lakes, Eho Park, where he had been confined by the Empress-Dowager since the -<i>coup d'état</i>; but that when he got to the Park gates, +<i>coup d'état</i>; but that when he got to the Park gates, the Imperial guards, all creatures of the Empress-Dowager, shut the great gates in his face. A crowd of eunuchs, who dared not offer his person any violence @@ -18317,7 +18278,7 @@ to Japan, where other Chinese reformers had preceded him, under Japanese protection. The <i>North China Herald</i> of October 3rd, 1898, publishes the following tribute of gratitude from the fellow-provincials -of Kang Yü-wei to the Consuls, Admiral, and +of Kang Yü-wei to the Consuls, Admiral, and people of the "Great Empire of Great Britain," for saving Kang from the clutches of the opponents of reform, purporting to represent the sentiments of @@ -18447,7 +18408,7 @@ throughout the land.</p> <p>"A joint memorial from the scholars—<i>literati</i>—of China.</p> -<p class="i2"><span class="s08">"24th Year of H.M. Kwang-shü,</span><br /> +<p class="i2"><span class="s08">"24th Year of H.M. Kwang-shü,</span><br /> <span class="s08 i2">"9th moon, 17th day.</span><br /> <span class="s08">"(October 31st, 1898)."</span></p> @@ -18457,7 +18418,7 @@ China.</p> </div> <p class="p2">An attempt has been made to show that the Reform -party, with the young Emperor Kwang-shü at their +party, with the young Emperor Kwang-shü at their head, brought on themselves all that has happened by urging foolish reforms, and moving too fast. A slight summary of the Emperor's decrees will show that all @@ -18465,10 +18426,10 @@ he had done was for China's good.</p> <p><i>June 13th, 1898.</i>—The Emperor issued a decree commanding the establishment of a University at Peking, -and also ordered Kang Yü-wei to appear at a special +and also ordered Kang Yü-wei to appear at a special audience.</p> -<p><i>June 15th.</i>—He dismissed his tutor, Wêng Tung-ho, +<p><i>June 15th.</i>—He dismissed his tutor, Wêng Tung-ho, and announced his intention of sending some of the Imperial Clansmen and Princes to travel abroad and learn.</p> @@ -18505,7 +18466,7 @@ inventors and authors.</p> <p><i>July 14th.</i>—Officials were ordered to do all in their power to encourage trade and assist merchants.</p> -<p><i>July 29th.</i>—On the recommendation of Li Tuan-fên, +<p><i>July 29th.</i>—On the recommendation of Li Tuan-fên, since banished to Kashgaria by the Empress Tze Hsi, the establishment of educational boards was ordered in every city throughout the empire.</p> @@ -18628,19 +18589,19 @@ much liked by foreigners at Tientsin. He is reported, however, not to have slept for two nights <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_613" id="Page_613">613</a></span> with anxiety as to what the British fleet was doing at -Pehtaiho just before the <i>coup d'état</i>; and if that is the +Pehtaiho just before the <i>coup d'état</i>; and if that is the case, he is not a man of that iron stuff that his mistress will long be able to lean upon. The real power behind the Throne, according to Kang, is a sham eunuch, -Li Luen-yên, the man whom every one who wants +Li Luen-yên, the man whom every one who wants an audience has for years past had to bribe heavily. Li Hung-chang, the Empress's firm adherent during all her long tenure of power, is beginning to be known -in England. Of Shêng, once his creature, but who +in England. Of Shêng, once his creature, but who managed during Li's absence in Europe to attain such lucrative posts as to look down upon his former patron, the following story is told. His health never being -very good, Shêng had been accustomed to get leave +very good, Shêng had been accustomed to get leave of absence from Tientsin in winter, and go to enjoy himself in his native city of Soochow, the Paris of China, and with also a much softer climate. During @@ -18652,7 +18613,7 @@ This was done, and they were reopened by him as gambling-houses, where every man of business in Tientsin must lose his money if he hoped to put through a job or a contract under the corrupt administration -of Shêng. It may be remembered the British +of Shêng. It may be remembered the British Government demanded the latter's head a few years ago; but, as in the case of Chou Han, who disseminated the vile anti-Christian publications from Hunan, their demands @@ -18748,7 +18709,7 @@ of the book have been printed, of which number but a few remain.</p> <span class="smcap">By</span> MRS. ARCHIBALD LITTLE.</p> <p class="center"> -Printed in Japan on Japanese crêpe. Illustrated in colour. Third +Printed in Japan on Japanese crêpe. Illustrated in colour. Third Edition. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> <p class="center">GAY & BIRD, 22, Bedford Street, Strand, London, W.C.</p> @@ -18764,7 +18725,7 @@ Third Edition, Illustrated. 8vo, 6<i>s.</i></p> <p class="center"> Translated from the Original Chinese by <span class="smcap">Archibald J. Little</span>, F.R.G.S. -Printed in Japan on Japanese crêpe paper. Richly illustrated in colour +Printed in Japan on Japanese crêpe paper. Richly illustrated in colour Second Edition. 5<i>s.</i></p> <hr class="l15" /> <p class="center"> @@ -18787,382 +18748,6 @@ the death of Mr. — took place in that month.</p> Editor.</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Intimate China, by Mrs. Archibald Little - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTIMATE CHINA *** - -***** This file should be named 43456-h.htm or 43456-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/4/5/43456/ - -Produced by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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