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+Project Gutenberg's The Master of Game, by Second Duke of York, Edward
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Master of Game
+       The Oldest English Book on Hunting
+
+Author: Second Duke of York, Edward
+
+Contributor: Theodore Roosevelt
+
+Editor: William A. Baillie-Grohman
+        F. Baillie-Grohman
+
+Release Date: August 12, 2013 [EBook #43452]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MASTER OF GAME ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Martin Mayer and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcribers' notes:
+
+Spelling, hyphenation, punctuation, capitalization, and accentuation
+vary throughout the text. They are retained as published; we have not
+standardized them.
+
+The oe ligature is rendered: [oe].
+
+Letters with a macron are preceded by an equals sign, both inside of
+square brackets, e.g. [=a].
+
+Italics are rendered between underscores, e.g. _italics_.
+
+Underlined text is rendered between equal signs, e.g. =underlined
+text=.
+
+Smallcap text is rendered in all caps, e.g. SMALLCAP TEXT.
+
+Superscripts are preceded by the carat character, e.g. ov^r.
+
+Horn notes are rendered:
+    [**white] denoting a long note, [**black] a short note,
+    [**white][**white] a note of two long syllables, etc.]
+
+
+
+
+THE MASTER OF GAME
+
+[Illustration: Fox hunting "above ground" with raches or running
+hounds. (From MS. f. fr. 616 in the Bibliothéque Nationale, Paris.)]
+
+ THE MASTER OF GAME
+ BY EDWARD, SECOND DUKE OF
+ YORK: THE OLDEST ENGLISH
+ BOOK ON HUNTING: EDITED BY
+ WM. A. AND F. BAILLIE-GROHMAN
+ WITH A FOREWORD BY THEODORE
+ ROOSEVELT
+
+[Illustration]
+
+LONDON
+CHATTO & WINDUS
+MCMIX
+
+
+_All rights reserved_
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+
+
+    CHAP. PAGE
+
+    INTRODUCTION xi
+
+    FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION xix
+
+    I. THE PROLOGUE 1
+
+    II. OF THE HARE AND OF HER NATURE 14
+
+    III. OF THE HART AND HIS NATURE 23
+
+    IV. OF THE BUCK AND OF HIS NATURE 38
+
+    V. OF THE ROE AND OF HIS NATURE 41
+
+    VI. OF THE WILD BOAR AND OF HIS NATURE 46
+
+    VII. OF THE WOLF AND OF HIS NATURE 54
+
+    VIII. OF THE FOX AND OF HIS NATURE 64
+
+    IX. OF THE GREY (BADGER) AND OF HIS NATURE 68
+
+    X. OF THE (WILD) CAT AND ITS NATURE 70
+
+    XI. THE OTTER AND HIS NATURE 72
+
+    XII. OF THE MANNER AND HABITS AND CONDITIONS OF HOUNDS 75
+
+    XIII. OF SICKNESSES OF HOUNDS AND OF THEIR CORRUPTIONS 85
+
+    XIV. OF RUNNING HOUNDS AND OF THEIR NATURE 105
+
+    XV. OF GREYHOUNDS AND OF THEIR NATURE 113
+
+    XVI. OF ALAUNTES AND OF THEIR NATURE 116
+
+    XVII. OF SPANIELS AND OF THEIR NATURE 119
+
+    XVIII. OF THE MASTIFF AND OF HIS NATURE 122
+
+    XIX. WHAT MANNER AND CONDITION A GOOD HUNTER SHOULD HAVE 123
+
+    XX. HOW THE KENNEL FOR THE HOUNDS AND THE COUPLES FOR THE RACHES AND
+    THE ROPES FOR THE LYMER SHOULD BE MADE 125
+
+    XXI. HOW THE HOUNDS SHOULD BE LED OUT TO SCOMBRE 127
+
+    XXII. HOW A HUNTER'S HORN SHOULD BE DRIVEN 128
+
+    XXIII. HOW A MAN SHOULD LEAD HIS GROOM IN QUEST FOR TO KNOW A HART BY
+    HIS TRACE 130
+
+    XXIV. HOW A MAN SHOULD KNOW A GREAT HART BY THE FUMES 133
+
+    XXV. HOW A MAN SHOULD KNOW A GREAT HART BY THE PLACE WHERE HE HATH
+    FRAYED HIS HEAD 135
+
+    XXVI. HOW THE ORDINANCE SHOULD BE MADE FOR THE HART HUNTING BY
+    STRENGTH AND HOW THE HART SHOULD BE HARBOURED 148
+
+    XXVII. HOW A HUNTER SHOULD GO IN QUEST BY THE SIGHT 152
+
+    XXVIII. HOW AN HUNTER SHOULD GO IN QUEST BETWEEN THE PLAINS AND THE
+    WOOD 154
+
+    XXIX. HOW A HUNTER SHOULD GO IN QUEST IN THE COPPICE AND THE YOUNG
+    WOOD 155
+
+    XXX. HOW AN HUNTER SHOULD GO IN QUEST IN GREAT COVERTS AND STRENGTHS
+    156
+
+    XXXI. HOW A HUNTER SHOULD QUEST IN CLEAR SPIRES AND HIGH WOOD 157
+
+    XXXII. HOW A GOOD HUNTER SHALL GO IN QUEST TO HEAR THE HARTS BELLOW
+    161
+
+    XXXIII. HOW THE ASSEMBLY THAT MEN CALL GATHERING SHOULD BE MADE BOTH
+    WINTER AND SUMMER AFTER THE GUISE OF BEYOND THE SEA 163
+
+    XXXIV. HOW THE HART SHOULD BE MOVED WITH THE LYMER AND RUN TO AND
+    SLAIN WITH STRENGTH 165
+
+    XXXV. HOW AN HUNTER SHOULD SEEK AND FIND THE HARE WITH RUNNING HOUNDS
+    AND SLAY HER WITH STRENGTH 181
+
+    XXXVI. OF THE ORDINANCE AND THE MANNER OF HUNTING WHEN THE KING WILL
+    HUNT IN FORESTS OR IN PARKS FOR THE HART WITH BOWS AND GREYHOUNDS AND
+    STABLE 188
+
+    APPENDIX 201
+
+    LIST OF SOME BOOKS CONSULTED AND ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TEXT 268
+
+    GLOSSARY 282
+
+    INDEX 299
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+    FOX HUNTING "ABOVE GROUND"                          _Frontispiece_
+
+    GASTON PH[OE]BUS SURROUNDED BY HUNTSMEN AND HOUNDS _To face page_  1
+
+    THE HARE AND HER LEVERETS                                 "       14
+
+    HOW TO QUEST FOR THE HART IN WOODS                        "       22
+
+    BUCK-HUNTING WITH RUNNING HOUNDS                          "       38
+
+    ROEBUCK-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RUNNING HOUNDS        "       44
+
+    BADGER-DRAWING                                            "       68
+
+    OTTER-HUNTING                                             "       72
+
+    HOW THE HOUNDS WERE LED OUT                               "       86
+
+    RACHES OR RUNNING HOUNDS IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY         "      106
+
+    THE SMOOTH AND THE ROUGH-COATED GREYHOUNDS                "      114
+
+    THE FIVE BREEDS OF HOUNDS DESCRIBED IN THE TEXT           "      122
+
+     THE KENNEL AND KENNELMEN                                 "      126
+
+    THE MASTER TEACHING HIS HUNTSMAN HOW TO QUEST FOR
+    THE HART WITH THE LIMER OR TRACKHOUND             _To face page_ 130
+
+    HOW A GREAT HART IS TO BE KNOWN BY HIS "FUMES"
+    (EXCREMENTS)                                              "      134
+
+    HOW THE HUNTER SHOULD VIEW THE HART                       "      152
+
+    HOW TO QUEST FOR THE HART IN COVERTS                      "      164
+
+    HARE-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RUNNING HOUNDS           "      182
+
+    HARE-DRIVING WITH LOW BELLS                               "      184
+
+    NETTING HARES IN THEIR "MUSES"                            "      186
+
+    THE "UNDOING" OR GRALLOCHING OF THE HART: THE
+    MASTER INSTRUCTING HIS HUNTERS HOW IT IS DONE             "      192
+
+    HART-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RACHES                   "      196
+
+    THE "CURÉE" OR REWARDING OF THE HOUNDS"                   "      198
+
+    SHOOTING HARES WITH BLUNT BOLTS                           "      220
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+The "Master of Game" is the oldest as well as the most important work
+on the chase in the English language that has come down to us from the
+Middle Ages.
+
+Written between the years 1406 and 1413 by Edward III.'s grandson
+Edward, second Duke of York, our author will be known to every reader
+of Shakespeare's "Richard II.," for he is no other than the arch
+traitor Duke of Aumarle, previously Earl of Rutland, who, according to
+some historians, after having been an accomplice in the murder of his
+uncle Gloucester, carried in his own hand on a pole the head of his
+brother-in-law. The student of history, on the other hand, cannot
+forget that this turbulent Plantagenet was the gallant leader of
+England's vanguard at Agincourt, where he was one of the great nobles
+who purchased with their lives what was probably the most glorious
+victory ever vouchsafed to English arms.
+
+He tells us in his Prologue, in which he dedicates his "litel symple
+book" to Henry, eldest son of his cousin Henry IV., "Kyng of Jngelond
+and of Fraunce," that he is the Master of Game at the latter's court.
+
+Let it at once be said that the greater part of the book before us is
+not the original work of Edward of York, but a careful and almost
+literal translation from what is indisputably the most famous hunting
+book of all times, _i.e._ Count Gaston de Foix's _Livre de Chasse_,
+or, as author and book are often called, _Gaston Ph[oe]bus_, so named
+because the author, who was a kinsman of the Plantagenets, and who
+reigned over two principalities in southern France and northern Spain,
+was renowned for his manly beauty and golden hair. It is he of whom
+Froissart has to tell us so much that is quaint and interesting in his
+inimitable chronicle. _La Chasse_, as Gaston de Foix tells us in his
+preface, was commenced on May 1, 1387, and as he came to his end on a
+bear hunt not much more than four years later, it is very likely that
+his youthful Plantagenet kinsman, our author, often met him during his
+prolonged residence in Aquitaine, of which, later on, he became the
+Governor.
+
+Fortunately for us, the enforced leisure which the Duke of York
+enjoyed while imprisoned in Pevensey Castle for his traitorous
+connection with the plots of his sister to assassinate the King and to
+carry off their two young kinsmen, the Mortimers, the elder of whom
+was the heir presumptive to the throne, was of sufficient length to
+permit him not only to translate _La Chasse_ but to add five original
+chapters dealing with English hunting.
+
+These chapters, as well as the numerous interpolations made by the
+translator, are all of the first importance to the student of venery,
+for they emphasise the changes--as yet but very trifling ones--that
+had been introduced into Britain in the three hundred and two score
+years that had intervened since the Conquest, when the French language
+and French hunting customs became established on English soil. To
+enable the reader to see at a glance which parts of the "Master of
+Game" are original, these are printed in italics.
+
+The text, of which a modern rendering is here given, is taken from the
+best of the existing nineteen MSS. of the "Master of Game," viz. the
+Cottonian MS. Vespasian B. XII., in the British Museum, dating from
+about 1420. The quaint English of Chaucer's day, with its archaic
+contractions, puzzling orthography, and long, obsolete technical terms
+in this MS. are not always as easy to read as those who only wish to
+get a general insight into the contents of the "Master of Game" might
+wish. It was a difficult question to decide to what extent this text
+should be modernised. If translated completely into twentieth century
+English a great part of the charm and interest of the original would
+be lost. For this reason many of the old terms of venery and the
+construction of sentences have been retained where possible, so that
+the general reader will be able to appreciate the "feeling" of the old
+work without being unduly puzzled. In a few cases where, through the
+omission of words, the sense was left undetermined, it has been made
+clear after carefully consulting other English MSS. and the French
+parent work.
+
+It seemed very desirable to elucidate the textual description of
+hunting by the reproduction of good contemporary illuminations, but
+unfortunately English art had not at that period reached the high
+state of perfection which French art had attained. As a matter of
+fact, only two of the nineteen English MSS. contain these pictorial
+aids, and they are of very inferior artistic merit. The French MSS. of
+_La Chasse_, on the other hand, are in several cases exquisitely
+illuminated, and MS. f. fr. 616, which is the copy from which our
+reproductions--much reduced in size, alas!--are made, is not only the
+best of them, but is one of the most precious treasures of the
+_Bibliothèque Nationale_ in Paris. These superb miniatures are
+unquestionably some of the finest handiwork of French miniaturists at
+a period when they occupied the first rank in the world of art.
+
+The editors have added a short Appendix, elucidating ancient hunting
+customs and terms of the chase. Ancient terms of venery often baffle
+every attempt of the student who is not intimately acquainted with the
+French and German literature of hunting. On one occasion I appealed in
+vain to Professor Max Müller and to the learned Editor of the Oxford
+Dictionary. "I regret to say that I know nothing about these words,"
+wrote Dr. Murray; "terms of the chase are among the most difficult of
+words, and their investigation demands a great deal of philological
+and antiquarian research." There is little doubt that but for this
+difficulty the "Master of Game" would long ago have emerged from its
+seclusion of almost five hundred years. It is hoped that our notes
+will assist the reader to enjoy this hitherto neglected classic of
+English sport. Singularly enough, as one is almost ashamed to have to
+acknowledge, foreign students, particularly Germans, have paid far
+more attention to the "Master of Game" than English students have, and
+there are few manuscripts of any importance about which English
+writers have made so many mistakes. This is all the more curious
+considering the precise information to the contrary so easily
+accessible on the shelves of the British Museum. All English writers
+with a single exception (Thomas Wright) who have dealt with our book
+have attributed it persistently to a wrong man and a wrong period.
+This has been going on for more than a century; for it was the
+learned, but by no means always accurate, Joseph Strutt who first
+thrust upon the world, in his often quoted "Sports and Pastimes of the
+English People," certain misleading blunders concerning our work and
+its author. Blaine, coming next, adding thereto, was followed little
+more than a decade later by "Cecil," author of an equally much quoted
+book, "Records of the Chase." In it, when speaking of the "Master of
+Game," he says that he has "no doubt that it is the production of
+Edmund de Langley," thus ascribing it to the father instead of to the
+son. Following "Cecil's" untrustworthy lead, Jesse, Lord Wilton, Vero
+Shaw, Dalziel, Wynn, the author of the chapter on old hunting in the
+Badminton Library volume on Hunting, and many other writers copied
+blindly these mistakes.
+
+Five years ago the present editors published in a large folio volume
+the first edition of the "Master of Game" in a limited and expensive
+form. It contained side by side with the ancient text a modernised
+version, extended biographical accounts of Edward of York and of
+Gaston de Foix (both personalities of singular historical and human
+interest), a detailed bibliography of the existing mediæval hunting
+literature up to the end of the sixteenth century, a glossary, and a
+very much longer appendix than it was possible to insert in the
+present volume, which, in order to make it conform to the series of
+which it forms part, had to be cut down to about one-sixth of the
+first edition. A similar fate had to befall the illustrations, which
+had to be reduced materially both in number and size. We would
+therefore invite the reader whose interest in the subject may possibly
+be aroused by the present pages, to glance at the perhaps
+formidable-looking pages of the first edition, with its facsimile
+photogravure reproductions of the best French and English
+illuminations to be found in fifteenth century hunting literature.
+
+In conclusion, I desire to repeat also in this place the expression of
+my thanks to the authorities of the British Museum--to Dr. G. F.
+Warner and Mr. I. H. Jeayes in particular--to the heads of the
+Bodleian Library, the _Bibliothèque Nationale_, the Mazarin and the
+Arsenal Libraries in Paris, the Duc d'Aumale's Library at Chantilly,
+the _Bibliothèque Royale_ at Brussels, the _Königliche Bibliotheken_
+in Munich and Dresden, the _Kaiserliche und Königliche Haus, Hof and
+Staats Archiv_, and the _K. and K. Hof Bibliothek_ in Vienna, to Dr.
+F. J. Furnivall, Mr. J. E. Harting, Mr. T. Fitzroy Fenwick of
+Cheltenham, and to express my indebtedness to the late Sir Henry
+Dryden, Bt., of Canons Ashby, for his kind assistance in my research
+work.
+
+To one person more than to any other my grateful acknowledgment is
+due, namely to Mr. Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States,
+who, notwithstanding the press of official duties, has found time to
+write the interesting _Foreword_. A conscientious historian of his own
+great country, as well as one of its keenest sportsmen, President
+Roosevelt's qualifications for this kindly office may be described as
+those of a modern Master of Game. No more competent writer could have
+been selected to introduce to his countrymen a work that illustrates
+the spirit which animated our common forbears five centuries ago,
+their characteristic devotion to the chase, no less than their
+intimate acquaintance with the habits and "nature" of the wild game
+they pursued: all attributes worthy of some study by the reading
+sportsmen of the twentieth century, who, as I show, have hitherto
+neglected the study of English Venery. It was at first intended to
+print this _Foreword_ only in the American Edition, but it soon became
+evident that this would give to it an advantage which readers in this
+country would have some reason to complain of, so it was inserted also
+in the English Edition, and from it taken over into the present one.
+
+[Illustration: Signature William A. Baillie-Grohman]
+
+LONDON, _March 3, 1909_.
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+TO THE FIRST EDITION
+
+
+During the century that has just closed Englishmen have stood foremost
+in all branches of sport, at least so far as the chase has been
+carried on by those who have not followed it as a profession. Here and
+there in the world whole populations have remained hunters, to whom
+the chase was part of their regular work--delightful and adventurous,
+but still work. Such were the American backwoodsmen and their
+successors of the great plains and the Rocky Mountains; such were the
+South African Boers; and the mountaineers of Tyrol, if not coming
+exactly within this class, yet treated the chase both as a sport and a
+profession. But disregarding these wild and virile populations, and
+considering only the hunter who hunts for the sake of the hunting, it
+must be said of the Englishman that he stood pre-eminent throughout
+the nineteenth century as a sportsman for sport's sake. Not only was
+fox-hunting a national pastime, but in every quarter of the globe
+Englishmen predominated among the adventurous spirits who combined the
+chase of big game with bold exploration of the unknown. The icy polar
+seas, the steaming equatorial forests, the waterless tropical deserts,
+the vast plains of wind-rippled grass, the wooded northern wilderness,
+the stupendous mountain masses of the Andes and the Himalayas--in
+short, all regions, however frowning and desolate, were penetrated by
+the restless English in their eager quest for big game. Not content
+with the sport afforded by the rifle, whether ahorse or afoot, the
+English in India developed the use of the spear and in Ceylon the use
+of the knife as the legitimate weapons with which to assail the
+dangerous quarry of the jungle and the plain. There were hunters of
+other nationalities, of course--Americans, Germans, Frenchmen; but the
+English were the most numerous of those whose exploits were best worth
+recounting, and there was among them a larger proportion of men gifted
+with the power of narration. Naturally under such circumstances a
+library of nineteenth century hunting must be mainly one of English
+authors.
+
+All this was widely different in the preceding centuries. From the
+Middle Ages to the period of the French Revolution hunting was carried
+on with keener zest in continental Europe than in England; and the
+literature of the chase was far richer in the French, and even in the
+German, tongues than in the English.
+
+The Romans, unlike the Greeks, and still more unlike those mighty
+hunters of old, the Assyrians, cared little for the chase; but the
+white-skinned, fair-haired, blue-eyed barbarians, who, out of the
+wreck of the Roman Empire, carved the States from which sprang modern
+Europe, were passionately devoted to hunting. Game of many kinds then
+swarmed in the cold, wet forests which covered so large a portion of
+Europe. The kings and nobles, and the freemen generally, of the
+regions which now make France and Germany, followed not only the wolf,
+boar, and stag--the last named the favourite quarry of the hunter of
+the Middle Ages--but the bear, the bison--which still lingers in the
+Caucasus and in one Lithuanian preserve of the Czar--and the aurochs,
+the huge wild ox--the _Urus_ of Cæsar--which has now vanished from the
+world. In the Nibelungen Lied, when Siegfried's feats of hunting are
+described, it is specified that he slew both the bear and the elk, the
+bison and the aurochs. One of the early Burgundian kings was killed
+while hunting the bison; and Charlemagne was not only passionately
+devoted to the chase of these huge wild cattle, but it is said prized
+the prowess shown therein by one of his stalwart daughters.
+
+By the fourteenth century, when the Count of Foix wrote, the aurochs
+was practically or entirely extinct, and the bison had retreated
+eastwards, where for more than three centuries it held its own in the
+gloomy morasses of the plain south-east of the Baltic. In western
+Europe the game was then the same in kind that it is now, although all
+the larger species were very much more plentiful, the roebuck being
+perhaps the only one of the wild animals that has since increased in
+numbers. With a few exceptions, such as the Emperor Maximilian, the
+kings and great lords of the Middle Ages were not particularly fond of
+chamois and ibex hunting; it was reserved for Victor Emmanuel to be
+the first sovereign with whom shooting the now almost vanished ibex
+was a favourite pastime.
+
+Eager though the early Norman and Plantagenet kings and nobles of
+England were in the chase, especially of the red deer, in France and
+Germany the passion for the sport was still greater. In the end, on
+the Continent the chase became for the upper classes less a pleasure
+than an obsession, and it was carried to a fantastic degree. Many of
+them followed it with brutal indifference to the rights of the
+peasantry and to the utter neglect of all the serious affairs of life.
+During the disastrous period of the Thirty Years War, the Elector of
+Saxony spent most of his time in slaughtering unheard-of numbers of
+red deer; if he had devoted his days and his treasure to the urgent
+contemporary problems of statecraft and warcraft he would have ranked
+more nearly with Gustavus Adolphus and Wallenstein, and would have
+stood better at the bar of history. Louis XVI. was also devoted to the
+chase in its tamer forms, and was shooting at driven game when the
+Paris mob swarmed out to take possession of his person. The great
+lords, with whom love of hunting had become a disease, not merely made
+of game-preserving a grievous burden for the people, but also followed
+the chase in ways which made scant demands upon the hardier qualities
+either of mind or of body. Such debased sport was contemptible then;
+and it is contemptible now. Luxurious and effeminate artificiality,
+and the absence of all demands for the hardy virtues, rob any pastime
+of all title to regard. Shooting at driven game on occasions when the
+day's sport includes elaborate feasts in tents on a store of good
+things brought in waggons or on the backs of sumpter mules, while the
+sport itself makes no demand upon the prowess of the so-called
+sportsman, is but a dismal parody upon the stern hunting life in which
+the man trusts to his own keen eye, stout thews, and heart of steel
+for success and safety in the wild warfare waged against wild nature.
+
+Neither of the two authors now under consideration comes in this
+undesirable class. Both were mighty men with their hands, terrible in
+battle, of imposing presence and turbulent spirit. Both were the
+patrons of art and letters, and both were cultivated in the learning
+of the day. For each of them the chase stood as a hardy and vigorous
+pastime of the kind which makes a people great. The one was Count
+Gaston de Foix, author of the most famous of mediæval hunting-books, a
+mighty lord and mighty hunter, as well as statesman and warrior. The
+other was Edward, second Duke of York, who at Agincourt "died
+victorious." He translated into English a large portion of Gaston de
+Foix's _La Chasse_, adding to it five original chapters. He called his
+book "The Master of Game."
+
+Gaston's book is better known as _Gaston Ph[oe]bus_, the nickname of
+the author which Froissart has handed down. He treats not only of the
+animals of France, but of the ibex, the chamois, and the reindeer,
+which he hunted in foreign lands. "The Master of Game" is the oldest
+book on hunting in the English language. The original chapters are
+particularly interesting because of the light they throw upon English
+hunting customs in the time of the Plantagenets. The book has never
+hitherto been published. Nineteen ancient manuscript copies are known;
+of the three best extant two are on the shelves of the Bloomsbury
+treasure house, the other in the Bodleian Library. Like others of the
+famous old authors on venery, both the Count of Foix and the Duke of
+York show an astonishing familiarity with the habits, nature, and
+chase of their quarry. Both men, like others of their kind among their
+contemporaries, made of the chase not only an absorbing sport but
+almost the sole occupation of their leisure hours. They passed their
+days in the forest and were masters of woodcraft. Game abounded, and
+not only the chase but the killing of the quarry was a matter of
+intense excitement and an exacting test of personal prowess, for the
+boar, or the bear, or hart at bay was slain at close quarters with the
+spear or long knife.
+
+"The Master of Game" is not only of interest to the sportsman, but
+also to the naturalist, because of its quaint accounts of the "nature"
+of the various animals; to the philologist because of the old English
+hunting terms and the excellent translations of the chapters taken
+from the French; and to the lover of art because of the beautiful
+illustrations, with all their detail of costume, of hunting
+accoutrements, and of ceremonies of "la grande venerie"--which are
+here reproduced in facsimile from one of the best extant French
+manuscripts of the early fifteenth century. The translator has left
+out the chapters on trapping and snaring of wild beasts which were
+contained in the original, the hunting with running hounds being the
+typical and most esteemed form of the sport. Gaston Ph[oe]bus's _La
+Chasse_ was written just over a century before the discovery of
+America; "The Master of Game" some fifteen or twenty years later. The
+former has been reprinted many times. Mr. Baillie-Grohman in
+reproducing (for the first time) the latter in such beautiful form has
+rendered a real service to all lovers of sport, of nature, and of
+books--and no one can get the highest enjoyment out of sport unless he
+can live over again in the library the keen pleasure he experienced in
+the wilderness.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In modern life big-game hunting has assumed many widely varied forms.
+There are still remote regions of the earth in which the traveller
+must depend upon his prowess as a hunter for his subsistence, and here
+and there the foremost settlers of new country still war against the
+game as it has been warred against by their like since time primeval.
+But over most of the earth such conditions have passed away for ever.
+Even in Africa game preserving on a gigantic scale has begun. Such
+game preserving may be of two kinds. In one the individual landed
+proprietor, or a group of such individuals, erect and maintain a
+private game preserve, the game being their property just as much as
+domestic animals. Such preserves often fill a useful purpose, and if
+managed intelligently and with a sense of public spirit and due
+regard for the interests and feelings of others, may do much good,
+even in the most democratic community. But wherever the population is
+sufficiently advanced in intelligence and character, a far preferable
+and more democratic way of preserving the game is by a system of
+public preserves, of protected nurseries and breeding-grounds, while
+the laws define the conditions under which all alike may shoot the
+game and the restrictions under which all alike must enjoy the
+privilege. It is in this way that the wild creatures of the forest and
+the mountain can best and most permanently be preserved. Even in the
+United States the enactment and observance of such laws has brought
+about a marked increase in the game of certain localities, as, for
+instance, New England, during the past thirty years; while in the
+Yellowstone Park the elk, deer, antelope, and mountain sheep, and,
+strangest of all, the bear, are not merely preserved in all their wild
+freedom, but, by living unmolested, have grown to show a confidence in
+man and a tameness in his presence such as elsewhere can be found only
+in regions where he has been hitherto unknown.
+
+The chase is the best of all national pastimes, and this none the less
+because, like every other pastime, it is a mere source of weakness if
+carried on in an unhealthy manner, or to an excessive degree, or under
+over-artificial conditions. Every vigorous game, from football to
+polo, if allowed to become more than a game, and if serious work is
+sacrificed to its enjoyment, is of course noxious. From the days when
+Trajan in his letters to Pliny spoke with such hearty contempt of the
+Greek over-devotion to athletics, every keen thinker has realised that
+vigorous sports are only good in their proper place. But in their
+proper place they are very good indeed. The conditions of modern life
+are highly artificial, and too often tend to a softening of fibre,
+physical and moral. It is a good thing for a man to be forced to show
+self-reliance, resourcefulness in emergency, willingness to endure
+fatigue and hunger, and at need to face risk. Hunting is praiseworthy
+very much in proportion as it tends to develop these qualities. Mr.
+Baillie-Grohman, to whom most English-speaking lovers of sport owe
+their chief knowledge of the feats in bygone time of the great hunters
+of continental Europe, has himself followed in its most manly forms
+this, the manliest of sports. He has hunted the bear, the wapiti, and
+the mountain ram in the wildest regions of the Rockies, and, also by
+fair stalking, the chamois and the red deer in the Alps. Whoever
+habitually follows mountain game in such fashion must necessarily
+develop qualities which it is a good thing for any nation to see
+brought out in its sons. Such sport is as far removed as possible from
+that in which the main object is to make huge bags at small cost of
+effort, and with the maximum of ease, no good quality save
+marksmanship being required. Laying stress upon the mere quantity of
+game killed, and the publication of the record of slaughter, are sure
+signs of unhealthy decadence in sportsmanship. As far as possible the
+true hunter, the true lover of big game and of life in the wilderness,
+must be ever ready to show his own power to shift for himself. The
+greater his dependence upon others for his sport the less he deserves
+to take high rank in the brotherhood of rifle, horse, and hound. There
+was a very attractive side to the hunting of the great mediæval lords,
+carried on with an elaborate equipment and stately ceremonial,
+especially as there was an element of danger in coming to close
+quarters with the quarry at bay; but after all, no form of hunting has
+ever surpassed in attractiveness the life of the wilderness wanderer
+of our own time--the man who with simple equipment, and trusting to
+his own qualities of head, heart, and hand, has penetrated to the
+uttermost regions of the earth, and single-handed slain alike the
+wariest and the grimmest of the creatures of the waste.
+
+    THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
+
+    THE WHITE HOUSE,
+    _February 15, 1904_.
+
+[Illustration: _GASTON PH[OE]BUS_ SURROUNDED BY HUNTSMEN AND HOUNDS
+(From MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+
+
+
+THE MASTER OF GAME
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+THE PROLOGUE
+
+
+_To the honour and reverence of you my right worshipful and dread Lord
+Henry by the grace of God eldest son and heir unto the high excellent
+and Christian Prince Henry IV. by the aforesaid grace King of England
+and of France, Prince of Wales, Duke of Guienne of Lancaster and of
+Cornwall, and Earl of Chester._
+
+_I your own in every humble wise have me ventured to make this little
+simple book which I recommend and submit to your noble and wise
+correction, which book if it pleaseth your aforesaid Lordship shall be
+named and called MASTER OF GAME. And for this cause: for the matter
+that this book treateth of what in every season of the year is most
+durable, and to my thinking to every gentle heart most disportful of
+all games, that is to say hunting. For though it be that hawking with
+gentle hounds and hawks for the heron and the river be noble and
+commendable, it lasteth seldom at the most more than half a year. For
+though men find from May unto Lammas_ (August 1st) _game enough to
+hawk at, no one will find hawks to hawk with.[1] But as of hunting
+there is no season of all the year, that game may not be found in
+every good country, also hounds ready to chase it. And since this book
+shall be all of hunting, which is so noble a game, and lasting through
+all the year of divers beasts that grow according to the season for
+the gladdening of man, I think I may well call it MASTER OF GAME._
+
+_And though it be so my dear Lord, that many could better have meddled
+with this matter and also more ably than I, yet there be two things
+that have principally emboldened and caused me to take this work in
+hand. The first is trust of your noble correction, to which as before
+is said, I submit this little and simple book. The second is that
+though I be unworthy, I am Master of this Game with that noble prince
+your Father our all dear sovereign and liege Lord aforesaid. And as I
+would not that his hunters nor yours that now be or that should come
+hereafter did not know the perfection of this art, I shall leave for
+these this simple memorial, for as Chaucer saith in his prologue of
+"The 25[2] Good Women": "By writing have men mind of things passed,
+for writing is the key of all good remembrance."_
+
+[1] As the hawks would be mewing and unfit to fly.
+
+[2] The Shirley MS. in the British Museum has "XV."
+
+And first I will begin by describing the nature of the hare,[3]
+secondly of the nature of the hart, thirdly of the buck and of his
+nature, fourthly of the roe and of his nature, fifthly of the wild
+boar and of his nature, sixthly of the wolf and of his nature,
+seventhly of the fox and of his nature, eighthly of the badger and of
+his nature, ninthly of the cat and of his nature, tenthly of the
+marten and his nature, eleventhly of the otter and of his nature. Now
+have I rehearsed how I will in this little book describe the nature of
+these aforesaid beasts of venery and of chace, and therefore will I
+name the hounds the which I will describe hereafter, both of their
+nature and conditions. And first I will begin with raches (running
+hounds)[4] and their nature, and then greyhounds and their nature, and
+then alaunts and their nature, and then spaniels and their nature, and
+then mastiffs that men call curs and their nature, and then of small
+curs that come to be terriers and their nature, and then I shall
+devise and tell the sicknesses of hounds and their diseases. And
+furthermore I will describe what qualities and manners a good hunter
+should have, and of what parts he should be, and after that I will
+describe the manner and shape of the kennel, and how it should be
+environed and arrayed. Also I will describe of what fashion a hunter's
+horn should be driven, and how the couplings should be made for the
+raches and of what length. Furthermore I will prove by sundry reasons
+in this little prologue, that the life of no man that useth gentle
+game and disport be less displeasable unto God than the life of a
+perfect and skilful hunter, or from which more good cometh. The first
+reason is that hunting causeth a man to eschew the seven deadly sins.
+Secondly men are better when riding, more just and more understanding,
+and more alert and more at ease and more undertaking, and better
+knowing of all countries and all passages; in short and long all good
+customs and manners cometh thereof, and the health of man and of his
+soul. For he that fleeth the seven deadly sins as we believe, he shall
+be saved, therefore a good hunter shall be saved, and in this world
+have joy enough and of gladness and of solace, so that he keep himself
+from two things. One is that he leave not the knowledge nor the
+service of God, from whom all good cometh, for his hunting. The second
+that he lose not the service of his master for his hunting, nor his
+own duties which might profit him most. Now shall I prove how a hunter
+may not fall into any of the seven deadly sins. When a man is idle and
+reckless without work, and be not occupied in doing some thing, he
+abides in his bed or in his chamber, a thing which draweth men to
+imaginations of fleshly lust and pleasure. For such men have no wish
+but always to abide in one place, and think in pride, or in avarice,
+or in wrath, or in sloth, or in gluttony, or in lechery, or in envy.
+For the imagination of men rather turns to evil than to good, for the
+three enemies which mankind hath, are the devil, the world and the
+flesh, and this is proved enough.
+
+[3] Gaston de Foix has a different sequence, putting the hart first
+and the hare sixth, and having four animals more, namely, the
+reindeer, the chamois (including ibex), the bear and the rabbit, while
+the "Master of Game" has one animal, the Marten, of which Gaston de
+Foix does not speak.
+
+[4] Gaston de Foix follows a different sequence, commencing with
+alaunts, then greyhounds, raches, spaniels, and says "fifthly I will
+speak of all kinds of mongrel dogs, such as come from mastiffs and
+alaunts, from greyhounds and running hounds, and other such."
+
+Nevertheless there be many other reasons which are too long to tell,
+and also every man that hath good reason knoweth well that idleness is
+the foundation of all evil imaginations. Now shall I prove how
+imagination is lord and master of all works, good or evil, that man's
+body or his limbs do. You know well, good or evil works small or great
+never were done but that beforehand they were imagined or thought of.
+Now shall you prove how imagination is the mistress of all deeds, for
+imagination biddeth a man do good or evil works, whichever it be, as
+before is said. And if a man notwithstanding that he were wise should
+imagine always that he were a fool, or that he hath other sickness, it
+would be so, for since he would think steadfastly that he were a fool,
+he would do foolish deeds as his imagination would command, and he
+would believe it steadfastly. Wherefore methinks I have proved enough
+of imagination, notwithstanding that there be many other reasons the
+which I leave to avoid long writing. Every man that hath good sense
+knoweth well that this is the truth.
+
+Now I will prove how a good hunter may not be idle, and in dreaming
+may not have any evil imaginations nor afterwards any evil works. For
+the day before he goes out to his office, the night before he shall
+lay him down in his bed, and shall not think but for to sleep, and do
+his office well and busily, as a good hunter should. And he shall have
+nothing to do, but think about all that which he has been ordered to
+do. And he is not idle, for he has enough to do to think about rising
+early and to do his office without thinking of sins or of evil deeds.
+And early in the dawning of the day he must be up for to go unto his
+quest, _that in English is called searching_, well and busily, for as
+I shall say more explicitly hereafter, when I shall speak of how men
+shall quest and search to harbour the hart. And in so doing he shall
+not be idle, for he is always busy. And when he shall come again to
+the assembly or meet, then he hath most to do, for he must order his
+finders and relays for to move the hart, and uncouple his hounds. With
+that he cannot be idle, for he need think of nothing but to do his
+office, and when he hath uncoupled, yet is he less idle, and he should
+think less of any sins, for he hath enough to do to ride _or to foot
+it well_ with his hounds and to be always near them and to hue or rout
+well, and blow well, and to look whereafter he hunteth, and which
+hounds are _vanchasers and parfiters_,[5] and redress and bring his
+hounds on the right line again when they are at fault[6] or hunting
+rascal.[7] And when the hart is dead or what other chase he was
+hunting, then is he less idle, for he hath enough to do to think how
+to undo the hart in his manner and to raise that which appertaineth[8]
+to him, and well to do his curée.[9] And he should look how many of
+his hounds are missing of those that he brought to the wood in the
+morning, and he should search for them, and couple them up. And when
+he has come home, should he less think to do evil, for he hath enough
+to do to think of his supper, and to ease himself and his horse, and
+to sleep, and to take his rest, for he is weary, and to dry himself of
+the dew or peradventure of the rain. And therefore I say that all the
+time of the hunter is without idleness and without evil thoughts, and
+without evil works of sin, for as I have said idleness is the
+foundation of all vices and sins. And the hunter may not be idle if he
+would fill his office aright, and also he can have no other thoughts,
+for he has enough to do to think and imagine of his office, the which
+is no little charge, for whoso will do it well and busily, especially
+if they love hounds and their office.
+
+[5] The hounds that came in the first relay (van) and those in the
+subsequent relays. See Appendix: Relays.
+
+[6] Diverted or off the line.
+
+[7] Chasing small or lean deer. See Appendix: Hart.
+
+[8] To take those parts of the deer which fell to him by custom.
+
+[9] Curée: The ceremony of giving the hounds their reward on the skin
+of the animal they have chased. See Appendix: Curée.
+
+Wherefore I say that such an hunter is not idle, he can have no evil
+thoughts, nor can he do evil works, wherefore he must go into
+paradise.[10] For by many other reasons which are too long to write
+can I prove these things, but it sufficeth that every man that hath
+good sense knoweth well that I speak the real truth.
+
+[10] Gaston de Foix in the French parent work puts it even more
+forcefully; he says: "tout droit en paradis." See Lavallée's ed. 1854.
+
+Now shall I prove how hunters live in this world more joyfully than
+any other men. For when the hunter riseth in the morning, and he sees
+a sweet and fair morn and clear weather and bright, and he heareth
+the song of the small birds, the which sing so sweetly with great
+melody and full of love, each in it's own language in the best wise
+that it can according that it learneth of it's own kind. And when the
+sun is arisen, he shall see fresh dew upon the small twigs and
+grasses, and the sun by his virtue shall make them shine. And that is
+great joy and liking to the hunter's heart. After when he shall go to
+his quest or searching, he shall see or meet anon with the hart
+without great seeking, and shall harbour[11] him well and readily
+within a little compass. It is great joy and liking to the hunter. And
+after when he shall come to the assembly or gathering, and he shall
+report before the Lord and his company that which he hath seen with
+his eyes, or by scantilon (measure) of the trace (slot) which he ought
+always of right to take, or by the fumes[12] (excrements) that he
+shall put in his horn or in his lap. And every man shall say: Lo, here
+is a great hart and a deer of high meating or pasturing; go we and
+move him; the which things I shall declare hereafter, then can one say
+that the hunter has great joy. When he beginneth to hunt and he hath
+hunted but a little and he shall hear or see the hart start before him
+and shall well know that it is the right one, and his hounds that
+shall this day be finders, shall come to the lair (bed), or to the
+fues (track), and shall there be uncoupled without any be left
+coupled, and they shall all run well and hunt, then hath the hunter
+great joy and great pleasure. Afterwards he leapeth on horseback, _if
+he be of that estate, and else on foot_ with great haste to follow his
+hounds. And in case peradventure the hounds shall have gone far from
+where he uncoupled, he seeketh some advantage to get in front of his
+hounds. And then shall he see the hart pass before him, and shall
+holloa and rout mightily, and he shall see which hound come in the
+van-chase, and in the middle, and which are parfitours,[13] according
+to the order in which they shall come. And when all the hounds have
+passed before him then shall he ride after them and shall rout and
+blow as loud as he may with great joy and great pleasure, and I assure
+you he thinketh of no other sin or of no other evil. And when the hart
+be overcome and shall be at bay he shall have pleasure. And after,
+when the hart is spayed[14] and dead, he undoeth him and maketh his
+curée and enquireth or rewardeth his hounds, and so he shall have
+great pleasure, and when he cometh home he cometh joyfully, for his
+lord hath given him to drink of his good wine at the curée, and when
+he has come home he shall doff his clothes and his shoes and his hose,
+and he shall wash his thighs and his legs, and peradventure all his
+body. And in the meanwhile he shall order well his supper, with
+_wortes_ (roots) _and of the neck_ of the hart and of other good
+meats, and good wine _or ale_. And when he hath well eaten and drunk
+he shall be glad and well, and well at his ease. And then shall he
+take the air in the evening of the night, for the great heat that he
+hath had. And then he shall go and drink and lie in his bed in fair
+fresh clothes, and shall sleep well and steadfastly all the night
+without any evil thoughts of any sins, wherefore I say that hunters go
+into Paradise when they die, and live in this world more joyfully than
+any other men. Yet I will prove to you how hunters live longer than
+any other men, for as Hippocras the doctor telleth: "full repletion of
+meat slayeth more men than any sword or knife." They eat and drink
+less than any other men of this world, for in the morning at the
+assembly they eat a little, and if they eat well at supper, they will
+by the morning have corrected their nature, for then they have eaten
+but little, and their nature will not be prevented from doing her
+digestion, whereby no wicked humours or superfluities may be
+engendered. And always, when a man is sick, men diet him and give him
+to drink water made of sugar and tysane and of such things for two or
+three days to put down evil humours and his superfluities, and also
+make him void (purge). But for a hunter one need not do so, for he may
+have no repletion on account of the little meat, and by the travail
+that he hath. And, supposing that which can not be, and that he were
+full of wicked humours, yet men know well that the best way to
+terminate sickness that can be is to sweat. And when the hunters do
+their office on horseback or on foot they sweat often, then if they
+have any evil in them, it must (come) away in the sweating; so that he
+keep from cold after the heat. Therefore it seemeth to me I have
+proved enough. Leeches ordain for a sick man little meat and sweating
+for the terminating and healing of all things. And since hunters eat
+little and sweat always, they should live long and in health. Men
+desire in this world to live long in health and in joy, and after
+death the health of the soul. And hunters have all these things.
+Therefore be ye all hunters and ye shall do as wise men. Wherefore I
+counsel to all manner of folk of what estate or condition that they
+be, that they love hounds and hunting and the pleasure of hunting
+beasts of one kind or another, or hawking. For to be idle and to have
+no pleasure in either hounds or hawks is no good token. _For as saith
+in his book Ph[oe]bus the Earl of Foix that noble hunter_, he saw
+never a good man that had not pleasure in some of these things, were
+he ever so great and rich. For if he had need to go to war he would
+not know what war is, for he would not be accustomed to travail, and
+so another man would have to do that which he should. For men say in
+old saws: "The lord is worth what his lands are worth."[15] _And also
+he saith in the aforesaid book_, that he never saw a man that loved
+the work and pleasure of hounds and hawks, that had not many good
+qualities in him; for that comes to him of great nobleness and
+gentleness of heart of whatever estate the man may be, whether he be a
+great lord, or a little one, or a poor man or a rich one.
+
+[11] Trace the deer to its lair.
+
+[12] See Appendix: Excrements.
+
+[13] See Appendix: Relays.
+
+[14] Despatched with a sword or knife. See Appendix: Spay.
+
+[15] Gaston de Foix says: "Tant vaut seigneur tant vaut sa gent et sa
+terre," p. 9.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+OF THE HARE AND OF HER NATURE
+
+
+The hare is a common beast enough, and therefore I need not tell of
+her making, for there be few men that have not seen some of them. They
+live on corn, and on weeds growing on waste land, on leaves, on herbs,
+on the bark of trees, on grapes and on many other fruits. The hare is
+a good little beast, and much good sport and liking is the hunting of
+her, more than that of any other beast that _any man knoweth_, if
+he[16] were not so little. And that for five reasons: the one is, for
+her hunting lasteth all the year as with running hounds without any
+sparing, and this is not with all the other beasts. And also men may
+hunt at her both in the morning and in the evening. In the eventide,
+when they be relieved,[17] and in the morning, when they sit in form.
+And of all other beasts it is not so, for if it rain in the morning
+your journey is lost, and of the hare it is not so. That other
+[reason] is to seek the hare; it is a well fair thing, especially who
+so hunteth her rightfully, for hounds must need find her by mastery
+and quest point by point, and undo all that she hath done all the
+night of her walking, and of her pasture unto the time that they start
+her. And it is a fair thing when the hounds are good and can well find
+her. And the hare shall go sometimes from her sitting to her pasture
+half a mile or more, specially in open country. And when she is
+started it is a fair thing. And then it is a fair thing to slay her
+with strength of hounds, for she runneth long and gynnously
+(cunningly). A hare shall last well four miles or more or less, if she
+be an old male hare. And therefore the hunting of the hare is good,
+for it lasteth all the year, as I have said. And the seeking is a well
+fair thing, and the chasing of the hare is a well fair thing, and the
+slaying of him with strength (of hounds) is a fair thing, for it
+requireth great mastery on account of her cunning. When a hare ariseth
+out of her form to go to her pasture or return again to her seat, she
+commonly goes by one way, and as she goes she will not suffer any twig
+or grass to touch her, for she will sooner break it with her teeth and
+make her way. Sometime she sitteth a mile or more from her pasturing,
+and sometimes near her pasture. But when she sitteth near it, yet she
+may have been the amount of half a mile or more from there where she
+hath pastured, and then she ruseth again from her pasture. And whether
+she go to sit near or far from her pasture she goes so gynnously
+(cunningly) and wilily that there is no man in this world that would
+say that any hound could unravel that which she has done, or that
+could find her. For she will go a bow shot or more by one way, and
+ruse again by another, and then she shall take her way by another
+side, and the same she shall do ten, twelve, or twenty times, from
+thence she will come into some hedge or strength (thicket), and shall
+make semblance to abide there, and then will make cross roads ten or
+twelve times, and will make her ruses, and thence she will take some
+false path, and shall go thence a great way, and such semblance she
+will make many times before she goeth to her seat.
+
+[16] The hare was frequently spoken of in two genders in the same
+sentence, for it was an old belief that the hare was at one time male,
+and at another female. See Appendix: Hare.
+
+[17] Means here: when the hare has arisen from her form to go to her
+feeding. Fr. _relever_. G. de F. explains, p. 42: _un lievre se
+reliève pour aler à son vianders_. Relief, which denoted the act of
+arising and going to feed, became afterwards the term for the feeding
+itself. "A hare hath greater scent and is more eagerly hunted when she
+relieves on green corn" (_Comp. Sportsman_, p. 86). It possibly was
+used later to denote the excrements of a hare; thus Blome (1686) p.
+92, says: "A huntsman may judge by the relief and feed of the hare
+what she is."
+
+[Illustration: THE HARE AND HER LEVERETS (From MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib.
+Nat._, Paris)]
+
+The hare cannot be judged, either by the foot or by her fumes
+(excrements), for she always crotieth[18] in one manner, except when
+she goeth in her love that hunters call ryding time, for then she
+crotieth her fumes more burnt (drier) and smaller, especially the
+male. The hare liveth no long time, for with great pain may she pass
+the second[19] year, though she be not hunted or slain. She hath bad
+sight[20] and great fear to run[21] on account of the great dryness of
+her sinews. She windeth far men when they seek her. When hounds grede
+of her (seek) and quest her she flieth away for the fear that she hath
+of the hounds. Sometimes men find her sitting in her form, and
+sometimes she is bitten (taken) by hounds in her form before she
+starts. They that abide in the form till they be found are commonly
+stout hares, and well running. The hare that runneth with right
+standing ears is but little afraid, and is strong, and yet when she
+holdeth one ear upright and the other laid low on her ryge (back), she
+feareth but little the hounds. An hare that crumps her tail upon her
+rump when she starteth out of her form as a coney (does) it is a token
+that she is strong and well running. The hare runneth in many diverse
+manners, for some run all they are able a whole two miles or three,
+and after run and ruse again and then stop still when they can no
+more, and let themselves be bitten (by the hounds), although she may
+not have been seen all the day. And sometimes she letteth herself be
+bitten the first time that she starteth, for she has no more might
+(strength). And some run a little while and then abide and squat, and
+that they do oft. And then they take their flight as long as they can
+run ere they are dead. And some be that abide till they are bitten in
+their form, especially when they be young that have not passed half a
+year. Men know by the outer side of the hare's leg if she has not
+passed a year.[22] And so men should know of a hound, of a fox, and of
+a wolf, by a little bone that they have in a bone which is next the
+sinews, where there is a little pit (cavity).
+
+[18] Casting her excrements.
+
+[19] A mistake of the old scribes which occurs also in other MSS.; it
+should, of course, read "seventh" year. G. de F. has the correct
+version.
+
+[20] G. de F. says: "She hears well but has bad sight," p. 43.
+
+[21] "Fear to run" is a mistake occasioned by the similarity of the
+two old French words "pouair," power, and "paour" or fear. In those of
+the original French MS. of G. de F. examined by us it is certainly
+"power" and not "fear." Lavallée in his introduction says the same
+thing. See Appendix: Hare.
+
+[22] See Appendix: Hare.
+
+Sometimes when they are hunted with hounds they run into a hole as a
+coney, or into hollow trees, or else they pass a great river. Hounds
+do not follow some hares as well as others, for four reasons. Those
+hares who be begotten of the kind of a coney, as some be in warrens,
+the hounds lust not, nor scenteth them not so well. The other (is)
+that the fues (footing) of some hares carry hotter scent than some,
+and therefore the hounds scenteth of one more than of the other, as of
+roses, some smell better than others, and yet they be all roses. The
+other reason is that they steal away ere they be found, and the hounds
+follow always forth right. The others run going about and then
+abide,[23] wherefore the hounds be often on stynt (at fault). The
+other (reason) is according to the country they run in, for if they
+run in covert, hounds will scent them better than if they run in plain
+(open) country, or in the ways (paths), for in the covert their bodies
+touch against the twigs and leaves, because it is a strong (thick)
+country. And when they run in plain country or in the fields they
+touch nothing, but with the foot, and therefore the hound can not so
+well scent the fues of them. And also I say that some country is more
+sweet and more loving (to scent) than another. The hare abideth
+commonly in one country, and if she hath the fellowship of another or
+of her kyndels or leverettes, they be five or six, for no strange hare
+will they suffer to dwell in their marches (district), though they be
+of their nature (kind),[24] and therefore men say in old saws: "Who so
+hunteth the most hares shall find the most." _For Phebus the Earl of
+Foix, that good hunter, saith that_ when there be few hares in a
+country they should be hunted and slain, so that the hares of other
+countries about should come into that march.
+
+[23] G. de F. has: "vonts riotans tournions et demourant," _i.e._ run
+rioting, turning and stopping, p. 44.
+
+[24] Both the Vespasian and the Shirley MS. in the British Museum have
+the same, but G. de F., p. 45, has, "except those of their nature"
+(_fors que celle de leur nature_).
+
+Of hares, some go faster and be stronger than others, as it is of men
+and other beasts. Also the pasture and the country where they abide
+helpeth much thereto. For when the hare abideth and formeth in a plain
+country where there are no bushes, such hares are commonly strongest
+and well running. Also when they pasture on two herbs--that one is
+called Soepol (wild thyme) and that other be Pulegium (pennyroyal)
+they are strong and fast running.
+
+The hares have no season of their love for, as I said, it is called
+ryding time, for in every month of the year that it shall not be that
+some be not with kindles (young). Nevertheless, commonly their love is
+most in the month of January, and in that month they run most fast of
+any time of the year, both male and female. And from May unto
+September they be most slow, for then they be full of herbs and of
+fruits, or they be great and full of kindles, and commonly in that
+time they have their kindles. Hares remain in sundry (parts of the)
+country, according to the season of the year; sometimes they sit in
+the fern, sometimes in the heath, sometimes in the corn, and in
+growing weeds, and sometimes in the woods. In April and in May when
+the corn is so long that they can hide themselves therein, gladly will
+they sit therein. And when men begin to reap the corn they will sit in
+the vines and in other strong (thick) heaths, in bushes and in hedges,
+and commonly in cover under the wind and in cover from the rain, and
+if there be any sun shining they will gladly sit against the beams of
+the sun. For a hare of its own kind knoweth the night before what
+weather it will be on the next morrow, and therefore she keepeth
+herself the best way she may from the evil weather. The hare beareth
+her kindles two months,[25] and when they are kindled she licketh her
+kindles as a bitch doeth her whelps. Then she runneth a great way
+thence, and goeth to seek the male, for if she should abide with her
+kindles she would gladly eat them. And if she findeth not the male,
+she cometh again to her kindles a great while after and giveth them to
+suck, and nourisheth them for the maintainance of 20 days or
+thereabouts. A hare beareth commonly 2 kindles, but I have seen some
+which have kindled at once sometime 6, sometime 5 or 4 or 2;[26] and
+but she find the male within three days from the time she hath
+kindled, she will eat her kindles. And when they be in their love they
+go together as hounds, save they hold not together as hounds. They
+kindle often in small bushes or in little hedges, or they hide in
+heath or in briars or in corn or in vines. If you find a hare which
+has kindled the same day, and the hounds hunt after her, and if you
+come thither the next morrow ye shall find how she has removed her
+kindles, and has borne them elsewhere with her teeth, as a bitch doth
+her whelps. Men slay hares with greyhounds, and with running hounds by
+strength, _as in England, but elsewhere they slay them also_ with
+small pockets, and with purse nets, and with small nets, _with hare
+pipes_, and with long nets, and with small cords that men cast where
+they make their breaking of the small twigs when they go to their
+pastures, as I have before said.[27] But, _truly, I trow no good
+hunter would slay them so for any good_. When they be in their heat of
+love and pass any place where conies be, the most part of them will
+follow after her as the hounds follow after a bitch or a brache.
+
+[25] This is incorrect: the hare carries her young thirty days (Brehm,
+vol. ii. p. 626; Harting, _Ency. of Sport_, vol. i. p. 504).
+
+[26] Should read "three" (G. de F., p. 47).
+
+[27] See Appendix: Snares.
+
+[Illustration: HOW TO QUEST FOR THE HART IN WOODS (From MS. f. fr.
+616, _Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+OF THE HART AND HIS NATURE
+
+
+The hart is a common beast enough and therefore me needeth not to tell
+of his making, for there be few folk that have not seen some. The
+harts be the lightest (swiftest) beasts and strongest, and of
+marvellous great cunning. They are in their love, which men call rut,
+about the time of the Holy Rood[28] in September and remain in their
+hot love a whole month and ere they be fully out thereof they abide
+(in rut) nigh two months. And then they are bold, and run upon men as
+a wild boar would do if he were hunted. And they be wonderfully
+perilous beasts, for with great pain shall a man recover that is hurt
+by a hart, and therefore men say in old saws: "after the boar the
+leech and after the hart the bier." For he smiteth as the stroke of
+the springole,[29] for he has great strength in the head and the body.
+They slay, fight and hurt each other, when they be in rut, that is to
+say in their love, and they sing in their language _that in England
+hunters call bellowing_ as man that loveth paramour.[30] They slay
+hounds and horses and men at that time and turn to the abbay (be at
+bay) as a boar does especially when they be weary. And yet have men
+seen at the parting of their ligging (as they start from the lair)[31]
+that he hath hurt him that followeth after, and also the
+greyhounds[32] and furthermore a courser. And yet when they are in
+rut, which is to say their love, in a forest where there be few hinds
+and many harts or male deer, they slay, hurt and fight with each
+other, for each would be master of the hinds. And commonly the
+greatest hart and the most strong holdeth the rut and is master
+thereof. And when he is well pured and hath been long at rut all the
+other harts that he hath chased and flemed away (put to flight) from
+the rut then run upon him and slay him, and that is sooth. And in
+parks this may be proved, for there is never a season but the greatest
+hart will be slain by the others not while he is at the rut, but when
+he has withdrawn and is poor of love. In the woods they do not so
+often slay each other as they do in the plain country. And also there
+are divers ruts in the forest, but in the parks there are none but
+that are within the park.[33] After that they be withdrawn from the
+hinds they go in herds and in soppes (troops) with the rascal (young
+lean deer) and abide in (waste) lands and in heathes more than they do
+in woods, for to enjoy the heat of the sun, they be poor and lean for
+the travail they have had with the hinds, and for the winter, and the
+little meat that they find. After that they leave the rascal and
+gather together with two or three or four harts in soppes till the
+month of March when they mew (shed) their horns, and commonly some
+sooner than others, if they be old deer, and some later if they be
+young deer, or that they have had a hard winter, or that they have
+been hunted, or that they have been sick, for then they mew their
+heads and later come to good points. And when they have mewed their
+heads they take to the strong (thick) bushes as privily as they may,
+till their heads be grown again, and they come into grease; after that
+they seek good country for meating (feeding) of corn, of apples, of
+vines, of tender growing trees, of peas, of beans, and other fruits
+and grasses whereby they live. And sometimes a great hart hath another
+fellow that is called his squire, for he is with him and doth as he
+will. And so they will abide all that season if they be not hindered
+until the last end of August. And then they begin to look, and to
+think and to bolne and to bellow and to stir from the haunt in which
+they have (been) all the season, for to go seek the hinds. They
+recover their horns and are summed of their tines as many as they
+shall have all the year between March when they mewed them to the
+middle of June; and then be they recovered of their new hair that _men
+call polished_ and their horns be recovered with a soft hair _that
+hunters call velvet_ at the beginning, and under that skin and that
+hair the horn waxes hard and sharp, and about Mary Magdalene day (July
+22) they fray their horns against the trees, and have (rubbed) away
+that skin from their horns and then wax they hard and strong, and then
+they go to burnish and make them sharp in the colliers places
+(charcoal pits) that men make sometimes in the great groves. And if
+they can find none they go against the corners of rocks _or to crabbe
+tree or to hawthorn or other trees_.[34]
+
+[28] September 14. See Appendix: Hart, Seasons.
+
+[29] An engine of war used for throwing stones.
+
+[30] G. de F., p. 12. "Ainsi que fet un homme bien amoureus" ("As does
+a man much in love)."
+
+[31] This word ligging is still in use in Yorkshire, meaning lair, or
+bed, or resting-place. In Devonshire it is spelt "layer." Fortescue,
+p. 132.
+
+[32] G. de F., p. 12, has "limer" instead of "greyhound."
+
+[33] This passage is confused. In G. de F., p. 12, we find that the
+passage runs: "Et aussi il y a ruyt en divers lieux de la forest et on
+paix ne peut estre en nul lieu, fors que dedans le part." Lavallée
+translates these last five words, "C'est à dire qu'il n'y a de paix
+que lorsque les biches sont pleines." In the exceedingly faulty first
+edition by Verard, the word "part" is printed "_parc_," as it is in
+our MS.
+
+[34] G. de F., p. 14, says the harts go to gravel-pits and bogs to
+fray.
+
+They be half in grease or thereabouts by the middle of June when their
+head is summed, and they be highest in grease during all August.
+Commonly they be calved in May, and the hind beareth her calf nine
+months or thereabout as a sow,[35] and sometimes she has three[36]
+calves at a calving time. And I say not that they do not calve
+sometime sooner and sometime later, much according to causes and
+reasons. The calves are calved with hair red and white, which lasteth
+them that colour into the end of August, and then they turn red of
+hair, as the hart and the hind. And at that time they run so fast that
+a hare[37] should have enough to do to overtake him within the shot of
+an haronblast (cross-bow). Many men judge the deer of many colours of
+hair and especially of three colours. Some be called brown, some dun
+and some yellow haired. And also their heads be of divers manners, the
+one is called a head well-grown, and the other is called well
+affeted,[38] and well affeted is when the head has waxed by ordinance
+according to the neck and shape, when the tines be well grown in the
+beam by good measure, one near the other, then it is called well
+affeted. Well grown is when the head is of great beam and is well
+affeted and thick tined, well high and well opened (spread). That
+other head is called counterfeit (abnormal) when it is different and
+is otherwise turned behind or wayward in other manner than other
+common deer be accustomed to bear. That other high head is open, evil
+affeted with long tines and few. That other is low and great and well
+affeted with small tines. And the first tine that is next the head is
+called antler, and the second Royal and the third above, the
+Sur-royal, and the tines[39] which be called fourth if they be two,
+and if they be three or four or more be called troching. And when
+their heads be burnished at the colliers' pits commonly they be always
+black, and also commonly when they be burnished at the colliers' pits
+they be black on account of the earth which is black of its kind. And
+when they are burnished against _rock_ they abide all white, but some
+have their heads naturally white and some black. And when they be
+about to burnish they smite the ground with their feet and welter like
+a horse. And then they burnish their heads, and when they be burnished
+which they do all the month of July they abide in that manner till the
+feast of the Holy (Cross) in September 14th and then they go to rut as
+I have said.
+
+[35] The MS. transcriber's mistake. It should be "cow."
+
+[36] G. de F. has "2 calves" as it should be.
+
+[37] G. de F. has "greyhound," as it should be (p. 15): "Et dès lors
+vont ils jà si tost que un levrier a assés à fere de l'ateindre, ainsi
+comme un trait d'arcbaleste" ("And from that time they go so quickly
+that a greyhound has as much to do to catch him as he would the bolt
+from a crossbow)."
+
+[38] Well proportioned. See Appendix: Antler.
+
+[39] Shirley MS. has the addition here: "Which be on top."
+
+_And the first year that they be calved they be called a Calf, the
+second year a bullock; and that year they go forth to rut; the third
+year a brocket; the fourth year a staggard; the fifth a stag; the
+sixth year a hart of ten[40] and then first is he chaseable, for
+always before shall he be called but rascal or folly._ Then it is fair
+to hunt the hart, for it is a fair thing to seek well a hart, and a
+fair thing well to harbour him, and a fair thing to move him, and a
+fair thing to hunt him, and a fair thing to retrieve him, and a fair
+thing to be at the abbay, whether it be on water or on land. A fair
+thing is the curée,[41] and a fair thing to undo him well, and for to
+raise the rights. And a well fair thing and good is the devision[42]
+and it be a good deer. In so much that considering all things I hold
+that it is the fairest hunting, that any man may hunt after. They
+crotey their fumes (cast their excrements) in divers manners according
+to the time and season and according to the pasture that they find,
+now black or dry either in flat forms or engleymed (glutinous) or
+pressed, and in many other divers manners the which I shall more
+plainly devise when I shall declare how the hunter shall judge, for
+sometimes they misjudge by the fumes and so they do by the foot. When
+they crotey their fumes flat and not thick, it is in April or in May,
+into the middle of June, when they have fed on tender corn, for yet
+their fumes be not formed, and also they have not recovered their
+grease. But yet have men seen sometimes a great deer and an old and
+high in grease, which about mid-season crotey their fumes black and
+dry. And therefore by this and many other things many men may be
+beguiled by deer, for some goeth better and are better running and fly
+better than some, as other beasts do, and some be more cunning and
+more wily than others, as it is with men, for some be wiser than
+others. And it cometh to them of the good kind of their father and
+mother, and of good getting (breeding) and of good nurture and from
+being born in good constellations, and in good signs of heaven, and
+that (is the case) with men and all other beasts. Men take them with
+hounds, with greyhounds and with nets and with cords, and with other
+harness,[43] with pits and with shot[44] and with other gins (traps)
+and with strength, as I shall say hereafter. _But in England they are
+not slain except with hounds or with shot or with strength of running
+hounds._
+
+[40] In modern sporting terms, a warrantable deer.
+
+[41] See Appendix: Curée.
+
+[42] Should be: venison.
+
+[43] Harness, appurtenances. See Appendix: Harness.
+
+[44] Means from a cross-bow or long-bow.
+
+An old deer is wonder wise and felle (cunning) for to save his life,
+and to keep his advantage when he is hunted and is uncoupled to, as
+the lymer moveth him or other hounds findeth him without lymers, and
+if he have a deer (with him) that be his fellow he leaveth him to the
+hounds, so that he may warrant (save) himself, and let the hounds
+enchase after that other deer. And he will abide still, and if he be
+alone and the hounds find him, he shall go about his haunt wilily and
+wisely and seek the change of other deer, for to make the hounds
+envoise,[45] and to look where he may abide. And if he cannot abide he
+taketh leave of his haunt and beginneth to fly there where he wots of
+other change and then when he has come thither he herdeth among them
+and sometimes he goeth away with them. And then he maketh a ruse on
+some side, and there he stalleth or squatteth until the hounds be
+forth after the other (deer) the which be fresh, and thus he changeth
+so that he may abide. And if there be any wise hounds, the which can
+bodily enchase him from the change, and he seeth that all can not
+avail, then he beginneth to show his wiles and ruseth to and fro. And
+all this he doth so that the hounds should not find his fues (tracks)
+in intent that he may be freed from them and that he may save himself.
+
+[45] Go off the scent.
+
+Sometimes he fleeth forth with the wind and that for three causes,
+for when he fleeth against the wind it runneth into his mouth and
+dryeth him and doth him great harm. Therefore he fleeth oft forth with
+the wind so that he may always hear the hounds come after him. And
+also that the hounds should not scent nor find him, for his tail is in
+the wind and not his nose.[46] Also, that when the hounds be nigh him
+he may wind them and hye him well from them. _But nevertheless his
+nature is for the most part to flee ever on the wind till he be nigh
+overcome, or at the last sideways to the wind so that it be aye_
+(ever) _in his nostrils._ And when he shall hear that they be far from
+him, he hieth him not too fast. And when he is weary, and hot, then he
+goeth to yield, and soileth to some great river. And some time he
+foils down in the water half a mile or more ere he comes to land on
+any side. And that he doeth for two reasons, the one is to make
+himself cold, and for to refresh himself of the great heat that he
+hath, the other is that the hounds and the hunter may not come after
+him nor see his fues in the water, as they do on the land. And if in
+the country (there) is no great river he goeth then to the little
+(one) and shall beat up the water or foil down the water as he liketh
+best for the maintenance (extent) of a mile or more ere he come to
+land, and he shall keep himself from touching any of the brinks or
+branches but always (keep) in the middle of the water, so that the
+hounds should not scent of him. And all that doth he for two reasons
+before said.
+
+[46] This should read as G. de F. has it (p. 20): "Et aussi affin que
+les chiens ne puissent bien assentir de luy, quar ilz auront la Cueue
+au vent et non pas le nez" ("And also that the hounds shall not be
+able to wind him, as they will have their tails in the wind and not
+their noses").
+
+And when he can find no rivers then he draweth to great stanks[47] and
+meres or to great marshes. And he fleeth then mightily and far from
+the hounds, that is to say that he hath gone a great way from
+them,[48] then he will go into the stank, and will soil therein once
+or twice in all the stank and then he will come out again by the same
+way that he went in, and then he shall ruse again the same way that he
+came (the length of) a bow shot or more, and then he shall ruse out of
+the way, for to stall or squatt to rest him, and that he doeth for he
+knoweth well that the hounds shall come by the fues into the stank
+where he was. And when they should find that he has gone no further
+they will seek him no further, for they will well know that they have
+been there at other times.
+
+[47] Ponds, pools. See Appendix: Stankes.
+
+[48] G. de F., p. 21: "Et s'il fuit de fort longe aux chiens, c'est à
+dire que il les ait bien esloinhés." See Appendix: "Forlonge."
+
+An hart liveth longest of any beast for he may well live an hundred
+years[49] and the older he is the fairer he is of body and of head,
+and more lecherous, but he is not so swift, nor so light, nor so
+mighty. And many men say, but I make no affirmation upon that, when he
+is right old he beateth a serpent with his foot till she be wrath, and
+then he eateth her and then goeth to drink, and then runneth hither
+and thither to the water till the venom be mingled together and make
+him cast all his evil humours that he had in his body, and maketh his
+flesh come all new.[50] The head of the hart beareth medicine against
+the hardness of the sinews and is good to take away all aches,
+especially when these come from cold: and so is the marrow. They have
+a bone within the heart which hath great medicine, for it comforteth
+the heart, _and helpeth for the cardiac_, and many other things which
+were too long to write, the which bear medicine and be profitable in
+many diverse manners. The hart is more wise in two things than is any
+man or other beast, the one is in tasting of herbs, for he hath better
+taste and better savour and smelleth the good herbs and leaves and
+other pastures and meating the which be profitable to him, better than
+any man or beast. The other is that he hath more wit and malice
+(cunning) to save himself than any other beast or man, for there is
+not such a good hunter in the world that can think of the great malice
+and gynnes (tricks or ruses) that a hart can do, and there is no such
+good hunter nor such good hounds, but that many times fail to slay the
+hart, and that is by his wit and his malice and by his gins.
+
+[49] Most old writers on the natural history of deer repeat this
+fable. See Appendix: Hart.
+
+[50] See Appendix: Hart.
+
+As of the hinds some be barren and some bear calves, of those that be
+barren their season beginneth when the season of the hart faileth and
+lasteth till Lent. And they which bear calves, in the morning when she
+shall go to her lair she will not remain with her calf, but she will
+hold (keep) him and leave him a great way from her, and smiteth him
+with the foot and maketh him to lie down, and there the calf shall
+remain always while the hind goeth to feed. And then she shall call
+her calf in her language and he shall come to her. And that she doeth
+so that if she were hunted her calf might be saved and that he should
+not be found near her. The harts have more power to run well from the
+entry of May into St. John's tide[51] than any other time, for then
+they have put on new flesh and new hair and new heads, for the new
+herbs and the new coming out (shoots) of trees and of fruits and be
+not too heavy, for as yet they have not recovered their grease,[52]
+neither within nor without, nor their heads, wherefore they be much
+lighter and swifter. But from St. John's into the month of August they
+wax always more heavy. Their skin is right good for to do many things
+with when it is well tawed and taken in good season. Harts that be in
+great hills, when it cometh to rut, sometimes they come down into the
+great forests and heaths and to the launds (uncultivated country) and
+there they abide all the winter until the entering of April, and then
+they take to their haunts for to let their heads wax, near the towns
+and villages in the plains there where they find good feeding in the
+new growing lands. And when the grass is high and well waxen they
+withdraw into the greatest hills that they can find for the fair
+pastures and feeding and fair herbs that be thereupon. And also
+because there be no flies nor any other vermin, as there be in the
+plain country. And also so doth the cattle which come down from the
+hills in winter time, and in the summer time draw to the hills. And
+all the time from rutting time into Whitsunday great deer and old will
+be found in the plains, but from Whitsunday[53] to rutting time men
+shall find but few great deer save upon the hills, if there are any
+(hills) near or within four or five miles, and this is truth unless it
+be some young deer calved in the plains, but of those that come from
+the hills there will be none. _And every day in the heat of the day,
+and he be not hindered, from May to September, he goes to soil though
+he be not hunted._
+
+[51] Nativity of St. John the Baptist, June 24.
+
+[52] See Appendix: Grease.
+
+[53] This sentence reads somewhat confusedly in our MS., so I have
+taken this rendering straight from G. de F., p. 23.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+OF THE BUCK AND OF HIS NATURE
+
+
+A buck is a diverse beast, he hath not his hair as a hart, for he is
+more white, and also he hath not such a head. He is less than a hart
+and is larger than a roe. A buck's head is palmed with a long palming,
+and he beareth more tines than doth a hart. His head cannot be well
+described without painting. They have a longer tail than the hart, and
+more grease on their haunches than a hart. They are fawned in the
+month of June and shortly to say they have the nature of the hart,
+save only that the hart goeth sooner to rut and is sooner in his
+season again, also in all things of their kind the hart goeth before
+the buck. For when the hart hath been fifteen days at rut the buck
+scarcely beginneth to be in heat and bellow.
+
+And also men go not to sue him with a lymer, nor do men go to harbour
+him as men do to the hart. Nor are his fumes put in judgment as those
+of the hart, but men judge him by the foot other head as I shall say
+more plainly hereafter.
+
+[Illustration: BUCK-HUNTING WITH RUNNING HOUNDS (From MS. f. fr. 616,
+_Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+They crotey their fumes in diverse manners according to the time and
+pasture, as doth the hart, but oftener black and dry than otherwise.
+When they are hunted they bound again into their coverts and fly not
+so long as doth the hart, for sometimes they run upon the hounds.[54]
+And they run long and fly ever if they can by the high ways and always
+with the change. They let themselves be taken at the water and beat
+the brooks as a hart, but not with such great malice as the hart, nor
+so gynnously (cunningly) and also they go not to such great rivers as
+the hart. They run faster at the beginning than doth the hart. They
+bolk (bellow) about when they go to rut, not as a hart doth, but much
+lower than the hart, and rattling in the throat. Their nature and that
+of the hart do not love (to be) together, for gladly would they not
+dwell there where many harts be, nor the harts there where the bucks
+be namely together in herds. The buck's flesh is more savoury[55] than
+is that of the hart or of the roebuck. The venison of them is right
+good if kept and salted as that of the hart. They abide oft in a dry
+country and always commonly in herd with other bucks. Their season
+lasteth from the month of May into the middle of September. And
+commonly they dwell in a high country where there be valleys and small
+hills. He is undone as the hart.
+
+[54] They do not make such a long flight as the red deer but by
+ringing return to the hounds.
+
+[55] G. de F., p. 29, completes the sense of this sentence by saying
+that "the flesh of the buck is more savoury to all hounds than that of
+the stag or of the roe, and for this reason it is a bad change to hunt
+the stag with hounds which at some other time have eaten buck."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+OF THE ROE AND OF HIS NATURE
+
+
+The roebuck is a common beast enough, and therefore I need not to tell
+of his making, for there be few men that have not seen some of them.
+It is a good little beast and goodly for to hunt to whoso can do it as
+I shall devise hereafter, for there be few hunters that can well
+devise his nature. They go in their love that is called bokeyng in
+October[56], and the bucking of them lasteth but fifteen days or there
+about. At the bucking of the roebuck he hath to do but with one female
+for all the season, and a male and a female abide together as the
+hinds[57] till the time that the female shall have her kids; and then
+the female parteth from the male and goeth to kid her kids far from
+thence, for the male would slay the young if he could find them. And
+when they be big that they can eat by themselves of the herbs and of
+the leaves and can run away, then the female cometh again to the male,
+and they shall ever be together unless they be slain, and if one hunt
+them and part them asunder one from another, they will come together
+again as soon as they can and will seek each other until the time that
+one of them have found the other. And the cause why the male and the
+female be evermore together as no other beast in this world, is that
+commonly the female hath two kids at once, one male and the other
+female, and because they are kidded together they hold evermore
+together. And yet if they were not kidded together of one female, yet
+is the nature of them such that they will always hold together as I
+have said before. When they withdraw from the bucking, they mew their
+heads, for men will find but few roebucks that have passed two years
+that have not mewed their heads by All Hallowtide. And after the heads
+come again rough as a hart's head, and commonly they burnish their
+horns in March. The roebuck hath no season to be hunted, for they bear
+no venison[58] but men should leave them the females for their kids
+that would be lost unto the time that they have kidded, and that the
+kids can feed themselves and live by themselves without their dame. It
+is good hunting for it lasteth all the year and they run well, and
+longer than does a great hart in high season time. Roebucks cannot be
+judged by their fumes, and but little by their track as one can of
+harts, for a man cannot know the male from the female by her feet or
+by her fumes.
+
+[56] This is wrong; they rut in the beginning of August. See Appendix:
+Roe.
+
+[57] A clerical error. G. de F. (p. 36) says, "as do birds," which
+makes good sense.
+
+[58] See Appendix: Grease.
+
+They have not a great tail and do not gather venison as I have said,
+the greatest grease that they may have within is when the kidneys be
+covered all white. When the hounds hunt after the roebuck they turn
+again into their haunts and sometimes turn again to the hounds[59].
+When they see that they cannot dure[60] (last) they leave the country
+and run right long ere they be dead. And they run in and out a long
+time and beat the brooks in the same way a hart doth. And if the
+roebuck were as fair a beast as the hart, I hold that it were a fairer
+hunting than that of the hart, for it lasteth all the year and is good
+hunting and requires great mastery, for they run right long and
+gynnously (cunningly). Although they mew their heads they do not
+reburnish them, nor repair their hair till new grass time. It is a
+diverse (peculiar) beast, for it doth nothing after the nature of any
+other beast, and he followeth men into their houses, for when he is
+hunted and overcome he knoweth never where he goeth. The flesh of the
+roebuck is the most wholesome to eat of any other wild beast's flesh,
+they live on good herbs and other woods and vines and on briars and
+hawthorns[61] with leaves and on all growth of young trees. When the
+female has her kids she does all in the manner as I have said of a
+hind. When they be in bucking they sing a right foul song, for it
+seemeth as if they were bitten by hounds. When they run at their ease
+they run ever with leaps, but when they be weary or followed by hounds
+they run naturally and sometimes they trot or go apace, and sometimes
+they hasten and do not leap, and then men say that the roebuck hath
+lost his leaps, and they say amiss, for he ever leaves off leaping
+when he is well hasted and also when he is weary.
+
+[59] "They ring about in their own country, and often bound back to
+the hounds" would be a better translation.
+
+[60] From the French _durer_, to last.
+
+[61] G. de F. says "acorns."
+
+When he runneth at the beginning, as I have said, he runneth with
+leaps and with rugged standing hair and the eres[62] (target) and the
+tail cropping up all white.
+
+[62] Middle English _ars_, hinder parts called target of roebuck.
+
+And when he hath run long his hair lyeth sleek down, not standing nor
+rugged and his eres (target) does not show so white.
+
+And when he can run no longer he cometh and yieldeth himself to some
+small brook, and when he hath long beaten the brook upward or downward
+he remaineth in the water under some roots so that there is nothing
+out of water save his head.
+
+[Illustration: ROEBUCK-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RUNNING HOUNDS
+(From MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+And sometimes the hounds and the hunters shall pass above him and
+beside him and he will not stir. For although he be a foolish beast he
+has many ruses and treasons to help himself. He runneth wondrous fast,
+for when he starts from his lair he will go faster than a brace of
+good greyhounds. They haunt thick coverts of wood, or thick heathes,
+and sometimes in carres (marshes) and commonly in high countries or in
+hills and valleys and sometimes in the plains.
+
+The kids are kidded with pomeled[63] (spotted) hair as are the hind
+calves. And as a hind's calf of the first year beginneth to put out
+his head, in the same wise does he put out his small brokes[64]
+(spikes) ere he be a twelvemonth old. He is hardeled[65] but not
+undone as a hart, for he has no venison that men should lay in salt.
+And sometimes he is given all to the hounds, and sometimes only a
+part. They go to their feeding as other beasts do, in the morning and
+in the evening, and then they go to their lair. The roebuck remains
+commonly in the same country both winter and summer if he be not
+grieved or hunted out thereof.
+
+[63] From the old French _pomelé_.
+
+[64] See Appendix: Roe.
+
+[65] See Appendix: Hardel.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+OF THE WILD BOAR AND OF HIS NATURE
+
+
+A wild boar is a common beast enough and therefore it needeth not to
+tell of his making, for there be few gentlemen that have not seen some
+of them. It is the beast of this world that is strongest armed, and
+can sooner slay a man than any other. Neither is there any beast that
+he could not slay if they were alone sooner than that other beast
+could slay him,[66] be they lion or leopard, unless they should leap
+upon his back, so that he could not turn on them with his teeth. And
+there is neither lion nor leopard that slayeth a man at one stroke as
+a boar doth, for they mostly kill with the raising of their claws and
+through biting, but the wild boar slayeth a man with one stroke as
+with a knife, and therefore he can slay any other beast sooner than
+they could slay him. It is a proud[67] beast and fierce and perilous,
+for many times have men seen much harm that he hath done. For some men
+have seen him slit a man from knee up to the breast and slay him all
+stark dead at one stroke so that he never spake thereafter.
+
+[66] In spite of the boar being such a dangerous animal a wound from
+his tusk was not considered so fatal as one from the antlers of a
+stag. An old fourteenth-century saying was: "Pour le sanglier faut le
+mire, mais pour le cerf convient la bière."
+
+[67] Proud. G. de F., p. 56, _orguilleuse_. G. de F., p. 57, says
+after this that he has often himself been thrown to the ground, he
+with his courser, by a wild boar and the courser killed ("et moy
+meismes a il porté moult de fois à terre moy et mon coursier, et mort
+le coursier").
+
+They go in their love to the brimming[68] as sows do about the feast
+of St. Andrew[69], and are in their brimming love three weeks, and
+when the sows are cool the boar does not leave them[70].
+
+[68] Brimming. From Middle English _brime_, burning heat. It was also
+used in the sense of valiant-spirited (Stratmann).
+
+[69] November 30.
+
+[70] G. de F., p. 57, adds: "comme fait l'ours."
+
+He stays with them till the twelfth day after Christmas, and then the
+boar leaves the sows and goeth to take his covert, and to seek his
+livelihood alone, and thus he stays until the next year when he goeth
+again to the sows. They abide not in one place one night as they do in
+another, but they find their pasture for (till) all pastures fail them
+as hawthorns[71] and other things. Sometimes a great boar has another
+with him but this happens but seldom. They farrow[72] in March, and
+once in the year they go in their love. And there are few wild sows
+that farrow more than once in the year, nevertheless men have seen
+them farrow twice in the year.
+
+[71] A badly worded phrase, the meaning of which is not quite clear.
+G. de F. has "acorns and beachmast" instead of hawthorns.
+
+[72] Farrow. See Appendix: Wild Boar.
+
+Sometimes they go far to their feeding between night and day, and
+return to their covert and den ere it be day. But if the day overtakes
+them on the way ere they can get to their covert they will abide in
+some little thicket all that day until it be night. They wind a
+man[73] as far as any other beast or farther. They live on herbs and
+flowers especially in May, which maketh them renew[74] their hair and
+their flesh. And some good hunters _of beyond the sea_ say that in
+that time they bear medicine on account of the good herbs and the good
+flowers that they eat, but thereupon I make no affirmation. They eat
+all manner of fruits and all manner of corn, and when these fail them
+they root[75] in the ground with the rowel of their snouts which is
+right hard; they root deep in the ground till they find the roots of
+the ferns and of the spurge and other roots of which they have the
+savour (scent) in the earth. And therefore have I said they wind
+wonderfully far and marvellously well. And also they eat all the
+vermin and carrion and other foul things. They have a hard skin and
+strong flesh, especially upon their shoulders which is called the
+shield. Their season begins from the Holy Cross day in September[76]
+to the feast of St. Andrew[77] for then they go to the brimming of the
+sows. For they are in grease when they be withdrawn from the sows. The
+sows are in season from the brimming time _which is to say the twelfth
+day after Christmas_ till the time when they have farrowed. The boars
+turn commonly to bay on leaving their dens for the pride that is in
+them, and they run upon some hounds and at men also. But when the boar
+is heated, or wrathful, or hurt, then he runneth upon all things that
+he sees before him. He dwelleth in the strong wood and the thickest
+that he can find and generally runneth in the most covered and
+thickest way so that he may not be seen as he trusteth not much in his
+running, but only in his defence and in his desperate deeds.[78] He
+often stops and turns to bay, and _especially when he is at the
+brimming_ and hath a little advantage before the hounds of the first
+running, and these will never overtake him unless other new hounds be
+uncoupled to him.
+
+[73] G. de F., p. 58, says they wind acorns as well or better than a
+bear, but nothing about winding a man. See Appendix: Wild Boar.
+
+[74] From F. _renouveler_.
+
+[75] See Appendix: Wild Boar.
+
+[76] September 14.
+
+[77] November 30.
+
+[78] Despiteful or furious deeds. G. de F., p. 60, says that he only
+trusts in his defences and his weapons ("en sa défense et en ses
+armes").
+
+He will well run and fly from the sun rising to the going down of the
+sun, if he be a young boar of three years old. In the third March
+counting that in which he was farrowed, he parteth from his mother and
+may well engender at the year's end.[79]
+
+[79] As this is somewhat confused we have followed G. de F.'s text in
+the modern rendering.
+
+They have four tusks, two in the jaw above and two in the nether jaw;
+of small teeth speak not I, the which are like other boar's teeth. The
+two tusks above serve for nothing except to sharpen his two nether
+tusks and make them cut well _and men beyond the sea call_ the nether
+tusks of the boar his arms or his files, with these they do great
+harm, and also they call the tusks above gres[80] (grinders) for they
+only serve to make the others sharp as I have said, and when they are
+at bay they keep smiting their tusks together to make them sharp and
+cut better. When men hunt the boar they commonly go to soil and soil
+in the dirt and if they be hurt the soil is their medicine. The boar
+that is in his third year or a little more is more perilous and more
+swift and doth more harm than an old boar, as a young man more than an
+old man. An old boar will be sooner dead than a young one for he is
+proud and heavier and deigneth not to fly, and sooner he will run upon
+a man than fly, and smiteth great strokes but not so perilously as a
+young boar.
+
+[80] From the French _grès_, grinding-stone or grinders.
+
+A boar heareth wonderfully well and clearly, and when he is hunted and
+cometh out of the forest or bush or when he is so hunted that he is
+compelled to leave the country, he sorely dreads to take to the open
+country and to leave the forest,[81] and therefore he puts his head
+out of the wood before he puts out his body, then he abideth there and
+harkeneth and looketh about and taketh the wind on every side. And if
+that time he seeth anything that he thinks might hinder him in the way
+he would go, then he turneth again into the wood. Then will he never
+more come out though all the horns and all the holloaing of the world
+were there. But when he has undertaken the way to go out he will spare
+for nothing but will hold his way throughout. When he fleeth he maketh
+but few turnings, but when he turneth to bay, and then he runneth upon
+the hounds and upon the man. And for no stroke or wound that men do
+him will he complain or cry, but when he runneth upon the men he
+menaceth, strongly groaning. But while he can defend himself he
+defendeth himself without complaint, and when he can no longer defend
+himself there be few boars that will not complain or cry out when they
+are overcome to the death.[82]
+
+[81] G. de F., p. 60, has "fortress" instead of "forest."
+
+[82] After the word "death" a full stop should occur, for in this MS.
+and, singularly enough, also in the Shirley MS. the following words
+have been omitted: "They drop their lesses," continuing "as other
+swine do."
+
+They drop their lesses (excrements) as other swine do, according to
+their pasture being hard or soft.
+
+But men do not take them to the curée nor are they judged as of the
+hart or other beasts of venery.
+
+A boar can with great pain live twenty years; he never casts his teeth
+nor his tusks nor loses them unless by a stroke.[83] The boar's grease
+is good as that of other tame swine, and their flesh also. Some men
+say that by the foreleg of a boar one can know how old he is, for he
+will have as many small pits in the forelegs as he has years, but of
+this I make no affirmation. The sows lead about their pigs with them
+till they have farrowed twice and no longer, and then they chase their
+first pigs away from them for by that time they be two years old and
+three Marches counting the March in which they were farrowed.[84] In
+short they are like tame sows, excepting that they farrow but once in
+a year and the tame sows farrow twice. When they be wroth they run at
+both men and hounds and other beasts as (does) the wild boar and if
+they cast down a man they abide longer upon him than doeth a boar, but
+she cannot slay a man as soon as a boar for she has not such tusks as
+the boar, but sometimes they do much harm by biting. Boars and sows go
+to soil gladly when they go to their pasture, all day and when they
+return they sharpen their tusks and cut against trees when they rub
+themselves on coming from the soil. _What men call a trip of tame
+swine is called of wild swine a sounder, that is to say if there be
+passed a five or six together._
+
+[83] At this point G. de F., p. 61, adds: "One says of all biting
+beasts the trace, and of red beasts foot or view, and one can call
+both one or the other the paths or the fues."
+
+[84] See Appendix: Wild Boar.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+OF THE WOLF AND OF HIS NATURE
+
+
+A wolf is a common beast enough and therefore I need not tell of his
+make, for there are few men _beyond the sea_, that have not seen some
+of them. They are in their love in February with the females and then
+be jolly and do in the manner as hounds do, and be in their great heat
+of love ten or twelve days, and when the bitch is in greatest heat
+then if there are any wolves in the country they all go after her as
+hounds do after a bitch when she is jolly. But she will not be lined
+by any of the wolves save by one. She doth in such a wise that she
+will lead the wolves for about six or eight days without meat or drink
+and without sleep for they have so great courage towards her, that
+they have no wish to eat nor to drink, and when they be full weary she
+lets them rest until the time that they sleep, and then she claweth
+him with her foot and waketh him that seemeth to have loved her most,
+and who hath most laboured for her love, and then they go a great way
+thence and there he lines her. And therefore men say _beyond the seas
+in some countries_ when any woman doth amiss, that she is like to the
+wolf bitch for she taketh to her the worst and the foulest and the
+most wretched and it is truth that the bitch of the wolf taketh to her
+the foulest and most wretched, for he hath most laboured and
+fasted[85] for her and is most poor, most lean and most wretched. And
+this is the cause why men say that the wolf saw never his father and
+it is truth sometimes but not always, for it happeneth that when she
+has brought the wolf that she loveth most as I have said, and when the
+other wolves awaken they follow anon in her track, and if they can
+find the wolf and the bitch holding together then will all the other
+wolves run upon him and slay him, and all this is truth in this case.
+But when in all the country there is but one wolf and one bitch of his
+kind then this rule cannot be truth.
+
+[85] G. de F., p. 63, has: "Pource qu'il a plus travaillé et plus
+jeuné que n'ont les autres."
+
+And sometimes peradventure the other wolves may be awake so late that
+if the wolf is not fast with the bitch or peradventure he hath left
+her then he fleeth away from the other wolves, so they slay him not so
+in this case the first opinion is not true.
+
+They may get young whelps at the year's end, and then they leave their
+father and their mother. And sometimes before they are twelve months
+old if so be that their teeth are fully grown after their other small
+teeth which they had first, for they teethe twice in the year when
+they are whelps. The first teeth they cast when they are half a year
+old _and also their hooks_. Then other teeth come to them which they
+bear all their life-time and never cast. When these are full grown
+again then they leave their father and mother and go on their
+adventures, but notwithstanding that they go far they do not bide long
+away from each other and if it happens that they meet with their
+father and with their mother the which hath nourished them they will
+make them joy and great reverence alway. And also I would have you
+know that when a bitch and a wolf of her kind hath fellowship together
+they generally stay evermore together, and though they sometimes go to
+seek their feeding the one far from the other they will be together at
+night if they can or at the farthest at the end of three days. And
+such wolves in fellowship together get meat for their whelps the
+father as well as the mother, save only that the wolf eateth first his
+fill and then bears the remnant to his whelps. The bitch does not do
+so for she beareth all her meat to her whelps and eateth with them.
+And if the wolf is with the whelps when the mother cometh and she
+bringeth anything and the wolf has not enough he taketh the feeding
+from her and her whelps, and eateth his fill first, and then he
+leaveth them the remnant, if there be any, and if there be not any
+left they die of hunger, if they will, for he recketh but little so
+that his belly be full. And when the mother seeth that, and has been
+far to seek her meat she leaveth her meat a great way thence for her
+whelps, and then she cometh to see if the wolf is with them, and if he
+be there she stayeth till he be gone and then she bringeth them her
+meat. But also the wolf is so malicious that when he seeth her come
+without food he goeth and windeth her muzzle and if he windeth she
+hath brought anything he taketh her by the teeth and biteth her so
+that she must show him where she hath left her food. And when the
+bitch perceiveth that the wolf doth this when she returneth to her
+whelps she keepeth in the covert and doth not show herself if she
+perceiveth that the wolf is with them, and if he be there she hideth
+herself until the time he hath gone to his prey on account of his
+great hunger, and when he is gone she brings her whelps her food for
+to eat. And this is truth.
+
+Some men say that she bathes her body and her head so that the wolf
+should wind nothing of her feeding when she cometh to them, but of
+this I make no affirmation.
+
+There be other heavy wolves of this nature, the which be not so in
+fellowship, they do not help the bitch to nourish the whelps but when
+a wolf and a bitch are in fellowship and there are no wolves in that
+country by very natural smelling he knoweth well that the whelps are
+his and therefore he helpeth to nourish them but not well. At the time
+that she hath whelps the wolf is fattest in all the year, for he
+eateth and taketh all that the bitch and whelps should eat. The bitch
+beareth her whelps nine weeks and sometimes three or four days more.
+Once in the year they are in their love and are jolly. Some men say
+that the bitches bear no whelps while their mother liveth, but thereof
+I make no affirmation. The bitches of them have their whelps as other
+tame bitches, sometimes more, sometimes less. They have great strength
+especially before (fore-quarters), and evil[86] they be and strong,
+for sometimes a wolf will slay a cow or a mare and he hath great
+strength in his mouth. Sometime he will bear in his mouth a goat or a
+sheep or a young hog and not touch the ground (with it), and shall run
+so fast with it that unless mastiffs or men on horseback happen to run
+before him neither the shepherds nor no other man on foot will ever
+overtake him. They live on all manner of flesh and on all carrion and
+all kinds of vermin. And they live not long for they live not more
+than thirteen or fourteen years. Their biting is evil and venomous on
+account of the toads and other vermin that they eat. They go so fast
+when they be void (are empty) that men have let run four leashes of
+greyhounds, one after the other and they could not overtake him, for
+he runs as fast as any beast in the world, and he lasts long running,
+for he has a long breath. When he is long hunted with running hounds
+he fleeth but little from them, but if the greyhounds or other hounds
+press him, he fleeth all the covert[87] as a boar does and commonly he
+runs by the high ways. And commonly he goeth to get his livelihood by
+night, but sometimes by day, when he is sore ahungered. And there be
+some (wolves) that hunt at the hart, at the wild boar and at the
+roebuck, and windeth as far as a mastiff, and taketh hounds when they
+can. There are some that eat children and men and eat no other flesh
+from the time that they be acherned[88] (blooded) by men's flesh, for
+they would rather be dead. They are called wer-wolves, for men should
+beware of them, and they be so cautious that when they assail a man
+they have a holding upon him before the man can see them, and yet if
+men see them they will come upon them so gynnously (cunningly) that
+with great difficulty a man will escape being taken and slain, for
+they can wonder well keep from any harness (arms) that a man beareth.
+There are two principal causes why they attack men; one is when they
+are old and lose their teeth and their strength, and cannot carry
+their prey as they were wont to do, then they mostly go for children,
+which are not difficult to take for they need not carry them about but
+only eat them. And the child's flesh is more tender than is the skin
+or flesh of a beast. The other reason is that when they have been
+acharned (blooded) in a country of war, where battles have been, they
+eat dead men. Or if men have been hanged or have been hanged so low
+that they may reach thereto, or when they fall from the gallows. And
+man's flesh is so savoury and so pleasant that when they have taken to
+man's flesh they will never eat the flesh of other beasts, though they
+should die of hunger. For many men have seen them leave the sheep they
+have taken and eat the shepherd. It is a wonderfully wily and gynnous
+(cunning) beast, and more false than any other beast to take all
+advantage, for he will never fly but a little save when he has need,
+for he will always abide in his strength (stronghold), and he hath
+good breath, for every day it is needful to him, for every man that
+seeth him chaseth him away and crieth after him. When he is hunted he
+will fly all day unless he is overset by greyhounds. He will gladly go
+to some village or in a brook, he will be little at bay except when he
+can go no further. Sometimes wolves go mad and when they bite a man he
+will scarcely get well, for their biting is wonderfully venomous on
+account of the toads they have eaten as I have said before, and also
+on account of their madness. And when they are full or sick they feed
+on grasses as a hound does in order to purge themselves. They stay
+long without meat for a wolf can well remain without meat six days or
+more. And when the wolf's bitch has her whelps commonly she will do no
+harm near where she has them, for fear she hath to lose them. And if a
+wolf come to a fold of sheep if he may abide any while he will slay
+them all before he begins to eat any of them. Men take them _beyond
+the sea_ with hounds and greyhounds with nets and with cords, but when
+he is taken in nets or cords he cutteth them wonderfully fast with his
+teeth unless men get quickly to him to slay him. Also men take them
+within pits and with needles[89] and with haussepieds[90] or with
+venomous powders that men give them in flesh, and in many other
+manners. When the cattle come down from the hills the wolves come down
+also to get their livelihood. They follow commonly after men of arms
+for the carrion of the beasts or dead horses or other things. They
+howl like hounds and if there be but two they will make such a noise
+as if there were a route of seven or eight if it is by night, when the
+weather is clear and bright, or when there are young wolves that have
+not yet passed their first year. When men lay trains to acharne (with
+flesh) so as to take them, they will rarely come again to the place
+where men have put the flesh, especially old wolves, leastways not the
+first time that they should eat. But if they have eaten two or three
+times, and they are assured that no one will do them harm, then
+sometimes they will abide. But some wolves be so malicious that they
+will eat in the night and in the day they will go a great way thence,
+two miles or more, especially if they have been aggrieved in that
+place, or if they feel that men have made any train with flesh for to
+hunt at them. They do not complain (cry out) when men slay them as
+hounds do, otherwise they be most like them. When men let run
+greyhounds at a wolf he turns to look at them, and when he seeth them
+he knoweth which will take him, and then he hasteneth to go while he
+can, and if they be greyhounds which dare not take him, the wolf knows
+at once, and then he will not hasten at his first going. And if men
+let run at him from the side, or before more greyhounds which will
+seize him, when the wolf seeth them, and he be full, he voideth both
+before and behind all in his running so as to be more light and more
+swift. Men cannot nurture a wolf, though he be taken ever so young and
+chastised and beaten and held under discipline, for he will always do
+harm, if he hath time and place for to do it, he will never be so
+tame, but that when men leave him out he will look hither and thither
+to see if he may do any harm, or he looks to see if any man will do
+him any harm. For he knoweth well and woteth well that he doth evil,
+and therefore men ascrieth (cry at) and hunteth and slayeth him. And
+yet for all that he may not leave his evil nature.
+
+[86] G. de F., p. 66, has "evil biting."
+
+[87] He keeps to the coverts.
+
+[88] Acherned, from O. Fr. _acharné_, to blood, from _chair_, flesh.
+
+[89] Needles. See Appendix: Snares.
+
+[90] _Aucepis_ (Shirley MS.). G. de F., p. 69: _haussepiez_, a snare
+by which they were jerked from the ground by a noose.
+
+Men say that the right fore foot of the wolf is good for medicine for
+the evil of the breast and for the botches (sores) which come to swine
+under the shoulder.[91] And also the liver of the wolf dried is good
+for a man's liver, but thereof I make no affirmation, for I would put
+in my book nothing but very truth. The wolf's skin is warm to make
+cuffs or pilches (pelisses), but the fur thereof is not fair, and also
+it stinketh ever unless it be well tawed.[92]
+
+[91] This should be "jaw." G. de F., p. 70, has _maisselles, i.e._
+Mâchoires.
+
+[92] Prepared. Tawing is a process of making hides into
+leather--somewhat different from tanning. There were tawers and
+tanners.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+OF THE FOX AND OF HIS NATURE
+
+
+The fox is a common beast and therefore I need not tell of his making
+and there be but few gentlemen that have not seen some. He hath many
+such conditions as the wolf, for the vixen of the fox bears as long as
+the bitch of the wolf bears her whelps, sometimes more sometimes less,
+save that the vixen fox whelpeth under the earth deeper than doth the
+bitch of the wolf. The vixen of the fox is a saute[93] (in heat) once
+in the year. She has a venomous biting like a wolf and their life is
+no longer than a wolf's life. With great trouble men can take a fox,
+especially the vixen when she is with whelps, for when she is with
+whelps and is heavy, she always keeps near her hole, _for sometimes
+she whelpeth in a false hole and sometimes in great burrows and
+sometimes in hollow trees, and therefore she draweth always near her
+burrow_, and if she hears anything anon she goeth therein before the
+hounds can get to her. She is a false beast and as malicious as a
+wolf.
+
+[93] The term used by Turbervile (p. 188) is "goeth a clicqueting."
+
+The hunting for a fox is fair for the _good cry of_ the hounds[94]
+that follow him so nigh and with so good a will. Always they scent of
+him, for he flies through the thick wood and also he stinketh
+evermore. And he will scarcely leave a covert when he is therein, he
+taketh not to the plain (open) country for he trusteth not in his
+running neither in his defence, for he is too feeble, and if he does,
+it is because he is (forced to) by the strength of men and hounds. And
+he will always hold to covert, and if he can only find a briar to
+cover himself with, he will cover himself with that. When he sees that
+he cannot last, then he goeth to earth the nearest he can find which
+he knoweth well and then men may dig him out and take him, if it is
+easy digging, but not among the rocks.[95] If greyhounds _give him
+many touches and overset him_, his last remedy, if he is in an open
+country, will be that he vishiteth gladly (the act of voiding
+excrements) so that the greyhounds should leave him for the stink of
+the dirt, and also for the fear that he hath.
+
+[94] G. de F., p. 72, says, "because the hounds hunt him closely."
+
+[95] Our MS. only gives this one chapter on the fox, while Gaston
+Ph[oe]bus has another: _Comment on doit chassier et prendre le
+renard._ In this he gives directions as to earth-stopping, and taking
+him in pursenets, and smoking him out with "orpiment and sulphur and
+nitre or saltpetre." He says January, February, and March are the best
+months for hunting, as the leaf is off the trees and the coverts are
+clearer, so that the hounds have more chance of seeing the fox and
+hunt him closer. He says that one-third of the hounds should be put in
+to draw the covert, and the others in relays should guard the
+boundaries and paths, to be slipped as required. Although this is a
+Frenchman's account of fox-hunting, we have no reason to believe that
+the fox was treated at that period better by English sportsmen, for
+until comparatively recent times the fox was accounted vermin, and any
+means by which his death could be encompassed were considered
+legitimate, his extermination being the chief object in hunting him,
+and not the sport. Even as late as the seventeenth century we find
+that such treatment was considered justifiable towards a fox, for, as
+Macaulay tells us, Oliver St. John told the Long Parliament that
+Strafford was to be regarded, not as a stag or a hare, to whom some
+law was to be given, but as a fox, who was to be snared by any means,
+and knocked on the head without pity (vol. i. p. 149).
+
+A little greyhound is very hardy when (if) he takes a fox by himself,
+for men have seen great greyhounds which might well take a hart and a
+wild boar and a wolf and would let the fox go. And when the vixen is
+assaute, and goeth in her love to seek the dog fox she crieth with a
+hoarse voice as a mad hound doth, and also when she calleth her whelps
+when she misses any of them, she calleth in the same way. The fox does
+not complain (cry) when men slay him, but he defendeth himself with
+all his power while he is alive. He liveth on all vermin and all
+carrion and on foul worms. His best meat that he most loveth are hens,
+capons, duck and young geese and other wild fowls when he can get
+them, also butterflies and grasshoppers, milk and butter. They do
+great harm in warrens of coneys and of hares which they eat, and take
+them so gynnously (cunningly) and with great malice and not by
+running. There be some that hunt as a wolf[96] and some that go
+nowhere but to villages to seek the prey for their feeding. As I have
+said they are so cunning and subtle that neither men nor hounds can
+find a remedy to keep themselves from their false turns. Also foxes
+commonly dwell in great hedges or in great coverts or in burrows near
+some towns or villages for to evermore harm hens and other things as I
+have said. The foxes' skins be wonderfully warm to make cuffs and
+furs, but they stink evermore if they are not well tawed. The grease
+of the fox and the marrow are good for the hardening of sinews. Of the
+other manners of the fox and of his cunning I will speak more openly
+hereafter. Men take them with hounds, with greyhounds, with hayes and
+with purse-nets, but he cutteth them with his teeth, as the male of
+the wolf doth but not so soon (quickly).
+
+[96] According to G. de F., p. 74, it should not read that some are
+hunted like wolves, but that they themselves hunt like wolves.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+OF THE GREY (BADGER) AND OF HIS NATURE
+
+
+The grey (badger) is a common beast enough and therefore I need not
+tell you of his making, for there be few men that have not seen some
+of them, and also I shall take no heed to speak much of him, for it is
+not a beast that needeth any great mastery to devise of how to hunt
+him, or to hunt him with strength, for a grey can fly but a little way
+before he is overcome with hounds, or else he goes to bay and then he
+is slain anon. His usual dwelling is in the earth in great burrows and
+if he comes out he will not walk far thence. He liveth on all vermin
+and carrion and all fruits and on all things such as the fox. But he
+dare not venture so far by day as the fox, for he cannot flee. He
+liveth more by sleeping than by any other thing. Once in the year they
+farrow as the fox.[97] When they be hunted they defend themselves long
+and mightily and have evil biting and venomous as the fox, and yet
+they defend themselves better than the fox. It is the beast of the
+world that gathereth most grease within and that is because of the
+long sleeping that he sleepeth. And his grease bears medicine as does
+that of the fox, _and yet more_, and men say that if a child that hath
+never worn shoes is first shod with those made of the skin of the grey
+that child will heal a horse of farcy if he should ride upon him, but
+thereof I make no affirmation. His flesh is not to eat, neither is
+that of the fox nor of the wolf.
+
+[97] G. de F., p. 76, adds: "And they farrow their pigs in their
+burrows as does the fox."
+
+[Illustration: BADGER-DRAWING (From MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib. Nat._,
+Paris)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+OF THE (WILD) CAT AND ITS NATURE
+
+
+The cat is a common beast enough therefore I need not tell of his
+making, for there be few men that have not seen some of them.
+Nevertheless there be many and diverse kind of cats, after some
+masters' opinions, and namely of wild (cats). Especially there be some
+cats as big as leopards and some men call them _Guyenne_ loup
+cerviers[98] and other cat-wolves, and this is evil said for they are
+neither wolves nor cerviers nor cat-wolves. Men might (better) call
+them cat-leopards than otherwise, for they draw more to a leopard kind
+than to any other beast. They live on such meat as other cats do, save
+that they take hens in hedges[99] and goats and sheep, if they find
+them alone, for they be as big as a wolf, and almost formed and made
+as a leopard, but their tail is not so long. A greyhound alone could
+not take one of them to make him abide, for a greyhound could sooner
+take and hold fast and more steadfastly a wolf than he could one of
+them. For he claws as a leopard and furthermore bites right (hard).
+Men hunt them but seldom, but if the hounds find peradventure such a
+cat, he would not be long hunted for soon he putteth him to his
+defence or he runneth up a tree. And because he flieth not long
+therefore shall I speak but little of his hunting, for in hunting him
+there is no need of great mastery. They bear their kittens and are in
+their love as other cats, save that they have but two kittens at once.
+They dwell in hollow trees and there they make their ligging[100] and
+their beds of ferns and of grass. The cat helpeth as badly to nourish
+his kittens as the wolf doth his whelps. _Of common wild cats I need
+not to speak much, for every hunter in England knoweth them, and their
+falseness and malice are well known. But one thing I dare well say
+that if any beast hath the devil's spirit in him, without doubt it is
+the cat, both the wild and the tame._
+
+[98] According to the Shirley MS. this passage runs, "Men calleth him
+in Guyene loupeceruyers." See Appendix: Wild Cat.
+
+[99] Shirley MS. has "and egges," instead of "in hedges," which is the
+rendering G. de F. gives.
+
+[100] Bed or resting-place. See Appendix.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THE OTTER AND HIS NATURE
+
+
+An otter is a common beast enough and therefore I need not tell of his
+making. She liveth with (on?) fish and dwelleth by rivers and by ponds
+and _stanks_ (pools). And sometimes she feedeth on grass of the
+meadows and bideth gladly under the roots of trees near the rivers,
+and goeth to her feeding as doth other beasts to grass, but only in
+the new grass time, and to fish as I have said. They swimmeth in
+waters and rivers and sometimes diveth under the water when they will,
+and therefore no fish can escape them unless it be too great a one.
+They doth great harm specially in ponds and in stanks, for a couple of
+otters without more shall well destroy the fish of a great pond or
+great stank, and therefore men hunt them. They go in their love at the
+time that ferrets do, so they that hold (keep) ferrets in their houses
+may well know the time thereof. They bear their whelps as long as the
+ferrets and sometimes more and sometimes less. They whelp in holes
+under the trees near the rivers. Men hunt at them with hounds by
+great mastery, as I say hereafter.[101] And also men take them at
+other times in rivers with small cords as men do the fox with nets and
+with other gins. She hath an evil biting and venomous and with her
+strength defendeth herself mightily from the hounds. And when she is
+taken with nets unless men get to her at once she rendeth them with
+her teeth and delivereth herself out of them. Longer will I not make
+mention of her, nor of her nature, for the hunting at her is the best
+that men may see of her, save only that she has the foot of a goose,
+for she hath a little skin from one claw to another, and she hath no
+heel save that she hath a little lump under the foot, and men speak of
+the steps or the marches of the otter as men speak of the trace of the
+hart, and his fumes (excrements) tredeles or spraints. The otter
+dwelleth but little in one place, for where she goeth the fish be sore
+afraid. Sometimes she will swim upwards and downwards seeking the fish
+a mile or two unless it be in a stank.
+
+[101] The author of "Master of Game" does not say anything more about
+the otter.
+
+[Illustration: OTTER-HUNTING (From MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib. Nat._,
+Paris)]
+
+
+_Of the remnant of his nature I refer to Milbourne[102] the king's
+otter hunter. As of all other vermin I speak not, that is to say of
+martens and pole cats, for no good hunter goeth to the wood with his
+hounds intending to hunt for them, nor for the wild cat either.
+Nevertheless when men seek in covert for the fox and can find none,
+and the hounds happen to find them and then the hunter rejoiceth his
+hounds for the exploit of his hounds, and also because it is vermin
+that they run to. Of conies I do not speak, for no man hunteth them
+unless it be bishhunters_ (fur hunters), _and they hunt them with
+ferrets and with long small hayes. Those raches that run to a coney at
+any time ought to be rated saying to them loud, "Ware riot, ware," for
+no other wild beast in England is called riot save the coney only._
+
+[102] In Priv. Seal 674/6456, Feb. 18, 1410, William Melbourne is
+valet of our otterhounds. See Appendix: Otter.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+OF THE MANNER AND HABITS AND CONDITIONS OF HOUNDS
+
+
+After that I have spoken of the nature of beasts of venery and of
+chase which men should hunt, now I will tell you of the nature of the
+hounds which hunt and take them. And first of their noble conditions
+that be so great and marvellous in some hounds that there is no man
+can believe it, unless he were a good skilful hunter, and well
+knowing, and that he haunted them long, for a hound is a most
+reasonable beast, and best knowing of any beast that ever God made.
+And yet in some case I neither except man nor other thing, for men
+find it in so many stories and (see) so much nobleness in hounds,
+always from day to day, that as I have said there is no man that
+liveth, but must think it. Nevertheless natures of men and all beasts
+go ever more descending and decreasing both of life and of goodness
+and of strength and of all other things so wonderfully, _as the Earl
+of Foix Phebus sayeth in his book_, that when he seeth the hounds that
+be now hunting and thinketh of the hounds that he hath seen in the
+time that is passed, and also of the goodness and the truth, which was
+sometimes in the lords of this world, and other common men, and seeth
+what now is in them at this time, truly he saith that there is no
+comparison, and this knoweth well every man that hath any good reason.
+But now let God ordain thereof whatever His good will is. But to draw
+again to my matter, and tell the nobleness of the hounds, the which
+have been, some good tales I shall tell you the which I find in true
+writings. First of King Claudoneus[103] of France, the which sent once
+after his great court whereof were other kings which held of him land,
+among the which was the King Appollo of Lyonnys that brought with him
+to the court his wife and a greyhound that he had, that was both good
+and fair. The King Claudoneus of France had a seemly young man for his
+son, of twenty years of age, and as soon as he saw the Queen of
+Lyonnys he loved her and prayed her of (for her) love. The Queen was a
+good lady and loved well her lord, forsook him and would him not, and
+said (to) him that if he spake to her any more thereof that she would
+tell it to the King of France, and to her Lord. And after that the
+feast was passed, King Appollo of Lyonnys turned again, he and his
+wife to their country. And when they were so turned again, he and his
+wife, the King Claudoneus son of France was before him with a great
+fellowship of men of arms for to ravish his wife from him. The King
+Appollo of Lyonnys that was a wonderful good knight of his hounds
+(hands?) notwithstanding that he was unarmed, defended himself and his
+wife in the best wise that he could unto the time that he was wounded
+to the death, then he withdrew himself and his wife into a tower. And
+the King Claudoneus son, the which would not leave the lady, went in
+and took the lady, and would have defiled her, and then she said to
+him "Ye have slain my lord, and (now) ye would dishonour me, certes I
+would sooner be dead," then she drew herself to (from) a window and
+leapt into the river of Loire that ran under the tower and anon she
+was drowned. And after that within a little while, the King Appollo of
+Lyonnys died of his wounds that he had received, and on the same day
+he was cast into the river. The greyhound that I have spoke of, the
+which was always with the king his master, when his lord was cast in
+the river leapt after him into the river, insomuch that with his teeth
+he drew his lord out of the river, and made a great pit with his claws
+in the best wise that he could, and with his muzzle. And so the
+greyhound always kept his lord about half a year in the pit, and kept
+his lord from all manner of beasts and fowls. And if any man ask
+whereof he lived I say that he lived on carrion and of other feeding
+such as he might come to. So it befell that the King Claudoneus of
+France rode to see the estate of his realm, and (it) befell that the
+king passed there where the greyhound was that kept his lord and
+master, and the greyhound arose against him, and began to yelp at him.
+The King Claudoneus of France the which was a good man and of good
+perception, anon when he saw the greyhound, knew that it was the
+greyhound that King Appollo of Lyonnys had brought to his court,
+whereof he had great wonder, and he went himself there where the
+greyhound was and saw the pit, and then he made some of his men alight
+from their horses for to look what was therein, and therein they found
+the King Appollo's body all whole. And anon as the King Claudoneus of
+France saw him, he knew it was the King Appollo of Lyonnys, whereof he
+was right sorry and sore aggrieved, and ordained a cry throughout all
+his realm, that whoso would tell him the truth of the deed he would
+give him whatsoever that he would ask. Then came a damsel that was in
+the tower when the King Appollo of Lyonnys was dead, and thus she said
+to the King Claudoneus of France, "Sir," quoth she, "if you will grant
+me a boon that I shall ask and assure me to have it, before all your
+men, I shall show you him that hath done the deed," and the King swore
+to her before his men, and it so befell that the King Claudoneus son
+of France was beside his father. "Sir," she said, "here is your son
+the which hath done this deed. Now require I you as ye have sworn to
+me that ye give him to me, I will no other gift of you." The King
+Claudoneus of France turned him then towards his son and said thus:
+"Thou cursed harlot, thou hast shamed and shent (disgraced) me and
+truly I shall shend (disgrace) you. And though I have no more children
+yet shall I not spare." Then he commanded to his men to make a great
+fire, and cast his son therein, and he turned him toward the damsel
+when the fire was great alight, and thus to her he said: "Damsel, now
+take ye him for I deliver him to you, as I promised and assured you."
+The damsel durst not come nigh, for by that time he was all burnt.
+This ensample have I brought forth for the nobleness of hounds and
+also of lords that have been in olden times. But I trow that few lords
+be now that would do so even and so open justice. A hound is true to
+his lord and his master, and of good love and true.
+
+[103] In G. de F. "Clodoveus," p. 82.
+
+A hound is of great understanding and of great knowledge, a hound hath
+great strength and great goodness, a hound is a wise beast and a kind
+(one). A hound has a great memory and great smelling,[104] a hound has
+great diligence and great might, a hound is of great worthiness and of
+great subtlety, a hound is of great lightness and of great
+perseverance (?), a hound is of good obedience, for he will learn as a
+man all that a man will teach him. A hound is full of good sport;
+hounds are so good that there is scarcely a man that would not have of
+them, some for one craft, and some for another. Hounds are hardy, for
+a hound dare well keep his master's house, and his beasts, and also he
+will keep all his master's goods, and he would sooner die than
+anything be lost in his keeping. And yet to affirm the nobleness of
+hounds, I shall tell you a tale of a greyhound that was Auberie's of
+Moundydier, of which men may see the painting in the realm of France
+in many places. Aubery was a squire of the king's house of France, and
+upon a day that he was going from the court to his own house, and as
+he passed by the woods of Bondis, the which is nigh Paris, and led
+with him a well good and a fair greyhound that he had brought up. A
+man that hated him for great envy without any other reason, who was
+called Makarie, ran upon him within the wood and slew him without
+warning, for Auberie was not aware of him. And when the greyhound
+sought his master and found him he covered him with earth and with
+leaves with his claws and his muzzle in the best way that he could.
+And when he had been there three days and could no longer abide for
+hunger, he turned again to the king's court. There he found Makarie,
+who was a great gentleman, who had slain his master, and as soon as
+the greyhound perceived Makarie, he ran upon him, and would have
+maimed him, unless men had hindered him. The King of France, who was
+wise and a man of perception, asked what it was, and men told him the
+truth. The greyhound took from the boards what he could, and brought
+to his master and put meat in his mouth, and the same wise the
+greyhound did three days or four. And then the King made men follow
+the greyhound, for to see where he bare the meat that he took in the
+court. And then they found Auberie dead and buried. And then the King,
+as I have said, made come many of the men of his court, and made them
+stroke the greyhound's side, and cherish him and made his men lead him
+by the collar towards the house, but he never stirred. And then the
+King commanded Makarie to take a small piece of flesh and give it to
+the greyhound. And as soon as the greyhound saw Makarie, he left the
+flesh, and would have run upon him. And when the King saw that, he had
+great suspicions about Makarie, and said (to) him that he must needs
+fight against the greyhound. And Makarie began to laugh, but anon the
+King made him do the deed, and one of the kinsmen of Auberie saw the
+great marvel of the greyhound and said that he would swear upon the
+sacrament as is the custom in such a case for the greyhound, and
+Makarie swore on the other side, and then they were led into our
+Lady's Isle at Paris and there fought the greyhound and Makarie. For
+which Makarie had a great two-handed staff, and they fought so that
+Makarie was discomfitted, and then the king commanded that the
+greyhound the which had Makarie under him should be taken up, and then
+the King made enquiry of the truth of Makarie, the which acknowledged
+he had slain Aubrey in treason, and therefore he was hanged and drawn.
+
+[104] G. de F., p. 84, says "_sentement_," good sense, feeling, or
+sympathy.
+
+The bitches be jolly in their love commonly twice in a year, but they
+have no term of their heat, for every time of the year some be jolly.
+When they be a twelvemonth old, they become jolly, and be jolly while
+they await the hounds without any defence, twelve days or less,[105]
+and sometimes fifteen days, according as to whether they be of hot
+nature or of cold, the one more than another, or whether some be in
+better condition than others. And also men may well help them thereto,
+for if they give them much meat they abide longer in their heat than
+if they had but little. And also if they were cast in a river twice in
+a day they should be sooner out of their jollity. They bear their
+whelps nine weeks or more; the whelps be blind when they be whelped
+till they be nine days old and then they may well see and lap well
+when they be a month old, but they have great need of their dam to the
+time that they be two months old, and then they should be well fed
+with goat's milk or with cow's milk and crumbs of bread made small and
+put therein, especially in the morn and at night. Because that the
+night is more cold than the day. And also men should give them crumbs
+in flesh-broth, and in this wise men may nourish them till they be
+half a year old, and by that time they shall have cast their hooks,
+and when they have cast their hooks, they should teach them to eat dry
+bread and lap water little by little, for a hound that is nourished
+with grease and fat broth when he casts his hooks, and if he hath
+always sops or tit-bits, he is a chis[106] (dainty) hound and of evil
+ward. And also they be not so well breathed than if they have eaten
+always bread and water. When the bitches be lined they lose their
+time, and also while they be great with whelps, and also while their
+whelps suck. If they are not lined, soon they will lose their time,
+for their teats remain great and grow full of wind until the time that
+they should have had their whelps. And so that they should not lose
+their time men spaye them, save these that men will keep open to bear
+whelps. And also a spayed bitch lasteth longer in her goodness than
+other two that be not spayed.[107] And if a bitch be with whelps the
+which be not of ward let the bitch fast all the whole day, and give
+her then with a little grease the juice of a herb men calleth titimal,
+the which the apothecaries knoweth well, and she shall cast her
+whelps. Nevertheless it is a great peril namely if the whelps be great
+and formed within the bitch. The greatest fault of hounds is that they
+live not long enough, most commonly they live but twelve years. And
+also men should let run no hounds of what condition that they be nor
+hunt them until the time that they were a twelve month old and past.
+And also they can hunt but nine years at the most.
+
+[105] G. de F., p. 85, "Au moins," at least.
+
+[106] "Chis," or "cheese," hound, probably dainty hound, a chooser,
+from "cheosan," Mid. Eng. "choose," to distinguish: also written
+"ches," "chees." (Stratmann.)
+
+[107] Lasts longer good, _i.e._ lasts as long as two hounds that have
+not been spayed. G. de F. (p. 86) adds: "or at least one and a half."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+OF SICKNESSES OF HOUNDS AND OF THEIR CORRUPTIONS
+
+
+The hounds have many divers sicknesses and their greatest sickness is
+the rage whereof there be nine manners, of the which I shall tell you
+a part. The first is called furious madness. The hounds that be mad of
+that madness cry and howl with a loud voice, and not in the way that
+they were wont to when they were in health. When they escape they go
+everywhere biting both men and women and all that they find before
+them. And they have a wonderful perilous biting, for if they bite
+anything, with great pain it shall escape thereof if they draw blood,
+that it shall go mad whatever thing it be. A token for to know at the
+beginning, is this, that they eat not so well as they were wont to,
+and they bite the other hounds, making them cheer with the tail[108]
+first, smelleth[109] upon them and licketh[110] them and then he
+bloweth a great blast with his nose, and then he looketh fiercely, and
+beholdeth his own sides and maketh semblant that he had flies about
+him, and then he crieth. And when men know such tokens men should take
+him from the others until the fourth day, for then men may see the
+sickness all clearly, or else that he is not mad for some time. Many
+men be beguiled in that way. And if any hound be mad of any of the
+nine madnesses he shall never be whole. And their madness cannot last
+but nine days[111] but they shall never be whole but dead. That other
+manner of madness is known by these signs: In the beginning he doth as
+I said before, save that they neither bite man nor beast save only the
+hounds, as perilous is his biting as the first, and ever more they go
+up and down without any abiding. And this madness is called running
+madness. And these two madnesses beforesaid taketh the other hounds
+that they be with, though they bite them not. That other madness is
+called ragemuet (dumb madness) for they neither bite nor run not, eke
+they will not eat for their mouth is somewhat gaping as if they were
+enosed[112] in their throat, and so they die, within the term
+beforesaid without doing any harm. Some men say that it cometh to them
+from a worm[113] that they have under the tongue, and ye should find
+but few hounds that hath not a worm under the tongue. And many men say
+that if that worm was taken from them they would never go mad, but
+thereof I make no affirmation. Nevertheless it is good to take it from
+them, and men should take it away in this manner. Men should take the
+hound when he is past half a year old and hold fast his fore-feet, and
+put a staff athwart his mouth so that he should not bite. And after
+take the tongue and ye should find the worm under the tongue, then ye
+should slit the tongue underneath and put a needle with a thread
+betwixt the worm and tongue and cut and draw the worm out with the
+thread _or else with a small pin of wood_. And notwithstanding that
+men call it a worm it is but a great vein that hounds have under their
+tongue. This madness diseaseth not other hounds, neither man nor other
+beast. That other madness is called falling, for when they want to
+walk straight they fall now on one side and now on the other side, and
+so die within the aforesaid term. This madness stretcheth to no other
+hound nor man or beast. That other madness is called flank
+madness[114], for they be so sore and tucked up by the middle of the
+flanks as though they never ate meat, and pant in their flanks with
+much pain, and will not eat, but stoop low with the head and always
+look downwards, and when they go they take up their feet high and go
+rolling _as a drunken man_. This madness stretcheth to no other hound
+nor to any other things, and they die as it is said before. The other
+madness is called sleeping madness, for they lie always and make
+semblant as if they were asleep, and so they die without meat. This
+sickness stretcheth to no other thing. That other madness is called
+madness of head. Nevertheless all madnesses are of foolishness of the
+head and of the heat of the heart, for their head becometh great and
+swelleth fast. They eat no meat and so they die in that madness. This
+madness stretcheth to no other thing. And certainly I never saw a
+hound that had any of all these madnesses that ever might be healed.
+Nevertheless many men think sometime that a hound be mad when it is
+not so, and therefore the best proof that any man may do, is to draw
+him from the other hounds and assaye him three whole days each one
+after the other following, if he will eat flesh or any other thing.
+And if he will not eat within three days slay him as a mad hound. The
+remedies for men or for beasts that be bitten by mad hounds must need
+be done a short time after the biting, for if it were past a whole day
+it were hard to undertake to heal him of the two first madnesses
+whereof I spake at the beginning, for all the others can do no harm,
+and the remedy may be of divers manners. Some goeth to the sea, and
+that is but a little help, and maketh nine waves of the sea pass over
+him that is so bitten. Some take an old cock and pull all the feathers
+from above his vent and hangeth him by the legs and by the wings, and
+setteth the cock's vent upon the hole of the biting, and stroketh
+along the cock by the neck and by the shoulders because that the
+cock's vent should suck all the venom of the biting. And so men do
+long upon each of the wounds, and if the wounds be too little they
+must be made wider with a barber's lancet. And many men say, but
+thereof I make no affirmation, that if the hound were mad, that the
+cock shall swell and die, and he that was bitten by the hound shall be
+healed. If the cock does not die it is a token that the hound is not
+mad. There is another help, for men may make sauce of salt, vinegar
+and strong garlic pulled and stamped, and nettles together and as hot
+as it may be suffered to lay upon the bite. And this is a good
+medicine and a true, for it hath been proved, and every day should it
+be laid upon the biting twice, as hot as it can be suffered, until the
+time when it be whole, or else by nine days. And yet there is another
+medicine better than all the other. Take leeks and strong garlic and
+chives and rue and nettles and hack them small with a knife, and then
+mingle them with olive oil and vinegar, and boil them together, and
+then take all the herbs, also as hot as they may be suffered, and lay
+them on the wound every day twice, till the wound be healed, or at
+least for nine days. But at the beginning that the wound be closed or
+garsed[115] (cupped) for to draw out the venom out of the wound
+because that it goeth not to the heart. And if a hound is bit by
+another mad hound it is a good thing for to hollow it all about the
+biting with a hot iron. The hounds have also another sickness that is
+called the mange, that cometh to them because that they be melancholy.
+There are four manners of mange, that one is called the quick mange
+the which pulleth[116] the hounds and breaketh their skins in many
+places, and the skin waxeth great and thick, and this is wonderfully
+evil to heal, for though the hounds may be whole it cometh to them
+again. Commonly to this mange, this is the best ointment that men may
+make thereto. Nevertheless many men would put many others thereto,
+first take ye six pounds of honey and a quart of verdigris, and that
+the honey be first melted and stirred in the bottom with a ladle, and
+then let it cool, and let it boil often with as much of oil of nuts as
+of the honey and of water, wherein an herb has been boiled that men
+call in Latin Cleoborum, and in other language Valerian, the which
+make men sneeze, and put all these things together and mingle them
+upon the fire, stir them well and let it be cold, and anoint the hound
+by the fire or in the sun. And look that he lick not himself, for it
+should do him harm. And unless he be whole at the first time anoint
+him from eight days (to eight days)[117] until the time that he be
+whole, for certainly he shall be whole. And if he will make any more
+of that ointment, take of the things aforesaid in the same wise or
+more or less as seemeth to you that need is. That other manner (of)
+mange is called flying mange[118], for it is not in all the body but
+it cometh more commonly about the hounds' ears, and in their legs than
+in any other place of the body[119], as the farcy, and this is the
+worst to heal, and the best ointment that any man can make for this
+manner of mange is this: take quicksilver for as much as ye will make
+ointment, as ye have need, and put it in a dish with spittle of three
+or four fasting men, and stir it altogether against the bottom of the
+dish with a pot-stick, until the time that the quicksilver be quenched
+with the water, and then take ye as much verdigris as of the
+quicksilver and mingle it with spittle, always stirring with a
+pot-stick, as I have said before, until the time that they can be all
+mingled together. And after take old swine's grease without salt, a
+great piece, and take away the skin above, and put it in the dish that
+I spake of, with the things before said, and mingle and stamp it
+altogether a long while, then keep it to anoint the hound there where
+he hath the mange and in no other place, and certainly he shall be
+whole. This ointment is marvellous and good and true not only for this
+thing, but also against the canker and fistula and farcy and other
+quick evils, the which have been hard to heal in other beasts. That
+other is a common mange when the hounds claw themselves with their
+feet and snap with their teeth, and it is on all the body of the
+hound. And all manners of mange come to hounds from great travel and
+from long hunting, as when they be hot they drink of foul water and
+unclean, which corrupteth their bodys, and also when they hunt in evil
+places of pricklings of thorns, of briers, or peradventure it raineth
+upon them, and they be not well tended afterwards. Then cometh the
+scab, and also the scab cometh upon them when they abide in their
+kennel too long[120] and goeth not hunting. Or else their litter and
+couch is uncleanly kept, or else the straw is not removed and their
+water not freshened, and shortly the hounds unclean, I hold, and evil
+kept _or long waterless_, have commonly this mange. For the cure of
+which take ye the root of an herb that groweth upon houses and walls,
+the which is called in Latin iroos[121] (iris) and chop it small and
+boil it well in water, and then put thereto as much of oil made of
+nuts as of water, and when it is well boiled cast out the herb, and
+then take of black pitch and of rosin as much of the one as of the
+other, well stamped, and cast it in the water and the oil before said,
+and stir it well about on the fire with a pot-stick: and then let it
+well grow cold, and anoint the hound as before is said. Sometime
+cometh to the hounds sickness in their eyes, for there cometh a web
+upon them, and growing flesh which cometh into that one side of the
+eye, and is called a nail[122], and so they grow blind unless a man
+take care thereof. Some men put about their necks a collar of an elm
+tree both of leaves and of bark, and seeth that when that shall be dry
+the nail shall fall away, but that is but a little help. But the true
+help that may be thereto is this, take ye the juice of a herb that men
+call Selidoyn (Celandine)[123] powder of ginger and of pepper, and put
+all together thrice in the day within the eye, and let him not claw
+nor rub it a long while, and that customarily by nine days until the
+time that the hound's eyes be whole, and also it is good to put
+therein of the Sousse[124] of the which men find enough at the
+apothecary's for the same sickness, and if the nail were so hard grown
+and so strong that he might not be healed therewith, take a needle and
+bow it in the middle that it be crooked, and take well and subtly the
+flesh that is upon the eye with the needle and draw it up on high, and
+then cut it with a razor, but take good care that the needle touch not
+the eye. These things the smiths can do well[125], for as the nail is
+drawn out of a horse's eye, right so it must be drawn out of the
+hound's eye, _and without fault he shall be whole_. And also another
+sickness cometh into the hound's ears the which cometh out of the
+rewme (cold) of the head of the hound, for they claw themselves so
+much with the hinder feet that they make much foul things come out
+thereof, and so out of her ears cometh much foul things, and some time
+thereof they become deaf. Therefore they should take wine luke-warm
+and with a cloth wash it well, and clean three or four times in the
+day, and when it is washed ye should cast therein oil and camomile
+milk, warm, three drops, and suffer him not to claw it nor rub it a
+great while, and do so continually until the time that he be whole.
+Also hounds have another sickness that cometh to them of the rewme,
+that is to say, they have the malemort (glanders) in their nostrils as
+horses have, wherefore they can smell nothing nor wind, and at the
+last some die thereof, and they take it most when they hunt in snow.
+For this sickness boil mastic and incense in small powder in fair
+water, and of a thing that men call Ostoraces calamynt[126],
+brygella[127] of rue[128] and mint and of sage, and hold the hound's
+nose upon the pot's mouth wherein these things should boil so that he
+may retain within his nostrils the smoke that cometh thereof out of
+the pot. And in this wise serve him a long while, three or four times
+every day, until the time that he be whole, and this is good also for
+a horse when he hath the glanders strongly coming out of the nose.
+Also there is another sickness of hounds, the which cometh to them in
+their throats and sometime cometh so to men in such wise that they may
+not keep down their meat, and so they must cast it out again. In some
+time the sickness is so strong on them, that they can keep nothing
+down in their bodies and so die. The best medicine is to let them go
+wherever they will, and let them eat all that ever they will. For
+sometime the contrary things turneth them to good. And give them to
+eat flesh right small cut, and put in broth or in goat's milk a
+little, and a little because that they may swallow it down without
+labour, and give him not too much at once, that they may digest
+better. And also buttered eggs doeth them much good. And sometimes the
+hounds hurt themselves in their feet, and in their legs, and in their
+breast. And when it is in the joints of their feet that be run out of
+their places, the best help that there is is to bring them again into
+joint, by such men as can well do it, and then lay upon that place
+flax wetted in white of egg, and let them rest until the time that
+they be whole. And if there be any broken bones men should knit it
+again in the best wise, the one bone against that other and bind it
+with flax above as I have said, and with four splints well bound
+thereto that one against that other, because that the bone should not
+unjoin, and men should remove the bands from four days to four days
+all whole. And give them to drink the juice of herbs that are called
+consolida major[129] and minor[130], and mix it in broth or in her
+meat, and that shall make the bones join together. Also many hounds be
+lost by the feet, and if some time they be heated take vinegar and
+soot that is within the chimney, and wash his feet therewith until the
+time that they be whole, and if the soles of the feet be bruised
+because, peradventure, they have run in hard country or among stones,
+take water, and small salt therein, and therewith wash their feet, the
+same day that they have hunted, and if they have hunted in evil
+country among thorns and briars that they be hurt in their legs or in
+their feet, wash their legs in sheep's tallow well boiled in wine when
+it is cold, and rub them well upward against the hair. The best that
+men may do to hounds that they lose not their claws is that they
+sojourn not too long, for in long sojourning they lose their claws,
+and their feet, and therefore they should be led three times in the
+week a-hunting, and at the least twice. If they have sojourned too
+much, cut ye a little off the end of their claws with pincers ere they
+go hunting, so that they may not break their claws in running. Also
+when they be at sojourn, men should lead them out every day a mile or
+two upon gravel or upon a right hard path by a river side, so that
+their feet may be hard. Hounds also sometimes be chilled as horses
+when they have run too long, and come hot in some water, or else when
+they come to rest in some cold place, then they go all forenoon and
+cannot eat, nor cannot walk well, then should men let blood on the
+four legs. From the forelegs in the joints within the leg, from the
+hinder legs men should let blood in the veins that goeth overthwart
+above the hocks on the other side, and in the hinder legs men may well
+see clearly the veins that I speak of, and also in the forelegs, thus
+he shall be whole. And give him one day sops or some other thing
+comfortable till the morrow or other day. The hounds also have a
+sickness in the yerde that men calleth the canker, and many be lost
+thereby. Men should take such a hound and hold him fast and upright
+and bind his mouth and his four legs also, and then men should take
+his yerde backward by the ballocks and put him upward, and another man
+shall draw the skin well in manner that the yerde may all come out,
+and then a man may take away the canker with his fingers, for if it
+were taken away with a knife men might cut him. And then men should
+wash it with wine, milk warm, and then put therein honey and salt, so
+that the sickness shall not come again, and then put again the yerde
+within the skin as it was before, and look every week that the
+sickness come not again, and take it always out if aught come thereto
+until the time that it be whole. And in the same wise a man should do
+to a bitch, if such a sickness were taken in her nature. In this
+sickness many hounds and bitches die for default of these cures,
+whereof all hunters have not full knowledge. Sometimes the hounds have
+a great sickness that they may not piss, and be lost thereby and also
+when they may not scombre (dung). Then take ye the root of a cabbage
+and put it in olive oil, and put it in his fundament so that ye leave
+some of the end without, so much that it may be drawn out when it is
+needful. And if he may not be whole thereby make him a clyster as men
+do to a man, of mallows, of beets, and of mercury, a handful of each,
+and of rue and of incense, and that all these things be boiled in
+water and put bran within, and let pass all that water through a
+strainer, and thereto put two drachms of agarite[131] and of honey and
+of olive oil, and all this together put into his anus and he shall
+scombre.
+
+[108] Cherish, "wagging their tayles and seeming to cherish them,"
+Turbervile, p. 223. See Appendix: Madness.
+
+[109] It should read "smelleth," as it is in Shirley MS. and in G. de
+F., p. 87.
+
+[110] The friendly licking of other dogs has often been noticed as an
+early symptom of rabies in a pack of hounds.
+
+[111] Du Fouilloux in his _La Venerie_ (published 1561) copied much
+from Gaston de Foix's book, but either he or his editors made the
+ridiculous mistake of saying nine _months_ instead of _days_.
+Turbervile, who translated, or rather cribbed, Du Fouilloux's book,
+has copied this absurd mistake, and says a hound may continue thus
+nine months, but not past (p. 222).
+
+[112] Means "a bone in their throat." G. de F. (p. 88): "comme si ils
+avoient un os en la gueule." In the Shirley MS. "enosed," _i.e._ "_un
+os._" See Appendix: Madness.
+
+[113] See Appendix: Worming.
+
+[114] "Lank madness" in Turbervile, p. 223. Tucked up. G. de F. (p.
+88): "cousus parmi les flans" ("the flanks drawn in").
+
+[115] In Shirley MS. "ventoused upon or gersed." G. de F.: "ventouses,
+que on appelle coupes," hence "cupped and lanced" would be the proper
+meaning.
+
+[116] Makes them lose their hair. G. de F. (p. 90), "et si _poile_ le
+chien."
+
+[117] "To viii. days" has been omitted.
+
+[118] Some confusion, which is still common, between eczema from
+various causes, and true parasitic mange or scabies.
+
+[119] G. de F. (p. 91) adds: "et est vermeille et saute d'un lieu en
+autre."
+
+[120] In the Shirley MS. the words are added: "to(o) hye plyte,"
+_i.e._ too high condition. G. de F. (p. 91) adds "gresse."
+
+[121] _Ireos_, Eng. Iris. This word is also constantly recurring in
+old household books. Aniseed and orris powder were placed among linen
+to preserve it from insects. In Edward IV.'s Wardrobe Accounts we read
+of bags of fustian stuffed with anneys and ireos.
+
+[122] _Pterygium_, name for the "sickness" in the eyes of hounds which
+our MS. describes as a "web coming upon them." It is called
+_pterygium_ from its resemblance to an insect's wing; is an
+hypertrophy of the conjunctiva or lining membrane of the eye, due to
+irritation; it extends from the inner angle to the cornea, which it
+may cover: the treatment is excision. The cure for "the nail"
+mentioned in our MS. of hanging a collar of elm leaves round the dog
+is taken by G. de F. (p. 92) from Roy Modus xliv., where it is given
+without the saving clause "Mès cela est bien petit remède."
+
+[123] _Celandine_, _Chalidonium Majus_, from [Greek: chelidôn], a
+swallow. The name was derived from the tradition that swallows used it
+to open the eyes of their young or to restore their sight. Has a
+yellow flower and an acrid, bitter, orange juice. Internally an
+irritant poison. Infusions in wine used by Galen and Bioscorides for
+jaundice, probably from the colour of the juice and flowers.
+Externally the juice was much used for wounds, ulcers, ophthalmic
+cases, and for the removal of warts. The Old French name for this
+plant was _herbe d'arondelles_ (_hirondelles_).
+
+[124] Shirley MS. has "foussye," G. de F. (p. 92) "de la poudre de la
+tutie," oxide of zinc.
+
+[125] Shirley MS. adds: "that be marshals for horses."
+
+[126] _Estoracis calamita_, G. de F., p. 93. Lavallée appends the
+note: "_Storax et Styrax calamita._" Storax, a resin resembling
+benzoin, was in high esteem from the time of Pliny to the eighteenth
+century. It was obtained from the stem of _Styrax_ _officinalis_, a
+native of Greece and the Levant. In our MS. four other ingredients
+mentioned by G. de F. have been left out, but the Shirley MS. gives
+them: "and oyle of Kamamyle and of Mallyor of aushes and of calamynt,"
+_i.e._ oil of camomile, melilot (Meliters), rosemary, thymus calamita,
+a species of balm. Possibly this is a mint called _Calaminta nepeta_,
+a plant formerly much used in medicine as a gentle stimulant and
+tonic. Melilot, a genus of clover-like plants of the natural order of
+_Leguminose_.
+
+[127] Mildew. G. de F. (p. 93), Nigella, Nielle.
+
+[128] _Rewe_, Mod. Eng. _rue_, Lat. _ruta_. This herb was in great
+repute among the ancients, and is still employed in medicine as a
+powerful stimulant.
+
+[129] _Consolida major._ Lavallée in his note (p. 94) translates this
+_consoude_, which in English is comfrey, Latin _Symphytum_.
+
+[130] _Consolida minor_ (Lavallée: note, _petit consoude_), Mod. Fr.
+_Brunelle_. G. de F. p. 94. Eng. Selfheal. Lat. _Prunella vulgaris_.
+It was at one time in repute as a febrifuge.
+
+[131] _Agarys_. G. de F. _d'agret_, probably _agrimony_, Lat.
+agrimonia. It is bitter and styptic, and was much valued in domestic
+medicine; a decoction of it being used as a gargle and the dried
+leaves as a kind of tea, and the root as a vermifuge.
+
+[Illustration: HOW THE HOUNDS WERE LED OUT] (From MS. f. fr. 616,
+_Bib. Nat._, Paris)
+
+And then take five corns of spurge[132] and stamp them and temper them
+with goat's milk or with broth, and put it in the hound's throat to
+the amount of a glassful. And if he may not piss take the leaves of
+leeks and of a herb that is called marrubium album[133] and of
+modirwort[134] and of peritorie[135] and morsus galline[136] and of
+nettles and parsley leaves as much of the one as of the other, and
+stamp them with swine's grease therewith, and make a plaster thereof,
+and make it a little hot, and lay it upon the hound's yerde and along
+his belly, and that which is hard to understand ye shall find at the
+apothecary's, the which know well all these things. Also to the hounds
+cometh sores, that cometh to them under the throat or in other parts
+of the body. Then take ye of the mallows and of the onions and of
+white lilies,[137] and cut them small with a knife, and put them in a
+ladle of iron and mingle these herbs whereof I speak, and lay them
+upon the sores, and that shall make them rise, and when they be risen,
+slit them with a sharp knife. And when they be so broken, lay upon
+them some good drawing salve, and he be whole. Sometimes the hounds
+fight and bite each other, and then they shall take sheep's wool
+unwashed, and a little olive oil, and wet the wool in the oil, and lay
+it upon the hound's wound, and bind it thereupon, and do so three
+days, and then after twice each day anoint it with olive oil, and lay
+nothing upon it. And he shall lick it with his tongue and heal
+himself.[138] If peradventure in the wound come worms as I have seen
+some time, every day ye shall pick them out with a stick, and ye shall
+put in the wound the juice of leaves of a peach tree mingled with
+quicklime until the time that they be whole. Also it happeneth to many
+hounds that they smite the forelegs against the hinder wherefore their
+thighs dry[139] and be lost thereby, and then if ye see that it last
+them longer than three days that they set not their foot to the earth,
+then slit ye the thigh along and athwart within the thigh, crosswise
+upon the bone, that is upon the turn bone of the knee behind, and then
+put thereupon wool wet in olive oil as before is said, for three whole
+days. And then after anoint the wound with oil without binding as I
+have said, and he shall heal himself with his tongue. Sometimes a
+hound is evil astyfled,[140] so that he shall sometime abide half a
+year or more ere he be well, _and if he be not so tended he will never
+recover_. Then it needeth that ye let him long sojourn until the time
+that he be whole, until he is no longer halting, that is that one
+thigh be no greater than the other. And if he may not be all whole, do
+to him as men do to a horse that is spauled in the shoulder in front,
+draw throughout a cord of horsehair[141] and he shall be whole.
+Sometimes an evil befalls in the ballock purse,[142] sometimes from
+too long hunting or from long journeys, or from rupture,[143] or
+sometimes when bitches be jolly, and they may not come to them at
+their ease as they would, and that the humours runneth into the
+ballocks, and sometimes when they be smitten upon in hunting or in
+other places. To this sickness and to all others in that manner, the
+best help is for to make a purse of cloth three or four times double,
+and take linseed and put it within, and put it in a pot, and let it
+mingle with wien, and let them well boil together, and mix it always
+with a stick, and when it is well boiled put it within the purse that
+I spoke of, as hot as the hound may suffer it, and put his ballocks in
+that purse, and bind it with a band betwixt the thighs above the back,
+make well fast the ballocks upwards, and leave a hole in the cloth for
+to put out the tail and his anus, and another hole before for the
+yerde so that he may scombre and piss and renew that thing once or
+twice until the time that he be whole. Also it is a well good thing
+for a man or for a horse that hath this sickness.[144]
+
+[132] _Euphorbia resinifera_, common spurge, exudes a very acrid milky
+juice which dries into a gum resin. Still used for some plasters.
+
+[133] _Marrubium vulgare._ G. de F. _marrabre blanc_, Eng. white
+horehound. It enjoyed a great reputation as a stimulating expectorant
+employed in asthma, consumption, and other pulmonary affections.
+
+[134] _Leonurus cardiaca._ G. de F. _Artemise_, Eng. Motherwort, Mod.
+Fr. _armoise_. A plant allied to the horehound as a vascular stimulant
+and diuretic and a general tonic, employed in dropsy, gout,
+rheumatism, and uterine disorders.
+
+[135] _Parietaria._ Eng. Wall pellitory. An old domestic remedy. It
+was supposed to be astringent and cooling, and used locally for
+inflammation, burns, erysipelas, and internally as a diuretic. It
+grows on old walls and heaps of rubbish.
+
+[136] _Morsus gallinus._
+
+[137] _Lilies._ The white lilies here mentioned are probably _Lilium
+connalium_ (lilies of the valley). In an old book of recipes I find
+them mentioned as an antidote to poison. (_Haus und Land Bib._ 1700.)
+They have medicinal qualities, purgative and diuretic in effect. Dried
+and powdered they become a sternutatory.
+
+[138] In the Shirley MS. there is added: "the hound tongue beareth
+medicine and especially to himself." G. de F. has the same (p. 97).
+
+[139] Wither or dry up.
+
+[140] Inflammation of the stifle joint.
+
+[141] _Seton._ G. de F. (p. 98) says: "une ortie et un sedel de
+corde." His word _sedel_ came from the Spanish _sedal_. The English
+"seton" comes from _seta_, a hair, because hair was originally
+employed as the inserted material.
+
+[142] Testicles.
+
+[143] The following words, which are in Shirley MS. and in G. de F.,
+are left out: "some tyme for they more foundeth as an hors."
+
+[144] The Shirley MS. has the following ending to this chapter: "And
+God forbid that for (a) little labour or cost of this medicine, man
+should see his good kind hound perish, that before hath made him so
+many comfortable disports at divers times in hunting," which is not
+taken from G. de F.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+OF RUNNING HOUNDS AND OF THEIR NATURE
+
+
+A running hound is a kind of hound there be few men that have not seen
+some of them. Nevertheless I shall devise how a running hound shall be
+held for good and fair, and also shall I devise of their manners. Of
+all hues of running hounds, there are some which be good, and some
+which be bad or evil as of greyhounds. But the best hue of running
+hounds and most common for to be good, is called brown tan. Also the
+goodness of running hounds, and of all other kinds of good hounds,
+cometh of true courage and of the good nature of their good father and
+of their good mother. And also as touching greyhounds, men may well
+help to make them good by teaching as by leading them to the wood and
+to fields, and to be always near them, in making of many good curées
+when they have done well, and of rating at and beating them when they
+have done amiss, for they are beasts, and therefore have they need to
+learn that which men will they should do. A running hound should be
+well born, and well grown of body, and should have great nostrils and
+open, and a long snout, but not small, and great lips and well hanging
+down, and great eyes red or black, and a great forehead and great
+head, and large ears, well long and well hanging down, broad and near
+the head, a great neck, and a great breast and great shoulders, and
+great legs and strong, and not too long, and great feet, round and
+great claws, and the foot a little low, small flanks and long sides, a
+little pintel not long, small hanging ballocks and well trussed
+together, a good chine bone and great back, good thighs, and great
+hind legs and the hocks straight and not bowed, the tail great and
+high, and not cromping up on the back, but straight and a little
+cromping upward. Nevertheless I have seen some running hounds with
+great hairy tails the which were very good. Running hounds hunt in
+divers manners, for some followeth the hart fast at the first, for
+they go lightly and fast and when they have run so awhile, they have
+hied them so fast that they be relaxed and all breathless, and stop
+still and leave the hart when they should chase him. This kind of
+running hounds men should find usually in the land of Basco and Spain.
+They are right good for the wild boar, but are not good for the hart,
+for they be not good to enchase at a long flight, but only for to
+press him, for they seek not well, and they run not well nor they hunt
+not (well) from a distance, for they be accustomed to hunt close.
+
+[Illustration: RACHES OR RUNNING HOUNDS IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY (From
+MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib. Nat_., Paris)]
+
+And at the beginning they have shown their best. Other manners of
+running hounds there are which hunt a good deal more slowly and
+heavily, but as they begin, so they hold on all the day. These hounds
+force not so soon a hart as the other, but they bring him best by
+mastery and strength to his end, for they retrieve and scent the line
+better and farther, because they are somewhat slow. They must hunt the
+hart from farther off, and therefore they scent the fues better than
+the other that goes so hastily without stopping until the time that
+they be weary. A bold hound should never complain or howl, unless if
+he were out of the rights. And also he should again seek the rights,
+for a hart flieth and ruseth. Commonly a bold hound hunteth with the
+wind when he seeth his time. He dreads his master and understands him
+and does as he bids him. A bold hound should not leave the hart
+neither for rain, nor for heat, nor for cold, nor for any evil
+weather, but at this time there be few such, and also should he hunt
+the hart well by himself without help of man, as if the man were
+always with him. _But alas! I know not now any such hounds._ Hounds
+there are which be bold and brave; and be called bold for they are
+bold and good for the hart, for when the hart comes in danger[145]
+they will chase him, but they will not open[146] nor quest while he is
+among the change, for dread to envoyse[147] and do amiss, but when
+they have dissevered[148] him, then they will open and hunt him and
+should overcome the hart well, and perfectly and masterfully
+throughout all the change. These hounds be not so good nor so perfect
+as be the bold hounds before said _to most men_ for two reasons[149],
+that one reason is for they hunt not at men's best pleasure for they
+hunt nought but the hart, and the first bold hound hunts all manner of
+beasts that his master will uncouple him to. He opens always through
+all the changes, and a bold hound for the hart opens not for the hart,
+as I have said when the hart is amid the changes. He dreadeth where he
+goeth that men see him lest he do amiss or envoise, but men cannot
+always see him[150]. Of this kind of hound have I seen many a one.
+There be other kinds of hounds which men _beyond the sea call_ hart
+hounds, good and restrained hart hounds.[151] They hunt no other beast
+but the hart, and therefore they are called hart hounds and bold
+hounds, for they be bold and good and wise for the hart; they be
+called restrained, because if the hart fall among the change they
+should abide still[152] until the hunter come, and when they see their
+master they make him welcome, and wag their tails upon him, and will
+by-piss the way and the bushes, _but in England men make them not so_.
+These be good hounds _of our land_, but not so good as the bold hounds
+aforesaid. They be well wise, for they know well that they should not
+hunt the change, and they are not so wise as to dissever the hart from
+the change, for they abide still and restive. These hounds I hold full
+good, for the hunter that knows them may well help them to slay the
+hart. None of all these three kinds of hounds hunt at the hart in
+rutting time, unless it be the good bold hound,[153] which is the best
+of all other hounds. The best sport that men can have is running with
+hounds, for if he hunt at hare or at the roe or at buck or at the
+hart, or at any other beast without greyhound[154] it is a fair thing,
+and pleasant to him that loveth them; the seeking and the finding is
+also a fair thing, and a great liking to slay them with strength, and
+for to see the wit and the knowledge that God hath given to good
+hounds, and for to see good recovering and retrieving, and the mastery
+and the subtleties that be in good hounds. For with greyhounds and
+with other kinds of hounds whatever they be, the sport lasteth not,
+for anon a good greyhound or a good alaunte taketh or faileth a beast,
+and so do all manner of hounds save running hounds, the which must
+hunt all the day questeying and making great melody in their language
+and saying great villainy and chiding the beasts that they chase. And
+therefore I prefer them to all other kinds of hounds, for they have
+more virtue it seems to me than any other beast. Other kind of hounds
+there be the which open and jangle when they are uncoupled, as well
+when they be not in her fues (on their line), and when they be in her
+fues they questey[155] too much in seeking their chase whatever it be,
+and if they learn the habit when they are young and are not chastised
+thereof, they will evermore be noisy and wild, and namely when they
+seek their chase, for when the chase is found, the hounds cannot
+questey too much so that they be in the fues[156]. And to rente and
+make hounds there are many remedies. _There be also many kinds of
+running hounds, some small and some big, and the small be called
+kenets, and these hounds run well to all manner of game, and they
+(that) serve for all game men call them harriers.[157] And every hound
+that hath that courage will come to be a harrier by nature with little
+making. But they need great nature and making in youth, and great
+labour to make a hound run boldly to a chase where there is great
+change, or other chases._ Hounds which are not perfectly wise take the
+change commonly from May until St. John's tide (June 24th), for then
+they find the change of hinds. The hinds will not fly far before the
+hounds, but they turn about and the hound sees them very often, and
+therefore they run to them with a better will, because they keep near
+their calves the which cannot fly, therefore they hunt them gladly;
+and commonly when the harts go to rut, hounds hunt the change, for the
+harts and the hinds be commonly standing in herds together, and so
+they find them and run to them sooner than at any other time of the
+year. Also the hounds scent worse from May until St. John's time than
+in any other time of all the year, for as I shall say the burnt heath
+and the burning of fields taketh away the scent from the hounds of the
+beasts that they hunt. Also in that time the herbs be best and flowers
+in their smelling, each one in their kind, and when the hounds hope to
+scent the beast that they hunt, the sweet-smelling of the herbs takes
+the scent of the beast from them.
+
+[145] Danger of his being lost to the hounds.
+
+[146] Challenge--_i.e._ the noise the hounds make on finding the scent
+of an animal.
+
+[147] Get off the line.
+
+[148] Separated him from the other deer.
+
+[149] From here to the middle of the 13th line on the next page the
+text is copied from the Shirley MS., the scribe who wrote the
+Vespasian B. XII. MS. having made a mistake in his transcript, copying
+on folio 65 the folio 64, which therefore appears twice over, to the
+exclusion of the matter here copied from the Shirley MS.
+
+[150] This sentence is difficult to understand without consulting G.
+de F. (p. 110), who says: "as the hound does not challenge when the
+stag is with change, one does not know where he is going unless one
+sees him, and one cannot always see him."
+
+[151] G. de F.: "cerfs baus restifz" is the name which he gives these
+hounds.
+
+[152] G. de F. adds: "and remain quite quiet."
+
+[153] "Le chien baud," G. de F., p. 111. See Appendix: Running
+Hounds.
+
+[154] The text of the MS. differs from G. de F., who says if one hunts
+stags "ou autres bestes en traillant sans limier" (drawing from them
+without having first harboured them with a lymer), and does not say
+"without greyhounds"; p. 111.
+
+[155] G. de F. has here: "Ils crient trop en quérant leur beste quelle
+que soit," p. 111.
+
+[156] "The hounds cannot challenge too loudly when they are on the
+line." G. de F.: "Chien ne peut trop crier," p. 112.
+
+[157] From Mid. Eng. _harien_, _harren_, to harry or worry game. See
+Appendix: Harrier.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+OF GREYHOUNDS AND OF THEIR NATURE
+
+
+The greyhound is a kind of hound there be few which have not seen
+some. Nevertheless for to devise how a greyhound should be held for
+good and fair, I shall devise their manner. Of all manner of
+greyhounds there be both good and bad, nevertheless the best hue is
+red fallow with a black muzzle. The goodness of greyhounds comes of
+right courage, and of the good nature of their father and their
+mother. And also men may well help to make them good in the
+encharning[158] of them with other good greyhounds, and feed them well
+with the best that he taketh. The good greyhound should be of middle
+size, neither too big nor too little, and then he is good for all
+beasts. If he were too big he is nought for small beasts, and if he
+were too little he were nought for the great beasts. Nevertheless
+whoso can maintain both, it is good that he have both of the great and
+of the small, and of the middle size. A greyhound should have a long
+head and somewhat large made, resembling the making of a bace[159]
+(pike). A good large mouth and good seizers the one against the other,
+so that the nether jaw pass not the upper, nor that the upper pass not
+the nether. Their eyes are red or black as those of a sparrow hawk,
+the ears small and high in the manner of a serpent, the neck great and
+long bowed like a swan's neck, his chest great and open, the hair
+under his chyn hanging down in the manner of a lion.[160] His
+shoulders as a roebuck, the forelegs straight and great enough and not
+too high in the legs, the feet straight and round as a cat, great
+claws, long head as a cow[161] hanging down.
+
+[158] Encharning, feed with the flesh of game, to blood.
+
+[159] Should be "luce," and G. de F. has "luz," from Lat. _lucius_,
+pike, p. 103.
+
+[160] G. de F., p. 104, says: "La harpe bien avalée en guise de lion,"
+_harpe_ meaning in this instance "flanks."
+
+[161] "Long head as a cow" is evidently a mistake of translator or
+scribe. G. de F. has: "le costé lonc comme une biche et bien avalé"
+("the sides long as a hind, and hanging down well").
+
+The bones and the joints of the chine great and hard like the chine of
+a hart. And if his chine be a little high it is better than if it were
+flat. A little pintel and little ballocks, and well trussed near the
+ars, small womb,[162] the hocks straight and not bent as of an ox, a
+cat's tail making a ring at the end and not too high, the two bones of
+the chine behind broad of a large palm's breadth or more. Also there
+are many good greyhounds with long tails right swift. A good greyhound
+should go so fast that if he be well slipped he should overtake any
+beast, and there where he overtakes it he should seize it where he can
+get at it the soonest, _nevertheless he shall last longer if he bite
+in front or by the side_.[163] He should be courteous and not too
+fierce, following well his master and doing whatever he command him.
+He shall be good and kindly _and clean_, glad and joyful and playful,
+well willing and goodly to all manner of folks save to the wild beasts
+to whom he should be fierce, spiteful and eager.
+
+[162] The following words should be added here, a line having been
+omitted by the scribe: "and straight near the back as a lamprey, the
+thighs great and straight as a hare." They are in Shirley MS. and G.
+de F., p. 104.
+
+[163] In lieu of this original passage G. de F., p. 105, has: "sans
+abayer, et sans marchander" ("without baying or bargaining").
+
+[Illustration: THE SMOOTH AND THE ROUGH-COATED GREYHOUNDS (From MS. f.
+fr. 616, _Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+OF ALAUNTES AND OF THEIR NATURE
+
+
+An alaunte is of the manner and nature of hounds. And the good
+alauntes be those which men call alauntes gentle. Others there be that
+men call alauntes veutreres, others be alauntes of the butcheries.
+They that be gentle should be made and shaped as a greyhound, even of
+all things save of the head, the which should be great and short. And
+though there be alauntes of all hues, the true hue of a good alaunte,
+and that which is most common should be white with black spots about
+the ears, small eyes and white standing ears and sharp above. Men
+should teach alauntes better, and to be of better custom than any
+other beasts, for he is better shaped and stronger for to do harm than
+any other beast. And also commonly alauntes are stordy[164] (giddy) of
+their own nature and have not such good sense as many other hounds
+have, for if a man prick[165] a horse the alauntes will run gladly and
+bite the horse. Also they run at oxen and sheep, and swine, and at all
+other beasts, or at men or at other hounds. For men have seen alauntes
+slay their masters. In all manner of ways alauntes are treacherous and
+evil understanding, and more foolish and more harebrained than any
+other kind of hound. And no one ever saw three well conditioned and
+good. For the good alaunte should run as fast as a greyhound, and any
+beast that he can catch he should hold with his seizers and not leave
+it. For an alaunte of his nature holds faster of his biting than can
+three greyhounds the best any man can find. And therefore it is the
+best hound to hold and to nyme (seize) all manner of beasts and hold
+them fast. And when he is well conditioned and perfect, men hold that
+he is good among all other hounds. But men find few that be perfect. A
+good alaunte should love his master and follow him, and help him in
+all cases, and do what his master commands him. A good alaunte should
+go fast and be hardy to take all kinds of beasts without turning, and
+hold fast and not leave it, and be well conditioned, and well at his
+master's command, and when he is such, men hold, as I have said, that
+he is the best hound that can be to take all manner of beasts. That
+other kind of alaunte is called veutreres. They are almost shaped as a
+greyhound of full shape, they have a great head, great lips and great
+ears, and with such men help themselves at _the baiting of the bull_
+and at hunting of a wild boar, for it is their nature to hold fast,
+but they be (heavy) and foul (ugly) that if they be slain by the wild
+boar or by the bull, it is not very great loss. And when they can
+overtake a beast they bite it and hold it still, but by themselves
+they could never take a beast unless greyhounds were with them to make
+the beast tarry. That other kind of alauntes of the butcheries is such
+as you may always see in good towns, _that are called great butchers'
+hounds_, the which the butchers keep to help them to bring their
+beasts that they buy in the country, for if an ox escape from the
+butchers that lead him, his hounds would go and take him and hold him
+until his master has come, and should help him to bring him again to
+the town. They cost little to keep as they eat the foul things in the
+butcher's row. Also they keep their master's house, they be good _for
+bull baiting_ and for hunting wild boar, whether it be with greyhounds
+at the tryst or with running hounds at bay within the covert. For when
+a wild boar is within a strong hatte of wood (thicket), perhaps all
+day the running hounds will not make him come out. And when men let
+such mastiffs run at the boar they take him in the thick spires (wood)
+so that any man can slay him, or they make him come out of his
+strength, so that he shall not remain long at bay.
+
+[164] G. de F. has "estourdiz," which the "Master of Game" translates
+as "stordy" or sturdy, but the modern sense would be hairbrained,
+giddy, not sturdy.
+
+[165] Means _chase_ a horse. G. de F. says: "Se on court un cheval,
+ils le prennent voulentiers," p. 100.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+OF SPANIELS AND OF THEIR NATURE
+
+
+Another kind of hound there is that be called hounds for the hawk and
+spaniels, for their kind cometh from Spain, notwithstanding that there
+are many in other countries. And such hounds have many good customs
+and evil. Also a fair hound for the hawk should have a great head, a
+great body and be of fair hue, white or tawny, for they be the
+fairest, and of such hue they be commonly best. A good spaniel should
+not be too rough, but his tail should be rough. The good qualities
+that such hounds have are these: they love well their masters and
+follow them without losing, although they be in a great crowd of men,
+and commonly they go before their master, running and wagging their
+tail, and raise or start fowl and wild beasts. But their right craft
+is of the partridge and of the quail. It is a good thing to a man that
+hath a noble goshawk or a tiercel or a sparrow hawk for partridge, to
+have such hounds. And also when they be taught to be couchers,[166]
+they be good to take partridges and quail with a net. And also they be
+good when they are taught to swim and to be good for the river, and
+for fowls when they have dived, but on the other hand they have many
+bad qualities like the country that they come from. For a country
+draweth to two natures of men, of beasts, and of fowls, and as men
+call greyhounds _of Scotland_ and of Britain,[167] so the alauntes and
+the hounds for the hawk come out of Spain, and they take after the
+nature of the generation of which they come. Hounds for the hawk are
+fighters and great barkers if you lead them a hunting among running
+hounds, whatever beasts they hunt to they will make them lose the
+line, for they will go before now hither now thither, as much when
+they are at fault as when they go right, and lead the hounds about and
+make them overshoot and fail. Also if you lead greyhounds with you,
+and there be a hound for the hawk, that is to say a spaniel, if he see
+geese or kine, or horses, or hens, or oxen or other beasts, he will
+run anon and begin to bark at them, and because of him all the
+greyhounds will run to take the beast through his egging on, for he
+will make all the riot and all the harm. The hounds for the hawk have
+so many other evil habits that unless I had a goshawk or falcon or
+hawks for the river, or sparrow hawk, or the net, I would never have
+any, _especially there where I would hunt_.
+
+[166] Setters, from _coucher_, to lie down. G. de F.: "chien couchant"
+(p. 113).
+
+[167] Brittany. In Shirley MS. "England" precedes "Scotland." G. de F.
+says nothing about Scotland. He says "Bretainhe," meaning Brittany (p.
+113).
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+OF THE MASTIFF AND OF HIS NATURE
+
+
+A mastiff is a manner of hound. The mastiff's nature and his office is
+to keep his master's beasts and his master's house, and it is a good
+kind of hound, for they keep and defend with all their power all their
+master's goods. They be of a churlish nature and ugly shape.
+Nevertheless there are some _that come to be berslettis,[168] and also
+to bring well and fast and wanlace_ (range) _about_.[169] Sometimes
+there be many good, especially for men who hunt for profit of the
+household to get flesh. Also of mastiffs and alaunts there be (bred)
+many good for the wild boar. Also from mastiffs and hounds for the
+hawk (there be bred) hounds that men should not make much mention of,
+therefore I will no more speak of them, for there is no great mastery
+nor great readiness in the hunting that they do, _for their nature is
+not to be tenderly nosed_.
+
+[168] Bercellettis or bercelettes, hounds, most likely shooting dogs,
+from _berser_, to shoot, _bercel_, an archer's butt.
+
+[169] _Wanlasour_, one who drives game. Appendix: Wanlace.
+
+[Illustration: THE FIVE BREEDS OF HOUNDS DESCRIBED IN THE TEXT (From
+MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib. Nat_., Paris)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+WHAT MANNER AND CONDITION A GOOD HUNTER SHOULD HAVE.
+
+
+Thou, Sir, whatever you be, great or little, that would teach a man to
+be a good hunter, first he must be a child past seven or eight years
+of age or little older, and if any man would say that I take a child
+in too tender age for to put him to work, I answer that all nature
+shortens and descends. For every man knoweth well that a child of
+seven years of age is more capable in these times of such things that
+he liketh to learn than was a child of twelve years of age (in times
+that I have seen). And therefore I put him so young thereto, for a
+craft requires all a man's life ere he be perfect thereof. And also
+men say that which a man learns in youth he will hold best in his age.
+And furthermore from this child many things are required, first that
+he love his master, and that his heart and his business be with the
+hounds, and he must take[170] him, and beat him when he will not do
+what his master commands him, until the time that the child dreads to
+fail. And first I shall take and teach him for to take in writing all
+the names of the hounds and of the hues of the hounds, until the time
+that the child knoweth them both by the hue and by the name. After I
+will teach him to make clean every day in the morning the hounds'
+kennel of all foul things. After I will learn him to put before them
+twice a day fresh water and clean, from a well, in a vessel there
+where the hound drinks, or fair running water, in the morning and the
+evening. After I will teach him that once in the day he empty the
+kennel and make all clean, and renew their straw, and put again fresh
+new straw a great deal and right thick. And there where he layeth it
+the hounds should lie, and the place where they should lie should be
+made of trees a foot high from the earth, and then straw should be
+laid thereupon, because the moisture of the earth should not make them
+morfounder nor engender other sicknesses by the which they might be
+worse for hunting. Also that he be both _at field and at wood
+delivered_ (active) _and well eyed and well advised of his speech and
+of his terms, and ever glad to learn and that he be no boaster nor
+jangler_.
+
+[170] "Take" is probably the scribe's mistake for "tache," teach.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+HOW THE KENNEL FOR THE HOUNDS AND THE COUPLES FOR THE RACHES AND THE
+ROPES FOR THE LYMER SHOULD BE MADE
+
+
+The hounds' kennel should be ten fathoms in length and five in
+breadth, if there be many hounds. And there should be one door in
+front and one behind, and a fair green, where the sun shineth all day
+from morning till eve, and that green should be closed about with a
+paling or with a wall of earth or of stone of the same length and
+breadth as the hounds' kennel is. And the hinder door of the kennel
+should always be open so that the hounds may go out to play when they
+like, for it is a great liking to the hounds when they may go in and
+out at their pleasure, for the mange comes to them later.[171] In the
+kennel should be pitched small stones wrapped about with straw of the
+hounds' litter, unto the number of six stones, that the hounds might
+piss against them. Also a kennel should have a gutter or two whereby
+all the piss of the hounds and all the other water may run out that
+none remains in the kennel. The kennel should also be in a low house,
+and not in a solere (an upper chamber), but there should be a loft
+above, so that it might be warmer in winter and cooler in summer, and
+always by night and by day I would that some child lie or be in the
+kennel with the hounds to keep them from fighting. Also in the kennel
+should be a chimney to warm the hounds when they are cold or when they
+are wet with rain or from passing and swimming over rivers. And also
+he should be taught to spin horse hair to make couples for the hounds,
+which should be made of a horse tail or a mare's tail, for they are
+best and last longer than if they were of hemp or of wool. And the
+length of the hounds' couples between the hounds should be a foot, and
+the rope of a limer three fathoms and a half, be he ever so wise a
+limer it sufficeth. _The which rope should be made of leather of a
+horse skin well tawed._
+
+[171] They are not likely to get the mange so soon.
+
+[Illustration: THE KENNEL AND KENNELMEN (From MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib.
+Nat_., Paris)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+HOW THE HOUNDS SHOULD BE LED OUT TO SCOMBRE
+
+
+Also I will teach[172] the child to lead out the hounds to scombre
+twice in the day in the morning and in the evening, so that the sun be
+up, especially in winter. Then should he let them run and play long in
+a fair meadow in the sun, and then comb every hound after the other,
+and wipe them with a great wisp of straw, and thus he shall do every
+morning. And then shall he lead them into some fair place there where
+tender grass grows as corn and other things, that therewith they may
+feed them (selves) as it is medicine for them, for sometimes hounds
+are sick and with the grass that they eat they void and heal
+themselves.
+
+[172] The first four words are omitted in our MS., but they are in the
+Shirley MS. and in others, and in G. de F.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+HOW A HUNTER'S HORN SHOULD BE DRIVEN
+
+
+_There are divers kinds of horns, that is to say bugles, great
+Abbot's, hunter's horns, Ruets_ (trumpets), _small Forester's horns
+and meaner horns of two kinds. That one kind is waxed with green wax
+and greater of sound, and they be best for good hunters, therefore
+will I devise how and in what fashion they should be driven. First a
+good hunter's horn should be driven of two spans in length, and not
+much more nor much less, and not too crooked neither too straight, but
+that the flue be three or four fingers uppermore than the head, that
+unlearned_[173] _hunters call the great end of the horn. And also that
+it be as great and hollow driven as it can for the length, and that it
+be shorter on the side of the baldric[174] than at the nether end. And
+that the head be as wide as it can be, and always driven smaller and
+smaller to the flue, and that it be well waxed thicker or thinner
+according as the hunter thinks that it will sound best. And that it be
+the length of the horn from the flue to the binding, and also that it
+be not too small driven from the binding to the flue, for if it be the
+horn will be too mean of sound. As for horns for fewterers[175] and
+woodmen, I speak not for every small horn and other mean horn unwaxed
+be good enough for them._
+
+[173] Shirley MS.: "lewed," _i.e._ laewed or unlearned (Stratmann).
+
+[174] Baldric, the belt on which the horn was carried.
+[175] Fewterer, the man who held the greyhounds in slips or couples.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+HOW A MAN SHOULD LEAD HIS GROOM IN QUEST FOR TO KNOW A HART BY HIS
+TRACE
+
+
+Then should his groom lead his lymer (tracking hound) in quest after
+him in the morning, and teach him to know what difference is between a
+hart's trace and a hind's. As _I have said before, this word quest is
+a term of hart hunters beyond the sea, and is as much for to say as
+when the hunter goeth to find of a hart and to harbour him_. For to
+know a great hart's trace from a young, and to know the trace of a
+young deer of antler from a hind's, and how many judgments and what
+knowledge there be, and for to make more certain thereof, he should
+have an old hart's foot and a young hart's and a hind's foot also, and
+should put it in hard earth and in soft, and once put it fast in the
+earth as though the hart were hunted and another time soft, as if the
+hart went a pase (slowly), thereby he may advise him to know the
+differences of a hart's feet, and he shall find that there is no deer
+so young if he be from a brocket upwards, that his talon (heel) is not
+larger and better and hath greater ergots (dew claws) than hath a
+hind, and commonly longer traces. Nevertheless there are some hounds
+well traced, which have the sole of the foot as a staggard or a small
+stag, but the talon and the ergots are not so great nor so large. Also
+a great hart and an old one has a better sole to his foot, and a
+better talon and better bones and greater and larger than has a young
+deer or hind. And so in putting in the earth the hart's foot and the
+hind's foot as I have said, he shall know the difference and better
+than I can devise. And also the hinds commonly have their traces more
+hollow than a staggard or a stag, and more open the cleeves (toes) in
+front than a hart of ten, for of the others reck I never. The judgment
+is in the talon (when it is great and large; and in the sole of the
+foot)[176] when it is great and broad, and the point of the foot
+broad. And men have seen a great hart and an old one, the which had
+hollow traces, and that cannot matter so that he hath the other signs
+before said. For a hollow trace and sharp cleeves betoken no other
+thing than that the country the hart hath haunted is a soft country or
+hard, and where there be but few stones, or that he has been hunted
+but little. And also if a man find such a hart, and men ask him what
+hart it is, he may answer that it is a hart chaceable of ten, that
+should not be refused. And if he sees an hart's foot that hath these
+signs aforesaid the which are great and broad, he may say that it is
+an hart that some time had borne ten tines, and if he see that the
+aforesaid signs are greater and broader he may say that it is a great
+hart and an old (one), and this is all he may say of the hart. Also he
+should call the foot of the hart the trace, and of the wild boar also.
+_Also the hunters of beyond the sea_ call of an hart and of a boar the
+routes and the pace (path) and both is one. Nevertheless pace, they
+call their goings where a beast goes in the routes, there where he has
+passed, _nevertheless I would not set this in my book, but for as much
+as I would English hunters should know some of the terms that hunters
+use beyond the sea, but not with intent to call them so in England_.
+
+[176] The words in brackets have been omitted in our MS. but are in
+the Shirley MS. and G. de F. p. 129; they have been thus inserted to
+complete the sense.
+
+[Illustration: THE MASTER TEACHING HIS HUNTSMAN HOW TO QUEST FOR THE
+HART WITH THE LIMER OR TRACKHOUND (From MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib. Nat_.,
+Paris)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV
+
+HOW A MAN SHOULD KNOW A GREAT HART BY THE FUMES[177]
+
+
+[177] See Appendix: Excrements.
+
+After I shall teach you to know a great hart by the fumes of the hart,
+for sometimes they crotey in wreaths, and sometimes flat and sometimes
+formed, and sometimes sharp at both ends, and sometimes pressed
+together, and sometime in many other manners as I have said before.
+When they crotey flat and it be in April or in May or in June if the
+croteyes be great and thick it is a token that it is a hart chaceable,
+and if he find the fumes wreathed, and it be from the middle of June
+to the middle of August in great forms and in great wreaths and well
+soft, it is a token that it is a hart chaceable, and if he find the
+fumes that are formed and not holding together as it is from the
+beginning of July into the end of August, if they are great and black
+and long and are not sharp at the ends, and are heavy and dry without
+slime, it is a token that it is a hart chaceable. And if the fumes are
+faint and light and full of slime, or sharp at both ends, or at one
+end, these are the tokens that he is no deer chaceable. But if it be
+when they burnish that they crotey their fumes more burnt and more
+sharp at the one end, but anon when they have burnished, they crotey
+their fumes as before, and for that the fumes be good and great; if
+they be slimy it is a token that he has suffered some disease. From
+the end of August forward, the fumes are of no judgment for they undo
+themselves for the rut.
+
+[Illustration: HOW A GREAT HART IS TO BE KNOWN BY HIS "FUMES"
+(EXCREMENTS) (From MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV
+
+HOW A MAN SHOULD KNOW A GREAT HART BY THE PLACE WHERE HE HATH FRAYED
+HIS HEAD
+
+
+Furthermore ye should know a great hart by the fraying (for if ye find
+where the hart hath frayed),[178] and see that the wood is great where
+he hath frayed, and he hath not bent it, and the tree is frayed well
+high, and he hath frayed the bark away, and broken the branches and
+wreathed them a good height, and if the branches are of a good size,
+it is a sign that he is a great hart and that he should bear a high
+head and well troched, for by the troching[179] he breaketh such high
+the boughs that he cannot fold them under him. For if the fraying were
+bare and he had frayed the boughs under him, it is no token that it be
+a great hart, and especially if the trees where he had frayed were
+small. Nevertheless men have seen some great deer fray sometimes to a
+little tree, but not commonly, but a young deer shall ever more[180]
+fray to a great tree, and therefore should ye look at several
+frayings. And if ye see the aforesaid tokens oftener upon the great
+trees than upon the small ye may deem him a great hart. And if the
+frayings be continually in small trees and low, he is not chaceable
+and should be refused. Also ye may know a great hart by his lairs.
+When a great hart shall come in the morning from his pasture, he shall
+go to his lair and then a great while after he shall rise and go
+elsewhere there where he would abide all the day. Then when ye shall
+rise and come to the lair there where the hart hath lain and rested,
+if ye see it great and broad and well trodden and the grass well
+pressed down, and at the rising when he passeth out of his lair, if ye
+see that the foot and the knees have well thrust down the earth and
+pressed the grass down it is a token that it is a great deer and a
+heavy (one). And if at the rising he make no such tokens, because that
+he hath been there but a little while, so that his lair be long and
+broad ye may deem him a hart chaceable. Also ye may know a great hart
+by the bearing of the wood, for when a great hart hath a high head and
+a large (one) and goeth through a thick wood, he findeth the young
+wood and tender boughs, his head is harder than the wood, then he
+breaketh the wood aside and mingleth the boughs one upon the other,
+for he beareth them and putteth them otherwise than they were wont to
+be by their own kind. And when the glades of the woods are high and
+broad then he may deem him a great hart, for if he had not a high head
+and wide he could not make his ways high and large. If it happen so
+that ye find such glades and have no lymer with you, if ye will know
+at what time this glade was made, ye must set your visage in the
+middle of this glade, and keep your breath, in the best wise that ye
+may, and if ye find that the spider hath made her web in the middle of
+them, it is a token that it is of no good time[181] or at the least it
+is of the middle (of the noon) of the day before. Nevertheless ye
+should fetch your lymer for so ye should know better. Also ye may know
+a great hart by the steps _that in England is called trace_. And that
+is called stepping,[182] when he steppeth in a place where the grass
+is well thick, so that the man may not see therein the form of the
+foot, or when he steppeth in other places, where no grass is but dust
+or sand and hard country, where fallen leaves or other things hinder
+to see the form of the foot. And when the hart steppeth upon the grass
+and ye cannot see the stepping with your eyes, then ye shall put your
+hand in the form of the foot that hunters call the trace, and if ye
+see that the form of the foot be of four fingers of breadth, ye may
+judge that it is a great hart by the trace. And if the sole of the
+foot be of three fingers' breadth ye may judge him a hart of ten, and
+if ye see that he hath well broken the earth and trodden well the
+grass, it is a token that it is a great hart and a heavy deer. And if
+ye cannot well see it for the hardness of the earth, or for the dust,
+then ye must stoop down for to take away the dust and blow it away
+from the form of the foot until the time that ye may clearly see the
+form that is called the trace. And if ye cannot see it in one place,
+ye should follow the trace until the time that ye can well see it at
+your ease. And if ye can see none in any place, ye should put your
+hand in the form of the foot, for then ye shall find how the earth is
+broke with the cleeves of the foot on either side, and then ye can
+judge it for a great hart or a hart chaceable, as I have said before
+by the treading of the grass; and if leaves or other things be within
+the form that ye may not see at your ease, ye should take away the
+leaves all softly or the other things with your hands, so that ye undo
+not the form of the foot and blow within and do the other things as I
+have before said.[183] (After I will tell you how a man shall speak
+among good hunters of the office of venery.) First he shall speak but
+a little, and boast little, and well (work[184]) and subtlely, and he
+must be wise and do his craft busily, for a hunter should not be a
+herald of his craft. And if it happen that he be among good hunters
+that speaketh of hunting he should speak in this manner. First if men
+ask him of pastures he may answer as of harts and for all other deer,
+sweet pastures, and of all biting beasts as of wild boar, wolves, and
+other biting beasts he may answer, they feed, as I have said before.
+And if men speak of the fumes ye shall call fumes of a hart,
+_croteying_ of a buck, and of a roebuck in the same wise of a wild
+boar and of black beasts and of wolves ye shall call it lesses, and of
+hare and of conies ye shall say they crotey, of the fox _wagging_, of
+the grey the _wardrobe_, and of other stinking beasts they shall call
+it drit, and that of the otter he shall call sprainting as before is
+said. And if men asketh of the beasts' feet, of the harts ye shall say
+the trace of a hart _and also of a buck_, and that of the wild boar
+and of the wolf also they call traces _beyond the sea_. And that of
+the stinking beasts that men call vermin, he shall call them steps as
+I have said. And if he hath seen a hart with his eyes, there are three
+kinds of hues of them, that one is called brown, the other yellow, and
+the third dun, and so he may call them as he thinketh that they
+beareth all their hues. And if men ask what head beareth the hart he
+hath seen, he shall always answer by even and not by odd, _for if he
+be forked on the right side, and lack not of his rights[185] beneath,
+and on the right[186] side antler and royal and surroyal and not
+forked but only the beam, he shall say it is a hart of ten at
+default_,[187] for it is always called even of the greater number. And
+every buck's tines should be reckoned as soon as a man can hang a
+baldric or a leash[188] thereupon and not otherwise. And when a hart
+beareth as many tines on the one side as on the other, _he may say if
+he be but forked that he is a hart of ten, and if he be troched of
+three he is a hart of twelve, if he be troched of four he is a hart of
+sixteen, always if it be seen that he hath his rights beneath as
+before is said. And if he lack any of his rights beneath he must_
+_abate so many on the top, for a hart's head should begin to be
+described from the mule[189] upwards, and if he hath more by two on
+the one side than on the other, you must take from the one and count
+up that other withal, as I shall more clearly speak in a chapter
+hereafter in describing a hart's head._ And if it be so that the
+hart's trace have other tokens than I have said and he thinks him a
+hart chaceable, and men ask what hart it is he may say it is a hart of
+ten and no more. And if it seem to him a great hart and men ask what
+hart it is, he shall say it is a hart that the last year was of ten
+and should not be refused. And if he happen to have well seen him with
+his eye or the before said tokens, so that he knoweth fully that it is
+as great a hart as a hart may be, if men ask him what hart it is, he
+may say it is a great hart and an old deer. And that is the greatest
+word that he may say as I have said before. And if men ask him whereby
+he knoweth it, he may say for, he hath good bones[190] and a good
+talon and a good sole of foot, _for these four[191] things makes the
+trace great_, or by fair lairs or the grass or the earth well pressed
+or by the high head,[192] or by the fumes or else other tokens as I
+have said before. And if he see a hart that hath a well affeted
+(fashioned) head after the height and the shape and the tines well
+ranged by good measure, the one from the other, and men ask him what
+he beareth he may answer that he beareth a great head and fair of
+beam, and of all his rights, and well opened; and if a man ask him
+what head he beareth, he shall answer that he beareth a fair head by
+all tokens and well grown. And if he see a hart that hath a low head
+or a high, or a great, or a small, and it be thick set, high and low
+and men ask him what head he beareth he may answer he bears a thick
+set head after his making, or that he hath low or small or other
+manner whatever it be. And if he see a hart that hath a diverse head,
+or that antlers grow back or that the head hath double beams or other
+diversities than other harts commonly be wont to bear, and men ask
+what head he bears, he may answer a diverse head or a counterfeit
+(abnormal), for it is counterfeited. And if he see a hart that beareth
+a high head that is wide and thin tined with long beams, if men ask
+what head he beareth, he shall answer a fair head and wide, and long
+beams, but it is not thick set neither well affeted. And if he see a
+hart that hath a low and a great and a thick set (head) and men ask
+what head he beareth, he may say he beareth a fair head and well
+affeted. And if men ask him by the head whereby he knoweth that it is
+a great hart and an old, he may answer, that the tokens of the great
+hart are by the head, and so the first knowledge is when he hath great
+beams all about as if they were set as it were with small stones, and
+the mules nigh the head and the antlers, the which are the first
+tines, be great and long and close to the mule and well apperyng
+(pearled) and the royals which are the second tines, be nigh the
+antlers, and of such form, save that they should not be so great; and
+all the other tines great and long and well set, and well ranged and
+the troching as I have said before, high and great, and all the beams
+all along both great and stony, as if they were full of gravel, and
+that all along the beams there be small vales that men call gutters,
+then he may say that he knows it is a great hart by the head.
+
+[178] The words in brackets are omitted in our MS. but are in the
+Shirley MS. and in G. de F. p. 132.
+
+[179] The tines at top. See Appendix: Antler.
+
+[180] Ever more is here a mistake; it should be never more. G. de F.
+says: "Mes jeune cerf ne froyera jà en gros arbre" (p. 132). Also in
+the Shirley MS.
+
+[181] Not of "good time" means in the old sporting vocabulary an old
+track, not a recent one.
+
+[182] G. de F. calls the track of deer on grass "_foulées_," from
+which the modern "foil," "stepping on grass," is derived.
+
+[183] A whole line is missing here in our MS. The words in brackets
+are taken from the Shirley MS. It runs: "Affter I wal telle yowe a man
+howe he shal speke amonge good hunters of y offyce of venerye."
+
+[184] The word "work" has been omitted. "Et bien _ouvrer_ subtilement"
+(G. de F. p. 134).
+
+[185] Brow, bay, and tray tines. See Appendix: Antler.
+
+[186] In Shirley MS. it is "left."
+
+[187] Instead of this original passage G. de F. says: "For if he had
+on one side ten points and on the other only one, it should be called
+summed of twenty" (p. 135).
+
+[188] G. de F. has "spur" instead.
+
+[189] Burr, mule, from the Fr. _meule_.
+
+[190] Dew claws.
+
+[191] According to Shirley MS. and the sense, the "iiii" should be
+omitted.
+
+[192] G. de F. (p. 136) says: "Ou belles portées"--portées being the
+branches, and twigs broken or bent asunder by the head of the deer,
+termed "entry" or "rack" in mod. Eng.--Stuart, vol. ii. 551.
+
+After I will tell you how ye should know a great wild boar, and for to
+know how to speak of it among hunters of beyond the sea. And if a man
+see a wild boar the which seemeth to him great enough, as men say of
+the hart chaceable of ten, he shall say a wild boar of the third year
+that is without refusal, and whenever they be not of three years men
+call them swine of the sounder, and if he see the great tokens that I
+shall rehearse hereafter he may say that he is a great boar. Of the
+season and nature of boar and of other beasts, I have spoken here
+before. And if men ask him of a boar's feeding, it is properly called
+of acorns of oak's bearing, and of beechmast, the other feeding is
+called worming and rooting of the roots out of the earth that feed
+him. The other kind of feeding is of corn and of other things that
+come up out of the land, and of flowers and of other herbs; the other
+kind of feeding is when they make great pits, and go to seek the root
+of ferns and of spurge within the earth. And if men ask whereby he
+knoweth a great boar, he shall answer that he knoweth him by the
+traces and by his den, and by the soil (wallowing pool). And if men
+ask whereby he knoweth a great boar from a young, and the boar from
+the sow, he shall answer that a great boar should have long traces and
+the clees round in front, and broad soles of the feet and a good
+talon, and long bones, and when he steppeth it goeth into the earth
+deep and maketh great holes and large, and long the one from the
+other, for commonly a man shall not see the traces of a boar without
+seeing also the traces of the bones, and so shall he not of the hart,
+for a man shall see many times by the foot, that which he will not see
+by the ergots, but so shall he not see of the boar. What I call the
+bones of the boar, of the hart I call the ergots, and the cause that a
+man shall not know as well by the ergots of the hart as by bones of
+the boar is this, for the bones of the boar are nearer the talon than
+those of a hart are, and also they are longer, and greater and sharper
+in front. And therefore as soon as the form of the traces of his foot
+is in the earth, the form of the bones is there also, and commonly a
+great boar maketh a longer trace with one of his claws than with the
+other in front or behind, and sometimes both. And when a man seeth the
+tokens beforesaid greater, he may deem him greater, and the smaller
+the trace, the smaller the boar. The sow from the boar ye may know
+well, for the sow maketh not so good a talon as a right young boar
+doth. And also a sow's claws are longer and sharper in front than a
+young boar's. And also her traces are more open in front and
+straighter behind, and the sole of the foot is not so large as of a
+young boar, and her bones are not so large nor so long, nor so far the
+one from the other as those of a young boar, nor go not so deep in the
+earth, for they be small, and sharp and short, and nearer the one to
+the other, than a young boar's. And these are the tokens by the which
+men know a young boar so that he be two year old from all sows, by the
+trace, for that say I not of the young boars of sounder. And if men
+ask him how he shall know a great boar by his den, he may answer that
+if the den of the boar be long and deep and broad, it is a token that
+it is a great boar so that the den be newly made and that he hath lain
+therein but once. And if the boar's den is deep without litter, and if
+the boar lie near the earth it is a token that it is no[193] fat boar.
+And if men ask him how he knoweth a great boar by the soil, then may
+he answer that commonly when a boar goeth to soil in the coming in or
+in the going out, men may know by the trace, and so it may be deemed
+as I have said by his wallowing in the soil. Nevertheless some time he
+turneth himself from the one side upon the other, and up and down, but
+a man shall evermore know the form of his body. Also sometimes when
+the boar parteth from the soil, he rubbeth against a tree, and there a
+man may know his greatness and his height. And some time he rubs his
+snout and his head higher than he is, but a man may well perceive
+which is of the chine and which is of the head. For by his lesses,
+that is to say what goes from him behind, nor by other judgment a man
+cannot know a great boar unless he see him, save that he maketh great
+lesses, and that is a token that he hath a great bowel, and that he be
+a great boar, and also by the tusks when he is dead, for when the
+tusks of a boar be great as of half a cubit or more and be both great
+and large of two fingers or more and there be small gutters along both
+above and beneath, these be the tokens that he is a great boar and
+old, and of a smaller boar the judgment is less. And also when the
+tusks be low and worn, by the nether tusks it is a token of a great
+boar.
+
+[193] G. de F. (p. 139) says if "le senglier gise près de la terre,
+c'est signe qu'il ait bonne venoison," so our MS. is evidently wrong
+when it says "it is a token that it is _no_ fat boar."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI
+
+HOW THE ORDINANCE SHOULD BE MADE FOR THE HART HUNTING BY STRENGTH AND
+HOW THE HART SHOULD BE HARBOURED
+
+
+_When the king or my lord the Prince or any of their blood will hunt
+for the hart by strength, the Master of the Game must forewarn on the
+previous evening the sergeant of the office, and the yeomen berners at
+horse, and also the lymerer.[194] And then he must ordain which of
+them three shall go for to harbour the hart, and with them the lymerer
+for the morrow, and charge the foresters, or if it be in a park, the
+parkers to attend to him busily. And all the four must accord where
+the meeting shall be on the morrow, and he must charge the sergeant
+and one of the two yeomen, if the sergeant be not there, to warn all
+the yeomen and grooms of the office to be at the meeting at sunrise.
+And that the yeomen berners on foot and the grooms that are called
+Chacechiens bring with them the hart hounds and this done ask for the
+wine, and let them go after. And he that is charged to harbour the
+hart must_ _accord with the forester of the bailie in which they seek
+him where they should meet in the grey dawning. Nevertheless it were
+good readiness to look if they might see any deer at its meating_
+(feeding) _the previous evening to know the more readily where to seek
+and harbour him on the morrow. And on the morrow when they meet the
+forester that well ought to know of his great deer's haunts, he shall
+lead the hunter and the lymerer thither, where he best hopes to see
+him or find of him without noise. And if they can see him and they be
+in the wind they ought to withdraw from him in the softest manner they
+can, for dread of frightening him out of his haunt, and then go
+privily till they be under the wind. And as he stereth_ (stalks) _and
+paceth forth feeding, they are to draw nigh him as readily and warily
+as they can so that the deer find them not. And when he has entered
+his covert, and to his ligging, they ought to tarry till they know
+that he be entered two skilful bowshots from thence. And then ought
+the lymerer by bidding of the hunter to cast round with his lymer the
+quarter that the deer is in, if it be in a huge covert, and if it be
+in a little covert that the deer is in, set[195] all the covert to
+know whether he is gone away or abides there still. And if he abides,_
+_then shall the lymerer go there where the hart went in, and take the
+scantilon_ (measure) _of the trace for which he should cut off the end
+of his rod, and lay it in the talon of the trace, there where he went
+in hardest ground, in the bottom thereof, so that the scantilon will
+scarcely touch at either end. And that done he should break a bough of
+green leaves and lay it there where the hart went in, and cut another
+scantilon thereafter to take to the hunter that he may take it to the
+lord or to the Master of the Game at the meeting which some men call
+Assembly. But on the other side, if it be so that they cannot see him
+as before is said, the forester ought to bring him where most defoil
+is_ (tracks) _of great male deer within his bailiewick, and there
+where the best haunt is, and most likely for a hart. And when the
+harbourer and the lymerer be there, the lymer if he crosses the fues
+of a deer he will anon challenge it, and then shall the lymerer take
+heed to his feet to know by the trace what deer it is that the lymer
+findeth, and if he finds thereby that it is no hart he shall take up
+his hound and say to him softly, not loud,_ "WARE RASCAL, WARE!" _And
+if it be of a hart that the lymer findeth, and that it be new he ought
+to sue_ (hunt up) _with as little noise as he can contreongle_
+(hunting heel) _to undo all his moving[196] till he find his fumes_
+(excrements), _which he ought to put in the great end of his horn, and
+stop it with grass to prevent them falling out and reward his hound a
+little. And that done come again there where he began to sue and sue
+forth the right line till he comes to the entering of the quarter
+where he thinks that the hart is in. And always with little noise and
+cast round the quarters, if it be in a great covert as I said before.
+And also if it be in a little covert, to do of the scantilon and of
+all other things right as I have said before. And if he be voided_
+(gone) _to another quarter or wood, and there be any other covert near
+always to sue forth and cast round quarter by quarter, and wood by
+wood till he be readily harboured. And when he is harboured of the
+scantilon and of all other things do as before is said, and then draw
+fast to the meeting that men call assembly. And it is to be known that
+oftentimes a deer is harboured by sight of man's eye, but who should
+do it well it behoves him to be a skilful and wise hunter.
+Nevertheless to teach hunters the more readily to seek and harbour a
+hart according to the country that he is in, I have devised it in
+certain chapters as ye may hereafter hear._
+
+[194] The man who leads the hound in leash when harbouring the hart.
+
+[195] To set the covert was for the huntsman or limerer with his hound
+on a leash to go round the covert that he had seen the deer enter, and
+to look carefully whether he could find any signs of the stag having
+left the place. This in more modern parlance is called making his ring
+walks.
+
+[196] Moving, moves. See Appendix: Move.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII
+
+HOW A HUNTER SHOULD GO IN QUEST BY THE SIGHT
+
+
+Afterwards I shall show you how a man should go in quest for the hart
+with his lymer or by himself. _This word quest for the hart is a term
+of hunters beyond the sea, and means when a man goeth to find a deer
+and to harbour him, and it is a fair term and shorter said than our
+term of England to my seeming._ And then shall the groom quest in the
+country that shall be devised to him the night before, and he shall
+rise in the dawning, and then he must go to the meating (pasturing) of
+the deer to look if he may see anything to his liking, and leave his
+lymer in a certain place where he may not alarm them. And thence he
+should go to the newly hewn wood of the forest or other places where
+he hopes best to see a hart, and keep always from coming into the wind
+of the hart, he should also climb upon a tree so that the hart shall
+wind nothing of him, and that he can see him further. And if he sees a
+hart standing stably he must look well in what country he shall go to
+his lair, and privily repair to some place where he can best see
+him and there break a bough for a mark. But he must remain a great
+while after, for some time a hart will stall and look about a great
+while before he will go to his lair, and specially when a great dew is
+falling, or else sometimes he cometh out again to look about, and to
+listen and to dry himself, and therefore he should stay long, so as
+not to frighten him. Then he should fetch his lymer and cast round _as
+it is before said in the chapter of the harbouring of a hart_, and
+take care that neither he nor his hounds make but little noise for
+dread lest he void.
+
+[Illustration: HOW THE HUNTER SHOULD VIEW THE HART (From MS. f. fr.
+616, _Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII
+
+HOW AN HUNTER SHOULD GO IN QUEST BETWEEN THE PLAINS AND THE WOOD
+
+
+Also a man may go in quest in the fields in corn, in vines, in
+gardens, and in other places, where the harts go to their pasture in
+the fields out of the wood, and he must go forth right early so that
+he may look at the ground and judge well, and if he sees anything that
+pleases him he can break boughs and lay his mark and cast round as
+before is said.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX
+
+HOW A HUNTER SHOULD GO IN QUEST IN THE COPPICE AND THE YOUNG WOOD
+
+
+Also a man may go in quest among young wood, and although he has been
+in the morning and (seen) nought, nevertheless he should not neglect
+to quest with his lymer when it is high day when all the deer have
+gone to their lairs, for peradventure the hart will sometimes have
+gone into the wood before the hunter and lymer came to quest for him.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX
+
+HOW AN HUNTER SHOULD GO IN QUEST IN GREAT COVERTS AND STRENGTHS
+
+
+Also a hunter may go in quest and put himself and his lymer in the
+great thickets by high time of day, as I have said, for it befalleth
+sometimes that harts are so malicious, that they pasture within
+themselves, that is to say within their covert, and go not out to the
+fields nor to the coppices nor to the young wood, especially when they
+have heard the hounds run before in the forest once or twice. He must
+have affeeted (trained) his lymer in such a manner that he neither
+opens nor quests[197] when he hunts in the morning, for he would make
+the hart void, and that must be by high noon, as I have said, when all
+beasts are in their lairs. And if his lymer find anything he should
+hold him short and lead him behind him, and look what deer it is, and
+if it be anything that pleases him, then he shall sue with his lymer
+till the time that he has brought it into some thicket, and then he
+shall break his boughs _and take the scantilon and cast round as is
+before said, and then return home again to the assembly that in
+England is called a meeting or gathering_.
+
+[197] Should not give tongue.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXI
+
+HOW A HUNTER SHOULD QUEST IN CLEAR SPIRES AND HIGH WOOD[198]
+
+
+[198] In the text of our MS. (the Vespasian) no break occurs here, but
+in the table of chapters at the beginning of the MS. the chapter as
+here given is enumerated, and this corresponds also with the Shirley
+and other MSS.
+
+Also I will tell you how a hunter should go in quest among clear
+spires, and among high trees, and specially when it has rained the
+night before and in the morning. Eke in the time when the heads of the
+harts be tender, commonly they abide among clear spires and in high
+woods, for a thick country peradventure would do harm to their heads
+which be tender. If he meets rain as I before have said, or when their
+heads (are tender, and he meeteth[199]) anything that pleaseth him, he
+should not follow it with his lymer, for they remain in such a country
+as I have said in that time, that is to say in rain and when their
+heads are tender, for he might make the deer void into some other
+place of the quests as it is before said. And whoso meets him in the
+wood in sight of his eyes, then he must set his lymer in his fues. And
+if it be a deer that enter-changeth,[200] that is to say if a deer
+puts his hind feet in the trace of the fore-feet without passing on,
+it is no good token, but if he sets his hinder feet far from the fore
+feet it is a good token, for when a hart entre-marcheth it is a token
+that he is a light deer and well running and of great flight, for if
+he had a side belly and great flanks he could not entre-marche, but
+the contrary would he do.[201] And sometimes when the hart makes a
+long stride with the hind foot, commonly they cannot fly well, and
+have been little hunted. And if he has of the fumes, he should put
+them in his horn with grass, or in his lap[202] with grass, for a man
+should not bear them in his hand, for they would all break. And when
+he should meet in the fields anything that pleaseth him, he should
+draw towards his covert, for to make him draw the sooner to his
+stronghold, and when he findeth where he goeth in, then he should
+break a bough towards the place where the hart is gone, and take the
+scantilon, and follow him no further in the wood. Then he should make
+a long turn and cast round about by some ways or by-paths, and if he
+sees that he hath not passed out of his turn, he may return again to
+the gathering, and make them his report, and if it be so that he pass
+there where he would umbicast (cast round) and make his turn, and his
+lymer before him, then he should look if it is the same hart he had
+umbicast (cast round), and if he cannot well see at his ease, then he
+should reconnoitre the country till he can see easily and plainly, but
+have a care that his lymer open not, _and if his lymer be
+dislave[203]_ (be wild), _let him investigate it with his eye_. And if
+he seeth that it is his first hart he should not follow him, but then
+he should take another turn and umbicast. He must look that he go not
+along the ways, for it is the worst sueing that is: for the lymer
+commonly overshoots. But he should go a little way off the paths on
+one side or the other, until he (the hart) be within his turn, for
+then he is most securely harboured and the search shall be shorter.
+But if he see that it be too late to run him with strength, and if he
+see that the hart goes but softly pacing towards his stronghold he
+need not do all these things. And I pray him where he hath met with
+the hart, or harboured him in his stronghold or in coppices or in
+other thickets, that he take all his blenches (tricks) and his ruses
+before said, to be more secure, and to make a shorter search, if he
+hath time to do as I have said. Thus I have rehearsed the readiness
+that belongs to the harbouring of the hart. _And now will I devise
+where men will best find them in bellowing time. It is known that they
+begin to bellow fifteen days before grease time[204] ends, especially
+old deer, and also if the end of August and the beginning of September
+be wet and rainy._
+
+[199] The scribe who copied the Vespasian MS. omitted the bracketed
+words.
+
+[200] See Appendix: Hart.
+
+[201] The explanation of this sentence is that a stag which
+entre-marched or sur-marched, or in other words placed the hind foot
+on the track or beyond the track made by the front foot, was a thin or
+light deer, and therefore not a fat stag, which latter was what the
+hunter would be looking for.
+
+[202] Lappet of his coat.
+
+[203] Shirley MS. _Dislavee_--obsolete word meaning going beyond
+bounds, immoderate.
+
+[204] _After_ grease time. See Appendix: Grease Time.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXII
+
+HOW A GOOD HUNTER SHALL GO IN QUEST TO HEAR THE HARTS BELLOW
+
+
+Also a good hunter should go before daybreak to hear the harts bellow
+which peradventure bellow in the forest in divers parts, and to look
+by the bellowing of the harts which seemeth to him the greatest. And
+always hearkening nearer and nearer under the wind, in such wise that
+when he will begin to sue, that he need nothing but to bring the lymer
+to the fues. And anon when he seeth that it is a hart that he findeth,
+uncouple the finders, but not too many, and this, for fear of falling
+in danger (of losing the right deer), should be done right early as
+soon as men can see day-light, for in that time the harts chase the
+hinds, and go hither and thither and abide no while in one place as
+they do in the right season. And because a man cannot come nigh him
+with a lymer, it is good to uncouple the hounds, for the hounds will
+get nigh them quicker and the bolder hounds will soon dissever
+(separate) the harts from the hinds. The harts bellow in divers
+manners, according as they be old or young, and according whether
+they be in a country where they have not heard the hounds, or where
+they have heard them. Some of them bellow with a full open mouth and
+often cast up their heads. And these be those that have heard the
+hounds only a little in the season, and that are well heated and
+swelled. And sometimes about high noon they bellow as before is said.
+The others bellow low and great and stooping with the head, and the
+muzzle towards the earth, and that is a token of a great hart, and an
+old and a malicious, or that he hath heard the hounds, and therefore
+dare not bellow or only a few times in the day, unless if it be in the
+dawning. And the other belloweth with his muzzle straight out before
+him, bolking and rattling in the throat, and also that is a token of a
+great and old hart that is assured and firm in his rut. In short all
+the harts that bellow greatest and mightiest by reason should be
+greatest and oldest.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIII
+
+HOW THE ASSEMBLY THAT MEN CALL GATHERING SHOULD BE MADE BOTH WINTER
+AND SUMMER AFTER THE GUISE OF BEYOND THE SEA
+
+
+The assembly _that men call gathering_ should be made in this manner:
+the night before that the Lord or the Master of the Game will go to
+the wood, he must cause to come before him all the hunters and the
+helps, the grooms and the pages, and shall assign to each one of them
+their quests in a certain place, and separate the one from the other,
+and the one should not come into the quest of the other, nor do him
+annoyance or hinder him. And every one should quest in his best wise,
+in the manner that I have said; and should assign them the place where
+the gathering shall be made, at most ease for them all, and the
+nearest to their quests. And the place where the gathering shall be
+made should be in a fair mead well green, where fair trees grow all
+about, the one far from the other, and a clear well or beside some
+running brook. And it is called gathering because all the men and the
+hounds for hunting gather thither, for all they that go to the quest
+should all come again in a certain place that I have spoken of. And
+also they that come from home, and all the officers that come from
+home should bring thither all that they need, every one in his office,
+well and plenteously, and should lay the towels and board clothes all
+about upon the green grass, and set divers meats upon a great
+platter[205] after the lord's power. And some should eat sitting, and
+some standing, and some leaning upon their elbows, some should drink,
+some laugh, some jangle, some joke and some play--in short do all
+manner of disports of gladness, and when men be set at tables ere they
+eat then should come the lymerers and their grooms with their lymers
+the which have been questing, and every one shall say his report to
+the lord of what they have done and found and lay the fumes before the
+lord he that hath any found, and then the Lord or the Master of the
+hunting by the counsel of them all shall choose which they will move
+and run to and which shall be the greatest hart and the highest deer.
+And when they shall have eaten, the lord shall devise where the relays
+shall go and other things which I shall say more plainly, and then
+shall every man speed him to his place, and all haste them to go to
+the finding.
+
+[205] G. de F. (p. 151) says "in great plenty," not "upon a great
+platter."
+
+[Illustration: HOW TO QUEST FOR THE HART IN COVERTS (From MS. f. fr.
+616, _Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIV
+
+HOW THE HART SHOULD BE MOVED WITH THE LYMER AND RUN TO AND SLAIN WITH
+STRENGTH
+
+
+_When the hart is harboured as before is said and they before named
+come to the meeting that some men call the assembly, and also the
+scantilon,[206] and the fumes well liked by the Lord and Master of the
+Game, then shall the Master of the Game choose of the sergeants or of
+the yeoman at horse, which of them shall be at the finding, or all, or
+some. Nevertheless, if the deer be likely to fall among danger it were
+good to assign some of the horsemen among the relays to help more
+readily the hounds, if they fall upon the stint,[207] and when the
+hunters on horseback be assigned then he must assign which of the
+yeomen berners on foot shall be finders, and which hounds he shall
+have with him to the finding, and the lymerer and the pages to go with
+him. And after that to assign the relays by advice of them that know
+the country and the flight of the deer._
+
+[206] Measure of the deer's footprint. In old English, a measure
+(Stratmann).
+
+[207] Wrong scent, or check.
+
+_And there where most danger is, there set the readiest hunters and
+the best footers with the boldest hounds with them. And at every relay
+sufficeth two couple of hounds or three at the most. And see that amid
+the relays, somewhat toward the hinder-most relay, especially if it be
+in danger, that one of the lymerer's pages be there with one of the
+lymers. And the more danger_ (there is) _the older and the readier,
+and the most tender nosed hound. And when all is ordained then shall
+the Lord and the Master of the Game, if he liketh better to be at the
+finding than with a relay, shall go thither where the deer is
+harboured, and set ready waits about the quarter of the wood that the
+deer is in, to see what cometh out, or to see if the deer that is
+harboured would start and steal away ere the lymer moved him. And this
+done, then should the Lord and Master of the Game bid the lymerer
+bring them there where he marked that the hart went in, and when they
+be there the lymerer should take away the boughs he laid over the
+trace at the harbouring, and set his lymer in the fues, and then shall
+the Lord if he can blow, blow three motes, and after him the Master of
+the Game, and after the hunters, as they be greatest in office, that
+be at the finding, and then the lymerer. And after that if the lymer
+sue boldly and lustily the lymerer shall say to him loud; "Ho moy, ho
+moy, hole hole hole." And ever take good heed to his feet, and look
+well about him. And as oft as he findeth the fues, or if it be in
+thick spires,[208] boughs or branches broken, where the deer hath
+walked, he should say aloud--"Cy va--cy va--cy va," and rally with his
+horn, and always should the yeoman berner the which is ordained to be
+finder, follow the lymer and be as nigh him as he might with the
+raches that he leadeth for the finding, and if the lymer as he sueth,
+overshoot and be out of the fues, the lymerer should always, till his
+hounds be fallen in again, speak to him, calling his name, be it
+Loyer, or Beaumont, or Latimer or Bemond according to what the hound
+is named, and anon as he falls in again and finds the fues or branches
+as before is said he shall say loud, "Cy va" as before and rally and
+so forth at every time that he findeth thereof, until that the lymer
+move him. Nevertheless I have seen when a lymer sueth long and could
+not so soon move him as men would, that they have taken up the lymer
+and uncoupled one or two hounds, to have him sooner found, but this
+truly no skilful hunter ought to do, unless the lymer cannot put it
+forth, nor bring it any further, or that the deer be stirring in the
+quarter, and hath not waited for the moving of the lymer. Or else that
+it be so far advanced in the day, that the sun hath dried up the fues,
+and that they have little day enough to run him and hunt him with
+strength. But now to come again to the lymer, it is to wit that when
+the lymer_ _hath moved him, if the lymerer can see him he shall blow a
+mote,[209] and rechace_ (recheat),[210] _and if the deer be soule_
+(alone) _the Berners shall uncouple all the finders, and if he be not
+alone two hounds sufficeth till he be separated, and if the lymerer
+saw him _(not) _at the moving he should go to his lair and look
+thereby whether it be a hart or not, and if he see by the lair or by
+the fues that it is the same deer, that he hath sued_ (hunted) _and
+alone he should rechase without a long mote, for the mote should never
+be blown before the rechasing,[211] unless a man seeth that which he
+hunteth for. And then the Berner should do as I have said before, and
+if he be not alone the Berner should do as above is said, for it is to
+wit that the mote before rechasing_ (recheating) _shall never be blown
+but when a man seeth what he hunteth for, as I have said. Now
+furthermore, when the hart is moved and the finders cast off, then
+should the lymerer take up his hounds and follow after, and foot it in
+the best wise that he can. And the Berner also and every horseman go
+that can go, so that they come not into the fues_ (across the line)
+_nor in front of the hounds, and shape_ (their course) _as often as
+they can to meet him. And as often as any man see him or meet him, he
+should go to the fues and blow a mote and rechace and then holloa to
+the hounds to come forth withall, and this done, speed him fast in the
+manner that I have said to meet with him again. And the relay that he_
+(the hart) _cometh to first should take good heed that he
+vauntlay[212] not, if other relays be behind for dread of bending out
+from the relay. But he should let the deer pass and go to the fues,
+and there blow a mote, and rechace and rally upon the fues. And the
+hunter ought to be advised that his hounds catch it _(the scent) _well
+in couple, ere he relay, that they run not counter.[213] For that
+might make the hounds that come therewith and the hunters to be on a
+stynt _(at fault), _and peradventure not recover it all the day after.
+And if it so be that the hunter that hath relayed, see that the deer
+be likely to fall into danger, that is to say among other deer, and
+else it needeth not, he should when he hath relayed stand still in the
+fues, and holloa the hounds that come forth therewith and take up the
+hindermost, and if it be in a park go stand again with them at his
+place, and if it be out of park in a forest or other wood follow after
+as well as he is able. And in this wise ought every relay to do till
+he come among the back relays. For if they at the back see by the
+spreading of the clees_ (claws) _by setting fast and deep his ergots_
+(dew claws) _in the earth, and if they see him also cast his
+chaule,[214] then they ought to vauntlay for advantage of the hounds,
+for so shall they sooner have him at bay, and from then he is but dead
+if the hunters serve aright the hounds. Nevertheless men have seen at
+the first finding or soon after, deer turn the head_ (to bay), _and
+oftenest in rutting time, but I mean not of deer that turneth so to
+bay, but I mean of hunted deer when men have seen of them the tokens
+said before that he stand at bay. And if it be so that the hounds have
+envoised[215] or have overshot, or that they be on a stynt by any
+other ways, those hunters on horseback or on foot to whom belongs the
+right, first should blow the stynt as I shall devise in a chapter that
+shall be of all blowing.[216] And after that he should fall before the
+hounds as soon as he can and take them up, and if so be that they have
+envoysed two deer of antler[217] they should not be rated badly, but
+get in front off them and take them off in the fairest way that men
+can. And if they run ought else they should be got in front of and
+rated and well lashed. And what hounds they may get up, bring them to
+the next rights_ (right line) _if they know where, or else there where
+he_ (the hart) _was last seen. And if it be great danger they ought to
+blow a mote for the lymer and let him sue till he hath retrieved him
+or else till he hath brought him out of danger. And as oft as he
+findeth or seeth that he is in the rights the lymerer should say loud,
+"Cy va" twice or thrice--and recheat, and so should the hunters as oft
+as they lust to blow. And if the lymer overshoot or cannot put it
+forth, every hunter that is there ought to go some deal abroad for to
+see if he may find the rights by vesteying_ (searching) _thereof. And
+whoso may find it before the lymer be fallen in again, he should
+recheat in the rights, and blow after that a mote for the lymer and
+sue forth as is said before. And if the lymer gave it up, and cannot
+and will not do his devoire_ (duty), _then should they blow two motes
+for the raches and cast them off there where they were last in the
+rights. And if the hunters hear that the hounds run well and put it
+lustily forth they should rout and jopey[218] to them lustily and
+often and recheat also. And if there be but one hound that undertaketh
+it lustily they shall hue and jopey to him, and also recheat. As oft
+as they be on a stynt they should blow the stynt and do as before is
+said. And if any of the aforesaid hounds retrieve him so that men may
+know and hear it by the doubling of their menee,[219] but if they hear
+any hunter above them that hath met_ (the deer) _that bloweth the
+rights and holloaeth else_ (where) _they should haste them thither
+where they thought the hounds retrieved it; or else to meet with the
+hounds for to see the fues whether it be the hunted deer or not. And
+if it is not he, they should do as above is said when they be on a
+stynt, and if it be he every man shall speed him that speed may, and
+every relay do as before is said. And if any of the hunters happen
+while they be on a stynt to see a hart that he thinketh to be the
+hunted deer he ought to blow a mote and recheat and after that blow
+two motes for the hounds and stand still before the fues till the
+Berner with the hounds do come. And if they suppose that they may not
+hear him he should draw to them till they have heard him. And when any
+of the Berners or the lymerer hear a man blow for them, they should
+answer blowing in this wise in their horn: "trut trut trut," but he
+should know readily by the fues after the tokens that have been said
+before, whether it be the hunted deer or not. And in the same wise
+shall a hunter do that findeth an hart quat_ (couched), _and he
+thinketh it to be the hunted deer, and he sees that his fellows and
+the hounds be on a stynt, he should well beware that he blow not too
+nigh him, lest he start, and go away, before the hounds come.
+Nevertheless for to wit whether it be the hunted deer or no, the
+tokens have been rehearsed before--and when he hath been so well run
+to and enchased and retrieved, and so oft relayed and vauntelayed to,
+and that he seeth that_ (neither) _by beating up the rivers nor brooks
+nor foiling him down, nor going to soil, nor rusing to and fro upon
+himself, which is to say in his own fues, can help him, then turns he
+his head and standeth at bay. And then as far as it may be heard every
+man draweth thither, and the knowing thereof is that the hunter that
+cometh first, and the hunters_ (one) _after the other they holloa all
+together, and blow a mote and rechace all at once. And that they never
+do but when he is at bay or when bay is made for the hounds, after he
+is dead, when they should be rewarded or enquerreyde.[220] And when
+the hunters that held the relays be there, or that they be nigh the
+bay, they should pull off the couples from the hounds' necks and let
+them draw thither. And the hunters should break the bay as often as
+they can for two causes; the one lest he _(the stag) _hurt the hounds,
+if he stand and rest long in one place; another is that the relays
+that stand far can come up with their hounds the while he is alive,
+and be at the death. And it is to be known that if any of the hunters
+have been at any time while the deer hath been run to out of hearing
+of hound and horn, he should have blown the forloyne,[221] unless he
+were in a park, for there it should never be blown. And whoso first
+heard him so blow should blow again to him the "perfect,"[222] if it
+so be that he were in his rights, and else not. For by that shall he
+be brought to readiness and comfort who before did not know where the
+game or any of his fellows were. And when it so is, that they have
+thought that the bay has lasted long enough, then should he whoso be
+the most master bid some of the hunters go spay[223] him behind the
+shoulder forward to the heart. But the lymerer should let slip the
+rope while he_ (the deer) _stood on his feet, and let the lymer go to_
+(him), _for by right the lymer should never_ (go) _out of the rope,
+though he_ (be let) _slip from ever so far. And when the deer is dead,
+and lieth on one side then first it is time to blow the death, for it
+should never be blown at hart hunting till the deer be on its side.
+And then should the hounds be coupled up and as fast as a man can. One
+of the Berners should encorne him, that is to say turn his horns
+earthwards and the throat upwards, and slit the skin of the throat all
+along the neck, and cut labelles_ (small flaps) _on either side of the
+skin, the which shall hang still upon the head, for this belongeth to
+an hart slain with strength, and else not. And then should the hunter
+flay down the skin as far as he can, and then with a sharp trencher
+cut as thick as he can the flesh down to the neck bone, and this done
+every man stand abroad and blow the death, and make short bay for to
+reward the hounds. And every man_ (shall) _have a small rod in his
+hand to hold the hounds that they should the better bay and every man
+blow the death that can blow. And as oft as any hunter beginneth to
+blow every man shall blow for the death to make the better noise, and
+make the hounds better know the horns and the bay, and when they have
+bayed a while let the hounds come to eat the flesh, to the hard bone
+from in front of the shoulders right to the head, for that is their
+reward of right. And then take them off fair and couple them up again.
+And then bring to the lymers and serve each by himself, and then
+should the Lord if he list or else the Master of the Game, or if he be
+absent whoso is greatest of the hunters, blow the prise at coupling
+up, and that should be blown only of the aforesaid, and by no others.
+Nevertheless it is to wit that if the Lord be not come soon enough to
+the bay, while the deer is alive they ought to hold the bay as long as
+they can, without rebuking the hounds, to await the Lord, and if the
+Lord remains away too long, when the deer is spayed and laid on one
+side, before they do ought else, the Master of the Game, or which of
+the horsemen that be there at the death, should mount their horses and
+every man draw his way blowing the death till one of them hath met
+with him, or heard of him, and brought him thither. And if they cannot
+meet with him, and that they have word that he is gone home, they
+ought to come again, and do, whoso is greatest master, as the Lord
+should do, if he were there, and right so should they do to the Master
+of the Game in the Lord's absence. Also if the Lord be there all
+things should be done of the bay and rewarding as before is said, and
+then he should charge whom he list to undo the deer, if the hounds
+shall not be enquyrid thereon, for if they should, there needeth no
+more but to caboche[224] his head, all the upper jaw still thereon,
+and the labelles aforesaid; and then hold him and lay the skin open,
+and lay the head at the skin's end right in front of the shoulders.
+And when the hounds are thus inquirreide the lymers should have both
+the shoulders for their rights, and else they should not have but the
+ears and the brain whereof they should be served, the hart's head
+lying under their feet. But on the other hand if the lord will have
+the deer undone, he that he biddeth as before is said, should undo him
+most woodmanly and cleanly that he can and wonder ye not that I say
+woodmanly, for it is a point that belongeth to woodmanscraft, though
+it be well suiting to an hunter to be able to do it. Nevertheless it
+belongeth more to woodmanscraft than to hunters, and therefore as of
+the manner he should be undone I pass over lightly, for there is no
+woodman nor good hunter in England that cannot do it well enough, and
+well better than I can tell them. Nevertheless when so is that the
+paunch is taken out clean and whole and the small guts, one of the
+groom chacechiens should take the paunch and go to the next water
+withal, and slit it, and cast out the filth and wash it clean, that no
+filth abide therein. And then bring it again and cut it in small
+gobetts in the blood that should be kept in the skin and the lungs
+withal, if they be hot and else not, and all the small guts withal,
+and bread broken therein according whether the hounds be few or many,
+and all this turned and meddled together among the blood till it be
+well brewed in the blood, and then look for a small green, and thither
+bear all this upon the skin with as much blood as can be saved, and
+there lay it, and spread the skin thereupon, the hair side upward, and
+lay the head, the visage, forward at the neck end of the skin. And
+then the lord shall go take a fair small rod in his hand, the which
+one of the yeomen or of the grooms should cut for him, and the Master
+of the Game and other, and the sergeants, and each of the yeomen on
+horse, and others, and then the Lord should take up the hart's head by
+the right side between the surroyal and the fork or troche whichever
+it be that he bear, and the Master of the Game, the left side in the
+same wise, and hold the head upright that the nose touch the earth.
+And then every man that is there, save the berners on foot and the
+chacechiens and the lymerers which should be with their hounds and
+wait upon them in a fair green where there is a cool shadow, should
+stand in front on either side of the head, with rods, that no hound
+come about, nor on the sides, but that all stand in front. And when it
+is ready the Master of the Game or the sergeant should bid the berners
+bring forth their hounds and stand still in front of them a small
+quoit's cast from thence, as the bay is ordained. And when they be
+there the Master of the Game or sergeant should cry skilfully loud:
+"Devour" and then holloa every wight, and every hunter blow the death.
+And when the hounds be come and bay the head, the Berners should pull
+off the couples as fast as they can. And when the Lord thinketh the
+bay hath lasted long enough, the Master of the Game should pull away
+the head and anon others should be ready to pull away the skin and let
+the hounds come to the reward, and then should the Lord and Master of
+the Game, and all the hunters stand around all about the reward, and
+blow the death. As oft as any of them begin every man bear him
+fellowship till the hounds be well rewarded, and that they have nought
+left. And right thus should be done when the hounds should be
+enquyrreied of the whole deer. And when there is nought left then
+should the Lord, if he wishes, or else the Master of the Game or in
+his absence whoso is greatest next him, stroke_ (blow) _in this wise,
+that is to say blow four motes and stynt_ (stop) _not_ (for the time
+of) _half an Ave Maria and then blow other four motes a little longer
+than the first four motes. And thus should no wight stroke, but when
+the hart is slain with strength, and when one of the aforesaid hath
+thus blown then should the grooms couple up the hounds and draw
+homewards fair and soft. And all the rest of the hunters should stroke
+in this wise: "Trut, trut, tro-ro-row, tro-ro-row," and four motes all
+of one length not too long and not too short. And otherwise should no
+hart hunter stroke from thenceforth till they go to bed. And thus
+should the Berners on foot and the grooms lead home the hounds and
+send in front that the kennel be clean and the trough filled with
+clean water, and their couch renewed with fresh straw. And the Master
+of the Game and the sergeant and the yeoman at horse should come home
+and blow the menee at the hall door or at the cellar door as I shall
+devise. First the master, or whoso is greatest next him, shall begin
+and blow three motes[225] alone, and at the first mote[226] the
+remnant of the aforesaid should blow with him, and beware that none
+blow longer than another, and after the three motes even forthwith
+they should blow the recoupling as thus: "Trut, trut, trororo rout,"
+and that they be advised that from the time they fall in to blow
+together, that none of them begin before_ (the) _other nor end after_
+(the) _other. And if it be the first hart slain with strength in the
+season, or the last, the sergeant and the yeoman shall go on their
+office's behalf and ask their fees of the which I report me to the old
+statutes and customs of the King's house. And this done the Master of
+the Game ought to speak to the officers that all the hunters' suppers
+be well ordained, and that they drink not ale, and nothing but wine
+that night for the good and great labour they have had for the Lord's
+game and disport, and for the exploit and making of the hounds. And
+also that they may the more merrily and gladly tell what each of them
+hath done all the day and which hounds have best run and boldest._
+
+[208] Shoots, fresh-growing young wood.
+
+[209] A long note.
+
+[210] Recheat, a hunting signal on the horn.
+
+[211] Recheating. See Appendix: Hunting-Music.
+
+[212] Vauntlay, to cast off the relay before the hounds already
+hunting have passed. See Appendix: Relays.
+
+[213] Do not hunt heel: _contre_, counter.
+
+[214] Drop his jaw. (?)
+
+[215] Gone off the right line.
+
+[216] This chapter does not exist.
+
+[217] If the hounds have gone away after two stags.
+
+[218] Call to the hounds encouragingly.
+
+[219] Shirley MS.: "doubling of their mouths," from the Fr. _menee_.
+See Appendix: Menee.
+
+[220] See Appendix: Curée.
+
+[221] A horn signal denoting that the chase is being followed at a
+distance by those who blow. From the Fr. _fortloin_, written forlonge.
+See Appendix: Forlonge.
+
+[222] A note sounded only by those who are on the right line.
+
+[223] To kill with a sword or hunting knife. See Appendix: Spay.
+
+[224] Cut off the head close behind the antlers. Shirley MS.:
+"Cabache."
+
+[225] Shirley MS. says four notes.
+
+[226] Should read: "at the last moot."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXV
+
+HOW AN HUNTER SHOULD SEEK AND FIND THE HARE WITH RUNNING HOUNDS AND
+SLAY HER WITH STRENGTH
+
+
+_Ere I speak how the hare should be hunted, it is to be known that the
+hare is king of all venery, for all blowing and the fair terms of
+hunting cometh of the seeking and the finding of the hare. For certain
+it is the most marvellous beast that is, for ever she fumeth or
+croteth and roungeth and beareth tallow and grease. And though men say
+that she fumeth inasmuch as she beareth tallow, yet that which cometh
+from her is not called fumes but croteys. And she hath teeth above in
+the same wise as beneath. It is also to be known that the hare is at
+one time male and another time female. When she is female sometimes
+she kindles in three degrees, two rough, two smooth and two knots that
+afterwards should be kindles, but this happeneth but seldom. Now for
+to speak of the hare how he shall be sought and found and chased with
+hounds. It is to be known what the first word_ (should be) _that the
+hunter should speak to his hounds when he lets them out of the kennel.
+When the door is opened he shall say loud: "Ho ho arere,"[227]
+because that his hounds will come out too hastily. And when he
+uncoupleth his hounds, he shall say to them when he comes into the
+field: "Sto mon amy sto atrete," but when he is come forth into the
+field he shall blow three motes and uncouple the hounds, then he shall
+speak twice to his hounds in this wise, "Hors de couple, avaunt cy
+avaunt"[228] and then he shall say thrice "So how" and no more;
+afterward he shall say loud "Sa say cy avaunt" and then "Sa cy avaunt,
+sa cy avaunt so how," and if he see the hounds draw fast from him and
+would fain run, he shall say thus to them here: "How amy--how amy,"
+and then shall he say "Swe mon famy swef"[229] for to make them go
+softly, and between always blow three motes. And if any of his hounds
+find and own to the hare where he hath been, he shall say to them in
+this wise: "Oyez a Beaumont le vaillant," or what the hound is called.
+And if he seeth that the hare hath been at pasture in green corn or in
+any other place and his hounds find of her and that they fall well in
+enquest[230]_ (hunt) _and chase it well, then he shall say "La Douce,
+la il a este"[231] and therewith "So howe" with a high voice, and if
+his hounds chase not well at his pleasure and they grede_ (hunt)
+_there where he has not pastured, then shall he say "Illeoqs
+illeoqs"[232] in the same place while they seek her. And then he
+should cast and look about the field, to see where she hath been and
+whether she hath pastured or not, or whether she be in her form, for
+she does not like to remain where she hath pastured except in time of
+relief. If any hounds scent her, and she hath gone from thence to
+another place, he shall say thus to his hounds as loud as he can: "Ha
+cy douce cy et venuz arere, so howe."[233] And if he see that she be
+gone to the plain or the field or to arable land or into the wood, if
+his hounds get well on her scent, then he shall say: "La douce amy, il
+ad est illeoqs"[234] and therewith he shall say: "so-how illeoqs, sy
+douce cy vayllant"[235] and twice "so-howe," and when he is come there
+where he supposeth the hare dwells then shall he say thus: "La douce
+la est il venuz" and therewith thrice "so-howe" and no more. And if he
+thinks he is sure to find her in any place then he shall say: "La
+douce how-here, how-here, how-here, how-here, douce how-here
+how-here," and when she is found and started he shall blow a mote and
+rechase[236] and holloa as often as he wishes and then say loud:
+"Oyez! a Beaumond" or what the hound is named, "le vailaunt oyez,
+oyez, oyez, who-bo-lowe," and then "Avaunte assemble, avaunte." And
+then should the horsemen keep well to one side and some way to the
+front with long rods in their hands to meet with her, and so blowe a
+mote and rechace and holloa and set the hounds in the rights if they
+see her, and also for to prevent any hound following sheep, or other
+beasts, and if they do to ascrie_ (rate) _them sorely and dismount and
+take them up and lash them well, saying loud "Ware ware ha ha ware"
+and lash them back to their fellows, and if it happens that the hare
+be seated in her form in front of the hounds, and that they cannot
+find her as soon as they would, then shall he say: "How-sa amy sa sa
+acouplere, sa arere, so-how," but not_ (blow) _the stynt too soon. And
+if he seeth that his hounds cannot put her up as soon as he would,
+then shall he blow the stynt, and say loud: "ho ho ore swef a la
+douce, a lui, a lui, so how assamy, assamy, la arere so-howe, venez
+acouplere," and thus as oft as the aforesaid case happeneth. And as
+oft as any hound catcheth it_ (the scent) _he should hue to him by his
+name, and rout him to his fellows as before is said, but not rechace
+till the hare be found, or that some man meet it and blow the rights
+and holloa, or else that he findeth her pointing or pricking whichever
+it be, for both mean the same, but some call it the one and some the
+other. And if he find that he can well blow the rights and holloa and
+jopey three or four times and cry loud "le voy, le voy," till the
+hounds come thither and have well caught it. And_ (when) _she is
+retrieved blow and holloa and rout to the hounds as it is said you
+should do at the finding, and follow after and foot it who can foot
+it. And if it happen when men hunt her and hounds chase her that she
+squat anywhere before the hounds, and that any hunter find her
+squatting, if the hounds be nigh about, he should blow a mote and
+rechace and start her, and then halloa and rout to them as above is
+said. And if he find her squat, and the hounds be far from him, then
+should he blow as I last said before, and after two motes for the
+hounds, and the berners that hear him should answer him thus "trut,
+trut, trut" and draw all towards him with the hounds as fast as they
+can, saying to their hounds: "so-how, mon amy, so-howe." And when they
+be there and the hounds have all come up, they should check them with
+one of their rods, and when she is started, blow, holloa and rout as
+before is said, and according to what the case requireth, do as before
+is said and devised. And when she hath been well chased and well
+retrieved, notwithstanding her rusing and squatting and reseating, so
+that by strength at last she is bitten by the hounds, whoso is nearest
+should start to take her whole from them, and hold her in his one hand
+over his head high, and blow the death that men may gather thither,
+and when they be come, then should she be stripped, all save the head,
+and the gall and the paunch cast away, and the remnant should be laid
+on a great staff or on a board, whoso hath it, or on the earth, and
+then it should be chopped as small as it can be, so that it hang
+together; and when it is so done then should one of the berners take
+it up with the head and hold it as high as he is able in his hands,
+and then whoso is most master, blow the death, and anon as he
+beginneth every man help and holloa. And when the hounds have bayed,
+as long as is wished by the aforesaid most master, then should the
+berner pull as high as he can every piece from the other and cast to
+every hound his reward. And then should the most master blow a mote
+and stroke, if so be that he thinks that the hounds have done enough,
+and else he should rest awhile, if the hounds be hot, till they be
+cooled, and then led to the water to lap. And then if he wish blow
+three motes and uncouple and speak and so do as before is said. And if
+they will seek a covert for the hare and set greyhounds without, they
+should blow and seek and speak in the manner as before is said, save
+that if the hounds find anything what so ever it be, he shall rally
+and jopey till he has seen it, or that he knows what it is (and if it
+be an hare do as above is said),[237] and if it be ought else he shall
+blow drawing with his horn and cry loud "So-how mon amy, so-how, sto
+arere, so-how, so-howe," and seek forthwith again with three long
+motes till the hare be found. Yet nevertheless if they be hart-hunters
+that seek a covert for the hare, and their hounds find a fox, whoso
+meeteth with him should blow out upon him to warn the fewterers[238]
+that there is a thief in the wood. And if they run at the hare and the
+hare happen to come out to the greyhounds in front of the raches and
+be killed, the fewterer that let run should blow the death and keep it
+as whole as he may till the hunters be come, and then should they
+reward the hounds as before is said._
+
+[227] "Back there!" from the Fr. _arrière_.
+
+[228] "Out of couples, forward there, forward!" (Precisely the same
+instructions are given by the later Twety and Gyfford.)
+
+[229] "Gently, my friend, gently!"
+
+[230] Quest, hunt, seek, also challenge.
+
+[231] "Softly, there he has been!"
+
+[232] "In this place," or "here, here." This passage, which reads
+somewhat confusedly in our MS., is clearer in Twety and Gyfford
+(_Reliquiæ Antiquæ_, vol. i. p. 149). It reads as follows: "And then
+ye shall blowe iij notes, yf yowr hund ne chace not well hym, there
+one ther another, as he hath pasturyd hym, ye shall say _'Illeosque,
+illeosque, illeosque_,'" meaning that 3 motes should be blown where
+the hare has pastured to bring your hounds to the place, _illeosque_
+meaning here, in this place.
+
+[233] "Softly there, here she has been, back there." Following this
+the Shirley MS. and Twety and Gyfford contain a passage which our MS.
+has not got: "And thenne _sa cy, a este sohow_, and afterwards _sa cy
+avaunt_."
+
+[234] "Softly, my friend, she has been here."
+
+[235] "Here gently, here valiantly."
+
+[236] To call back the hounds from a wrong scent, the same as
+"recheat."
+
+[237] The words in brackets are in the Shirley MS.
+
+[238] Huntsman holding hounds in leash.
+
+[Illustration: HARE-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RUNNING HOUNDS (From
+MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+[Illustration: HARE-DRIVING WITH LOW BELLS (From MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib.
+Nat._, Paris)]
+
+[Illustration: NETTING HARES IN THEIR "MUSES" (From MS. f. fr. 616,
+_Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVI
+
+OF THE ORDINANCE AND THE MANNER OF HUNTING WHEN THE KING WILL HUNT IN
+FORESTS OR IN PARKS FOR THE HART WITH BOWS AND GREYHOUNDS AND STABLE
+
+
+_The Master of the Game should be in accordance with the master
+forester or parker where it should be that the King should hunt such a
+day, and if the tract be wide, the aforesaid forester or parker should
+warn the sheriff of the shire where the hunting shall be, for to order
+sufficient stable,[239] and carts, also to bring the deer that should
+be slain to the place where the curées at huntings have been usually
+held. And thence he should warn the hunters and fewterers whither they
+should come, and the forester should have men ready there to meet
+them, that they go no farther, nor straggle about for fear of
+frightening the game, before the King comes. And if the hunting shall
+be in a park all men should remain at the park gate, save the stable
+that ought to be set ere the King comes, and they should be set by the
+foresters or parkers. And early in the morning the Master of the Game
+should be at the wood to see that all be ready, and he or his
+lieutenant or such hunters that he wishes, ought to set the greyhounds
+and who so be teasers[240] to the King or to the Queen, or to their
+attendants. As often as any hart cometh out he should when he passes
+blow a mote and recheat, and let slip to tease it forth, and if it be
+a stag, he should let him pass as I said and rally to warn the
+fewterers what is coming out. And to lesser deer should no wight let
+run, and if he hath seen the stag, not unless he were commanded.[241]
+And then the master forester or parker ought to show him the King's
+standing if the King would stand with his bow, and where all the
+remnant of the bows would stand. And the yeoman for the King's bows
+ought to be there to keep and make the King's standing, and remain
+there without noise, till the King comes. And the grooms that keep the
+king's dogs and broken greyhounds should be there with him, for they
+belong to the yeomen's office, and also the Master of the Game should
+be informed by the forester or parker what game the king should find
+within the set,[242] and when all this is done, then should the Master
+of the Game worthe_ (mount) _upon_ (his) _horse and meet the King and
+bring him to his standing and tell him what game is within the set,
+and how the greyhounds be set, and also the stable, and also tell him
+where it is best for him to stand with his bow or with his greyhounds,
+for it is to be known that the attendants of his chamber and of the
+queen's should be best placed, and the two fewterers ought to make
+fair lodges of green boughs at the tryste to keep the King and Queen
+and ladies, and gentlewomen and also the greyhounds from the sun and
+bad weather. And when the King is at his standing or at his tryste,
+whichever he prefers, and the Master of the Game or his lieutenant
+have set the bows and assigned who shall lead the Queen to her tryste,
+then he should blow the three long motes for the uncoupling. And the
+hart hounds and the harriers that before have been led by some
+forester or parker thither where they should uncouple, and all the
+hounds that belong to both the mutes_ (packs) _waiting for the Master
+of the Game's blowing. Then should the sergeant of the mute of the
+hart-hounds, if there be much rascal within the set, make all them of
+office, save the yeomen of the horse, hardel[243] their hounds, and in
+every hardel two or three couple of hounds at the most suffice. And
+then to stand abroad in the woods for relays, and then blow three
+motes to the uncoupling. And then should the harrier uncouple his
+hounds and blow three motes and seek forth saying loud and long, "hoo
+sto ho sto, mon amy, ho sto" and if they draw far from him in any
+unruly manner he should speak to them in that case as when he seeketh
+for the hare. And as oft as he passes within the set from one quarter
+to another, he should blow drawing, and when he is passed the boundary
+of the quarter, and entered into a new quarter, he should blow three
+motes and seek forth, but if so be, that his hounds enchace anything
+as he wishes, and if any hound happen to find of the King's_ (game),
+_he should hue to him by his name and say loud: "Oyez a Bemond,
+oyez-oyez, assemble, assemble," or what the hound is named, "assemble,
+assemble" and jopey and rally. And if it be an hart and any of the
+hart hounds meet with it they should blow a mote and rechace and
+relay, and go forth therewith all rechacing among. And if it come to
+the bows or to greyhounds and be dead, he should blow the death when
+he is come thither, and reward his hounds a little, and couple them up
+and go again to his place. And if the hart has escaped he should no
+longer rechace, but blow drawing and draw in again, and in the best
+way that he can, take up his hounds and get in front of them. And
+after that the harriers have well run and well made the rascal
+void,[244] then should the sergeant and the berners of the hart hounds
+blow three motes, the one after the other and uncouple there where
+they suppose the best ligging_ (lair) _is for a hart, and seek as
+before is said; unless it be the season when the hart's head is
+tender, then he shall use some of the aforesaid words of seeking to
+the hounds: "Le doulez, mon amy, le doulez, le doules," and if his
+hounds find anything do as before is said, and if it be a hart, do as
+above is said, as he may know by his fues or by men that meet with
+him. And if it be ought else, the berner ought to blow drawing, and
+who meeteth with him_ (the hart) _call to them, and the berner should
+say "Sto arere so how, so how." And if the lymerer meet withal, or see
+by the fues that it is an hart, he should sue thereto till he be dead.
+If it go to the greyhounds and if it go to the bows, and be smitten
+anon, as he findeth blood he should take up his hounds and lead them
+thence and reward them a little, and then if he escape out of the set,
+he should reward his hounds, and take them up and go again to the wood
+and look if he may meet with anything. And as often as he meeteth and
+findeth, or his hounds run on a fresh scent, do as before is said. And
+one thing is to be known, that the hart-hounds should never be
+uncoupled before any other, unless a hart be readily harboured, and
+that he may be sued to and moved with the lymer, or else that they be
+uncoupled to a herd of great male deer at the view, namely within a
+set in a forest or in a park, there where there is a great change of
+rascal. And that is the cause why the other hounds shall be first
+uncoupled to make the rascal void, for small deer will sooner leave
+their covert than will a great hart, unless it be a hind that hath her
+calf in the wood, and hath lately calved. And when the rascal is thus
+voided then the hart hounds are uncoupled and they find the great old
+wily deer that will not lightly void, and they enchace him well and
+lustily and make him void both to bows and to greyhounds, so that they
+fully do their duty. And all the while that the hunting lasteth should
+the carts go about from place to place for to bring the deer to the
+curée. And there should the server[245] of the hall be to arrange the
+curées, and to lay the game in a row, all the heads one way--and every
+deer's feet to the other's back. The harts should be laid in two or
+three rows_ (by themselves) _according to whether there be many or
+few, and the rascal in the same way by themselves, and they should
+take care that no man come within the curées till the King come, save
+the Master of the Game. And when the covert is well hunted and
+cleared, then should the Master of the Game come to the King to know
+if he would hunt any more. And if the King say yea, then shall the
+Master of the Game if the greyhounds or bows or stable need not to be
+removed, blow two long motes for the hounds, and forthwith blow
+drawing with three long motes that men should stand still, and the
+hunters may know that they should come to a new seeking with their
+hounds. And when the hounds be come there where they should uncouple
+blow three long motes and do and seek and blow, as is before said. And
+if the bows and greyhounds and stable should be removed, then should
+he blow a mote and stroke, without the mote in the middle, for to draw
+men together, and thereby may men know that the king will hunt more
+ere he go home. And when men come together, then should the Master of
+the Game see to the placing of the King and of the Queen and of the
+bows and of the greyhounds and of the stable, as I have said here
+before, and the hunters to their seeking, and of all other things do
+in the same manner as I have said. And if the king will hunt no more,
+then should the Master of his Game, if the King will not blow, blow a
+mote and stroke with a mote in the middle and the sergeant or whoso
+bloweth next him, and no man else, should blow the first mote but only
+the middle, and so every man as oft as he likes to stroke, if they
+have obtained that which they hunted for. And the middle mote should
+not be blown save by him that bloweth next the master. And thereby may
+men know as they hear men stroke homeward whether they have well sped
+or not. And this way of stroking should serve in the manner I have
+rehearsed for all hunting save when the hart is slain with strength.
+And when the mote is blown and stroked, then should the Master of the
+Game lead the King to the curée, and show it him, and no man as I have
+said above should come within it, but every man_ (keep) _without it.
+And then the King shall tell the Master of the Game what deer he would
+were_ (given away) _and to whom, and_ (after this) _if the King wishes
+to stay he may. Nevertheless he usually goes home when he hath done
+this. And then should the Master of the Game begin at one row and so
+forth, and tythe all the deer right as they lie, rascal and others,
+and deliver it to the proctors of the church that ought to have it.
+And then_ (separate) _the deer that the king commandeth him to
+deliver, and if any of them that should have part of the deer be not
+there he should charge the master forester to send it home, and then
+he should deliver a certain_ (part) _of the remnant to the afore said
+sewers and to the sergeant of the larder and the remnants should be
+given by the Master of the Game, some to the gentlemen of the country
+by the information of the forester or parker, as they have been
+friendly to the bailie, and the remnant to the officers and hunters as
+he liketh best. And it is to be known that every man bow and fewterer
+that hath slain anything should mark it that he might challenge his
+fee, and have it at the curée, but let him beware that he marks no
+lord's mark nor_ (other) _fewterers nor hunters, or he will lose his
+fee. And also it is to be known that the fees of all follies belong to
+the master of the harriers, if so be that he or his deputy be at the
+hunting, and blow three motes and else not, in which case the Master
+of the Game can give it to whom he wishes save what the King slayeth
+with his bow or the Queen or my lord the prince, or that which they
+bid with their own mouth to let run to. And all shall be judged folly
+of red deer which is beneath the hart, and of fallow deer which is
+beneath the buck, nevertheless if the harrier would challenge the deer
+for folly, and it is not folly, if there be a strife with him who
+asketh the fee, the Master of the Game shall judge it, and right so
+shall he do of all these strifes for fees between bow and bow, and
+fewterer and fewterer, and of all other strifes and discords that
+belong to hunting. And when all the deer be delivered, and the hunters
+and the fewterers of the kennel be assigned to undo the deer that be
+delivered for the king's larder, then should the grooms chacechiens of
+the hart-hounds gather the paunches and small guts together and do
+with them as is advised in the chapter of the hart hunting with
+strength, and get them a skin to lie thereover, and do as in the same
+chapter described with the greatest and best head_ (antlers) _that
+they can find in all the curée. Save the blowing of the prise and the
+stroking and the menee, the bay should wait till the curées be done,
+and the flesh taken away, and there should the Master of the Game be,
+and the sergeant and all the yeomen and grooms of the office. And if
+the greyhounds[246] shall be rewarded it should be done right as is
+devised in the aforesaid chapter, except that the blowings above
+described shall be left out. And also whosoever slew the deer the
+yeomen of the office should have the skin that lyeth upon the deer
+when the hounds are rewarded. And also it is to know that the harriers
+when they have run shall be rewarded with the paunches and guts, but
+there is no need to make a long bay with the hart's head to them, for
+they are made to run and chase all game that one wishes, and that is
+the cause why the master of them has the fees of all deer save the
+hart and the buck, unless it be in the certain case before mentioned.
+And when the curée is done, and the bay made, then is the time for
+every man to draw homeward to his supper and to make himself as merry
+as he can. And when the yeomen berners and grooms have led home the
+hounds and set them well up and supplied them with water and straw
+according to what they need, then should they go to their supper and
+drink well and make merry. And of the fees it is to be known that the
+man whoever he be, who has smitten a deer while posted at his tree
+with a death-stroke so that the deer be got before the sun goes down,
+he shall have the skin. And if he be not posted or has gone from his
+tree, or has done otherwise than is said, he shall have none. And as
+of the fewterers, if they be posted, the first teaser and
+receiver[247] that draweth the deer down shall divide the skin.[248]
+Nevertheless in other lord's hunting whoso pincheth first and goeth
+therewith to the death he shall have the skin. And all the deer's
+necks are the hunters, and one shoulder and the chine is his that
+undoeth the deer, and the other shoulder is the forester's or the
+parker's fee that keepeth the bailie that is hunted. And all the skins
+of harts slain with strength of the hart-hounds, belong to the master
+of the hart-hounds as his fee, that is to say he that hath the wages
+of twelve pence a day for the office. It is to be known that when the
+king hunteth in the park or in the forest with bows and greyhounds,
+and it happens that any hart be slain with strength of hart-hounds,
+all the hart hunters after the King or the Master of his Game have
+blown a mote and stroked, all day they should stroke the assise that
+belongeth to the hart slain with strength, but not with eight long
+motes, but with four short and four long motes, as is in the aforesaid
+chapter plainly devised. And all the other hunters should stroke the
+common stroking as is above described and said._
+
+[239] Men and hounds stationed at different places, usually on the
+boundaries of the district in which the game was to be roused and
+hunted, or at convenient passes from whence the hounds could be
+slipped at the game.
+
+[240] Teasers, a small hound to tease forth or put up the game.
+
+[241] A difficult sentence to unravel. In the Shirley MS. it runs:
+"and yif hit have eseyne nought to ye stagge, but yif he were
+avaunced."
+
+[242] "Within the set" means within that quarter of the forest or park
+around which are set or stationed the men and hounds, called the
+stable.
+
+[243] To tie the couples of hounds together.
+
+[244] Made the smaller deer clear out of the forest.
+
+[245] The beginning of this sentence relating to the "server of the
+hall" is not in our MS. but in the Shirley MS.
+
+[246] Shirley MS., "harthounds."
+
+[247] Shirley MS. has "resteynour."
+
+[248] This means that the men in whose charge the teasers and
+receivers were placed were given the skin or fee.
+
+[Illustration: THE "UNDOING" OR GRALLOCHING OF THE HART THE MASTER
+INSTRUCTING HIS HUNTERS HOW IT IS DONE (From MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib.
+Nat._, Paris)]
+
+[Illustration: HART-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RACHES (From MS. f.
+fr. 616, _Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+[Illustration: THE "CUREE" OR REWARDING OF THE HOUNDS (From MS. f. fr.
+616, _Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+    END OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM MS.
+    VESPASIAN B. XII.
+
+THE FOLLOWING IS THE CONCLUDING PASSAGE OF THE SHIRLEY MANUSCRIPT
+(Add. MS. 16, 165) IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM:--
+
+
+_Now I pray unto every creature that hath heard or read this little
+treatise of whatever estate or condition he be that there where there
+is too little of good language that of their benignity and grace they
+will add more, and there where there is too much superfluity that they
+will also abridge it as may seem best by their good and wise
+discretion. Not presuming that I had over much knowledge and ability
+to put into writing this royal disportful and noble game of hunting so
+effectually that it might not be submitted to the correction of all
+gentle hunters. And in my simple manner as best I could and as might
+be learned of old and many diverse gentle hunters, I did my business
+in this rude manner to put the craft and the terms and the exercise of
+this said game more in remembrance and openly to the knowledge of all
+lords, ladies, gentlemen and women, according to the customs and
+manners used in the high noble court of this Realm of England._
+
+FINIS
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+
+ACQUILLEZ, Fr., to take, to hold at bay, to gather. "Et s'il voit que
+les chiens heussent acueili le change" (G. de F., p. 156)--"if he sees
+that the hounds have taken the change." It also denotes: "owning to
+the scent" (Senechal, p. 8; Roy Modus, xxix. v).
+
+Twici says: "Les chevereaus ne sunt mie enchacez ne aquyllees," which
+Dryden translates, "the roebuck is not chased nor hunted up," from
+_enquiller_ or _aquiller_, O. Fr. a form of _accuellir_, to push, put
+in motion, excite. "The word in English which is nearest to it is 'to
+imprime,' which was afterwards used for the unharbouring of the hart"
+(Twici, p. 26).
+
+In the old English translation of Twici (Vesp. B. XII.) _aquylees_ is
+construed "gadered," which is certainly one sense, but not the one
+here required (Twici, p. 53).
+
+The "Master of Game" translates _ils accueillent_ in G. de. F., p.
+112, by "they run to them" (p. 111. _See also_ Godefroy).
+
+
+AFFETED, Mid. Eng., _affaiten_; O. Fr. _affaitier_, to trim, to
+fashion. A well-affaited or affeted head, a well-fashioned or
+good-shaped head. In speaking of stags' antlers, means regularly tined
+and well grown.
+
+_Affeted_ also meant trained or tamed, reclaimed, made gentle,
+thoroughly manned. _Affaiter_ is still in use in M. Fr., as a term of
+falconry.
+
+We find this word employed in this sense in the Vision of Piers
+Plowman (1362): "And go affayte the Fawcons, wilde fowles to kill."
+And in O. Fr. sporting literature one constantly reads of "Chiens
+bien, affaities" (well-broken dogs); "oiseaux bien affaities"
+(well-trained hawks). Roy Modus, lxxix.; Bormans, p. 52; _La Chace dou
+Cerf_, Jub. 157; T.M. vol. ii. p. 933.
+
+
+ALAUNTES, _Allaunts_, _Canis Alanus_; Fr. _alans_. Also spelt
+_alande_, _alaunt_, _allaundes_, _Aloundys_ (MS. Brit. Mus., Egerton,
+1995). _See also_ Twici, p. 56.
+
+A strong, ferocious dog, supposed to have been brought to Western
+Europe by a Caucasian tribe called Alains or Alani. This tribe invaded
+Gaul in the fourth century, settling there awhile, and then continued
+their wanderings and overran Spain. It is from this country that the
+best _alans_ were obtained during the Middle Ages, and dogs that are
+used for bull-or bear-baiting there are still called _Alanos_. Gaston
+de Foix, living on the borders of this country, was in the best
+position to obtain such dogs, and to know all about them. His
+description, which we have here, tallies exactly with that written in
+a Spanish book, _Libro de la Monteria_, on hunting of the fourteenth
+century, written by Alphonso XI.
+
+Alauntes were used as war dogs, and it was said that when once they
+seized their prey they would not loose their hold.
+
+Cotgrave (Sherwood's App.) says that the mastiff resembles an Alan,
+and also Wynn in his book on the "British Mastiff" (p. 45) says that
+he is inclined to think that the Alan is the ancient name for mastiff,
+and thinks it possible that the Ph[oe]nicians brought this breed to
+the British Isles. He cannot have known the description given us of
+the Alan by the "Master of Game," nor can he have been acquainted with
+the work of Gaston Ph[oe]bus, for he says that the Alan is not
+mentioned among any of the earlier dogs of France and Germany. There
+is ample evidence that they existed in France from very early days.
+Probably they were relics left there by the Alani in their wanderings
+through Gaul. About the same period as our MS. we find Alans mentioned
+by Chaucer, who in the "Knight's Tale" describes Lycurgus seated on
+his throne, around which stand white _Alaunts_ as big as bulls wearing
+muzzles and golden collars.
+
+The ancient Gallo-Latin name of _veltrahus_, or _veltris_, which in
+the first instance denoted a large greyhound used for the chase of the
+bear and wild boar, passed later to a different kind of dog used for
+the same purpose. These _veltres_, _viautres_, or _vautres_ were also
+known under the name of Alan, and resembled the Great Dane or the
+German Boarhound (De Noir., vol. ii. p. 295-7).
+
+
+ANTLER, O. Fr. _auntilor_, _antoiller_, or _andoiller_, derived from a
+Teutonic root; Anglo-Saxon _andwlit_; Frank. _antlutt_ or _antluzze_;
+Goth. _andawleiz_; O. Ger. _antliz_; face. Gaston Ph[oe]bus and Roy
+Modus and other old French authors almost invariably use _teste_, or
+head, when referring to a hart's antlers, but English writers did not
+observe time-hallowed terms of venery so rigorously, and our author
+frequently uses the jarring and, from every point of view, incorrect
+term "horns" when speaking of the hart's attire or head. The substance
+of deers' antlers is true bone, the proportion of their constituents
+differing but very slightly from ordinary bones. The latter, when in a
+healthy condition, consist of about one-third of animal matter or
+gelatine, and two-thirds of earthy matter, about six-sevenths of which
+is phosphate of lime and one-seventh carbonate of lime, with an
+appreciable trace of magnesia. The antlers of deer consist of about
+thirty-nine parts of animal matter and sixty-one parts of earthy
+matter of the same kind and proportion as is found in common bone.
+Later on, a more sportsmanlike regard for terms of venery is
+observable, and Turbervile in one of his few original passages
+impresses upon his fellow-sportsmen: "Note that when you speake of a
+harts hornes, you must terme them the Head and not the Hornes of a
+hart. And likewise of a bucke; but a Rowes hornes and a Gotes hornes
+are tollerable termes in Venery" (1611, p. 239).
+
+Up to the end of the seventeenth century it was customary when
+speaking of a stag's head to refer only to the tines "on top," or the
+"croches" or "troches," leaving unconsidered the brow, bez and trez
+tines, which were called the stag's "rights," and which every
+warrantable hart was supposed as a matter of course to possess. When
+referring to the number of tines a head bore, it was invariably the
+rule to use only even numbers, and to double the number of tines borne
+by the antler which had most. Thus, a stag with three on each top was
+a head of "twelve of the less" (or "lasse"); "twelve of the greater"
+when he had three and four on top, or, counting the rights, six and
+seven tines, or, as a modern Scotch stalker would call it, a
+thirteen-pointer. The extreme number of tines a hart was supposed to
+bear was thirty-two.
+
+
+BERCELET, barcelette, bercelette, is a corruption of the O. Fr.
+_berseret_, a hunting dog, dim. of _bersier_, a huntsman; in Latin,
+_bersarius_, French, _berser_, _bercer_, to hunt especially with the
+bow. _Bercel_, _biercel_, meant a butt or target. Italian,
+_bersaglio_, an archer's butt, whence _bersagliere_, archer or
+sharpshooter (Oxford, and Godefroy Dict.).
+
+Given the above derivation, it may be fairly accepted that _bercelet_
+was a dog fitted to accompany a hunter who was going to shoot his
+game--a shooting dog. The "Master of Game's" allusion also points to
+this. He says some mastiffs (_see_ Mastiff) become "_berslettis_, and
+also to bring well and fast a wanlace about." We might translate this
+sentence: "There are nevertheless some (mastiffs) that become shooting
+dogs, and retrieve well and put up the game quickly" (_see_ Appendix:
+Wanlace).
+
+Jesse conceives _bracelettas_ and _bercelettus_ to come from
+_brache_, but that can scarcely be so, as we see the two words used
+together, as the following quotations will show:
+
+    "Parler m'orez d'un buen brachet.
+    Qens ne rois n'ont tel berseret."
+
+    T. M. i. 14404.
+
+When the fair Ysolt is parting from her lover Tristan she asks him to
+leave her this same brachet, and says that no huntsman's shooting dog
+will be kept with more honour:
+
+    "Husdent me lesse, ton brachet.
+    Ainz berseret à vénéor
+    N'ert gardeé à tel honor
+    Comme cist sera."
+
+    _Ibid._ i. 2660.
+
+Jesse quotes Blount's "Antient Tenures": "In the 6th of John, Joan,
+late wife of John King, held a serjeantry in Stanhow, in the county of
+Norfolk, by the service of keeping 'Bracelettum deymerettum of our
+Lord the King,'" and Jesse thinks these might have been a bitch pack
+of deerhounds, overlooking the fact that it was only in later days
+that the words _brache_ and _rache_ were used for bitch hounds. As
+_deymerettum_ meant fallow deer, the _bracelettum_ or _bercelettum
+deymerettum_ may be taken, I think, to mean those hounds that were
+used for buck-shooting (Jesse, ii. 21).
+
+
+BERNER, bernar; O. Fr. _bernier_, _brenier_, a man who has the charge
+of hounds, a huntsman, or, perhaps, would be more accurately described
+as a kennelman. The word seems to have been derived from the French
+_brenier_ or _bernier_, one who paid his dues to his feudal lord in
+bran of which bread was made for the lord's hounds. _Brenage_,
+_brennage_, or _bernage_ was the tenure on which land was held by the
+payment of bran, and the refuse of all grains, for the feeding of
+hounds. Berner in its first sense meant finder of bran, then feeder
+of hounds. This word seems to have remained in use in England long
+after it had disappeared from the language of French venery. Gaston no
+longer uses the word _berner_, but has _valet de chiens_.
+
+
+BISSHUNTERS, furhunters. Our MS. (p. 74) declares that no one would
+hunt conies unless they were bisshunters, that is to say rabbits would
+not be hunted for the sake of sport, but only for the sake of their
+skins. Bisse, bys, byse was a fur much in vogue at the period of our
+MS., as its frequent mention in contemporaneous records testifies.
+
+
+BLENCHES, trick, deceit; O. N. _blekkja_ (Strat.). Blanch, or blench,
+to head back the deer in its flight. Blancher or blencher, a person or
+thing placed to turn the deer in a particular direction.
+
+
+BOCE, from the French _bosse_, O. Fr. _boce_, boss, hump or swelling.
+Cotgrave says: "Boss, the first putting out of a Deere's head,
+formerly cast, which our woodmen call, if it bee a red Deere's, the
+burle, or seale, and, if a fallow Deeres, the button."
+
+
+BOUGHS, bowes (_brisées_). When the huntsman went to harbour the deer
+he broke little branches or twigs to mark the place where he noticed
+any signs of a stag. Also, at times during the chase he was instructed
+to do the same, placing the twigs pointing towards the direction the
+stag had gone, so that if the hounds lost the scent he could bring
+them back to his last markings, and put them on the line again. In
+harbouring the stag a twig was broken off and placed in front of the
+slot with the end pointing in the direction in which the stag was
+going; each time the harbourer turned in another direction a twig was
+to be broken and placed so as to show which way he took; sometimes the
+twig was merely bent and left hanging on the tree, sometimes broken
+off and put into the ground (in French this was called making _brisées
+hautes_ or _brisées basses_). When making his ring-walks round the
+covert the harbourer was told to put a mark to every slot he came
+across; the slot of a stag was to be marked by scraping a line behind
+the heel, of a hind by making a line in front of the toe. If it was a
+fresh footing a branch or twig should be placed as well as the
+marking, for a hind one twig, for a stag two. If it be a stale trace
+no twig must be placed. Thus, if he returned later, the hunter would
+know if any beast had broken from or taken to covert since he
+harboured his stag in the morning. When the harbourer went to "move"
+the stag with his limer he was to make marks with boughs and branches
+so that the berners with their hounds should know which way to go
+should they be some distance from the limer (Roy Modus, x. v; xii. r;
+xiii. r; Du Fouilloux, 32 r). Blemish is the word used by Turbervile
+for _brisées_ (Turbervile, 1611, p. 95, 104, 114).
+
+
+CHANGE. The change, in the language of stag hunting, was the
+substitution of one deer for another in the chase. After the hounds
+have started chasing a stag, the hunted animal will often find another
+stag or a hind, and pushing it up with its horns or feet will oblige
+it to get up and take his place, lying down himself in the spot where
+he found the other, and keeping quiet, with his antlers close over his
+back, so that the hounds will, if care is not taken, go off in chase
+of the substitute. Sometimes a stag will go into a herd of deer and
+try to keep with them, trying to shake off his pursuers, and thus give
+them the change.
+
+A hound that sticks to the first stag hunted, and refuses to be
+satisfied with the scent of another deer, is called a staunch hound,
+one who will not take the change, which was considered one of the most
+desirable qualities in a staghound. G. de F., in speaking of the
+different kinds of running hounds, says that there were some that,
+when they came to the change, they would leave off speaking to the
+scent, and would run silently until they found the scent of their stag
+again (G. de F., p. 109).
+
+
+CURÉE, Kyrre, Quyrreye, or Quarry. The ceremony of giving the hounds
+their reward was thus called because it was originally given to the
+hounds on the hide or _cuir_ of the stag.
+
+Twici, the huntsman of Edward II., says that after the stag is taken
+the hounds should be rewarded with the neck and bowels and the liver.
+("Et il se serra mange sur le quir. E pur ceo est il apelee
+quyrreye.") When the hounds receive their reward after a hare-hunt he
+calls it the hallow. In the "Boke of St. Albans" we find the quarry
+given on the skin, and it is only in the "Master of Game" that it is
+expressly stated that a nice piece of grass was to be found on which
+the hounds' mess was to be put, and the hide placed over it, hair-side
+upwards, the head being left on it and held up by the antlers, and
+thus drawn away as the hounds rush up to get their share. According to
+Turbervile, in his day the reward was placed _on_ the hide; at least
+he does not in his original chapter on the breaking up of the deer
+notice any such difference between the French and English customs. In
+France, it is as well to expressly state, the _curée_ was always given
+on the hide until the seventeenth century, but after that it seems the
+hide was placed over it just as described in our text (De Noirmont,
+vol. ii., p. 458). Preceding the quarry came the ceremonial breaking
+up of the deer. The stag was laid on its back with feet in the air,
+slit open, and skinned by one of the chief huntsmen, who took a pride
+in doing it according to laws of woodmanscraft. They took a pride in
+not turning up their sleeves and performing everything so daintily
+that their garments should show no bloodstains; nobles, and princes
+themselves, made it a point of honour to be well versed in this art.
+After the skinning was done, it was customary to give the huntsman who
+was "undoing" the deer a drink of wine; "and he must drinke a good
+harty draught: for if he should break up the dear before he drinke the
+Venison would stink and putrifie" (Turb., 1611, p. 128).
+
+In the "Master of Game" the limers were rewarded after the other
+hounds, but they were never allowed to take their share with the pack.
+
+The bowels or guts were often reserved, and put on a large wooden
+fork, and the hounds were allowed to have this as a sort of dessert
+after they had finished their portion. They were halloaed to by the
+huntsman whilst he held the fork high in the air with cries of _Tally
+ho!_ or _Tiel haut!_ or _Lau, lau!_ This tit-bit was then thrown to
+them. This was called giving them the _forhu_, from the word
+_forthuer_, to whoop or holloa loudly. Probably our term of giving the
+hounds the holloa was derived from this. It was done to accustom the
+hounds to rally round the huntsman when excited by a similar halloaing
+when they were hunting, and had lost the line of the hunted beast.
+
+In some instances the daintiest morsels were reserved for the King or
+chief personage, and for this purpose placed on a large wooden fork as
+they were taken from the deer. The vein of the heart and the small
+fillets attached to the loins (Turbervile says also the haunches, part
+of the nombles and sides) should also be kept for the lord, but these
+were generally recognised as the perquisites of the huntsmen,
+kennelmen, foresters, or parkers.
+
+
+EXCREMENTS, fumes, fewmets, obs. term for the droppings of deer. From
+the Fr. _fumées_. G. de F. says that the droppings of all deer,
+including fallow and roe deer, are to be called _fumées_. The "Master
+of Game," no doubt following the custom then prevalent in England,
+says the droppings of the hart only are to be called fumes, and of
+the buck and the roebuck croties. The following names are given to
+droppings by--
+
+        GASTON DE FOIX            AND            MASTER OF GAME
+
+    Of the hart    }                  Of the hart--Fumes.
+       "   buck    } Fumées              "   buck    }
+       "   roebuck }                     "   roebuck } Croteys.
+       "   bear      }                   "   wild boar    }
+       "   wild boar } Laisses.          "   black beasts } Lesses.
+       "   wolf      }                   "   wolves       }
+       "   hare and conies--Crotes.      "   hare and Conies--Croties.
+       "   fox, badger, and }            "   fox--The wagging.
+            stinking beasts } Fiantes.   "   grey or badger--The Wardrobe.
+       "   otter--Spraintes.             "   stinking beasts--The Drit.
+                                         "   otter--Spraintes.
+
+Other forms of this term are: fewmets, fewmishing, crotels,
+crotisings, freyn, fuants, billetings, and spraits.
+
+
+FENCE MONTH. The month so called began, according to Manwood, fifteen
+days before and ended fifteen days after midsummer. During this time
+great care was taken that no men or stray dogs should be allowed to
+wander in the forest, and no swine or cattle were allowed to feed
+within the precincts, so that the deer should be absolutely
+undisturbed during three or four weeks after the fawning season. He
+tells us that because in this month there must be watch and ward kept
+with men and weapons for the fence and defence of wild beasts, for
+that reason the same is called fence or defence month (Man., p. 76,
+ed. 1598).
+
+
+FEWTE, fuite, fute (M. E.), O. Fr. fuite (_voie de cerf qui fuit_),
+track, trace, foot. Gawaine: feute. Will of Palerne (90): foute. Some
+beasts were called of the sweet _fute_, and some of the stinking
+_fute_. The lists of the beasts which should come under either heading
+vary somewhat; some that are placed by the "Boke of St. Albans" under
+"Swete fewte" coming under the other category in the MS. Harl., 2340.
+
+    IN "BOKE OF ST. ALBANS."              IN HARL. MS. 2340, FOL. 50B.
+
+                          _Beasts of "Swete fewte."_
+
+    The Buck, the Doo, the Beere, the     The Buke, the Doo, the Ber,
+    Reynd, the Elke, the Spycard, the     the Reyne der, the Elke,
+    Otre, and the Martwn.                 the Spycard.
+
+                       _Beasts of the "Stinking fewte."_
+
+    The Roobucke, the Roo, the            The Fulmard, the Fechewe,
+    Fulmard, the Fyches, the Bauw,        the Catt, the Gray, the
+    the Gray, the Fox, the Squirrel,      Fox, the Wesyll, the
+    the Whitecat, the Otyr, the Stot,     Marteron, the Squirrel, the
+    the Pulcatt.                          Whyterache, the Otyr, the
+                                          Stote, the Polcatte.
+
+In Roy Modus the beasts are also divided into _bestes doulces_ and
+_bestes puans_. The reasons for doing so are also given (fol. lxii.):
+"_Les bestes doulces sont: le cerf, la biche, le dain, le chevreul et
+le lièvre. Et sont appelées doulces pour trois causes: La première si
+est que d'elles ne vient nulle mauvais senteur; la seconde, elles ont
+poil de couleur aimable, lequel est blond ou fauve; la tierce cause,
+ce ne sont mie bestes mordans comme les autres cincq, car elles n'ont
+nulz dens dessus; et pour ces raisons puent bien estre nommées bestes
+doulces._" Under the _bestes puans_ are classed the wild boar, the
+wild sow, the wolf, the fox, and the otter.
+
+
+FEWTERER, the man that lets loose the greyhounds (Blome, p. 27); from
+_veltraria_, a dog leader or courser; originally one who led the dogs
+called _veltres_, _viautres_ (_see_ Veltres). In Gallo-Latin,
+Veltrahus. It has been asserted that the word fewterer is a
+corruption of _vautre_ or _viautre_, a boarhound, but although both
+evidently owe their origin to the same parent-word, fewterer can
+scarcely be derived from _vautre_, a boarhound. It was only in the
+Middle Ages in France that the word _vautre_, from originally meaning
+a powerful greyhound, was applied to a large boarhound. Fewterers in
+England appear invariably as attendants on greyhounds, not boarhounds.
+Another derivation has been also given from fewte, foot or track, a
+fewterer being, according to this, a huntsman who followed the track
+of the beast. But _venator_ was the contemporary designation for a
+huntsman, and as far as we can ascertain the fewterer was always
+merely a dog-leader.
+
+
+FORLONGE, forloyng, forlogne, from the Fr. _fort loin_. G. de F. says,
+"flies far from the hounds," _i.e._ having well distanced them ("_Fuit
+de fort longe aux chiens, c'est a dire que il les ait bien
+esloinhes_"). Hounds are said to be hunting the forlonge when the deer
+is some way in front of them, or when some of the hounds have got away
+with the deer and have outpaced the rest. As our MS. (p. 173) says,
+the forlogne should be blown if the stag has run out of hearing of
+hound and horn, but it should not be blown in a park. In old French
+hunting literature it is an expression one constantly comes across.
+
+Twici, writing almost a hundred years earlier than the Duke of York,
+says: "The hart is moved and I do not know where the hart is gone, nor
+the gentlefolk, and for this I blow in that manner. What chase do we
+call this? We call that chase The chase of the forloyng."
+
+Forloyneth: "When a hound meeteth a chase and goeth away with it far
+before the rest then we say he forloyneth" (Turber., ed 1611, p. 245).
+
+
+FOX. According to the laws of Canute the fox was neither reckoned as a
+beast of venery nor of the forest. In Manwood's Forest Laws he is
+classed as the third beast of chase (p. 161), as he is also in Twety
+and Gyfford, and the "Boke of St. Albans."
+
+Although early records show that the English Kings kept their
+foxhounds, we hear nothing of their having participated in this sport,
+but they seem to have sent their hounds and huntsmen about the country
+to kill foxes, probably as much for the value of the pelt as for
+relieving the inhabitants of a thievish neighbour.
+
+In Edward's I.'s Wardrobe Accounts, 1299-1300, appear some interesting
+items of payments made to the huntsman for his wages and the keep of
+the hounds and his _one horse_ for carrying the nets. These allusions
+to nets throw an interesting light on the fox-hunting of those days.
+William de Blatherwyke, or, as he is also called, _William de
+Foxhunte_, and _William Fox-dog-keeper_, had besides their wages an
+allowance made to them for clothes and winter and summer shoes (_see_
+Appendix: Hunt Officials). As only one horse was provided, and that to
+carry the nets, the huntsman, we must presume, had to hunt on foot,
+not such an arduous undertaking when we remember that the country was
+so much more thickly wooded than at present, and that every possible
+precaution was taken to prevent Reynard's breaking covert.
+
+We see by our text (p. 65) that it was usual to course foxes with
+greyhounds, and although the passages referring to this are translated
+from G. de F. we know from many old records that this fox-coursing was
+as usual in England at this time as in France.
+
+In the earlier days hounds used for the chase of the fox one day,
+probably hunted hare, or even buck or stag, on another--such as the
+harriers, which, if we can believe Dr. Caius, were entered to any
+animal from stag to stoat (_see_ Appendix: Harriers). The first real
+pack of foxhounds is said to be the one established by Thomas Fownes,
+Esq., of Stepleton, in Dorsetshire (1730). They were purchased at an
+immense price by Mr. Bowes, of Yorkshire. A very amusing description
+is given in "Cranbourne Chase" of the first day's hunting with them
+in their new country. There must have been several packs entered to
+fox only about the end of the eighteenth century, for an erstwhile
+Master of the Cheshire Foxhounds had in his possession a horn with the
+following inscription: "Thomas Boothby Esqre. Tooley Park Leicester.
+With this horn he hunted the first pack of foxhounds then in England 5
+years: born in 1677 died 1752." This pack, which was purchased by "the
+great Mr. Meynell" in 1782, had been hunted both in Hampshire and in
+Wiltshire previously by the ancestors of Lord Arundel (Bad. Lib.,
+"Hunting," p. 29).
+
+
+FRAYING-POST, the tree a stag has rubbed his antlers or frayed
+against.
+
+By the fraying-post the huntsman used to be able to judge if the stag
+he wished to harbour was a warrantable stag or not. The greater the
+_fraying-post_ the larger the deer (Stuart, vol. ii. p. 551).
+
+
+FUES, "not find his fues," not to find his line of flight, his scent;
+Gaston says: "Ne puissent deffaire ses esteurses": literally, "cannot
+unravel his turnings."
+
+_Fues_, flight, fuite, track. Gaston calls these sometimes _voyes_.
+_Voyes_ was written later _Foyes_ (Fouilloux).
+
+
+FUE. "Se mettre a la fue" (var. _fuie_), (to take flight) (Borman, p.
+89).
+
+
+GLADNESS, glade. The original sense is a smooth, bare place, or
+perhaps a bright, clear place in a wood.
+
+
+GREASE. One of the important technical terms of venery, related to the
+fat of game; for in the Middle Ages, when game was hunted to replenish
+the larder as much as for sport, it entered largely into the economy
+of even the highest households. The fat of the red deer and fallow
+deer was called _suet_, occasionally _tallow_. That of the roebuck was
+bevy-grease. Between that of the hare, boar, wolf, fox, marten,
+otter, badger, and coney no difference was made--it was called grease;
+and in one sense this general term was also used for deer: "a deer of
+high grease," or "a hart in the pride of grease," were phrases used
+for the season of the year when the stag and the buck were fattest
+(_see_ Appendix: Seasons of Hunting).
+
+
+GREASE TIME, not _Grace Time_ or _Grass Time_, as Strutt and others
+have it. It did not include the whole season when the hart or buck
+could be killed, but meant to indicate the time when they were fat and
+fittest for killing. As pointed out already by Dryden (p. 25), the
+_Excerpta Historica_ (Lond. 1831) contains an interesting example of
+the use of this word. This is a letter written (p. 356) about 1480 by
+Thomas Stonor, Steward of the Manor of Thame. He was in Fleet Prison
+at the time he writes to his brother in the country concerning some
+property of his own in his brother's neighbourhood. "No more to you^e
+at thys tyme but ... more ov^r I entende to kepe my gresse tyme in yat
+countre, where fore I woll^e yat no man^e huntte tyll^e I have bene
+ther."
+
+In the privy-purse expenses of Henry VIII. (1532) is an entry of a
+payment for attendance on the king during the last _grece-time_.
+Cavendish in his Life of Wolsey says: "My lord continued at Southwell
+until the latter end of _grease time_." Both these passages refer to
+the month of June. In the laws of Howel the Good, King of Wales, a
+fine of 12 kine was imposed on whoever kills a hart in grease time
+(_kylleic_) of the kings.
+
+Confusion arose occasionally owing to the similarity of the words as
+formerly spelt, grass being sometimes spelt "grysse" (Dryden, p. 25).
+Manwood, also, misinterprets Grease time. In the agreement between the
+Earl of Winchester and the Baron of Dudley of 1247, in which their
+respective rights of hunting in Charnwood Forest and Bradgate Park,
+Leicestershire, were defined, and which agreement Shirley has given
+(in a translation) in his "English Deer Parks," the time of the fallow
+buck season (_tempus pinguedinis_) or grease time or the fat season,
+is fixed between the Feast of St. Peter ad Vincula (August 1) and the
+Exaltation of Holy Cross (September 6, 14), while the time of the doe
+season (_tempus firmationis_) was fixed between the Feast of St.
+Martin (November 11) and the Purification of the Blessed Virgin
+(February 2).
+
+
+GREYHOUND, Fr. _levrier_, Lat. _leporarius_. Under this name a whole
+group of dogs were included, that were used for the chase of big and
+small game. They were swift hounds, hunting chiefly and in most cases
+by sight only. For in the Middle Ages the name greyhound, or
+_levrier_, denoted such seemingly different dogs as the immense Irish
+wolfhound, the Scotch deerhound, and the smaller, smooth-coated,
+elegant Italian greyhound. The powerful greyhound used for the chase
+of stag, wolf, and wild boar were known in France as _levrier
+d'attache_, and the smaller, nervous harehound as _petit levrier pour
+lievre_. In our illustrations we can see what are intended to be
+portraits of both the larger and the smaller kinds, some being
+smooth- and some rough-coated. The bigger hounds were considered
+capable of defending their masters against their armed enemies, as is
+shown by numerous legends of the Middle Ages, which, although they may
+not be strictly historical facts, showed the reputation these dogs
+enjoyed in those days (Jesse, p. 19).
+
+Greyhounds were the constant companions of their masters during
+journeys and wars, and at home. In the houses they were allowed the
+greatest liberty, and seem to have ranged at will in both living- and
+bed-rooms; one sees them at the board when their owners are at meals,
+at the fireside, and they even accompanied their masters as good
+Christians to mass.
+
+No hound seems to belong so peculiarly to the epoch of chivalry as the
+greyhound, and indeed one can scarcely picture a knight without one. A
+Welsh proverb declared that a gentleman might be known "by his hawk,
+his horse, and his greyhound." By a law of Canute, a greyhound was
+not to be kept by any person inferior to a gentleman ("Greyhounds," by
+a Sportsman, p. 28; and Dalziel, vol. i. p. 25).
+
+_Canis Gallicus_ was the name used by the Gauls for their coursing
+dogs, which were most probably greyhounds, and Arian says they were
+called _Vertragia_, from a Celtic word denoting swiftness. In
+Gallo-Latin the name for a large greyhound was _Veltrahus_ or
+_veltris_ (De Noir., ii. 295). They were also called _Veltres
+leporarii_ (Blane, p. 46). There is some difference of opinion as to
+the derivation of our word greyhound. In the early Anglo-Norman days
+they retained their French name of _levrier_, or Latin _leporarius_.
+When our MS. was penned the English word _grei_, _gre_, or _grewhound_
+was in general use; it is thought by some to be derived from Grew
+hound or Greek hound, as they were supposed to have been originally
+brought from Greece. Others, again, consider that the name was simply
+taken from the prevalent colour of the common greyhound. Jesse gives
+the most likely origin of the name. "Originally it was most likely
+_grehund_, and meant the noble, great, choice, or prize hound" (Jesse,
+ii. 71; and Dalziel, i. 23). Probably the Celtic denomination for a
+dog, _grech_ or _greg_, stands in close connection with our word
+greyhound (Cupples, p. 230). White seems to have been the favourite
+colour, and to say one had _i levrier plus blanc que flors de lis_
+(_Heruis de Mes_, 107a, 44; Bangert, p. 172) would be the greatest
+tribute to the beauty of one's hound. _Co si sunt deus leveres nurit
+en ma meisun, cume cisne sunt blauns_ (Horn, 613 f.).
+
+When Froissart went home from Scotland he is depicted as riding a grey
+horse and leading _un blanc levrier_, perhaps one of the four he took
+from these isles and presented to the Comte de Foix at Orthéz, whose
+names have been preserved to us as Tristan, Hector, Brun, and Rolland
+(La Curne de la Palaye).
+
+Greyhounds were used, as has already been mentioned, for all kind of
+hunting and every kind of game, in conjunction with limers who
+started the game for them. They were let slip as relays to a pack of
+running or scenting hounds, and they were used by themselves for
+coursing game in an open country, or were placed at the passes where
+game was likely to run and were slipped to turn the game back to the
+archer or to chase and pull down the wounded deer (_see_ Appendix:
+Stables). In our illustrations we see them in the pictures of stag-,
+hare-, roe- and boar-hunting, to say nothing of badger-hunting, for
+which one would have thought any other dog more suitable.
+
+They seem always to have been held in couples except when following
+their master and he not bent upon the chase. The collars to which
+these couplings were attached were often wonderful gems of the
+goldsmith's and silversmith's art. Such an item appears in the Q. R.
+Wardrobe Acc. for 1400 (Wylie, iv. p. 196): "2 collars for greyhounds
+(_leverer_) le tissue white and green with letters and silver
+turrets." Another one of "soy chekerey vert et noir avec le tret (?
+turret) letters and bells of silver gilt."
+
+The ancient doggerel in the Book of St. Albans, "Heded like a snake,
+and necked like a drake. Foted like a cat. Tayled like a Rat, Syded
+lyke a Teme. Chyned like a Beme" ("Boke of St. Albans," f. iv.), was
+preceded by a very similar one written some time previously by Gace de
+la Buigne. Of these verses G. de F. gives, twenty-eight years later, a
+prose version, which our Master of Game has rendered into English.
+
+
+HARDEL, hardeyl, to tie couples of hounds together. From the French
+word _harder_, which has the same meaning: _Harder les chiens_, and
+_harde_, the rope with which they are tied. It is derived from _hart_,
+_hard_, _art_, a binder of willow or other pliable wood used for
+fastening fagots together (Lit. and God.). The primitive way of tying
+hounds together was by passing such a small flexible branch through
+the couplings which bent back on itself, both ends being held. "_Les
+chiens ... seront enhardez par les couples à genoivres ou à autre
+josne bois tors_" (Roy Modus, f. xlvii. recto). In France there used
+to be two hardes to each relay and not more than eight hounds in every
+harde (D'Yauville). In England there used to be about the same number.
+The term was still used in Blome's time (1686), for he writes in his
+"Gentleman's Recreation": "The huntsman on foot that hath the charge
+of the coupled hounds, and before that must have _hardled_ them, that
+is, with a slip, for the purpose ready secured three or four couple
+together, that they may not break in from him, to run into the cry of
+the Finders" (p. 88).
+
+_Harling_ was a word used in Devonshire, and as it meant tying the
+hound together by means of a rope passed through the rings of the
+couples, it is undoubtedly a corruption of the word _hardeling_.
+"Until comparatively recent times the hounds in Devonshire were taken
+to the meet and held in this manner until the time came to lay the
+pack on" (Collyns).
+
+_Hardel_, the technical O. E. term for binding together the four legs
+of the roebuck, the head having been placed between the two forelegs,
+in order to carry him whole into the kitchen.
+
+
+HARE. Pliny records the fable that hares "are of many and various
+sexes." Topsell remarks that "the Hebrews call the hare 'arnebet,' in
+the feminine gender," which word gave occasion to an opinion that all
+hares were females (pp. 264, 266).
+
+"In the Gwentian code of Welch laws supposed to be of the eleventh
+century, the hare is said not to be capable of any legal valuation,
+being in one month male and in another female" (Twici, p. 22).
+
+Certainly in many of the older writings on hares the pronouns "her"
+and "him" are used indiscriminately in the same sentence. Sir Thomas
+Browne in his treatise on vulgar errors asserts from his own
+observation that the sex of the hare is changeable, and that the buck
+hare will sometimes give birth to young. Up to the end of the
+eighteenth century there was a widespread and firm belief in this
+fable (Brehm, ii. p. 626). Buffon describes it as one of the animal's
+peculiar properties, and from the structure of their parts of
+generation he argues that the notion has arisen of hermaphrodite
+hares, that the males sometimes bring forth young, and that some are
+alternately males and females and perform the functions of either sex.
+
+"Master of Game" (copying G. de F.) states that the hare carries her
+young for a period of two months, but in reality the period of
+gestation is only thirty days. Harting says that the adult hare will
+breed twice or thrice in the year, but Brehm declares they breed as
+many as four times, and but seldom five times (Encyclop. of Sport,
+vol. ii. p. 504; Brehm, vol. ii. p. 626; G. de F. p. 47).
+
+G. de F. (p. 43) says of a hare, "_Elle oït bien, mais elle voit
+mal._" "Master of Game" translates this simply as _She hath evil
+sight_; but does not say she hears well. The sense of hearing is most
+highly developed in the hare, and every lightly breaking twig or
+falling leaf will disturb her. It is said that of old when warreners
+wished to prepare hares for the market they filled their ears with
+wax, so that, not being continually disturbed by noises, they did not
+move about much, and grew sleek and fat (Blome, p. 95). G. de F.'s
+assertion that the hare "has evil sight" is also confirmed by Brehm,
+who, however, says that they are endowed with a keen sense of smell,
+whereas G. de F. says _elle sent pou_.
+
+Attention has already been called to the Duke of York's statement that
+"the hare hath great fear to run." This arose probably from the
+similarity of the words _peur_ and _pouvoir_ in the MSS., for it
+should read "hath great power to run," the principal MSS. which we
+have examined showing _pouvoir_. Verard in his first edition of G. de
+F. also has the same rendering as the Duke of York, to which Lavallée
+draws attention as being one of the many ludicrous mistakes in this
+edition (G. de F., xli.).
+
+[Illustration: SHOOTING HARES WITH BLUNT BOLTS (From MS. f. fr. 616,
+_Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+Our text calls the hare the most marvellous beast (p. 181), the
+reasons given being because she "fumeth or croteth and rowngeth and
+beareth tallow and grease." By "rowngeth" (Fr. _ronger_) it was meant
+that the hare chewed the cud, as by the ancients it was generally
+supposed that the hare was a ruminant. Although this is not the case,
+and the hare has not a compound stomach, nevertheless this belief
+showed a close observation of nature, for when a hare is seated she
+can bring up parts of her food and give it a second mastication.
+
+The hare and rabbit have little or no fat, but what they do possess is
+called grease. Twici says: _Il porte gresce_ (pp. 1 and 21).
+
+"She has teeth above in the same wise as beneath" (p. 181) is another
+of the peculiarities noticed in our text, which shows that the
+difference in dentition that distinguishes the hare from all other
+rodents had been remarked. Instead of two incisors in the upper jaw,
+the hare has four, having two small rudimentary incisor teeth behind
+the two large front ones, and five or six molars in the upper jaw,
+with two incisors and five molars in the lower jaw (Brehm, ii. p. 627;
+Cornish, "Shooting," ii. p. 153).
+
+It is difficult to know why the hare was considered a "melancholy"
+beast, and how this curious reputation was kept up during the whole of
+the Middle Ages. It was thought that eating the flesh of the hare
+rendered one also subject to melancholy. G. de F. does not mention
+this, and altogether his book is comparatively free of such
+superstitions, but he says the flesh of the hare should not be given
+to the hounds after a day's hunting, as it is indigestible: _quar elle
+est fastieuse viande et les fet vomir_ (p. 210). Therefore, when
+rewarding the hounds, they should only have the tongue and the
+kidneys, with some bread soaked in the blood of the hare.
+
+In our MS., at the end of the chapter on the nature of the hare (p.
+22), the Duke of York says that he "trows no good hunter would slee
+them so," alluding to pockets, pursenets, and other poaching devices;
+and although G. de F. gives six ways of taking the hare, he does not
+approve of such methods for the true sportsman, but enters an amusing
+protest: "I would that they who take hares thus should have them [the
+cords] round their own necks" (p. 171). Snaring hares was never
+considered legitimate sport. In hare-hunting proper, the hounds were
+taken into the fields to find the hare, as at present; or hare-finders
+were sent out early in the morning, and the tufts of grass or plants
+where the hare was likely to be seated were beaten, and the hounds
+uncoupled only when the hare was started. One of the chief differences
+in the sport between then and now was that often, when the hare was
+once on foot, greyhounds were also uncoupled, and our Plate, p. 182,
+shows greyhounds and running-hounds hunting seemingly happily
+together. It must have been rather discouraging for the old-fashioned,
+slow scenting-hound to have the hare he has been diligently hunting
+suddenly "bitten" in front of him by the swifter greyhound.
+Trencher-fed packs also existed as early as the fourteenth century,
+and we read in Gace de la Buigne that the small farmers would assemble
+together, bringing all told some forty hounds of different breeds and
+sizes, immensely enjoying their sport, and accounting for many hares.
+
+
+HARNESS means in our text "paraphernalia where-with animals can be
+caught or taken." It is frequently used in this sense by
+Gaston--_Hayes et autres Harnoys_ (p. 126). In Julien's note to this
+same sentence occurring in _Le bon Varlet_, he says, _autres harnois,
+autres engins, instruments, procédés_.
+
+
+HARRIER, spelt in early documents with many variations--_eirere_,
+_heyreres_, _heyrer_, _hayrers_. A hound which is described in modern
+dictionaries as "resembling a foxhound but smaller, used for
+hare-hunting" (Murray). This explanation would not have been a correct
+one for our harriers of the fourteenth century, for as far as we can
+gather they were used to hunt all kinds of game and by no means only
+the hare. They were evidently a smaller kind of running hound, for as
+our MS. says, there are some small and some large running hounds, "and
+the small are called Kenettis (or small dogs--_see_ Kenet), and these
+hounds run well to all manner of game and they that serve for all game
+men call them heirers" (p. III). And in chapter 36 we see that
+_heyrers_ were used to hunt up the deer in the forest, the herthounds
+and greyhounds meanwhile being held in leash till a warrantable deer
+was on foot, or till "the heyrer have well run and well made the
+rascal void" (made the smaller deer clear out of that part of the
+forest) (p. 191). Then the herthounds were to be uncoupled where the
+most likely "ligging is for an hert, and seek." The herthounds then
+put up the wary old stag and hunted him till he came to the tryst
+where the King would be with his long bow or cross-bow, or till the
+hert was pulled down by them or the greyhounds which had been slipped
+at him.
+
+In the chapter on hare-hunting in our MS. the word harrier does not
+occur; only hounds, greyhounds, and raches are mentioned. So when
+Henry IV. paid for "_La garde de nos chiens appelez hayrers_" (Privy
+Seal, 20 Aug. 9th Henry, 1408, No. 5874), or Henry V. for the
+"_Custodiam Canum nostrum vocatorum hayreres_" (Rot. Pat. I Henry V.
+1413), it was not because they were especially addicted to
+hare-hunting, but because they kept these useful hounds to "harry"
+game.
+
+In 1407 we find one Hugh Malgrave "_servienti venatori' vocat' hayters
+p' c'vo (cervo)_," which we may accept as another proof that their
+office was to hunt the stag. The Duke of York also repeatedly says
+that "_heirers_" run at all game (see pp. III, 196, 197). In 1423 Hugh
+Malgrave still held the "office of the hayrers" by grant from Henry
+IV. In the curious legal Latin of the thirteenth century, we find the
+word _canes heirettes_, and _heyrettor_ (Wardrobe Accounts, 34 Ed.
+I.).
+
+There are a great number of early records which show us that these
+hounds were used then for hunting red and fallow deer, sometimes in
+conjunction with greyhounds and sometimes without their aid.
+
+Harriers were sometimes taken with buckhounds on hunting expeditions
+as well as with greyhounds. In some of the documents harriers are
+simply alluded to as _canes currentes_. As they were not a distinct
+breed, but were included under the designation "raches," or running
+hounds, a separate chapter is not given to them in our text, and
+neither Twici nor the Dame of St. Albans mentions these hounds.
+Gradually we find the spelling, although presenting still countless
+variations, bringing the _a_ more constantly than the _e_; the
+"_heirers_" become _hayrers_, _hareres_, _hariers_, and after the
+sixteenth century harriers. It is also probable that the word was
+originally derived from the Anglo-Saxon _Hergian_, _herian_, to harry,
+to disturb, to worry; O. Fr. _harrier_, _herrier_, _herier_, to harry;
+F. _hare_ and _harer_, to set a dog on to attack. The harrier, in
+fact, was a dog to "hare" the game. Although now obsolete, we find
+this word used late in the seventeenth century.
+
+"Let the hounds kill the fox themselves and worry and _hare_ him as
+much as they please" (Cox, "Gent. Rec.," p. 110). It is also in the
+sixteenth century that one comes across the first allusions to their
+use in hunting the hare.
+
+
+HART. It is not necessary to dwell here at length upon the great
+esteem in which the hart was held by all devotees to sport in Europe
+during the Middle Ages. It was royal game, and belonged to the Prince
+or ruler of the country, and the chase was their prerogative. Few
+unconnected with the court were ever able to enjoy the chase of the
+stag unless in attendance on or by special licence granted by the
+sovereign. Those who had extensive property of their own and had
+permission to erect a fence could, of course, keep deer on it, but
+this did not enable them to enjoy the sport of real wild deer hunting,
+or _La chasse Royale_ as the French called it.
+
+The stag was one of the five beasts of venery, and was, according to
+the ancient French regulations, a beast of the sweet foot, although in
+the list of beasts of sweet and stinking foot given in the "Boke of
+St. Albans" the hart is included in neither category (_see_ Appendix:
+Fewte).
+
+One of the first essentials for a huntsman in the Middle Ages was to
+learn to know the different _signs_ of a stag (according to German
+venery there were seventy-two signs), so as to be able to "judge
+well." These signs were those of the _slot_, the _gait_, the
+_fraying-post_, the _rack_ or _entry_ (_i.e._ the place where the stag
+entered covert), and the _fumes_. By recognising differences in these
+signs made by a young stag, a hind, and a warrantable stag, he was
+enabled to find out where the latter was harbouring, and by the slot
+and gait he could recognise when the chased stag was approaching his
+end.
+
+There were many things that the huntsman of old had to learn regarding
+the stag before he could be considered as more than an apprentice--for
+instance, how to speak of a hart in terms of venery. The terms used
+were considered of the greatest importance, even to the manner in
+which the colour of the stag was spoken of, brown, yellow, or dun
+being the only permissible terms to distinguish the shade of colour.
+Special terms are given for every kind of head, or antlers, a stag
+might bear.
+
+The huntsman spoke of the stag's _blenches_ and _ruses_ when alluding
+to the tricks of a deer when trying to rid himself of the hounds, of
+his _doubling_ and _rusing to and fro upon himself_ when he retraced
+his steps, of his _beating up the river_ when he swam up-stream, and
+of _foiling down_, when he went down-stream, or of _going to soil_
+when he stood in water. When the deer lay down he was _quat_, when he
+stood still in covert he was _stalling_. When he was tired he "_cast
+his chaule" i.e._ drooped his head, a well-known sign when the deer is
+done, as was his closed mouth when dead beat.
+
+The hart was _meved_ or moved, when he was started from his
+resting-place; he was _quested_ or hunted for, and _sued_ or chased;
+his resting-place was called his _ligging_ or _lair_, his scent of
+line of flight, his _fues_. He was spoken of as _soule_ or _soile_ (F.
+_seule_) if unaccompanied by other deer, and in "_herd with rascal and
+folly_" if keeping company with lesser deer.
+
+Besides many other quaint terms of venery the following were the
+designations given to the hart according to his age by:--
+
+                             Twici, "Boke of St.        Blome; Cox's
+      "Master of Game."      Albans," Manwood,          "Gentleman's
+                             Turbervile.                Recreations."
+
+    1st yr.  A calf.         A calf.                A hinde-calf or calf.
+    2nd  "   A bullock.      A brocket.             A knobler or knobber.
+    3rd  "   A brocket.      A spayer, spayard, or  A brocket or brocke.
+                               spayd.
+    4th  "   A staggart.     A staggart or stag.    A staggard.
+    5th  "   A hart of ten.  A hart.                A hart.
+
+Until he was a hart of ten our text tells us he was not considered a
+chaseable or warrantable deer. By the above one will see that the
+"Master of Game" is exceptional in calling a deer of the second year a
+bullock, brocket being the usual term.
+
+In old French literature we occasionally find the word _broches_ used
+for the tines of a deer's antlers; brochet would be the diminutive,
+_i.e._ a small tine, and hence perhaps brocket, a young stag bearing
+small tines. Any stag of ten or over if hunted by the king became a
+Hart Royal, and if hunted and not taken, but driven out of the forest,
+a proclamation was made to warn every one that no person should chase
+or kill the said hart, and he was then a "Hart Royal proclaimed"
+(Man., p. 180).
+
+All stags not chaseable, such as young or lean stags and hinds, were
+classed as folly or rascal.
+
+A young stag accompanying an old one was called his squire (F.
+_escuyer_).
+
+Hinds also were called by different names from the first to the third
+year, but the "Master of Game" does not give these, nor do any of the
+earliest works. Manwood, Blome, and Cox give the following terms:
+first year, a calf; second year, a Hearse or brocket's sister; third
+year and ever after, a hind. A somewhat similar term was employed in
+France to denote a young stag between six months and a year old.
+_Haire_, also spelt _her_ (G. de Champgrand Baudrillard), and
+_Harpaille_, was the term for a herd of young stags and hinds.
+
+_Hart's Age._--The fable that a stag can live a hundred years which
+the "Master of Game" repeats (p. 34) after G. de F. was not of the
+latter's invention, but one that had been current for many centuries
+before their day.
+
+
+HORNS.--When the "Master of Game" was written hunting horns were the
+curved primitive shape of those made from the horns of animals, and
+most of them probably were still made of the horns of cattle, while
+those used by the richer gentry and nobles were fashioned from some
+rarer animals' trophy, such as the ibex, or carved of ivory, and some
+were made of precious metal. But whether of simple horn, ivory, or of
+wood, they were decorated with gold or silver ferrules, rings, and
+mouthpieces, and some being provided with a stopper, could be
+converted into drinking horns. Unfortunately the "Master of Game" does
+not tell us the material of which horns should be made. He simply says
+how they should "be dryve." They were to be two spans long (1 ft. 6
+in.), slightly curved so that both ends were raised from three to four
+fingers' breadth above the centre; the larger end or the bell was to
+be as wide as possible, and the mouthpiece not too small. It was waxed
+thickly or thinly, whichever the huntsman thought produced the best
+sound. What effect the wax had can scarcely be judged, but it was
+evidently considered an improvement, as it is stated that for
+foresters "mene hornes and unwexid" are good enough for them. Besides
+the hunter's horn five different kinds of horns are mentioned in our
+MS.--the bugle, great abbots, ruets, small foresters, and mean horns.
+The bugle was not the trumpet we now understand by that name, but a
+simple curved horn, most probably deriving its name from the bugle, as
+the wild ox was called; although Dryden says from the German word
+_bugel_, a curve or bend. Ruets may have been the name for a much
+curved or almost circular horn, from French _rouette_, small wheel.
+The mean horns were probably the medium-sized, shrill-sounding horns
+made out of wood or bark, known as _ménuels_, _menuiaux_, _moienel_,
+_menuier_, &c. (Perc. 27,166 and 27,140).
+
+A good length for a horn is mentioned as being "_une paume et demie_"
+(Perceval, 31,750). It is uncertain whether this length and that given
+by the "Master of Game" were measured round the inside of the bend or
+in a straight line between the two extremities. The famous Borstall
+horn, also known as Nigel's horn, is 2 feet 4 inches long on the
+convex and 23 inches on the concave bend; the inside measure of the
+bell end being 3 inches in diameter. The size of another noted horn,
+_i.e._ the Pusey horn, is 2 feet 1/2 inch long, the circumference at
+the widest end being 12 inches. The general length of these horns
+seems to have been somewhere between 18 inches and 2 feet. The
+above-mentioned specimens were horns of tenure, the first being a
+hunting-, the second a drinking-horn. The Borstall horn is said to
+have been given by Edward the Confessor to one Nigel, in reward for
+his killing an immense wild boar, and by this horn he and his
+successors for generations held lands of the crown.
+
+The curved horn remained in fashion in England till about the latter
+half of the seventeenth century, then a straight one came into use
+about 1 ft. 6 in. to 2 ft. long, such as we see depicted in Blome. Of
+this shape, but a few inches shorter, is the hunting-horn still in
+use in England. The French hunting-horn was used in England in the
+eighteenth century, but did not remain long in fashion.
+
+
+HUNTING CRIES. We can see that the hunting cries and the language used
+in speaking to the hounds when hunting in the days of the "Master of
+Game" were still those brought into Britain by the Normans, and in
+most instances the words can actually still be recognised as French.
+There are only a few examples given by him as to the manner a huntsman
+should speak to his hounds in the stag-hunting chapters, such as:--
+
+_Ho moy, ho moy, hole, hole, hole_: To encourage the limer when
+drawing for a stag (p. 166).
+
+_Cy va, cy va, cy va_: To call the hounds when any signs of the stag
+were seen (p. 167).
+
+_Le douce mon amy, le douce_: "Softly, my friend, softly." To the
+hounds when they were uncoupled near to where the stag was supposed to
+be lying.
+
+_Sto arere, so howe, so howe_: "Hark back," if the hounds were on a
+wrong scent.
+
+_Hoo sto, ho sto, mon amy, ho sto_: To harriers drawing for a stag.
+
+_Oyez, à Beaumont, oyez, assemble à Beaumont_: "Hark to Beaumont,
+hark, get to him." To the hound of that name who picks up the right
+line, and to bring the other hounds to him.
+
+It is in the hare-hunting chapter that we have more of the "fayre
+wordis of venery," and here, if the "Master of Game" does not
+slavishly copy Twici, yet he employs the same cries, with a slight
+difference only in orthography. The "Boke of St. Albans" has also most
+of the following:--
+
+_Hoo arere_: "Back there." When the hounds come too hastily out of the
+kennel.
+
+_So moun amy atreyt_: Until they come into the field; these two are
+not given by Twici, but the following are identical in both books:--
+
+_Hors de couple, avaunt sy avaunt_, and thrice _so howe_: When the
+hounds are uncoupled.
+
+_Sa sa cy avaunt, cy sa avaunt, sa cy avaunt (avaunt, sire, avaunt_,
+in Twici): Forward, sir, forward.
+
+_Here how, amy, how amy, and Swef, mon amy, swef_: "Gently, my friend,
+gently" (_swef_, from Latin _swavis_), when the hounds draw too fast
+from the huntsman.
+
+_Oyez, à Beaumont_ (in Twici: _Oyez, a Beaumont le vaillaunt que il
+quide trover le coward od la courte cowe_): "Hark to Beaumont the
+valiant, who thinks to find the coward with the short tail."
+
+_La douce, la il ad este sohowe_: "Softly, there--here he has been,"
+if the place where the hare has pastured is seen.
+
+_Illoeques, illoeques_: "Here, here," if the hounds hunt well on the
+line (_see_ Appendix: Illoeques).
+
+_Ha sy toutz, cy est il venuz arere, so howe. Sa cy a este so howe. Sa
+cy avaunt_: "Here, he has gone back. Here he has been. Forward there."
+When the hare has doubled.
+
+_La douce amy, il est venuz illoeques, sohowe_: "Softly, friend, he is
+here." When the hounds hunt well in fields or arable land.
+
+_La douce, amy, la est il venuz (pur lue segere sohow)_: "Softly,
+friend, here he has come to seat himself" (Mid. Eng., _sege_--a seat.
+Latin, _sedere_).
+
+_La douce, amy, la il est venuz (pur meyndir)_: "Here he has been to
+feed" (_meyndir_, from Latin _manducare_, _mandere_).
+
+The bracketed part of the last two cries are given in the MS. of Twety
+and Gyff., and the following are only in the "Master of Game":--
+
+_Le valliant oyez, oyez who bo bowe_, and then, _Avaunt, assemble,
+assemble, war war, a ha war_, for running riot. _How assamy assamy so
+arere so howe bloues acoupler._
+
+On seeing the pricking or footing of the hare: _Le voye, le voye_
+("The view, the view").
+
+In France, _Tallyho_, or a very similar sounding word, was employed in
+the early days when the huntsman was sure that the right stag had gone
+away, whether he only knew it by his slot, &c., or whether he had
+viewed him.
+
+It was also a call to bring up the hounds when the stag had gone away,
+and at the end of the _curée_, when the huntsman held part of the
+entrails of the deer on a large wooden fork, and the hounds bayed it
+(which was called the _forhu_), the huntsman called out _Tallyho_.
+
+We only find _Tallyho_ in comparatively recent English hunting
+literature and songs--never, so far as I am aware, before the late
+seventeenth century, and it does not occur at all constantly until the
+eighteenth century. Neither Turbervile nor Blome nor Cox, in their
+books on the various chases, mention such a word, though we find
+instruction to the huntsman to say "Hark to him," "Hark forward,"
+"Hark back," and "To him, to him"; besides the inevitable "So how
+sohow." Neither in Twici, "Master of Game," "Boke of St. Albans,"
+Chaucer, or Shakespeare can we find an invigorating _Tallyho_. It
+would almost appear as if it were a seventeenth century importation
+from across the Channel, which is quite possible, for Henry IV. of
+France sent in that century three of his best huntsmen, Desprez, de
+Beaumont, and de Saint-Ravy, to the Court of King James I. to teach
+the royal huntsmen how to hunt the stag in the French way, English
+Court hunting having degenerated into coursing of stags within the
+park palings.
+
+_Taïaut_ in France was used solely in the chase of red, fallow, or roe
+deer.
+
+
+HUNTING MUSIC. In the "Master of Game," as in all the earliest hunting
+literature, much importance is placed on the huntsman's sounding his
+horn in the proper manner in order, as Twici says, that "Each man who
+is around you, who understands Hunting, can know in which point you
+are in your sport by your blowing." The author of "Master of Game" (p.
+170) says he will give us "a chapter which is all of blowing," but he
+omitted to fulfil this promise, so that we have only such information
+as we can gather in his chapters on stag and hare-hunting. The
+differences in the signals were occasioned by the length of the sound
+or note, and the intervals between each. Twici expresses these notes
+in syllables, such as _trout_, _trout_, _trourourout_. The first of
+these would be single notes, with an interval between them, blown
+probably with a separate breath or wind for each; the latter would be
+three notes blown without interval and with a single breath or wind.
+The principal sounds on the hunting horn were named as follows:--
+
+A _Moot_ or _Mote_, a single note, which might be sounded long or
+short.
+
+A _Recheat_. To recheat, Twici says, "blow in this manner,
+_trourourourout, trourourourout, trourourourout_," therefore a
+four-syllabled sound succeeded by an interval, blown three times. In
+the "Master of Game" we find the recheat preceded or followed by a
+moot, the most constantly recurring melody. When the limer has moved
+the stag, and the huntsman sees him go away, he was to blow a moot and
+recheat. If the stag is moved but not viewed, and the huntsman knows
+only by the slot that it is his stag that has gone away, he is to
+recheat without the moot, for that was only to be blown when the stag
+was seen. When the hounds are at fault and any one finds the slot of
+the deer, he should recheat "in the rightes and blow a long moot for
+the lymerer," or if he thinks he sees the hunted stag, he should blow
+a moot and recheat, and after that blow two moots for the hounds.
+
+The _Forlonge_. A signal that the stag had got away far ahead of the
+hounds or that these had distanced some or all of the huntsmen (_see_
+Appendix: Forlonge).
+
+The _Perfect_ or _Parfit_. Twici says it began by "a moot and then
+_trourourout, trout, trout, trourourout, trourourout, trourourout,
+trout, trout, trourourourout_," "and then to commence by another moot
+again, and so you ought to blow three times. And to commence by a moot
+and to finish by a moot." This was only blown when the hounds were
+hunting the right line (_see_ Appendix: Parfet).
+
+The _Prise_. Twici says, blow four moots for the taking of the deer.
+According to the "Master of Game," "the prise or coupling up" was to
+be blown by the chief personage of the hunt only, after the quarry. It
+was only blown when the deer had been slain by strength, or hunted,
+and not when shot or coursed. He was to blow four moots, wait a short
+interval (half an Ave Maria), and blow another four notes a little
+longer than the first four.
+
+The _Menée_. Twici says the _Menée_ should only be blown for the hart,
+the boar, the wolf, and the male wolf, but he does not give us any
+analysis of this melody. In the "Master of Game" we are told that the
+_Menée_ was blown at the hall-door on the return of the huntsmen. The
+Master first blew four moots alone, then at the end of the four moots
+the others joined him in blowing, and they all continued keeping time
+together (_see_ Appendix: Menée).
+
+The _Mort_ or _Death_ was another sound of the horn, but we have no
+description of the notes. Perhaps it is synonymous with the _Prise_.
+
+The _Stroke_ must have been another grouping of short and long notes,
+but of this we have no record.
+
+Hardouin de Fontaines Guerin wrote a poem on the chase chiefly
+concerning the different manners of blowing such as obtained in his
+native country the provinces of Anjou and Maine. The poem was
+illustrated with fourteen miniatures showing the notes to be blown on
+as many different occasions during stag-hunting.
+
+The notes are written in little squares: [**white] denoting a long
+note; [**black] a short note; [**white][**white] a note of two long
+syllables; [**black][**black] a note of two short syllables;
+[**black][**white][**white] a note of one short and two long
+syllables; and [**black][**white][**white][**black][**black] a note of
+one short, two long, and two short syllables. Of these six notes
+combinations were made for all the signals to be blown.
+
+
+ILLOEQUES, "here in this place," from the L. _illo loco_. Sometimes it
+is spelt _illecques_, _iluec_, _illosques_, &c. It is constantly met
+with in Anglo-Norman, and the Provence dialects (Botman, pp. 90, 242;
+T. M., pp. 31, 93, 142; Roy Modus, lxix.; and in the will of the Duke
+of York, Nichols). It has been suggested that it is the origin of the
+familiar _yoicks_. In the "Boke of St. Albans" in the verses on
+hare-hunting it also occurs.
+
+[Illustration: FROM HARDOUIN DE FONTAINES GUERIN'S WORK, WRITTEN IN
+1394]
+
+
+JOPEYE, synonymous with _jupper_, which, according to Cotgrave, is an
+old word signifying "to whoot, showt, crie out alowd." The French word
+_juper_, _jupper_, also spelt _joppeir_, had the same meaning, and we
+find it employed in the "Chace dou cerf" for a halloa in hunting in a
+similar way to _jopeye_ in our text:
+
+    "_Et puis juppe ou corne i. lonc mot
+    Chaucuns en a joie qui l'ot._"
+
+In the sense it is used in our "Master of Game" (p. 185) it means to
+halloa to the hounds, to encourage them with the voice.
+
+
+KENETTES, small hounds. Kenet is a diminutive form of the
+Norman-French _kenet_, and the O. F. _chen_, _cienetes_, _chenet_, a
+dog: _i veneour a ii cienetes, Ne mie grans mais petitetes, Et plus
+blans que n'est flors d'espine_ (Percival, 22,895). Derived from the
+Latin _canis_ (_see_ Appendix: Harriers).
+
+
+LIGGING, a bed, a resting-place, a lair. From O. Eng. _licgan_,
+_licgean_, Goth. _ligan_, lie, lie down. The ligging of the hart was
+what we now call his lair, spelt also layer. In our MS. it is used for
+the dwelling of a wild cat (p. 71).
+
+This old expression is not entirely obsolete, but can be heard still
+among the country people of the northern counties of England.
+
+
+LIMER, lymer; the name given to a scenting-hound which was held in a
+liam or leash whilst tracking the game. Limers never were any distinct
+breed of hounds, but, of course, some breeds produced better limers
+than others (De Noirmont, vol. ii. p. 350).
+
+A dog used as a limer had to be keen on the scent, staunch on the
+line, not too fast, and was taught to run mute, for if the exact
+whereabouts of any game had to be discovered, it would have been
+impossible, if the hound gave tongue or challenged while on the scent.
+A likely hound was chosen from the kennel at an early age, G. de F.
+says at a year old (p. 157), and from that time accompanied his
+master, sleeping in his room, and being taught to obey him. He was
+continually taken out by his master with collar and liam and
+encouraged to follow the scent of hinds and of stags and other beasts,
+and punished should he venture to acknowledge the scent of any animal
+he was not being entered to, or should he open on finding or following
+the line.
+
+In England as well as on the Continent the huntsman went out in the
+early morning to track the game to be hunted to its lair, or den,
+before the pack and huntsmen came into the field. Deer, wild boar,
+bear and wolves were thus harboured by means of a limer. Twici makes
+the apprentice huntsman ask: "Now I wish to know how many of the
+beasts are moved by the lymer, and how many of the beasts are found by
+braches?--Sir, all those which are chased are moved by a lymer, and
+all those which are hunted up (_enquillez_) are found by the braches"
+(Twici, p. 12; _see_ Appendix: Acquillez).
+
+Limers were not only employed when a warrantable stag was to be hunted
+by hounds, but a huntsman going out with his bow or cross-bow would
+have his brachet on a liam and let him hunt up the quarry he wished to
+shoot (_see_ Appendix: Bercelet). Also, the day before one of the
+large battues for big game, the limers would be taken out to ascertain
+what game there was in the district to be driven.
+
+A liam, _lyome_, or _lyame_, was a rope made of silk or leather by
+which hounds were led, from O. F. _liamen_, a strap or line, Latin
+_ligamen_. This strap was fastened to the collar by a swivel, and both
+collar and liams were often very gorgeous. We read of "A lyame of
+white silk with collar of white vellat embrawdered with perles, the
+swivell of silver." "Dog collors of crymson vellat with VI lyhams of
+white leather." "A lieme of grene and white silke." "Three lyames and
+colors with tirrett of silver and quilt" (Madden, "Expenses of
+Princess Mary").
+
+A hound was said to carry his liam well when he just kept it at proper
+tension, not straining it, for that would show that he was of too
+eager temperament, and likely to overshoot the line; if he trailed his
+liam on the ground, it showed that he was slack or unwilling
+(D'Yauville).
+
+As soon as the stag was "moved" the limer's work was over, but only
+for the time being; his master led him away, the other hounds were
+uncoupled, and the harbourer, mounting his horse and keeping his limer
+with him, rode as close to the chase as he could, skirting below the
+wind and being careful not to cross the line, but managing to be at
+hand in case the stag should run in company or give the hounds the
+change. In this case the huntsman had to check the hounds, and wait
+for the harbourer and limer to come up and unravel the change, and put
+the pack on the right scent once more.
+
+The method of starting the stag with a limer was not done away with in
+France until the eighteenth century, although in Normandy a change had
+been made previously, and probably in England also. For our author
+says that some sportsmen even in his time, when impatient, would
+uncouple a few of the hounds in the covert, before the stag had been
+properly started by the limer, which practice he, however, was not in
+favour of except under the conditions he mentions.
+
+This uncoupling of a few older hounds in covert to start the deer,
+coupling them again as soon as the deer was on foot, was later called
+_tufting_, and is still customary in Devon and Somerset.
+
+The limer was not rewarded with the other hounds; he received his
+reward from the hands of his master before or after the other hounds,
+and after he had bayed the head of the stag.
+
+When not quoting or translating the old text the more modern spelling
+of _li_mer has been used.
+
+
+MADNESS. Old Eng. and Mid. Eng. _Woodness_, _wodnesse_, and _wodnyss_;
+mad, _wode_. The seven different sorts of madnesses spoken of by the
+"Master of Game" are also mentioned in nearly all subsequent works on
+old hunting dealing with "sicknesses of hounds." They are the hot
+burning madness, running madness, dumb madness, lank madness,
+rheumatic madness or slavering madness, falling madness, sleeping
+madness.
+
+These are mentioned in Roy Modus, and the cure for rabies, of taking
+the afflicted dog to the sea and letting nine waves wash over him, as
+well as the cock cure mentioned in our English MS., were both taken by
+Gaston from Roy Modus, or both derived them from some common source
+(Roy Modus, fol. xlv. r).
+
+The water cure is mentioned also by Albertus Magnus (Alb. Mag., 215, a
+27).
+
+It seems likely to have been to try the efficacy of this cure that
+King Edward I. sent some of his hounds to Dover to bathe in the sea,
+the following account for which is entered in his Wardrobe Accounts:
+
+"To John le Berner, going to Dover to bathe six braches by the King's
+order and for staying there for 21 days for his expense 3. 6d" (6
+Edward I. Quoted from MS. Philipps, 8676).
+
+The means of recognising rabies by a cock is also mentioned in the
+recipe of the eleventh century given by Avicenna (957-1037), and it
+appears again in Vincentius Bellovacensis and is also to be found in
+Alexander Neckham. Although the manner of using the cock for this
+purpose varies, we see by the fact of its being mentioned in different
+works preceding our MS. that the cock enjoyed some legendary renown
+for at least a couple of centuries before Gaston (Werth, p. 55).
+
+Nowadays only two varieties of rabies are recognised: furious and dumb
+rabies. The numerous divisions of the old authors were based on
+different stages of the disease and slight variations in the symptoms.
+
+When a dog is attacked with rabies its owner often supposes that the
+dog has a bone in its throat, so that a report of this condition is
+regarded by veterinary surgeons with suspicion. This corresponds with
+the description in our text of dogs, with their mouths "somewhat
+gaping, as if they were _enosed_ in their throat."
+
+
+MASTIFF, from F. _metif_, O. F. _mestif_, M. E. _mastyf_, _mestiv_,
+mixed breed, a mongrel dog (Cent. Dict., Murray). Some etymologists
+have suggested that the word mastiff was derived from _masethieves_,
+as these dogs protected their master's houses and cattle from thieves
+(Manwood, p. 113). Others again give _mastinus_, i.e. _maison tenant_,
+house-dog, as the origin, but the first derivation given of _mestif_,
+mongrel, is the one now generally recognised.
+
+Although it will be quite evident to any one comparing the mastiff
+depicted in our Plate, p. 122, with any picture of the British mastiff
+that the two are very different types, we must not therefore conclude
+that the artist was at fault, but that the French _matin_, which is
+what our MS. describes and depicts, was by no means identical with our
+present English breed of mastiffs, nor even with the old British
+mastiff or bandog. The French _matins_ were generally big, hardy dogs,
+somewhat light in the body, with long heads, pointed muzzles,
+flattened forehead, and semi-pendant ears; some were rough and others
+smooth coated.
+
+_Matins_ were often used for tackling the wild boar when run by other
+hounds, so as to save the more valuable ones when the boar turned to
+bay.
+
+In this chase, as well as when they were used to protect their
+master's flocks against wolves, huge iron spiked collars were fastened
+round the dog's neck. These spiked collars were very formidable
+affairs; one of very ancient make which I have measures inside nearly
+eight inches in diameter, and the forty-eight spikes are an inch long,
+the whole weighing without the padlock that fastened it together about
+two pounds.
+
+In England the name Mastiff was not in general use till a much later
+date, even as late as the end of the eighteenth century, Osbaldiston
+in his Dictionary ignoring the term mastiff, and using, like a true
+Saxon, the old term bandog (Wynn, p. 72). In the seventeenth and
+eighteenth centuries the terms were generally synonymous, and it seems
+quite possible that the mastiff of the ancient forest laws was not our
+bandog, but denoted, as in France, any large house-dog capable of
+defending his master and his master's goods, watching his cattle, and,
+as frequently necessary, powerful enough to attack the depredatory
+wolf or the wild boar. These would in all likelihood be a very mixed
+breed, and thoroughly justify the name _mestif_ or mongrel.
+
+Cotgrave in his French-English Dictionary gives the following:--
+
+"_Mastin_, a mastiue or bandog; a great country curre; also a rude,
+filthie, currish or cruell fellow."
+
+We find the word _matin_ in France used as a term of opprobrium, or a
+name of contempt for any ugly or distorted body or a coarse person:
+"_C'es un matin, un vilain matin._" Many interesting facts about the
+mastiff have been collected by Jesse in his "History of the British
+Dog," but he also makes the mistake of considering that the "Master of
+Game" and Turbervile give us the description of the dogs then existing
+in England, whereas these descriptions really relate only to French
+breeds, although the characteristics may in many cases have tallied
+sufficiently; but in others a dire confusion has resulted from blindly
+copying from one another.
+
+
+MENÉE, from Latin _minare_, something which is led, a following. This
+word frequently occurs in the mediæval romances, and usually denoted
+pursuit, either in battle or in the hunting field (Borman, p. 37).
+
+There are various meanings attached to _menée_:--
+
+1. The line of flight the stag or other game has taken, and _Chacier
+la menée_ seems to have meant hunting with horn and hound by scent on
+the line of flight, in contradiction to the chase with the bow or
+crossbow, which was called _berser_ (_Le Roman des Loherains_, 106, c.
+30). In G. de F. (p. 157) it is used in the same sense. The meaning
+in which Gaston de Foix uses the word menée is explained by him: _Et
+puis se metre après, et chevauchier menée: c'est à dire par où les
+chiens et le cerf vont_ (G. de F., pp. 43, 44, 171, 179). See also
+_Chace dou Cerf_ and Hard. de Font. Guer. Edit. Pichon.
+
+2. The challenge of the hound when on the line. Page 171, we read that
+a hunter should know whether the hounds have retrieved their stag by
+the doubling of their menée, _i.e._ the hounds would make more noise
+as soon as they found the scent or line of flight of the stag they
+were chasing. _Menée_ evidently meant the sound made by the hound when
+actually following the scent, not when baying the game. Later the
+sense seems to have been widened, and a musical hound was said to have
+_la menée belle_ (Salnove, p. 246).
+
+3. A note sounded on a horn (_see_ Appendix: Hunting Music). It was
+the signal that the deer was in full flight. It appears to be used in
+Twici to signify the horn-signal blown when the hounds are on the
+scent of hart, boar or wolf, to press the hounds onwards (Twici, p.
+23). This author says one cannot blow the menée for the hare, because
+it is at one time female and another male, and to this Dryden in his
+notes remarks that Twici is perfectly right in saying a man ought not
+to blow the menée for a hare; for as every one knows, it is but a rare
+occurrence for a hare to go straight on end like a fox, for they
+commonly double and run rings, in which case if the hounds were
+pressed, they would over-run the scent and probably lose the hare. But
+he does not explain why Twici says if it were always male the menée
+could be blown at it as at other beasts, such as the hart, the boar,
+and the wolf. Is it that a male hare will occasionally run a long,
+straight course of several miles, but that the female runs smaller
+rings and more constantly retraces her steps, and therefore the menée
+could never be blown at her?
+
+4. Menée was also used in the sense of a signal on a horn.
+
+The "Master of Game" says the _menées_ should be sounded on the return
+of the huntsman at the hall or cellar door (p. 179). There was a
+curious old custom which occasioned the blowing of the horn in
+Westminster Abbey. Two _menées_ were blown at the high altar of the
+Abbey on the delivery there of eight fallow deer which Henry III. had
+by charter granted as a yearly gift to the Abbot of Westminster and
+his successors.
+
+
+METYNGE, here evidently means meating or feeding. As the "Master of
+Game" says: "or pasturing" as if the two words were synonymous, as
+_metinge_ also was Mid. Eng. for _measure_, it might have been a deer
+of "high measure and pasturing." But anyhow the two were practically
+identical, for as Twici says: "Harts which are of good pasture. For
+the head grows according to the pasture; good or otherwise." See
+below: MEUTE.
+
+
+MEUTE had several meanings in Old French venery.
+
+1. The "Master of Game" translated G. de F.'s "grant cerf" as a hart
+of high feeding or pasture. But he omitted to render the following
+passage: "_Et s'il est de bonne meute, allons le laisser courre._" The
+"_bonne meute_" is not translated by "high meating." It was an
+expression in use to indicate whether the stag was in good company or
+not. If a warrantable stag was accompanied by one or two large stags
+he was termed "_Un cerf de bonne mute_" (or _meute_), but if hinds and
+young stags (rascal) were with him he was designated as a "_cerf de
+mauvaise mute_." In Roy Modus we read: "_La première est de savoir
+s'il est de bonne mute._"
+
+Perhaps _meute_ when used in this sense was derived from the old
+Norman word _moeta_, _m[=a][=e]ta_, from _m[=o]t_, meet, come
+together. There was also an Old Eng. word _metta_ or _gemetta,_
+companion.
+
+2. Meute was also used in another sense which is translated by the
+"Master of Game" as _haunts_, probably the place the deer usually
+moves in. G. says: "_Il prendra congé de sa meute_," and the "Master
+of Game" has: "he leaves his haunts." If a deer was harboured in a
+good country for hunting he was also called "_En belle meute_"
+(D'Yauville, voc. _Meute_).
+
+It was in this sense that the "Sénéschal de Normandye" answers the
+question of his royal mistress about the stag he himself had harboured
+that morning; he tells her the stag was _En belle meute et pays fort_.
+
+3. MEUTE, MUTE, a number of hounds, now called a pack or kennel of
+hounds or a cry of hounds.
+
+
+MEW, _Mue_, to shed, cast, or change. "The hart mews his horns," the
+deer casts his head, or sheds his antlers. From the French _muer_, and
+the Latin _mutare_, to change, of hawks to moult.
+
+
+MOVE, MEU, Meue, mewe, meeve, old forms of move. To start a hart
+signified to unharbour him, to start him from his lair.
+
+G. de F. says: _Allons le laisser courre_; but the word _meu_ or
+_meve_ was also used in Old French in the same way as in English.
+
+Twici says: _Ore vodroi ioe savoir quantez des betes sunt meuz de
+lymer, e quanz des bestes sunt trouez des brachez.... Sire, touz ceaus
+qe sunt enchaces; sunt meuz de lymer. E tous ceaus enquillez sunt
+trovez de brachez._ (Now I would wish to know how many beasts are
+moved by a lymer and how many beasts are found by the braches.--Sir,
+all those which are chased are moved by a lymer. And all those which
+are hunted up are found by braches.) (Line 18; Tristan., i. 4337;
+Partonopeus de Blois, 607.)
+
+
+MUSE, _Meuse_. An opening in a fence through which a hare or other
+animal is accustomed to pass. An old proverb says: "'Tis as hard to
+find a hare without a muse, as a woman without scuse."
+
+"A hare will pass by the same muses until her death or escape" (Blome,
+p. 92).
+
+
+NUMBLES. M. E. _nombles_, _noumbles_; O. F. _nombles_. The parts of a
+deer between the thighs, that is to say, the liver and kidneys and
+entrails. Part, and sometimes the whole of the numbles were considered
+the right of the huntsman; sometimes the huntsman only got the
+kidneys, and the rest was put aside with the tit-bits reserved for the
+King or chief personage (Turb., pp. 128-129). Numbles by loss of the
+initial letter became umbles (Harrison, vol. i. p. 309), and was
+sometimes written humbles, whence came "humble pie," now only
+associated with the word humble. Humble pie was a pie made of the
+umbles or numbles of the deer, and formerly at hunting feasts was set
+before the huntsman and his followers.
+
+
+OTTER. The Duke of York does not tell us anything of the chase of the
+Otter, but merely refers one at the end of the chapter on "The Nature
+of the Otter" to Milbourne, the King's Otter-hunter, for more
+information and says, "as of all other vermin I speak not" (p. 73).
+The Otter was evidently beneath his notice, as being neither regarded
+as a beast of venery nor of the chase (Twety and Gyfford, Brit. Mus.
+MS. Vesp. B. XII.). But the very fact that the King had an
+Otter-hunter shows that it was a beast not altogether despised,
+although probably hunted more for the value of its skin and for the
+protection of the fish than for the sport.
+
+The Milbourne referred to by the Duke of York can scarcely be any
+other than the William Melbourne we find mentioned in Henry IV.'s
+reign as "Valet of our Otter-hounds" (Privy Seal, 674/6456, Feb. 18,
+1410).
+
+
+PARFET, _the perfect_. Twici says: _Une autre chasce il y ad qe homme
+appele le parfet. Dunkes covient il qe vous corneez en autre
+maneree.... E isse chescun homme qest en tour vous, que siet de
+venerie puet conustre en quel point vous estes en vostre dedut par
+vostre corneer_ (line 111).
+
+From comparing the various places where the word _parfait_ is employed
+in connection with hunting, it may be concluded that to hunt the
+"_Parfet_" was when the hounds were on the line of the right stag, to
+sound the "_Parfet_" was to blow the notes that indicated the hounds
+were hunting the right line. Dryden in his notes to Twici suggests
+that the chase of the _parfet_ was "in opposition to the chase of the
+_Forloyng_," that is, when the pack run well together "jostling in
+close array" (Twici, p. 43). But Perfect in the O. F. works seems to
+us to invariably be used, as already said, to indicate that the hounds
+have not taken the change, but are staunch to the right scent. Jacques
+de Brézé says the stag he is hunting joins two great stags, but
+although some of the hounds ran silent for awhile, they still
+continued staunch to their line, and here he uses the word "_parfait_"
+(Sen. de Nor., p. 13).
+
+Modus also uses it in this sense: _Les chiens qui viennent chaçant
+après le parfait_ (fol. xix. v). And what is most conclusive is the
+sense given to it in our text: "Should blow to him again the parfyt so
+that he were in his rightes and ellys nought," _i.e._ the parfyt
+should only be blown if the hound was on the right line (p. 174).
+
+
+PARFYTIERES, the name given in the "Master of Game" to the last relay
+of hounds uncoupled during the chase of the stag. First came the
+"_vaunt chase_," and then the "_midel_," and then the "_parfytieres_."
+They may have been so called from being the last hounds to be
+uncoupled, being those that completed or perfected the pack--_i.e._
+perfecters, or this relay may have derived its name from being
+composed of some of the staunchest hounds from the kennel, those not
+likely to follow any but the right line or the _parfyt_. It was
+customary in the old days to keep some of the slower and staunchest
+hounds in the last relay, and to cast them only when a stag nearing
+its end rused and foiled, and sought by every means to shake off his
+persecutors (_see_ Appendix: Relays). G. de F. gives the names of the
+three relays simply as _La première bataille_, _la seconde_, and _la
+tierce_ (p. 175).
+
+
+POMELED; spotted, from O. F. _pomelé_, spotted like an apple. The
+young of the roedeer are born with a reddish brown coat with white
+spots, which the "Master of Game" calls _pomeled_. This term was also
+frequently used in Ang.-N., O. F., and in the dog-Latin of our ancient
+records to describe a flea-bitten or dappled horse. "_His hakenei that
+was all pomeli gris_" (Strat.). "_Pommeli liardus, gris pommele, Uno
+equo liardo pomele_" (Obs. Ward. Acc. 28, Ed. I.). G. de F. does not
+use this word in describing the young of the roedeer, but says they
+are born "_eschaquettes_" (p. 40).
+
+
+RACHES; _ratches_ or _racches_, a dog that hunts by scent. A.-S.
+_raecc_, a hound, and O. F. and Ang.-N. _brache_, _brachet_, _bracon_,
+_braquet_; Ger. _bracken_. Ang.-Lat., _brachetus_, _bracketus_.
+
+Raches were scenting hounds hunting in a pack, later called "running
+hounds," and then simply hounds. Although raches or brachets are
+frequently mentioned in the O. F. and Ang.-N. metrical romances, and
+in various early documents, we have never found any description of
+them, but can only gather what they were from the uses they were put
+to. We find that the bracco was used by the early German tribes to
+track criminals, therefore they were scenting hounds. There is plenty
+of evidence that they were used for stag, wild boar, and buck hunting
+during the Middle Ages. They were coupled together and led by a
+_berner_ or _bracennier_ or _braconnier. Braconnier_ now means
+poacher, but this is only the later meaning; originally braconnier was
+the leader of the bracos, or huntsman (Daurel, p. 337; Bangert, p.
+173; Dol. 9188).
+
+
+We gather that these brachets of the early Middle Ages were small
+hounds, sometimes entirely white, but generally white with black
+markings. Sometimes they were mottled (_bracet mautré_). One
+description of a _braces corant_ says this hound was as white as a
+nut, with black ears, a black mark on the right flank, and flecked
+with black (Blancadin, 1271; Perc. 17,555, 22,585; Tristan M., 1475,
+2261; Tyolet, 332).
+
+In the early days in England we find that braches were used to hunt up
+such smaller game as was not unharboured or dislodged by the limer.
+Twici says: "_Sire, touz ceaus qe sunt enchaces, sunt meuz de lymer. E
+tous ceaus enquillez sunt trovez de brachez_" (_see_ Appendix:
+Acquillez), _i.e._ All beasts that are enchased are moved by a limer,
+and all those that are hunted up are found by braches (Twici, pp. 2,
+12). Raches are mentioned in the "Boke of St. Albans" among the
+"_Dyvers manere of houndes_," and the apprentice to venery is told he
+should speak of "A mute of houndes, a kenell of rachys." He is also
+informed that the hart, the buck, and the boar should be started by a
+limer, and that all "other bestes that huntyd shall be sought for and
+found by Ratches so free." John Hardyng in his Chronicle, speaking of
+an inroad into Scotland by Edward IV., in whose reign he was yet
+living, said, "And take Kennetes and Ratches with you and seeke oute
+all the forest with houndes and hornes as Kynge Edwarde with the long
+shanks dide." In the "Squyer of Low degree" we read that the huntsman
+came with his bugles "and seven score raches at his rechase."
+
+
+RESEEYUOUR; the word the most approaching this to be found in any
+dictionary is under the head of receiver, M. E. _receyvour_, one who,
+or that which receives. The _reseeyuours_ were most likely those
+greyhounds who received the game, _i.e._ pulled it down after it had
+been chased. We see in our text that _teasers_ and _reseeyuours_ are
+mentioned together (p. 198). The former were light, swift greyhounds;
+these were probably slipped first; and the latter (Shirley MS. spells
+_resteynours_) were the heavy greyhounds slipped last, and capable of
+pulling down a big stag. De Noirmont tells us: _Ces derniers étaient
+surnommés receveours ou receveurs_ (ii. p. 426, and G. de F., p. 177).
+
+
+RELAYS. In the early days of venery the whole pack was not allowed to
+hunt at the commencement of the chase. After the stag had been started
+from his lair by a limer, some hounds were uncoupled and laid on, the
+rest being divided off into relays, which were posted in charge of one
+or more _berners_ along the probable line of the stag, and were
+uncoupled when the hunted stag and the hounds already chasing him had
+passed. There were usually three relays, and two to four couples the
+usual number in each relay, though the number of couples depended, of
+course, on the size of the hunting establishment and the number of
+hounds in the kennel. G. de F. calls these relays simply, première,
+seconde, and tierce. The "Master of Game" calls the first lot of
+hounds uncoupled the "finders" (p. 165), though this seems rather a
+misnomer, as the harbourer with his limer (_see_ Limer) found and
+started the deer. The _vauntchase_ for the first relay, and the
+_midel_ speak for themselves, but we have little clue to the origin of
+_parfitieres_ for the third relay. Were they so called because they
+perfected or completed the chase, or because they were some of the
+staunchest hounds who could be depended upon to follow the _parfit,
+i.e._ the right line of the stag or animal hunted? (_see_ Appendix:
+Parfet). Old authorities seem to have differed in opinion as to
+whether the staunchest and slowest hounds should have been put in the
+first cry or in the last (Roy Modus, fol. xvi.; G. de F., p. 178;
+Lav., Chasse à Courre, pp. 297-8).
+
+In the "Boke of St. Albans" we read of the _vauntlay_, _relay_, and
+_allay_. The first was the name given to hounds if they were uncoupled
+and thrown off between the pack and the beast pursued, the relay were
+the hounds uncoupled after the hounds already hunting had passed by;
+the _allay_ is held:
+
+    "Till all the houndes that be behynd be cum therto
+    Than let thyn houndes all to geder goo
+    That is called an _allay_."
+
+Instructions concerning when relays should be given always warn the
+_berner_ not to let slip the couples till some of the surest hounds
+have passed on the scent, and till he be sure that the stag they are
+hunting is the right one and not a substitute, _i.e._ one frightened
+and put up by the hunted stag. The "Master of Game" is careful also to
+say: "Take care that thou _vauntlay_ not" (p. 169).
+
+The discontinuing of relays seemed to have been begun first in
+Normandy and probably about the same time in England.
+
+In France the three relays of greyhounds which were used were called
+_Levriers d'estric--i.e._ those which were first let slip; _levriers
+de flanc_, those that attacked from the side; and _levriers de tête_,
+those that bar the passage in front of the game or head it, terms that
+correspond with our vauntlay, allay, and relay. In the "Master of
+Game's" chapter on the wolf these relays of greyhounds are indicated
+(p. 59).
+
+
+RIOT. The "Master of Game's" statement on p. 74 that no other wild
+beast in England is called ryott save the coney only has called forth
+many suggestions as to the origin of this name being applied to the
+rabbit, and the connection between riot, a noise or brawl, and the
+rabbit. The word riot is represented in M. E. and O. F. by _riote_, in
+Prov. _riota_, Ital. _riotta_, and in all these languages it had the
+same signification, _i.e._ a brawl, a dispute, an uproar, a quarrel
+(Skeat).
+
+Diez conjectures the F. _riote_ to stand for _rivote_, and refers to
+O. H. G. _riben_, G. _reiben_, to grate, to rub (orig. perhaps to
+rive, to rend). From German, _sich an einem reiben_, to mock, to
+attack, to provoke one; lit. to rub oneself against one.
+
+Rabbit, which is in O. Dutch robbe, has probably the same origin from
+_reiben_.
+
+The etymology and connection, if any, between the two words rabbit and
+riot is difficult to determine. It is very probable that the rabbit
+was called _riot_ from producing a brawling when the hounds came
+across one. The term "running _riot_" may well be derived from a
+hunting phrase.
+
+
+ROE. The error regarding the October rut into which G. de F. and the
+Duke of York fell was one to which the naturalists of much later times
+subscribed, for it was left to Dr. Ziegler and to Dr. Bischoff, the
+Professor of Physiology at Heidelberg, to demonstrate in 1843 the true
+history of the gestation of the roe, which for more than a century had
+been a hotly disputed problem. On that occasion it was shown with
+scientific positiveness that the true rut of the roe takes place about
+the end of July or first week in August, and that the ovum does not
+reach the uterus for several months, so that the first development of
+the embryo does not commence before the middle of December.
+
+
+RUNNING HOUNDS AND RACHES (F. _chiens courants_). Under this heading
+we include all such dogs as hunted by scent in packs, whatever the
+game they pursued might be. They appear in the early records of our
+kings as _Canes de Mota_, _Canes currentes_, and as _Sousos_ (scenting
+hounds) (Close Rolls 7 John; Mag. Rot. 4, John Rot. 10; 4 Henry III.),
+and are mentioned specifically as _cervericiis_, _deimericiis_, as
+_Heyrectorum_ (harriers) or _canes heirettes_, and foxhounds as
+_gupillerettis_ or _wulpericiis_ (Close Rolls, 15 John).
+
+The Anglo-Saxon word _Hundas_, hound, was a general name for any dog;
+the dog for the chase in Anglo-Saxon times being distinguished by the
+prefix _Ren_, making _ren hund_.
+
+Gradually the word dog superseded the word hound, and the latter was
+only retained to designate a "scenting" dog. Dr. Caius, writing to Dr.
+Gesner, remarks in his book: "Thus much also understand, that as in
+your language _Hunde_ is the common word, so in our naturall tounge
+dogge is the universall, but _Hunde_ is perticular and a speciall, for
+it signifieth such a dogge onely as serveth to hunt" (Caius, p. 40).
+(_See_ Appendix: Raches.) Running hounds was a very literal
+translation of the French _chiens courants_, and as the descriptive
+chapter given in our text is as literal a rendering from G. de F.
+there is no information that helps us to piece together the ancestry
+of the modern English hound. We do not know what breed were in the
+royal kennels in the reign of Henry IV., but probably some descendants
+of those brought to this country by the Normans, about the origin of
+which breed nothing seems known.
+
+_Keep of Hounds._ The usual cost of the keep of a hound at the time of
+our MS. was a halfpenny a day, of a greyhound three farthings, and of
+a limer or bloodhound one penny a day.
+
+However for the royal harthounds an allowance of three farthings a day
+was made for each hound (Q. R. Acc. 1407), and we also find
+occasionally that only a halfpenny a day was made for the keep of a
+greyhound. In Edward I.'s reign a halfpenny a day was the allowance
+made for fox- and otter-hounds (14, 15, 31, 32, 34, Edward I. Ward.
+Acc.), and sometimes three farthings and sometimes a halfpenny a day
+for a greyhound. The Master of Buckhounds was allowed a halfpenny a
+day each for his hounds and greyhounds.
+
+In the reign of Richard III. the Master of Harthounds was allowed 3s.
+3d. a day "for the mete of forty dogs and twelve greyhounds and
+threepence a day for three limers" (Rolls of Parl., vol. v. p. 16).
+
+The "Boke of Curtasye" (fourteenth century, Percy Society, iv. p.
+26), gives us information which quite agrees with the payments entered
+in the Wardrobe and other accounts of the King's hunting
+establishment. And under the head of _De Pistore_ we find the baker is
+told to make loaves for the hounds:
+
+    "Manchet and chet to make brom bred hard
+    ffor chaundeler and grehoundes and huntes reward."
+
+Chet, a word not in use since the seventeenth century, meant wheaten
+bread of the second quality, made of flour more coarsely sifted than
+that used for manchet, which was the finest quality.
+
+Brom bread was oaten bread, and probably was very much the same as a
+modern dog biscuit.
+
+One of the ancient feudal rights was that of obtaining bran from the
+vassals for the hounds' bread, known as the right of brennage, from
+bren, bran.
+
+Although bread was the staple food given to hounds, yet they were also
+provided with meat. At the end of a day's hunting they received a
+portion of the game killed (_see_ Curée), and if this was not
+sufficient or it was not the hunting season game was expressly killed
+for them. In a decree from King John to William Pratell and the
+Bailiffs of Falke de Breaut of the Isle of Ely, the latter are
+commanded to find bread and paste for the hounds as they may require,
+"and to let them hunt sometimes in the Bishops chase for the flesh
+upon which they are fed" (Close Roll, 17 John). In an extract from the
+Wardrobe Accounts of 6 Edward I. we find a payment was made of 40s. by
+the King to one Bernard King for his quarry for two years past on
+which the King's dogs had been fed (MS. Phillipps, 8676).
+
+We find also that "Pantryes, Chippinges and broken bread" were given
+to the hounds, _Chippings_ being frequently mentioned in the royal
+accounts as well as meat for the hounds (Liber Niger Domus Ed. IV.;
+Collection of Ordinances of the Royal Households; Jesse, ii. 125;
+Privy Purse Expenses Henry VIII. 1529-1532).
+
+The cost of the keep of some of the King's hounds were paid for out of
+the exchequer, others were paid from the revenues and outgoings of
+various counties, and an immense number were kept by subjects who held
+land from the crown _by serjeantry_ or _in capite_ of keeping a stated
+number of running hounds, greyhounds, and brachets, &c., for the
+King's use (Blount's Ancient Tenures, Plac. Chron. 12, 13 Ed. I.;
+Issue Roll 25 Henry VI.; Domesday, tom. i. fol. 57 v).
+
+We see by the early records of our kings that a pack of hounds did not
+always remain stationary and hunt within easy reach of their kennels,
+but were sent from one part of the kingdom to another to hunt where
+game was most plentiful or where there was most vermin to be
+destroyed. As early as Edward I.'s reign we find conveyances were
+sometimes provided for hounds when they went on long journeys. Thomas
+de Candore or Candovere and Robert le Sanser (also called Salsar),
+huntsmen of the stag and buckhounds (Close Rolls 49 Henry III.; 6, 8
+Ed. I.), were paid for a horse-litter for fifty-nine days for the use
+of their sixty-six hounds and five limers (Ward. Acc. 14, 15 Ed. I.).
+And as late as Henry VIII.'s time the hounds seemed to travel about
+considerable distances, as in the Privy Purse expenses of that King
+the cart covered with canvas for the use of his hounds is a frequently
+recurring item.
+
+
+SCANTILON, O. F. _eschantillon_, Mid. Eng. _Scantilon_, Mod. Eng.
+scantling, mason's rule, a measure; the huntsman is continually told
+to take a _scantilon_, that is, a measure, of the slot or footprint of
+the deer, so as to be able to show it at the meet, that with this
+measure and the examination of the droppings which the huntsman was
+also to bring with him the Master of the Game could judge if the man
+had harboured a warrantable deer (_see_ Appendix: Slot and Trace).
+
+SEASONS OF HUNTING. In mediæval times the consideration for the
+larder played a far more important part in fixing the seasons for
+hunting wild beasts than it did in later times, the object being to
+kill the game when in the primest condition. Beginning with the--
+
+_Red deer stag_: according to Dryden's Twici, p. 24 (source not
+given), the season began at the Nativity of St. John the Baptist (June
+24), and _ended_ Holyrood Day (September 14). Our text of the "Master
+of Game" nowhere expressly states when the stag-hunting begins or
+terminates, but as he speaks of how to judge a hart from its fumes in
+the month of April and May (p. 30), and further says that harts run
+best from the "entry of May into St. John's tide" (p. 35), we might
+infer that they were hunted from May on. He also says that the season
+for hind-hunting begins when the season of the hart ends and lasteth
+till Lent. But as this part of the book was a mere translation from G.
+de F. it is no certain guide to the hunting seasons in England. The
+Stag-hunting season in France, the _cervaison_, as it was called,
+began at the _Sainte Croix de Mai_ (May 3rd) and lasted to _la Sainte
+Croix de Septembre_ (Holyrood Day, Sept. 14), the old French saying
+being: "_Mi Mai, mi teste, mi Juin, mi graisse; à la Magdeleine
+venaison pleine_" (July 22) (Menagier de Paris, ii.). And although the
+stag was probably chiefly hunted in England between Midsummer and the
+middle of September, when they are in the best condition, and it was
+considered the best time to kill them, they were probably hunted from
+May on in the early days in England as they were in France. Had this
+not been customary we imagine the Duke of York would have inserted one
+of his little interpolations in the text he was translating, and
+stated that although the season began in May _beyond the sea_, it only
+began later in England.
+
+In Twety and Gyfford we read that the "tyme of grece, begynnyth alle
+way atte the fest of the Nativyte of Saynt Johan baptist." Later on,
+according to Dryden, the season of the stag began two weeks after
+Midsummer (July 8).
+
+_Red deer hind_, Holyrood Day (Sept. 14) to Candlemas (Feb. 2) (Twici,
+p. 24; Man., p. 181). According to others the hind and the doe season
+ends on Twelfth-day or Epiphany (Jan. 6).
+
+_Fallow deer buck._ According to the Forest Laws the season began at
+the Nativity of St. John (June 24) and ended on Holyrood Day (Sept.
+14). Dryden adds a second date, _i.e._ two weeks after Midsummer, to
+the former, but does not quote the source.
+
+_Fallow doe_ was hunted from Holyrood Day (Sept. 14) to Candlemas
+(Feb. 2).
+
+_Roe deer buck_ was hunted from Easter to Michaelmas (Sept. 29).
+
+_Roe doe_, Michaelmas to Candlemas.
+
+_Hare._ According to the Forest Laws (Man., 176) the season commenced
+Michaelmas (Sept. 29) and ended at Midsummer (June 24); Dryden in his
+notes in Twici states that it commenced at Michaelmas and ended at
+Candlemas (Feb. 2), while the "Boke of St. Albans" gives the same date
+as the first-named in Manwood. According to the "Master of Game" the
+hare seems to have enjoyed no close season, as G. de F.'s assertion
+that the hunting of the hare "lasteth all the year" is also translated
+without comment (p. 14): _Et le peut chassier toute l'année, en
+quelque temps que ce soit quar touzjours sa sayson dure_ (G de F., p.
+204).
+
+In Twety and Gyfford we also find that "The hare is alway in season to
+be chasyd."
+
+In the sixteenth century in France the hare-hunting season was from
+the middle of September till the middle of April (Du Fouilloux, p. 51;
+De Noir., ii. p. 476). In England the same season seems to have been
+observed (Blome, p. 91).
+
+_Wild boar._ According to the Forest Laws (Manwood and Twici), the
+boar was hunted from Christmas Day to Candlemas (Feb. 2), but we have
+evidence that boar-hunting usually began earlier. The boar was in his
+prime condition when acorns, beechmast, and chestnuts were plentiful,
+and was considered in season from Michaelmas to St. Martin's Day (Roy
+Modus, xxxi.), and by some even from Holyrood Day (Bornam, p. 100;
+Part, de Blois, 525).
+
+The huntsmen of King John of England were sent to hunt in the forest
+of Cnappe in order to take two or three boars a day in November. King
+John's letter giving instructions on this point to one Rowland Bloet
+is dated 8th November 1215 (Jesse, ii. 32).
+
+_Wolf._ According to the Forest Laws, in the book already quoted, the
+season during which the wolf was hunted began at Christmas and ended
+at the Annunciation (March 25), but considering the destruction
+wrought by this beast it is far more likely that it was hunted
+throughout the year.
+
+_Fox._ According to the Forest Laws the season opened on Christmas Day
+and ended on March 25, but nevertheless the fox was hunted early in
+the autumn, for we have it on Twety and Gyfford's authority that "the
+sesoun of the fox begynneth at the natyvite of owre Lady, and durryth
+til the Annunciacion" (Sept. 8 to March 25).
+
+The "Boke of St. Albans" gives the season of the fox and wolf from the
+Nativity to the Annunciation of Our Lady and that of the boar from the
+Nativity to the Purification of Our Lady. Manwood and other accepted
+authorities quote the above as alluding to the Nativity of Christ,
+whereas the Nativity of Our Lady, Sept. 8, was intended, thereby
+creating some confusion.
+
+According to the Wardrobe Accounts of Edward I. the foxhunting season
+began on 1st September (Ward. Acc. Ed. I. 1299-1300).
+
+No doubt one of the reasons why the fox was not hunted earlier in the
+year was on account of the fur, which was of course of less use or
+value if obtained in summer.
+
+_Otter._ The Forest Laws give the season as from Shrove Tide (Feb. 22)
+to Midsummer (June 24), but we find that in King John's reign the
+otter was hunted in July (Close Rolls 14 John I.).
+
+_Martin_, _badger_, _and rabbit_ were hunted at all seasons of the
+year.
+
+SNARES. No work dealing with the chase of wild animals in mediæval
+times would be complete were it to omit all reference to snares,
+traps, gins, pitfalls, and other devices to take game other than by
+hunting. The "Master of Game" mentions the subject but briefly,
+saying, "Truly I trow no good hunter would slay them so for no good,"
+but "Gaston Ph[oe]bus" contains seventeen short chapters in which the
+author as well as the miniaturist describe the various contrivances
+then in use, although the same disdain of these unsportsmanlike
+methods is expressed by G. de F. that marks the Duke of York's pages.
+In the first edition of the present work will be found descriptions of
+the principal snares used in the Middle Ages.
+
+
+SPANIEL. It is difficult to say at what date these dogs were first
+introduced into our country; we only know that by the second half of
+the sixteenth century spaniels were a common dog in England. In Dr.
+Caius's time the breed was "in full being." He mentions land spaniels,
+setters, and water spaniels, besides the small spaniels which were
+kept as pet and lap dogs. That the breed was not then a recent
+importation we may infer from the fact that, when speaking of the
+water spaniel and giving the derivation of the name, Dr. Caius says:
+"Not that England wanted suche kinde of dogges (for they are naturally
+bred and ingendered in this country). But because they beare the
+general and common name of these dogs synce the time when they were
+first brought over out of Spaine."
+
+The chapter in the "Master of Game" on this dog, being translated
+from G. de F., unfortunately throws no light on the history of the
+spaniel in England, although we imagine that, had there been no such
+hounds in our island at the time, the Duke would have made some such
+remark as he has in other parts of his book of their being a "manner
+of" hound as "men have beyond the sea, but not as we have here in
+England."
+
+In his time the spaniel had enjoyed popularity in France for some two
+centuries, and there was such continual communication between France
+and England in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries that it would
+have been indeed strange if this most useful dog for the then
+favourite and universal sport of hawking had not been brought to
+England long before his time. We may conclude that the "gentle hounds
+for the hawk" of which he speaks in his Prologue were not spaniels.
+
+
+SPAY. The usual meaning of this word (castrating females) given in all
+dictionaries is clearly inapplicable on this occasion (p. 174), where
+it undoubtedly means killing a stag with a sword, probably derived
+from the Italian _spada_. When the velvet was once off the antlers the
+stag at bay was usually despatched with the bow, for it was then
+dangerous to approach him close enough to do so with the sword. When
+achieved by bold hunters, as it occasionally was, it was accounted a
+feat of skill and courage.
+
+
+STABLES. O. F. _establie_, a garrison, a station. Huntsmen and
+kennelmen with hounds in leash, whose duty it was to take up a post or
+stand assigned to them during the chase, were called stables. We have
+_Stabilitiones venationis_ that are mentioned in Domesday (i. fol. 56b
+and fol. 252). In Ellis's introduction to Domesday he says:
+"_Stabilitio_ meant stalling the deer. To drive the Deer and other
+Game from all quarters to the centre of a gradually contracted circle
+where they were compelled to stand, was _stabilitio_." Malmesbury,
+Scriptores, post Bedam, edit. 1596, p. 44, speaking of the mildness of
+Edward the Confessor's temper, says, "_Dum quadam vice venatum isset,
+et agrestis quidam Stabulata illa, quibus in casses cervi urgentur,
+confudisset, ille sua nobili percitus ira, per Deum, inquit, et matrem
+ejus tantundem tibi nocebo, si potero_" (Ellis, i. 112).
+
+We see, however, at a later date from Twici and the "Master of Game"
+that the watchers or stables they allude to were stationary--and did
+not drive the game as described in above.
+
+These stations of huntsmen and hounds were placed at intervals round
+the quarter of the forest to be driven or hunted in with hounds to
+move the game, so that the hounds could be slipped at any game
+escaping; sometimes they were to make a noise, and thus blench or head
+the game back. In French such a chase was called a _Chasse à tître_
+(Lav. xxviii.), the word _tître_ meaning net or tape, but in this case
+used figuratively. Our "Master of Game" evidently placed these
+stations to keep the game within the boundaries so as to force it to
+pass the stand of the King. Twici describes these stations of
+huntsmen, using the word _establie_. "The bounds are those which are
+set up of archers, and of greyhounds (_lefrers et de establie_) and
+watchers, and on that account I have blown one moot and recheated on
+the hounds. You hunter, do you wish to follow the chase? Yes, if that
+beast should be one that is hunted up (_enquillee_), or chased I will
+follow it. If so it should happen that the hounds should be gone out
+of bounds then I wish to blow a moot and stroke after my hounds to
+have them back" (Twici, p. 6).
+
+It was the duty of certain tenants to attend the King's hunts and act
+as part of the stable. In Hereford one person went from each house to
+the stand or station in the wood at the time of the survey (Gen.
+Introduction Domesday, Ellis, i. 195). From Shrewsbury the principal
+burgesses who had horses attended the King when he went hunting, and
+the sheriff sent thirty-six men on foot to the deer-stand while the
+King remained there.
+
+_Stable-stand_ was the place where these _stables_ were posted or
+"set," and the word was also used to denote the place where archers
+were posted to shoot at driven game. Such stands were raised platforms
+in some drive or on some boundary of the forest, sometimes erected
+between the branches of a tree, so that the sportsman could be well
+hidden. A good woodcut of what was probably intended to represent a
+"stand" is in the first edition of Turbervile's "Arte of Venerie,"
+representing Queen Elizabeth receiving her huntsman's report.
+
+There is no mention made of raised stands in our text, but with or
+without such erections the position taken up by the shooters to await
+the game was called his _standing_ or _tryste_, and a bower of
+branches was made, to shelter the occupant from sun and rain, as well
+as to hide him from the game. Such arbours were called _Berceau_ or
+_Berceil_ in Old French, from the word _berser_, to shoot with a bow
+and arrow; they were also called _ramiers_ and _folies_, from rames or
+branches, and folia, leaves, with which they were made or disguised
+(Noir., iii. p. 354).
+
+Manwood tells us that _Stable-stand_ was one of four "manners in which
+if a man were found, in the forest, he could be arrested as a poacher
+or trespasser," and says: "Stable-stand is where one is found at his
+standing ready to shoot at any Deer, or standing close by a tree with
+Greyhounds in his leash ready to let slip" (Man., p. 193).
+
+
+STANKES, or layes; tanks or pools, large meers. Gaston says: _Estancs
+et autres mares ou marrhés_ (G. de F., p. 21). Stank house was a
+moated house. A ditch or moat filled with water was called a tank.
+
+
+TACHE, or tecche, Mid. Eng. for a habit, especially a bad habit, vice,
+freak, caprice, behaviour, from the O. F. _tache_, a spot, a stain, or
+blemish; also a disgrace, a blot on a man's good name. In the older
+use it was applied both to good as well as bad qualities, as in our
+text.
+
+
+TAW, to makes hides into leather; tawer, the maker of white leather.
+In the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, in the days of the
+strict guilds, a sharp line was drawn between tawers and tanners, and
+a tawer was not allowed to tan nor a tanner to taw (Wylie, vol. iii.
+p. 195). No tawers were allowed to live in the Forest according to the
+ancient forest laws.
+
+"If any white Tawer live in a Forest, he shall be removed and pay a
+Fine, for they are the common dressers of skins of stolen deer" (Itin.
+Lanc. fol. 7, quoted by Manwood, p. 161).
+
+
+TEAZER, or _teaser_. "A kind of mongrel greyhound whose business is to
+drive away the deer before the Greyhounds are slipt," is the
+definition given by Blome (p. 96). These dogs were used to hunt up the
+game also when the deer was to be shot with the bow. The sportsmen
+would be standing at their trysts or stable-stand in some alley or
+glade of the wood, and the hounds be put into the covert or park "_to
+tease them forth_."
+
+
+TRACE, slot, or footprint of deer. In O. F. and Ang.-N. literature the
+word trace seems to have been used indifferently for the track of the
+stag, wild boar, or any game (Borman, notes 147, 236, 237). G. de F.
+expressly says that the footprint of the deer should not be called
+_trace_ but _voyes_ or _piés_ (view or foot), yet the "Master of Game"
+in his rendering says: "Of the hart ye shall say 'trace,'" so
+evidently that was the proper sporting term in England at the time.
+When slot entirely superseded the word trace amongst sportsmen it is
+difficult to determine. Turbervile uses slot, and in the beginning of
+the seventeenth century it seems the general term for the footprint of
+deer (Man., p. 180; Stuart Glossary, vol. ii.; Blome, p. 76). Slot, it
+may be contended, is as old a word as trace, but in Mid. Eng. it was
+employed as a general term for a foot-track or marking of any animal.
+The trace or slot was one of the signs of a stag, that is the mark by
+which an experienced huntsman could recognise the age, size, and sex
+of the deer.
+
+The old stag leaves a blunter print with a wider heel than a hind, but
+it is difficult to distinguish the slot of a hind from that of a young
+stag. Although the latter has invariably a bigger heel and makes
+deeper marks with his dewclaws, yet his toes are narrow and pointed,
+their edges are sharp, and the distance between his steps is somewhat
+unequal, all of which may lead his slotting to be mistaken for the
+tracks of a hind. "He has found what he wanted," says Dr. Collyns,
+when speaking of the harbourer, "the rounded track, the blunted toe
+point, the widespread mark, the fresh slot, in short, of a stag"
+("Chase of the Red Deer").
+
+The huntsman of old used to consider that any slot into which four
+fingers could be placed with ease belonged to a warrantable stag (some
+declared a stag of ten). That would mean that the slot would be about
+three inches wide, if not more. I believe two and a half inches is
+considered a fair measurement for mark of the heel by Devonshire
+stag-hunters, who alone in England concern themselves with the
+differences in the slot, as they only chase the wild deer. No such
+woodcraft is necessary for the chase of the carted deer, and as long
+as the master and huntsman can distinguish the footprint of a deer
+from that of any other animal, that is all that is required of them in
+this matter. The stepping or gait of a stag is also a sign that was
+taken into consideration. The old stag walks more equally, and
+generally places the point of his hind feet in the heel of his fore
+feet. The gait of a hind is more uncertain; it is said she misprints,
+that is sometimes the hind foot will be placed beside the fore foot,
+sometimes inside or in front of it. She is not even so regular in her
+gait as a young stag, unless she is with fawn, when she will place
+her hind feet constantly outside her fore feet. A hind walks with
+wide-spreading claws, so does a young stag with his fore feet, but
+those of his hind feet will be closed. The larger the print of the
+fore feet are in comparison to the hind feet the older the stag.
+
+The underneath edge of the claws round the hollow of the sole was
+called the _esponde_ (sponde, edge or border). In older stags they
+were blunter and more worn, and in hinds and younger deer sharper,
+unless indeed the stag inhabited a damp and mossy country, where the
+_esponde_ would not be so much worn down as if he lived on a rocky or
+stony ground. (G. de F., 155, 129-145; Lav., p. 246; Stuart, p. 58;
+Fortescue, p. 133). And thus did the woodmen of old study the book of
+nature, which told them all they wished to know, and found for them
+better illustrations than any art could give.
+
+
+TRYST, in the language of sport, was the place or stand where the
+hunter took up his position to await the game he wished to shoot. The
+game might be driven to him by hounds, or he might so place himself as
+to shoot as the game went to and from their lair to their pasturing
+(_see_ Appendix: Stables and Stable-stand). In French it was called
+shooting _à l'affut_, from _ad fustem_, near the wood, because the
+shooter leant his back to, or hid behind a tree, so that the game
+should not see him.
+
+In our MS. we are told that Alaunts are good for hunting the wild boar
+whether it be with greyhounds, at the "tryst," or with running hounds
+at bay within the covert. The tryst here would be the place where a
+man would be stationed to slip the dogs at the wild boar as soon as he
+broke covert, or after the huntsman had wounded the boar with a shot
+from his long or cross-bow (p. 118).
+
+
+VELTRES, _velteres_, _veltrai_. A dog used for the chase, a hound.
+Probably derived from the Gaelic words _ver_, large or long, and
+_traith_, a step or course, _vertragus_ being the name by which
+according to Arian, the Gauls designated a swift hound (Blanc, 52).
+
+
+WANLACE. Winding in the chase (Halliwell). In the sentence in which
+this word is used in the chapter on the Mastiff (p. 122) we are told
+that some of these dogs "fallen to be berslettis and also to bring
+well and fast a wanlace about." Which probably means that some of
+these dogs become shooting dogs, and could hunt up the game to the
+shooter well and fast by ranging or circling. _Wanlasour_ is an
+obsolete name for one who drives game (Strat.).
+
+In Brit. Mus. MS. Lansdowne 285 there is an interesting reference to
+setting the forest "with archers or with Greyhounds or with
+Wanlassours."
+
+
+WILD BOAR. These animals were denizens of the British forests from the
+most remote ages, and probably were still numerous there at the time
+our MS. was penned. For although the Duke of York has only translated
+one of the eleven chapters relating to the natural history, chase, or
+capture by traps of the wild boar, and does not give us any original
+remarks upon the hunting of them, as he has of the stag and the hare,
+still it was most likely because he considered these two the royal
+sport _par excellence_, and not because there were none to hunt in
+England in his day. If the latter had been the case, he would in all
+probability have omitted even the chapter he does give us, as he has
+done with those written by Gaston de Foix on the deer, the reindeer,
+and the ibex and chamois (p. 160).
+
+In some doggerel verses which are prefixed to "Le venery de Twety and
+Gyfford" (in Vesp. B. XII.), the wild boar is classed as a beast of
+venery. In the a "Boke of St. Albans" the wild boar is also mentioned
+as a beast of venery.
+
+When Fitzstephen wrote his description of London in 1174, he says
+wild boars as well as other animals frequented the forests surrounding
+London, and it would certainly be a long time after this before these
+animals could have been extirpated from the wild forests in more
+remote parts of the country.
+
+_Sounder_ is the technical term for a herd of wild swine. "How many
+herdes be there of bestes of venery? Sire of hertis, or bisses, of
+bukkes and of doos. A soundre of wylde swyne. A bevy of Roos" (Twety
+and Gyfford). In the French Twici we have also _Soundre dez porcs_.
+
+_Farrow_ (Sub.) was a term for a young pig, in Mid. Eng. _farh_,
+_far_, Old Eng. _fearh_ (Strat.). Farrow (verb) was the term used when
+sows gave birth to young.
+
+G. de F. says that wild boars can wind acorns as far as a bear can (p.
+58), and turning to his chapter on bears, we find that he says that
+bears will wind a feeding of acorns six leagues off!
+
+_Routing_ or rooting. A wild boar is said to root when he is feeding
+on ferns or roots (Turb., pp. 153, 154).
+
+_Argus_, as our MS. calls the dew-claws of the boar, were in the later
+language of venery called the _gards_ (Blome, p. 102). Twety and
+Gyfford named the dew-claws of the stag _os_ and of the boar _ergos_.
+"How many bestis bere _os_, and how many _ergos?_ The hert berith _os_
+above, the boor and the buk berith _ergos_."
+
+_Grease_, as the fat of the boar or sow was called, was supposed to
+bear medicinal qualities. "And fayre put the grece whan it is take
+away, In the bledder of the boore my chylde I yow pray, For it is a
+medecine: for mony maner pyne" ("Boke of St. Albans").
+
+
+WILD CAT (_Felis Catus_), which at one time was extremely common in
+England, was included among the beasts of the chase. It is frequently
+mentioned in royal grants giving liberty to enclose forest-land and
+licence to hunt therein.
+
+It was probably more for its skin than for diversion that the wild cat
+was hunted, as its fur was much used for trimming dresses at one time.
+
+The wild cat is believed to be now extinct, not only in England and
+Wales, but in a great part of the South of Scotland. A writer in the
+new edition of the _Encyclopædia Britannica_ (art. "Cat") expresses
+the opinion that the wild cat still exists in Wales and in the North
+of England, but gives no proof of its recent occurrence there.
+
+Harvie-Brown in his "Vertebrate Fauna of Argyll" (1892) defines the
+limit of the range of the wild cat by a line drawn from Oban to
+Inverness; northward and westward of this line, he states, the animal
+still existed. But there is no doubt that of late years the cessation
+of vermin trapping in many parts of Scotland, which has caused a
+marked increase in the golden eagle, has had the same effect upon the
+wild cat.
+
+The natural history chapter of the wild cat is taken by the Duke of
+York from G. de F.; did we not know this, some confusion might have
+arisen through the fact being mentioned that there are several kinds
+of wild cat, whereas only one was known to the British Isles. G. de F.
+says there were wild cats as large as leopards which went by the name
+of _loups-serviers_ or _cat wolves_, both of which names he declares
+to be misnomers. He evidently refers to the _Felis Lynx_ or _Lynx
+vulgaris_, which he properly classes as a "manner of wild cat,"
+although some of the ancient writers have classed them as wolves
+(Pliny, Lib. viii. cap. 34).
+
+
+WOLF. For a long time it was a popular delusion that wolves had been
+entirely exterminated in England and Wales in the reign of the Saxon
+King Edgar (956-957), but Mr. J. E. Harting has by his researches
+proved beyond doubt that they existed some centuries later, and did
+not entirely disappear until the reign of Henry VII. (1485-1509).
+
+
+WORMING A DOG. This was supposed to be a preventive to the power of a
+mad dog's bite. It was a superstition promulgated in very early times,
+and seems to have been believed in until comparatively recent times.
+We find it repeated in one book of venery after another, French,
+English, and German: in England by our author, Turbervile, Markham,
+and others.
+
+Pliny suggests this operation, and he quotes Columna as to the
+efficacy of cutting off a dog's tail when he is very young (Pliny,
+chap. xli.).
+
+G. de F. and the Duke of York are careful to say that they only give
+the remedy for what it is worth, the latter saying: "Thereof make I no
+affirmation," and further on: "Notwithstanding that men call it a worm
+it is but a great vein that hounds have underneath their tongue" (p.
+87).
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF SOME BOOKS CONSULTED AND ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TEXT
+
+
+    Albertus Magnus. _De Animalibus._ Ed. 1788.
+
+    ---- _The Secrets of._ London, 1617.
+
+    _Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales._ 1841.
+
+    _---- of Cambria._ E. Williams. 1823.
+
+    _Anc. Ten._, for _Ancient Tenures of Land_. By Thomas Blount. London,
+    1874.
+
+    Andreæ, E. C. A. _Die Geschichte der Jagd._ Frankfurt, 1894.
+
+    _Archæologia._ Pub. by Soc. of Antiq. Beginning 1770.
+
+    Arcussia, Ch. d'. _La Conference des Fauconniers_ (_Cab. de Venerie_,
+    vii.). 1880.
+
+    Arkwright, for _The Pointer and his Predecessor_. By William A.
+    London, 1902. 4to. See Bibliog. in 1st edit.
+
+    _Arrow Release, The._ By Ed. S. Morse. 1885.
+
+    Aymon, for _Le Roman des quatres fils Aymon_. Edit. P. Tarbé. 1861.
+
+
+    _Bad. Lib. Hunt._, for "Badminton Library." Volume on Hunting by the
+    Duke of Beaufort and Mowbray Morris. Ed. 7. London, 1901. Errors in,
+    see Bibliog. in 1st edit.
+
+    ---- vol. on _The Poetry of Sport_. London, 1896. Errors in, see
+    Bibliog. in 1st edit.
+
+    Bangert, for _Die Tiere des Altfranz. Epos_. Von Fried. Bangert.
+    Marburg, 1885.
+
+    Barrière-Flavy, C. _Censier du pays de Foix._ Toulouse, 1898.
+
+    Barthold, F. W. _Georg von Frundsberg._ 1833.
+
+    Bastard, A. de. _Libraire du duc de Berry._ Paris, 1834.
+
+    Baudrillart, for _Traite des Eaux et Forêts, Chasse et Pêches._ Par M.
+    B. Paris, 1834.
+
+    Beckford, for _Thoughts upon Hare and Fox Hunting._ By Peter B.
+    London, 1796.
+
+    Beltz, G. F. _Memorials of the Garter._ 1841.
+
+    Berg, L. F. Freiherr. _Gesch. der deutschen Wälder._ Dresden, 1871.
+
+    Bertheleti, T., _General Collections of Statutes, 1225-1546_. London,
+    1543-51.
+
+    _Bib. Accip._, for _Bibliotheca Accipitraria_. By James Edm. Harting.
+    London, 1891.
+
+    Blancandin, ed. _H. V. Michelant._ 1867.
+
+    Blane, for _Cynegetica, or Observations on Hare Hunting_. By W. B.
+    London, 1788.
+
+    Blaze, Elezear. _Catalogue d'une Collection._ Paris, 1852.
+
+    ---- _Le Livre du Roy Modus._ Paris, 1839.
+
+    Blome, for _The Gentleman's Recreation_. By Richard Blome. London,
+    1686.
+
+    Blount, T. _A Law Dictionary and Glossary._ 1717.
+
+    _Bodl. MS. 546_, for the MS. of the "Master of Game" in the Bodleian
+    Library at Oxford. See "Existing MSS. of the 'Master of Game'"; see
+    Bibliog. in 1st edit.
+
+    Borman, for _Die Jagd in den Altfranz. Artus und Abenteuer Romanen_.
+    _Von_ Ernst Borman. Marburg, 1887.
+
+    _Boldon Book_, for _Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and
+    Ireland_ (vol. iii.). By Sir Th. Duffus-Hardy. London, 1875.
+
+    _B. of St. Albans_, for _The Boke of St. Albans_. Edit. by William
+    Blades. London, 1881. See Bibliog. in 1st edit.
+
+    "_B. of C._" for _Boke of Curtasye_. 14th cent. poem. Pub. by I. O.
+    Halliwell. Percy Soc. vol. iv.
+
+    Bonney, for _Historic Notices on Fotheringhay_. By Rev. H. K. B.
+    Oundle, 1821.
+
+    Borel, P., _Dictionnaire des termes du vieux François_. 2 vols. 1882.
+
+    Bouton, Victor. _L'Auteur du Roy Modus._ Paris, 1888.
+
+    Brachet, Ang. _An Etymological Dictionary of the French Language_
+    (Clarendon Press). 1866.
+
+    Brehm, for B.'s _Tierleben_. 3. ed. Von Dr. Pechuel-Loesche. Leipzig
+    and Wien, 1891.
+
+    Brèzé, Jacque de. _La Chasse du grand Sénéschal de Normandye._ Paris,
+    between 1489 and 1494.
+
+    Brière, L. de la. _Livre de Prières par Gaston Phébus_ (1835). Paris,
+    1893.
+
+     Broebel, P. _Die Fährte des Hirsches._ Halle, 1854.
+
+    Browne, for _Pseudoxia Epidemica_. By Sir Ths. B. 1650.
+
+    _Brut._, for _Le Roman de Brut_. By Wace. Ed. by Le Roux de Lincy.
+    Rouen, 1836-38.
+
+    Budé. _Traitte de la Venerie._ Par B. Ed. H. Chevreul (Paris). 1861.
+
+    Burrows, Montagu, Prof. _The Family of Brocas._ 1886.
+
+
+    Caius, for _Englishe Dogges_. By Johannes Caius. Reprint of ed. of
+    1576. 1880.
+
+    Camden, W. _Britannia._ 1586.
+
+    _Canterbury Tales_, Chaucer's. Ed. Furnivall. 1868.
+
+    Castellamonte, A. di. _La Venaria reale._ Torino, 1674.
+
+    _Catalogue of the Duke of Marlborough's Library at White Knight._
+    London, 1819.
+
+    ---- London, 1881-83.
+
+    ---- Oxford, 1772.
+
+    "Cecil," for _Records of the Chase_. By "Cecil," edit. London, 1877.
+    See Bibliog. in 1st edit.
+
+    Chaffourt, Jacques de. _Instructions._ Paris, 1609. (2nd ed.)
+
+    Champgrand, for _Traité de Venerie et Chasse_. Par Goury de C. Paris,
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+    1886.
+
+    Vincentius Bellovacensis. _Bibliotheka Mundi._ Edit. of 1624.
+
+    ---- _Speculi majoriis._ 1591.
+
+    Vyner. _Notitia Venatica._
+
+
+    Wagner, F. von. _Die Jagd des grossen Wildes im Mittelalter._ Wien,
+    1844.
+
+    Walton, for _The Compleat Angler_. By Izaak Walton. Used ed. London,
+    1815.
+
+    _Wardrobe Accounts for the reigns of Edward III. to Henry IV._
+
+    Werth, Hermann. _Über die Ältesten franz. Übersetzungen Mittelalt.
+    Jagdlehrbücher._ Göttingen, 1888.
+
+    ---- _Altfranzösische Jagdlehrbücher._ Halle, 1889.
+
+    Whitaker, Joseph. _The Deer Parks of England._ London, 1892.
+
+
+    _Will. of Palerne._ _See_ G. de P.
+
+    Wright, for _A History of Domestic Manners in England_. By Thomas
+    Wright. London, 1862.
+
+    Wylie, for _History of England under Henry IV_. By James H. Wylie.
+    London, 1884-98. 4 vols.
+
+    Wynn, for _History of the Mastiff_. By M. B. Wynn. Melton Mowbray,
+    1886.
+
+
+    D'Yauville. _Traité de Venerie._ Paris, 1688.
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY
+
+OF OBSOLETE ENGLISH TERMS AND WORDS OCCURRING IN THE ANCIENT TEXTS OF
+"THE MASTER OF GAME" AND IN APPENDIX.
+
+
+    ABAI, ABAY, being at bay, 29, 118
+
+    ACHARNETH, ACHARNE, to set on, to eat flesh, 59, 60, 62
+
+    ACHAUF, heat, 38, 98
+
+    ACQUILLER, ENQUILLER, to rouse animals of the chase with hounds, App.
+
+    AFERAUNT, the haunch, 38
+
+    AFFETED, fashioned, trained, 27, 141
+
+    AFORCE, _par force_, by force, App.
+
+    AIGUILLOUNCE, thorny
+
+    AKELID, cooled, 186
+
+    AKIRE, AKKERNE, acorns, 144
+
+    ALAUNTIS, ALAUNTZ, ALOND, allans or allauntes, a large hound, 3, 116-8
+
+    ALVELUE, covered with fleece, fat or woolly substance, App.
+
+    ANALED, for _avaled_, hanging down, 114
+
+    ANCEPS, HAUSSEPIED, a snare which caught the game by the foot and
+    lifted it into the air, 61
+
+    ANCHES, rosemary
+
+    APEL, French hunting-note, App.
+
+    APERYNG, stoned, the roughness of antlers, 143
+
+    APPARAILLE, dressed venison
+
+    ARBITTEN, bitten, devoured
+
+    ARBLAST, cross-bow, 27
+
+    ARECHE, reach, 60
+
+    ARERE, _arrière_, behind, back there, 182, App.
+
+    AREYN, spider, 137
+
+    AREYN, rain, 157
+
+    ARRACHER, to tear out; a term used for skinning certain animals, App.
+
+    ASAUTE, SAUTE, in heat, 64, 66
+
+    ASCRIETHE, ASCRIE, to rate, shout at, to scold, 63, 74, 170
+
+    ASSAIEN, try or test, 88
+
+    ASSAYE, ESSAY, to try; taking assay, to see by a cut the thickness of
+    the fat, App.
+
+    ASSISE, note on hunting-horn blown at death of stag which has been
+    hunted by stag-hounds, App.
+
+    ASTERTE, escape
+
+    ASTIFLED, inflammation in the stifle-joint, 103
+
+    ASTRIED, rated, shouted at, 170
+
+    ATHREST, thrust or push, 106
+
+    ATTE FULLE, when the stag's antlers show a certain number of tines,
+    App.
+
+    ATTIRE, the stag's antlers, App.
+
+    AUALED, AVAILED, hanging down, 106, 114
+
+    AUERILLE, _Avrille_, April, 30
+
+    AUNTELERE, AUNTILLER, AUNCULER, antler, 130, 140
+
+    AUNTRED, ventured, 28
+
+    AVAUNT, AUAUNT, a hunting cry, "Forward," 182
+
+    AVAUNTELLAY, relay of hounds
+
+    AVAYL, avail, profit, 13, 31
+
+    AVENAUD, approachable
+
+    AVENERY, oats
+
+    AVISED, aware of, warned, informed, advised, cautious
+
+    AVOY, a hunting cry, probably from "Away," App.
+
+
+    BACE, for Luce, a pike
+
+    BAFFERS, barkers, 120
+
+    BAKE, back
+
+    BALISTA, BALESTA, cross-bow, haronsblast, 27
+
+    BALOWE, bellow, roaring of a stag
+
+    BANDRIKE, BALDRIC, belt to which horn was fastened, 128, 140
+
+    BARATEUR, quarreller
+
+    BARBOURIS, barbers
+
+    BAREYN, barren, 35
+
+    BASCO, Basque, Biscay, 106
+
+    BATYD, bruised, sore, 98
+
+    BATYNG, bating
+
+    BAUDES, baubles, trifles, 83
+
+    BEAM, the main part of the stag's antlers, 142
+
+    BEENDYNG, bending
+
+    BEERNERS, BERNERS, attendant on hounds, 148, 165
+
+    BEESTALE, BESTAILE, beasts, cattle, 36, 61
+
+    BEESTIS, beasts, App.
+
+    BELLEN, BELOWYN, BELERVE, BELOWEN, bellow or roar, 160
+
+    BELUEZ, velvet, 26
+
+    BEME, beam; also trumpet
+
+    BENES, beans, 26
+
+    BERCEL, a mark to shoot at, App.
+
+    BERCELET, BERSLETTIS, BARCELETTE, a shooting-dog used by archers, 122
+
+    BERIES, burrows, earth of fox and badger, 67, 68
+
+    BERYED, buried
+
+    BERYING, bearing, breaking, 136
+
+    BESTIS OF THE CHACE, beasts of the chase, usually fallow deer,
+    roe-deer, fox, martin, 3
+
+    BESTIS OF VENERIE, beasts of venery, usually the hart, hare, boar, and
+    wolf, 3
+
+    BEVY, a number of roe-deer together, App.
+
+    BEVYGREASE, the fat of the roe-deer, App.
+
+    BEWELLIS, BAWAYLLES, BAWELLIS, bowels
+
+    BILLETINGS, the excrements of the fox, App.
+
+    BISSES, BISES, BISCHES, red-deer hinds
+
+    BISSHUNTERS, fur-hunters, 74
+
+    BITTE, bitten, taken, 17, 186
+
+    BLENCHES, marks, tricks, deceits, 159
+
+    BOCHERIE, butchery, 116
+
+    BOKEYING, the rut of the roe-deer, 41
+
+    BOLN, BOLK, BOLNE, bellow or bark, 39, 162
+
+    BOOCHERS HOUNDIS, butchers' dogs, 118
+
+    BOOLE, bull, 118
+
+    BOONES, bones, stag's foot
+
+    BOONYS, bones, 131
+
+    BOORDCLOTH, table-cloth, 164
+
+    BOORDES, boards
+
+    BOORIS, boars, 143
+
+    BOOST, boast
+
+    BOTCHES, BOOCHES, sores, 63
+
+    BOTIRFLIES, butterflies, 66
+
+    BOUNTE, bounty, goodness, 79
+
+    BOUYES, boughs, App.
+
+    BOWIS, BOWES, boughs, 137, 153
+
+    BRACH, BRACHE, a scenting-hound; later on it meant bitches
+
+    BRACHETUS, a hound for hunting, 22
+
+    BRACONIER, the man who held the hounds
+
+    BRAYNE, BREYN, brain, 176
+
+    BREDE, breadth
+
+    BREDE, broad, 138
+
+    BREKE, brook, break; also applied to dress a deer
+
+    BREMED, burnt, 112
+
+    BRENT, burnt, 79
+
+    BRERES, briars, 93
+
+    BRIGILLA, mildew, 96
+
+    BRIMMING, BREMYNG, be in heat, said of boar; the word _breme_,
+    _bryme_, or _brim_, valiant-spirited, 47
+
+    BROACHER, a red-deer stag of second year, App.
+
+    BROCARD, a roebuck of the third year and upwards, App.
+
+    BROCK, badger, App.
+
+    BROKES, BROOCHES, BROACHES, the first head of a red-deer stag, and of
+    roebuck, 45
+
+    BROKET, brocket, young stag, 29
+
+    BROKET'S SISTER, hind in the second year, App.
+
+    BROND, proud, 46
+
+    BUCHE, BYCHES, bitch
+
+    BUGLE, buffalo; also horn for sounding hunting signals, App.
+
+    BUKKES, BUKES, BUCKES, bucks
+
+    BUKMAST, beechmast, App.
+
+    BULLOKE, young stag in second year, 29
+
+    BURNYSSHEN, burnish, to rub the antlers when the velvet is off, 134
+
+    BURR, the lowest part of the stag's antlers
+
+
+    CABOCHE, to cut off the hart's head near the antlers, 176
+
+    CALF, CALFE, the young stag in his first year
+
+    CAMAMYLE, camomile, 95
+
+    CAMPESTRIS, beast of the field or chase--_i.e._ buck, doe, fox,
+    martin, and roe-deer
+
+    CANDLEMAS, February 2
+
+    CARAYNES, CARREYNS, KARIN, carrion, carcase, 62, 77
+
+    CARDIAC, CARDRYACLE, a disease of the heart, 34
+
+    CARRES, marshes, 45
+
+    CASE TO, stripping or skinning the hare, App.
+
+    CATAPUCIA, spurge (_Euphorbia resinifera_), 101
+
+    CATT, CATTE, CATTYS, cat, App.
+
+    CAUTELOUS, CAUTELS, cautious, crafty, 45
+
+    CETE, a number of badgers
+
+    CHACEABLE, chaseable, a hert chaseable, which is now called a
+    warrantable stag, one fit to be hunted
+
+    CHACECHIENS, grooms in attendance on hounds, 148, 177
+
+    CHALAUNGE, challenge
+
+    CHASE, forest; also used to designate a method of hunting, and also a
+    hunting-party
+
+    CHASSE, a French hunting-note
+
+    CHASTISED, trained, 189
+
+    CHATER, CHACER (RECHATER, RECHEAT), a horn signal; also to chastise
+    hounds
+
+    CHAUFED, ACHAUFED, heated, in heat, 49, 98
+
+    CHAULE, CHAULIS, CHAVEL, jaw, 170
+
+    CHAUNGE, change, 31, 108, 111
+
+    CHEERE, CHERE, cherish, welcome, 85
+
+    CHEVERAUS, roe-deer
+
+    CHIBOLLIS, chives, 90
+
+    CHILDERMAS, Innocents' Day (December 28)
+
+    CHIS, dainty, 83
+
+    CHIVAUCHER, CHEVAUCHER, to ride
+
+    CHYMER, riding-cloak
+
+    CHYMNEYIS, chimney, 98, 126
+
+    CLEES, clawes, the "toes" of a deer's foot, 77, 80, 131
+
+    CLEEVES, _sur_ or dew cleeves at the back of a deer's fetlock
+
+    CLEPED, CLEPYD, called, 59, 140
+
+    CLERE SPERES, clear spires, woods, App.
+
+    CLICQUETING, vixen fox when in heat, App.
+
+    CLISTRE, enema, 100
+
+    CODDES, testicles of the hart
+
+    COITING STONE, a quoit
+
+    COLERS, COLIERS PLACES, collier or charcoal pits, 26
+
+    CONCILIDA MAIOR, comfrey (_Symphytum officinale_), 98
+
+    CONCILIDA MINOR, prunella, selfheal (_Prunella vulgaris_), 98
+
+    CONINGER, CONIGREE, rabbit warren, App.
+
+    CONTRE, counter, back, heel
+
+    CONTRE, country, 36
+
+    CONTROUGLE, CONTREONGLE, hunt counter, hunt heel, 150
+
+    CONYNGE, rabbit, 18
+
+    COOLWORT, cabbage, 100
+
+    COPEIS, COPIS, coppice, 155
+
+    CORNER, CORNEER, horn blower
+
+    COTES, quoits, 178
+
+    COUCH, the resting-place of game; also hound's bed
+
+    COUCHERS, setters, 120
+
+    COUERTTS, covert, shelter
+
+    COUNTERFEET, COUNTFEIT, abnormal, 28, 142
+
+    COURSER, CURSAR, CURSER, swift horse
+
+    COUTHEN, CONTHEN, COUTH, knew, to be able, ob. could, 2
+
+    COWE, cow, also tail, from _queue_
+
+    CRIE, cry (of hounds), 65
+
+    CROCHES, the upper tines of a deer's horns; called also _troches_
+
+    CROISE, cross, 150
+
+    CROKES, stomach (of red-deer)
+
+    CROKYNG, crooked, curved, 128
+
+    CROMMES, crumbs
+
+    CRONEN, groan, the roar of the stag
+
+    CROSS TO, to dislodge roe-deer by hounds
+
+    CROTETHE, voiding excrements, 29
+
+    CROTEY, CROTILS, CROTISEN, CROTISINGS, excrements, 16, 29, 30, 133
+
+    CUER, COER, heart
+
+    CUIR, QUIR, leather, hide
+
+    CURÉE, CURE, rewarding the hounds (also KYRRE and GUYRRE), 7, 29, 52,
+    208
+
+    CURRES, CURRYS, curs
+
+    CURTAISE, courteous, 115
+
+
+    DAUNGERE, danger, 161
+
+    DEDIS, deeds, 49
+
+    DEDUT, DEUDIZ, DEDUIZ, _déduit_, pleasure, pursuit, sport
+
+    DEFAUTE, DEFAUNT, lack, default, 84, 140
+
+    DEFET, DEFFETEN, opening or undoing the boar and removing the entrails
+
+    DEFOILE, track, 150
+
+    DELYUERE, deliver, active, 124
+
+    DEPILED, stripped of hair
+
+    DESFAIRE, undoing (brittling) of deer or boar, App.
+
+    DESPITOUS, DESPYTOUS, despiteful, furious, 49
+
+    DESTERERE, DESTRIER, horse
+
+    DETOURNER (LE CERF), to harbour the hart, App.
+
+    DEYENG, doing
+
+    DEYM, DEYME, DAINE, DINE, fallow-deer
+
+    DISLAUE, wild, 159
+
+    DISSESE, disease
+
+    DOO, doe
+
+    DOWN, OR HUSKE, a number of hares, App.
+
+    DRAGMES, drachms
+
+    DREYNT, drowned
+
+    DRIT, DRITT, excrements of animals called "stinking beasts," also mud,
+    50, 66
+
+    DRYEN, dry, 102
+
+    DRYUE, driven, 128
+
+    DRYVE, made
+
+    DUNE, donn, dun
+
+    DURE, to last, endure, 43
+
+    DYETTE, diet
+
+
+    EARTH, a fox and badger's lodging-place, App.
+
+    EDIGHT, done, set in order
+
+    EELDE, old age, 123
+
+    EENDIS, ends
+
+    EEREN, hairs, 44
+
+    EERYS, ERES, ears
+
+    EGRE, eager, 115
+
+    EIRERES, harriers, 190
+
+    ELLIS, else, 90
+
+    EMELLE, EMEL, female, 41
+
+    EMPAUMURE, the croches or top tines of a stag's antlers, App.
+
+    ENBROWED, brewed, soaked, 177
+
+    ENCHACE, to hunt, 108
+
+    ENCHARNYNG, blooding, feeding on flesh, 113
+
+    ENCHASEZ, moving deer, &c., with a limer, App.
+
+    ENCORNE, to place a dead stag on his back, the antlers on the ground
+    underneath the shoulders, 174
+
+    ENFOURMED, informed
+
+    ENGLEYMED, glutinous, 29
+
+    ENOSED, a bone in the throat, 87
+
+    ENPESHED, prevented, 11
+
+    ENQUEST, hunt, 182
+
+    ENQUILLER, rousing a buck with hounds, App.
+
+    ENQUYRID, ENQUEYRREIDE blooding hounds after death of deer; also
+    rewarding of hounds, 173
+
+    ENSAUMPLE, example, 79
+
+    ENTENTE, intent
+
+    ENTRYING, entering, beginning of
+
+    ENTRYNGIS, entering, beginning of, 35
+
+    ENVOISE, ENVOYSE, O.F. _envoisse_, to leave the line, or overshoot the
+    line of the animal hunted, 31, 108, 170
+
+    ERBIS, herbs
+
+    ERES OF ROEBUCK, "target," 44
+
+    ERGOTS, ARGUS, claws of boar, buck and doe; those of the boar were
+    sometimes called _gardes_, 130, 144
+
+    ERIS, ERES, ARS, anus, hinder parts; ears, occasionally thus spelt,
+    89, 95, 106, 116
+
+    ERTHE, earth
+
+    ESCORCHER, ESTORCHER, flaying deer, and other beasts of venery, App.
+
+    ESPAULES, shoulders
+
+    ESPAYARD, SPAYARD, SPAYER, stag of the third year, App.
+
+    ESSEMBLE, assembly, 150
+
+    ESTABLIE, stand occupied by sportsmen; also beaters
+
+    ESTORACIS CALAMITA, storax, resin, 96
+
+    ESYE, easy
+
+    ETAWED, tanned
+
+    ETYN, ITVN, eat
+
+    EUENYNGIS, evening, 11
+
+    EUERYCHONE, EVERICHON, each one, every one, 163
+
+    EUILLE, EUELL, evil, wicked, bad, 6
+
+    EVOISED, at fault, or off the line
+
+    EXPEDITE, to maim dogs by cutting off some of their claws
+
+    EYNE, EYGH, EYNEN, eye, 116
+
+    EYRE, air
+
+
+    FACON, FAUCON, falcon, 121
+
+    FADIR, FADERE, father, 105
+
+    FADMYS, FADOMS, fathoms, 125
+
+    FAROWE, FAREWYN, PHAROWYN, farrow, bringing forth young pig, 47, 48,
+    68
+
+    FARSYN, FARSINE, farcy, 69, 92
+
+    FASSON, FASSION, fashion
+
+    FAUND, fawned
+
+    FAUS, false
+
+    FAUSMANCHE, false sleeve
+
+    FAUT, fault
+
+    FECHEWE, fitchew, polecat
+
+    FEELDES, fields, 158
+
+    FEERNE, fern
+
+    FELAUES, fellows
+
+    FELE, many; also sensible, feeling
+
+    FELLE, fierce, cruel, treacherous
+
+    FELLE, FELE, wise, sensible, feeling; also cunning, 30, 115
+
+    FELNESSE, cruelty, fierceness, 71
+
+    FEMELLIS, females
+
+    FENCEMONTH, the month when deer had their young and were left
+    undisturbed, App.
+
+    FERMYD, firm, 162
+
+    FERRE, far, 16
+
+    FERRETTIS, ferrets, 72
+
+    FERRTEST, farthest
+
+    FERS, fierce, 47
+
+    FERSLICHE, fiercely, 86
+
+    FESAWNT, pheasant
+
+    FEUERYERE, February
+
+    FEWES, FEWTE, track, trace, foot. Some animals were called of the
+    sweet foot, others of the stinking foot, 10. _See_ Appendix.
+
+    FEWTERER, FEUTRERES, DEWTREES, man who leads greyhounds, 129
+
+    FIANTS, also LESSES, excrements of the wild boar, App.
+
+    FISTOLES, fistula, 92
+
+    FIXEN, vixen, O.G. _fuchsen_, 64
+
+    FLAY, FLEAN, FLENE, to skin deer and certain other game, 174
+
+    FLAYSSH, flesh, 5
+
+    FLUX, dysentery
+
+    FOILLYNG, stag going downstream when hunted, 32, 173
+
+    FOLIES, FOLY, FOLLY, lesser deer, not hart or buck, 196
+
+    FOLTISCH, foolish, 45
+
+    FOORME, FORME, FOURME, form of the hare, 14, 17
+
+    FORAGLE, strangle, straggle
+
+    FORCHE, FOURCHED, forked, said of stag's antlers, 140, 177
+
+    FORLOYNE, FORLOGNE, FORLONGE, a note sounded on the horn, to denote
+    that the quarry or hounds or both had distanced the hunters, 173
+
+    FORSTERS, foresters, 148
+
+    FORSWONG, M.E. _Forswinger_, bruised, beaten (tucked up), 88
+
+    FORT, the thick part of woods
+
+    FORUN, forewarn, 148
+
+    FOTYDE, footed
+
+    FOUAILL, the reward given to the hounds after a boar hunt, consisting
+    of the bowels cooked over a fire, App.
+
+    FOUMART, FAULMART, FOLMERT, polecat
+
+    FOWTRERES, FEWTERERS, huntsmen who led greyhounds, slippers
+
+    FOXEN, FFIXEN, A.S. _fixen_--_vixen_, a bitch fox, 64
+
+    FOYNE, weasel
+
+    FRAIED, rubbed, 135
+
+    FRAY, frighten, scare, 149
+
+    FRAY, to rub off the velvet on stag's antlers, 26, 135
+
+    FRAYING-POST, the tree against which it was done
+
+    FREYN, excrements of the wild boar, App.
+
+    FROOT, FROTID, rub, 53, 94, 95, 146
+
+    FUANTS, excrements of the fox, martin, badger, and wolf, App.
+
+    FUES, track, line, 18, 31
+
+    FUMES, FUMEE, FUMAGEN, FIMESHEN, FEWMETS, FEMEGEN, FEWMISHINGS,
+    excrements, droppings, particularly of deer, 9, 16, 38, 39, 133
+
+    FURKIE, pieces of venison hung on a fork-shaped stick
+
+    FURROUR, fur, Fr. _fourrure_, 63
+
+    FUTAIE, FUTELAIE, forest, wood of old trees, also plantation of
+    beech-trees, App.
+
+    FYNDERS, finders, hounds to start or find deer, 161, 165
+
+
+    GADERYNGE, GADERYNG, gathering, meet, 156, 163
+
+    GADIRE, gather, 43
+
+    GAR, to force, to compel, 39
+
+    GARDES, the dew-claws of the wild boar
+
+    GARSED, cupped, 90
+
+    GIN, GYNNE, trap, snare
+
+    GIRLE, the roebuck in the second year, App.
+
+    GISE, guise, manner of
+
+    GLADNESSE, a glade, a clear space, 137
+
+    GLAUNDRES, glanders, 96
+
+    GLEMYNG, GLEYMING, slime, stickiness, 133
+
+    GLOTENY, gluttony
+
+    GNAPPE, snap, 92
+
+    GOBETTES, small pieces, 81, 177
+
+    GOOT, goat
+
+    GORGEAUNT, wild boar in his second year
+
+    GOTERS, GOOTERE, GOUTIERES, gutters, the small grooves in the antlers
+    of a stag, 143
+
+    GRAUNT SOUR, stag of fifth year
+
+    GRAUYLL, gravel, 143
+
+    GREASE, GRECE, the fat of certain animals, 25, 27, 49
+
+    GREASE-TIME, the season of hart and buck when they were fattest, 160
+
+    GREATER, OF THE, term used in counting the tines of a stag's antlers,
+    App.
+
+    GREDE, seek, hunt, 183
+
+    GRES, upper tusks of wild boar, grinders, 50
+
+    GRESSOPPES, grasshoppers, 66
+
+    GRETE, greet, great, 13
+
+    GREUE, grieve, harass, injure, 45
+
+    GREY, badger, 68
+
+    GROVYS, grooves
+
+    GUSTUMES, customs, 4
+
+    GUTTES, guts
+
+    GUYEN, GUEYNE, Guienne
+
+    GUYRREIS, quarry (_curée_), 105
+
+    GYNNES, GYNES, gins, traps, ruses, wiles, tricks, 35, 73
+
+    GYNNOUSLY, by stratagem or ingenuity, 15, 39, 43, 59
+
+
+    HAIES, HAYES, nets, hedges, 74
+
+    HALLOW, the reward given to the hounds at the death
+
+    HALOWE, halloa, App.
+
+    HAMYLONS, the wiles of a fox
+
+    HARBOUR, HERBOROWE, HARBOURE, HARBOROW, to track a hart to his lair,
+    29
+
+    HARBOURER, man who harbours the deer, 130, 148
+
+    HARDIETHE, herds with
+
+    HARDLE, HERDLE, HERDEL, HARLING, HARDEL, fasten or couple hounds
+    together, also to fasten the four legs of a roebuck together, 45, 190
+
+    HARDY, bold, courageous
+
+    HARIS, hares, 17
+
+    HARNAYS, HERNEIS, harness, appurtenances, arms, &c., 60
+
+    HARONSBLAST, a crossbow, from O.F. _Arcbaleste_, 27
+
+    HAROWDE, herald, 139
+
+    HARTHOUND, HERTHOUND, hound used to chase the stag
+
+    HAST, haste
+
+    HASTILETTIZ, the dividing of the wild boar into thirty-two pieces
+
+    HATT, hath
+
+    HATTE, thicket, 118
+
+    HAUKES, hawks, 120
+
+    HAUKYNG, hawking
+
+    HAUNTELERS, antlers, App.
+
+    HAUSPEE, HAUSSEPEE, a trap; also a siege engine, 61
+
+    HAYTER, harrier, App.
+
+    HEARSE, also BROKET'S SISTER, a red-deer hind in her second year, App.
+
+    HEDDYD, headed
+
+    HEERE, hair, 27
+
+    HEGHES, hocks
+
+    HEIRERS, harriers, 111
+
+    HELE, HELTHE, health
+
+    HELYN, heal, 127
+
+    HEMULE, HEMUSE, HEYMUSE, roebuck in the third year
+
+    HENDIS, red-deer hind, 130
+
+    HER, hear
+
+    HERBIS, herbs, 14
+
+    HERBOROWE. See HARBOUR
+
+    HERDLE, to dress a roebuck
+
+    HERNEIS, harness. See HARNAYS, also Appendix
+
+    HEROUN, heron, 1
+
+    HERT, heart; also stag, 23, 34
+
+    HERTIS, harts, stags, 130
+
+    HIDRE, hinder
+
+    HIGHTEN, called, named, 148, 182
+
+    HIRE, her, 19
+
+    HOGGASTER, wild boar in his third year, App.
+
+    HOKKES, HOGHES, HOUGHS, hocks, 99, 114
+
+    HOOKES, hooks, first teeth of wolf and dog, 56, 83
+
+    HOOT (BE), promised, 79
+
+    HOOTE, hot, 32
+
+    HOPELAND, HOPOLAND, HOUPPELAND, a long surcoat or gownlike garment
+
+    HOPPYN, hoping
+
+    HORRED, hairy, 106
+
+    HOS, hoarse, 66
+
+    HOUE, hoof
+
+    HOUGH, HOWFF, HOUFF, a haunt, a resort, used especially for the holt,
+    or dwelling-place of an otter, App.
+
+    HOUNDIS, HUNDES, hounds; also hands, 1
+
+    HOUNGER, hunger
+
+    HOUNTER, hunter
+
+    HOWLYN, howl
+
+    HOXTIDE, feast fifteen days after Easter, App.
+
+    HUSKE, a number of hares, App.
+
+
+    IBOYLED, boiled
+
+    ICLEPID, called, 105, 144
+
+    ILEYN, lain, 136
+
+    ILLOEQUES, ILLEOQS, here in this place, 183, 234
+
+    ILOST, lost
+
+    IMAKYD, made, 137
+
+    IMEYNGID, mingled, 102
+
+    IMPRIME, unharbouring a hart
+
+    INGWERE, INQUERE, inquire or seek, 151
+
+    IPRESSID, pressed, 136
+
+    IREEYNED, rained, 157
+
+    IREN, iron, 90
+
+    IRENGED, arranged, 142
+
+    IRONGED, ranged
+
+    IROOS, iris, 93
+
+    ISPAIDE, spayed, castrated; also to kill with a sword. See Spay
+
+    ISTAMPED, stamped, crushed, 93
+
+    ISTERED, stirred, 91
+
+    ITAWED, tawed, tanned, 126
+
+    ITHREST, thrust, pushe, 136
+
+    ITRED, trodden
+
+    ITYNDED, tined, 142
+
+    IWERYD, worn, 147
+
+    IWETED, wetted, moistened, 97
+
+    IWRETHEDE, wreathed, 133
+
+
+    JANGELERE, jangler, 124
+
+    JANNERE, January
+
+    JAWLE, jaw, 50
+
+    JENGELETH, jangeleth, said of a noisy hound, 110
+
+    JOLLY, a bitch in heat, 54, 58
+
+    JOPEY, JUPPEY, to holloa, to cry out, to call, 171, 234
+
+    JUGE, JUGGE, judge
+
+    JUGGEMENTZ, judgments, 130
+
+    JUILL, July
+
+    JUIN, June
+
+    JUS, juice
+
+    JWERYD, worn
+
+
+    KAREYNES, carrion, 48, 58, 68
+
+    KELE, cool, 91
+
+    KEMBE, comb, 127
+
+    KENNETTIS, KENET, a small hunting hound, 111
+
+    KEPYN, keeping
+
+    KERRE, KIRRE, KYRRE, CURE, CURÉE, QUARRY, reward of hounds. _See_
+    CURÉE
+
+    KEUERE, cover, 65
+
+    KEUERED, covered, 80
+
+    KITTE, to cut, sharp, 95
+
+    KITTYNG, cutting, 50
+
+    KNOBBER, stag in second year or broket, App.
+
+    KNYFF, knife, 90
+
+    KOUNYNGLY, cunningly; also wisely
+
+    KUNNE, KEN, to know, to be able, 15
+
+    KYDE, roebuck in first year
+
+    KYEN, kine, cattle, 120
+
+    KYLLEIC, Welsh for grease time
+
+    KYNDELETH, bring forth (said of the hare), 181
+
+    KYNDELS, young hare, 19
+
+    KYNDELY, naturally, M.E. kindely, kendeliche, cundeliche
+
+    KYNNINGLY, cunningly
+
+    KYTONS, KYTTONS, kittens, 71
+
+
+    LABELLES, small flaps, 174
+
+    LADDE, led
+
+    LADIL, ladle
+
+    LAIES, pools, lakes
+
+    LAIR, the resting-place of the various kinds of deer, 10
+
+    LAMMAS, LAMMASSE, August 1, 2
+
+    LAMMASSE OF PETER APOSTULL, June 29
+
+    LAPPE, lap, 158
+
+    LASSE, less, smaller
+
+    LAUNCET, lancet
+
+    LAUNDES, LONDES, wild uncultivated land, 36
+
+    LAVEY, unrestrained, wild, 111
+
+    LEATHER, the skin of deer and of the wild boar, App.
+
+    LECHES, leeches, doctor or surgeon, 12
+
+    LEDER, leather, 126
+
+    LEFRER, levrier, greyhound
+
+    LEFT, last, or live
+
+    LEGGES, legs
+
+    LEIE, lair
+
+    LEIRE, river Loire in France, 77
+
+    LEIRES, lair, bed of a stag, 136
+
+    LEITH, layeth
+
+    LEKES, leeks, 90
+
+    LERNYD, learned, taught
+
+    LESE, leash, 59
+
+    LESETH, loseth, 52
+
+    LESS, OF THE, term used in counting the tines, App.
+
+    LESSES, Fr. _laissées_, excrements of boar and wolves, 139, 146
+
+    LESSHE, LESSE, LESCHE, leash, 140
+
+    LESSHES, lesses, inferiors, 189
+
+    LESYNG, loosing, 119
+
+    LETTE, hindered, 51, 163
+
+    LEUERE, leaver, rather, sooner
+
+    LEURETTIS, leverets, 19
+
+    LEUVE, leave, 31
+
+    LEUYS, LEUES, leaves, 138
+
+    LEVIR, leaver, rather
+
+    LEVRIER, a hare hound
+
+    LIAM, LYAM, rope by which the limer was held
+
+    LIBARD, leopard, 70
+
+    LIFF, life, 31
+
+    LIFLODE, LYVELODE, livelihood, 59
+
+    LIGGING, LYGGING, lair, resting-place, 24, 71, 149, 191
+
+    LIPPIS, lips
+
+    LITERE, litter
+
+    LOGGES, lodges, 190
+
+    LONDE, land, 75
+
+    LOUEN, love
+
+    LOUPES CORRYNERS (_loup cerviers_), lynx; occasionally it was probably
+    applied to the wolverine, 70
+
+    LOWRE, laugh, 81
+
+    LUCE, pike, 113
+
+    LYFF, life
+
+    LYMER, a tracking hound on a leash, 31, 38, 152, 157, 167-9, 235
+
+    LYMMES, limbs
+
+    LYMNER, LYMERER, LIMERER, man who leads hounds on a leash, 148, 166,
+    235
+
+    LYMNERE, used both for man and hound, App.
+
+    LYNSED, linseed, 104
+
+    LYOUN, lion
+
+    LYTHIS, LIGHTIS, lungs
+
+    LYVEN, LYUEN, live
+
+
+    MAISTIVES, mastif, mastiff
+
+    MAISTRIS, masters
+
+    MALEMORT, glanders, 96
+
+    MALENCOLIOUS, melancholy
+
+    MALICE, cunning, 34
+
+    MAMEWE, MAMUNESRE, MAMEUE, MAUEWE, mange, 90, 91
+
+    MANESSETH, threatening, 51
+
+    MANNYS, man's, 151
+
+    MARCHES, district, 19
+
+    MARIE, marrow
+
+    MARRUBIUM ALBUM, white horehound (_Marrubium vulgare_), 101
+
+    MARTRYN, martin, 73
+
+    MARY MAGDALENE DAY, July 22nd, 26
+
+    MASCLE, MASCHE, male, 67
+
+    MASTIN, a hound used for boar-hunting, a mongrel
+
+    MATERE, matter
+
+    MAYNED, maimed, bitten
+
+    MAYNTYN, maintain
+
+    MAYSTIF, MASTIF, MESTIFIS, MASTOWE, mastiff, 118, 122, App.
+
+    MAYSTRE, MAISTRIE, MAISTRICE, MAYSTRY, mastery, skill, 71, 107
+
+    MECHE, big, 113
+
+    MEDE, meadow, 163
+
+    MEDLE, MEDEL, mix, 91
+
+    MENE, lesser, small, 128
+
+    MENEE, MENNEE, note sounded on a horn; also the baying of a hound
+    hunting, 171, 179
+
+    MENG, MENGE, mingle, 102
+
+    MERREIN, the main beam of a stag's antlers, App.
+
+    MERVAILE, marvel
+
+    MERVEILIOST, most marvellous, 181
+
+    MERVEILLOUS, MERUEYLOUS, marvellous
+
+    MESTIFIS, mastifs, 118, 122
+
+    METIS, meats
+
+    METYNG, METYNGIS, meet, meeting, 148
+
+    METYNGE, METYNG, feeding or pasture of deer, 9, 25, 34, 152
+
+    MEUE, MEW, MEVE, move, start, shed, 26, 42, 166
+
+    MEULE, MULE, burr, part of the antler, App.
+
+    MEUTE, pack of hounds
+
+    MEVETHE, meweth, to mew, casts or sheds. _See_ MEUE
+
+    MEWS, house for hawks
+
+    MODIR, mother, 105
+
+    MODIRWORT, motherwort (_Leonurus cardiaca_), 101
+
+    MONYTHE, MONETH, MONETHENYS, month, 27
+
+    MOOTE, MOTE, a note or horn signal, App.
+
+    MORFOUND, MORFOND, to catch cold, glanders, 124
+
+    MORNYNGIS, morning, 7
+
+    MORSUS GALLINE, chickweed, 101
+
+    MORT, a note sounded on the horn at the death of the hart
+
+    MOSEL, MOSELLE, muzzle, 77
+
+    MOTE, MOOTE, a note sounded on the horn, 168, 185
+
+    MOTYING, MOVING, 150
+
+    MOUNTENANCE, MOUNTANCE, extent of, as far as, 21, 101
+
+    MOUSTENESSE, moisture, 124
+
+    MOW, MOWE, MOWEN, to have power, to be able, 97, 178
+
+    MOWSE, burr of an antler
+
+    MUE, mew, shed antlers, or feathers, molt. _See_ MEUE
+
+    MULE, MEULE, burr of a stag's antler, 141
+
+    MUTE, MEUTE, a pack of hounds
+
+    MYCHE, the assibulated form of _mukel_, _mikl_, great, much, 41
+
+    MYDDES, midst
+
+    MYDDIL, middle
+
+    MYNDE, memory, 2
+
+    MYSIUGEN, misjudge, 29
+
+
+    NAIL, name given to a disease in dogs' eyes, now called Pterygium, 94
+
+    NARTHELESS, NATHELESS, nevertheless, 149
+
+    NATYUITE, nativity
+
+    NEDEL, needle, 61
+
+    NEKYS, NEKE, NECKYD, neck, necked, App.
+
+    NEMETH, taketh, 75
+
+    NEMPE, name, 165
+
+    NERES, kidneys
+
+    NESCHE, NEYSSH, NESSH, soft, tender, moist, 52, 130, 131
+
+    NETHIR, nether, lower
+
+    NETTELIS, nettles, 89, 101
+
+    NEWLICH, newly, freshly
+
+    NOMBLES, NOMBLIS, part of the stag's intestines, App.
+
+    NOONE, no more
+
+    NOORCHE, NORSHE, NORSSH, nourish, to bring up, to educate, 56, 58, 80
+
+    NOOSETHERLIS, NOSETHRELLES, nostrils, 96, 105
+
+    NORTURE, bringing up, 30
+
+    NOTIS, nuts, 91
+
+    NOUGH, nigh
+
+    NOYAUNCE, annoyance, 163
+
+    NYME, to take, to hold
+
+
+    OKIS, oaks, 144
+
+    OLYFF, olive, 90, 102
+
+    ONYS, once, 156
+
+    OO, OON, one, 17
+
+    OPENE, OPYN, open (of hounds to give tongue), 108, 155
+
+    OR, ERE, before, 17
+
+    ORDEYNE, ordain
+
+    ORPED, brave, valiant, 107
+
+    OS, the dew-claws of the stag and hind, App.
+
+    OSCORBIN (OS CORBIN), a small bone in the stag's body given to the
+    crows, App.
+
+    OSTORACES CALAMYNT, storax or resin, 96
+
+    OTYR, OTERE, otter, 72-4
+
+    OUERJAWES, upper jaws, 176
+
+    OUERSETTE, overcome, 60, 66
+
+    OUERWHERTE, athwart, 87
+
+    OURSHETTE, overshoot, 159
+
+    OUYR, over
+
+    OWETH, OWEN, ought
+
+    OWRERS, harriers
+
+    OYE, eye, 157
+
+    OYLE, oil, 102
+
+
+    PAAS, PIZ, chest, 114
+
+    PAAS, pace, to walk slowly
+
+    PACE, slot, track of stag, 132
+
+    PAMED, palmated
+
+    PARASCEVE, PARASSEUE, Good Friday
+
+    PARFITERS, PARFITORS, PARFITOURS, PARFYTEIROS, the third or last relay
+    of hounds 7, 10
+
+    PARTEL, a part of portion
+
+    PARTEYNETH, appertaineth
+
+    PARTIE, part
+
+    PASE, pace, to step slowly, 130
+
+    PEARLS, the excrescences on the stag's antlers, App.
+
+    PECE, piece
+
+    PEECHTRE, PEOCHETRE, peach-tree, 102
+
+    PEL, Fr. _peau_, skin
+
+    PERCEL, parsley, 101
+
+    PERCHE, the main beam of the stag's antler, App.
+
+    PERFITE, PERFEET, PERFIT, perfect; also note sounded on the horn, 174
+
+    PERITORIE, wall pellitory (_Parietaria_), 101
+
+    PESEN, peas, 26
+
+    PESETH, paceth, 149
+
+    PEYN, pain
+
+    PIERRURES, "pearls" or excrescences on the stag's antlers
+
+    PILCHES, pelisse, a coat of skin or fur, 63
+
+    PLAYN CONTRE, clear open country, 19, 65
+
+    PLAYNES, plains
+
+    PLAYSTIRE, plaster
+
+    PLECKE, PLEK, PLECK, PLECCA, piece of ground, place, 183
+
+    PLEYN, PLEYNETH, complain, lament, 51
+
+    PLEYN, PLAYNETH, PLEIGNEN, Fr. _pleigner_, complain, lament
+
+    POINTYNG, pointing, track of hare
+
+    POLCATTES, polecats, 73
+
+    POMELED, mottled, dappled, spotted, 45
+
+    POONDE, POON, pond
+
+    POORT, parts, behaviour, manners, 4
+
+    POPY, puppy
+
+    PORCHE. _See_ PERCHE
+
+    POUERE, POUER, power, 164
+
+    POUTURE, keep, food, used in connection with hounds
+
+    POYNTED, painted
+
+    PREEF, proof, 88
+
+    PREES, press, crowd, 118
+
+    PREUYD, proved, 90
+
+    PREUYLI, PRIUYLI, privily, 149
+
+    PRICE, PRISE, PRIEE, take, capture
+
+    PRICKET, PRIKET, the fallow buck in his second year, App.
+
+    PRIK, PRICK, to hunt, 116
+
+    PRIKHERID CURRIS, rough-coated curs, App.
+
+    PRIKKYNG, PRICKING, footprint of hare, App.
+
+    PRIME, noon (_hie prime_), midday
+
+    PRISE, PRIZE, PRYCE, a horn signal blown in France for the buck, in
+    England for the hart and buck after the kill, 175
+
+    PRIVE, tame
+
+    PROCATOURS, proctors, 195
+
+    PROFITENESS, perfectness, 2
+
+    PULEGRUN, pennyroyal (_Mentha pulegium_), 20
+
+    PULLETH, POILETH, take the hair off, Fr. _poiler_, 90
+
+    PURSNETTIS, purse-nets, 67
+
+    PURUEAUNCE, perseverance, 80
+
+    PUTTES, pits
+
+    PYCHE, pitch
+
+    PYLES, PILES, the skin of the boar, wolf, and smaller animals
+
+    PYNSOURS, pincers, 98
+
+
+    QUALES, quails, 119
+
+    QUARRY, the reward given to the hounds. _See_ CURÉE, App.
+
+    QUAT, couched, lying down, used for deer, 172
+
+    QUATTELL, to quat, to squat, to crouch, to lie down, App.
+
+    QUESTY, QUEST, to hunt, to give tongue, 110, 130, 155
+
+    QUYERE, QUYRRE, QUIR, QUARE, curée, quarry for hounds, reward, App.
+
+    QUYK, EUELIS, QUICKEVIL, a disease of hounds
+
+    QUYRRCIS, reward given to hounds. _See_ CURÉE, App.
+
+
+    RACCHES, hounds, 3, 74, 167
+
+    RAGE, madness
+
+    RAGERUNET, RAGEMUET, dumb madness, 86
+
+    RASCAILE, RASCAYLE, RASKAILE, lean deer; any deer under ten was
+    usually called rascal, 7, 25, 150, 193
+
+    RAVEYN, prey, rapine, 57, 60
+
+    REAL, REALL, a tine (in France, the bay) on the stag's antler
+
+    REAME, REAUME, realm, 78
+
+    REAR TO, to dislodge a wild boar, App.
+
+    REBELLY, rebellious, unruly, 191
+
+    RECHASE, recheat, sound a note on the horn, to call back the hounds by
+    sound of horn, also to put them on the right scent, 168, 178, 191-8,
+    App.
+
+    RECHE, to reck, to care, 57, 131
+
+    RECHELESS, reckless
+
+    RECOPES, recoupling, 179
+
+    REFRAIED, REFREIDE, refrected, chilled, cooled, 47, 99
+
+    REIES, nets, App.
+
+    RELAIES, relays (of hounds), 165
+
+    RELEVED, Fr. _relever_, said of the hare rising from her form to go to
+    her pasture, 14, 183
+
+    RELIE, RELYE, rally, 167
+
+    REMEUYE, REMEYID, removed
+
+    RENNEN, rained, rains
+
+    RENNYNG, RENNETH, running
+
+    RENOUET, RENOVEL, Fr. _renouveler_, to renew, 48
+
+    RESCEYUED, received
+
+    RESEEYUOUR, receiver, a greyhound in front of deer, 198
+
+    RESEITYNG, reseating
+
+    RESOUNS, RESOUNS, RESONS, reasons, 6
+
+    RESTIF, quiet, restive, unwilling to go or to move forward, 109
+
+    RESTREYED, restrained, held back, 109
+
+    RETREYED, retrieved, 29
+
+    REUERE, REVERE, river
+
+    REWE, rue, 90
+
+    REWE, row, 193
+
+    REWLE, rule, 55
+
+    REWME, Fr. _rhume_, a cold, 96
+
+    REYNE, rain, 21
+
+    REYNDERE, reindeer
+
+    REYSON, REYSE, raising, raise, 29
+
+    RIALLE, RIAL, royal, also tine of stag's antlers, 28, 140
+
+    RIDINGTIME, REDENGTIME, bucking time of the hare, 20
+
+    RIG, RAGGE, backbone, App.
+
+    RIOT, 74, App.
+
+    ROCHES, ROKKES, rocks, 26
+
+    RODES, rods
+
+    ROTELYNG, rattling, 162
+
+    ROUNGETH, Fr. _ronger_, chews the cud, 181, App.
+
+    ROUSE TO, ROWZE, rouse, to dislodge buck or doe, App.
+
+    ROUT, a number of wolves, 62
+
+    ROUTES, synonymous with slot, line of deer, 132
+
+    ROYAL, a tine, sometimes the trez tine (_see_ RIALLE), 28, 140
+
+    RUETTIS, horn or trumpet, 128
+
+    RUSYNG, rusing, 31, 45, 173
+
+    RUTSOMTIME, RUTSON, RUTTE, rutting time of deer, 24, 109
+
+    RYGES, back, haunches, 17
+
+    RYGHTES, rights, a stag's rights, three lower tines of antlers; a
+    hound was in his "rights" when hunting line, 174
+
+    RYOT, noise, 121
+
+    RYUERE, REUERE, river, 77
+
+
+    SAYNOLFES, SPAYNELS, spaniels, 119
+
+    SCANTILONN, measure, 150, 165
+
+    SCOMBRE, SCOMBERE (stercoro in MS. Bod. 546), voiding excrements, 100,
+    127
+
+    SCOMFITED, discomfited, 82
+
+    SEAT, the form of a hare, 16
+
+    SECHE, seek
+
+    SECHYNG, SEKYNG, seeking, 110
+
+    SEEGH, SEGHE, saw, 13
+
+    SEELD, SEELDEN, seldom, 181
+
+    SELIDOYN, celandine, 94
+
+    SEMBLAUNT, SEMBLANCE, pretence, 16
+
+    SEMBLE, assembly or meet, 9
+
+    SEMOLY, seemly, 75
+
+    SENGLER, wild boar (_Sanglier_)
+
+    SENS, incense, 96
+
+    SENTYN, scent
+
+    SERCHYNG, searching, 6, 29
+
+    SERGEAUNTIS, sergeants, 165
+
+    SESOUNN, SESOUN, SESON, season, 29
+
+    SESOURS, seizers, 114, 117
+
+    SETTE, set, place, part of forest round which "stables" or stations of
+    men and hounds were placed, 149, 189
+
+    SEWE, SUE, Fr. _suir_, hunt, pursue, 150, 161
+
+    SEWET, suet, fat of deer
+
+    SEWRE, swear
+
+    SEYN, say, see
+
+    SHAP, shape
+
+    SHAPON, shaped
+
+    SHEELD, shield, shoulder of a boar, 49
+
+    SHEELLEN, shall
+
+    SHEERDE, cut, wound, 99
+
+    SHENT, shamed, disgraced, 79
+
+    SIKERLI, securely, 159
+
+    SINGULAR, the wild boar when he leaves the sounder, App.
+
+    SKIRTIS, SKYRTIS, the skin and tissue surrounding the stomach
+
+    SKULK, a number of foxes, App.
+
+    SLAWTHE, sloth, 5
+
+    SLOUGH, lower part of the heart
+
+    SLUG-HOUND, a sleuth-hound, a track hound, App.
+
+    SLYKE, slick, sleek or smooth, 44
+
+    SMET, SMYTTEN, smitten, 192
+
+    SNAWE, snow
+
+    SOAR, a buck in his fourth year
+
+    SOEPOL, wild thyme (_Thymus serpyllum_), 20
+
+    SOILE, SOULE, SOUILLE, wallowing pool, soil or mud; "to soil" means
+    when a deer or wild boar takes to water or wallows in it, 37, 50, 144
+
+    SOIOURNE, SOIOURN, SOIOURNYING, SOJORN, SOJOURN, to remain, 98
+
+    SOLERE, upper chamber, 126
+
+    SOMEDELE, somewhat
+
+    SOMERE, SOMER, summer, 45
+
+    SONE, soon
+
+    SONNE, SUNNE, sun, 9
+
+    SONNE, SOUNE, sound
+
+    SOPERE, SOPER, supper, 180
+
+    SOPPE, SOPPERS, herd of deer, 25
+
+    SORRELL, a buck in his third year
+
+    SOTELLY, subtlety, cleverly
+
+    SOTIL, SOTILLE, SOTILTE, subtle, clever, 67, 80, 95
+
+    SOULE, SOILE, alone, 168
+
+    SOUNDER, SOUNDRE, SUNDRE, a herd of wild boars, 53, 143
+
+    SOUR, stag of fourth year, the colour of a deer's hide; according to
+    Roquefort, a herd of swine, App.
+
+    SOUSSE, oxide of zinc, 95
+
+    SOUZ-REAL, SOUCH-REAL, SUR-RYAL, sur-antler, a tine of the stag's
+    head, 140, 177, App.
+
+    SOWLE, soul, 12
+
+    SPAINEL, SPAYNELS, spaniel
+
+    SPARHAUKE, sparrowhawk, 114
+
+    SPATELL, spittle, 92
+
+    SPAY, to kill a deer with a sword 10, 174, 258; to castrate, 84, 258
+
+    SPAYARD, SPAYDE, SPAYER, SPYCARD, the stag in his third year, App.
+
+    SPAYNEL, spaniel, 119
+
+    SPEIES, spires, young wood, 157
+
+    SPIRES, SPOYES, stalks, young wood; thick spires means thick wood, 65,
+    118
+
+    SPITOUS, despiteful, 115
+
+    SPRAINTES, SPRAYTYNG, excrements of the otter, 73, 139
+
+    SPRINGOL, SPRINGALD, SPRINGOLD, SPRINGALL, siege engine to throw
+    stones or balks of timber, 23
+
+    STABLE, STABLYS, Fr. _establie_, a post or station of huntsmen and
+    hounds, 188
+
+    STAGGART, the stag in his fourth year, 29, 131
+
+    STALK, to go softly, creep, "Stalk the deer full still" (used by John
+    Lydgate, about 1430)
+
+    STALL, to corner, to bring to bay, to stand still, 153
+
+    STANC, STANK, STANGES, STANGKES, Fr. _estanc_, pool, tank, pond, 32,
+    72
+
+    STEPPIS, steps, footprint of deer, 73, 137
+
+    STERE, stir, 91
+
+    STERT, STIRT, start
+
+    STINTE, STYNTE, to stop, to blow a stint--_i.e._ to stop or check the
+    hounds, a false scent, check, 19, 165
+
+    STONE-BOW, Fr. _arc-à-pierre_, a kind of crossbow
+
+    STOONYS, stones, 143
+
+    STORDY, _estordic_, giddy, 116
+
+    STOUPEN, stoop
+
+    STRAKE, to blow, 178
+
+    STRANGLE, straggle, 188
+
+    STRANLING, STRANLYN, squirrel
+
+    STRATERE, straighter
+
+    STRAUGHT, straight, 128
+
+    STRENGE, STRENGTH, stronghold, thick woods, 16, 118, 156
+
+    STRENGESTE, strongest
+
+    STREPID, to strip
+
+    STREYNOUR, strainer
+
+    STREYNT, strain, progeny or breed
+
+    STRIPID, stripped, term to denote skinning of hare, wild boar, and
+    wolf, App.
+
+    STROKE, STRAKE, or STUKE, to sound a note on a hunting-horn, 52
+
+    STRONG, said of woods and coverts, thick, dense, 25
+
+    SUE, to seek, to hunt, 161
+
+    SUERS, followers
+
+    SUET, the fat of the red-deer and fallow-deer
+
+    SUETE, sweet, 19
+
+    SUGRE, sugar
+
+    SURANTLER, a tine, generally the _bay_
+
+    SUR-ROYAL, the surroyal tine, 28
+
+    SURE BATYD (of hounds' feet), battered, bruised from over running, 98
+
+    SUSRIAL, surroyal tine
+
+    STYNT, at fault; to stop
+
+    SUYTE, suite, following
+
+    SWEF, a hunting cry, meaning gently or softly, 182
+
+    SWERDE, sword, 11
+
+    SWOOR, swore
+
+    SWOOT, SWOTE, sweat
+
+    SYLVESTRES, beasts of venery--_i.e._ red-deer, hare, boar, and wolf,
+    App.
+
+    SYNNES, sins, 7
+
+    SYNOWES, SYNEWES, sinews
+
+    SYTHES, times
+
+
+    TACCHES, habits, also spots, markings, 121
+
+    TALOUN, talon, heel, 130, 131
+
+    TAWED, a kind of tanning, preparation of white leathers, 63
+
+    TAWNE, tan, tawny, 105
+
+    TAYLYD, tailed
+
+    TEASER, TEAZER, TESOURS, a small hound that "teases" forth the game in
+    coverts, 189
+
+    TEG, the fallow doe in her second year
+
+    TENT, tended, cared for, 103
+
+    TERCELLE, TIERCEL, the male of any species of hawk, 119
+
+    TERER, TEERORS, terrier, 4
+
+    TERPSE, to poise an arrow for shooting
+
+    TERRYERS, terriers, 4
+
+    TESTE, head or antlers (_tête_)
+
+    TEYNTES, touches, 65
+
+    THENDERLEGGIS, hind legs
+
+    THENKYNGIS, thinking, 75
+
+    THENNES, thence
+
+    THIDERE, thither
+
+    TOCHES, teeth, 50, 56
+
+    TOGADERE, TOGIDRE, together
+
+    TOKENYS, tokens, 86
+
+    TOSSHES, tusks
+
+    TOUNGE, TOONG, tongue
+
+    TOURE, tower, 77
+
+    TOWAILLES, towels, 164
+
+    TOWNGE, TUNGE, tongue
+
+    TRACE, track or footprint of an animal, 9, 73, 130, 137
+
+    TRAUAILLE, TRAVAYLE, Fr. _travaille_, work, labour, 54, 93
+
+    TREDELES, excrements of otter, 73
+
+    TRENCHOUR, trencher, 174
+
+    TRESTES, tryst, trist, 190
+
+    TRESTETH, trusteth, 49
+
+    TREU, TREWE, true, faithful
+
+    TRIP, a herd of tame swine, 53
+
+    TROCHIS, TROCHES, the tines "on top," 28, 135, 140
+
+    TRODES, trod
+
+    TROWETH, believes or knows
+
+    TRUSTRE, tryst, 118
+
+    TWIES, TWYES, twice, 82
+
+    TWIN, between
+
+    TWYGGES, twigs, 22
+
+    TYME, season
+
+    TYNDES, TYNYS, tines, 132, 142
+
+    TYSANE, a medicinal tea, 11
+
+
+    UMBICAST, to cast round, 151
+
+    UNDIRNETHE, underneath
+
+    UNDOING, dressing of a deer
+
+    UNDOON, undone, to cut up
+
+    UNNETH, scarcely, 80
+
+    UNSICKER, uncertain
+
+    UNTHENDE, unsuccessful
+
+    UNWAYSSH, unwashed
+
+    UNWEXID, unwaxed
+
+    UNYOYNE, unjoin, 97
+
+    UPREAR TO, finding of the hart buck, and boar with the limer
+
+    USYN, use
+
+
+    VANCHASOURS, VANCHASERS, the relay of hounds that comes first, 7, 10
+
+    VANNCHACE, the first in the chase, 7, 10
+
+    VAUNTELLAY, VAUNTLAY, VNLAY, part of the pack held in reserve, when
+    uncoupled on the line of the stag before the hounds already hunting
+    had passed, 169, 172
+
+    VEEL, calf, used sometimes for the stag in his first year, App.
+
+    VELINE, a horn signal, App.
+
+    VELTRAGA, VELTRARIUS, a hound, an alaunt, App.
+
+    VENT TO, said of an otter when it comes to surface of water for air;
+    also to empty, to cast excrements, App.
+
+    VENTRERS, ventreres, 116, 117
+
+    VENYIN, venom
+
+    VERFULL, a glassful, 101
+
+    VERREY, truly, true, 75, 105
+
+    VERTEGRECE, VERTEGRES, verdigris, 91
+
+    VESTEING, investigating, looking, 151
+
+    VEUTRERES, VEAUTRE, boarhound
+
+    VEYN, vein
+
+    VISHITETH, voiding excrements, 66
+
+    VMBLIS, umbles
+
+    VNDIRTAKYNG, undertaking
+
+    VNDYRSTONDYNG, understanding
+
+    VNGLES, bugles, 128
+
+    VNNANYS, onions, 102
+
+    VOIDE, VOYDE, leave, go away, empty, 51, 191
+
+    VOIDEN, to purge, 61
+
+    VOIS, VOYS, voice, 66
+
+    VOYNES, veins, 99
+
+
+    WAGGYNG, excrements of foxes, 139
+
+    WAIES, way, track
+
+    WALOUYNG, wallowing, 146
+
+    WALTRER, welter
+
+    WANLACE, put up game, 122
+
+    WARAUNT, warrant, save, 31
+
+    WARDEROBE, WERDROBE, excrement of badgers, 139
+
+    WARE, aware; also war, beware
+
+    WAREYN, WAREYNS, warren, 66
+
+    WARLY, warily
+
+    WAYSSH, wash
+
+    WEDIR, weather, 8
+
+    WEDIS, weeds
+
+    WELEX, grow, 163
+
+    WELLE, WOLLE, wool
+
+    WELSPEDDE, well sped
+
+    WENE, know, to think
+
+    WERED, worn
+
+    WERKIS, works, 5
+
+    WERVOLF, WERWOLFE, a man-eating wolf, 59
+
+    WERY, weary, 107
+
+    WETE, to wit, to know, 137
+
+    WEX, wax, to grow, 56, 85
+
+    WEXED, waxed, 128
+
+    WEXING, WEXYN, growth, 26
+
+    WEYTINGE, waiting
+
+    WHEDER, whether
+
+    WHITLY, whiter
+
+    WIF, wiff, wife, 75
+
+    WODE, wood
+
+    WODEMANNYS, woodman's, 129
+
+    WODMANLY, woodmanly, 176
+
+    WOLD, wish or would
+
+    WONES, dwellings
+
+    WONNED, WOUNED, wont, accustomed, 85
+
+    WOODE, wode, mad, 61, 85
+
+    WOODNESS, madness, 85
+
+    WOOTE, know, 43
+
+    WORTH UP, ON HORSE, mount on horseback, 175
+
+    WORTES, vegetables, roots, 11
+
+    WOXEN, part of verb _wax_, to grow
+
+    WREECH, WRECHE, wretched, 55
+
+    WRETHIS, wreaths, 133
+
+    WROOT, to root, 48, 144
+
+    WROOTH, wrath, 49
+
+    WRYTENG, writing, 200
+
+    WURTHYNES, worthiness
+
+    WYLELI, WILILICHE, wilily, 31
+
+    WYMMEN, women, 200
+
+    WYNDE, wind, scent, smell
+
+    WYNDETH, winds, scents, 17
+
+
+    YBREND, burnt, dry, 134
+
+    YEDE, went, 150, 166
+
+    YEMAN, yeoman, 148, 165
+
+    YEUE, give, 110
+
+    YFETED, made, well or evil shaped
+
+    YFLANKED, a species of madness in hounds, "lank madness," 88
+
+    YFORE, therefore
+
+    YFOUNDE, found, 164
+
+    YGOTE, begotten, bred
+
+    YHEWE, hewn, 152
+
+    YLAFT, left, 178
+
+    YMAKYD, made
+
+    YNOWE, YNOW, enough, 1
+
+    YONGIS, young
+
+    YOULE, howl
+
+    YPOCRAS, Hippocras, 11
+
+    YPOTICARIES, apothecary, 84, 101
+
+    YREST, rested, 136
+
+    YTHOWZT, thought of
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+    Acquillez, 201
+
+    Affeted, 27, 201
+
+    Agincourt, xi
+
+    Agrimony, 100
+
+    Aiguilles or needles, 61
+
+    Alauntes, 3, 116-18, 202
+
+    Antlers of the hart, 26, 140-3, 203-4
+
+    Appollo, King of Lyonnys, 76
+
+    Aquitaine, xii
+
+    Assembly, 7, 9, 150, 163-4
+
+    Auberey of Montdidier, 80
+
+    Aumarle, Duke of, xi
+
+
+    Badger, 3, 68-9
+
+    Badminton Library, xvi
+
+    Baillie-Grohman, xxvi, xxviii
+
+    Baiting, 118
+
+    Baldric, 128
+
+    Beaumont, 167, 182, 184
+
+    Bellowing time, 160, 162
+
+    Bercelet, 204
+
+    Berners, or attendants on hounds, 165-9, 172, 174, 205
+
+    Bisshunters, furhunters, 74, 206
+
+    Blaine, xvi
+
+    Blenches, trick, deceit, 159, 206
+
+    Boar, wild--_see_ Wild boar
+
+    Boce, hump, 206
+
+    Bodleian Library, xvii
+
+    Boughs, 206
+
+    Brache, 22
+
+    Broches, 45
+
+    Brocket, 130
+
+    Buck, 3, 38-40, 109
+
+    Burnish, 28
+
+    Burr, 141
+
+    Burrows, 68
+
+    Butchers' hounds, 118
+
+
+    Caboche, 176
+
+    Camomile, 95
+
+    Canker, the cure for, 99
+
+    Cat, wild--_see_ Wild cat
+
+    Cecil's "Records of the Chase," xvi
+
+    Celandine, 94
+
+    Chacechiens, 148
+
+    Change, 31, 111, 207
+
+    Chase, 3
+
+    Chase, beasts of the, 3
+
+    Chaucer, 2
+
+    Claudoneus, 76
+
+    Coney, 74
+
+    _Consolida major_, 98
+
+    _Consolida minor_, 98
+
+    Contreongle, 150
+
+    Cotton MS., British Mus., xii
+
+    Couchers (setters), 120
+
+    Couples, 126
+
+    Curée, 7, 10, 29, 52, 173, 193, 208-209
+
+
+    Dalziel, xvi
+
+    D'Aumale, Duc, xvii
+
+    Deer tithes, 195
+
+    Dryden, Sir Henry, xvii, Appendix
+
+
+    Encorne, 174
+
+    Envoiced, 170
+
+    Ergots of the hart, 130, 169
+
+    Excrements--_see_ Fumes
+
+
+    F. G. DE--_see_ Gaston de Foix
+
+    Farrow, giving birth to young pigs, 47, 48, 68
+
+    Fees of huntsmen, 198
+
+    Fence month, 210
+
+    Ferrets, 72
+
+    Fewte, track, 210
+
+    Fewterer, 129, 211
+
+    Finders, 7, 9, 165
+
+    Foils, 32
+
+    Foix, Gaston de--_see_ Gaston de Foix
+
+    Forlonge, a horn signal, 212
+
+    Fownes, Thomas, first pack of foxhounds established by, 213
+
+    Fox, the, 3, 64-67, 68, 212
+
+    Foxhounds, first pack of, 213
+
+    Fray, 135
+
+    Fraying-post, 214
+
+    Froissart, xii
+
+    Fues, track, 10, 31, 111, 158, 168, 214
+
+    Fuite, track, 210
+
+    Fumes, 9, 17, 29, 39, 73, 133, 209-210
+
+    Fute, track, 210
+
+
+    Garlic, 89
+
+    Gaston de Foix, xii, 12, 20, 202, 203, and App.
+
+    Gathering--_see_ Assembly
+
+    Gins, 30
+
+    Gladness or glade, 214
+
+    Grease or fat of game, 25, 30,36, 69, 214
+
+    Grease time, 215
+
+    Greyhound, the, 3, 24, 30, 45, 59, 62, 65, 70, 110, 113-115, 189, 197,
+    216-8
+
+    Grinders, 50
+
+    Guienne, xxi, 3
+
+    _Guyenne loup cerviers_, 70
+
+
+    Harbour, 9, 38
+
+    Hardel, 45, 218
+
+    Hare, 3, 14-22, 109, 181-7, 219-222
+
+    Hare pipes, 22
+
+    Haronblast, 27
+
+    Harness, 30, 60, 222
+
+    Harrier, 111, 196, 222-4
+
+    Hart, 3, 7, 23-37, 109, 140, 148-151, 165, 191-9, 224-7
+
+    Harting, J. E., xvii
+
+    Hausse-piez, the, 61
+
+    Hawks, 1, 119, 120
+
+    Hayes or haia, 67, 74
+
+    Henry IV., King of England, xi, 1
+
+    Hippocras, 11
+
+    Holy Cross, Feast of, 29, 49
+
+    Holy Rood, 23
+
+    Horn, hunter's, 4, 128, 227
+
+    Horse, 69, 95
+
+    Hound, 1, 3, 30, 31, 75-84, 85-104, 105-112
+
+    Hunter, 4, 8, 123
+
+    Hunting cries, 150, 166-180, 181-7, 191, 229;
+      music, 168, 178, 191-9, 231-4, 244;
+      seasons, 253
+
+
+    Idleness, the foundation of all evil, 5
+
+    _Illocques_, 234
+
+    Imagination, 5
+
+    Iris, the, 93
+
+
+    Jopeye, to holloa to the hounds, 171, 234
+
+
+    Kenettes, small hounds, 111, 235
+
+    Kennel, 4, 125
+
+    Kids, 42, 45
+
+    Kindles of the hare, 20, 21
+
+    King, hunting of the, 188-199
+
+
+    Langley, Edmund of, xvi
+
+    Latimer, 167
+
+    Lesses, 52
+
+    Leverettes or kindles, 20, 21
+
+    Ligging, a bed, a lair, 24, 71, 235
+
+    Lilies, medicinal qualities of, 102
+
+    Limer, a scenting hound, 31, 38, 152, 157, 161, 167-9, 235-7
+
+    Limerer, 150
+
+    Loup cerviers, 70
+
+    Lymer--_see_ Limer
+
+
+    Madness in the hound, 85, 86, 237
+
+    Makary slays Auberey of Montdidier, 81
+
+    Mallows, 102
+
+    Mange in the hound, 90, 91
+
+    Marten, 73
+
+    _Master of Game_, xi-xix, xxiv, 1, 2, 150, 163, 165, 175, 188
+
+    Master of Herthounds, 198
+
+    Mastiff, 3, 122, 204, 239-242
+
+    Melbourne, William, 73
+
+    Menée, the, 240-2
+
+    Metynge, or feeding, 242
+
+    Meute, 242
+
+    Mew, to shed, 243
+
+    Milbourne, 73
+
+    Moot or mote, 179
+
+    _Mort_ or death, the, 197
+
+    Mortimers, the, xii
+
+    Motherwort, 101
+
+    Move, to start a hare, 243
+
+    Muse or meuse, 243
+
+
+    Needles, 61
+
+    Nets, 30, 67, 73
+
+    Numbles, 243
+
+
+    Otter, 3, 72-74, 244
+
+
+    Parfet, the, 174, 244
+
+    Parfitters, 7, 10, 245
+
+    Parker, 189
+
+    Partridge, 119
+
+    Pennyroyal, 20
+
+    Pevensey, xii
+
+    Ph[oe]bus, Gaston, Count de Foix--_see_ Gaston de Foix
+
+    Pomeled, spotted, 45, 246
+
+    Prise, the, 197
+
+    _Pterygium_, 94
+
+
+    Quail, 119
+
+    Quarry, 127, 136
+
+    Quest, 9, 130, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 163
+
+
+    Rabies--_see_ Madness
+
+    Raches, scenting-hounds, 3, 74, 246, 250-3
+
+    Rascal, 7, 25, 150, 193
+
+    Relays, 7
+
+    Resceyuour or receiver, 198, 247
+
+    Riot, 74, 249
+
+    Roebuck, 41-5, 250
+
+    Roosevelt, Th., xviii, xix-xxix
+
+    Roy Modus, 202, 203, App.
+
+    Royals (antlers), 28
+
+    Rue, 96
+
+    Ruets, 128
+
+    Running hounds--_see_ Raches
+
+    Rutting, 23, 36, 109, 160, 161
+
+    Ryding time, 20
+
+
+    Scantillon, a measure, 9, 253
+
+    Scotland, 120
+
+    Scombre, 127
+
+    Seasons of hunting, 253
+
+    Seton, 103
+
+    Setters, 120
+
+    Seven deadly sins, 4
+
+    Shakespeare, xi
+
+    Shaw, Vero, xvi
+
+    Shirley MS., 200
+
+    Snares, 257
+
+    Sounder or herd of wild swine, 53
+
+    Spain, 119
+
+    Spaniel, the, 3, 119-121, 257
+
+    Spay, to kill, 10, 174, 258
+
+    Spay, to castrate, 84, 258
+
+    Spraintes of otter, 73, 139
+
+    Springole, 23
+
+    Spurge, 48
+
+    Squire, a companion of the hart, 26
+
+    Stable-stand, 188, 258
+
+    Staggard, 29, 131
+
+    Stankes, or pools, 33, 72, 260
+
+    Stint, 19, 165, 171
+
+    "Stinking foot," 211
+
+    _Storax_, 96
+
+    Strutt's "Sports and Pastimes," xvi
+
+    Sur-royal of the hart, 28
+
+    "Sweet foot," 211
+
+
+    Tache, 260
+
+    Tally Ho, etymology and use of, 209
+
+    Talon, 130
+
+    Taw, to make hides into leather, 63, 261
+
+    Teazer, 198
+
+    Terrier, 4
+
+    Thyme, wild, 20
+
+    Trace, footprint of deer, 9, 137, 141
+
+    Troche, 140
+
+    Tryst, 118, 263
+
+    Twety and Gifford, 201, App.
+
+    Twici, William, 201, App.
+
+    Tysane, 11
+
+
+    Valerian, 91
+
+    Vanchasers, 7, 10
+
+    Vauntlay, to cast off, 169, 172
+
+    Veltres, 263
+
+    Venery, beasts of, 3, 52, App.
+
+    Vixen, 64
+
+
+    Wagging, 139
+
+    Wall pellitory, 101
+
+    Wanlace, 204, 264
+
+    Wardrobe, 139
+
+    Wer-wolves, 59
+
+    Wild boar, 3, 23, 46-53, 264
+
+    Wild cat and its nature, 3, 70-71, 144, 265
+
+    Wilton, Lord, xvi
+
+    Wolf, 3, 54-63, 266
+
+    Woodman's craft, 176
+
+    Worming a dog, 87
+
+    Wright, xv
+
+    Wynn, xvi
+
+
+    Yeoman at horse, 165
+
+    Yeomen berners on foot, 165
+
+    York, Duke of, xi., xii
+
+
+    Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.
+    Edinburgh & London
+
+
+
+
+_ABRIDGED PROSPECTUS OF THE
+FIRST EDITION OF_
+
+THE
+
+MASTER OF GAME
+
+_The Oldest English Book on Hunting_
+
+BY EDWARD, DUKE OF YORK
+
+EDITED BY
+
+W. A. AND F. BAILLIE-GROHMAN
+
+WITH A FOREWORD BY
+
+THEODORE ROOSEVELT
+
+
+With 44 Facsimile Photogravure Plates (4 with original text) and
+Frontispiece reproduced in Colours and Gold, from the Miniatures in
+the famous MS. f. fr. 616 in the _Bibliothèque Nationale_, Paris.
+Monotint reproductions of the drawings in the Bodleian "Master of
+Game" (MS. Bodl. 546), and other reproductions, transcripts of
+hitherto unpublished MSS. and Documents, Literary and Historical
+Notes, a Bibliography of MSS. and Printed Books on Hunting in the
+principal Languages of Europe up to the end of the sixteenth century,
+and a Glossary of Ancient English Hunting Terms, with Index.
+
+Only 600 COPIES (bound with these plates in "Rough Deerskin") will be
+sold, of which half are reserved for England, the rest for America and
+the Continent. Each copy is numbered and signed, and under no
+circumstances will any more be published. =Price £6=. The first ten
+copies are printed on Japanese Hand-made Vellum paper throughout and
+Bound by Zaehnsdorf in White Vellum, price £30 each.
+
+Only 2 copies of the latter and 20 copies of the English Edition are
+left.
+
+_HIS MAJESTY THE KING and H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES have been pleased
+to subscribe for copies._
+
+Published for the Editors by =BALLANTYNE & CO.=, 14 TAVISTOCK STREET,
+COVENT GARDEN, W.C., LONDON, who will forward a Specimen Plate and
+full particulars on application.
+
+
+_Extracts from Reviews in the English and American Press_
+
+_The Times._--"'The Oldest English Book on Hunting' renews its youth
+in a superb and massive volume, elaborately illustrated with
+reproductions of the quaintest of mediæval drawings. The archaic text
+of the original English is happily modernised in parallel columns, so
+that the book is pleasant and easy reading. The elaborate appendix is
+a treasury of research ... and the bibliographical catalogue is
+exhaustive."
+
+_The Fortnightly Review._--"A great classic has been rescued from
+oblivion."
+
+_The Spectator._--"There can be no hesitation in ascribing to the
+magnificently produced volume the first place in the classics of
+hunting of an earlier date ever given to the public of our day. Some
+of the attractions of this splendid volume ... the illustrations which
+are as interesting as the text ... absolutely a masterpiece ... the
+endurance of a scholarly and rational enthusiasm in the history and
+pursuit of sport has its monument in the fine work now presented."
+
+_The Field._--"In many respects this is a remarkable book. It is the
+oldest treatise on hunting in the English language. It was written
+just five centuries ago, and, strange to say, until the present time
+it has never been printed. As the treatise is from many points of view
+of considerable importance, one would have supposed that long ere this
+some enthusiastic scholar with a love for the chase would have been
+found both able and willing to undertake its publication. On the other
+hand, we have only to look at the text as now presented to us to see
+that its preparation implies an enormous amount of labour, involving a
+collation of the various MSS., a _verbatim et literatim_ transcription
+of the text, a modern English translation in parallel columns,
+critical and explanatory notes, and a glossary of ancient hunting
+terms; in a word, a thorough mastery of the subject. All this Mr. and
+Mrs. Baillie-Grohman have accomplished, and indeed much more, for they
+have given an account of the existing MSS. of the work, a bibliography
+of the mediæval literature of the chase. It was a happy thought to
+illustrate the English text with facsimiles of the beautiful
+miniatures which adorn the French original.... In the way of
+reproduction nothing could be better ... the _tout ensemble_ is a
+model of good taste and fine printing."
+
+_Baily's Magazine._--"This beautiful book ... in such sumptuous form
+... bears evidence of wide research and of care in preparation. The
+sumptuous production it is and the illuminations from old MSS. have
+been reproduced as well as it was possible to reproduce them."
+
+_Land and Water._--"This is really an extremely interesting book, and
+if Mr. Baillie-Grohman is as painstaking and accurate with his rifle
+as he is with his pen, it is small wonder that he is in the front rank
+of contemporary sportsmen."
+
+_The Standard._--"Singularly interesting and amusing ... sumptuous
+book ... an immense amount of bibliographical information.... Mr.
+Baillie-Grohman is a hunter of world-wide experience, and his
+authority will be generally recognised."
+
+_Morning Post._--"Magnificent folio ... the editors' notes on the text
+are full of far-sought information, and, what is more, are
+delightfully written.... Happy is the sportsman and scholar who has a
+copy of it."
+
+_The Country Gentleman._--"Mr. and Mrs. Baillie-Grohman have done
+their work as editors admirably ... nothing could be better than the
+general 'get-up' of this charming volume."
+
+_New York Herald._--"Magnificent edition of the 'Master of Game,'
+edited with a loving care that makes it a literary marvel. No labour,
+no expense has been too great for the editors of this truly splendid
+edition of a singularly interesting work."
+
+_Chicago Tribune._--"Sumptuous folio of the first importance to
+students ... it must ever be considered a classic of its kind."
+
+_The Nation_ (New York).--"One can hardly speak too highly of the
+loving and enthusiastic care which the editors have manifested in
+preparing the work for publication."
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Master of Game, by Second Duke of York, Edward
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+
+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's The Master of Game, by Second Duke of York, Edward
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Master of Game
+       The Oldest English Book on Hunting
+
+Author: Second Duke of York, Edward
+
+Contributor: Theodore Roosevelt
+
+Editor: William A. Baillie-Grohman
+        F. Baillie-Grohman
+
+Release Date: August 12, 2013 [EBook #43452]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MASTER OF GAME ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Martin Mayer and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="transcriber">
+  <p><strong>Transcribers' note:</strong></p>
+  <p>Spelling, hyphenation, punctuation, capitalization, and accentuation
+  vary throughout the text. They are retained as published; we have
+  not standardized them.</p>
+  <p class="covernote">The cover page was created by the transcriber by modifying the original cover
+  and is placed in the public domain.</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p>
+<h1>THE MASTER OF GAME</h1>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</a></span></p>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="Fox_Hunting">
+  <a href="images/i_005.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_005thumb.jpg" width="400" height="587"
+         alt="Fox hunting &quot;above ground&quot; with raches or running hounds."
+       title="Fox hunting &quot;above ground&quot; with raches or running hounds." />
+  </a>
+  <p class="caption">
+    Fox hunting &quot;above ground&quot; with raches or running hounds.
+  </p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616 in the <em>Biblioth&egrave;que
+    Nationale</em>, Paris.)</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/i_005.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p>
+<div class="titlepage">
+  <p class="title">THE MASTER OF GAME</p>
+  <p>BY EDWARD, SECOND DUKE OF YORK : THE OLDEST ENGLISH BOOK ON
+    HUNTING : EDITED BY WM. A. <span class="smcap">and</span> F.
+    BAILLIE-GROHMAN WITH A FOREWORD BY THEODORE ROOSEVELT<br />
+  </p>
+    <div id="i_006">
+      <img src="images/i_006.png" alt="Publisher's Logo" title="Logo" />
+    </div>
+    <br />
+    <p class="center">LONDON<br />
+    <span class="publisher">CHATTO &amp; WINDUS</span><br />
+    MCMIX</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span></p>
+<p class="copyright"><em>All rights reserved</em></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2>
+<table class="toc" summary="Table of Contents">
+  <tr>
+    <th><span class="smcap">chap.</span></th>
+    <th></th>
+    <th><span class="smcap">page</span></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#ILLUSTRATIONS"><span class="smcap">Illustrations</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_ix">ix</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#INTRODUCTION"><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#FOREWORD"><span class="smcap">Foreword
+      to the First Edition</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_xix">xix</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">I.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_I"><span class="smcap">The Prologue</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">II.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_II"><span class="smcap">Of the
+      Hare and of her Nature</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">III.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_III"><span class="smcap">Of the
+      Hart and his Nature</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">IV.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV"><span class="smcap">Of the
+      Buck and of his Nature</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">V.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_V"><span class="smcap">Of the
+      Roe and of his Nature</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">VI.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI"><span class="smcap">Of the
+      Wild Boar and of his Nature</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">VII.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII"><span class="smcap">Of
+      the Wolf and of his Nature</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">VIII.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII"><span class="smcap">Of
+      the Fox and of his Nature</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">IX.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX"><span class="smcap">Of the
+      Grey (Badger) and of his Nature</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">X.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_X"><span class="smcap">Of
+      the (Wild) Cat and its Nature</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XI.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI"><span class="smcap">The
+      Otter and his Nature</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XII.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XII"><span class="smcap">Of
+      the Manner and Habits and Conditions of Hounds</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XIII.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">
+      <span class="smcap">Of Sicknesses of Hounds and of their Corruptions</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_85">85</a>
+       <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XIV.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIV"><span class="smcap">Of
+      Running Hounds and of their Nature</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XV.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XV"><span class="smcap">Of
+      Greyhounds and of their Nature</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XVI.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVI"><span class="smcap">Of
+      Alauntes and of their Nature</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XVII.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVII"><span class="smcap">Of
+      Spaniels and of their Nature</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XVIII.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII"><span class="smcap">Of
+      the Mastiff and of his Nature</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XIX.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIX"><span class="smcap">What
+      Manner and Condition a Good Hunter should have</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XX.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XX"><span class="smcap">How
+      the Kennel for the Hounds and the Couples for the Raches and
+      the Ropes for the Lymer should be made</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XXI.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXI"><span class="smcap">How
+      the Hounds should be led out to Scombre</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XXII.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXII"><span class="smcap">How
+      a Hunter's Horn should be Driven</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XXIII.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXIII"><span class="smcap">How
+      a Man should lead his Groom in Quest for to know a Hart by his Trace</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XXIV.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXIV"><span class="smcap">How
+      a Man should know a Great Hart by the Fumes</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XXV.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXV"><span class="smcap">How
+      a Man should know a Great Hart by the Place where he hath Frayed his Head</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_135">135</a>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XXVI.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXVI"><span class="smcap">How
+      the Ordinance should be made for the Hart Hunting by Strength
+      and how the Hart should be Harboured</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XXVII.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXVII"><span class="smcap">How
+      a Hunter should go in Quest by the Sight</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XXVIII.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXVIII"><span class="smcap">How
+      an Hunter should go in Quest between the Plains and the Wood</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XXIX.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXIX"><span class="smcap">How
+      a Hunter should go in Quest in the Coppice and the Young Wood</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XXX.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXX"><span class="smcap">How
+      an Hunter should go in Quest in Great Coverts and Strengths</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XXXI.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXI"><span class="smcap">How
+      a Hunter should Quest in Clear Spires and High Wood</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XXXII.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXII"><span class="smcap">How
+      a Good Hunter shall go in Quest to hear the Harts Bellow</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XXXIII.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXIII"><span class="smcap">How
+      the Assembly that Men call Gathering should be made both Winter
+      and Summer after the guise of beyond the Sea</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XXXIV.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXIV"><span class="smcap">How
+      the Hart should be moved with the Lymer and Run to and Slain with Strength</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_165">165</a>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XXXV.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXV"><span class="smcap">How
+      an Hunter should Seek and Find the Hare with Running Hounds and
+      Slay her with Strength</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left">XXXVI.</td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXVI"><span class="smcap">Of
+      the Ordinance and the Manner of Hunting when the King will Hunt
+      in Forests or in Parks for the Hart with Bows and Greyhounds and Stable</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#APPENDIX"><span class="smcap">Appendix</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#LIST_OF_SOME_BOOKS_CONSULTED">
+      <span class="smcap">List of some Books Consulted and Abbreviations used in Text</span></a>
+    </td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_268">268</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#GLOSSARY"><span class="smcap">Glossary</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_282">282</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td align="left"><a href="#INDEX"><span class="smcap">Index</span></a></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="ILLUSTRATIONS" id="ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+<table class="toc" summary="List of Illustrations">
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#Fox_Hunting">Fox
+      Hunting&quot;Above Ground&quot;</a></span></td>
+    <td align="right" colspan="2"><a href="#Page_ii"><em>Frontispiece</em></a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap">
+      <a href="#GASTON_PHOEBUS_SURROUNDED_BY_HUNTSMEN_AND_HOUNDS">Gaston
+      Ph&oelig;bus surrounded by Huntsmen and Hounds</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center"><em>To face page</em></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap">
+      <a href="#The_Hare_And_her_Leverets">The Hare and her Leverets</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center">&quot;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap">
+      <a href="#How_to_Quest_for_the_Hart_in_Woods">How to Quest for
+      the Hart in Woods</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center">&quot;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap">
+      <a href="#Buck-hunting_With_Running_Hounds">Buck-hunting with Running Hounds</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center">&quot;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap">
+      <a href="#ROEBUCK-HUNTING">Roebuck-hunting with Greyhounds and Running Hounds</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center">&quot;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#BADGER-DRAWING">Badger-drawing</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center">&quot;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#OTTER-HUNTING">Otter-hunting</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center">&quot;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap">
+      <a href="#HOW_THE_HOUNDS_WERE_LED_OUT">How the Hounds were Led Out</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center">&quot;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap">
+      <a href="#RACHES_OR_RUNNING_HOUNDS">Raches or Running Hounds
+      in the Fifteenth Century</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center">&quot;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap">
+      <a href="#THE_SMOOTH_AND_THE_ROUGH-COATED_GREYHOUNDS">The
+      Smooth and the Rough-coated Greyhounds</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center">&quot;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap">
+      <a href="#THE_FIVE_BREEDS_OF_HOUNDS_DESCRIBED_IN_THE_TEXT">The
+      Five Breeds of Hounds described in the Text</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center">&quot;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap">
+      <a href="#THE_KENNEL_AND_KENNELMEN">The Kennel and Kennelmen</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center">&quot;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_126">126</a>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap">
+      <a href="#THE_MASTER_TEACHING_HIS_HUNTSMAN">The Master
+      Teaching his Huntsman how to Quest for the Hart with the Limer or Trackhound</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center"><em>To face page</em></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap">
+      <a href="#HOW_A_GREAT_HART_IS_TO_BE_KNOWN_BY_HIS_quotFUMESquot">
+      How a great Hart is to be known by his &quot;Fumes&quot; (Excrements)</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center">&quot;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap">
+      <a href="#How_the_Hunter_Should_View_the_Hart">How the Hunter
+      should view the Hart</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center">&quot;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap">
+      <a href="#HOW_TO_QUEST_FOR_THE_HART_IN_COVERTS">How to Quest
+      for the Hart in Coverts</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center">&quot;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap">
+      <a href="#HARE-HUNTING_WITH_GREYHOUNDS_AND_RUNNING_HOUNDS">
+      Hare-hunting with Greyhounds and Running Hounds</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center">&quot;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap">
+      <a href="#HARE-DRIVING_WITH_LOW_BELLS">Hare-driving with Low Bells</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center">&quot;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap">
+      <a href="#NETTING_HARES_IN_THEIR_quotMUSESquot">Netting
+      Hares in their &quot;Muses&quot;</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center">&quot;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap">
+      <a href="#THE_quotUNDOINGquot_OR_GRALLOCHING_OF_THE_HART">The
+      &quot;Undoing&quot; or Gralloching of the Hart: the Master
+      Instructing his Hunters how it is Done</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center">&quot;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap">
+      <a href="#HART-HUNTING_WITH_GREYHOUNDS_AND_RACHES">Hart-hunting
+      with Greyhounds and Raches</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center">&quot;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap">
+      <a href="#THE_quotCUREacuteEquot_OR_REWARDING_OF_THE_HOUNDS">
+      The &quot;Cur&eacute;e&quot; or Rewarding of the Hounds</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center">&quot;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td align="left"><span class="smcap">
+      <a href="#SHOOTING_HARES_WITH_BLUNT_BOLTS">Shooting Hares with Blunt Bolts</a></span></td>
+    <td align="center">&quot;</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION</h2>
+<p>The &quot;Master of Game&quot; is the oldest as well as the most important work
+on the chase in the English language that has come down to us from the
+Middle Ages.</p>
+<p>Written between the years 1406 and 1413 by Edward III.'s grandson
+Edward, second Duke of York, our author will be known to every reader
+of Shakespeare's &quot;Richard II.,&quot; for he is no other than the arch
+traitor Duke of Aumarle, previously Earl of Rutland, who, according to
+some historians, after having been an accomplice in the murder of his
+uncle Gloucester, carried in his own hand on a pole the head of his
+brother-in-law. The student of history, on the other hand, cannot
+forget that this turbulent Plantagenet was the gallant leader of
+England's vanguard at Agincourt, where he was one of the great nobles
+who purchased with their lives what was probably the most glorious
+victory ever vouchsafed to English arms.</p>
+<p>He tells us in his Prologue, in which he dedicates his &quot;litel symple
+book&quot; to Henry, eldest
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span>
+son of his cousin Henry IV., &quot;Kyng of Jngelond and of Fraunce,&quot; that
+he is the Master of Game at the latter's court.</p>
+<p>Let it at once be said that the greater part of the book before us is
+not the original work of Edward of York, but a careful and almost
+literal translation from what is indisputably the most famous hunting
+book of all times, <i>i.e.</i> Count Gaston de Foix's <i>Livre de Chasse</i>,
+or, as author and book are often called, <i>Gaston Ph&oelig;bus</i>, so named
+because the author, who was a kinsman of the Plantagenets, and who
+reigned over two principalities in southern France and northern Spain,
+was renowned for his manly beauty and golden hair. It is he of whom
+Froissart has to tell us so much that is quaint and interesting in his
+inimitable chronicle. <i>La Chasse</i>, as Gaston de Foix tells us in his
+preface, was commenced on May 1, 1387, and as he came to his end on a
+bear hunt not much more than four years later, it is very likely that
+his youthful Plantagenet kinsman, our author, often met him during his
+prolonged residence in Aquitaine, of which, later on, he became the
+Governor.</p>
+<p>Fortunately for us, the enforced leisure which the Duke of York
+enjoyed while imprisoned in Pevensey Castle for his traitorous
+connection with the plots of his sister to assassinate the King and to
+carry off their two young kinsmen, the Mortimers,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span>
+the elder of whom was the heir presumptive to the throne, was of
+sufficient length to permit him not only to translate <i>La Chasse</i> but
+to add five original chapters dealing with English hunting.</p>
+<p>These chapters, as well as the numerous interpolations made by the
+translator, are all of the first importance to the student of venery,
+for they emphasise the changes&mdash;as yet but very trifling
+ones&mdash;that had been introduced into Britain in the three hundred
+and two score years that had intervened since the Conquest, when the
+French language and French hunting customs became established on
+English soil. To enable the reader to see at a glance which parts of
+the &quot;Master of Game&quot; are original, these are printed in italics.</p>
+<p>The text, of which a modern rendering is here given, is taken from the
+best of the existing nineteen MSS. of the &quot;Master of Game,&quot; viz. the
+Cottonian MS. Vespasian B. XII., in the British Museum, dating from
+about 1420. The quaint English of Chaucer's day, with its archaic
+contractions, puzzling orthography, and long, obsolete technical terms
+in this MS. are not always as easy to read as those who only wish to
+get a general insight into the contents of the &quot;Master of Game&quot; might
+wish. It was a difficult question to decide to what extent this text
+should be modernised. If translated completely into twentieth century
+English a great part of the charm and interest of the original
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span>
+would be lost. For this reason many of the old terms of venery and the
+construction of sentences have been retained where possible, so that
+the general reader will be able to appreciate the &quot;feeling&quot; of the old
+work without being unduly puzzled. In a few cases where, through the
+omission of words, the sense was left undetermined, it has been made
+clear after carefully consulting other English MSS. and the French
+parent work.</p>
+<p>It seemed very desirable to elucidate the textual description of
+hunting by the reproduction of good contemporary illuminations, but
+unfortunately English art had not at that period reached the high
+state of perfection which French art had attained. As a matter of
+fact, only two of the nineteen English MSS. contain these pictorial
+aids, and they are of very inferior artistic merit. The French MSS. of
+<i>La Chasse</i>, on the other hand, are in several cases exquisitely
+illuminated, and MS. f. fr. 616, which is the copy from which our
+reproductions&mdash;much reduced in size, alas!&mdash;are made, is not
+only the best of them, but is one of the most precious treasures of
+the <i>Biblioth&egrave;que Nationale</i> in Paris. These superb miniatures
+are unquestionably some of the finest handiwork of French miniaturists
+at a period when they occupied the first rank in the world of art.</p>
+<p>The editors have added a short Appendix, elucidating
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span>
+ancient hunting customs and terms of the chase. Ancient terms of
+venery often baffle every attempt of the student who is not intimately
+acquainted with the French and German literature of hunting. On one
+occasion I appealed in vain to Professor Max M&uuml;ller and to the
+learned Editor of the Oxford Dictionary. &quot;I regret to say that I know
+nothing about these words,&quot; wrote Dr. Murray; &quot;terms of the chase are
+among the most difficult of words, and their investigation demands a
+great deal of philological and antiquarian research.&quot; There is little
+doubt that but for this difficulty the &quot;Master of Game&quot; would long ago
+have emerged from its seclusion of almost five hundred years. It is
+hoped that our notes will assist the reader to enjoy this hitherto
+neglected classic of English sport. Singularly enough, as one is
+almost ashamed to have to acknowledge, foreign students, particularly
+Germans, have paid far more attention to the &quot;Master of Game&quot; than
+English students have, and there are few manuscripts of any importance
+about which English writers have made so many mistakes. This is all
+the more curious considering the precise information to the contrary
+so easily accessible on the shelves of the British Museum. All English
+writers with a single exception (Thomas Wright) who have dealt with
+our book have attributed it persistently to a wrong man and a wrong
+period.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span>
+This has been going on for more than a century; for it was the
+learned, but by no means always accurate, Joseph Strutt who first
+thrust upon the world, in his often quoted &quot;Sports and Pastimes of the
+English People,&quot; certain misleading blunders concerning our work and
+its author. Blaine, coming next, adding thereto, was followed little
+more than a decade later by &quot;Cecil,&quot; author of an equally much quoted
+book, &quot;Records of the Chase.&quot; In it, when speaking of the &quot;Master of
+Game,&quot; he says that he has &quot;no doubt that it is the production of
+Edmund de Langley,&quot; thus ascribing it to the father instead of to the
+son. Following &quot;Cecil's&quot; untrustworthy lead, Jesse, Lord Wilton, Vero
+Shaw, Dalziel, Wynn, the author of the chapter on old hunting in the
+Badminton Library volume on Hunting, and many other writers copied
+blindly these mistakes.</p>
+<p>Five years ago the present editors published in a large folio volume
+the first edition of the &quot;Master of Game&quot; in a limited and expensive
+form. It contained side by side with the ancient text a modernised
+version, extended biographical accounts of Edward of York and of
+Gaston de Foix (both personalities of singular historical and human
+interest), a detailed bibliography of the existing medi&aelig;val
+hunting literature up to the end of the sixteenth century, a glossary,
+and a very much longer appendix than it was possible to insert
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[Pg xvii]</a></span>
+in the present volume, which, in order to make it conform to the
+series of which it forms part, had to be cut down to about one-sixth
+of the first edition. A similar fate had to befall the illustrations,
+which had to be reduced materially both in number and size. We would
+therefore invite the reader whose interest in the subject may possibly
+be aroused by the present pages, to glance at the perhaps
+formidable-looking pages of the first edition, with its facsimile
+photogravure reproductions of the best French and English
+illuminations to be found in fifteenth century hunting literature.</p>
+<p>In conclusion, I desire to repeat also in this place the expression of
+my thanks to the authorities of the British Museum&mdash;to Dr. G. F.
+Warner and Mr. I. H. Jeayes in particular&mdash;to the heads of the
+Bodleian Library, the <i>Biblioth&egrave;que Nationale</i>, the Mazarin and
+the Arsenal Libraries in Paris, the Duc d'Aumale's Library at
+Chantilly, the <i>Biblioth&egrave;que Royale</i> at Brussels, the
+<i>K&ouml;nigliche Bibliotheken</i> in Munich and Dresden, the <i>Kaiserliche
+und K&ouml;nigliche Haus, Hof and Staats Archiv</i>, and the <i>K. and K.
+Hof Bibliothek</i> in Vienna, to Dr. F. J. Furnivall, Mr. J. E. Harting,
+Mr. T. Fitzroy Fenwick of Cheltenham, and to express my indebtedness
+to the late Sir Henry Dryden, Bt., of Canons Ashby, for his kind
+assistance in my research work.</p>
+<p>To one person more than to any other my
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[Pg xviii]</a></span>
+grateful acknowledgment is due, namely to Mr. Theodore Roosevelt,
+President of the United States, who, notwithstanding the press of
+official duties, has found time to write the interesting <i>Foreword</i>. A
+conscientious historian of his own great country, as well as one of
+its keenest sportsmen, President Roosevelt's qualifications for this
+kindly office may be described as those of a modern Master of Game. No
+more competent writer could have been selected to introduce to his
+countrymen a work that illustrates the spirit which animated our
+common forbears five centuries ago, their characteristic devotion to
+the chase, no less than their intimate acquaintance with the habits
+and &quot;nature&quot; of the wild game they pursued: all attributes worthy of
+some study by the reading sportsmen of the twentieth century, who, as
+I show, have hitherto neglected the study of English Venery. It was at
+first intended to print this <i>Foreword</i> only in the American Edition,
+but it soon became evident that this would give to it an advantage
+which readers in this country would have some reason to complain of,
+so it was inserted also in the English Edition, and from it taken over
+into the present one.</p>
+<div id="i_021">
+  <img src="images/i_021.png" alt="Signature" title="Signature" />
+</div>
+<p><span class="smcap">London</span>, <em>March 3, 1909</em>.</p>
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">[Pg xix]</a></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="FOREWORD" id="FOREWORD"></a>FOREWORD<br />
+TO THE FIRST EDITION</h2>
+<p>During the century that has just closed Englishmen
+have stood foremost in all branches of sport,
+at least so far as the chase has been carried on by
+those who have not followed it as a profession.
+Here and there in the world whole populations have
+remained hunters, to whom the chase was part of
+their regular work&mdash;delightful and adventurous,
+but still work. Such were the American backwoodsmen
+and their successors of the great plains
+and the Rocky Mountains; such were the South
+African Boers; and the mountaineers of Tyrol, if
+not coming exactly within this class, yet treated
+the chase both as a sport and a profession. But
+disregarding these wild and virile populations, and
+considering only the hunter who hunts for the
+sake of the hunting, it must be said of the
+Englishman that he stood pre-eminent throughout
+the nineteenth century as a sportsman for sport's
+sake. Not only was fox-hunting a national pastime,
+but in every quarter of the globe Englishmen
+predominated among the adventurous spirits
+who combined the chase of big game with bold
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">[Pg xx]</a></span>
+exploration of the unknown. The icy polar seas,
+the steaming equatorial forests, the waterless
+tropical deserts, the vast plains of wind-rippled
+grass, the wooded northern wilderness, the stupendous
+mountain masses of the Andes and the
+Himalayas&mdash;in short, all regions, however frowning
+and desolate, were penetrated by the restless
+English in their eager quest for big game. Not
+content with the sport afforded by the rifle,
+whether ahorse or afoot, the English in India
+developed the use of the spear and in Ceylon the
+use of the knife as the legitimate weapons with
+which to assail the dangerous quarry of the jungle
+and the plain. There were hunters of other
+nationalities, of course&mdash;Americans, Germans,
+Frenchmen; but the English were the most
+numerous of those whose exploits were best worth
+recounting, and there was among them a larger
+proportion of men gifted with the power of narration.
+Naturally under such circumstances a
+library of nineteenth century hunting must be
+mainly one of English authors.</p>
+<p>All this was widely different in the preceding
+centuries. From the Middle Ages to the period
+of the French Revolution hunting was carried on
+with keener zest in continental Europe than in
+England; and the literature of the chase was far
+richer in the French, and even in the German,
+tongues than in the English.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi">[Pg xxi]</a></span></p>
+<p>The Romans, unlike the Greeks, and still more
+unlike those mighty hunters of old, the Assyrians,
+cared little for the chase; but the white-skinned,
+fair-haired, blue-eyed barbarians, who, out of the
+wreck of the Roman Empire, carved the States
+from which sprang modern Europe, were passionately
+devoted to hunting. Game of many kinds
+then swarmed in the cold, wet forests which
+covered so large a portion of Europe. The kings
+and nobles, and the freemen generally, of the
+regions which now make France and Germany,
+followed not only the wolf, boar, and stag&mdash;the
+last named the favourite quarry of the hunter of
+the Middle Ages&mdash;but the bear, the bison&mdash;which
+still lingers in the Caucasus and in one Lithuanian
+preserve of the Czar&mdash;and the aurochs, the huge
+wild ox&mdash;the <i>Urus</i> of C&aelig;sar&mdash;which has now
+vanished from the world. In the Nibelungen
+Lied, when Siegfried's feats of hunting are described,
+it is specified that he slew both the bear
+and the elk, the bison and the aurochs. One of
+the early Burgundian kings was killed while
+hunting the bison; and Charlemagne was not
+only passionately devoted to the chase of these
+huge wild cattle, but it is said prized the prowess
+shown therein by one of his stalwart daughters.</p>
+<p>By the fourteenth century, when the Count of
+Foix wrote, the aurochs was practically or entirely
+extinct, and the bison had retreated eastwards,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxii" id="Page_xxii">[Pg xxii]</a></span>
+where for more than three centuries it held its
+own in the gloomy morasses of the plain south-east
+of the Baltic. In western Europe the game
+was then the same in kind that it is now, although
+all the larger species were very much more plentiful,
+the roebuck being perhaps the only one of
+the wild animals that has since increased in
+numbers. With a few exceptions, such as the
+Emperor Maximilian, the kings and great lords
+of the Middle Ages were not particularly fond of
+chamois and ibex hunting; it was reserved for
+Victor Emmanuel to be the first sovereign with
+whom shooting the now almost vanished ibex was
+a favourite pastime.</p>
+<p>Eager though the early Norman and Plantagenet
+kings and nobles of England were in the
+chase, especially of the red deer, in France and
+Germany the passion for the sport was still
+greater. In the end, on the Continent the chase
+became for the upper classes less a pleasure than
+an obsession, and it was carried to a fantastic
+degree. Many of them followed it with brutal
+indifference to the rights of the peasantry and to
+the utter neglect of all the serious affairs of life.
+During the disastrous period of the Thirty Years
+War, the Elector of Saxony spent most of his
+time in slaughtering unheard-of numbers of red
+deer; if he had devoted his days and his treasure
+to the urgent contemporary problems of statecraft
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiii" id="Page_xxiii">[Pg xxiii]</a></span>
+and warcraft he would have ranked more nearly
+with Gustavus Adolphus and Wallenstein, and
+would have stood better at the bar of history.
+Louis XVI. was also devoted to the chase in its
+tamer forms, and was shooting at driven game
+when the Paris mob swarmed out to take possession
+of his person. The great lords, with whom
+love of hunting had become a disease, not merely
+made of game-preserving a grievous burden for
+the people, but also followed the chase in ways
+which made scant demands upon the hardier qualities
+either of mind or of body. Such debased
+sport was contemptible then; and it is contemptible
+now. Luxurious and effeminate artificiality,
+and the absence of all demands for the
+hardy virtues, rob any pastime of all title to
+regard. Shooting at driven game on occasions
+when the day's sport includes elaborate feasts in
+tents on a store of good things brought in waggons
+or on the backs of sumpter mules, while the sport
+itself makes no demand upon the prowess of the
+so-called sportsman, is but a dismal parody upon
+the stern hunting life in which the man trusts to
+his own keen eye, stout thews, and heart of steel
+for success and safety in the wild warfare waged
+against wild nature.</p>
+<p>Neither of the two authors now under consideration
+comes in this undesirable class. Both
+were mighty men with their hands, terrible in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiv" id="Page_xxiv">[Pg xxiv]</a></span>
+battle, of imposing presence and turbulent spirit.
+Both were the patrons of art and letters, and both
+were cultivated in the learning of the day. For
+each of them the chase stood as a hardy and
+vigorous pastime of the kind which makes a
+people great. The one was Count Gaston de
+Foix, author of the most famous of medi&aelig;val
+hunting-books, a mighty lord and mighty hunter,
+as well as statesman and warrior. The other was
+Edward, second Duke of York, who at Agincourt
+&quot;died victorious.&quot; He translated into English
+a large portion of Gaston de Foix's <i>La Chasse</i>,
+adding to it five original chapters. He called his
+book &quot;The Master of Game.&quot;</p>
+<p>Gaston's book is better known as <i>Gaston
+Ph&oelig;bus</i>, the nickname of the author which Froissart
+has handed down. He treats not only
+of the animals of France, but of the ibex, the
+chamois, and the reindeer, which he hunted in
+foreign lands. &quot;The Master of Game&quot; is the
+oldest book on hunting in the English language.
+The original chapters are particularly interesting
+because of the light they throw upon English
+hunting customs in the time of the Plantagenets.
+The book has never hitherto been published.
+Nineteen ancient manuscript copies are known;
+of the three best extant two are on the shelves of
+the Bloomsbury treasure house, the other in the
+Bodleian Library. Like others of the famous old
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxv" id="Page_xxv">[Pg xxv]</a></span>
+authors on venery, both the Count of Foix and
+the Duke of York show an astonishing familiarity
+with the habits, nature, and chase of their quarry.
+Both men, like others of their kind among their
+contemporaries, made of the chase not only an
+absorbing sport but almost the sole occupation of
+their leisure hours. They passed their days in
+the forest and were masters of woodcraft. Game
+abounded, and not only the chase but the killing
+of the quarry was a matter of intense excitement
+and an exacting test of personal prowess, for the
+boar, or the bear, or hart at bay was slain at close
+quarters with the spear or long knife.</p>
+<p>&quot;The Master of Game&quot; is not only of interest
+to the sportsman, but also to the naturalist, because
+of its quaint accounts of the &quot;nature&quot; of
+the various animals; to the philologist because of
+the old English hunting terms and the excellent
+translations of the chapters taken from the French;
+and to the lover of art because of the beautiful
+illustrations, with all their detail of costume, of
+hunting accoutrements, and of ceremonies of &quot;la
+grande venerie&quot;&mdash;which are here reproduced in
+facsimile from one of the best extant French manuscripts
+of the early fifteenth century. The translator
+has left out the chapters on trapping and
+snaring of wild beasts which were contained in the
+original, the hunting with running hounds being
+the typical and most esteemed form of the sport.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxvi" id="Page_xxvi">[Pg xxvi]</a></span>
+Gaston Ph&oelig;bus's <i>La Chasse</i> was written just
+over a century before the discovery of America;
+&quot;The Master of Game&quot; some fifteen or twenty
+years later. The former has been reprinted many
+times. Mr. Baillie-Grohman in reproducing (for
+the first time) the latter in such beautiful form
+has rendered a real service to all lovers of sport,
+of nature, and of books&mdash;and no one can get the
+highest enjoyment out of sport unless he can live
+over again in the library the keen pleasure he
+experienced in the wilderness.</p>
+<hr />
+<p>In modern life big-game hunting has assumed
+many widely varied forms. There are still remote
+regions of the earth in which the traveller
+must depend upon his prowess as a hunter for
+his subsistence, and here and there the foremost
+settlers of new country still war against the game
+as it has been warred against by their like since
+time primeval. But over most of the earth such
+conditions have passed away for ever. Even in
+Africa game preserving on a gigantic scale has
+begun. Such game preserving may be of two
+kinds. In one the individual landed proprietor,
+or a group of such individuals, erect and maintain
+a private game preserve, the game being their
+property just as much as domestic animals. Such
+preserves often fill a useful purpose, and if managed
+intelligently and with a sense of public spirit
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxvii" id="Page_xxvii">[Pg xxvii]</a></span>
+and due regard for the interests and feelings of
+others, may do much good, even in the most democratic
+community. But wherever the population
+is sufficiently advanced in intelligence and character,
+a far preferable and more democratic way of
+preserving the game is by a system of public preserves,
+of protected nurseries and breeding-grounds,
+while the laws define the conditions under which
+all alike may shoot the game and the restrictions
+under which all alike must enjoy the privilege.
+It is in this way that the wild creatures of the
+forest and the mountain can best and most permanently
+be preserved. Even in the United
+States the enactment and observance of such laws
+has brought about a marked increase in the game
+of certain localities, as, for instance, New England,
+during the past thirty years; while in the Yellowstone
+Park the elk, deer, antelope, and mountain
+sheep, and, strangest of all, the bear, are not
+merely preserved in all their wild freedom, but,
+by living unmolested, have grown to show a confidence
+in man and a tameness in his presence such
+as elsewhere can be found only in regions where
+he has been hitherto unknown.</p>
+<p>The chase is the best of all national pastimes,
+and this none the less because, like every other
+pastime, it is a mere source of weakness if carried
+on in an unhealthy manner, or to an excessive
+degree, or under over-artificial conditions. Every
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxviii" id="Page_xxviii">[Pg xxviii]</a></span>
+vigorous game, from football to polo, if allowed
+to become more than a game, and if serious work
+is sacrificed to its enjoyment, is of course noxious.
+From the days when Trajan in his letters to Pliny
+spoke with such hearty contempt of the Greek
+over-devotion to athletics, every keen thinker has
+realised that vigorous sports are only good in their
+proper place. But in their proper place they are
+very good indeed. The conditions of modern life
+are highly artificial, and too often tend to a softening
+of fibre, physical and moral. It is a good
+thing for a man to be forced to show self-reliance,
+resourcefulness in emergency, willingness to endure
+fatigue and hunger, and at need to face risk.
+Hunting is praiseworthy very much in proportion
+as it tends to develop these qualities. Mr. Baillie-Grohman,
+to whom most English-speaking lovers
+of sport owe their chief knowledge of the feats in
+bygone time of the great hunters of continental
+Europe, has himself followed in its most manly
+forms this, the manliest of sports. He has hunted
+the bear, the wapiti, and the mountain ram in the
+wildest regions of the Rockies, and, also by fair
+stalking, the chamois and the red deer in the Alps.
+Whoever habitually follows mountain game in
+such fashion must necessarily develop qualities
+which it is a good thing for any nation to see
+brought out in its sons. Such sport is as far removed
+as possible from that in which the main
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxix" id="Page_xxix">[Pg xxix]</a></span>
+object is to make huge bags at small cost of effort,
+and with the maximum of ease, no good quality
+save marksmanship being required. Laying stress
+upon the mere quantity of game killed, and the
+publication of the record of slaughter, are sure
+signs of unhealthy decadence in sportsmanship.
+As far as possible the true hunter, the true lover
+of big game and of life in the wilderness, must be
+ever ready to show his own power to shift for
+himself. The greater his dependence upon others
+for his sport the less he deserves to take high rank
+in the brotherhood of rifle, horse, and hound.
+There was a very attractive side to the hunting of
+the great medi&aelig;val lords, carried on with an elaborate
+equipment and stately ceremonial, especially as
+there was an element of danger in coming to close
+quarters with the quarry at bay; but after all, no
+form of hunting has ever surpassed in attractiveness
+the life of the wilderness wanderer of our
+own time&mdash;the man who with simple equipment,
+and trusting to his own qualities of head, heart,
+and hand, has penetrated to the uttermost regions
+of the earth, and single-handed slain alike the
+wariest and the grimmest of the creatures of the
+waste.</p>
+<p><span class="right">THEODORE ROOSEVELT.</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">The White House,</span><br />
+<em>February 15, 1904.</em></p>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="GASTON_PHOEBUS_SURROUNDED_BY_HUNTSMEN_AND_HOUNDS">
+  <a href="images/i_035.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_035thumb.jpg" height="519" width="400"
+      alt="GASTON PH&OElig;BUS SURROUNDED BY HUNTSMEN AND HOUNDS" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="caption"><em>GASTON PH&OElig;BUS</em> SURROUNDED BY HUNTSMEN AND HOUNDS</p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+  <p class="click"><a href="images/i_035.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<p id="title1"><a name="THE_MASTER_OF_GAME" id="THE_MASTER_OF_GAME"></a>
+THE MASTER OF GAME</p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I<br />
+THE PROLOGUE</h2>
+<p><i>To the honour and reverence of you my right
+worshipful and dread Lord Henry by the grace of
+God eldest son and heir unto the high excellent
+and Christian Prince Henry IV. by the aforesaid
+grace King of England and of France, Prince of
+Wales, Duke of Guienne of Lancaster and of Cornwall,
+and Earl of Chester.</i></p>
+<p><i>I your own in every humble wise have me ventured
+to make this little simple book which I recommend
+and submit to your noble and wise correction, which
+book if it pleaseth your aforesaid Lordship shall be
+named and called MASTER OF GAME. And
+for this cause: for the matter that this book treateth
+of what in every season of the year is most durable,
+and to my thinking to every gentle heart most disportful
+of all games, that is to say hunting. For
+though it be that hawking with gentle hounds and
+hawks for the heron and the river be noble and commendable,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>
+it lasteth seldom at the most more than
+half a year. For though men find from May unto
+Lammas</i> (August 1st) <i>game enough to hawk at, no
+one will find hawks to hawk with.<a name="FNanchor_1_1"
+id="FNanchor_1_1" href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">1</a>
+But as of hunting there is no season of all the year,
+that game may not be found in every good country, also hounds
+ready to chase it. And since this book shall be all
+of hunting, which is so noble a game, and lasting
+through all the year of divers beasts that grow
+according to the season for the gladdening of
+man, I think I may well call it MASTER OF
+GAME.</i></p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p>
+    <a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a>
+    <a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">1</span></a>
+    As the hawks would be mewing and unfit to fly.
+  </p>
+</div>
+<p><i>And though it be so my dear Lord, that many
+could better have meddled with this matter and also
+more ably than I, yet there be two things that have
+principally emboldened and caused me to take this
+work in hand. The first is trust of your noble correction,
+to which as before is said, I submit this
+little and simple book. The second is that though I
+be unworthy, I am Master of this Game with that
+noble prince your Father our all dear sovereign and
+liege Lord aforesaid. And as I would not that his
+hunters nor yours that now be or that should come
+hereafter did not know the perfection of this art, I
+shall leave for these this simple memorial, for as
+Chaucer saith in his prologue of &quot;The 25<a
+name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2" href="#Footnote_2_2"
+class="fnanchor">2</a> Good
+Women&quot;: &quot;By writing have men mind of things
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>
+passed, for writing is the key of all good remembrance.&quot;</i></p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p>
+    <a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"
+       href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">2</span></a>
+      The Shirley MS. in the British Museum has &quot;XV.&quot;
+  </p>
+</div>
+<p>And first I will begin by describing the nature
+of the hare,<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"
+href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">3</a> secondly of the nature of the hart,
+thirdly of the buck and of his nature, fourthly of
+the roe and of his nature, fifthly of the wild boar
+and of his nature, sixthly of the wolf and of his
+nature, seventhly of the fox and of his nature,
+eighthly of the badger and of his nature, ninthly
+of the cat and of his nature, tenthly of the marten
+and his nature, eleventhly of the otter and of his
+nature. Now have I rehearsed how I will in this
+little book describe the nature of these aforesaid
+beasts of venery and of chace, and therefore will
+I name the hounds the which I will describe hereafter,
+both of their nature and conditions. And
+first I will begin with raches (running
+hounds)<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"
+href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">4</a>
+and their nature, and then greyhounds and their
+nature, and then alaunts and their nature, and
+then spaniels and their nature, and then mastiffs
+that men call curs and their nature, and then of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
+small curs that come to be terriers and their
+nature, and then I shall devise and tell the sicknesses
+of hounds and their diseases. And furthermore
+I will describe what qualities and manners
+a good hunter should have, and of what parts he
+should be, and after that I will describe the
+manner and shape of the kennel, and how it
+should be environed and arrayed. Also I will
+describe of what fashion a hunter's horn should
+be driven, and how the couplings should be made
+for the raches and of what length. Furthermore
+I will prove by sundry reasons in this little prologue,
+that the life of no man that useth gentle
+game and disport be less displeasable unto God
+than the life of a perfect and skilful hunter,
+or from which more good cometh. The first
+reason is that hunting causeth a man to eschew
+the seven deadly sins. Secondly men are better
+when riding, more just and more understanding,
+and more alert and more at ease and more undertaking,
+and better knowing of all countries and all
+passages; in short and long all good customs and
+manners cometh thereof, and the health of man
+and of his soul. For he that fleeth the seven
+deadly sins as we believe, he shall be saved, therefore
+a good hunter shall be saved, and in this
+world have joy enough and of gladness and of
+solace, so that he keep himself from two things.
+One is that he leave not the knowledge nor the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>
+service of God, from whom all good cometh, for
+his hunting. The second that he lose not the
+service of his master for his hunting, nor his own
+duties which might profit him most. Now shall
+I prove how a hunter may not fall into any of
+the seven deadly sins. When a man is idle and
+reckless without work, and be not occupied in
+doing some thing, he abides in his bed or in his
+chamber, a thing which draweth men to imaginations
+of fleshly lust and pleasure. For such men
+have no wish but always to abide in one place, and
+think in pride, or in avarice, or in wrath, or in
+sloth, or in gluttony, or in lechery, or in envy.
+For the imagination of men rather turns to evil
+than to good, for the three enemies which mankind
+hath, are the devil, the world and the flesh,
+and this is proved enough.</p>
+<p>Nevertheless there be many other reasons which
+are too long to tell, and also every man that
+hath good reason knoweth well that idleness is
+the foundation of all evil imaginations. Now shall
+I prove how imagination is lord and master of all
+works, good or evil, that man's body or his limbs
+do. You know well, good or evil works small
+or great never were done but that beforehand
+they were imagined or thought of. Now shall
+you prove how imagination is the mistress of all
+deeds, for imagination biddeth a man do good or
+evil works, whichever it be, as before is said. And
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>
+if a man notwithstanding that he were wise should
+imagine always that he were a fool, or that he hath
+other sickness, it would be so, for since he would
+think steadfastly that he were a fool, he would do
+foolish deeds as his imagination would command,
+and he would believe it steadfastly. Wherefore
+methinks I have proved enough of imagination,
+notwithstanding that there be many other reasons
+the which I leave to avoid long writing. Every
+man that hath good sense knoweth well that this
+is the truth.</p>
+<p>Now I will prove how a good hunter may not
+be idle, and in dreaming may not have any evil
+imaginations nor afterwards any evil works. For
+the day before he goes out to his office, the night
+before he shall lay him down in his bed, and shall
+not think but for to sleep, and do his office well
+and busily, as a good hunter should. And he
+shall have nothing to do, but think about all
+that which he has been ordered to do. And he
+is not idle, for he has enough to do to think about
+rising early and to do his office without thinking
+of sins or of evil deeds. And early in the dawning
+of the day he must be up for to go unto his
+quest, <i>that in English is called searching</i>, well and
+busily, for as I shall say more explicitly hereafter,
+when I shall speak of how men shall quest and
+search to harbour the hart. And in so doing he
+shall not be idle, for he is always busy. And
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>
+when he shall come again to the assembly or meet,
+then he hath most to do, for he must order his
+finders and relays for to move the hart, and uncouple
+his hounds. With that he cannot be idle,
+for he need think of nothing but to do his office,
+and when he hath uncoupled, yet is he less idle,
+and he should think less of any sins, for he hath
+enough to do to ride <i>or to foot it well</i> with his
+hounds and to be always near them and to hue or
+rout well, and blow well, and to look whereafter
+he hunteth, and which hounds are <i>vanchasers and
+parfiters</i>,<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"
+href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">5</a> and
+redress and bring his hounds on the right line again
+when they are at fault<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"
+href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">6</a> or hunting
+rascal.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"
+href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">7</a> And when the hart
+is dead or what other chase he was hunting, then is he less idle,
+for he hath enough to do to think how to undo
+the hart in his manner and to raise that which
+appertaineth<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"
+href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">8</a> to him, and well
+to do his cur&eacute;e.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"
+href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">9</a>
+And he should look how many of his hounds are
+missing of those that he brought to the wood in
+the morning, and he should search for them, and
+couple them up. And when he has come home,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
+should he less think to do evil, for he hath enough
+to do to think of his supper, and to ease himself
+and his horse, and to sleep, and to take his rest,
+for he is weary, and to dry himself of the dew or
+peradventure of the rain. And therefore I say
+that all the time of the hunter is without idleness
+and without evil thoughts, and without evil works
+of sin, for as I have said idleness is the foundation
+of all vices and sins. And the hunter may not be
+idle if he would fill his office aright, and also he
+can have no other thoughts, for he has enough to
+do to think and imagine of his office, the which
+is no little charge, for whoso will do it well and
+busily, especially if they love hounds and their
+office.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"
+     href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">3</span></a>
+     Gaston de Foix has a different sequence, putting the hart first
+     and the hare sixth, and having four animals more, namely, the
+     reindeer, the chamois (including ibex), the bear and the rabbit,
+     while the &quot;Master of Game&quot; has one animal, the Marten,
+     of which Gaston de Foix does not speak.
+  </p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"
+     href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">4</span></a>
+     Gaston de Foix follows a different sequence, commencing with
+     alaunts, then greyhounds, raches, spaniels, and says
+     &quot;fifthly I will speak of all kinds of mongrel dogs, such
+     as come from mastiffs and alaunts, from greyhounds and running
+     hounds, and other such.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"
+     href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">5</span></a>
+     The hounds that came in the first relay (van) and those in the
+     subsequent relays. See Appendix: Relays.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"
+     href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">6</span></a>
+     Diverted or off the line.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"
+     href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">7</span></a>
+     Chasing small or lean deer. See Appendix: Hart.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"
+     href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">8</span></a>
+     To take those parts of the deer which fell to him by custom.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"
+     href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">9</span></a>
+     Cur&eacute;e: The ceremony of giving the hounds their reward on
+     the skin of the animal they have chased. See Appendix: Cur&eacute;e.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Wherefore I say that such an hunter is not idle,
+he can have no evil thoughts, nor can he do
+evil works, wherefore he must go into
+paradise.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"
+href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">10</a>
+For by many other reasons which are too long to
+write can I prove these things, but it sufficeth
+that every man that hath good sense knoweth well
+that I speak the real truth.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"
+     href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">10</span></a>
+     Gaston de Foix in the French parent work puts it even more
+     forcefully; he says: &quot;tout droit en paradis.&quot; See
+     Lavall&eacute;e's ed. 1854.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Now shall I prove how hunters live in this world
+more joyfully than any other men. For when the
+hunter riseth in the morning, and he sees a sweet
+and fair morn and clear weather and bright, and he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>
+heareth the song of the small birds, the which
+sing so sweetly with great melody and full of love,
+each in it's own language in the best wise that
+it can according that it learneth of it's own kind.
+And when the sun is arisen, he shall see fresh dew
+upon the small twigs and grasses, and the sun by
+his virtue shall make them shine. And that is
+great joy and liking to the hunter's heart. After
+when he shall go to his quest or searching, he shall
+see or meet anon with the hart without great seeking,
+and shall harbour<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"
+href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">11</a> him well and readily within
+a little compass. It is great joy and liking to the
+hunter. And after when he shall come to the
+assembly or gathering, and he shall report before
+the Lord and his company that which he hath seen
+with his eyes, or by scantilon (measure) of the
+trace (slot) which he ought always of right to
+take, or by the fumes<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"
+href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">12</a> (excrements) that he shall
+put in his horn or in his lap. And every man shall
+say: Lo, here is a great hart and a deer of high
+meating or pasturing; go we and move him; the
+which things I shall declare hereafter, then can
+one say that the hunter has great joy. When he
+beginneth to hunt and he hath hunted but a little
+and he shall hear or see the hart start before
+him and shall well know that it is the right one,
+and his hounds that shall this day be finders, shall
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
+come to the lair (bed), or to the fues (track), and
+shall there be uncoupled without any be left
+coupled, and they shall all run well and hunt,
+then hath the hunter great joy and great pleasure.
+Afterwards he leapeth on horseback, <i>if he be of
+that estate, and else on foot</i> with great haste to
+follow his hounds. And in case peradventure
+the hounds shall have gone far from where he
+uncoupled, he seeketh some advantage to get
+in front of his hounds. And then shall he see
+the hart pass before him, and shall holloa and
+rout mightily, and he shall see which hound come
+in the van-chase, and in the middle, and which
+are parfitours,<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"
+href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">13</a> according to the order in which
+they shall come. And when all the hounds have
+passed before him then shall he ride after them
+and shall rout and blow as loud as he may with
+great joy and great pleasure, and I assure you
+he thinketh of no other sin or of no other evil.
+And when the hart be overcome and shall be
+at bay he shall have pleasure. And after, when
+the hart is spayed<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"
+href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">14</a> and dead, he undoeth him
+and maketh his cur&eacute;e and enquireth or rewardeth
+his hounds, and so he shall have great pleasure,
+and when he cometh home he cometh joyfully,
+for his lord hath given him to drink of his good
+wine at the cur&eacute;e, and when he has come home
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>
+he shall doff his clothes and his shoes and his hose,
+and he shall wash his thighs and his legs, and peradventure
+all his body. And in the meanwhile
+he shall order well his supper, with <i>wortes</i> (roots)
+<i>and of the neck</i> of the hart and of other good
+meats, and good wine <i>or ale</i>. And when he hath
+well eaten and drunk he shall be glad and well,
+and well at his ease. And then shall he take the
+air in the evening of the night, for the great heat
+that he hath had. And then he shall go and
+drink and lie in his bed in fair fresh clothes,
+and shall sleep well and steadfastly all the night
+without any evil thoughts of any sins, wherefore
+I say that hunters go into Paradise when they die,
+and live in this world more joyfully than any other
+men. Yet I will prove to you how hunters live
+longer than any other men, for as Hippocras
+the doctor telleth: &quot;full repletion of meat slayeth
+more men than any sword or knife.&quot; They eat
+and drink less than any other men of this world,
+for in the morning at the assembly they eat a little,
+and if they eat well at supper, they will by the
+morning have corrected their nature, for then they
+have eaten but little, and their nature will not
+be prevented from doing her digestion, whereby
+no wicked humours or superfluities may be engendered.
+And always, when a man is sick, men
+diet him and give him to drink water made of
+sugar and tysane and of such things for two or
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
+three days to put down evil humours and his
+superfluities, and also make him void (purge).
+But for a hunter one need not do so, for he may
+have no repletion on account of the little meat,
+and by the travail that he hath. And, supposing
+that which can not be, and that he were full of
+wicked humours, yet men know well that the best
+way to terminate sickness that can be is to sweat.
+And when the hunters do their office on horseback
+or on foot they sweat often, then if they have any
+evil in them, it must (come) away in the sweating;
+so that he keep from cold after the heat. Therefore
+it seemeth to me I have proved enough.
+Leeches ordain for a sick man little meat and
+sweating for the terminating and healing of all
+things. And since hunters eat little and sweat
+always, they should live long and in health.
+Men desire in this world to live long in health
+and in joy, and after death the health of the soul.
+And hunters have all these things. Therefore
+be ye all hunters and ye shall do as wise men.
+Wherefore I counsel to all manner of folk of what
+estate or condition that they be, that they love
+hounds and hunting and the pleasure of hunting
+beasts of one kind or another, or hawking. For
+to be idle and to have no pleasure in either hounds
+or hawks is no good token. <i>For as saith in his
+book Ph&oelig;bus the Earl of Foix that noble hunter</i>, he
+saw never a good man that had not pleasure in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>
+some of these things, were he ever so great and
+rich. For if he had need to go to war he would
+not know what war is, for he would not be accustomed
+to travail, and so another man would have
+to do that which he should. For men say in old
+saws: &quot;The lord is worth what his lands are
+worth.&quot;<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"
+href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">15</a>
+<i>And also he saith in the aforesaid book</i>,
+that he never saw a man that loved the work and
+pleasure of hounds and hawks, that had not many
+good qualities in him; for that comes to him of
+great nobleness and gentleness of heart of whatever
+estate the man may be, whether he be a great
+lord, or a little one, or a poor man or a rich one.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"
+     href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">11</span></a>
+     Trace the deer to its lair.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"
+     href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">12</span></a>
+     See Appendix: Excrements.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"
+     href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">13</span></a>
+     See Appendix: Relays.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"
+     href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">14</span></a>
+     Despatched with a sword or knife. See Appendix: Spay.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p>
+    <a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"
+    href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">15</span></a>
+    Gaston de Foix says: &quot;Tant vaut seigneur tant vaut sa gent et sa terre,&quot; p. 9.
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II<br />
+OF THE HARE AND OF HER NATURE</h2>
+<p>The hare is a common beast enough, and therefore
+I need not tell of her making, for there be
+few men that have not seen some of them. They
+live on corn, and on weeds growing on waste land,
+on leaves, on herbs, on the bark of trees, on
+grapes and on many other fruits. The hare is a
+good little beast, and much good sport and liking
+is the hunting of her, more than that of any other
+beast that <i>any man knoweth</i>, if he<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"
+href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">16</a> were not so
+little. And that for five reasons: the one is, for
+her hunting lasteth all the year as with running
+hounds without any sparing, and this is not with
+all the other beasts. And also men may hunt at
+her both in the morning and in the evening. In
+the eventide, when they be relieved,<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"
+href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">17</a> and in the
+morning, when they sit in form. And of all</p>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="The_Hare_And_her_Leverets">
+  <a href="images/i_050.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_050thumb.jpg" alt="THE HARE AND HER LEVERETS"
+     title="The Hare and her Leverte" />
+    </a>
+  <p class="caption">THE HARE AND HER LEVERETS</p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/i_050.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
+<p class="continued">other beasts it is not so, for if it rain in the
+morning your journey is lost, and of the hare it
+is not so. That other [reason] is to seek the
+hare; it is a well fair thing, especially who so
+hunteth her rightfully, for hounds must need
+find her by mastery and quest point by point,
+and undo all that she hath done all the night
+of her walking, and of her pasture unto the time
+that they start her. And it is a fair thing when
+the hounds are good and can well find her. And
+the hare shall go sometimes from her sitting to
+her pasture half a mile or more, specially in open
+country. And when she is started it is a fair
+thing. And then it is a fair thing to slay her
+with strength of hounds, for she runneth long
+and gynnously (cunningly). A hare shall last well
+four miles or more or less, if she be an old male
+hare. And therefore the hunting of the hare is
+good, for it lasteth all the year, as I have said.
+And the seeking is a well fair thing, and the
+chasing of the hare is a well fair thing, and the
+slaying of him with strength (of hounds) is a fair
+thing, for it requireth great mastery on account
+of her cunning. When a hare ariseth out of her
+form to go to her pasture or return again to her
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
+seat, she commonly goes by one way, and as she
+goes she will not suffer any twig or grass to touch
+her, for she will sooner break it with her teeth
+and make her way. Sometime she sitteth a mile
+or more from her pasturing, and sometimes near
+her pasture. But when she sitteth near it, yet
+she may have been the amount of half a mile
+or more from there where she hath pastured, and
+then she ruseth again from her pasture. And
+whether she go to sit near or far from her pasture
+she goes so gynnously (cunningly) and wilily
+that there is no man in this world that would
+say that any hound could unravel that which she
+has done, or that could find her. For she will
+go a bow shot or more by one way, and ruse
+again by another, and then she shall take her way
+by another side, and the same she shall do ten,
+twelve, or twenty times, from thence she will
+come into some hedge or strength (thicket), and
+shall make semblance to abide there, and then
+will make cross roads ten or twelve times, and
+will make her ruses, and thence she will take
+some false path, and shall go thence a great way,
+and such semblance she will make many times
+before she goeth to her seat.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"
+     href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">16</span></a>
+     The hare was frequently spoken of in two genders in the same
+     sentence, for it was an old belief that the hare was at one time
+     male, and at another female. See Appendix: Hare.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"
+     href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">17</span></a>
+     Means here: when the hare has arisen from her form to go to her
+     feeding. Fr. <i>relever</i>. G. de F. explains, p. 42: <i>un
+     lievre se reli&egrave;ve pour aler &agrave; son vianders</i>.
+     Relief, which denoted the act of arising and going to feed,
+     became afterwards the term for the feeding itself. &quot;A hare
+     hath greater scent and is more eagerly hunted when she relieves
+     on green corn&quot; (<i>Comp. Sportsman</i>, p. 86). It possibly
+     was used later to denote the excrements of a hare; thus Blome
+     (1686) p. 92, says: &quot;A huntsman may judge by the relief and
+     feed of the hare what she is.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<p>The hare cannot be judged, either by the foot
+or by her fumes (excrements), for she always
+crotieth<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"
+href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">18</a>
+in one manner, except when she goeth
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>
+in her love that hunters call ryding time, for then
+she crotieth her fumes more burnt (drier) and
+smaller, especially the male. The hare liveth no
+long time, for with great pain may she pass the
+second<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"
+href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">19</a> year, though she
+be not hunted or slain. She hath bad sight<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"
+href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">20</a> and great fear
+to run<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"
+href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">21</a> on
+account of the great dryness of her sinews. She
+windeth far men when they seek her. When
+hounds grede of her (seek) and quest her she
+flieth away for the fear that she hath of the
+hounds. Sometimes men find her sitting in her
+form, and sometimes she is bitten (taken) by
+hounds in her form before she starts. They
+that abide in the form till they be found are
+commonly stout hares, and well running. The
+hare that runneth with right standing ears is
+but little afraid, and is strong, and yet when she
+holdeth one ear upright and the other laid low
+on her ryge (back), she feareth but little the
+hounds. An hare that crumps her tail upon her
+rump when she starteth out of her form as a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
+coney (does) it is a token that she is strong and
+well running. The hare runneth in many diverse
+manners, for some run all they are able a whole
+two miles or three, and after run and ruse again
+and then stop still when they can no more, and
+let themselves be bitten (by the hounds), although
+she may not have been seen all the day. And
+sometimes she letteth herself be bitten the first
+time that she starteth, for she has no more might
+(strength). And some run a little while and
+then abide and squat, and that they do oft.
+And then they take their flight as long as they
+can run ere they are dead. And some be that
+abide till they are bitten in their form, especially
+when they be young that have not passed half a
+year. Men know by the outer side of the hare's
+leg if she has not passed a year.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"
+href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">22</a> And so men
+should know of a hound, of a fox, and of a wolf,
+by a little bone that they have in a bone which is
+next the sinews, where there is a little pit (cavity).</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"
+     href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">18</span></a>
+     Casting her excrements.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"
+     href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">19</span></a>
+     A mistake of the old scribes which occurs also in other MSS.;
+     it should, of course, read &quot;seventh&quot; year. G. de F.
+     has the correct version.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"
+     href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">20</span></a>
+     G. de F. says: &quot;She hears well but has bad sight,&quot; p. 43.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"
+     href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">21</span></a>
+     &quot;Fear to run&quot; is a mistake occasioned by the
+     similarity of the two old French words &quot;pouair,&quot;
+     power, and &quot;paour&quot; or fear. In those of the original
+     French MS. of G. de F. examined by us it is certainly &quot;
+     power&quot; and not &quot;fear.&quot; Lavall&eacute;e in his
+     introduction says the same thing. See Appendix: Hare.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"
+     href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">22</span></a>
+     See Appendix: Hare.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Sometimes when they are hunted with hounds
+they run into a hole as a coney, or into hollow
+trees, or else they pass a great river. Hounds
+do not follow some hares as well as others, for
+four reasons. Those hares who be begotten of
+the kind of a coney, as some be in warrens, the
+hounds lust not, nor scenteth them not so well.
+The other (is) that the fues (footing) of some
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>
+hares carry hotter scent than some, and therefore
+the hounds scenteth of one more than of the
+other, as of roses, some smell better than others,
+and yet they be all roses. The other reason is
+that they steal away ere they be found, and the
+hounds follow always forth right. The others
+run going about and then abide,<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"
+href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">23</a> wherefore the
+hounds be often on stynt (at fault). The other
+(reason) is according to the country they run in,
+for if they run in covert, hounds will scent them
+better than if they run in plain (open) country,
+or in the ways (paths), for in the covert their
+bodies touch against the twigs and leaves, because
+it is a strong (thick) country. And when they
+run in plain country or in the fields they touch
+nothing, but with the foot, and therefore the
+hound can not so well scent the fues of them.
+And also I say that some country is more sweet
+and more loving (to scent) than another. The
+hare abideth commonly in one country, and if
+she hath the fellowship of another or of her
+kyndels or leverettes, they be five or six, for
+no strange hare will they suffer to dwell in their
+marches (district), though they be of their nature
+(kind),<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"
+href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">24</a>
+and therefore men say in old saws: &quot;Who
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+so hunteth the most hares shall find the most.&quot;
+<i>For Phebus the Earl of Foix, that good hunter,
+saith that</i> when there be few hares in a country
+they should be hunted and slain, so that the
+hares of other countries about should come into
+that march.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"
+     href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">23</span></a>
+     G. de F. has: &quot;vonts riotans tournions et demourant,&quot;
+     <i>i.e.</i> run rioting, turning and stopping, p. 44.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"
+     href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">24</span></a>
+     Both the Vespasian and the Shirley MS. in the British Museum
+     have the same, but G. de F., p. 45, has, &quot;except those of
+     their nature&quot; (<i>fors que celle de leur nature</i>).</p>
+</div>
+<p>Of hares, some go faster and be stronger than
+others, as it is of men and other beasts. Also the
+pasture and the country where they abide helpeth
+much thereto. For when the hare abideth and
+formeth in a plain country where there are no
+bushes, such hares are commonly strongest and
+well running. Also when they pasture on two
+herbs&mdash;that one is called Soepol (wild thyme) and
+that other be Pulegium (pennyroyal) they are
+strong and fast running.</p>
+<p>The hares have no season of their love for, as I
+said, it is called ryding time, for in every month
+of the year that it shall not be that some be not
+with kindles (young). Nevertheless, commonly
+their love is most in the month of January, and
+in that month they run most fast of any time of
+the year, both male and female. And from May
+unto September they be most slow, for then they
+be full of herbs and of fruits, or they be great
+and full of kindles, and commonly in that time
+they have their kindles. Hares remain in sundry
+(parts of the) country, according to the season of
+the year; sometimes they sit in the fern, sometimes
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+in the heath, sometimes in the corn, and in growing
+weeds, and sometimes in the woods. In April
+and in May when the corn is so long that they
+can hide themselves therein, gladly will they sit
+therein. And when men begin to reap the corn
+they will sit in the vines and in other strong (thick)
+heaths, in bushes and in hedges, and commonly in
+cover under the wind and in cover from the rain,
+and if there be any sun shining they will gladly
+sit against the beams of the sun. For a hare of
+its own kind knoweth the night before what
+weather it will be on the next morrow, and therefore
+she keepeth herself the best way she may from
+the evil weather. The hare beareth her kindles
+two months,<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"
+href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">25</a> and when they are kindled she
+licketh her kindles as a bitch doeth her whelps.
+Then she runneth a great way thence, and goeth
+to seek the male, for if she should abide with her
+kindles she would gladly eat them. And if she
+findeth not the male, she cometh again to her
+kindles a great while after and giveth them to suck,
+and nourisheth them for the maintainance of 20
+days or thereabouts. A hare beareth commonly
+2 kindles, but I have seen some which have kindled
+at once sometime 6, sometime 5 or 4 or 2;<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"
+href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">26</a> and
+but she find the male within three days from the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>
+time she hath kindled, she will eat her kindles.
+And when they be in their love they go together
+as hounds, save they hold not together as hounds.
+They kindle often in small bushes or in little
+hedges, or they hide in heath or in briars or in
+corn or in vines. If you find a hare which has
+kindled the same day, and the hounds hunt after
+her, and if you come thither the next morrow ye
+shall find how she has removed her kindles, and
+has borne them elsewhere with her teeth, as a bitch
+doth her whelps. Men slay hares with greyhounds,
+and with running hounds by strength, <i>as
+in England, but elsewhere they slay them also</i> with
+small pockets, and with purse nets, and with small
+nets, <i>with hare pipes</i>, and with long nets, and with
+small cords that men cast where they make their
+breaking of the small twigs when they go to their
+pastures, as I have before said.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"
+href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">27</a> But, <i>truly, I trow
+no good hunter would slay them so for any good</i>.
+When they be in their heat of love and pass any
+place where conies be, the most part of them will
+follow after her as the hounds follow after a bitch
+or a brache.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"
+     href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">25</span></a>
+     This is incorrect: the hare carries her young thirty days
+     (Brehm, vol. ii. p.626; Harting, <i>Ency. of Sport</i>, vol. i. p. 504).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"
+     href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">26</span></a>
+     Should read &quot;three&quot; (G. de F., p.47).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"
+     href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">27</span></a>
+     See Appendix: Snares.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb" id="How_to_Quest_for_the_Hart_in_Woods" style="width: 400px;">
+  <a href="images/i_060.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_060thumb.jpg" alt="HOW TO QUEST FOR THE HART IN WOODS"
+     title="How to Quest for the Hart in Woods" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="caption">HOW TO QUEST FOR THE HART IN WOODS</p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/i_060.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III<br />
+OF THE HART AND HIS NATURE</h2>
+
+<p>The hart is a common beast enough and therefore
+me needeth not to tell of his making, for there be
+few folk that have not seen some. The harts be
+the lightest (swiftest) beasts and strongest, and
+of marvellous great cunning. They are in their
+love, which men call rut, about the time of the
+Holy Rood<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"
+href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">28</a> in September and remain in their
+hot love a whole month and ere they be fully out
+thereof they abide (in rut) nigh two months.
+And then they are bold, and run upon men as a
+wild boar would do if he were hunted. And they
+be wonderfully perilous beasts, for with great pain
+shall a man recover that is hurt by a hart, and
+therefore men say in old saws: &quot;after the boar
+the leech and after the hart the bier.&quot; For he
+smiteth as the stroke of the springole,<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"
+href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">29</a> for he has
+great strength in the head and the body. They
+slay, fight and hurt each other, when they be in
+rut, that is to say in their love, and they sing in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
+their language <i>that in England hunters call bellowing</i>
+as man that loveth paramour.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"
+href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">30</a> They slay
+hounds and horses and men at that time and
+turn to the abbay (be at bay) as a boar does
+especially when they be weary. And yet have
+men seen at the parting of their ligging (as they
+start from the lair)<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"
+href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">31</a> that he hath hurt him that
+followeth after, and also the greyhounds<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"
+href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">32</a> and
+furthermore a courser. And yet when they are
+in rut, which is to say their love, in a forest
+where there be few hinds and many harts or male
+deer, they slay, hurt and fight with each other,
+for each would be master of the hinds. And
+commonly the greatest hart and the most strong
+holdeth the rut and is master thereof. And when
+he is well pured and hath been long at rut all
+the other harts that he hath chased and flemed
+away (put to flight) from the rut then run upon
+him and slay him, and that is sooth. And in
+parks this may be proved, for there is never a
+season but the greatest hart will be slain by the
+others not while he is at the rut, but when he
+has withdrawn and is poor of love. In the woods
+they do not so often slay each other as they do in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>
+the plain country. And also there are divers
+ruts in the forest, but in the parks there are none
+but that are within the park.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"
+href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">33</a> After that they be
+withdrawn from the hinds they go in herds and
+in soppes (troops) with the rascal (young lean
+deer) and abide in (waste) lands and in heathes
+more than they do in woods, for to enjoy the
+heat of the sun, they be poor and lean for the
+travail they have had with the hinds, and for the
+winter, and the little meat that they find. After
+that they leave the rascal and gather together
+with two or three or four harts in soppes till the
+month of March when they mew (shed) their
+horns, and commonly some sooner than others, if
+they be old deer, and some later if they be young
+deer, or that they have had a hard winter, or that
+they have been hunted, or that they have been
+sick, for then they mew their heads and later
+come to good points. And when they have
+mewed their heads they take to the strong (thick)
+bushes as privily as they may, till their heads be
+grown again, and they come into grease; after
+that they seek good country for meating (feeding)
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>
+of corn, of apples, of vines, of tender growing
+trees, of peas, of beans, and other fruits and
+grasses whereby they live. And sometimes a
+great hart hath another fellow that is called his
+squire, for he is with him and doth as he will.
+And so they will abide all that season if they be
+not hindered until the last end of August. And
+then they begin to look, and to think and to bolne
+and to bellow and to stir from the haunt in which
+they have (been) all the season, for to go seek
+the hinds. They recover their horns and are
+summed of their tines as many as they shall have
+all the year between March when they mewed
+them to the middle of June; and then be they
+recovered of their new hair that <i>men call polished</i>
+and their horns be recovered with a soft hair <i>that
+hunters call velvet</i> at the beginning, and under
+that skin and that hair the horn waxes hard and
+sharp, and about Mary Magdalene day (July 22)
+they fray their horns against the trees, and have
+(rubbed) away that skin from their horns and then
+wax they hard and strong, and then they go to
+burnish and make them sharp in the colliers
+places (charcoal pits) that men make sometimes
+in the great groves. And if they can find none
+they go against the corners of rocks <i>or to crabbe
+tree or to hawthorn or other trees</i>.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"
+href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">34</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
+<p>They be half in grease or thereabouts by the
+middle of June when their head is summed, and
+they be highest in grease during all August.
+Commonly they be calved in May, and the hind
+beareth her calf nine months or thereabout as a
+sow,<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"
+href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">35</a>
+ and sometimes she has three<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"
+href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">36</a> calves at a
+calving time. And I say not that they do not
+calve sometime sooner and sometime later, much
+according to causes and reasons. The calves are
+calved with hair red and white, which lasteth them
+that colour into the end of August, and then they
+turn red of hair, as the hart and the hind. And
+at that time they run so fast that a hare<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"
+href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">37</a> should
+have enough to do to overtake him within the
+shot of an haronblast (cross-bow). Many men
+judge the deer of many colours of hair and
+especially of three colours. Some be called
+brown, some dun and some yellow haired. And
+also their heads be of divers manners, the one is
+called a head well-grown, and the other is called
+well affeted,<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"
+href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">38</a> and well affeted is when the head
+has waxed by ordinance according to the neck and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>
+shape, when the tines be well grown in the beam
+by good measure, one near the other, then it is
+called well affeted. Well grown is when the
+head is of great beam and is well affeted and
+thick tined, well high and well opened (spread).
+That other head is called counterfeit (abnormal)
+when it is different and is otherwise turned behind
+or wayward in other manner than other common
+deer be accustomed to bear. That other high
+head is open, evil affeted with long tines and
+few. That other is low and great and well
+affeted with small tines. And the first tine that
+is next the head is called antler, and the second
+Royal and the third above, the Sur-royal, and the
+tines<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"
+href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">39</a>
+which be called fourth if they be two, and
+if they be three or four or more be called troching.
+And when their heads be burnished at the colliers'
+pits commonly they be always black, and also
+commonly when they be burnished at the colliers'
+pits they be black on account of the earth which
+is black of its kind. And when they are burnished
+against <i>rock</i> they abide all white, but some have
+their heads naturally white and some black. And
+when they be about to burnish they smite the
+ground with their feet and welter like a horse.
+And then they burnish their heads, and when
+they be burnished which they do all the month
+of July they abide in that manner till the feast of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
+the Holy (Cross) in September 14th and then
+they go to rut as I have said.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"
+     href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">28</span></a>
+     September 14. See Appendix: Hart, Seasons.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"
+     href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">29</span></a>
+     An engine of war used for throwing stones.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"
+     href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">30</span></a>
+     G. de F., p. 12. &quot;Ainsi que fet un homme bien
+     amoureus&quot; (&quot;As does a man much in love).&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"
+     href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">31</span></a>
+     This word ligging is still in use in Yorkshire, meaning lair,
+     or bed, or resting-place. In Devonshire it is spelt
+     &quot;layer.&quot; Fortescue, p. 132.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"
+     href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">32</span></a>
+     G. de F., p. 12, has &quot;limer&quot; instead of &quot;greyhound.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"
+     href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">33</span></a>
+     This passage is confused. In G. de F., p. 12, we find that the
+     passage runs: &quot;Et aussi il y a ruyt en divers lieux de la
+     forest et on paix ne peut estre en nul lieu, fors que dedans le
+     part.&quot; Lavall&eacute;e translates these last five words,
+     &quot;C'est &agrave; dire qu'il n'y a de paix que lorsque les
+     biches sont pleines.&quot; In the exceedingly faulty first
+     edition by Verard, the word &quot;part&quot; is printed
+     &quot;<i>parc</i>,&quot; as it is in our MS.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"
+     href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">34</span></a>
+     G. de F., p. 14, says the harts go to gravel-pits and bogs to fray.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"
+     href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">35</span></a>
+     The MS. transcriber's mistake. It should be &quot;cow.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"
+     href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">36</span></a>
+     G. de F. has &quot;2 calves&quot; as it should be.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"
+     href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">37</span></a>
+     G. de F. has &quot;greyhound,&quot; as it should be (p. 15):
+     &quot;Et d&egrave;s lors vont ils j&agrave; si tost que un
+     levrier a ass&eacute;s &agrave; fere de l'ateindre, ainsi comme
+     un trait d'arcbaleste&quot; (&quot;And from that time they go
+     so quickly that a greyhound has as much to do to catch him as
+     he would the bolt from a crossbow).&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"
+     href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">38</span></a>
+     Well proportioned. See Appendix: Antler.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"
+     href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">39</span></a>
+     Shirley MS. has the addition here: &quot;Which be on top.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<p><i>And the first year that they be calved they be
+called a Calf, the second year a bullock; and that
+year they go forth to rut; the third year a brocket;
+the fourth year a staggard, the fifth a stag; the
+sixth year a hart of ten<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"
+href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">40</a> and then first is he chaseable,
+for always before shall he be called but rascal
+or folly.</i> Then it is fair to hunt the hart, for it
+is a fair thing to seek well a hart, and a fair thing
+well to harbour him, and a fair thing to move
+him, and a fair thing to hunt him, and a fair
+thing to retrieve him, and a fair thing to be at
+the abbay, whether it be on water or on land. A
+fair thing is the cur&eacute;e,<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"
+href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">41</a> and a fair thing to undo
+him well, and for to raise the rights. And a well
+fair thing and good is the devision<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"
+href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">42</a> it be a
+good deer. In so much that considering all things
+I hold that it is the fairest hunting, that any man
+may hunt after. They crotey their fumes (cast
+their excrements) in divers manners according to
+the time and season and according to the pasture
+that they find, now black or dry either in flat
+forms or engleymed (glutinous) or pressed, and
+in many other divers manners the which I shall
+more plainly devise when I shall declare how the
+hunter shall judge, for sometimes they misjudge
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+by the fumes and so they do by the foot. When
+they crotey their fumes flat and not thick, it is in
+April or in May, into the middle of June, when they
+have fed on tender corn, for yet their fumes be
+not formed, and also they have not recovered their
+grease. But yet have men seen sometimes a great
+deer and an old and high in grease, which about
+mid-season crotey their fumes black and dry. And
+therefore by this and many other things many
+men may be beguiled by deer, for some goeth
+better and are better running and fly better than
+some, as other beasts do, and some be more cunning
+and more wily than others, as it is with men,
+for some be wiser than others. And it cometh to
+them of the good kind of their father and mother,
+and of good getting (breeding) and of good nurture
+and from being born in good constellations,
+and in good signs of heaven, and that (is the
+case) with men and all other beasts. Men take
+them with hounds, with greyhounds and with
+nets and with cords, and with other harness,<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"
+href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">43</a>
+with pits and with shot<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"
+href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">44</a> and with other gins
+(traps) and with strength, as I shall say hereafter.
+<i>But in England they are not slain except
+with hounds or with shot or with strength of
+running hounds.</i></p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"
+     href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">40</span></a>
+     In modern sporting terms, a warrantable deer.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"
+     href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">41</span></a>
+     See Appendix: Cur&eacute;e.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"
+     href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">42</span></a>
+     Should be: venison.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"
+     href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">43</span></a>
+     Harness, appurtenances. See Appendix: Harness.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"
+     href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">44</span></a>
+     Means from a cross-bow or long-bow.</p>
+</div>
+<p>An old deer is wonder wise and felle (cunning)
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
+for to save his life, and to keep his advantage
+when he is hunted and is uncoupled to, as the
+lymer moveth him or other hounds findeth him
+without lymers, and if he have a deer (with him)
+that be his fellow he leaveth him to the hounds,
+so that he may warrant (save) himself, and let the
+hounds enchase after that other deer. And he
+will abide still, and if he be alone and the hounds
+find him, he shall go about his haunt wilily and
+wisely and seek the change of other deer, for
+to make the hounds envoise,<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"
+href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">45</a> and to look where
+he may abide. And if he cannot abide he taketh
+leave of his haunt and beginneth to fly there where
+he wots of other change and then when he has
+come thither he herdeth among them and sometimes
+he goeth away with them. And then he
+maketh a ruse on some side, and there he stalleth
+or squatteth until the hounds be forth after the
+other (deer) the which be fresh, and thus he
+changeth so that he may abide. And if there be
+any wise hounds, the which can bodily enchase
+him from the change, and he seeth that all can
+not avail, then he beginneth to show his wiles and
+ruseth to and fro. And all this he doth so that
+the hounds should not find his fues (tracks) in
+intent that he may be freed from them and that
+he may save himself.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"
+     href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">45</span></a>
+     Go off the scent.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Sometimes he fleeth forth with the wind and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
+that for three causes, for when he fleeth against
+the wind it runneth into his mouth and dryeth him
+and doth him great harm. Therefore he fleeth
+oft forth with the wind so that he may always
+hear the hounds come after him. And also that
+the hounds should not scent nor find him, for his
+tail is in the wind and not his nose.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"
+href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">46</a> Also, that
+when the hounds be nigh him he may wind them
+and hye him well from them. <i>But nevertheless
+his nature is for the most part to flee ever on the
+wind till he be nigh overcome, or at the last sideways
+to the wind so that it be aye</i> (ever) <i>in his
+nostrils.</i> And when he shall hear that they be far
+from him, he hieth him not too fast. And when
+he is weary, and hot, then he goeth to yield, and
+soileth to some great river. And some time he
+foils down in the water half a mile or more ere
+he comes to land on any side. And that he doeth
+for two reasons, the one is to make himself cold,
+and for to refresh himself of the great heat that
+he hath, the other is that the hounds and the
+hunter may not come after him nor see his fues
+in the water, as they do on the land. And if in
+the country (there) is no great river he goeth then
+to the little (one) and shall beat up the water or
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>
+foil down the water as he liketh best for the maintenance
+(extent) of a mile or more ere he come
+to land, and he shall keep himself from touching
+any of the brinks or branches but always (keep)
+in the middle of the water, so that the hounds
+should not scent of him. And all that doth he
+for two reasons before said.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"
+     href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">46</span></a>
+     This should read as G. de F. has it (p. 20): &quot;Et aussi
+     affin que les chiens ne puissent bien assentir de luy, quar ilz
+     auront la Cueue au vent et non pas le nez&quot; (&quot;And also
+     that the hounds shall not be able to wind him, as they will have
+     their tails in the wind and not their noses&quot;).</p>
+</div>
+<p>And when he can find no rivers then he draweth
+to great stanks<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"
+href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">47</a> and meres or to great marshes.
+And he fleeth then mightily and far from the
+hounds, that is to say that he hath gone a great way
+from them,<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"
+href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">48</a> then he will go into the stank, and
+will soil therein once or twice in all the stank
+and then he will come out again by the same
+way that he went in, and then he shall ruse again
+the same way that he came (the length of) a
+bow shot or more, and then he shall ruse out
+of the way, for to stall or squatt to rest him,
+and that he doeth for he knoweth well that the
+hounds shall come by the fues into the stank
+where he was. And when they should find that
+he has gone no further they will seek him no
+further, for they will well know that they have
+been there at other times.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"
+     href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">47</span></a>
+     Ponds, pools. See Appendix: Stankes.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"
+     href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">48</span></a>
+     G. de F., p. 21: &quot;Et s'il fuit de fort longe aux chiens,
+     c'est &agrave; dire que il les ait bien esloinh&eacute;s.&quot;
+     See Appendix: &quot;Forlonge.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<p>An hart liveth longest of any beast for he may
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>
+well live an hundred years<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"
+href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">49</a> and the older he is
+the fairer he is of body and of head, and more
+lecherous, but he is not so swift, nor so light,
+nor so mighty. And many men say, but I make
+no affirmation upon that, when he is right old he
+beateth a serpent with his foot till she be wrath,
+and then he eateth her and then goeth to drink,
+and then runneth hither and thither to the water
+till the venom be mingled together and make him
+cast all his evil humours that he had in his body,
+and maketh his flesh come all new.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"
+href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">50</a> The head of
+the hart beareth medicine against the hardness of
+the sinews and is good to take away all aches, especially
+when these come from cold: and so is the
+marrow. They have a bone within the heart
+which hath great medicine, for it comforteth the
+heart, <i>and helpeth for the cardiac</i>, and many other
+things which were too long to write, the which
+bear medicine and be profitable in many diverse
+manners. The hart is more wise in two things
+than is any man or other beast, the one is in
+tasting of herbs, for he hath better taste and better
+savour and smelleth the good herbs and leaves
+and other pastures and meating the which be
+profitable to him, better than any man or beast.
+The other is that he hath more wit and malice
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>
+(cunning) to save himself than any other beast
+or man, for there is not such a good hunter in
+the world that can think of the great malice and
+gynnes (tricks or ruses) that a hart can do, and
+there is no such good hunter nor such good
+hounds, but that many times fail to slay the hart,
+and that is by his wit and his malice and by his
+gins.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"
+     href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">49</span></a>
+     Most old writers on the natural history of deer repeat this
+     fable. See Appendix: Hart.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"
+     href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">50</span></a>
+     See Appendix: Hart.</p>
+</div>
+<p>As of the hinds some be barren and some bear
+calves, of those that be barren their season beginneth
+when the season of the hart faileth and
+lasteth till Lent. And they which bear calves,
+in the morning when she shall go to her lair she
+will not remain with her calf, but she will hold
+(keep) him and leave him a great way from her,
+and smiteth him with the foot and maketh him
+to lie down, and there the calf shall remain always
+while the hind goeth to feed. And then she
+shall call her calf in her language and he shall
+come to her. And that she doeth so that if she
+were hunted her calf might be saved and that he
+should not be found near her. The harts have
+more power to run well from the entry of May
+into St. John's tide<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"
+href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">51</a> than any other time, for then
+they have put on new flesh and new hair and new
+heads, for the new herbs and the new coming out
+(shoots) of trees and of fruits and be not too
+heavy, for as yet they have not recovered their
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>
+grease,<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"
+href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">52</a> neither within nor without, nor their
+heads, wherefore they be much lighter and swifter.
+But from St. John's into the month of August
+they wax always more heavy. Their skin is right
+good for to do many things with when it is well
+tawed and taken in good season. Harts that
+be in great hills, when it cometh to rut, sometimes
+they come down into the great forests and
+heaths and to the launds (uncultivated country)
+and there they abide all the winter until the
+entering of April, and then they take to their
+haunts for to let their heads wax, near the towns
+and villages in the plains there where they find
+good feeding in the new growing lands. And
+when the grass is high and well waxen they withdraw
+into the greatest hills that they can find for
+the fair pastures and feeding and fair herbs that
+be thereupon. And also because there be no flies
+nor any other vermin, as there be in the plain
+country. And also so doth the cattle which
+come down from the hills in winter time, and
+in the summer time draw to the hills. And all
+the time from rutting time into Whitsunday
+great deer and old will be found in the plains,
+but from Whitsunday<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"
+href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">53</a> to rutting time men shall
+find but few great deer save upon the hills, if there
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
+are any (hills) near or within four or five miles, and
+this is truth unless it be some young deer calved
+in the plains, but of those that come from the
+hills there will be none. <i>And every day in the
+heat of the day, and he be not hindered, from May
+to September, he goes to soil though he be not
+hunted.</i></p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"
+     href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">51</span></a>
+     Nativity of St. John the Baptist, June 24.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"
+     href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">52</span></a>
+     See Appendix: Grease.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"
+     href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">53</span></a>
+     This sentence reads somewhat confusedly in our MS., so I have
+     taken this rendering straight from G. de F., p. 23.
+     <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV<br />
+OF THE BUCK AND OF HIS NATURE</h2>
+<p>A buck is a diverse beast, he hath not his hair
+as a hart, for he is more white, and also he hath
+not such a head. He is less than a hart and
+is larger than a roe. A buck's head is palmed
+with a long palming, and he beareth more tines
+than doth a hart. His head cannot be well described
+without painting. They have a longer
+tail than the hart, and more grease on their
+haunches than a hart. They are fawned in the
+month of June and shortly to say they have the
+nature of the hart, save only that the hart goeth
+sooner to rut and is sooner in his season again,
+also in all things of their kind the hart goeth
+before the buck. For when the hart hath been
+fifteen days at rut the buck scarcely beginneth to
+be in heat and bellow.</p>
+<p>And also men go not to sue him with a lymer,
+nor do men go to harbour him as men do to the
+hart. Nor are his fumes put in judgment as
+those of the hart, but men judge him by the foot
+other head as I shall say more plainly hereafter.</p>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="Buck-hunting_With_Running_Hounds">
+  <a href="images/i_078.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_078thumb.jpg" height="547" width="400"
+      alt="Buck-hunting With Running Hounds"
+      title="Buck-hunting With Running Hounds" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="caption">BUCK-HUNTING WITH RUNNING HOUNDS</p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/i_078.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>
+<p>They crotey their fumes in diverse manners
+according to the time and pasture, as doth the
+hart, but oftener black and dry than otherwise.
+When they are hunted they bound again into
+their coverts and fly not so long as doth the hart,
+for sometimes they run upon the hounds.<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"
+href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">54</a> And
+they run long and fly ever if they can by the high
+ways and always with the change. They let
+themselves be taken at the water and beat the
+brooks as a hart, but not with such great malice
+as the hart, nor so gynnously (cunningly) and also
+they go not to such great rivers as the hart.
+They run faster at the beginning than doth the
+hart. They bolk (bellow) about when they go
+to rut, not as a hart doth, but much lower than
+the hart, and rattling in the throat. Their nature
+and that of the hart do not love (to be) together,
+for gladly would they not dwell there where many
+harts be, nor the harts there where the bucks be
+namely together in herds. The buck's flesh is
+more savoury<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"
+href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">55</a> than is that of the hart or of the
+roebuck. The venison of them is right good if
+kept and salted as that of the hart. They abide
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
+oft in a dry country and always commonly in
+herd with other bucks. Their season lasteth
+from the month of May into the middle of
+September. And commonly they dwell in a high
+country where there be valleys and small hills.
+He is undone as the hart.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"
+     href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">54</span></a>
+     They do not make such a long flight as the red deer but by
+     ringing return to the hounds.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"
+     href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">55</span></a>
+     G. de F., p. 29, completes the sense of this sentence by
+     saying that &quot;the flesh of the buck is more savoury to all
+     hounds than that of the stag or of the roe, and for this reason
+     it is a bad change to hunt the stag with hounds which at some
+     other time have eaten buck.&quot;
+     <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V<br />
+OF THE ROE AND OF HIS NATURE</h2>
+<p>The roebuck is a common beast enough, and
+therefore I need not to tell of his making, for
+there be few men that have not seen some of them.
+It is a good little beast and goodly for to hunt to
+whoso can do it as I shall devise hereafter, for
+there be few hunters that can well devise his
+nature. They go in their love that is called
+bokeyng in October,<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"
+href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">56</a> and the bucking of them
+lasteth but fifteen days or there about. At the
+bucking of the roebuck he hath to do but with
+one female for all the season, and a male and a
+female abide together as the hinds<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"
+href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">57</a> till the time
+that the female shall have her kids; and then the
+female parteth from the male and goeth to kid
+her kids far from thence, for the male would
+slay the young if he could find them. And when
+they be big that they can eat by themselves of the
+herbs and of the leaves and can run away, then
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
+the female cometh again to the male, and they
+shall ever be together unless they be slain, and if
+one hunt them and part them asunder one from
+another, they will come together again as soon as
+they can and will seek each other until the time
+that one of them have found the other. And the
+cause why the male and the female be evermore
+together as no otherst in this world, is that
+commonly the female hath two kids at once,
+one male and the other female, and because they
+are kidded together they hold evermore together.
+And yet if they were not kidded together of one
+female, yet is the nature of them such that they
+will always hold together as I have said before.
+When they withdraw from the bucking, they mew
+their heads, for men will find but few roebucks
+that have passed two years that have not mewed
+their heads by All Hallowtide. And after the
+heads come again rough as a hart's head, and
+commonly they burnish their horns in March.
+The roebuck hath no season to be hunted, for
+they bear no venison<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"
+href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">58</a> but men should leave them
+the females for their kids that would be lost unto
+the time that they have kidded, and that the kids
+can feed themselves and live by themselves without
+their dame. It is good hunting for it lasteth
+all the year and they run well, and longer than
+does a great hart in higason time. Roebucks
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>
+cannot be judged by their fumes, and but little by
+their track as one can of harts, for a man cannot
+know the male from the female by her feet or by
+her fumes.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"
+     href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">56</span></a>
+     This is wrong; they rut in the beginning of August. See
+     Appendix: Roe.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"
+     href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">57</span></a>
+     A clerical error. G. de F. (p. 36) says, &quot;as do
+     birds,&quot; which makes good sense.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"
+     href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">58</span></a>
+     See Appendix: Grease.</p>
+</div>
+<p>They have not a great tail and do not gather
+venison as I have said, the greatest grease that they
+may have within is when the kidneys be covered
+all white. When the hounds hunt after the roebuck
+they turn again into their haunts and sometimes
+turn again to the hounds<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"
+href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">59</a>. When they see
+that they cannot dure<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"
+href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">60</a> (last) they leave the country
+and run right long ere they be dead. And they
+run in and out a long time and beat the brooks in
+the same way a hart doth. And if the roebuck
+were as fair a beast as the hart, I hold that it
+were a fairer hunting than that of the hart, for
+it lasteth all the year and is good hunting and
+requires great mastery, for they run right long
+and gynnously (cunningly). Although they mew
+their heads they do not reburnish them, nor repair
+their hair till new grass time. It is a diverse
+(peculiar) beast, for it doth nothing after the
+nature of any other beast, and he followeth men
+into their houses, for when he is hunted and overcome
+he knoweth never where he goeth. The
+flesh of the roebuck is the most wholesome to eat
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
+of any other wild beast's flesh, they live on good
+herbs and other woods and vines and on briars
+and hawthorns<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"
+href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">61</a> with leaves and on all growth of
+young trees. When the female has her kids she
+does all in the manner as I have said of a hind.
+When they be in bucking they sing a right foul
+song, for it seemeth as if they were bitten by
+hounds. When they run at their ease they run
+ever with leaps, but when they be weary or followed
+by hounds they run naturally and sometimes they
+trot or go apace, and sometimes they hasten and
+do not leap, and then men say that the roebuck
+hath lost his leaps, and they say amiss, for he ever
+leaves off leaping when he is well hasted and also
+when he is weary.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"
+     href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">59</span></a>
+     &quot;They ring about in their own country, and often bound
+     back to the hounds&quot; would be a better translation.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"
+     href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">60</span></a>
+     From the French <i>durer</i>, to last.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"
+     href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">61</span></a>
+     G. de F. says &quot;acorns.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<p>When he runneth at the beginning, as I have
+said, he runneth with leaps and with rugged
+standing hair and the eres<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"
+href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">62</a> (target) and the tail
+cropping up all white.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"
+     href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">62</span></a>
+     Middle English <i>ars</i>, hinder parts called target of roebuck.</p>
+</div>
+<p>And when he hath run long his hair lyeth sleek
+down, not standing nor rugged and his eres
+(target) does not show so white.</p>
+<p>And when he can run no longer he cometh and
+yieldeth himself to some small brook, and when
+he hath long beaten the brook upward or downward
+he remaineth in the water under some roots
+so that there is nothing out of water save his head.</p>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="ROEBUCK-HUNTING">
+  <a href="images/i_086.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_086thumb.jpg" height="366" width="400"
+     alt="ROEBUCK-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RUNNING HOUNDS"
+     title="ROEBUCK-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RUNNING HOUNDS" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="caption">ROEBUCK-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RUNNING HOUNDS</p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/i_086.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p>
+<p>And sometimes the hounds and the hunters shall
+pass above him and beside him and he will not stir.
+For although he be a foolish beast he has many
+ruses and treasons to help himself. He runneth
+wondrous fast, for when he starts from his lair he
+will go faster than a brace of good greyhounds.
+They haunt thick coverts of wood, or thick heathes,
+and sometimes in carres (marshes) and commonly
+in high countries or in hills and valleys and sometimes
+in the plains.</p>
+<p>The kids are kidded with pomeled<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"
+href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">63</a> (spotted)
+hair as are the hind calves. And as a hind's calf
+of the first year beginneth to put out his head, in
+the same wise does he put out his small brokes<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"
+href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">64</a>
+(spikes) ere he be a twelvemonth old. He is
+hardeled<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"
+href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">65</a> but not undone as a hart, for he has no
+venison that men should lay in salt. And sometimes
+he is given all to the hounds, and sometimes
+only a part. They go to their feeding as other
+beasts do, in the morning and in the evening, and
+then they go to their lair. The roebuck remains
+commonly in the same country both winter and
+summer if he be not grieved or hunted out
+thereof.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"
+     href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">63</span></a>
+     From the old French <i>pomel&eacute;</i>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"
+     href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">64</span></a>
+     See Appendix: Roe.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"
+     href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">65</span></a>
+     See Appendix: Hardel.
+     <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI<br />
+OF THE WILD BOAR AND OF HIS NATURE</h2>
+<p>A wild boar is a common beast enough and therefore
+it needeth not to tell of his making, for there
+be few gentlemen that have not seen some of them.
+It is the beast of this world that is strongest armed,
+and can sooner slay a man than any other. Neither
+is there any beast that he could not slay if they
+were alone sooner than that other beast could slay
+him,<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"
+href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">66</a>
+be they lion or leopard, unless they should
+leap upon his back, so that he could not turn on
+them with his teeth. And there is neither lion
+nor leopard that slayeth a man at one stroke as
+a boar doth, for they mostly kill with the raising
+of their claws and through biting, but the wild
+boar slayeth a man with one stroke as with a knife,
+and therefore he can slay any other beast sooner
+than they could slay him. It is a proud<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"
+href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">67</a> beast
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>
+and fierce and perilous, for many times have men
+seen much harm that he hath done. For some
+men have seen him slit a man from knee up to the
+breast and slay him all stark dead at one stroke
+so that he never spake thereafter.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"
+     href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">66</span></a>
+     In spite of the boar being such a dangerous animal a wound from
+     his tusk was not considered so fatal as one from the antlers of
+     a stag. An old fourteenth-century saying was: &quot;Pour le
+     sanglier faut le mire, mais pour le cerf convient la bi&egrave;re.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"
+     href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">67</span></a>
+     Proud. G. de F., p. 56, <i>orguilleuse</i>. G. de F., p. 57,
+     says after this that he has often himself been thrown to the
+     ground, he with his courser, by a wild boar and the courser
+     killed (&quot;et moy meismes a il port&eacute; moult des
+     &agrave; terre moy et mon coursier, et mort le coursier&quot;).</p>
+</div>
+<p>They go in their love to the brimming<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"
+href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">68</a> as sows
+do about the feast of St. Andrew<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"
+href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">69</a>, and are in
+their brimming love three weeks, and when the
+sows are cool the boar does not leave them<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"
+href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">70</a>.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"
+     href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">68</span></a>
+     Brimming. From Middle English <i>brime</i>, burning heat. It was
+     also used in the sense of valiant-spirited (Stratmann).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"
+     href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">69</span></a>
+     November 30.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"
+     href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">70</span></a>
+     G. de F., p. 57, adds: &quot;comme fait l'ours.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<p>He stays with them till the twelfth day after
+Christmas, and then the boar leaves the sows and
+goeth to take his covert, and to seek his livelihood
+alone, and thus he stays unthe next year
+when he goeth again to the sows. They abide
+not in one place one night as they do in another,
+but tfind their pasture for (till) all pastures
+fail them as hawthorns<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"
+href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">71</a> and other things. Sometimes
+a great boar has another with him but this
+happens but seldom. They farrow<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"
+href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">72</a> in March,
+and once in the year they go in their love. And
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>
+there are few wild sows that farrow more than
+once in the year, nevertheless men have seen them
+farrow twice in the year.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"
+     href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">71</span></a>
+     A badly worded phrase, the meaning of which is not quite clear.
+     G. de F. has &quot;acorns and beachmast&quot; instead of hawthorns.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"
+     href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">72</span></a>
+     Farrow. See Appendix: Wild Boar.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Sometimes they go far to their feeding between
+night and day, and return to their covert and den
+ere it be day. But if the day overtakes them
+on the way ere they can get to their covert they
+will abide in some little thicket all that day until
+it be night. They wind a man<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"
+href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">73</a> as far as any
+other beast or farther. They live on herbs and
+flowers especially in May, which maketh them
+renew<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"
+href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">74</a> their hair and t flesh. And some
+good hunters <i>of beyond the sea</i> say that in that time
+they bear medicine on account of the good herbs
+and the good flowers that they eat, but thereupon
+I make no affirmation. They eat all manner of
+fruits and all manner of corn, and when these fail
+them they root<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"
+href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">75</a> in the ground with the rowel of
+their snouts which is right hard; they root deep
+in the ground till they find the roots of the ferns
+and of the spurge and other roots of which they
+have the savour (scent) in the earth. And therefore
+have I said they wind wonderfully far and
+marvellously well. And also they eat all the
+vermin and carrion and other foul things. They
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>
+have a hard skin and strong flesh, especially upon
+their shoulders which is called the shield. Their
+season begins from the Holy Cross day in
+September<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"
+href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">76</a>
+to the feast of St. Andrew<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"
+href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">77</a> for then they
+go to the brimming of the sows. For they are
+in grease when they be withdrawn from the sows.
+The sows are in season from the brimming time
+<i>which is to say the twelfth day after Christmas</i> till
+the time when they have farrowed. The boars
+turn commonly to bay on leaving their dens for
+the pride that is in them, and they run upon some
+hounds and at men also. But when the boar is
+heated, or wrathful, or hurt, then he runneth upon
+all things that he sees before him. He dwelleth
+in the strong wood and the thickest that he can
+find and generally runneth in the most covered
+and thickest way so that he may not be seen as he
+trusteth not much in his running, but only in his
+defence and in his desperate deeds.<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"
+href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">78</a> He often
+stops and turns to bay, and <i>especially when he is at
+the brimming</i> and hath a little advantage before
+the hounds of the first running, and these will
+never overtake him unless other new hounds be
+uncoupled to him.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"
+     href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">73</span></a>
+     G. de F., p. 58, saysy wind acorns as well or better than a
+     bear, but nothing about winding a man. See Appendix: Wild Boar.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"
+     href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">74</span></a>
+     From F. <i>renouveler</i>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"
+     href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">75</span></a>
+     See Appendix: Wild Boar.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"
+     href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">76</span></a>
+     September 14.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"
+     href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">77</span></a>
+     November 30.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"
+     href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">78</span></a>
+     Despiteful or furious deeds. G. de F., p. 60, says that he only
+     trusts in his defences and his weapons (&quot;en sa
+     d&eacute;fense et en ses armes&quot;).</p>
+</div>
+<p>He will well run and fly from the sun rising to
+the going down of the sun, if he be a young boar
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+of three years old. In the third March counting
+that in which he was farrowed, he parteth from his
+mother and may well engender at the year's end.<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"
+href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">79</a></p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"
+     href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">79</span></a>
+     As this is somewhat confused we have followed G. de F.'s text
+     in the modern rendering.</p>
+</div>
+<p>They have four tusks, two in the jaw above and
+two in the nether jaw; of small teeth speak not
+I, the which are like other boar's teeth. The two
+tusks above serve for nothing except to sharpen
+his two nether tusks and make them cut well <i>and
+men beyond the sea call</i> the nether tusks of the
+boar his arms or his files, with these they do great
+harm, and also they call the tusks above gres<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"
+href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">80</a>
+(grinders) for they only serve to make the others
+sharp as I have said, and when they are at bay they
+keep smiting their tusks together to make them
+sharp and cut better. When men hunt the boar
+they commonly go to soil and soil in the dirt and if
+they be hurt the soil is their medicine. The boar
+that is in his third year or a little more is more
+perilous and more swift and doth more harm than
+an old boar, as a young man more than an old
+man. An old boar will be sooner dead than a
+young one for he is proud and heavier and deigneth
+not to fly, and sooner he will run upon a man than
+fly, and smiteth great strokes but not so perilously
+as a young boar.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"
+     href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">80</span></a>
+     From the French <i>gr&egrave;s</i>, grinding-stone or grinders.</p>
+</div>
+<p>A boar heareth wonderfully well and clearly,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>
+and when he is hunted and cometh out of the
+forest or bush or when he is so hunted that he is
+compelled to leave the country, he sorely dreads
+to take to the open country and to leave the
+forest,<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"
+href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">81</a>
+and therefore he puts his head out of the
+wood before he puts out his body, then he abideth
+there and harkeneth and looketh about and taketh
+the wind on every side. And if that time he
+seeth anything that he thinks might hinder him
+in the way he would go, then he turneth again
+into the wood. Then will he never more come
+out though all the horns and all the holloaing of
+the world were there. But when he has undertaken
+the way to go out he will spare for nothing
+but will hold his way throughout. When he
+fleeth he maketh but few turnings, but when he
+turneth to bay, and then he runneth upon the
+hounds and upon the man. And for no stroke
+or wound that men do him will he complain or
+cry, but when he runneth upon the men he
+menaceth, strongly groaning. But while he can
+defend himself he defendeth himself without
+complaint, and when he can no longer defend
+himself there be few boars that will not complain
+or cry out when they are overcome to the death.<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"
+href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">82</a></p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"
+     href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">81</span></a>
+     G. de F., p. 60, has &quot;fortress&quot; instead of &quot;forest.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"
+     href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">82</span></a>
+     After the word &quot;death&quot; a full stop should occur, for
+     in this MS. and, singularly enough, also in the Shirley MS. the
+     following words have been omitted: &quot;They drop their
+     lesses,&quot; continuing &quot;as other swine do.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p>
+<p>They drop their lesses (excrements) as other swine do, according to
+their pasture being hard or soft.</p>
+<p>But men do not take them to the cur&eacute;e nor
+are they judged as of the hart or other beasts of
+venery.</p>
+<p>A boar can with great pain live twenty years;
+he never casts his teeth nor his tusks nor loses
+them unless by a stroke.<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"
+href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">83</a> The boar's grease is
+good as that of other tame swine, and their flesh
+also. Some men say that by the foreleg of a boar
+one can know how old he is, for he will have as
+many small pits in the forelegs as he has years,
+but of this I make no affirmation. The sows lead
+about their pigs with them till they have farrowed
+twice and no longer, and then they chase their
+first pigs away from them for by that time they
+be two years old and three Marches counting the
+March in which they were farrowed.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"
+href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">84</a> In short
+they are like tame sows, excepting that they farrow
+but once in a year and the tame sows farrow twice.
+When they be wroth they run at both men and
+hounds and other beasts as (does) the wild boar
+and if they cast down a man they abide longer
+upon him than doeth a boar, but she cannot slay
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>
+a man as soon as a boar for she has not such tusks
+as the boar, but sometimes they do much harm
+by biting. Boars and sows go to soil gladly when
+they go to their pasture, all day and when they
+return they sharpen their tusks and cut against
+trees when they rub themselves on coming from
+the soil. <i>What men call a trip of tame swine is
+called of wild swine a sounder, that is to say if
+there be passed a five or six together.</i></p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"
+     href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">83</span></a>
+     At this point G. de F., p. 61, adds: &quot;One says of all
+     biting beasts the trace, and of red beasts foot or view, and one
+     can call both one or the other the paths or the fues.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"
+     href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">84</span></a>
+     See Appendix: Wild Boar.
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII<br />
+OF THE WOLF AND OF HIS NATURE</h2>
+<p>A wolf is a common beast enough and therefore
+I need not tell of his make, for there are
+few men <i>beyond the sea</i>, that have not seen some
+of them. They are in their love in February
+with the females and then be jolly and do in the
+manner as hounds do, and be in their great heat
+of love ten or twelve days, and when the bitch
+is in greatest heat then if there are any wolves
+in the country they all go after her as hounds
+do after a bitch when she is jolly. But she will
+not be lined by any of the wolves save by one.
+She doth in such a wise that she will lead the
+wolves for about six or eight days without meat
+or drink and without sleep for they have so great
+courage towards her, that they have no wish to
+eat nor to drink, and when they be full weary
+she lets them rest until the time that they sleep,
+and then she claweth him with her foot and
+waketh him that seemeth to have loved her most,
+and who hath most laboured for her love, and
+then they go a great way thence and there he
+lines her. And therefore men say <i>beyond the seas
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>
+in some countries</i> when any woman doth amiss,
+that she is like to the wolf bitch for she taketh
+to her the worst and the foulest and the most
+wretched and it is truth that the bitch of the
+wolf taketh to her the foulest and most wretched,
+for he hath most laboured and fasted<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"
+href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">85</a> for her
+and is most poor, most lean and most wretched.
+And this is the cause why men say that the wolf
+saw never his father and it is truth sometimes
+but not always, for it happeneth that when she
+has brought the wolf that she loveth most as I
+have said, and when the other wolves awaken
+they follow anon in her track, and if they can
+find the wolf and the bitch holding together then
+will all the other wolves run upon him and slay
+him, and all this is truth in this case. But when
+in all the country there is but one wolf and one
+bitch of his kind then this rule cannot be truth.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"
+     href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">85</span></a>
+     G. de F., p. 63, has: &quot;Pource qu'il a plus travaill&eacute;
+     et plus jeun&eacute; que n'ont les autres.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<p>And sometimes peradventure the other wolves
+may be awake so late that if the wolf is not fast
+with the bitch or peradventure he hath left her
+then he fleeth away from the other wolves, so
+they slay him not so in this case the first opinion
+is not true.</p>
+<p>They may get young whelps at the year's end,
+and then they leave their father and their mother.
+And sometimes before they are twelve months
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>
+old if so be that their teeth are fully grown after
+their other small teeth which they had first, for
+they teethe twice in the year when they are whelps.
+The first teeth they cast when they are half a
+year old <i>and also their hooks</i>. Then other teeth
+come to them which they bear all their life-time
+and never cast. When these are full grown again
+then they leave their father and mother and go on
+their adventures, but notwithstanding that they
+go far they do not bide long away from each
+other and if it happens that they meet with their
+father and with their mother the which hath
+nourished them they will make them joy and
+great reverence alway. And also I would have
+you know that when a bitch and a wolf of her
+kind hath fellowship together they generally stay
+evermore together, and though they sometimes
+go to seek their feeding the one far from the
+other they will be together at night if they can
+or at the farthest at the end of three days. And
+such wolves in fellowship together get meat for
+their whelps the father as well as the mother,
+save only that the wolf eateth first his fill and
+then bears the remnant to his whelps. The bitch
+does not do so for she beareth all her meat to her
+whelps and eateth with them. And if the wolf
+is with the whelps when the mother cometh and
+she bringeth anything and the wolf has not
+enough he taketh the feeding from her and her
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>
+whelps, and eateth his fill first, and then he
+leaveth them the remnant, if there be any, and if
+there be not any left they die of hunger, if they
+will, for he recketh but little so that his belly be
+full. And when the mother seeth that, and has
+been far to seek her meat she leaveth her meat
+a great way thence for her whelps, and then she
+cometh to see if the wolf is with them, and if he
+be there she stayeth till he be gone and then she
+bringeth them her meat. But also the wolf is
+so malicious that when he seeth her come without
+food he goeth and windeth her muzzle and if he
+windeth she hath brought anything he taketh her
+by the teeth and biteth her so that she must
+show him where she hath left her food. And
+when the bitch perceiveth that the wolf doth
+this when she returneth to her whelps she keepeth
+in the covert and doth not show herself if she
+perceiveth that the wolf is with them, and if he
+be there she hideth herself until the time he hath
+gone to his prey on account of his great hunger,
+and when he is gone she brings her whelps her
+food for to eat. And this is truth.</p>
+<p>Some men say that she bathes her body and her
+head so that the wolf should wind nothing of her
+feeding when she cometh to them, but of this I
+make no affirmation.</p>
+<p>There be other heavy wolves of this nature, the
+which be not so in fellowship, they do not help
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>
+the bitch to nourish the whelps but when a wolf
+and a bitch are in fellowship and there are no
+wolves in that country by very natural smelling he
+knoweth well that the whelps are his and therefore
+he helpeth to nourish them but not well. At
+the time that she hath whelps the wolf is fattest
+in all the year, for he eateth and taketh all that
+the bitch and whelps should eat. The bitch
+beareth her whelps nine weeks and sometimes
+three or four days more. Once in the year they
+are in their love and are jolly. Some men say
+that the bitches bear no whelps while their
+mother liveth, but thereof I make no affirmation.
+The bitches of them have their whelps as other
+tame bitches, sometimes more, sometimes less.
+They have great strength especially before (fore-quarters),
+and evil<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"
+href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">86</a> they be and strong, for sometimes
+a wolf will slay a cow or a mare and he
+hath great strength in his mouth. Sometime he
+will bear in his mouth a goat or a sheep or a
+young hog and not touch the ground (with it),
+and shall run so fast with it that unless mastiffs
+or men on horseback happen to run before him
+neither the shepherds nor no other man on foot
+will ever overtake him. They live on all manner
+of flesh and on all carrion and all kinds of vermin.
+And they live not long for they live not more
+than thirteen or fourteen years. Their biting is
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>
+evil and venomous on account of the toads and
+other vermin that they eat. They go so fast
+when they be void (are empty) that men have let
+run four leashes of greyhounds, one after the
+other and they could not overtake him, for he
+runs as fast as any beast in the world, and he lasts
+long running, for he has a long breath. When
+he is long hunted with running hounds he fleeth
+but little from them, but if the greyhounds or
+other hounds press him, he fleeth all the covert<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"
+href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">87</a>
+as a boar does and commonly he runs by the high
+ways. And commonly he goeth to get his livelihood
+by night, but sometimes by day, when he
+is sore ahungered. And there be some (wolves)
+that hunt at the hart, at the wild boar and at the
+roebuck, and windeth as far as a mastiff, and
+taketh hounds when they can. There are some
+that eat children and men and eat no other flesh
+from the time that they be acherned<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"
+href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">88</a> (blooded)
+by men's flesh, for they would rather be dead.
+They are called wer-wolves, for men should beware
+of them, and they be so cautious that when
+they assail a man they have a holding upon him
+before the man can see them, and yet if men see
+them they will come upon them so gynnously
+(cunningly) that with great difficulty a man will
+escape being taken and slain, for they can wonder
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+well keep from any harness (arms) that a man
+beareth. There are two principal causes why
+they attack men; one is when they are old and
+lose their teeth and their strength, and cannot
+carry their prey as they were wont to do, then
+they mostly go for children, which are not difficult
+to take for they need not carry them about
+but only eat them. And the child's flesh is more
+tender than is the skin or flesh of a beast. The
+other reason is that when they have been acharned
+(blooded) in a country of war, where battles have
+been, they eat dead men. Or if men have been
+hanged or have been hanged so low that they
+may reach thereto, or when they fall from the
+gallows. And man's flesh is so savoury and so
+pleasant that when they have taken to man's flesh
+they will never eat the flesh of other beasts,
+though they should die of hunger. For many
+men have seen them leave the sheep they have
+taken and eat the shepherd. It is a wonderfully
+wily and gynnous (cunning) beast, and more false
+than any other beast to take all advantage, for
+he will never fly but a little save when he has
+need, for he will always abide in his strength
+(stronghold), and he hath good breath, for every
+day it is needful to him, for every man that seeth
+him chaseth him away and crieth after him.
+When he is hunted he will fly all day unless he is
+overset by greyhounds. He will gladly go to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>
+some village or in a brook, he will be little at bay
+except when he can go no further. Sometimes
+wolves go mad and when they bite a man he will
+scarcely get well, for their biting is wonderfully
+venomous on account of the toads they have
+eaten as I have said before, and also on account of
+their madness. And when they are full or sick
+they feed on grasses as a hound does in order to
+purge themselves. They stay long without meat
+for a wolf can well remain without meat six days
+or more. And when the wolf's bitch has her
+whelps commonly she will do no harm near
+where she has them, for fear she hath to lose
+them. And if a wolf come to a fold of sheep
+if he may abide any while he will slay them all
+before he begins to eat any of them. Men take
+them <i>beyond the sea</i> with hounds and greyhounds
+with nets and with cords, but when he is taken
+in nets or cords he cutteth them wonderfully fast
+with his teeth unless men get quickly to him to
+slay him. Also men take them within pits and
+with needles<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"
+href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">89</a>
+and with haussepieds<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"
+href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">90</a> or with venomous
+powders that men give them in flesh, and
+in many other manners. When the cattle come
+down from the hills the wolves come down also
+to get their livelihood. They follow commonly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>
+after men of arms for the carrion of the beasts
+or dead horses or other things. They howl like
+hounds and if there be but two they will make
+such a noise as if there were a route of seven or
+eight if it is by night, when the weather is clear
+and bright, or when there are young wolves that
+have not yet passed their first year. When men
+lay trains to acharne (with flesh) so as to take
+them, they will rarely come again to the place
+where men have put the flesh, especially old
+wolves, leastways not the first time that they
+should eat. But if they have eaten two or three
+times, and they are assured that no one will do
+them harm, then sometimes they will abide. But
+some wolves be so malicious that they will eat in
+the night and in the day they will go a great way
+thence, two miles or more, especially if they have
+been aggrieved in that place, or if they feel that
+men have made any train with flesh for to hunt
+at them. They do not complain (cry out) when
+men slay them as hounds do, otherwise they be
+most like them. When men let run greyhounds
+at a wolf he turns to look at them, and when he
+seeth them he knoweth which will take him, and
+then he hasteneth to go while he can, and if they
+be greyhounds which dare not take him, the wolf
+knows at once, and then he will not hasten at his
+first going. And if men let run at him from the
+side, or before more greyhounds which will seize
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>
+him, when the wolf seeth them, and he be full,
+he voideth both before and behind all in his
+running so as to be more light and more swift.
+Men cannot nurture a wolf, though he be taken
+ever so young and chastised and beaten and held
+under discipline, for he will always do harm, if he
+hath time and place for to do it, he will never be
+so tame, but that when men leave him out he
+will look hither and thither to see if he may do
+any harm, or he looks to see if any man will do
+him any harm. For he knoweth well and woteth
+well that he doth evil, and therefore men ascrieth
+(cry at) and hunteth and slayeth him. And yet
+for all that he may not leave his evil nature.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"
+     href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">86</span></a>
+     G. de F., p. 66, has &quot;evil biting.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"
+     href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">87</span></a>
+     He keeps to the coverts.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"
+     href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">88</span></a>
+     Acherned, from O. Fr. <i>acharn&eacute;</i>, to blood, from
+     <i>chair</i>, flesh.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"
+     href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">89</span></a>
+     Needles. See Appendix: Snares.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"
+     href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">90</span></a>
+     <i>Aucepis</i> (Shirley MS.). G. de F., p. 69:
+     <i>haussepiez</i>, a snare by which they were jerked from the ground by a noose.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Men say that the right fore foot of the wolf is
+good for medicine for the evil of the breast and
+for the botches (sores) which come to swine under
+the shoulder.<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"
+href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">91</a> And also the liver of the wolf
+dried is good for a man's liver, but thereof I
+make no affirmation, for I would put in my book
+nothing but very truth. The wolf's skin is warm
+to make cuffs or pilches (pelisses), but the fur
+thereof is not fair, and also it stinketh ever unless
+it be well tawed.<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"
+href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">92</a></p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"
+     href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">91</span></a>
+     This should be &quot;jaw.&quot; G. de F., p. 70, has
+     <i>maisselles, i.e.</i> M&acirc;choires.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"
+     href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">92</span></a>
+     Prepared. Tawing is a process of making hides into
+     leather&mdash;somewhat different from tanning. There were tawers
+     and tanners.</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII<br />
+OF THE FOX AND OF HIS NATURE</h2>
+<p>The fox is a common beast and therefore I need
+not tell of his making and there be but few gentlemen
+that have not seen some. He hath many
+such conditions as the wolf, for the vixen of the
+fox bears as long as the bitch of the wolf bears
+her whelps, sometimes more sometimes less, save
+that the vixen fox whelpeth under the earth
+deeper than doth the bitch of the wolf. The
+vixen of the fox is a saute<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"
+href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">93</a> (in heat) once in the
+year. She has a venomous biting like a wolf and
+their life is no longer than a wolf's life. With
+great trouble men can take a fox, especially the
+vixen when she is with whelps, for when she is
+with whelps and is heavy, she always keeps near
+her hole, <i>for sometimes she whelpeth in a false hole
+and sometimes in great burrows and sometimes in
+hollow trees, and therefore she draweth always near
+her burrow</i>, and if she hears anything anon she
+goeth therein before the hounds can get to her.
+She is a false beast and as malicious as a wolf.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"
+     href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">93</span></a>
+     The term used by Turbervile (p. 188) is &quot;goeth a
+     clicqueting.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
+<p>The hunting for a fox is fair for the <i>good cry of</i>
+the hounds<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"
+href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">94</a> that follow him so nigh and with so
+good a will. Always they scent of him, for he
+flies through the thick wood and also he stinketh
+evermore. And he will scarcely leave a covert
+when he is therein, he taketh not to the plain
+(open) country for he trusteth not in his running
+neither in his defence, for he is too feeble, and if
+he does, it is because he is (forced to) by the
+strength of men and hounds. And he will always
+hold to covert, and if he can only find a briar to
+cover himself with, he will cover himself with
+that. When he sees that he cannot last, then he
+goeth to earth the nearest he can find which he
+knoweth well and then men may dig him out and
+take him, if it is easy digging, but not among the
+rocks.<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"
+href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">95</a> If greyhounds
+<i>give him many touches and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>
+overset him</i>, his last remedy, if he is in an open
+country, will be that he vishiteth gladly (the act
+of voiding excrements) so that the greyhounds
+should leave him for the stink of the dirt, and
+also for the fear that he hath.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"
+     href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">94</span></a>
+     G. de F., p. 72, says, &quot;because the hounds hunt him closely.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"
+     href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">95</span></a>
+     Our MS. only gives this one chapter on the fox, while Gaston
+     Ph&oelig;bus has another: <i>Comment on doit chassier et prendre
+     le renard.</i> In this he gives directions as to earth-stopping,
+     and taking him in pursenets, and smoking him out with
+     &quot;orpiment and sulphur and nitre or saltpetre.&quot; He says
+     January, February, and March are the best months for hunting,
+     as the leaf is off the trees and the coverts are clearer, so
+     that the hounds have more chance of seeing the fox and hunt him
+     closer. He says that one-third of the hounds should be put in to
+     draw the covert, and the others in relays should guard the
+     boundaries and paths, to be slipped as required. Although this
+     is a Frenchman's account of fox-hunting, we have no reason to
+     believe that the fox was treated at that period better by
+     English sportsmen, for until comparatively recent times the fox
+     was accounted vermin, and any means by which his death could
+     be encompassed were considered legitimate, his extermination
+     being the chief object in hunting him, and not the sport. Even
+     as late as the seventeenth century we find that such treatment
+     was considered justifiable towards a fox, for, as Macaulay tells
+     us, Oliver St. John told the Long Parliament that Strafford was
+     to be regarded, not as a stag or a hare, to whom some law was to
+     be given, but as a fox, who was to be snared by any means, and
+     knocked on the head without pity (vol. i. p. 149).</p>
+</div>
+<p>A little greyhound is very hardy when (if) he
+takes a fox by himself, for men have seen great
+greyhounds which might well take a hart and a
+wild boar and a wolf and would let the fox go.
+And when the vixen is assaute, and goeth in her
+love to seek the dog fox she crieth with a hoarse
+voice as a mad hound doth, and also when she
+calleth her whelps when she misses any of them,
+she calleth in the same way. The fox does not
+complain (cry) when men slay him, but he defendeth
+himself with all his power while he is alive.
+He liveth on all vermin and all carrion and on
+foul worms. His best meat that he most loveth
+are hens, capons, duck and young geese and other
+wild fowls when he can get them, also butterflies
+and grasshoppers, milk and butter. They do
+great harm in warrens of coneys and of hares which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>
+they eat, and take them so gynnously (cunningly)
+and with great malice and not by running. There
+be some that hunt as a wolf<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"
+href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">96</a> and some that go
+nowhere but to villages to seek the prey for their
+feeding. As I have said they are so cunning and
+subtle that neither men nor hounds can find a
+remedy to keep themselves from their false turns.
+Also foxes commonly dwell in great hedges or in
+great coverts or in burrows near some towns or
+villages for to evermore harm hens and other
+things as I have said. The foxes' skins be wonderfully
+warm to make cuffs and furs, but they
+stink evermore if they are not well tawed. The
+grease of the fox and the marrow are good for
+the hardening of sinews. Of the other manners
+of the fox and of his cunning I will speak more
+openly hereafter. Men take them with hounds,
+with greyhounds, with hayes and with purse-nets,
+but he cutteth them with his teeth, as the male
+of the wolf doth but not so soon (quickly).</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"
+     href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">96</span></a>
+     According to G. de F., p. 74, it should not read that some are
+     hunted like wolves, but that they themselves hunt like wolves.</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX<br />
+OF THE GREY (BADGER) AND OF HIS NATURE</h2>
+<p>The grey (badger) is a common beast enough
+and therefore I need not tell you of his making,
+for there be few men that have not seen some of
+them, and also I shall take no heed to speak much
+of him, for it is not a beast that needeth any
+great mastery to devise of how to hunt him, or
+to hunt him with strength, for a grey can fly but
+a little way before he is overcome with hounds,
+or else he goes to bay and then he is slain anon.
+His usual dwelling is in the earth in great burrows
+and if he comes out he will not walk far thence.
+He liveth on all vermin and carrion and all fruits
+and on all things such as the fox. But he dare
+not venture so far by day as the fox, for he cannot
+flee. He liveth more by sleeping than by any
+other thing. Once in the year they farrow as the
+fox.<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"
+href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">97</a> When they be hunted they defend themselves
+long and mightily and have evil biting and
+venomous as the fox, and yet they defend themselves
+better than the fox. It is the beast of the</p>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="BADGER-DRAWING">
+  <a href="images/i_112.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_112thumb.jpg" height="316" width="400"
+     alt="BADGER-DRAWING (From MS. f. fr. 616, Bib. Nat., Paris)"
+     title="Badger-drawing" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="caption">BADGER-DRAWING</p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/i_112.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p>
+<p>world that gathereth most grease within and that
+is because of the long sleeping that he sleepeth.
+And his grease bears medicine as does that of the
+fox, <i>and yet more</i>, and men say that if a child
+that hath never worn shoes is first shod with those
+made of the skin of the grey that child will heal
+a horse of farcy if he should ride upon him, but
+thereof I make no affirmation. His flesh is not
+to eat, neither is that of the fox nor of the wolf.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"
+     href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">97</span></a>
+     G. de F., p. 76, adds: &quot;And they farrow their pigs in their
+     burrows as does the fox.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X<br />
+OF THE (WILD) CAT AND ITS NATURE</h2>
+<p>The cat is a common beast enough therefore I
+need not tell of his making, for there be few men
+that have not seen some of them. Nevertheless
+there be many and diverse kind of cats, after
+some masters' opinions, and namely of wild (cats).
+Especially there be some cats as big as leopards
+and some men call them <i>Guyenne</i> loup
+cerviers<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"
+href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">98</a>
+and other cat-wolves, and this is evil said for they
+are neither wolves nor cerviers nor cat-wolves.
+Men might (better) call them cat-leopards than
+otherwise, for they draw more to a leopard kind
+than to any other beast. They live on such meat
+as other cats do, save that they take hens in
+hedges<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"
+href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">99</a>
+and goats and sheep, if they find them alone, for
+they be as big as a wolf, and almost formed and
+made as a leopard, but their tail is not so long.
+A greyhound alone could not take one of them
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>
+to make him abide, for a greyhound could sooner
+take and hold fast and more steadfastly a wolf
+than he could one of them. For he claws as a
+leopard and furthermore bites right (hard). Men
+hunt them but seldom, but if the hounds find
+peradventure such a cat, he would not be long
+hunted for soon he putteth him to his defence or
+he runneth up a tree. And because he flieth not
+long therefore shall I speak but little of his
+hunting, for in hunting him there is no need of
+great mastery. They bear their kittens and are
+in their love as other cats, save that they have
+but two kittens at once. They dwell in hollow
+trees and there they make their ligging<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"
+href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">100</a> and their
+beds of ferns and of grass. The cat helpeth as
+badly to nourish his kittens as the wolf doth his
+whelps. <i>Of common wild cats I need not to speak
+much, for every hunter in England knoweth them,
+and their falseness and malice are well known. But
+one thing I dare well say that if any beast hath the
+devil's spirit in him, without doubt it is the cat,
+both the wild and the tame.</i></p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"
+     href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">98</span></a>
+     According to the Shirley MS. this passage runs, &quot;Men calleth
+     him in Guyene loupeceruyers.&quot; See Appendix: Wild Cat.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"
+     href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">99</span></a>
+     Shirley MS. has &quot;and egges,&quot; instead of &quot;in
+     hedges,&quot; which is the rendering G. de F. gives.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"
+     href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">100</span></a>
+     Bed or resting-place. See Appendix.</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI<br />
+THE OTTER AND HIS NATURE</h2>
+<p>An otter is a common beast enough and therefore
+I need not tell of his making. She liveth with
+(on?) fish and dwelleth by rivers and by ponds
+and <i>stanks</i> (pools). And sometimes she feedeth
+on grass of the meadows and bideth gladly under
+the roots of trees near the rivers, and goeth to her
+feeding as doth other beasts to grass, but only in
+the new grass time, and to fish as I have said.
+They swimmeth in waters and rivers and sometimes
+diveth under the water when they will, and
+therefore no fish can escape them unless it be too
+great a one. They doth great harm specially in
+ponds and in stanks, for a couple of otters without
+more shall well destroy the fish of a great
+pond or great stank, and therefore men hunt them.
+They go in their love at the time that ferrets do,
+so they that hold (keep) ferrets in their houses
+may well know the time thereof. They bear their
+whelps as long as the ferrets and sometimes more
+and sometimes less. They whelp in holes under
+the trees near the rivers. Men hunt at them with</p>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="OTTER-HUNTING">
+  <a href="images/i_118.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_118thumb.jpg" height="295" width="400"
+     alt="OTTER-HUNTING"
+     title="Otter-hunting" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="caption">OTTER-HUNTING</p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/i_118.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p>
+<p class="continued">hounds by great mastery, as I say
+hereafter.<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"
+href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">101</a> And
+also men take them at other times in rivers with
+small cords as men do the fox with nets and with
+other gins. She hath an evil biting and venomous
+and with her strength defendeth herself
+mightily from the hounds. And when she is
+taken with nets unless men get to her at once she
+rendeth them with her teeth and delivereth herself
+out of them. Longer will I not make mention of
+her, nor of her nature, for the hunting at her is
+the best that men may see of her, save only that
+she has the foot of a goose, for she hath a little
+skin from one claw to another, and she hath no
+heel save that she hath a little lump under the
+foot, and men speak of the steps or the marches
+of the otter as men speak of the trace of the hart,
+and his fumes (excrements) tredeles or spraints.
+The otter dwelleth but little in one place, for
+where she goeth the fish be sore afraid. Sometimes
+she will swim upwards and downwards seeking
+the fish a mile or two unless it be in a stank.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"
+     href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">101</span></a>
+     The author of &quot;Master of Game&quot; does not say anything
+     more about the otter.</p>
+</div>
+<p><i>Of the remnant of his nature I refer to
+Milbourne<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"
+href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">102</a>
+the king's otter hunter. As of all other vermin I
+speak not, that is to say of martens and pole cats, for
+no good hunter goeth to the wood with his hounds
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>
+intending to hunt for them, nor for the wild cat
+either. Nevertheless when men seek in covert for
+the fox and can find none, and the hounds happen
+to find them and then the hunter rejoiceth his
+hounds for the exploit of his hounds, and also because
+it is vermin that they run to. Of conies I do not
+speak, for no man hunteth them unless it be bish-hunters</i>
+(fur hunters), <i>and they hunt them with
+ferrets and with long small hayes. Those raches
+that run to a coney at any time ought to be rated
+saying to them loud, &quot;Ware riot, ware,&quot; for no
+other wild beast in England is called riot save the
+coney only.</i></p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"
+     href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">102</span></a>
+     In Priv. Seal 674/6456, Feb. 18, 1410, William Melbourne is
+     valet of our otterhounds. See Appendix: Otter.</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII<br />
+OF THE MANNER AND HABITS AND
+CONDITIONS OF HOUNDS</h2>
+<p>After that I have spoken of the nature of beasts
+of venery and of chase which men should hunt,
+now I will tell you of the nature of the hounds
+which hunt and take them. And first of their
+noble conditions that be so great and marvellous
+in some hounds that there is no man can believe
+it, unless he were a good skilful hunter, and well
+knowing, and that he haunted them long, for a
+hound is a most reasonable beast, and best knowing
+of any beast that ever God made. And yet
+in some case I neither except man nor other thing,
+for men find it in so many stories and (see) so
+much nobleness in hounds, always from day to
+day, that as I have said there is no man that liveth,
+but must think it. Nevertheless natures of men
+and all beasts go ever more descending and decreasing
+both of life and of goodness and of
+strength and of all other things so wonderfully,
+<i>as the Earl of Foix Phebus sayeth in his book</i>, that
+when he seeth the hounds that be now hunting
+and thinketh of the hounds that he hath seen in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>
+the time that is passed, and also of the goodness
+and the truth, which was sometimes in the lords
+of this world, and other common men, and seeth
+what now is in them at this time, truly he saith
+that there is no comparison, and this knoweth well
+every man that hath any good reason. But now
+let God ordain thereof whatever His good will
+is. But to draw again to my matter, and tell the
+nobleness of the hounds, the which have been, some
+good tales I shall tell you the which I find in true
+writings. First of King Claudoneus<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"
+href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">103</a> of France,
+the which sent once after his great court whereof
+were other kings which held of him land, among
+the which was the King Appollo of Lyonnys that
+brought with him to the court his wife and a greyhound
+that he had, that was both good and fair.
+The King Claudoneus of France had a seemly
+young man for his son, of twenty years of age, and
+as soon as he saw the Queen of Lyonnys he loved
+her and prayed her of (for her) love. The Queen
+was a good lady and loved well her lord, forsook
+him and would him not, and said (to) him that if
+he spake to her any more thereof that she would
+tell it to the King of France, and to her Lord.
+And after that the feast was passed, King Appollo
+of Lyonnys turned again, he and his wife to their
+country. And when they were so turned again,
+he and his wife, the King Claudoneus son of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>
+France was before him with a great fellowship of
+men of arms for to ravish his wife from him. The
+King Appollo of Lyonnys that was a wonderful
+good knight of his hounds (hands?) notwithstanding
+that he was unarmed, defended himself and
+his wife in the best wise that he could unto the
+time that he was wounded to the death, then he
+withdrew himself and his wife into a tower. And
+the King Claudoneus son, the which would not
+leave the lady, went in and took the lady, and
+would have defiled her, and then she said to him
+&quot;Ye have slain my lord, and (now) ye would dishonour
+me, certes I would sooner be dead,&quot; then
+she drew herself to (from) a window and leapt into
+the river of Loire that ran under the tower and
+anon she was drowned. And after that within a
+little while, the King Appollo of Lyonnys died
+of his wounds that he had received, and on the
+same day he was cast into the river. The greyhound
+that I have spoke of, the which was always
+with the king his master, when his lord was cast
+in the river leapt after him into the river, insomuch
+that with his teeth he drew his lord out of the
+river, and made a great pit with his claws in the
+best wise that he could, and with his muzzle.
+And so the greyhound always kept his lord about
+half a year in the pit, and kept his lord from all
+manner of beasts and fowls. And if any man ask
+whereof he lived I say that he lived on carrion
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>
+and of other feeding such as he might come to.
+So it befell that the King Claudoneus of France
+rode to see the estate of his realm, and (it) befell
+that the king passed there where the greyhound
+was that kept his lord and master, and the greyhound
+arose against him, and began to yelp at
+him. The King Claudoneus of France the which
+was a good man and of good perception, anon
+when he saw the greyhound, knew that it was the
+greyhound that King Appollo of Lyonnys had
+brought to his court, whereof he had great wonder,
+and he went himself there where the greyhound
+was and saw the pit, and then he made some of
+his men alight from their horses for to look what
+was therein, and therein they found the King
+Appollo's body all whole. And anon as the
+King Claudoneus of France saw him, he knew it
+was the King Appollo of Lyonnys, whereof he was
+right sorry and sore aggrieved, and ordained a cry
+throughout all his realm, that whoso would tell
+him the truth of the deed he would give him
+whatsoever that he would ask. Then came a
+damsel that was in the tower when the King
+Appollo of Lyonnys was dead, and thus she said
+to the King Claudoneus of France, &quot;Sir,&quot; quoth
+she, &quot;if you will grant me a boon that I shall ask
+and assure me to have it, before all your men, I
+shall show you him that hath done the deed,&quot;
+and the King swore to her before his men, and it
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>
+so befell that the King Claudoneus son of France
+was beside his father. &quot;Sir,&quot; she said, &quot;here is
+your son the which hath done this deed. Now
+require I you as ye have sworn to me that ye give
+him to me, I will no other gift of you.&quot; The
+King Claudoneus of France turned him then
+towards his son and said thus: &quot;Thou cursed
+harlot, thou hast shamed and shent (disgraced)
+me and truly I shall shend (disgrace) you. And
+though I have no more children yet shall I not
+spare.&quot; Then he commanded to his men to
+make a great fire, and cast his son therein, and he
+turned him toward the damsel when the fire was
+great alight, and thus to her he said: &quot;Damsel,
+now take ye him for I deliver him to you, as I
+promised and assured you.&quot; The damsel durst
+not come nigh, for by that time he was all burnt.
+This ensample have I brought forth for the nobleness
+of hounds and also of lords that have been
+in olden times. But I trow that few lords be
+now that would do so even and so open justice.
+A hound is true to his lord and his master, and
+of good love and true.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"
+      href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">103</span></a>
+      In G. de F. &quot;Clodoveus,&quot; p. 82.</p>
+</div>
+<p>A hound is of great understanding and of great
+knowledge, a hound hath great strength and great
+goodness, a hound is a wise beast and a kind (one).
+A hound has a great memory and great
+smelling,<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"
+href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">104</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>
+a hound has great diligence and great might, a
+hound is of great worthiness and of great subtlety,
+a hound is of great lightness and of great perseverance
+(?), a hound is of good obedience, for he
+will learn as a man all that a man will teach him.
+A hound is full of good sport; hounds are so
+good that there is scarcely a man that would not
+have of them, some for one craft, and some for
+another. Hounds are hardy, for a hound dare
+well keep his master's house, and his beasts, and
+also he will keep all his master's goods, and he
+would sooner die than anything be lost in his
+keeping. And yet to affirm the nobleness of
+hounds, I shall tell you a tale of a greyhound
+that was Auberie's of Moundydier, of which men
+may see the painting in the realm of France in
+many places. Aubery was a squire of the king's
+house of France, and upon a day that he was
+going from the court to his own house, and as he
+passed by the woods of Bondis, the which is nigh
+Paris, and led with him a well good and a fair
+greyhound that he had brought up. A man that
+hated him for great envy without any other
+reason, who was called Makarie, ran upon him
+within the wood and slew him without warning,
+for Auberie was not aware of him. And when
+the greyhound sought his master and found him
+he covered him with earth and with leaves with
+his claws and his muzzle in the best way that he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>
+could. And when he had been there three days
+and could no longer abide for hunger, he turned
+again to the king's court. There he found
+Makarie, who was a great gentleman, who had
+slain his master, and as soon as the greyhound
+perceived Makarie, he ran upon him, and would
+have maimed him, unless men had hindered him.
+The King of France, who was wise and a man of
+perception, asked what it was, and men told him
+the truth. The greyhound took from the boards
+what he could, and brought to his master and put
+meat in his mouth, and the same wise the greyhound
+did three days or four. And then the
+King made men follow the greyhound, for to see
+where he bare the meat that he took in the court.
+And then they found Auberie dead and buried.
+And then the King, as I have said, made come
+many of the men of his court, and made them
+stroke the greyhound's side, and cherish him and
+made his men lead him by the collar towards the
+house, but he never stirred. And then the King
+commanded Makarie to take a small piece of flesh
+and give it to the greyhound. And as soon as
+the greyhound saw Makarie, he left the flesh, and
+would have run upon him. And when the King
+saw that, he had great suspicions about Makarie,
+and said (to) him that he must needs fight against
+the greyhound. And Makarie began to laugh,
+but anon the King made him do the deed, and one
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>
+of the kinsmen of Auberie saw the great marvel
+of the greyhound and said that he would swear
+upon the sacrament as is the custom in such a case
+for the greyhound, and Makarie swore on the
+other side, and then they were led into our Lady's
+Isle at Paris and there fought the greyhound and
+Makarie. For which Makarie had a great two-handed
+staff, and they fought so that Makarie
+was discomfitted, and then the king commanded
+that the greyhound the which had Makarie under
+him should be taken up, and then the King made
+enquiry of the truth of Makarie, the which
+acknowledged he had slain Aubrey in treason, and
+therefore he was hanged and drawn.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"
+     href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">104</span></a>
+     G. de F., p. 84, says &quot;<i>sentement</i>,&quot; good sense,
+     feeling, or sympathy.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The bitches be jolly in their love commonly
+twice in a year, but they have no term of their heat,
+for every time of the year some be jolly. When
+they be a twelvemonth old, they become jolly,
+and be jolly while they await the hounds without
+any defence, twelve days or less,<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"
+href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">105</a> and sometimes
+fifteen days, according as to whether they be of
+hot nature or of cold, the one more than another,
+or whether some be in better condition than others.
+And also men may well help them thereto, for if
+they give them much meat they abide longer in
+their heat than if they had but little. And also
+if they were cast in a river twice in a day they
+should be sooner out of their jollity. They bear
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>
+their whelps nine weeks or more; the whelps be
+blind when they be whelped till they be nine
+days old and then they may well see and lap well
+when they be a month old, but they have great
+need of their dam to the time that they be two
+months old, and then they should be well fed
+with goat's milk or with cow's milk and crumbs
+of bread made small and put therein, especially in
+the morn and at night. Because that the night
+is more cold than the day. And also men should
+give them crumbs in flesh-broth, and in this wise
+men may nourish them till they be half a year
+old, and by that time they shall have cast their
+hooks, and when they have cast their hooks, they
+should teach them to eat dry bread and lap water
+little by little, for a hound that is nourished with
+grease and fat broth when he casts his hooks, and if
+he hath always sops or tit-bits, he is a
+chis<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"
+href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">106</a> (dainty)
+hound and of evil ward. And also they be not
+so well breathed than if they have eaten always
+bread and water. When the bitches be lined they
+lose their time, and also while they be great with
+whelps, and also while their whelps suck. If they
+are not lined, soon they will lose their time, for
+their teats remain great and grow full of wind
+until the time that they should have had their
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>
+whelps. And so that they should not lose their
+time men spaye them, save these that men will
+keep open to bear whelps. And also a spayed
+bitch lasteth longer in her goodness than other
+two that be not spayed.<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"
+href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">107</a> And if a bitch be with
+whelps the which be not of ward let the bitch fast
+all the whole day, and give her then with a little
+grease the juice of a herb men calleth titimal, the
+which the apothecaries knoweth well, and she
+shall cast her whelps. Nevertheless it is a great
+peril namely if the whelps be great and formed
+within the bitch. The greatest fault of hounds
+is that they live not long enough, most commonly
+they live but twelve years. And also men should
+let run no hounds of what condition that they be
+nor hunt them until the time that they were a
+twelve month old and past. And also they can
+hunt but nine years at the most.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"
+     href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">105</span></a>
+     G. de F., p. 85, &quot;Au moins,&quot; at least.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"
+     href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">106</span></a>
+     &quot;Chis,&quot; or &quot;cheese,&quot; hound, probably dainty
+     hound, a chooser, from &quot;cheosan,&quot; Mid. Eng.
+     &quot;choose,&quot; to distinguish: also written
+     &quot;ches,&quot; &quot;chees.&quot; (Stratmann.)</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"
+     href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">107</span></a>
+     Lasts longer good, <i>i.e.</i> lasts as long as two hounds that
+     have not been spayed. G. de F. (p. 86) adds: &quot;or at least
+     one and a half.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII<br />
+OF SICKNESSES OF HOUNDS AND OF THEIR
+CORRUPTIONS</h2>
+<p>The hounds have many divers sicknesses and
+their greatest sickness is the rage whereof there
+be nine manners, of the which I shall tell you a
+part. The first is called furious madness. The
+hounds that be mad of that madness cry and
+howl with a loud voice, and not in the way that
+they were wont to when they were in health.
+When they escape they go everywhere biting
+both men and women and all that they find before
+them. And they have a wonderful perilous
+biting, for if they bite anything, with great pain
+it shall escape thereof if they draw blood, that it
+shall go mad whatever thing it be. A token for
+to know at the beginning, is this, that they eat
+not so well as they were wont to, and they bite
+the other hounds, making them cheer with the
+tail<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"
+href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">108</a>
+first, smelleth<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"
+href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">109</a>
+upon them and licketh<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"
+href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">110</a> them
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>
+and then he bloweth a great blast with his nose,
+and then he looketh fiercely, and beholdeth his
+own sides and maketh semblant that he had flies
+about him, and then he crieth. And when men
+know such tokens men should take him from
+the others until the fourth day, for then men
+may see the sickness all clearly, or else that he is
+not mad for some time. Many men be beguiled
+in that way. And if any hound be mad of any
+of the nine madnesses he shall never be whole.
+And their madness cannot last but nine
+days<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"
+href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">111</a>
+but they shall never be whole but dead. That
+other manner of madness is known by these signs:
+In the beginning he doth as I said before, save
+that they neither bite man nor beast save only the
+hounds, as perilous is his biting as the first, and
+ever more they go up and down without any
+abiding. And this madness is called running
+madness. And these two madnesses beforesaid
+taketh the other hounds that they be with, though
+they bite them not. That other madness is called
+ragemuet (dumb madness) for they neither bite
+nor run not, eke they will not eat for their mouth</p>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="HOW_THE_HOUNDS_WERE_LED_OUT">
+  <a href="images/i_134.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_134thumb.jpg" height="303" width="400"
+     alt="HOW THE HOUNDS WERE LED OUT"
+     title="How the Hounds Were Led Out" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="caption">HOW THE HOUNDS WERE LED OUT</p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/i_134.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p>
+<p class="continued">is somewhat gaping as if they were
+enosed<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"
+href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">112</a> in their
+throat, and so they die, within the term beforesaid
+without doing any harm. Some men say that it
+cometh to them from a worm<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"
+href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">113</a> that they have
+under the tongue, and ye should find but few
+hounds that hath not a worm under the tongue.
+And many men say that if that worm was taken
+from them they would never go mad, but thereof
+I make no affirmation. Nevertheless it is good
+to take it from them, and men should take it
+away in this manner. Men should take the
+hound when he is past half a year old and hold
+fast his fore-feet, and put a staff athwart his
+mouth so that he should not bite. And after
+take the tongue and ye should find the worm
+under the tongue, then ye should slit the tongue
+underneath and put a needle with a thread betwixt
+the worm and tongue and cut and draw the worm
+out with the thread <i>or else with a small pin of wood</i>.
+And notwithstanding that men call it a worm
+it is but a great vein that hounds have under
+their tongue. This madness diseaseth not other
+hounds, neither man nor other beast. That
+other madness is called falling, for when they
+want to walk straight they fall now on one side
+and now on the other side, and so die within the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>
+aforesaid term. This madness stretcheth to no
+other hound nor man or beast. That other
+madness is called flank
+madness<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"
+href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">114</a>, for they be so
+sore and tucked up by the middle of the flanks
+as though they never ate meat, and pant in their
+flanks with much pain, and will not eat, but stoop
+low with the head and always look downwards,
+and when they go they take up their feet high
+and go rolling <i>as a drunken man</i>. This madness
+stretcheth to no other hound nor to any other
+things, and they die as it is said before. The other
+madness is called sleeping madness, for they lie
+always and make semblant as if they were asleep,
+and so they die without meat. This sickness
+stretcheth to no other thing. That other madness
+is called madness of head. Nevertheless all madnesses
+are of foolishness of the head and of the
+heat of the heart, for their head becometh great
+and swelleth fast. They eat no meat and so they
+die in that madness. This madness stretcheth to
+no other thing. And certainly I never saw a
+hound that had any of all these madnesses that
+ever might be healed. Nevertheless many men
+think sometime that a hound be mad when it
+is not so, and therefore the best proof that any
+man may do, is to draw him from the other hounds
+and assaye him three whole days each one after
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>
+the other following, if he will eat flesh or any other
+thing. And if he will not eat within three days
+slay him as a mad hound. The remedies for men
+or for beasts that be bitten by mad hounds must
+need be done a short time after the biting, for if
+it were past a whole day it were hard to undertake
+to heal him of the two first madnesses whereof
+I spake at the beginning, for all the others can
+do no harm, and the remedy may be of divers
+manners. Some goeth to the sea, and that is but
+a little help, and maketh nine waves of the sea
+pass over him that is so bitten. Some take an old
+cock and pull all the feathers from above his vent
+and hangeth him by the legs and by the wings, and
+setteth the cock's vent upon the hole of the biting,
+and stroketh along the cock by the neck and by
+the shoulders because that the cock's vent should
+suck all the venom of the biting. And so men do
+long upon each of the wounds, and if the wounds
+be too little they must be made wider with a barber's
+lancet. And many men say, but thereof I make
+no affirmation, that if the hound were mad, that
+the cock shall swell and die, and he that was bitten
+by the hound shall be healed. If the cock does
+not die it is a token that the hound is not mad.
+There is another help, for men may make sauce
+of salt, vinegar and strong garlic pulled and
+stamped, and nettles together and as hot as it may
+be suffered to lay upon the bite. And this is
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>
+a good medicine and a true, for it hath been
+proved, and every day should it be laid upon the
+biting twice, as hot as it can be suffered, until
+the time when it be whole, or else by nine days.
+And yet there is another medicine better than all
+the other. Take leeks and strong garlic and
+chives and rue and nettles and hack them small
+with a knife, and then mingle them with olive oil
+and vinegar, and boil them together, and then
+take all the herbs, also as hot as they may be
+suffered, and lay them on the wound every day
+twice, till the wound be healed, or at least for
+nine days. But at the beginning that the wound
+be closed or garsed<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"
+href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">115</a> (cupped) for to draw out
+the venom out of the wound because that it goeth
+not to the heart. And if a hound is bit by another
+mad hound it is a good thing for to hollow it all
+about the biting with a hot iron. The hounds
+have also another sickness that is called the mange,
+that cometh to them because that they be melancholy.
+There are four manners of mange, that
+one is called the quick mange the which
+pulleth<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"
+href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">116</a>
+the hounds and breaketh their skins in many
+places, and the skin waxeth great and thick, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>
+this is wonderfully evil to heal, for though the
+hounds may be whole it cometh to them again.
+Commonly to this mange, this is the best ointment
+that men may make thereto. Nevertheless many
+men would put many others thereto, first take ye
+six pounds of honey and a quart of verdigris, and
+that the honey be first melted and stirred in the
+bottom with a ladle, and then let it cool, and let
+it boil often with as much of oil of nuts as of the
+honey and of water, wherein an herb has been
+boiled that men call in Latin Cleoborum, and in
+other language Valerian, the which make men
+sneeze, and put all these things together and
+mingle them upon the fire, stir them well and let
+it be cold, and anoint the hound by the fire or in
+the sun. And look that he lick not himself, for
+it should do him harm. And unless he be whole
+at the first time anoint him from eight days (to
+eight days)<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"
+href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">117</a> until the time that he be whole, for
+certainly he shall be whole. And if he will make
+any more of that ointment, take of the things
+aforesaid in the same wise or more or less as
+seemeth to you that need is. That other manner
+(of) mange is called flying mange<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"
+href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">118</a>, for it is not in
+all the body but it cometh more commonly about
+the hounds' ears, and in their legs than in any
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>
+other place of the body<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"
+href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">119</a>, as the farcy, and this is
+the worst to heal, and the best ointment that any
+man can make for this manner of mange is this:
+take quicksilver for as much as ye will make
+ointment, as ye have need, and put it in a dish
+with spittle of three or four fasting men, and stir
+it altogether against the bottom of the dish with
+a pot-stick, until the time that the quicksilver be
+quenched with the water, and then take ye as much
+verdigris as of the quicksilver and mingle it with
+spittle, always stirring with a pot-stick, as I have
+said before, until the time that they can be all
+mingled together. And after take old swine's
+grease without salt, a great piece, and take away
+the skin above, and put it in the dish that I spake
+of, with the things before said, and mingle and
+stamp it altogether a long while, then keep it to
+anoint the hound there where he hath the mange
+and in no other place, and certainly he shall be
+whole. This ointment is marvellous and good and
+true not only for this thing, but also against the
+canker and fistula and farcy and other quick evils,
+the which have been hard to heal in other beasts.
+That other is a common mange when the hounds
+claw themselves with their feet and snap with
+their teeth, and it is on all the body of the hound.
+And all manners of mange come to hounds from
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>
+great travel and from long hunting, as when they
+be hot they drink of foul water and unclean, which
+corrupteth their bodys, and also when they hunt in
+evil places of pricklings of thorns, of briers, or peradventure
+it raineth upon them, and they be not
+well tended afterwards. Then cometh the scab,
+and also the scab cometh upon them when they
+abide in their kennel too long<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"
+href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">120</a> and goeth not hunting.
+Or else their litter and couch is uncleanly
+kept, or else the straw is not removed and their
+water not freshened, and shortly the hounds unclean,
+I hold, and evil kept <i>or long waterless</i>, have
+commonly this mange. For the cure of which take
+ye the root of an herb that groweth upon houses
+and walls, the which is called in Latin iroos<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"
+href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">121</a> (iris)
+and chop it small and boil it well in water, and
+then put thereto as much of oil made of nuts as
+of water, and when it is well boiled cast out the
+herb, and then take of black pitch and of rosin as
+much of the one as of the other, well stamped, and
+cast it in the water and the oil before said, and stir
+it well about on the fire with a pot-stick: and then
+let it well grow cold, and anoint the hound as before
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>
+is said. Sometime cometh to the hounds sickness
+in their eyes, for there cometh a web upon them,
+and growing flesh which cometh into that one side
+of the eye, and is called a nail<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"
+href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">122</a>, and so they grow
+blind unless a man take care thereof. Some men
+put about their necks a collar of an elm tree both
+of leaves and of bark, and seeth that when that
+shall be dry the nail shall fall away, but that is
+but a little help. But the true help that may be
+thereto is this, take ye the juice of a herb that men
+call Selidoyn (Celandine)<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"
+href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">123</a> powder of ginger and
+of pepper, and put all together thrice in the day
+within the eye, and let him not claw nor rub it
+a long while, and that customarily by nine days
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>
+until the time that the hound's eyes be whole, and
+also it is good to put therein of the Sousse<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"
+href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">124</a> of the
+which men find enough at the apothecary's for the
+same sickness, and if the nail were so hard grown
+and so strong that he might not be healed therewith,
+take a needle and bow it in the middle that
+it be crooked, and take well and subtly the flesh
+that is upon the eye with the needle and draw it
+up on high, and then cut it with a razor, but
+take good care that the needle touch not the eye.
+These things the smiths can do well<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"
+href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">125</a>, for as the
+nail is drawn out of a horse's eye, right so it must
+be drawn out of the hound's eye, <i>and without fault
+he shall be whole</i>. And also another sickness
+cometh into the hound's ears the which cometh
+out of the rewme (cold) of the head of the hound,
+for they claw themselves so much with the hinder
+feet that they make much foul things come out
+thereof, and so out of her ears cometh much foul
+things, and some time thereof they become deaf.
+Therefore they should take wine luke-warm and
+with a cloth wash it well, and clean three or four
+times in the day, and when it is washed ye should
+cast therein oil and camomile milk, warm, three
+drops, and suffer him not to claw it nor rub it a
+great while, and do so continually until the time
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>
+that he be whole. Also hounds have another
+sickness that cometh to them of the rewme, that
+is to say, they have the malemort (glanders) in their
+nostrils as horses have, wherefore they can smell
+nothing nor wind, and at the last some die thereof,
+and they take it most when they hunt in snow. For
+this sickness boil mastic and incense in small powder
+in fair water, and of a thing that men call Ostoraces
+calamynt<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"
+href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">126</a>,
+brygella<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"
+href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">127</a>
+of rue<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"
+href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">128</a> and mint and of sage,
+and hold the hound's nose upon the pot's mouth
+wherein these things should boil so that he may
+retain within his nostrils the smoke that cometh
+thereof out of the pot. And in this wise serve
+him a long while, three or four times every day,
+until the time that he be whole, and this is good
+also for a horse when he hath the glanders strongly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>
+coming out of the nose. Also there is another
+sickness of hounds, the which cometh to them in
+their throats and sometime cometh so to men in
+such wise that they may not keep down their meat,
+and so they must cast it out again. In some time
+the sickness is so strong on them, that they can
+keep nothing down in their bodies and so die.
+The best medicine is to let them go wherever they
+will, and let them eat all that ever they will. For
+sometime the contrary things turneth them to
+good. And give them to eat flesh right small
+cut, and put in broth or in goat's milk a little,
+and a little because that they may swallow it
+down without labour, and give him not too much
+at once, that they may digest better. And also
+buttered eggs doeth them much good. And
+sometimes the hounds hurt themselves in their
+feet, and in their legs, and in their breast. And
+when it is in the joints of their feet that be run
+out of their places, the best help that there is is
+to bring them again into joint, by such men as
+can well do it, and then lay upon that place flax
+wetted in white of egg, and let them rest until
+the time that they be whole. And if there be any
+broken bones men should knit it again in the best
+wise, the one bone against that other and bind it
+with flax above as I have said, and with four
+splints well bound thereto that one against that
+other, because that the bone should not unjoin,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>
+and men should remove the bands from four days
+to four days all whole. And give them to drink
+the juice of herbs that are called consolida
+major<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"
+href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">129</a>
+and minor<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"
+href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">130</a>, and mix it in broth or in her meat,
+and that shall make the bones join together. Also
+many hounds be lost by the feet, and if some time
+they be heated take vinegar and soot that is
+within the chimney, and wash his feet therewith
+until the time that they be whole, and if the soles
+of the feet be bruised because, peradventure, they
+have run in hard country or among stones, take
+water, and small salt therein, and therewith wash
+their feet, the same day that they have hunted,
+and if they have hunted in evil country among
+thorns and briars that they be hurt in their legs
+or in their feet, wash their legs in sheep's tallow
+well boiled in wine when it is cold, and rub them
+well upward against the hair. The best that men
+may do to hounds that they lose not their claws
+is that they sojourn not too long, for in long
+sojourning they lose their claws, and their feet, and
+therefore they should be led three times in the
+week a-hunting, and at the least twice. If they
+have sojourned too much, cut ye a little off the
+end of their claws with pincers ere they go hunting,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>
+so that they may not break their claws in
+running. Also when they be at sojourn, men
+should lead them out every day a mile or two
+upon gravel or upon a right hard path by a river
+side, so that their feet may be hard. Hounds
+also sometimes be chilled as horses when they
+have run too long, and come hot in some water,
+or else when they come to rest in some cold place,
+then they go all forenoon and cannot eat, nor
+cannot walk well, then should men let blood on
+the four legs. From the forelegs in the joints
+within the leg, from the hinder legs men should
+let blood in the veins that goeth overthwart above
+the hocks on the other side, and in the hinder legs
+men may well see clearly the veins that I speak of,
+and also in the forelegs, thus he shall be whole.
+And give him one day sops or some other thing
+comfortable till the morrow or other day. The
+hounds also have a sickness in the yerde that men
+calleth the canker, and many be lost thereby.
+Men should take such a hound and hold him fast
+and upright and bind his mouth and his four legs
+also, and then men should take his yerde backward
+by the ballocks and put him upward, and
+another man shall draw the skin well in manner
+that the yerde may all come out, and then a man
+may take away the canker with his fingers, for if
+it were taken away with a knife men might cut
+him. And then men should wash it with wine,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>
+milk warm, and then put therein honey and salt,
+so that the sickness shall not come again, and then
+put again the yerde within the skin as it was before,
+and look every week that the sickness come not
+again, and take it always out if aught come thereto
+until the time that it be whole. And in the same
+wise a man should do to a bitch, if such a sickness
+were taken in her nature. In this sickness many
+hounds and bitches die for default of these cures,
+whereof all hunters have not full knowledge.
+Sometimes the hounds have a great sickness that
+they may not piss, and be lost thereby and also
+when they may not scombre (dung). Then take
+ye the root of a cabbage and put it in olive oil,
+and put it in his fundament so that ye leave
+some of the end without, so much that it may
+be drawn out when it is needful. And if he
+may not be whole thereby make him a clyster as
+men do to a man, of mallows, of beets, and of
+mercury, a handful of each, and of rue and of
+incense, and that all these things be boiled in water
+and put bran within, and let pass all that water
+through a strainer, and thereto put two drachms
+of agarite<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"
+href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">131</a> and of honey and of olive oil, and all
+this together put into his anus and he shall scombre.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>
+And then take five corns of spurge<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"
+href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">132</a> and stamp
+them and temper them with goat's milk or with
+broth, and put it in the hound's throat to the
+amount of a glassful. And if he may not piss
+take the leaves of leeks and of a herb that is called
+marrubium album<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"
+href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">133</a> and of
+modirwort<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"
+href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">134</a> and of
+peritorie<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"
+href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">135</a> and morsus
+galline<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"
+href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">136</a> and of nettles and
+parsley leaves as much of the one as of the other,
+and stamp them with swine's grease therewith, and
+make a plaster thereof, and make it a little hot,
+and lay it upon the hound's yerde and along his
+belly, and that which is hard to understand ye
+shall find at the apothecary's, the which know
+well all these things. Also to the hounds cometh
+sores, that cometh to them under the throat or
+in other parts of the body. Then take ye of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>
+mallows and of the onions and of white lilies,<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"
+href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">137</a>
+and cut them small with a knife, and put them in
+a ladle of iron and mingle these herbs whereof I
+speak, and lay them upon the sores, and that shall
+make them rise, and when they be risen, slit them
+with a sharp knife. And when they be so broken,
+lay upon them some good drawing salve, and he
+be whole. Sometimes the hounds fight and bite
+each other, and then they shall take sheep's wool
+unwashed, and a little olive oil, and wet the wool
+in the oil, and lay it upon the hound's wound, and
+bind it thereupon, and do so three days, and then
+after twice each day anoint it with olive oil, and
+lay nothing upon it. And he shall lick it with his
+tongue and heal himself.<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"
+href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">138</a> If peradventure in the
+wound come worms as I have seen some time,
+every day ye shall pick them out with a stick, and
+ye shall put in the wound the juice of leaves of a
+peach tree mingled with quicklime until the time
+that they be whole. Also it happeneth to many
+hounds that they smite the forelegs against the
+hinder wherefore their thighs dry<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"
+href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">139</a> and be lost
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>
+thereby, and then if ye see that it last them longer
+than three days that they set not their foot to the
+earth, then slit ye the thigh along and athwart
+within the thigh, crosswise upon the bone, that is
+upon the turn bone of the knee behind, and then
+put thereupon wool wet in olive oil as before is
+said, for three whole days. And then after anoint
+the wound with oil without binding as I have said,
+and he shall heal himself with his tongue. Sometimes
+a hound is evil astyfled,<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"
+href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">140</a> so that he shall
+sometime abide half a year or more ere he be well,
+<i>and if he be not so tended he will never recover</i>.
+Then it needeth that ye let him long sojourn
+until the time that he be whole, until he is no
+longer halting, that is that one thigh be no greater
+than the other. And if he may not be all whole,
+do to him as men do to a horse that is spauled in
+the shoulder in front, draw throughout a cord of
+horsehair<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"
+href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">141</a> and he shall be whole. Sometimes an
+evil befalls in the ballock purse,<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"
+href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">142</a> sometimes from
+too long hunting or from long journeys, or from
+rupture,<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"
+href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">143</a>
+or sometimes when bitches be jolly, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>
+they may not come to them at their ease as they
+would, and that the humours runneth into the
+ballocks, and sometimes when they be smitten
+upon in hunting or in other places. To this sickness
+and to all others in that manner, the best
+help is for to make a purse of cloth three or four
+times double, and take linseed and put it within,
+and put it in a pot, and let it mingle with wien,
+and let them well boil together, and mix it always
+with a stick, and when it is well boiled put it
+within the purse that I spoke of, as hot as the
+hound may suffer it, and put his ballocks in that
+purse, and bind it with a band betwixt the thighs
+above the back, make well fast the ballocks upwards,
+and leave a hole in the cloth for to put
+out the tail and his anus, and another hole before
+for the yerde so that he may scombre and piss
+and renew that thing once or twice until the time
+that he be whole. Also it is a well good thing
+for a man or for a horse that hath this
+sickness.<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"
+href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">144</a></p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"
+     href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">108</span></a>
+     Cherish, &quot;wagging their tayles and seeming to cherish
+     them,&quot; Turbervile, p. 223. See Appendix: Madness.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"
+     href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">109</span></a>
+     It should read &quot;smelleth,&quot; as it is in Shirley MS. and
+     in G. de F., p. 87.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"
+     href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">110</span></a>
+     The friendly licking of other dogs has often been noticed as an
+     early symptom of rabies in a pack of hounds.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"
+     href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">111</span></a>
+     Du Fouilloux in his <i>La Venerie</i> (published 1561) copied
+     much from Gaston de Foix's book, but either he or his editors
+     made the ridiculous mistake of saying nine <i>months</i> instead
+     of <i>days</i>. Turbervile, who translated, or rather cribbed,
+     Du Fouilloux's book, has copied this absurd mistake, and says a
+     hound may continue thus nine months, but not past (p.222).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"
+     href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">112</span></a>
+     Means &quot;a bone in their throat.&quot; G. de F. (p. 88):
+     &quot;comme si ils avoient un os en la gueule.&quot; In the
+     Shirley MS. &quot;enosed,&quot; <i>i.e.</i> &quot;<i>un os.</i>
+     &quot; See Appendix: Madness.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"
+     href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">113</span></a>
+     See Appendix: Worming.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"
+     href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">114</span></a>
+     &quot;Lank madness&quot; in Turbervile, p. 223. Tucked up. G. de
+     F. (p. 88): &quot;cousus parmi les flans&quot; (&quot;the flanks
+     drawn in&quot;).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"
+     href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">115</span></a>
+     In Shirley MS. &quot;ventoused upon or gersed.&quot; G. de F.:
+     &quot;ventouses, que on appelle coupes,&quot; hence &quot;cupped
+     and lanced&quot; would be the proper meaning.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"
+     href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">116</span></a>
+     Makes them lose their hair. G. de F. (p. 90), &quot;et si
+     <i>poile</i> le chien.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"
+     href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">117</span></a>
+     &quot;To viii. days&quot; has been omitted.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"
+     href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">118</span></a>
+     Some confusion, which is still common, between eczema from
+     various causes, and true parasitic mange or scabies.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"
+     href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">119</span></a>
+     G. de F. (p. 91) adds: &quot;et est vermeille et saute d'un lieu en autre.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"
+     href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">120</span></a>
+     In the Shirley MS. the words are added: &quot;to(o) hye plyte,
+     &quot; <i>i.e.</i> too high condition. G. de F. (p. 91) adds
+     &quot;gresse.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"
+     href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">121</span></a>
+     <i>Ireos</i>, Eng. Iris. This word is also constantly recurring
+     in old household books. Aniseed and orris powder were placed
+     among linen to preserve it from insects. In Edward IV.'s
+     Wardrobe Accounts we read of bags of fustian stuffed with anneys
+     and ireos.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"
+     href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">122</span></a>
+     <i>Pterygium</i>, name for the &quot;sickness&quot; in the eyes
+     of hounds which our MS. describes as a &quot;web coming upon
+     them.&quot; It is called <i>pterygium</i> from its resemblance
+     to an insect's wing; is an hypertrophy of the conjunctiva or
+     lining membrane of the eye, due to irritation; it extends from
+     the inner angle to the cornea, which it may cover: the treatment
+     is excision. The cure for &quot;the nail&quot; mentioned in our
+     MS. of hanging a collar of elm leaves round the dog is taken by
+     G. de F. (p. 92) from Roy Modus xliv., where it is given without
+     the saving clause &quot;M&egrave;s cela est bien petit rem&egrave;de.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"
+     href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">123</span></a>
+     <i>Celandine</i>, <i>Chalidonium Majus</i>, from
+     &chi;&epsilon;&lambda;&iota;&delta;&omega;&nu;, a swallow. The
+     name was derived from the tradition that swallows used it to
+     open the eyes of their young or to restore their sight. Has a
+     yellow flower and an acrid, bitter, orange juice. Internally an
+     irritant poison. Infusions in wine used by Galen and Bioscorides
+     for jaundice, probably from the colour of the juice and flowers.
+     Externally the juice was much used for wounds, ulcers,
+     ophthalmic cases, and for the removal of warts. The Old French
+     name for this plant was <i>herbe d'arondelles</i> (<i>hirondelles</i>).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"
+     href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">124</span></a>
+     Shirley MS. has &quot;foussye,&quot; G. de F. (p. 92) &quot;de
+     la poudre de la tutie,&quot; oxide of zinc.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"
+     href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">125</span></a>
+     Shirley MS. adds: &quot;that be marshals for horses.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"
+     href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">126</span></a>
+     <i>Estoracis calamita</i>, G. de F., p. 93. Lavall&eacute;e
+     appends the note: &quot;<i>Storax et Styrax calamita.</i>&quot;
+     Storax, a resin resembling benzoin, was in high esteem from the
+     time of Pliny to the eighteenth century. It was obtained from the
+     stem of <i>Styrax</i> <i>officinalis</i>, a native of Greece and
+     the Levant. In our MS. four other ingredients mentioned by G. de
+     F. have been left out, but the Shirley MS. gives them: &quot;and
+     oyle of Kamamyle and of Mallyor of aushes and of calamynt,&quot;
+     <i>i.e.</i> oil of camomile, melilot (Meliters), rosemary,
+     thymus calamita, a species of balm. Possibly this is a mint
+     called <i>Calaminta nepeta</i>, a plant formerly much used in
+     medicine as a gentle stimulant and tonic. Melilot, a genus of
+     clover-like plants of the natural order of <i>Leguminose</i>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"
+     href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">127</span></a>
+     Mildew. G. de F. (p. 93), Nigella, Nielle.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"
+     href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">128</span></a>
+     <i>Rewe</i>, Mod. Eng. <i>rue</i>, Lat. <i>ruta</i>. This herb
+     was in great repute among the ancients, and is still employed
+     in medicine as a powerful stimulant.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"
+     href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">129</span></a>
+     <i>Consolida major.</i> Lavall&eacute;e in his note (p. 94)
+     translates this <i>consoude</i>, which in English is comfrey,
+     Latin <i>Symphytum</i>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"
+     href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">130</span></a>
+     <i>Consolida minor</i> (Lavall&eacute;e: note, <i>petit
+     consoude</i>), Mod. Fr. <i>Brunelle</i>. G. de F. p. 94. Eng.
+     Selfheal. Lat. <i>Prunella vulgaris</i>. It was at one time in
+     repute as a febrifuge.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"
+     href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">131</span></a>
+     <i>Agarys</i>. G. de F. <i>d'agret</i>, probably
+     <i>agrimony</i>, Lat. agrimonia. It is bitter and styptic, and
+     was much valued in domestic medicine; a decoction of it being
+     used as a gargle and the dried leaves as a kind of tea, and the
+     root as a vermifuge.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"
+     href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">132</span></a>
+     <i>Euphorbia resinifera</i>, common spurge, exudes a very acrid
+     milky juice which dries into a gum resin. Still used for some
+plasters.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"
+     href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">133</span></a>
+     <i>Marrubium vulgare.</i> G. de F. <i>marrabre blanc</i>, Eng.
+     white horehound. It enjoyed a great reputation as a stimulating
+     expectorant employed in asthma, consumption, and other pulmonary
+     affections.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"
+     href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">134</span></a>
+     <i>Leonurus cardiaca.</i> G. de F. <i>Artemise</i>, Eng.
+     Motherwort, Mod. Fr. <i>armoise</i>. A plant allied to the
+     horehound as a vascular stimulant and diuretic and a general
+     tonic, employed in dropsy, gout, rheumatism, and uterine disorders.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"
+     href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">135</span></a>
+     <i>Parietaria.</i> Eng. Wall pellitory. An old domestic remedy.
+     It was supposed to be astringent and cooling, and used locally
+     for inflammation, burns, erysipelas, and internally as a diuretic.
+     It grows on old walls and heaps of rubbish.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"
+     href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">136</span></a>
+     <i>Morsus gallinus.</i></p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"
+     href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">137</span></a>
+     <i>Lilies.</i> The white lilies here mentioned are probably
+     <i>Lilium connalium</i> (lilies of the valley). In an old book of
+     recipes I find them mentioned as an antidote to poison. (<i>Haus
+     und Land Bib.</i> 1700.) They have medicinal qualities, purgative
+     and diuretic in effect. Dried and powdered they become a
+     sternutatory.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"
+     href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">138</span></a>
+     In the Shirley MS. there is added: &quot;the hound tongue
+     beareth medicine and especially to himself.&quot; G. de F. has the
+     same (p. 97).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"
+     href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">139</span></a>
+     Wither or dry up.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"
+     href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">140</span></a>
+     Inflammation of the stifle joint.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"
+     href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">141</span></a>
+     <i>Seton.</i> G. de F. (p. 98) says: &quot;une ortie et un sedel de
+    corde.&quot; His word <i>sedel</i> came from the Spanish <i>sedal</i>. The
+    English &quot;seton&quot; comes from <i>seta</i>, a hair, because hair was
+    originally employed as the inserted material.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"
+     href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">142</span></a>
+     Testicles.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"
+     href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">143</span></a>
+     The following words, which are in Shirley MS. and in G.
+    de F., are left out: &quot;some tyme for they more foundeth as
+    an hors.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"
+     href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">144</span></a>
+     The Shirley MS. has the following ending to this chapter:
+     &quot;And God forbid that for (a) little labour or cost of this
+     medicine, man should see his good kind hound perish, that
+     before hath made him so many comfortable disports at divers
+     times in hunting,&quot; which is not taken from G. de F.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV<br />
+OF RUNNING HOUNDS AND OF THEIR NATURE</h2>
+<p>A running hound is a kind of hound there be
+few men that have not seen some of them. Nevertheless
+I shall devise how a running hound shall
+be held for good and fair, and also shall I devise
+of their manners. Of all hues of running hounds,
+there are some which be good, and some which
+be bad or evil as of greyhounds. But the best
+hue of running hounds and most common for to
+be good, is called brown tan. Also the goodness
+of running hounds, and of all other kinds of good
+hounds, cometh of true courage and of the good
+nature of their good father and of their good
+mother. And also as touching greyhounds, men
+may well help to make them good by teaching as
+by leading them to the wood and to fields, and to
+be always near them, in making of many good
+cur&eacute;es when they have done well, and of rating at
+and beating them when they have done amiss, for
+they are beasts, and therefore have they need to
+learn that which men will they should do. A
+running hound should be well born, and well
+grown of body, and should have great nostrils and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>
+open, and a long snout, but not small, and great
+lips and well hanging down, and great eyes red or
+black, and a great forehead and great head, and
+large ears, well long and well hanging down, broad
+and near the head, a great neck, and a great breast
+and great shoulders, and great legs and strong,
+and not too long, and great feet, round and great
+claws, and the foot a little low, small flanks and
+long sides, a little pintel not long, small hanging
+ballocks and well trussed together, a good chine
+bone and great back, good thighs, and great hind
+legs and the hocks straight and not bowed, the
+tail great and high, and not cromping up on the
+back, but straight and a little cromping upward.
+Nevertheless I have seen some running hounds
+with great hairy tails the which were very good.
+Running hounds hunt in divers manners, for some
+followeth the hart fast at the first, for they go
+lightly and fast and when they have run so awhile,
+they have hied them so fast that they be relaxed
+and all breathless, and stop still and leave the hart
+when they should chase him. This kind of running
+hounds men should find usually in the land
+of Basco and Spain. They are right good for the
+wild boar, but are not good for the hart, for they
+be not good to enchase at a long flight, but only
+for to press him, for they seek not well, and they
+run not well nor they hunt not (well) from a
+distance, for they be accustomed to hunt close.</p>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="RACHES_OR_RUNNING_HOUNDS">
+  <a href="images/i_156.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_156thumb.jpg" height="363" width="400"
+     alt="RACHES OR RUNNING HOUNDS IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY"
+     title="RACHES OR RUNNING HOUNDS IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="caption">RACHES OR RUNNING HOUNDS IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY</p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/i_156.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p>
+<p class="continued">And at the beginning they have shown their best.
+Other manners of running hounds there are which
+hunt a good deal more slowly and heavily, but as
+they begin, so they hold on all the day. These
+hounds force not so soon a hart as the other, but
+they bring him best by mastery and strength to
+his end, for they retrieve and scent the line better
+and farther, because they are somewhat slow.
+They must hunt the hart from farther off, and
+therefore they scent the fues better than the other
+that goes so hastily without stopping until the
+time that they be weary. A bold hound should
+never complain or howl, unless if he were out of
+the rights. And also he should again seek the
+rights, for a hart flieth and ruseth. Commonly
+a bold hound hunteth with the wind when he seeth
+his time. He dreads his master and understands
+him and does as he bids him. A bold hound
+should not leave the hart neither for rain, nor for
+heat, nor for cold, nor for any evil weather, but
+at this time there be few such, and also should
+he hunt the hart well by himself without help of
+man, as if the man were always with him. <i>But alas!
+I know not now any such hounds.</i> Hounds there
+are which be bold and brave; and be called bold
+for they are bold and good for the hart, for when
+the hart comes in danger<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"
+href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">145</a> they will chase him,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>
+but they will not open<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"
+href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">146</a> nor quest while he is
+among the change, for dread to envoyse<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"
+href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">147</a> and do
+amiss, but when they have dissevered<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"
+href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">148</a> him, then
+they will open and hunt him and should overcome
+the hart well, and perfectly and masterfully
+throughout all the change. These hounds be not
+so good nor so perfect as be the bold hounds before
+said <i>to most men</i> for two reasons<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"
+href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">149</a>, that one reason
+is for they hunt not at men's best pleasure for they
+hunt nought but the hart, and the first bold hound
+hunts all manner of beasts that his master will
+uncouple him to. He opens always through all
+the changes, and a bold hound for the hart opens
+not for the hart, as I have said when the hart is
+amid the changes. He dreadeth where he goeth
+that men see him lest he do amiss or envoise, but
+men cannot always see him<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"
+href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">150</a>. Of this kind of
+hound have I seen many a one. There be other
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>
+kinds of hounds which men <i>beyond the sea call</i>
+hart hounds, good and restrained hart hounds.<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"
+href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">151</a>
+They hunt no other beast but the hart, and therefore
+they are called hart hounds and bold hounds,
+for they be bold and good and wise for the hart;
+they be called restrained, because if the hart fall
+among the change they should abide still<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"
+href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">152</a> until
+the hunter come, and when they see their master
+they make him welcome, and wag their tails upon
+him, and will by-piss the way and the bushes,
+<i>but in England men make them not so</i>. These be
+good hounds <i>of our land</i>, but not so good as the
+bold hounds aforesaid. They be well wise, for they
+know well that they should not hunt the change,
+and they are not so wise as to dissever the hart
+from the change, for they abide still and restive.
+These hounds I hold full good, for the hunter
+that knows them may well help them to slay the
+hart. None of all these three kinds of hounds
+hunt at the hart in rutting time, unless it be the
+good bold hound,<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"
+href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">153</a> which is the best of all other
+hounds. The best sport that men can have is
+running with hounds, for if he hunt at hare or
+at the roe or at buck or at the hart, or at any other
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>
+beast without greyhound<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"
+href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">154</a> it is a fair thing, and
+pleasant to him that loveth them; the seeking
+and the finding is also a fair thing, and a great
+liking to slay them with strength, and for to see
+the wit and the knowledge that God hath given
+to good hounds, and for to see good recovering
+and retrieving, and the mastery and the subtleties
+that be in good hounds. For with greyhounds
+and with other kinds of hounds whatever they be,
+the sport lasteth not, for anon a good greyhound
+or a good alaunte taketh or faileth a beast, and so
+do all manner of hounds save running hounds,
+the which must hunt all the day questeying and
+making great melody in their language and saying
+great villainy and chiding the beasts that they
+chase. And therefore I prefer them to all other
+kinds of hounds, for they have more virtue it
+seems to me than any other beast. Other kind
+of hounds there be the which open and jangle
+when they are uncoupled, as well when they be
+not in her fues (on their line), and when they
+be in her fues they questey<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"
+href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">155</a> too much in seeking
+their chase whatever it be, and if they learn the
+habit when they are young and are not chastised
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>
+thereof, they will evermore be noisy and wild,
+and namely when they seek their chase, for when
+the chase is found, the hounds cannot questey too
+much so that they be in the fues<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"
+href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">156</a>. And to rente
+and make hounds there are many remedies. <i>There
+be also many kinds of running hounds, some small
+and some big, and the small be called kenets, and
+these hounds run well to all manner of game, and
+they (that) serve for all game men call them
+harriers.<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"
+href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">157</a>
+And every hound that hath that courage will come to
+be a harrier by nature with little making. But they
+need great nature and making in youth, and great
+labour to make a hound run boldly to a chase where
+there is great change, or other chases.</i> Hounds
+which are not perfectly wise take the change
+commonly from May until St. John's tide (June
+24th), for then they find the change of hinds.
+The hinds will not fly far before the hounds, but
+they turn about and the hound sees them very
+often, and therefore they run to them with a
+better will, because they keep near their calves the
+which cannot fly, therefore they hunt them gladly;
+and commonly when the harts go to rut, hounds
+hunt the change, for the harts and the hinds be
+commonly standing in herds together, and so they
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>
+find them and run to them sooner than at any
+other time of the year. Also the hounds scent
+worse from May until St. John's time than in
+any other time of all the year, for as I shall say
+the burnt heath and the burning of fields taketh
+away the scent from the hounds of the beasts that
+they hunt. Also in that time the herbs be best
+and flowers in their smelling, each one in their
+kind, and when the hounds hope to scent the beast
+that they hunt, the sweet-smelling of the herbs
+takes the scent of the beast from them.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"
+     href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">145</span></a>
+     Danger of his being lost to the hounds.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"
+     href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">146</span></a>
+     Challenge&mdash;<i>i.e.</i> the noise the hounds make on finding the
+scent of an animal.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"
+     href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">147</span></a>
+     Get off the line.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"
+     href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">148</span></a>
+     Separated him from the other deer.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"
+     href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">149</span></a>
+     From here to the middle of the 13th line on the next page
+     the text is copied from the Shirley MS., the scribe who wrote
+     the Vespasian B. XII. MS. having made a mistake in his
+     transcript, copying on folio 65 the folio 64, which therefore
+     appears twice over, to the exclusion of the matter here copied
+     from the Shirley MS.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"
+     href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">150</span></a>
+     This sentence is difficult to understand without consulting
+     G. de F. (p. 110), who says: &quot;as the hound does not challenge
+     when the stag is with change, one does not know where he is
+     going unless one sees him, and one cannot always see him.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"
+     href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">151</span></a>
+     G. de F.: &quot;cerfs baus restifz&quot; is the name which he gives
+     these hounds.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"
+     href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">152</span></a>
+     G. de F. adds: &quot;and remain quite quiet.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"
+     href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">153</span></a>
+     &quot;Le chien baud,&quot; G. de F., p. 111. See Appendix: Running
+     Hounds.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"
+     href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">154</span></a>
+     The text of the MS. differs from G. de F., who says if one
+     hunts stags &quot;ou autres bestes en traillant sans limier&quot; (drawing
+     from them without having first harboured them with a lymer),
+     and does not say &quot;without greyhounds&quot;; p. 111.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"
+     href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">155</span></a>
+     G. de F. has here: &quot;Ils crient trop en qu&eacute;rant leur beste
+     quelle que soit,&quot; p. 111.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"
+     href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">156</span></a>
+     &quot;The hounds cannot challenge too loudly when they are
+     on the line.&quot; G. de F.: &quot;Chien ne peut trop crier,&quot; p. 112.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"
+     href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">157</span></a>
+     From Mid. Eng. <i>harien</i>, <i>harren</i>, to harry or worry game.
+     See Appendix: Harrier.</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV<br />
+OF GREYHOUNDS AND OF THEIR NATURE</h2>
+
+<p>The greyhound is a kind of hound there be few
+which have not seen some. Nevertheless for to
+devise how a greyhound should be held for good
+and fair, I shall devise their manner. Of all
+manner of greyhounds there be both good and
+bad, nevertheless the best hue is red fallow with
+a black muzzle. The goodness of greyhounds
+comes of right courage, and of the good nature
+of their father and their mother. And also men
+may well help to make them good in the
+encharning<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"
+href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">158</a>
+of them with other good greyhounds, and feed
+them well with the best that he taketh. The
+good greyhound should be of middle size, neither
+too big nor too little, and then he is good for all
+beasts. If he were too big he is nought for small
+beasts, and if he were too little he were nought
+for the great beasts. Nevertheless whoso can
+maintain both, it is good that he have both of the
+great and of the small, and of the middle size.
+A greyhound should have a long head and somewhat
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>
+large made, resembling the making of a
+bace<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"
+href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">159</a> (pike). A good large mouth and good
+seizers the one against the other, so that the
+nether jaw pass not the upper, nor that the upper
+pass not the nether. Their eyes are red or black
+as those of a sparrow hawk, the ears small and
+high in the manner of a serpent, the neck great
+and long bowed like a swan's neck, his chest great
+and open, the hair under his chyn hanging down
+in the manner of a lion.<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"
+href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">160</a> His shoulders as a
+roebuck, the forelegs straight and great enough
+and not too high in the legs, the feet straight and
+round as a cat, great claws, long head as
+ cow<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"
+href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">161</a>
+hanging down.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"
+     href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">158</span></a>
+     Encharning, feed with the flesh of game, to blood.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"
+     href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">159</span></a>
+     Should be &quot;luce,&quot; and G. de F. has &quot;luz,&quot; from Lat. <i>lucius</i>,
+     pike, p. 103.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"
+     href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">160</span></a>
+     G. de F., p. 104, says: &quot;La harpe bien aval&eacute;e en guise de
+     lion,&quot; <i>harpe</i> meaning in this instance &quot;flanks.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"
+     href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">161</span></a>
+     &quot;Long head as a cow&quot; is evidently a mistake of translator
+     or scribe. G. de F. has: &quot;le cost&eacute; lonc comme une biche et
+     bien aval&eacute;&quot; (&quot;the sides long as a hind, and hanging down
+     well&quot;).</p>
+</div>
+<p>The bones and the joints of the chine great
+and hard like the chine of a hart. And if his
+chine be a little high it is better than if it were
+flat. A little pintel and little ballocks, and well
+trussed near the ars, small womb,<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"
+href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">162</a> the hocks
+straight and not bent as of an ox, a cat's tail</p>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="THE_SMOOTH_AND_THE_ROUGH-COATED_GREYHOUNDS">
+  <a href="images/i_166.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_166thumb.jpg" height="561" width="400"
+     alt="THE SMOOTH AND THE ROUGH-COATED GREYHOUNDS"
+     title="THE SMOOTH AND THE ROUGH-COATED GREYHOUNDS" />
+  </a>
+  <p class="caption">THE SMOOTH AND THE ROUGH-COATED GREYHOUNDS</p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/i_166.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p>
+<p class="continued">making a ring at the end and not too high, the
+two bones of the chine behind broad of a large
+palm's breadth or more. Also there are many
+good greyhounds with long tails right swift. A
+good greyhound should go so fast that if he be
+well slipped he should overtake any beast, and
+there where he overtakes it he should seize it
+where he can get at it the soonest, <i>nevertheless he
+shall last longer if he bite in front or by the
+side</i>.<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"
+href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">163</a>
+He should be courteous and not too fierce,
+following well his master and doing whatever he
+command him. He shall be good and kindly
+<i>and clean</i>, glad and joyful and playful, well willing
+and goodly to all manner of folks save to the
+wild beasts to whom he should be fierce, spiteful
+and eager.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"
+     href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">162</span></a>
+     The following words should be added here, a line having
+     been omitted by the scribe: &quot;and straight near the back as a
+     lamprey, the thighs great and straight as a hare.&quot; They are
+     in Shirley MS. and G. de F., p. 104.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"
+     href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">163</span></a>
+     In lieu of this original passage G. de F., p. 105, has: &quot;sans
+     abayer, et sans marchander&quot; (&quot;without baying or
+     bargaining&quot;).
+     <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI<br />
+OF ALAUNTES AND OF THEIR NATURE</h2>
+<p>An alaunte is of the manner and nature of hounds.
+And the good alauntes be those which men call
+alauntes gentle. Others there be that men call
+alauntes veutreres, others be alauntes of the
+butcheries. They that be gentle should be made
+and shaped as a greyhound, even of all things save
+of the head, the which should be great and short.
+And though there be alauntes of all hues, the true
+hue of a good alaunte, and that which is most
+common should be white with black spots about
+the ears, small eyes and white standing ears and
+sharp above. Men should teach alauntes better,
+and to be of better custom than any other beasts,
+for he is better shaped and stronger for to do
+harm than any other beast. And also commonly
+alauntes are stordy<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"
+href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">164</a> (giddy) of their own nature
+and have not such good sense as many other
+hounds have, for if a man prick<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"
+href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">165</a> a horse the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>
+alauntes will run gladly and bite the horse. Also
+they run at oxen and sheep, and swine, and at all
+other beasts, or at men or at other hounds. For
+men have seen alauntes slay their masters. In
+all manner of ways alauntes are treacherous and
+evil understanding, and more foolish and more
+harebrained than any other kind of hound. And
+no one ever saw three well conditioned and good.
+For the good alaunte should run as fast as a greyhound,
+and any beast that he can catch he should
+hold with his seizers and not leave it. For an
+alaunte of his nature holds faster of his biting
+than can three greyhounds the best any man can
+find. And therefore it is the best hound to hold
+and to nyme (seize) all manner of beasts and hold
+them fast. And when he is well conditioned and
+perfect, men hold that he is good among all
+other hounds. But men find few that be perfect.
+A good alaunte should love his master and follow
+him, and help him in all cases, and do what his
+master commands him. A good alaunte should
+go fast and be hardy to take all kinds of beasts
+without turning, and hold fast and not leave it,
+and be well conditioned, and well at his master's
+command, and when he is such, men hold, as I have
+said, that he is the best hound that can be to take
+all manner of beasts. That other kind of alaunte is
+called veutreres. They are almost shaped as a
+greyhound of full shape, they have a great head,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>
+great lips and great ears, and with such men help
+themselves at <i>the baiting of the bull</i> and at hunting
+of a wild boar, for it is their nature to hold fast,
+but they be (heavy) and foul (ugly) that if they be
+slain by the wild boar or by the bull, it is not very
+great loss. And when they can overtake a beast
+they bite it and hold it still, but by themselves
+they could never take a beast unless greyhounds
+were with them to make the beast tarry. That
+other kind of alauntes of the butcheries is such as
+you may always see in good towns, <i>that are called
+great butchers' hounds</i>, the which the butchers keep
+to help them to bring their beasts that they buy in
+the country, for if an ox escape from the butchers
+that lead him, his hounds would go and take him
+and hold him until his master has come, and
+should help him to bring him again to the town.
+They cost little to keep as they eat the foul things
+in the butcher's row. Also they keep their master's
+house, they be good <i>for bull baiting</i> and for hunting
+wild boar, whether it be with greyhounds at
+the tryst or with running hounds at bay within the
+covert. For when a wild boar is within a strong
+hatte of wood (thicket), perhaps all day the running
+hounds will not make him come out. And when
+men let such mastiffs run at the boar they take
+him in the thick spires (wood) so that any man
+can slay him, or they make him come out of his
+strength, so that he shall not remain long at bay.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"
+     href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">164</span></a>
+     G. de F. has &quot;estourdiz,&quot; which the &quot;Master of Game&quot;
+     translates as &quot;stordy&quot; or sturdy, but the modern sense would
+     be hairbrained, giddy, not sturdy.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"
+     href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">165</span></a>
+     Means <i>chase</i> a horse. G. de F. says: &quot;Se on court un
+     cheval, ils le prennent voulentiers,&quot; p. 100.</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII<br />
+OF SPANIELS AND OF THEIR NATURE</h2>
+<p>Another kind of hound there is that be called
+hounds for the hawk and spaniels, for their kind
+cometh from Spain, notwithstanding that there
+are many in other countries. And such hounds
+have many good customs and evil. Also a fair
+hound for the hawk should have a great head, a
+great body and be of fair hue, white or tawny,
+for they be the fairest, and of such hue they be
+commonly best. A good spaniel should not be
+too rough, but his tail should be rough. The
+good qualities that such hounds have are these:
+they love well their masters and follow them
+without losing, although they be in a great crowd
+of men, and commonly they go before their
+master, running and wagging their tail, and raise
+or start fowl and wild beasts. But their right
+craft is of the partridge and of the quail. It is a
+good thing to a man that hath a noble goshawk
+or a tiercel or a sparrow hawk for partridge, to
+have such hounds. And also when they be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>
+taught to be couchers,<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"
+href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">166</a> they be good to take
+partridges and quail with a net. And also they
+be good when they are taught to swim and to be
+good for the river, and for fowls when they have
+dived, but on the other hand they have many
+bad qualities like the country that they come
+from. For a country draweth to two natures of
+men, of beasts, and of fowls, and as men call
+greyhounds <i>of Scotland</i> and of
+Britain,<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"
+href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">167</a> so the
+alauntes and the hounds for the hawk come out
+of Spain, and they take after the nature of the
+generation of which they come. Hounds for
+the hawk are fighters and great barkers if you
+lead them a hunting among running hounds,
+whatever beasts they hunt to they will make
+them lose the line, for they will go before now
+hither now thither, as much when they are at
+fault as when they go right, and lead the hounds
+about and make them overshoot and fail. Also
+if you lead greyhounds with you, and there be a
+hound for the hawk, that is to say a spaniel, if he
+see geese or kine, or horses, or hens, or oxen or
+other beasts, he will run anon and begin to bark
+at them, and because of him all the greyhounds
+will run to take the beast through his egging on,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>
+for he will make all the riot and all the harm.
+The hounds for the hawk have so many other evil
+habits that unless I had a goshawk or falcon or
+hawks for the river, or sparrow hawk, or the net,
+I would never have any, <i>especially there where I
+would hunt</i>.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"
+     href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">166</span></a>
+     Setters, from <i>coucher</i>, to lie down. G. de F.: &quot;chien
+     couchant&quot; (p. 113).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"
+     href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">167</span></a>
+     Brittany. In Shirley MS. &quot;England&quot; precedes &quot;Scotland.&quot;
+     G. de F. says nothing about Scotland. He says &quot;Bretainhe,&quot;
+     meaning Brittany (p. 113).</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVIII" id="CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII<br />
+OF THE MASTIFF AND OF HIS NATURE</h2>
+<p>A mastiff is a manner of hound. The mastiff's
+nature and his office is to keep his master's beasts
+and his master's house, and it is a good kind of
+hound, for they keep and defend with all their
+power all their master's goods. They be of a
+churlish nature and ugly shape. Nevertheless
+there are some <i>that come to be
+berslettis,<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"
+href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">168</a> and also
+to bring well and fast and wanlace</i> (range)
+<i>about</i>.<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"
+href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">169</a>
+Sometimes there be many good, especially for men
+who hunt for profit of the household to get flesh.
+Also of mastiffs and alaunts there be (bred) many
+good for the wild boar. Also from mastiffs and
+hounds for the hawk (there be bred) hounds that
+men should not make much mention of, therefore I
+will no more speak of them, for there is no great
+mastery nor great readiness in the hunting that
+they do, <i>for their nature is not to be tenderly nosed</i>.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"
+     href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">168</span></a>
+     Bercellettis or bercelettes, hounds, most likely shooting
+     dogs, from <i>berser</i>, to shoot, <i>bercel</i>, an archer's butt.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"
+     href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">169</span></a>
+     <i>Wanlasour</i>, one who drives game. Appendix: Wanlace.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="THE_FIVE_BREEDS_OF_HOUNDS_DESCRIBED_IN_THE_TEXT">
+  <a href="images/i_176.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_176thumb.jpg" height="289" width="400"
+     alt="THE FIVE BREEDS OF HOUNDS DESCRIBED IN THE TEXT"
+     title="THE FIVE BREEDS OF HOUNDS DESCRIBED IN THE TEXT" /></a>
+  <p class="caption">THE FIVE BREEDS OF HOUNDS DESCRIBED IN THE TEXT</p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/i_176.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIX" id="CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX<br />
+WHAT MANNER AND CONDITION A GOOD
+HUNTER SHOULD HAVE.</h2>
+<p>Thou, Sir, whatever you be, great or little, that
+would teach a man to be a good hunter, first he
+must be a child past seven or eight years of age
+or little older, and if any man would say that I
+take a child in too tender age for to put him to
+work, I answer that all nature shortens and
+descends. For every man knoweth well that a
+child of seven years of age is more capable in
+these times of such things that he liketh to learn
+than was a child of twelve years of age (in times
+that I have seen). And therefore I put him so
+young thereto, for a craft requires all a man's life
+ere he be perfect thereof. And also men say that
+which a man learns in youth he will hold best in
+his age. And furthermore from this child many
+things are required, first that he love his master,
+and that his heart and his business be with the
+hounds, and he must take<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"
+href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">170</a> him, and beat him
+when he will not do what his master commands
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>
+him, until the time that the child dreads to fail.
+And first I shall take and teach him for to take in
+writing all the names of the hounds and of the
+hues of the hounds, until the time that the child
+knoweth them both by the hue and by the name.
+After I will teach him to make clean every day
+in the morning the hounds' kennel of all foul
+things. After I will learn him to put before them
+twice a day fresh water and clean, from a well, in
+a vessel there where the hound drinks, or fair
+running water, in the morning and the evening.
+After I will teach him that once in the day he empty
+the kennel and make all clean, and renew their
+straw, and put again fresh new straw a great deal
+and right thick. And there where he layeth it the
+hounds should lie, and the place where they should
+lie should be made of trees a foot high from the
+earth, and then straw should be laid thereupon,
+because the moisture of the earth should not make
+them morfounder nor engender other sicknesses
+by the which they might be worse for hunting.
+Also that he be both <i>at field and at wood delivered</i>
+(active) <i>and well eyed and well advised of his speech
+and of his terms, and ever glad to learn and that he
+be no boaster nor jangler</i>.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"
+     href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">170</span></a>
+     &quot;Take&quot; is probably the scribe's mistake for
+     &quot;tache,&quot; teach.</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XX" id="CHAPTER_XX"></a>CHAPTER XX<br />
+HOW THE KENNEL FOR THE HOUNDS AND THE
+COUPLES FOR THE RACHES AND THE ROPES
+FOR THE LYMER SHOULD BE MADE</h2>
+
+<p>The hounds' kennel should be ten fathoms in
+length and five in breadth, if there be many hounds.
+And there should be one door in front and one
+behind, and a fair green, where the sun shineth all
+day from morning till eve, and that green should
+be closed about with a paling or with a wall of
+earth or of stone of the same length and breadth
+as the hounds' kennel is. And the hinder door of
+the kennel should always be open so that the
+hounds may go out to play when they like, for it
+is a great liking to the hounds when they may
+go in and out at their pleasure, for the mange
+comes to them later.<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"
+href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">171</a> In the kennel should be
+pitched small stones wrapped about with straw
+of the hounds' litter, unto the number of six
+stones, that the hounds might piss against them.
+Also a kennel should have a gutter or two whereby
+all the piss of the hounds and all the other
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>
+water may run out that none remains in the kennel.
+The kennel should also be in a low house, and not
+in a solere (an upper chamber), but there should
+be a loft above, so that it might be warmer in
+winter and cooler in summer, and always by night
+and by day I would that some child lie or be in
+the kennel with the hounds to keep them from
+fighting. Also in the kennel should be a chimney
+to warm the hounds when they are cold or when
+they are wet with rain or from passing and swimming
+over rivers. And also he should be taught
+to spin horse hair to make couples for the hounds,
+which should be made of a horse tail or a mare's
+tail, for they are best and last longer than if they
+were of hemp or of wool. And the length of the
+hounds' couples between the hounds should be a
+foot, and the rope of a limer three fathoms and
+a half, be he ever so wise a limer it sufficeth.
+<i>The which rope should be made of leather of a horse
+skin well tawed.</i></p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"
+     href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">171</span></a>
+     They are not likely to get the mange so soon.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="THE_KENNEL_AND_KENNELMEN">
+  <a href="images/i_182.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_182thumb.jpg" height="549" width="400"
+     alt="THE KENNEL AND KENNELMEN"
+     title="THE KENNEL AND KENNELMEN" /></a>
+  <p class="caption">THE KENNEL AND KENNELMEN</p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/i_182.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXI" id="CHAPTER_XXI"></a>CHAPTER XXI<br />
+HOW THE HOUNDS SHOULD BE LED OUT TO
+SCOMBRE</h2>
+
+<p>Also I will teach<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"
+href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">172</a> the child to lead out the hounds
+to scombre twice in the day in the morning and
+in the evening, so that the sun be up, especially
+in winter. Then should he let them run and play
+long in a fair meadow in the sun, and then comb
+every hound after the other, and wipe them with
+a great wisp of straw, and thus he shall do every
+morning. And then shall he lead them into some
+fair place there where tender grass grows as corn
+and other things, that therewith they may feed
+them (selves) as it is medicine for them, for sometimes
+hounds are sick and with the grass that they
+eat they void and heal themselves.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"
+     href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">172</span></a>
+     The first four words are omitted in our MS., but they are
+     in the Shirley MS. and in others, and in G. de F.</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXII" id="CHAPTER_XXII"></a>CHAPTER XXII<br />
+HOW A HUNTER'S HORN SHOULD BE DRIVEN</h2>
+<p><i>There are divers kinds of horns, that is to say bugles,
+great Abbot's, hunter's horns, Ruets</i> (trumpets),
+<i>small Forester's horns and meaner horns of two
+kinds. That one kind is waxed with green wax
+and greater of sound, and they be best for good
+hunters, therefore will I devise how and in what
+fashion they should be driven. First a good hunter's
+horn should be driven of two spans in length, and
+not much more nor much less, and not too crooked
+neither too straight, but that the flue be three or
+four fingers uppermore than the head, that
+unlearned<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"
+href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">173</a>
+hunters call the great end of the horn. And also
+that it be as great and hollow driven as it can for
+the length, and that it be shorter on the side of the
+baldric<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"
+href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">174</a> than at the nether end. And that the
+head be as wide as it can be, and always driven
+smaller and smaller to the flue, and that it be well
+waxed thicker or thinner according as the hunter
+thinks that it will sound best. And that it be the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>
+length of the horn from the flue to the binding, and
+also that it be not too small driven from the binding
+to the flue, for if it be the horn will be too mean of
+sound. As for horns for fewterers<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"
+href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">175</a> and woodmen,
+I speak not for every small horn and other mean
+horn unwaxed be good enough for them.</i></p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"
+     href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">173</span></a>
+     Shirley MS.: &quot;lewed,&quot; <i>i.e.</i> laewed or unlearned (Stratmann).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"
+     href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">174</span></a>
+     Baldric, the belt on which the horn was carried.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"
+     href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">175</span></a>
+     Fewterer, the man who held the greyhounds in slips or
+     couples.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIII" id="CHAPTER_XXIII"></a>CHAPTER XXIII<br />
+HOW A MAN SHOULD LEAD HIS GROOM IN QUEST
+FOR TO KNOW A HART BY HIS TRACE</h2>
+<p>Then should his groom lead his lymer (tracking
+hound) in quest after him in the morning, and
+teach him to know what difference is between a
+hart's trace and a hind's. As <i>I have said before,
+this word quest is a term of hart hunters beyond the
+sea, and is as much for to say as when the hunter
+goeth to find of a hart and to harbour him</i>. For to
+know a great hart's trace from a young, and to
+know the trace of a young deer of antler from a
+hind's, and how many judgments and what knowledge
+there be, and for to make more certain
+thereof, he should have an old hart's foot and a
+young hart's and a hind's foot also, and should
+put it in hard earth and in soft, and once put it
+fast in the earth as though the hart were hunted
+and another time soft, as if the hart went a pase
+(slowly), thereby he may advise him to know the
+differences of a hart's feet, and he shall find that
+there is no deer so young if he be from a brocket
+upwards, that his talon (heel) is not larger and
+better and hath greater ergots (dew claws) than</p>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="THE_MASTER_TEACHING_HIS_HUNTSMAN">
+  <a href="images/i_188.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_188thumb.jpg" height="351" width="400"
+     alt="THE MASTER TEACHING HIS HUNTSMAN HOW TO QUEST FOR THE HART WITH THE
+     LIMER OR TRACKHOUND"
+     title="The Master Teaching his Huntsman how to Quest for the Hart" /></a>
+  <p class="caption">THE MASTER TEACHING HIS HUNTSMAN HOW TO QUEST
+    FOR THE HART WITH THE LIMER OR TRACKHOUND</p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/i_188.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p>
+<p class="continued">hath a hind, and commonly longer traces. Nevertheless
+there are some hounds well traced, which
+have the sole of the foot as a staggard or a small
+stag, but the talon and the ergots are not so great
+nor so large. Also a great hart and an old one
+has a better sole to his foot, and a better talon
+and better bones and greater and larger than has
+a young deer or hind. And so in putting in the
+earth the hart's foot and the hind's foot as I have
+said, he shall know the difference and better than
+I can devise. And also the hinds commonly have
+their traces more hollow than a staggard or a stag,
+and more open the cleeves (toes) in front than
+a hart of ten, for of the others reck I never.
+The judgment is in the talon (when it is great
+and large; and in the sole of the
+foot)<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"
+href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">176</a> when it
+is great and broad, and the point of the foot
+broad. And men have seen a great hart and an
+old one, the which had hollow traces, and that
+cannot matter so that he hath the other signs
+before said. For a hollow trace and sharp cleeves
+betoken no other thing than that the country the
+hart hath haunted is a soft country or hard, and
+where there be but few stones, or that he has been
+hunted but little. And also if a man find such a
+hart, and men ask him what hart it is, he may answer
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>
+that it is a hart chaceable of ten, that should not
+be refused. And if he sees an hart's foot that
+hath these signs aforesaid the which are great and
+broad, he may say that it is an hart that some
+time had borne ten tines, and if he see that the
+aforesaid signs are greater and broader he may
+say that it is a great hart and an old (one), and
+this is all he may say of the hart. Also he should
+call the foot of the hart the trace, and of the
+wild boar also. <i>Also the hunters of beyond the sea</i>
+call of an hart and of a boar the routes and
+the pace (path) and both is one. Nevertheless
+pace, they call their goings where a beast goes
+in the routes, there where he has passed, <i>nevertheless
+I would not set this in my book, but for
+as much as I would English hunters should know
+some of the terms that hunters use beyond the sea,
+but not with intent to call them so in England</i>.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"
+     href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">176</span></a>
+     The words in brackets have been omitted in our MS. but
+     are in the Shirley MS. and G. de F. p. 129; they have been
+     thus inserted to complete the sense.</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIV" id="CHAPTER_XXIV"></a>CHAPTER XXIV<br />
+HOW A MAN SHOULD KNOW A GREAT HART
+BY THE FUMES<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"
+href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">177</a></h2>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"
+     href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">177</span></a>
+     See Appendix: Excrements.</p>
+</div>
+<p>After I shall teach you to know a great hart
+by the fumes of the hart, for sometimes they
+crotey in wreaths, and sometimes flat and sometimes
+formed, and sometimes sharp at both ends,
+and sometimes pressed together, and sometime in
+many other manners as I have said before. When
+they crotey flat and it be in April or in May or in
+June if the croteyes be great and thick it is a
+token that it is a hart chaceable, and if he find
+the fumes wreathed, and it be from the middle of
+June to the middle of August in great forms and
+in great wreaths and well soft, it is a token that
+it is a hart chaceable, and if he find the fumes
+that are formed and not holding together as it
+is from the beginning of July into the end of
+August, if they are great and black and long and
+are not sharp at the ends, and are heavy and dry
+without slime, it is a token that it is a hart chaceable.
+And if the fumes are faint and light and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>
+full of slime, or sharp at both ends, or at one end,
+these are the tokens that he is no deer chaceable.
+But if it be when they burnish that they crotey
+their fumes more burnt and more sharp at the
+one end, but anon when they have burnished,
+they crotey their fumes as before, and for that
+the fumes be good and great; if they be slimy it
+is a token that he has suffered some disease.
+From the end of August forward, the fumes are
+of no judgment for they undo themselves for
+the rut.</p>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="HOW_A_GREAT_HART_IS_TO_BE_KNOWN_BY_HIS_quotFUMESquot">
+  <a href="images/i_194.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_194thumb.jpg" height="363" width="400"
+     alt="HOW A GREAT HART IS TO BE KNOWN BY HIS &quot;FUMES&quot; (EXCREMENTS)"
+     title="How a Great Hart is to be Known by his &quot;Fumes&quot;" /></a>
+  <p class="caption">
+    HOW A GREAT HART IS TO BE KNOWN BY HIS &quot;FUMES&quot; (EXCREMENTS)
+  </p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/i_194.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXV" id="CHAPTER_XXV"></a>CHAPTER XXV<br />
+HOW A MAN SHOULD KNOW A GREAT HART BY
+THE PLACE WHERE HE HATH FRAYED HIS
+HEAD</h2>
+<p>Furthermore ye should know a great hart by
+the fraying (for if ye find where the hart hath
+frayed),<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"
+href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">178</a>
+and see that the wood is great where he
+hath frayed, and he hath not bent it, and the tree
+is frayed well high, and he hath frayed the bark
+away, and broken the branches and wreathed
+them a good height, and if the branches are of a
+good size, it is a sign that he is a great hart and
+that he should bear a high head and well troched,
+for by the troching<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"
+href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">179</a> he breaketh such high the
+boughs that he cannot fold them under him.
+For if the fraying were bare and he had frayed the
+boughs under him, it is no token that it be a
+great hart, and especially if the trees where he
+had frayed were small. Nevertheless men have
+seen some great deer fray sometimes to a little
+tree, but not commonly, but a young deer shall
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>
+ever more<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"
+href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">180</a> fray to a great tree, and therefore
+should ye look at several frayings. And if ye
+see the aforesaid tokens oftener upon the great
+trees than upon the small ye may deem him a
+great hart. And if the frayings be continually
+in small trees and low, he is not chaceable and
+should be refused. Also ye may know a great
+hart by his lairs. When a great hart shall come
+in the morning from his pasture, he shall go to
+his lair and then a great while after he shall rise
+and go elsewhere there where he would abide all
+the day. Then when ye shall rise and come to
+the lair there where the hart hath lain and rested,
+if ye see it great and broad and well trodden and
+the grass well pressed down, and at the rising
+when he passeth out of his lair, if ye see that the
+foot and the knees have well thrust down the
+earth and pressed the grass down it is a token
+that it is a great deer and a heavy (one). And if
+at the rising he make no such tokens, because
+that he hath been there but a little while, so that
+his lair be long and broad ye may deem him a hart
+chaceable. Also ye may know a great hart by the
+bearing of the wood, for when a great hart hath
+a high head and a large (one) and goeth through
+a thick wood, he findeth the young wood and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>
+tender boughs, his head is harder than the wood,
+then he breaketh the wood aside and mingleth
+the boughs one upon the other, for he beareth
+them and putteth them otherwise than they were
+wont to be by their own kind. And when the
+glades of the woods are high and broad then he
+may deem him a great hart, for if he had not a
+high head and wide he could not make his ways
+high and large. If it happen so that ye find
+such glades and have no lymer with you, if ye
+will know at what time this glade was made, ye
+must set your visage in the middle of this glade,
+and keep your breath, in the best wise that ye
+may, and if ye find that the spider hath made her
+web in the middle of them, it is a token that it
+is of no good time<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"
+href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">181</a> or at the least it is of the
+middle (of the noon) of the day before. Nevertheless
+ye should fetch your lymer for so ye
+should know better. Also ye may know a great
+hart by the steps <i>that in England is called trace</i>.
+And that is called stepping,<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"
+href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">182</a> when he steppeth in
+a place where the grass is well thick, so that the
+man may not see therein the form of the foot, or
+when he steppeth in other places, where no grass
+is but dust or sand and hard country, where
+fallen leaves or other things hinder to see the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>
+form of the foot. And when the hart steppeth
+upon the grass and ye cannot see the stepping with
+your eyes, then ye shall put your hand in the
+form of the foot that hunters call the trace, and
+if ye see that the form of the foot be of four
+fingers of breadth, ye may judge that it is a great
+hart by the trace. And if the sole of the foot be
+of three fingers' breadth ye may judge him a hart
+of ten, and if ye see that he hath well broken
+the earth and trodden well the grass, it is a token
+that it is a great hart and a heavy deer. And if
+ye cannot well see it for the hardness of the
+earth, or for the dust, then ye must stoop down
+for to take away the dust and blow it away from
+the form of the foot until the time that ye may
+clearly see the form that is called the trace. And
+if ye cannot see it in one place, ye should follow
+the trace until the time that ye can well see it at
+your ease. And if ye can see none in any place,
+ye should put your hand in the form of the foot,
+for then ye shall find how the earth is broke with
+the cleeves of the foot on either side, and then ye
+can judge it for a great hart or a hart chaceable,
+as I have said before by the treading of the grass;
+and if leaves or other things be within the form
+that ye may not see at your ease, ye should take
+away the leaves all softly or the other things with
+your hands, so that ye undo not the form of the
+foot and blow within and do the other things as I
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>
+have before said.<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"
+href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">183</a> (After I will tell you how a
+man shall speak among good hunters of the office
+of venery.) First he shall speak but a little, and
+boast little, and well (work<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"
+href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">184</a>) and subtlely, and he
+must be wise and do his craft busily, for a hunter
+should not be a herald of his craft. And if it
+happen that he be among good hunters that
+speaketh of hunting he should speak in this
+manner. First if men ask him of pastures he
+may answer as of harts and for all other deer,
+sweet pastures, and of all biting beasts as of wild
+boar, wolves, and other biting beasts he may
+answer, they feed, as I have said before. And if
+men speak of the fumes ye shall call fumes of a
+hart, <i>croteying</i> of a buck, and of a roebuck in the
+same wise of a wild boar and of black beasts and
+of wolves ye shall call it lesses, and of hare and
+of conies ye shall say they crotey, of the fox
+<i>wagging</i>, of the grey the <i>wardrobe</i>, and of other
+stinking beasts they shall call it drit, and that of
+the otter he shall call sprainting as before is said.
+And if men asketh of the beasts' feet, of the harts
+ye shall say the trace of a hart <i>and also of a buck</i>,
+and that of the wild boar and of the wolf also
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>
+they call traces <i>beyond the sea</i>. And that of the
+stinking beasts that men call vermin, he shall call
+them steps as I have said. And if he hath seen a
+hart with his eyes, there are three kinds of hues
+of them, that one is called brown, the other
+yellow, and the third dun, and so he may call
+them as he thinketh that they beareth all their
+hues. And if men ask what head beareth the
+hart he hath seen, he shall always answer by even
+and not by odd, <i>for if he be forked on the right side,
+and lack not of his rights<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"
+href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">185</a> beneath, and on the
+right<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"
+href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">186</a>
+side antler and royal and surroyal and not
+forked but only the beam, he shall say it is a hart
+of ten at default</i>,<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"
+href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">187</a> for it is always called even of
+the greater number. And every buck's tines
+should be reckoned as soon as a man can hang a
+baldric or a leash<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"
+href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">188</a> thereupon and not otherwise.
+And when a hart beareth as many tines on the
+one side as on the other, <i>he may say if he be but
+forked that he is a hart of ten, and if he be troched
+of three he is a hart of twelve, if he be troched of
+four he is a hart of sixteen, always if it be seen
+that he hath his rights beneath as before is said.
+And if he lack any of his rights beneath he must
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>
+abate so many on the top, for a hart's head should
+begin to be described from the mule<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"
+href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">189</a> upwards, and
+if he hath more by two on the one side than on the
+other, you must take from the one and count up that
+other withal, as I shall more clearly speak in a
+chapter hereafter in describing a hart's head.</i> And
+if it be so that the hart's trace have other tokens
+than I have said and he thinks him a hart chaceable,
+and men ask what hart it is he may say it
+is a hart of ten and no more. And if it seem to
+him a great hart and men ask what hart it is, he
+shall say it is a hart that the last year was of ten
+and should not be refused. And if he happen to
+have well seen him with his eye or the before said
+tokens, so that he knoweth fully that it is as
+great a hart as a hart may be, if men ask him
+what hart it is, he may say it is a great hart and
+an old deer. And that is the greatest word that
+he may say as I have said before. And if men
+ask him whereby he knoweth it, he may say for,
+he hath good bones<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"
+href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">190</a> and a good talon and a good
+sole of foot, <i>for these four<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"
+href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">191</a> things makes the trace
+great</i>, or by fair lairs or the grass or the earth well
+pressed or by the high head,<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"
+href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">192</a> or by the fumes or
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>
+else other tokens as I have said before. And if
+he see a hart that hath a well affeted (fashioned)
+head after the height and the shape and the tines
+well ranged by good measure, the one from the
+other, and men ask him what he beareth he may
+answer that he beareth a great head and fair of
+beam, and of all his rights, and well opened; and
+if a man ask him what head he beareth, he shall
+answer that he beareth a fair head by all tokens
+and well grown. And if he see a hart that hath
+a low head or a high, or a great, or a small, and
+it be thick set, high and low and men ask him
+what head he beareth he may answer he bears a
+thick set head after his making, or that he hath
+low or small or other manner whatever it be.
+And if he see a hart that hath a diverse head, or
+that antlers grow back or that the head hath
+double beams or other diversities than other harts
+commonly be wont to bear, and men ask what
+head he bears, he may answer a diverse head or
+a counterfeit (abnormal), for it is counterfeited.
+And if he see a hart that beareth a high head that
+is wide and thin tined with long beams, if men
+ask what head he beareth, he shall answer a fair
+head and wide, and long beams, but it is not
+thick set neither well affeted. And if he see a
+hart that hath a low and a great and a thick set
+(head) and men ask what head he beareth, he
+may say he beareth a fair head and well affeted.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>
+And if men ask him by the head whereby he
+knoweth that it is a great hart and an old, he may
+answer, that the tokens of the great hart are by
+the head, and so the first knowledge is when he
+hath great beams all about as if they were set as
+it were with small stones, and the mules nigh the
+head and the antlers, the which are the first tines,
+be great and long and close to the mule and well
+apperyng (pearled) and the royals which are the
+second tines, be nigh the antlers, and of such
+form, save that they should not be so great; and
+all the other tines great and long and well set,
+and well ranged and the troching as I have said
+before, high and great, and all the beams all along
+both great and stony, as if they were full of
+gravel, and that all along the beams there be small
+vales that men call gutters, then he may say that
+he knows it is a great hart by the head.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"
+     href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">178</span></a>
+     The words in brackets are omitted in our MS. but are in
+     the Shirley MS. and in G. de F. p. 132.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"
+     href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">179</span></a>
+     The tines at top. See Appendix: Antler.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"
+     href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">180</span></a>
+     Ever more is here a mistake; it should be never more.
+     G. de F. says: &quot;Mes jeune cerf ne froyera j&agrave; en gros arbre&quot;
+     (p. 132). Also in the Shirley MS.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"
+     href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">181</span></a>
+     Not of &quot;good time&quot; means in the old sporting vocabulary
+     an old track, not a recent one.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"
+     href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">182</span></a>
+     G. de F. calls the track of deer on grass &quot;<i>foul&eacute;es</i>,&quot; from
+     which the modern &quot;foil,&quot; &quot;stepping on grass,&quot; is derived.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"
+     href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">183</span></a>
+     A whole line is missing here in our MS. The words in
+     brackets are taken from the Shirley MS. It runs: &quot;Affter I
+     wal telle yowe a man howe he shal speke amonge good hunters
+     of y offyce of venerye.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"
+     href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">184</span></a>
+     The word &quot;work&quot; has been omitted. &quot;Et bien <i>ouvrer</i>
+     subtilement&quot; (G. de F. p. 134).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"
+     href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">185</span></a>
+     Brow, bay, and tray tines. See Appendix: Antler.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"
+     href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">186</span></a>
+     In Shirley MS. it is &quot;left.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"
+     href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">187</span></a>
+     Instead of this original passage G. de F. says: &quot;For if he
+     had on one side ten points and on the other only one, it should
+     be called summed of twenty&quot; (p. 135).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"
+     href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">188</span></a>
+     G. de F. has &quot;spur&quot; instead.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"
+     href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">189</span></a>
+     Burr, mule, from the Fr. <i>meule</i>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"
+     href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">190</span></a>
+     Dew claws.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"
+     href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">191</span></a>
+     According to Shirley MS. and the sense, the &quot;iiii&quot; should
+     be omitted.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"
+     href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">192</span></a>
+     G. de F. (p. 136) says: &quot;Ou belles port&eacute;es&quot;&mdash;port&eacute;es being
+     the branches, and twigs broken or bent asunder by the head of
+     the deer, termed &quot;entry&quot; or &quot;rack&quot; in mod. Eng.&mdash;Stuart,
+     vol. ii. 551.</p>
+</div>
+<p>After I will tell you how ye should know a
+great wild boar, and for to know how to speak
+of it among hunters of beyond the sea. And if a
+man see a wild boar the which seemeth to him
+great enough, as men say of the hart chaceable of
+ten, he shall say a wild boar of the third year
+that is without refusal, and whenever they be not
+of three years men call them swine of the sounder,
+and if he see the great tokens that I shall rehearse
+hereafter he may say that he is a great boar. Of
+the season and nature of boar and of other beasts,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>
+I have spoken here before. And if men ask him
+of a boar's feeding, it is properly called of acorns
+of oak's bearing, and of beechmast, the other
+feeding is called worming and rooting of the roots
+out of the earth that feed him. The other kind
+of feeding is of corn and of other things that
+come up out of the land, and of flowers and of
+other herbs; the other kind of feeding is when
+they make great pits, and go to seek the root
+of ferns and of spurge within the earth. And if
+men ask whereby he knoweth a great boar, he shall
+answer that he knoweth him by the traces and by
+his den, and by the soil (wallowing pool). And
+if men ask whereby he knoweth a great boar from
+a young, and the boar from the sow, he shall
+answer that a great boar should have long traces
+and the clees round in front, and broad soles of
+the feet and a good talon, and long bones, and
+when he steppeth it goeth into the earth deep
+and maketh great holes and large, and long
+the one from the other, for commonly a man
+shall not see the traces of a boar without
+seeing also the traces of the bones, and so
+shall he not of the hart, for a man shall see many
+times by the foot, that which he will not see by
+the ergots, but so shall he not see of the boar.
+What I call the bones of the boar, of the hart I
+call the ergots, and the cause that a man shall
+not know as well by the ergots of the hart as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>
+by bones of the boar is this, for the bones of
+the boar are nearer the talon than those of a
+hart are, and also they are longer, and greater
+and sharper in front. And therefore as soon as
+the form of the traces of his foot is in the earth,
+the form of the bones is there also, and commonly
+a great boar maketh a longer trace with one of his
+claws than with the other in front or behind, and
+sometimes both. And when a man seeth the
+tokens beforesaid greater, he may deem him
+greater, and the smaller the trace, the smaller
+the boar. The sow from the boar ye may know
+well, for the sow maketh not so good a talon as
+a right young boar doth. And also a sow's
+claws are longer and sharper in front than a
+young boar's. And also her traces are more
+open in front and straighter behind, and the sole
+of the foot is not so large as of a young boar, and
+her bones are not so large nor so long, nor so far
+the one from the other as those of a young boar,
+nor go not so deep in the earth, for they be
+small, and sharp and short, and nearer the one to
+the other, than a young boar's. And these are the
+tokens by the which men know a young boar so
+that he be two year old from all sows, by the trace,
+for that say I not of the young boars of sounder.
+And if men ask him how he shall know a great
+boar by his den, he may answer that if the den of
+the boar be long and deep and broad, it is a token
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>
+that it is a great boar so that the den be newly
+made and that he hath lain therein but once. And
+if the boar's den is deep without litter, and if the
+boar lie near the earth it is a token that it is
+no<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"
+href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">193</a>
+fat boar. And if men ask him how he knoweth
+a great boar by the soil, then may he answer that
+commonly when a boar goeth to soil in the coming
+in or in the going out, men may know by the trace,
+and so it may be deemed as I have said by his
+wallowing in the soil. Nevertheless some time he
+turneth himself from the one side upon the other,
+and up and down, but a man shall evermore know
+the form of his body. Also sometimes when the
+boar parteth from the soil, he rubbeth against a
+tree, and there a man may know his greatness
+and his height. And some time he rubs his snout
+and his head higher than he is, but a man may
+well perceive which is of the chine and which is
+of the head. For by his lesses, that is to say what
+goes from him behind, nor by other judgment a
+man cannot know a great boar unless he see him,
+save that he maketh great lesses, and that is a
+token that he hath a great bowel, and that he be
+a great boar, and also by the tusks when he is
+dead, for when the tusks of a boar be great as
+of half a cubit or more and be both great and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>
+large of two fingers or more and there be small
+gutters along both above and beneath, these be
+the tokens that he is a great boar and old, and of
+a smaller boar the judgment is less. And also
+when the tusks be low and worn, by the nether
+tusks it is a token of a great boar.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"
+     href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">193</span></a>
+     G. de F. (p. 139) says if &quot;le senglier gise pr&egrave;s de la terre,
+     c'est signe qu'il ait bonne venoison,&quot; so our MS. is evidently
+     wrong when it says &quot;it is a token that it is <i>no</i> fat boar.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVI" id="CHAPTER_XXVI"></a>CHAPTER XXVI<br />
+HOW THE ORDINANCE SHOULD BE MADE FOR
+THE HART HUNTING BY STRENGTH AND
+HOW THE HART SHOULD BE HARBOURED</h2>
+<p><i>When the king or my lord the Prince or any of
+their blood will hunt for the hart by strength, the
+Master of the Game must forewarn on the previous
+evening the sergeant of the office, and the yeomen
+berners at horse, and also the lymerer.<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"
+href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">194</a> And then
+he must ordain which of them three shall go for to
+harbour the hart, and with them the lymerer for the
+morrow, and charge the foresters, or if it be in a
+park, the parkers to attend to him busily. And all
+the four must accord where the meeting shall be on
+the morrow, and he must charge the sergeant and
+one of the two yeomen, if the sergeant be not there,
+to warn all the yeomen and grooms of the office to be
+at the meeting at sunrise. And that the yeomen
+berners on foot and the grooms that are called
+Chacechiens bring with them the hart hounds and
+this done ask for the wine, and let them go after.
+And he that is charged to harbour the hart must
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>
+accord with the forester of the bailie in which they
+seek him where they should meet in the grey dawning.
+Nevertheless it were good readiness to look if
+they might see any deer at its meating</i> (feeding) <i>the
+previous evening to know the more readily where to
+seek and harbour him on the morrow. And on the
+morrow when they meet the forester that well ought
+to know of his great deer's haunts, he shall lead the
+hunter and the lymerer thither, where he best hopes
+to see him or find of him without noise. And if they
+can see him and they be in the wind they ought to
+withdraw from him in the softest manner they can,
+for dread of frightening him out of his haunt, and
+then go privily till they be under the wind. And as
+he stereth</i> (stalks) <i>and paceth forth feeding, they are
+to draw nigh him as readily and warily as they can
+so that the deer find them not. And when he has
+entered his covert, and to his ligging, they ought to
+tarry till they know that he be entered two skilful
+bowshots from thence. And then ought the lymerer
+by bidding of the hunter to cast round with his
+lymer the quarter that the deer is in, if it be in a
+huge covert, and if it be in a little covert that the
+deer is in, set<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"
+href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">195</a> all the covert to know whether he is
+gone away or abides there still. And if he abides,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>
+then shall the lymerer go there where the hart went
+in, and take the scantilon</i> (measure) <i>of the trace
+for which he should cut off the end of his rod, and
+lay it in the talon of the trace, there where he went
+in hardest ground, in the bottom thereof, so that the
+scantilon will scarcely touch at either end. And
+that done he should break a bough of green leaves
+and lay it there where the hart went in, and cut
+another scantilon thereafter to take to the hunter
+that he may take it to the lord or to the Master of
+the Game at the meeting which some men call
+Assembly. But on the other side, if it be so that
+they cannot see him as before is said, the forester
+ought to bring him where most defoil is</i> (tracks) <i>of
+great male deer within his bailiewick, and there
+where the best haunt is, and most likely for a hart.
+And when the harbourer and the lymerer be there,
+the lymer if he crosses the fues of a deer he will
+anon challenge it, and then shall the lymerer take
+heed to his feet to know by the trace what deer it is
+that the lymer findeth, and if he finds thereby that it
+is no hart he shall take up his hound and say to him
+softly, not loud,</i> &quot;<span class="smcap">Ware rascal, ware!</span>&quot; <i>And if it
+be of a hart that the lymer findeth, and that it be
+new he ought to sue</i> (hunt up) <i>with as little noise as
+he can contreongle</i> (hunting heel) <i>to undo all his
+moving<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"
+href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">196</a> till
+he find his fumes</i> (excrements), <i>which
+he ought to put in the great end of his horn, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>
+stop it with grass to prevent them falling out and
+reward his hound a little. And that done come
+again there where he began to sue and sue forth
+the right line till he comes to the entering of the
+quarter where he thinks that the hart is in. And
+always with little noise and cast round the quarters,
+if it be in a great covert as I said before. And also
+if it be in a little covert, to do of the scantilon and
+of all other things right as I have said before. And
+if he be voided</i> (gone) <i>to another quarter or wood,
+and there be any other covert near always to sue
+forth and cast round quarter by quarter, and wood
+by wood till he be readily harboured. And when he
+is harboured of the scantilon and of all other things
+do as before is said, and then draw fast to the
+meeting that men call assembly. And it is to be
+known that oftentimes a deer is harboured by sight
+of man's eye, but who should do it well it behoves
+him to be a skilful and wise hunter. Nevertheless
+to teach hunters the more readily to seek and harbour
+a hart according to the country that he is in, I have
+devised it in certain chapters as ye may hereafter
+hear.</i></p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"
+     href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">194</span></a>
+     The man who leads the hound in leash when harbouring
+     the hart.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"
+     href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">195</span></a>
+     To set the covert was for the huntsman or limerer with his
+     hound on a leash to go round the covert that he had seen the
+     deer enter, and to look carefully whether he could find any
+     signs of the stag having left the place. This in more modern
+     parlance is called making his ring walks.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"
+     href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">196</span></a>
+     Moving, moves. See Appendix: Move.</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVII" id="CHAPTER_XXVII"></a>CHAPTER XXVII<br />
+HOW A HUNTER SHOULD GO IN QUEST BY
+THE SIGHT</h2>
+<p>Afterwards I shall show you how a man should
+go in quest for the hart with his lymer or by himself.
+<i>This word quest for the hart is a term of
+hunters beyond the sea, and means when a man goeth
+to find a deer and to harbour him, and it is a fair
+term and shorter said than our term of England to
+my seeming.</i> And then shall the groom quest in
+the country that shall be devised to him the night
+before, and he shall rise in the dawning, and then
+he must go to the meating (pasturing) of the deer
+to look if he may see anything to his liking, and
+leave his lymer in a certain place where he may
+not alarm them. And thence he should go to the
+newly hewn wood of the forest or other places where
+he hopes best to see a hart, and keep always from
+coming into the wind of the hart, he should also
+climb upon a tree so that the hart shall wind
+nothing of him, and that he can see him further.
+And if he sees a hart standing stably he must look
+well in what country he shall go to his lair, and
+privily repair to some place where he can best see</p>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="How_the_Hunter_Should_View_the_Hart">
+  <a href="images/i_214.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_214thumb.jpg" height="363" width="400"
+     alt="HOW THE HUNTER SHOULD VIEW THE HART"
+     title="How the Hunter Should View the Hart" /></a>
+  <p class="caption">HOW THE HUNTER SHOULD VIEW THE HART</p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/i_214.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p>
+<p class="continued">him and there break a bough for a mark. But he
+must remain a great while after, for some time a
+hart will stall and look about a great while before
+he will go to his lair, and specially when a great
+dew is falling, or else sometimes he cometh out
+again to look about, and to listen and to dry himself,
+and therefore he should stay long, so as not
+to frighten him. Then he should fetch his lymer
+and cast round <i>as it is before said in the chapter of
+the harbouring of a hart</i>, and take care that neither
+he nor his hounds make but little noise for dread
+lest he void.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVIII" id="CHAPTER_XXVIII"></a>CHAPTER XXVIII<br />
+HOW AN HUNTER SHOULD GO IN QUEST BETWEEN
+THE PLAINS AND THE WOOD</h2>
+<p>Also a man may go in quest in the fields in corn,
+in vines, in gardens, and in other places, where
+the harts go to their pasture in the fields out of
+the wood, and he must go forth right early so that
+he may look at the ground and judge well, and if
+he sees anything that pleases him he can break
+boughs and lay his mark and cast round as before
+is said.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIX" id="CHAPTER_XXIX"></a>CHAPTER XXIX<br />
+HOW A HUNTER SHOULD GO IN QUEST IN THE
+COPPICE AND THE YOUNG WOOD</h2>
+<p>Also a man may go in quest among young wood,
+and although he has been in the morning and
+(seen) nought, nevertheless he should not neglect
+to quest with his lymer when it is high day when
+all the deer have gone to their lairs, for peradventure
+the hart will sometimes have gone into
+the wood before the hunter and lymer came to
+quest for him.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXX" id="CHAPTER_XXX"></a>CHAPTER XXX<br />
+HOW AN HUNTER SHOULD GO IN QUEST IN
+GREAT COVERTS AND STRENGTHS</h2>
+<p>Also a hunter may go in quest and put himself
+and his lymer in the great thickets by high time
+of day, as I have said, for it befalleth sometimes
+that harts are so malicious, that they pasture within
+themselves, that is to say within their covert, and
+go not out to the fields nor to the coppices nor to
+the young wood, especially when they have heard
+the hounds run before in the forest once or twice.
+He must have affeeted (trained) his lymer in such
+a manner that he neither opens nor quests<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"
+href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">197</a> when
+he hunts in the morning, for he would make the
+hart void, and that must be by high noon, as
+I have said, when all beasts are in their lairs.
+And if his lymer find anything he should hold
+him short and lead him behind him, and look
+what deer it is, and if it be anything that pleases
+him, then he shall sue with his lymer till the time
+that he has brought it into some thicket, and then
+he shall break his boughs <i>and take the scantilon
+and cast round as is before said, and then return
+home again to the assembly that in England is
+called a meeting or gathering</i>.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"
+     href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">197</span></a>
+     Should not give tongue.</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXI" id="CHAPTER_XXXI"></a>CHAPTER XXXI<br />
+HOW A HUNTER SHOULD QUEST IN CLEAR
+SPIRES AND HIGH WOOD<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"
+href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">198</a></h2>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"
+     href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">198</span></a>
+     In the text of our MS. (the Vespasian) no break occurs
+     here, but in the table of chapters at the beginning of the MS.
+     the chapter as here given is enumerated, and this corresponds
+     also with the Shirley and other MSS.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Also I will tell you how a hunter should go in
+quest among clear spires, and among high trees,
+and specially when it has rained the night before
+and in the morning. Eke in the time when the
+heads of the harts be tender, commonly they
+abide among clear spires and in high woods, for
+a thick country peradventure would do harm to
+their heads which be tender. If he meets rain as
+I before have said, or when their heads (are tender,
+and he meeteth<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"
+href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">199</a>) anything that pleaseth him, he
+should not follow it with his lymer, for they
+remain in such a country as I have said in that
+time, that is to say in rain and when their heads
+are tender, for he might make the deer void into
+some other place of the quests as it is before said.
+And whoso meets him in the wood in sight of his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>
+eyes, then he must set his lymer in his fues. And
+if it be a deer that enter-changeth,<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"
+href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">200</a> that is to say
+if a deer puts his hind feet in the trace of the forefeet
+without passing on, it is no good token, but if
+he sets his hinder feet far from the fore feet it is a
+good token, for when a hart entre-marcheth it is a
+token that he is a light deer and well running and
+of great flight, for if he had a side belly and great
+flanks he could not entre-marche, but the contrary
+would he do.<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"
+href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">201</a> And sometimes when the hart
+makes a long stride with the hind foot, commonly
+they cannot fly well, and have been little hunted.
+And if he has of the fumes, he should put them in
+his horn with grass, or in his lap<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"
+href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">202</a> with grass, for
+a man should not bear them in his hand, for they
+would all break. And when he should meet in
+the fields anything that pleaseth him, he should
+draw towards his covert, for to make him draw
+the sooner to his stronghold, and when he findeth
+where he goeth in, then he should break a bough
+towards the place where the hart is gone, and
+take the scantilon, and follow him no further in
+the wood. Then he should make a long turn and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>
+cast round about by some ways or by-paths, and
+if he sees that he hath not passed out of his turn,
+he may return again to the gathering, and make
+them his report, and if it be so that he pass there
+where he would umbicast (cast round) and make
+his turn, and his lymer before him, then he should
+look if it is the same hart he had umbicast (cast
+round), and if he cannot well see at his ease, then he
+should reconnoitre the country till he can see easily
+and plainly, but have a care that his lymer open
+not, <i>and if his lymer be dislave</i><a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"
+href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">203</a> (be wild), <i>let him
+investigate it with his eye</i>. And if he seeth that
+it is his first hart he should not follow him, but
+then he should take another turn and umbicast.
+He must look that he go not along the ways, for
+it is the worst sueing that is: for the lymer
+commonly overshoots. But he should go a little
+way off the paths on one side or the other, until
+he (the hart) be within his turn, for then he is
+most securely harboured and the search shall be
+shorter. But if he see that it be too late to run
+him with strength, and if he see that the hart goes
+but softly pacing towards his stronghold he need
+not do all these things. And I pray him where
+he hath met with the hart, or harboured him in his
+stronghold or in coppices or in other thickets,
+that he take all his blenches (tricks) and his ruses
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>
+before said, to be more secure, and to make
+a shorter search, if he hath time to do as I have
+said. Thus I have rehearsed the readiness that
+belongs to the harbouring of the hart. <i>And now
+will I devise where men will best find them in
+bellowing time. It is known that they begin to
+bellow fifteen days before grease time<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"
+href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">204</a> ends, especially
+old deer, and also if the end of August and
+the beginning of September be wet and rainy.</i></p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"
+     href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">199</span></a>
+     The scribe who copied the Vespasian MS. omitted the
+     bracketed words.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"
+     href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">200</span></a>
+     See Appendix: Hart.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"
+     href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">201</span></a>
+     The explanation of this sentence is that a stag which entre-marched
+or sur-marched, or in other words placed the hind
+foot on the track or beyond the track made by the front foot,
+was a thin or light deer, and therefore not a fat stag, which
+latter was what the hunter would be looking for.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"
+     href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">202</span></a>
+     Lappet of his coat.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"
+     href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">203</span></a>
+     Shirley MS. <i>Dislavee</i>&mdash;obsolete word meaning going beyond
+     bounds, immoderate.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"
+     href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">204</span></a>
+     <i>After</i> grease time. See Appendix: Grease Time.</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXII" id="CHAPTER_XXXII"></a>CHAPTER XXXII<br />
+HOW A GOOD HUNTER SHALL GO IN QUEST
+TO HEAR THE HARTS BELLOW</h2>
+<p>Also a good hunter should go before daybreak to
+hear the harts bellow which peradventure bellow
+in the forest in divers parts, and to look by the
+bellowing of the harts which seemeth to him the
+greatest. And always hearkening nearer and nearer
+under the wind, in such wise that when he will
+begin to sue, that he need nothing but to bring
+the lymer to the fues. And anon when he seeth
+that it is a hart that he findeth, uncouple the
+finders, but not too many, and this, for fear of
+falling in danger (of losing the right deer), should
+be done right early as soon as men can see day-light,
+for in that time the harts chase the hinds,
+and go hither and thither and abide no while in one
+place as they do in the right season. And because
+a man cannot come nigh him with a lymer, it is
+good to uncouple the hounds, for the hounds will
+get nigh them quicker and the bolder hounds will
+soon dissever (separate) the harts from the hinds.
+The harts bellow in divers manners, according as
+they be old or young, and according whether they
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>
+be in a country where they have not heard the
+hounds, or where they have heard them. Some
+of them bellow with a full open mouth and often
+cast up their heads. And these be those that have
+heard the hounds only a little in the season, and
+that are well heated and swelled. And sometimes
+about high noon they bellow as before is said.
+The others bellow low and great and stooping with
+the head, and the muzzle towards the earth, and
+that is a token of a great hart, and an old and a
+malicious, or that he hath heard the hounds, and
+therefore dare not bellow or only a few times in
+the day, unless if it be in the dawning. And the
+other belloweth with his muzzle straight out before
+him, bolking and rattling in the throat, and also
+that is a token of a great and old hart that is assured
+and firm in his rut. In short all the harts that
+bellow greatest and mightiest by reason should be
+greatest and oldest.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXIII" id="CHAPTER_XXXIII"></a>CHAPTER XXXIII<br />
+HOW THE ASSEMBLY THAT MEN CALL GATHERING
+SHOULD BE MADE BOTH WINTER AND
+SUMMER AFTER THE GUISE OF BEYOND
+THE SEA</h2>
+<p>The assembly <i>that men call gathering</i> should be
+made in this manner: the night before that the
+Lord or the Master of the Game will go to the
+wood, he must cause to come before him all the
+hunters and the helps, the grooms and the pages,
+and shall assign to each one of them their quests
+in a certain place, and separate the one from the
+other, and the one should not come into the quest
+of the other, nor do him annoyance or hinder
+him. And every one should quest in his best
+wise, in the manner that I have said; and should
+assign them the place where the gathering shall
+be made, at most ease for them all, and the
+nearest to their quests. And the place where the
+gathering shall be made should be in a fair mead
+well green, where fair trees grow all about, the
+one far from the other, and a clear well or beside
+some running brook. And it is called gathering
+because all the men and the hounds for hunting
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>
+gather thither, for all they that go to the quest
+should all come again in a certain place that I
+have spoken of. And also they that come from
+home, and all the officers that come from home
+should bring thither all that they need, every one
+in his office, well and plenteously, and should lay
+the towels and board clothes all about upon the
+green grass, and set divers meats upon a great
+platter<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"
+href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">205</a> after the lord's power. And some should
+eat sitting, and some standing, and some leaning
+upon their elbows, some should drink, some laugh,
+some jangle, some joke and some play&mdash;in short
+do all manner of disports of gladness, and when
+men be set at tables ere they eat then should come
+the lymerers and their grooms with their lymers
+the which have been questing, and every one shall
+say his report to the lord of what they have done
+and found and lay the fumes before the lord he
+that hath any found, and then the Lord or the
+Master of the hunting by the counsel of them all
+shall choose which they will move and run to and
+which shall be the greatest hart and the highest
+deer. And when they shall have eaten, the lord
+shall devise where the relays shall go and other
+things which I shall say more plainly, and then
+shall every man speed him to his place, and all
+haste them to go to the finding.</p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"
+     href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">205</span></a>
+     G. de F. (p. 151) says &quot;in great plenty,&quot; not &quot;upon a great
+     platter.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="HOW_TO_QUEST_FOR_THE_HART_IN_COVERTS">
+  <a href="images/i_228.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_228thumb.jpg" height="371" width="400"
+     alt="HOW TO QUEST FOR THE HART IN COVERTS"
+     title="HOW TO QUEST FOR THE HART IN COVERTS" /></a>
+  <p class="caption">HOW TO QUEST FOR THE HART IN COVERTS</p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/i_228.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXIV" id="CHAPTER_XXXIV"></a>CHAPTER XXXIV<br />
+HOW THE HART SHOULD BE MOVED WITH THE
+LYMER AND RUN TO AND SLAIN WITH
+STRENGTH</h2>
+<p><i>When the hart is harboured as before is said and
+they before named come to the meeting that some
+men call the assembly, and also the
+scantilon,<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"
+href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">206</a> and
+the fumes well liked by the Lord and Master of the
+Game, then shall the Master of the Game choose of
+the sergeants or of the yeoman at horse, which of
+them shall be at the finding, or all, or some. Nevertheless,
+if the deer be likely to fall among danger
+it were good to assign some of the horsemen among
+the relays to help more readily the hounds, if they
+fall upon the stint,<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"
+href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">207</a> and when the hunters on horseback
+be assigned then he must assign which of the
+yeomen berners on foot shall be finders, and which
+hounds he shall have with him to the finding, and
+the lymerer and the pages to go with him. And
+after that to assign the relays by advice of them
+that know the country and the flight of the deer.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>
+And there where most danger is, there set the
+readiest hunters and the best footers with the
+boldest hounds with them. And at every relay
+sufficeth two couple of hounds or three at the most.
+And see that amid the relays, somewhat toward the
+hinder-most relay, especially if it be in danger, that
+one of the lymerer's pages be there with one of the
+lymers. And the more danger</i> (there is) <i>the older
+and the readier, and the most tender nosed hound.
+And when all is ordained then shall the Lord and
+the Master of the Game, if he liketh better to be at
+the finding than with a relay, shall go thither where
+the deer is harboured, and set ready waits about the
+quarter of the wood that the deer is in, to see what
+cometh out, or to see if the deer that is harboured
+would start and steal away ere the lymer moved him.
+And this done, then should the Lord and Master of
+the Game bid the lymerer bring them there where
+he marked that the hart went in, and when they be
+there the lymerer should take away the boughs he
+laid over the trace at the harbouring, and set his
+lymer in the fues, and then shall the Lord if he can
+blow, blow three motes, and after him the Master of
+the Game, and after the hunters, as they be greatest
+in office, that be at the finding, and then the lymerer.
+And after that if the lymer sue boldly and lustily
+the lymerer shall say to him loud; &quot;Ho moy, ho
+moy, hole hole hole.&quot; And ever take good heed to
+his feet, and look well about him. And as oft as he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>
+findeth the fues, or if it be in thick
+spires,<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"
+href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">208</a> boughs
+or branches broken, where the deer hath walked, he
+should say aloud&mdash;&quot;Cy va&mdash;cy va&mdash;cy va,&quot; and
+rally with his horn, and always should the yeoman
+berner the which is ordained to be finder, follow the
+lymer and be as nigh him as he might with the
+raches that he leadeth for the finding, and if the
+lymer as he sueth, overshoot and be out of the fues,
+the lymerer should always, till his hounds be fallen
+in again, speak to him, calling his name, be it
+Loyer, or Beaumont, or Latimer or Bemond according
+to what the hound is named, and anon as
+he falls in again and finds the fues or branches as
+before is said he shall say loud, &quot;Cy va&quot; as before
+and rally and so forth at every time that he findeth
+thereof, until that the lymer move him. Nevertheless
+I have seen when a lymer sueth long and
+could not so soon move him as men would, that they
+have taken up the lymer and uncoupled one or two
+hounds, to have him sooner found, but this truly no
+skilful hunter ought to do, unless the lymer cannot
+put it forth, nor bring it any further, or that the
+deer be stirring in the quarter, and hath not waited
+for the moving of the lymer. Or else that it be so
+far advanced in the day, that the sun hath dried up
+the fues, and that they have little day enough to run
+him and hunt him with strength. But now to come
+again to the lymer, it is to wit that when the lymer
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>
+hath moved him, if the lymerer can see him he shall
+blow a mote,<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"
+href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">209</a> and
+rechace</i> (recheat),<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"
+href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">210</a> <i>and if the deer
+be soule</i> (alone) <i>the Berners shall uncouple all the
+finders, and if he be not alone two hounds sufficeth
+till he be separated, and if the lymerer saw him</i>
+(not) <i>at the moving he should go to his lair and look
+thereby whether it be a hart or not, and if he see by
+the lair or by the fues that it is the same deer, that
+he hath sued</i> (hunted) <i>and alone he should rechase
+without a long mote, for the mote should never be
+blown before the rechasing,<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"
+href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">211</a> unless a man seeth that
+which he hunteth for. And then the Berner should
+do as I have said before, and if he be not alone the
+Berner should do as above is said, for it is to wit that
+the mote before rechasing</i> (recheating) <i>shall never
+be blown but when a man seeth what he hunteth for,
+as I have said. Now furthermore, when the hart
+is moved and the finders cast off, then should the
+lymerer take up his hounds and follow after, and
+foot it in the best wise that he can. And the
+Berner also and every horseman go that can go, so
+that they come not into the fues</i> (across the line) <i>nor
+in front of the hounds, and shape</i> (their course) <i>as often as
+they can to meet him. And as often as
+any man see him or meet him, he should go to the
+fues and blow a mote and rechace and then holloa
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>
+to the hounds to come forth withall, and this done,
+speed him fast in the manner that I have said to
+meet with him again. And the relay that he</i> (the
+hart) <i>cometh to first should take good heed that he
+vauntlay<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"
+href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">212</a> not, if other relays be behind for dread
+of bending out from the relay. But he should let the
+deer pass and go to the fues, and there blow a mote,
+and rechace and rally upon the fues. And the
+hunter ought to be advised that his hounds catch it</i>
+(the scent) <i>well in couple, ere he relay, that they
+run not counter.<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"
+href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">213</a> For that might make the hounds
+that come therewith and the hunters to be on a stynt</i>
+(at fault), <i>and peradventure not recover it all the
+day after. And if it so be that the hunter that hath
+relayed, see that the deer be likely to fall into
+danger, that is to say among other deer, and else it
+needeth not, he should when he hath relayed stand
+still in the fues, and holloa the hounds that come
+forth therewith and take up the hindermost, and if
+it be in a park go stand again with them at his
+place, and if it be out of park in a forest or other
+wood follow after as well as he is able. And in
+this wise ought every relay to do till he come among
+the back relays. For if they at the back see by the
+spreading of the clees</i> (claws) <i>by setting fast and
+deep his ergots</i> (dew claws) <i>in the earth, and if
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>
+they see him also cast his chaule,<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"
+href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">214</a> then they ought to
+vauntlay for advantage of the hounds, for so shall
+they sooner have him at bay, and from then he is
+but dead if the hunters serve aright the hounds.
+Nevertheless men have seen at the first finding or
+soon after, deer turn the head</i> (to bay), <i>and oftenest
+in rutting time, but I mean not of deer that turneth
+so to bay, but I mean of hunted deer when men have
+seen of them the tokens said before that he stand at
+bay. And if it be so that the hounds have
+envoised<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"
+href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">215</a>
+or have overshot, or that they be on a stynt by any
+other ways, those hunters on horseback or on foot to
+whom belongs the right, first should blow the stynt
+as I shall devise in a chapter that shall be of all
+blowing.<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"
+href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">216</a> And after that he should fall before the
+hounds as soon as he can and take them up, and if
+so be that they have envoysed two deer of
+antler<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"
+href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">217</a>
+they should not be rated badly, but get in front
+off them and take them off in the fairest way that
+men can. And if they run ought else they should
+be got in front of and rated and well lashed. And
+what hounds they may get up, bring them to the
+next rights</i> (right line) <i>if they know where, or else
+there where he</i> (the hart) <i>was last seen. And if
+it be great danger they ought to blow a mote for
+the lymer and let him sue till he hath retrieved him
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>
+or else till he hath brought him out of danger. And
+as oft as he findeth or seeth that he is in the rights
+the lymerer should say loud, &quot;Cy va&quot; twice or
+thrice&mdash;and recheat, and so should the hunters as
+oft as they lust to blow. And if the lymer overshoot
+or cannot put it forth, every hunter that is
+there ought to go some deal abroad for to see if he
+may find the rights by vesteying</i> (searching) <i>thereof.
+And whoso may find it before the lymer be fallen in
+again, he should recheat in the rights, and blow
+after that a mote for the lymer and sue forth as is
+said before. And if the lymer gave it up, and
+cannot and will not do his devoire</i> (duty), <i>then
+should they blow two motes for the raches and cast
+them off there where they were last in the rights.
+And if the hunters hear that the hounds run well
+and put it lustily forth they should rout and
+jopey<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"
+href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">218</a>
+to them lustily and often and recheat also. And
+if there be but one hound that undertaketh it lustily
+they shall hue and jopey to him, and also recheat.
+As oft as they be on a stynt they should blow the
+stynt and do as before is said. And if any of the
+aforesaid hounds retrieve him so that men may
+know and hear it by the doubling of their
+menee,<a name="FNanchor_219_219" id="FNanchor_219_219"
+href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">219</a>
+but if they hear any hunter above them that hath
+met</i> (the deer) <i>that bloweth the rights and holloaeth
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>
+else</i> (where) <i>they should haste them thither where
+they thought the hounds retrieved it; or else to
+meet with the hounds for to see the fues whether it
+be the hunted deer or not. And if it is not he, they
+should do as above is said when they be on a stynt,
+and if it be he every man shall speed him that
+speed may, and every relay do as before is said.
+And if any of the hunters happen while they be on
+a stynt to see a hart that he thinketh to be the
+hunted deer he ought to blow a mote and recheat
+and after that blow two motes for the hounds and
+stand still before the fues till the Berner with the
+hounds do come. And if they suppose that they
+may not hear him he should draw to them till they
+have heard him. And when any of the Berners or
+the lymerer hear a man blow for them, they should
+answer blowing in this wise in their horn: &quot;trut trut
+trut,&quot; but he should know readily by the fues after
+the tokens that have been said before, whether it be
+the hunted deer or not. And in the same wise shall
+a hunter do that findeth an hart quat</i> (couched),
+<i>and he thinketh it to be the hunted deer, and he sees
+that his fellows and the hounds be on a stynt, he
+should well beware that he blow not too nigh him,
+lest he start, and go away, before the hounds come.
+Nevertheless for to wit whether it be the hunted deer
+or no, the tokens have been rehearsed before&mdash;and
+when he hath been so well run to and enchased and
+retrieved, and so oft relayed and vauntelayed to, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>
+that he seeth that</i> (neither) <i>by beating up the rivers
+nor brooks nor foiling him down, nor going to soil,
+nor rusing to and fro upon himself, which is to say in
+his own fues, can help him, then turns he his head
+and standeth at bay. And then as far as it may
+be heard every man draweth thither, and the knowing
+thereof is that the hunter that cometh first, and
+the hunters</i> (one) <i>after the other they holloa all
+together, and blow a mote and rechace all at once.
+And that they never do but when he is at bay or
+when bay is made for the hounds, after he is dead,
+when they should be rewarded or
+enquerreyde.<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"
+href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">220</a>
+And when the hunters that held the relays be there,
+or that they be nigh the bay, they should pull off
+the couples from the hounds' necks and let them draw
+thither. And the hunters should break the bay as
+often as they can for two causes; the one lest he</i>
+(the stag) <i>hurt the hounds, if he stand and rest long
+in one place; another is that the relays that stand
+far can come up with their hounds the while he is
+alive, and be at the death. And it is to be known
+that if any of the hunters have been at any time
+while the deer hath been run to out of hearing of
+hound and horn, he should have blown the
+forloyne,<a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNanchor_221_221"
+href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">221</a>
+unless he were in a park, for there it should never
+be blown. And whoso first heard him so blow
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>
+should blow again to him the
+&quot;perfect,&quot;<a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"
+href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">222</a> if it so
+be that he were in his rights, and else not. For by
+that shall he be brought to readiness and comfort
+who before did not know where the game or any of
+his fellows were. And when it so is, that they have
+thought that the bay has lasted long enough, then
+should he whoso be the most master bid some of the
+hunters go spay<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"
+href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">223</a> him behind the shoulder forward
+to the heart. But the lymerer should let slip the
+rope while he</i> (the deer) <i>stood on his feet, and let
+the lymer go to</i> (him), <i>for by right the lymer
+should never</i> (go) <i>out of the rope, though he</i> (be let)
+<i>slip from ever so far. And when the deer is dead,
+and lieth on one side then first it is time to blow the
+death, for it should never be blown at hart hunting
+till the deer be on its side. And then should the
+hounds be coupled up and as fast as a man can.
+One of the Berners should encorne him, that is to
+say turn his horns earthwards and the throat upwards,
+and slit the skin of the throat all along the
+neck, and cut labelles</i> (small flaps) <i>on either side of
+the skin, the which shall hang still upon the head, for
+this belongeth to an hart slain with strength, and
+else not. And then should the hunter flay down the
+skin as far as he can, and then with a sharp trencher
+cut as thick as he can the flesh down to the neck
+bone, and this done every man stand abroad and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>
+blow the death, and make short bay for to reward the
+hounds. And every man</i> (shall) <i>have a small rod
+in his hand to hold the hounds that they should the
+better bay and every man blow the death that can
+blow. And as oft as any hunter beginneth to blow
+every man shall blow for the death to make the
+better noise, and make the hounds better know the
+horns and the bay, and when they have bayed a
+while let the hounds come to eat the flesh, to the
+hard bone from in front of the shoulders right to
+the head, for that is their reward of right. And
+then take them off fair and couple them up again.
+And then bring to the lymers and serve each by
+himself, and then should the Lord if he list or else
+the Master of the Game, or if he be absent whoso is
+greatest of the hunters, blow the prise at coupling
+up, and that should be blown only of the aforesaid,
+and by no others. Nevertheless it is to wit that if
+the Lord be not come soon enough to the bay, while
+the deer is alive they ought to hold the bay as long
+as they can, without rebuking the hounds, to await
+the Lord, and if the Lord remains away too long,
+when the deer is spayed and laid on one side, before
+they do ought else, the Master of the Game, or
+which of the horsemen that be there at the death,
+should mount their horses and every man draw his
+way blowing the death till one of them hath met
+with him, or heard of him, and brought him thither.
+And if they cannot meet with him, and that they
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>
+have word that he is gone home, they ought to come
+again, and do, whoso is greatest master, as the Lord
+should do, if he were there, and right so should they
+do to the Master of the Game in the Lord's absence.
+Also if the Lord be there all things should be done
+of the bay and rewarding as before is said, and
+then he should charge whom he list to undo the deer,
+if the hounds shall not be enquyrid thereon, for
+if they should, there needeth no more but to
+caboche<a name="FNanchor_224_224" id="FNanchor_224_224"
+href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">224</a>
+his head, all the upper jaw still thereon, and the
+labelles aforesaid; and then hold him and lay the
+skin open, and lay the head at the skin's end right
+in front of the shoulders. And when the hounds are
+thus inquirreide the lymers should have both the
+shoulders for their rights, and else they should not
+have but the ears and the brain whereof they should
+be served, the hart's head lying under their feet.
+But on the other hand if the lord will have the deer
+undone, he that he biddeth as before is said, should
+undo him most woodmanly and cleanly that he can
+and wonder ye not that I say woodmanly, for it is a
+point that belongeth to woodmanscraft, though it be
+well suiting to an hunter to be able to do it. Nevertheless
+it belongeth more to woodmanscraft than to
+hunters, and therefore as of the manner he should be
+undone I pass over lightly, for there is no woodman
+nor good hunter in England that cannot do it well
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>
+enough, and well better than I can tell them. Nevertheless
+when so is that the paunch is taken out clean
+and whole and the small guts, one of the groom
+chacechiens should take the paunch and go to the
+next water withal, and slit it, and cast out the
+filth and wash it clean, that no filth abide therein.
+And then bring it again and cut it in small gobetts
+in the blood that should be kept in the skin and the
+lungs withal, if they be hot and else not, and all the
+small guts withal, and bread broken therein according
+whether the hounds be few or many, and all this
+turned and meddled together among the blood till it
+be well brewed in the blood, and then look for a
+small green, and thither bear all this upon the skin
+with as much blood as can be saved, and there lay
+it, and spread the skin thereupon, the hair side
+upward, and lay the head, the visage, forward at
+the neck end of the skin. And then the lord shall
+go take a fair small rod in his hand, the which one of
+the yeomen or of the grooms should cut for him, and
+the Master of the Game and other, and the sergeants,
+and each of the yeomen on horse, and others, and
+then the Lord should take up the hart's head by
+the right side between the surroyal and the fork
+or troche whichever it be that he bear, and the
+Master of the Game, the left side in the same wise,
+and hold the head upright that the nose touch the
+earth. And then every man that is there, save the
+berners on foot and the chacechiens and the lymerers
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>
+which should be with their hounds and wait upon
+them in a fair green where there is a cool shadow,
+should stand in front on either side of the head,
+with rods, that no hound come about, nor on the
+sides, but that all stand in front. And when it is
+ready the Master of the Game or the sergeant
+should bid the berners bring forth their hounds and
+stand still in front of them a small quoit's cast
+from thence, as the bay is ordained. And when
+they be there the Master of the Game or sergeant
+should cry skilfully loud: &quot;Devour&quot; and then
+holloa every wight, and every hunter blow the
+death. And when the hounds be come and bay the
+head, the Berners should pull off the couples as fast
+as they can. And when the Lord thinketh the
+bay hath lasted long enough, the Master of the
+Game should pull away the head and anon others
+should be ready to pull away the skin and let the
+hounds come to the reward, and then should the
+Lord and Master of the Game, and all the hunters
+stand around all about the reward, and blow the
+death. As oft as any of them begin every man
+bear him fellowship till the hounds be well rewarded,
+and that they have nought left. And right
+thus should be done when the hounds should be
+enquyrreied of the whole deer. And when there is
+nought left then should the Lord, if he wishes, or else
+the Master of the Game or in his absence whoso is
+greatest next him, stroke</i> (blow) <i>in this wise, that is
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span>
+to say blow four motes and stynt</i> (stop) <i>not</i> (for the
+time of) <i>half an Ave Maria and then blow other
+four motes a little longer than the first four motes.
+And thus should no wight stroke, but when the hart is
+slain with strength, and when one of the aforesaid
+hath thus blown then should the grooms couple up the
+hounds and draw homewards fair and soft. And all
+the rest of the hunters should stroke in this wise:
+&quot;Trut, trut, tro-ro-row, tro-ro-row,&quot; and four motes
+all of one length not too long and not too short. And
+otherwise should no hart hunter stroke from thenceforth
+till they go to bed. And thus should the
+Berners on foot and the grooms lead home the hounds
+and send in front that the kennel be clean and the
+trough filled with clean water, and their couch renewed
+with fresh straw. And the Master of the
+Game and the sergeant and the yeoman at horse
+should come home and blow the menee at the hall door
+or at the cellar door as I shall devise. First the
+master, or whoso is greatest next him, shall begin and
+blow three motes<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"
+href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">225</a> alone,
+and at the first mote<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"
+href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">226</a> the
+remnant of the aforesaid should blow with him, and
+beware that none blow longer than another, and after
+the three motes even forthwith they should blow the
+recoupling as thus: &quot;Trut, trut, trororo rout,&quot; and
+that they be advised that from the time they fall in
+to blow together, that none of them begin before</i> (the)
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>
+<i>other nor end after</i> (the) <i>other. And if it be the
+first hart slain with strength in the season, or the
+last, the sergeant and the yeoman shall go on their
+office's behalf and ask their fees of the which I report
+me to the old statutes and customs of the King's house.
+And this done the Master of the Game ought to speak
+to the officers that all the hunters' suppers be well
+ordained, and that they drink not ale, and nothing
+but wine that night for the good and great labour
+they have had for the Lord's game and disport, and
+for the exploit and making of the hounds. And also
+that they may the more merrily and gladly tell what
+each of them hath done all the day and which hounds
+have best run and boldest.</i></p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"
+     href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">206</span></a>
+     Measure of the deer's footprint. In old English, a measure
+     (Stratmann).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"
+     href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">207</span></a>
+     Wrong scent, or check.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"
+     href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">208</span></a>
+     Shoots, fresh-growing young wood.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"
+     href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">209</span></a>
+     A long note.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"
+     href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">210</span></a>
+     Recheat, a hunting signal on the horn.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"
+     href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">211</span></a>
+     Recheating. See Appendix: Hunting-Music.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"
+     href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">212</span></a>
+     Vauntlay, to cast off the relay before the hounds already
+hunting have passed. See Appendix: Relays.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"
+     href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">213</span></a>
+     Do not hunt heel: <i>contre</i>, counter.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"
+     href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">214</span></a>
+     Drop his jaw. (?)</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"
+     href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">215</span></a>
+     Gone off the right line.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"
+     href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">216</span></a>
+     This chapter does not exist.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"
+     href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">217</span></a>
+     If the hounds have gone away after two stags.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"
+     href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">218</span></a>
+     Call to the hounds encouragingly.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"
+     href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">219</span></a>
+     Shirley MS.: &quot;doubling of their mouths,&quot; from the Fr.
+     <i>menee</i>. See Appendix: Menee.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"
+     href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">220</span></a>
+     See Appendix: Cur&eacute;e.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"
+     href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">221</span></a>
+     A horn signal denoting that the chase is being followed at
+     a distance by those who blow. From the Fr. <i>fortloin</i>, written
+     forlonge. See Appendix: Forlonge.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"
+     href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">222</span></a>
+     A note sounded only by those who are on the right line.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"
+     href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">223</span></a>
+     To kill with a sword or hunting knife. See Appendix: Spay.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"
+     href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">224</span></a>
+     Cut off the head close behind the antlers. Shirley MS.:
+     &quot;Cabache.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"
+     href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">225</span></a>
+     Shirley MS. says four notes.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"
+     href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">226</span></a>
+     Should read: &quot;at the last moot.&quot;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXV" id="CHAPTER_XXXV"></a>CHAPTER XXXV<br />
+HOW AN HUNTER SHOULD SEEK AND FIND
+THE HARE WITH RUNNING HOUNDS AND
+SLAY HER WITH STRENGTH</h2>
+
+<p><i>Ere I speak how the hare should be hunted, it is
+to be known that the hare is king of all venery, for
+all blowing and the fair terms of hunting cometh of
+the seeking and the finding of the hare. For certain
+it is the most marvellous beast that is, for ever
+she fumeth or croteth and roungeth and beareth
+tallow and grease. And though men say that she
+fumeth inasmuch as she beareth tallow, yet that
+which cometh from her is not called fumes but croteys.
+And she hath teeth above in the same wise as beneath.
+It is also to be known that the hare is at
+one time male and another time female. When she is
+female sometimes she kindles in three degrees, two
+rough, two smooth and two knots that afterwards
+should be kindles, but this happeneth but seldom.
+Now for to speak of the hare how he shall be sought
+and found and chased with hounds. It is to be
+known what the first word</i> (should be) <i>that the hunter
+should speak to his hounds when he lets them out of
+the kennel. When the door is opened he shall say
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>
+loud: &quot;Ho ho arere,&quot;<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"
+href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">227</a> because that his hounds
+will come out too hastily. And when he uncoupleth
+his hounds, he shall say to them when he comes into
+the field: &quot;Sto mon amy sto atrete,&quot; but when he
+is come forth into the field he shall blow three motes
+and uncouple the hounds, then he shall speak twice
+to his hounds in this wise, &quot;Hors de couple, avaunt
+cy avaunt&quot;<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228"
+href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">228</a> and
+then he shall say thrice &quot;So how&quot;
+and no more; afterward he shall say loud &quot;Sa say
+cy avaunt&quot; and then &quot;Sa cy avaunt, sa cy avaunt
+so how,&quot; and if he see the hounds draw fast from
+him and would fain run, he shall say thus to them
+here: &quot;How amy&mdash;how amy,&quot; and then shall he
+say &quot;Swe mon famy swef&quot;<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"
+href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">229</a> for to make them go
+softly, and between always blow three motes. And
+if any of his hounds find and own to the hare where
+he hath been, he shall say to them in this wise:
+&quot;Oyez a Beaumont le vaillant,&quot; or what the hound
+is called. And if he seeth that the hare hath been
+at pasture in green corn or in any other place and
+his hounds find of her and that they fall well in
+enquest<a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"
+href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">230</a></i>
+(hunt) <i>and chase it well, then he shall say
+&quot;La Douce, la il a este&quot;<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"
+href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">231</a> and therewith &quot;So
+howe&quot; with a high voice, and if his hounds chase</i></p>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="HARE-HUNTING_WITH_GREYHOUNDS_AND_RUNNING_HOUNDS">
+  <a href="images/i_248.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_248thumb.jpg" height="362" width="400"
+     alt="HARE-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RUNNING HOUNDS"
+     title="HARE-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RUNNING HOUNDS" /></a>
+  <p class="caption">HARE-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RUNNING HOUNDS</p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/i_248.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></p>
+<p class="continued"><i>not well at his pleasure and they grede</i> (hunt) <i>there
+where he has not pastured, then shall he say &quot;Illeoqs
+illeoqs&quot;<a name="FNanchor_232_232" id="FNanchor_232_232"
+href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">232</a> in the same place while they seek her.
+And then he should cast and look about the field, to
+see where she hath been and whether she hath pastured
+or not, or whether she be in her form, for she
+does not like to remain where she hath pastured
+except in time of relief. If any hounds scent her,
+and she hath gone from thence to another place, he
+shall say thus to his hounds as loud as he can: &quot;Ha
+cy douce cy et venuz arere, so howe.&quot;<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"
+href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">233</a> And if he
+see that she be gone to the plain or the field or to
+arable land or into the wood, if his hounds get well
+on her scent, then he shall say: &quot;La douce amy, il
+ad est illeoqs&quot;<a name="FNanchor_234_234" id="FNanchor_234_234"
+href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">234</a> and therewith he shall say: &quot;so-how
+illeoqs, sy douce cy vayllant&quot;<a name="FNanchor_235_235" id="FNanchor_235_235"
+href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">235</a> and twice
+&quot;so-howe,&quot; and when he is come there where he
+supposeth the hare dwells then shall he say thus:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>
+&quot;La douce la est il venuz&quot; and therewith thrice
+&quot;so-howe&quot; and no more. And if he thinks he is
+sure to find her in any place then he shall say:
+&quot;La douce how-here, how-here, how-here, how-here,
+douce how-here how-here,&quot; and when she is found
+and started he shall blow a mote and rechase<a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"
+href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">236</a> and
+holloa as often as he wishes and then say loud:
+&quot;Oyez! a Beaumond&quot; or what the hound is
+named, &quot;le vailaunt oyez, oyez, oyez, who-bo-lowe,&quot;
+and then &quot;Avaunte assemble, avaunte.&quot;
+And then should the horsemen keep well to one
+side and some way to the front with long rods in
+their hands to meet with her, and so blowe a mote
+and rechace and holloa and set the hounds in the
+rights if they see her, and also for to prevent any
+hound following sheep, or other beasts, and if they
+do to ascrie</i> (rate) <i>them sorely and dismount and
+take them up and lash them well, saying loud &quot;Ware
+ware ha ha ware&quot; and lash them back to their
+fellows, and if it happens that the hare be seated in
+her form in front of the hounds, and that they
+cannot find her as soon as they would, then shall he
+say: &quot;How-sa amy sa sa acouplere, sa arere, so-how,&quot;
+but not</i> (blow) <i>the stynt too soon. And if
+he seeth that his hounds cannot put her up as soon as
+he would, then shall he blow the stynt, and say loud:
+&quot;ho ho ore swef a la douce, a lui, a lui, so how</i></p>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="HARE-DRIVING_WITH_LOW_BELLS">
+  <a href="images/i_252.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_252thumb.jpg" height="325" width="400"
+     alt="HARE-DRIVING WITH LOW BELLS"
+     title="HARE-DRIVING WITH LOW BELLS" /></a>
+  <p class="caption">HARE-DRIVING WITH LOW BELLS</p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/i_252.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p>
+<p class="continued"><i>assamy, assamy, la arere so-howe, venez acouplere,&quot;
+and thus as oft as the aforesaid case happeneth.
+And as oft as any hound catcheth it</i> (the scent) <i>he
+should hue to him by his name, and rout him to his
+fellows as before is said, but not rechace till the
+hare be found, or that some man meet it and blow
+the rights and holloa, or else that he findeth her
+pointing or pricking whichever it be, for both
+mean the same, but some call it the one and some
+the other. And if he find that he can well blow
+the rights and holloa and jopey three or four times
+and cry loud &quot;le voy, le voy,&quot; till the hounds
+come thither and have well caught it. And</i> (when)
+<i>she is retrieved blow and holloa and rout to the
+hounds as it is said you should do at the finding, and
+follow after and foot it who can foot it. And if it
+happen when men hunt her and hounds chase her
+that she squat anywhere before the hounds, and that
+any hunter find her squatting, if the hounds be nigh
+about, he should blow a mote and rechace and start
+her, and then halloa and rout to them as above is
+said. And if he find her squat, and the hounds be
+far from him, then should he blow as I last said
+before, and after two motes for the hounds, and the
+berners that hear him should answer him thus
+&quot;trut, trut, trut&quot; and draw all towards him with
+the hounds as fast as they can, saying to their
+hounds: &quot;so-how, mon amy, so-howe.&quot; And when
+they be there and the hounds have all come up, they
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>
+should check them with one of their rods, and when
+she is started, blow, holloa and rout as before is said,
+and according to what the case requireth, do as
+before is said and devised. And when she hath
+been well chased and well retrieved, notwithstanding
+her rusing and squatting and reseating, so that by
+strength at last she is bitten by the hounds, whoso is
+nearest should start to take her whole from them, and
+hold her in his one hand over his head high, and
+blow the death that men may gather thither, and
+when they be come, then should she be stripped, all
+save the head, and the gall and the paunch cast
+away, and the remnant should be laid on a great
+staff or on a board, whoso hath it, or on the earth,
+and then it should be chopped as small as it can be,
+so that it hang together; and when it is so done
+then should one of the berners take it up with the
+head and hold it as high as he is able in his hands,
+and then whoso is most master, blow the death, and
+anon as he beginneth every man help and holloa.
+And when the hounds have bayed, as long as is
+wished by the aforesaid most master, then should
+the berner pull as high as he can every piece from
+the other and cast to every hound his reward. And
+then should the most master blow a mote and stroke,
+if so be that he thinks that the hounds have done
+enough, and else he should rest awhile, if the hounds
+be hot, till they be cooled, and then led to the water
+to lap. And then if he wish blow three motes and</i></p>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="NETTING_HARES_IN_THEIR_quotMUSESquot">
+  <a href="images/i_256.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_256thumb.jpg" height="359" width="400"
+     alt="NETTING HARES IN THEIR &quot;MUSES&quot;"
+     title="NETTING HARES IN THEIR &quot;MUSES&quot;" /></a>
+  <p class="caption">NETTING HARES IN THEIR &quot;MUSES&quot;</p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/i_256.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p>
+<p class="continued"><i>uncouple and speak and so do as before is said.
+And if they will seek a covert for the hare and set
+greyhounds without, they should blow and seek and
+speak in the manner as before is said, save that
+if the hounds find anything what so ever it be, he
+shall rally and jopey till he has seen it, or that he
+knows what it is (and if it be an hare do as above is
+said),<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"
+href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">237</a> an
+ if it be ought else he shall blow drawing
+with his horn and cry loud &quot;So-how mon amy,
+so-how, sto arere, so-how, so-howe,&quot; and seek forthwith
+again with three long motes till the hare be
+found. Yet nevertheless if they be hart-hunters
+that seek a covert for the hare, and their hounds
+find a fox, whoso meeteth with him should blow out
+upon him to warn the fewterers<a name="FNanchor_238_238" id="FNanchor_238_238"
+href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">238</a> that there is a
+thief in the wood. And if they run at the hare and
+the hare happen to come out to the greyhounds in
+front of the raches and be killed, the fewterer that
+let run should blow the death and keep it as whole
+as he may till the hunters be come, and then should
+they reward the hounds as before is said.</i></p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_227_227" id="Footnote_227_227"
+     href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">227</span></a>
+     &quot;Back there!&quot; from the Fr. <i>arri&egrave;re</i>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"
+     href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">228</span></a>
+     &quot;Out of couples, forward there, forward!&quot; (Precisely the
+     same instructions are given by the later Twety and Gyfford.)</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"
+     href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">229</span></a>
+     &quot;Gently, my friend, gently!&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_230_230" id="Footnote_230_230"
+     href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">230</span></a>
+     Quest, hunt, seek, also challenge.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_231_231" id="Footnote_231_231"
+     href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">231</span></a>
+     &quot;Softly, there he has been!&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"
+     href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">232</span></a>
+     &quot;In this place,&quot; or &quot;here, here.&quot; This passage, which
+     reads somewhat confusedly in our MS., is clearer in Twety and
+     Gyfford (<i>Reliqui&aelig; Antiqu&aelig;</i>, vol. i. p. 149). It reads as follows:
+     &quot;And then ye shall blowe iij notes, yf yowr hund ne chace not
+     well hym, there one ther another, as he hath pasturyd hym, ye
+     shall say <i>'Illeosque, illeosque, illeosque</i>,'&quot; meaning that 3 motes
+     should be blown where the hare has pastured to bring your
+     hounds to the place, <i>illeosque</i> meaning here, in this place.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"
+     href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">233</span></a>
+     &quot;Softly there, here she has been, back there.&quot; Following
+     this the Shirley MS. and Twety and Gyfford contain a passage
+     which our MS. has not got: &quot;And thenne <i>sa cy, a este sohow</i>,
+     and afterwards <i>sa cy avaunt</i>.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"
+     href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">234</span></a>
+     &quot;Softly, my friend, she has been here.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"
+     href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">235</span></a>
+     &quot;Here gently, here valiantly.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"
+     href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">236</span></a>
+     To call back the hounds from a wrong scent, the same as
+&quot;recheat.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"
+     href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">237</span></a>
+     The words in brackets are in the Shirley MS.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_238_238" id="Footnote_238_238"
+     href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">238</span></a>
+     Huntsman holding hounds in leash.</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXVI" id="CHAPTER_XXXVI"></a>CHAPTER XXXVI<br />
+OF THE ORDINANCE AND THE MANNER OF
+HUNTING WHEN THE KING WILL HUNT IN
+FORESTS OR IN PARKS FOR THE HART
+WITH BOWS AND GREYHOUNDS AND STABLE</h2>
+<p><i>The Master of the Game should be in accordance
+with the master forester or parker where it should
+be that the King should hunt such a day, and if
+the tract be wide, the aforesaid forester or parker
+should warn the sheriff of the shire where the hunting
+shall be, for to order sufficient stable,<a name="FNanchor_239_239" id="FNanchor_239_239"
+href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">239</a> and carts,
+also to bring the deer that should be slain to the
+place where the cur&eacute;es at huntings have been usually
+held. And thence he should warn the hunters and
+fewterers whither they should come, and the forester
+should have men ready there to meet them, that
+they go no farther, nor straggle about for fear of
+frightening the game, before the King comes. And
+if the hunting shall be in a park all men should
+remain at the park gate, save the stable that ought
+to be set ere the King comes, and they should be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>
+set by the foresters or parkers. And early in the
+morning the Master of the Game should be at the
+wood to see that all be ready, and he or his lieutenant
+or such hunters that he wishes, ought to set the greyhounds
+and who so be teasers<a name="FNanchor_240_240" id="FNanchor_240_240"
+href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">240</a> to the King or to the
+Queen, or to their attendants. As often as any
+hart cometh out he should when he passes blow a
+mote and recheat, and let slip to tease it forth, and
+if it be a stag, he should let him pass as I said and
+rally to warn the fewterers what is coming out.
+And to lesser deer should no wight let run, and if he
+hath seen the stag, not unless he were
+commanded.<a name="FNanchor_241_241" id="FNanchor_241_241"
+href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">241</a>
+And then the master forester or parker ought to show
+him the King's standing if the King would stand
+with his bow, and where all the remnant of the
+bows would stand. And the yeoman for the King's
+bows ought to be there to keep and make the King's
+standing, and remain there without noise, till the
+King comes. And the grooms that keep the king's
+dogs and broken greyhounds should be there with
+him, for they belong to the yeomen's office, and also
+the Master of the Game should be informed by the
+forester or parker what game the king should find
+within the set,<a name="FNanchor_242_242" id="FNanchor_242_242"
+href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">242</a> and
+when all this is done, then
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>
+should the Master of the Game worthe</i> (mount)
+<i>upon</i> (his) <i>horse and meet the King and bring him
+to his standing and tell him what game is within the
+set, and how the greyhounds be set, and also the
+stable, and also tell him where it is best for him
+to stand with his bow or with his greyhounds, for
+it is to be known that the attendants of his chamber
+and of the queen's should be best placed, and the two
+fewterers ought to make fair lodges of green boughs
+at the tryste to keep the King and Queen and ladies,
+and gentlewomen and also the greyhounds from the
+sun and bad weather. And when the King is at his
+standing or at his tryste, whichever he prefers, and
+the Master of the Game or his lieutenant have set
+the bows and assigned who shall lead the Queen to
+her tryste, then he should blow the three long motes
+for the uncoupling. And the hart hounds and the
+harriers that before have been led by some forester
+or parker thither where they should uncouple, and
+all the hounds that belong to both the mutes</i> (packs)
+<i>waiting for the Master of the Game's blowing.
+Then should the sergeant of the mute of the hart-hounds,
+if there be much rascal within the set, make
+all them of office, save the yeomen of the horse,
+hardel<a name="FNanchor_243_243" id="FNanchor_243_243"
+href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">243</a> their hounds, and in every hardel two or
+three couple of hounds at the most suffice. And
+then to stand abroad in the woods for relays, and
+then blow three motes to the uncoupling. And then
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>
+should the harrier uncouple his hounds and blow
+three motes and seek forth saying loud and long,
+&quot;hoo sto ho sto, mon amy, ho sto&quot; and if they draw
+far from him in any unruly manner he should
+speak to them in that case as when he seeketh for
+the hare. And as oft as he passes within the set
+from one quarter to another, he should blow drawing,
+and when he is passed the boundary of the quarter,
+and entered into a new quarter, he should blow three
+motes and seek forth, but if so be, that his hounds
+enchace anything as he wishes, and if any hound
+happen to find of the King's</i> (game), <i>he should hue
+to him by his name and say loud: &quot;Oyez a
+Bemond, oyez-oyez, assemble, assemble,&quot; or what
+the hound is named, &quot;assemble, assemble&quot; and
+jopey and rally. And if it be an hart and any of
+the hart hounds meet with it they should blow a
+mote and rechace and relay, and go forth therewith
+all rechacing among. And if it come to the bows
+or to greyhounds and be dead, he should blow the
+death when he is come thither, and reward his
+hounds a little, and couple them up and go again to
+his place. And if the hart has escaped he should no
+longer rechace, but blow drawing and draw in again,
+and in the best way that he can, take up his hounds
+and get in front of them. And after that the harriers
+have well run and well made the rascal void,<a name="FNanchor_244_244" id="FNanchor_244_244"
+href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">244</a>
+then should the sergeant and the berners of the hart
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>
+hounds blow three motes, the one after the other and
+uncouple there where they suppose the best ligging</i>
+(lair) <i>is for a hart, and seek as before is said; unless
+it be the season when the hart's head is tender, then
+he shall use some of the aforesaid words of seeking
+to the hounds: &quot;Le doulez, mon amy, le doulez,
+le doules,&quot; and if his hounds find anything do as
+before is said, and if it be a hart, do as above is
+said, as he may know by his fues or by men that
+meet with him. And if it be ought else, the berner
+ought to blow drawing, and who meeteth with him</i>
+(the hart) <i>call to them, and the berner should say
+&quot;Sto arere so how, so how.&quot; And if the lymerer
+meet withal, or see by the fues that it is an hart, he
+should sue thereto till he be dead. If it go to the
+greyhounds and if it go to the bows, and be smitten
+anon, as he findeth blood he should take up his
+hounds and lead them thence and reward them a
+little, and then if he escape out of the set, he should
+reward his hounds, and take them up and go again
+to the wood and look if he may meet with anything.
+And as often as he meeteth and findeth, or his
+hounds run on a fresh scent, do as before is said.
+And one thing is to be known, that the hart-hounds
+should never be uncoupled before any other, unless a
+hart be readily harboured, and that he may be
+sued to and moved with the lymer, or else that they
+be uncoupled to a herd of great male deer at the
+view, namely within a set in a forest or in a park,</i></p>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="THE_quotUNDOINGquot_OR_GRALLOCHING_OF_THE_HART">
+  <a href="images/i_264.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_264thumb.jpg" height="651" width="400"
+    alt="THE UNDOING OR GRALLOCHING OF THE HART THE MASTER INSTRUCTING HIS
+    HUNTERS HOW IT IS DONE"
+    title="THE &quot;UNDOING&quot; OR GRALLOCHING OF THE HART" />
+  </a>
+   <p class="caption">THE &quot;UNDOING&quot; OR GRALLOCHING OF THE HART THE MASTER
+   INSTRUCTING HIS HUNTERS HOW IT IS DONE</p>
+   <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+   <p class="click">
+     <a href="images/i_264.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+   </p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span></p>
+<p class="continued"><i>there where there is a great change of rascal. And
+that is the cause why the other hounds shall be first
+uncoupled to make the rascal void, for small deer
+will sooner leave their covert than will a great
+hart, unless it be a hind that hath her calf in the
+wood, and hath lately calved. And when the
+rascal is thus voided then the hart hounds are
+uncoupled and they find the great old wily deer that
+will not lightly void, and they enchace him well and
+lustily and make him void both to bows and to
+greyhounds, so that they fully do their duty. And
+all the while that the hunting lasteth should the
+carts go about from place to place for to bring the
+deer to the cur&eacute;e. And there should the
+server<a name="FNanchor_245_245" id="FNanchor_245_245"
+href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">245</a>
+of the hall be to arrange the cur&eacute;es, and to lay the
+game in a row, all the heads one way&mdash;and every
+deer's feet to the other's back. The harts should
+be laid in two or three rows</i> (by themselves) <i>according
+to whether there be many or few, and the rascal
+in the same way by themselves, and they should take
+care that no man come within the cur&eacute;e till the
+King come, save the Master of the Game. And
+when the covert is well hunted and cleared, then
+should the Master of the Game come to the King to
+know if he would hunt any more. And if the
+King say yea, then shall the Master of the Game
+if the greyhounds or bows or stable need not to be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>
+removed, blow two long motes for the hounds, and
+forthwith blow drawing with three long motes that
+men should stand still, and the hunters may know
+that they should come to a new seeking with their
+hounds. And when the hounds be come there where
+they should uncouple blow three long motes and do
+and seek and blow, as is before said. And if the
+bows and greyhounds and stable should be removed,
+then should he blow a mote and stroke, without the
+mote in the middle, for to draw men together, and
+thereby may men know that the king will hunt more
+ere he go home. And when men come together, then
+should the Master of the Game see to the placing
+of the King and of the Queen and of the bows and
+of the greyhounds and of the stable, as I have said
+here before, and the hunters to their seeking, and of
+all other things do in the same manner as I have
+said. And if the king will hunt no more, then
+should the Master of his Game, if the King will
+not blow, blow a mote and stroke with a mote in the
+middle and the sergeant or whoso bloweth next him,
+and no man else, should blow the first mote but only
+the middle, and so every man as oft as he likes to
+stroke, if they have obtained that which they hunted
+for. And the middle mote should not be blown save
+by him that bloweth next the master. And thereby
+may men know as they hear men stroke homeward
+whether they have well sped or not. And this way
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>
+of stroking should serve in the manner I have rehearsed
+for all hunting save when the hart is slain
+with strength. And when the mote is blown and
+stroked, then should the Master of the Game lead
+the King to the cur&eacute;e, and show it him, and no man
+as I have said above should come within it, but
+every man</i> (keep) <i>without it. And then the King
+shall tell the Master of the Game what deer he
+would were</i> (given away) <i>and to whom, and</i> (after
+this) <i>if the King wishes to stay he may. Nevertheless
+he usually goes home when he hath done
+this. And then should the Master of the Game
+begin at one row and so forth, and tythe all the deer
+right as they lie, rascal and others, and deliver it to
+the proctors of the church that ought to have it.
+And then</i> (separate) <i>the deer that the king commandeth
+him to deliver, and if any of them that
+should have part of the deer be not there he should
+charge the master forester to send it home, and then
+he should deliver a certain</i> (part) <i>of the remnant to
+the afore said sewers and to the sergeant of the
+larder and the remnants should be given by the
+Master of the Game, some to the gentlemen of the
+country by the information of the forester or parker,
+as they have been friendly to the bailie, and the
+remnant to the officers and hunters as he liketh best.
+And it is to be known that every man bow and
+fewterer that hath slain anything should mark it
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>
+that he might challenge his fee, and have it at the
+cur&eacute;e, but let him beware that he marks no lord's
+mark nor</i> (other) <i>fewterers nor hunters, or he will
+lose his fee. And also it is to be known that the
+fees of all follies belong to the master of the harriers,
+if so be that he or his deputy be at the hunting, and
+blow three motes and else not, in which case the
+Master of the Game can give it to whom he wishes
+save what the King slayeth with his bow or the
+Queen or my lord the prince, or that which they
+bid with their own mouth to let run to. And all
+shall be judged folly of red deer which is beneath
+the hart, and of fallow deer which is beneath the
+buck, nevertheless if the harrier would challenge
+the deer for folly, and it is not folly, if there be a
+strife with him who asketh the fee, the Master of
+the Game shall judge it, and right so shall he do
+of all these strifes for fees between bow and bow,
+and fewterer and fewterer, and of all other strifes
+and discords that belong to hunting. And when all
+the deer be delivered, and the hunters and the
+fewterers of the kennel be assigned to undo the deer
+that be delivered for the king's larder, then should
+the grooms chacechiens of the hart-hounds gather
+the paunches and small guts together and do with
+them as is advised in the chapter of the hart hunting
+with strength, and get them a skin to lie thereover,
+and do as in the same chapter described with the</i></p>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="HART-HUNTING_WITH_GREYHOUNDS_AND_RACHES">
+  <a href="images/i_270.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_270thumb.jpg" height="271" width="400"
+     alt="HART-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RACHES"
+     title="HART-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RACHES" /></a>
+  <p class="caption">HART-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RACHES</p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/i_270.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span></p>
+<p class="continued"><i>greatest and best head</i> (antlers) <i>that they can find
+in all the cur&eacute;e. Save the blowing of the prise and
+the stroking and the menee, the bay should wait till
+the cur&eacute;es be done, and the flesh taken away, and
+there should the Master of the Game be, and the
+sergeant and all the yeomen and grooms of the
+office. And if the greyhounds<a name="FNanchor_246_246" id="FNanchor_246_246"
+href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">246</a> shall be rewarded
+it should be done right as is devised in the aforesaid
+chapter, except that the blowings above described
+shall be left out. And also whosoever slew the
+deer the yeomen of the office should have the skin
+that lyeth upon the deer when the hounds are rewarded.
+And also it is to know that the harriers
+when they have run shall be rewarded with the
+paunches and guts, but there is no need to make a
+long bay with the hart's head to them, for they are
+made to run and chase all game that one wishes, and
+that is the cause why the master of them has the fees
+of all deer save the hart and the buck, unless it be
+in the certain case before mentioned. And when
+the cur&eacute;e is done, and the bay made, then is the
+time for every man to draw homeward to his supper
+and to make himself as merry as he can. And when
+the yeomen berners and grooms have led home the
+hounds and set them well up and supplied them
+with water and straw according to what they need,
+then should they go to their supper and drink well
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>
+and make merry. And of the fees it is to be known
+that the man whoever he be, who has smitten a deer
+while posted at his tree with a death-stroke so that
+the deer be got before the sun goes down, he shall
+have the skin. And if he be not posted or has gone
+from his tree, or has done otherwise than is said, he
+shall have none. And as of the fewterers, if they
+be posted, the first teaser and receiver<a name="FNanchor_247_247" id="FNanchor_247_247"
+href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">247</a> that draweth
+the deer down shall divide the skin.<a name="FNanchor_248_248" id="FNanchor_248_248"
+href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">248</a> Nevertheless
+in other lord's hunting whoso pincheth first and
+goeth therewith to the death he shall have the
+skin. And all the deer's necks are the hunters, and
+one shoulder and the chine is his that undoeth the
+deer, and the other shoulder is the forester's or the
+parker's fee that keepeth the bailie that is hunted.
+And all the skins of harts slain with strength of the
+hart-hounds, belong to the master of the hart-hounds
+as his fee, that is to say he that hath the wages of
+twelve pence a day for the office. It is to be known
+that when the king hunteth in the park or in the
+forest with bows and greyhounds, and it happens
+that any hart be slain with strength of hart-hounds,
+all the hart hunters after the King or the Master of
+his Game have blown a mote and stroked, all day
+they should stroke the assise that belongeth to the</i></p>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="THE_quotCUREacuteEquot_OR_REWARDING_OF_THE_HOUNDS">
+  <a href="images/i_274.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_274thumb.jpg" height="371" width="400"
+     alt="THE &quot;CUR&Eacute;E&quot; OR REWARDING OF THE HOUNDS"
+     title="THE &quot;CUR&Eacute;E&quot; OR REWARDING OF THE HOUNDS" /></a>
+  <p class="caption">THE &quot;CUR&Eacute;E&quot; OR REWARDING OF THE HOUNDS</p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/i_274.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p>
+<p class="continued"><i>hart slain with strength, but not with eight long
+motes, but with four short and four long motes, as is
+in the aforesaid chapter plainly devised. And all
+the other hunters should stroke the common stroking
+as is above described and said.</i></p>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_239_239" id="Footnote_239_239"
+     href="#FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">239</span></a>
+     Men and hounds stationed at different places, usually on the
+     boundaries of the district in which the game was to be roused
+     and hunted, or at convenient passes from whence the hounds
+     could be slipped at the game.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_240_240" id="Footnote_240_240"
+     href="#FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">240</span></a>
+     Teasers, a small hound to tease forth or put up the game.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_241_241" id="Footnote_241_241"
+     href="#FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">241</span></a>
+     A difficult sentence to unravel. In the Shirley MS. it
+     runs: &quot;and yif hit have eseyne nought to ye stagge, but yif he
+     were avaunced.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_242_242" id="Footnote_242_242"
+     href="#FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">242</span></a>
+     &quot;Within the set&quot; means within that quarter of the forest
+     or park around which are set or stationed the men and hounds,
+     called the stable.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_243_243" id="Footnote_243_243"
+     href="#FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">243</span></a>
+     To tie the couples of hounds together.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_244_244" id="Footnote_244_244"
+     href="#FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">244</span></a>
+     Made the smaller deer clear out of the forest.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_245_245" id="Footnote_245_245"
+     href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">245</span></a>
+     The beginning of this sentence relating to the &quot;server of
+the hall&quot; is not in our MS. but in the Shirley MS.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"
+     href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">246</span></a>
+     Shirley MS., &quot;harthounds.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_247_247" id="Footnote_247_247"
+     href="#FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">247</span></a>
+     Shirley MS. has &quot;resteynour.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote">
+  <p><a name="Footnote_248_248" id="Footnote_248_248"
+     href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">248</span></a>
+     This means that the men in whose charge the teasers and
+     receivers were placed were given the skin or fee.</p>
+</div>
+<p class="large">END OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM MS.<br />
+VESPASIAN B. XII.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span></p>
+<p class="large"><span class="smcap">The following is the concluding passage
+of the Shirley Manuscript</span> (Add. MS.
+16, 165) <span class="smcap">in the British Museum</span>:&mdash;</p>
+<p><i>Now I pray unto every creature that hath heard
+or read this little treatise of whatever estate or
+condition he be that there where there is too little
+of good language that of their benignity and grace
+they will add more, and there where there is too
+much superfluity that they will also abridge it as
+may seem best by their good and wise discretion.
+Not presuming that I had over much knowledge
+and ability to put into writing this royal disportful
+and noble game of hunting so effectually that it
+might not be submitted to the correction of all gentle
+hunters. And in my simple manner as best I
+could and as might be learned of old and many
+diverse gentle hunters, I did my business in this
+rude manner to put the craft and the terms and the
+exercise of this said game more in remembrance
+and openly to the knowledge of all lords, ladies,
+gentlemen and women, according to the customs and
+manners used in the high noble court of this Realm
+of England.</i></p>
+<p class="center">FINIS
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX</h2>
+<dl>
+<dt>ACQUILLEZ,</dt><dd><p>Fr., to take, to hold at bay, to gather. &quot;Et s'il voit que
+les chiens heussent acueili le change" (G. de F., p. 156)&mdash;"if he sees
+that the hounds have taken the change." It also denotes: "owning to the
+scent" (Senechal, p. 8; Roy Modus, xxix. v).</p>
+<p>Twici says: &quot;Les chevereaus ne sunt mie enchacez ne aquyllees,&quot; which
+Dryden translates, "the roebuck is not chased nor hunted up," from
+<em>enquiller</em> or <em>aquiller</em>, O. Fr. a form of <em>accuellir</em>, to push, put in
+motion, excite. "The word in English which is nearest to it is 'to
+imprime,' which was afterwards used for the unharbouring of the hart"
+(Twici, p. 26).</p>
+<p>In the old English translation of Twici (Vesp. B. XII.) <em>aquylees</em> is
+construed "gadered," which is certainly one sense, but not the one here
+required (Twici, p. 53).</p>
+<p>The &quot;Master of Game&quot; translates <em>ils accueillent</em> in G. de. F., p. 112,
+by "they run to them" (p. 111. <em>See also</em> Godefroy).</p></dd>
+
+<dt>AFFETED,</dt><dd><p>Mid. Eng., <em>affaiten</em>; O. Fr. <em>affaitier</em>, to trim, to fashion.
+A well-affaited or affeted head, a well-fashioned or good-shaped head.
+In speaking of stags' antlers, means regularly tin&egrave;d and well grown.</p>
+<p><em>Affeted</em> also meant trained or tamed, reclaimed, made gentle,
+thoroughly manned. <em>Affaiter</em> is still in use in M. Fr., as a term of
+falconry.</p>
+<p>We find this word employed in this sense in the Vision of Piers Plowman
+(1362): "And go affayte the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> Fawcons, wilde fowles to kill.&quot; And in O.
+Fr. sporting literature one constantly reads of "Chiens bien, affaities"
+(well-broken dogs); "oiseaux bien affaities" (well-trained hawks). Roy
+Modus, lxxix.; Bormans, p. 52; <em>La Chace dou Cerf</em>, Jub. 157; T. M. vol.
+ii. p. 933.</p></dd>
+<dt>ALAUNTES,</dt><dd><p> <em>Allaunts</em>, <em>Canis Alanus</em>; Fr. <em>alans</em>. Also spelt <em>alande</em>,
+<em>alaunt</em>, <em>allaundes</em>, <em>Aloundys</em> (MS. Brit. Mus., Egerton, 1995). <em>See
+also</em> Twici, p. 56.</p>
+<p>A strong, ferocious dog, supposed to have been brought to Western Europe
+by a Caucasian tribe called Alains or Alani. This tribe invaded Gaul in
+the fourth century, settling there awhile, and then continued their
+wanderings and overran Spain. It is from this country that the best
+<em>alans</em> were obtained during the Middle Ages, and dogs that are used for
+bull-or bear-baiting there are still called <em>Alanos</em>. Gaston de Foix,
+living on the borders of this country, was in the best position to
+obtain such dogs, and to know all about them. His description, which we
+have here, tallies exactly with that written in a Spanish book, <em>Libro
+de la Monter&iacute;a</em>, on hunting of the fourteenth century, written by
+Alphonso XI.</p>
+<p>Alauntes were used as war dogs, and it was said that when once they
+seized their prey they would not loose their hold.</p>
+<p>Cotgrave (Sherwood's App.) says that the mastiff resembles an Alan, and
+also Wynn in his book on the "British Mastiff" (p. 45) says that he is
+inclined to think that the Alan is the ancient name for mastiff, and
+thinks it possible that the Ph&oelig;nicians brought this breed to the
+British Isles. He cannot have known the description given us of the Alan
+by the "Master of Game," nor can he have been acquainted with the work
+of Gaston Ph&oelig;bus, for he says that the Alan is not mentioned among
+any of the earlier dogs of France and Germany. There is ample evidence
+that they existed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span>
+in France from very early days. Probably they were relics left there by
+the Alani in their wanderings through Gaul. About the same period as our
+MS. we find Alans mentioned by Chaucer, who in the "Knight's Tale"
+describes Lycurgus seated on his throne, around which stand white
+<em>Alaunts</em> as big as bulls wearing muzzles and golden collars.</p>
+<p>The ancient Gallo-Latin name of <em>veltrahus</em>, or <em>veltris</em>, which in the
+first instance denoted a large greyhound used for the chase of the bear
+and wild boar, passed later to a different kind of dog used for the same
+purpose. These <em>veltres</em>, <em>viautres</em>, or <em>vautres</em> were also known under
+the name of Alan, and resembled the Great Dane or the German Boarhound
+(De Noir., vol. ii. p. 295-7).</p></dd>
+<dt>ANTLER,</dt><dd><p> O. Fr. <em>auntilor</em>, <em>antoiller</em>, or <em>andoiller</em>, derived from a
+Teutonic root; Anglo-Saxon <em>andwlit</em>; Frank. <em>antlutt</em> or <em>antluzze</em>;
+Goth. <em>andawleiz</em>; O. Ger. <em>antliz</em>; face. Gaston Ph&oelig;bus and Roy
+Modus and other old French authors almost invariably use <em>teste</em>, or
+head, when referring to a hart's antlers, but English writers did not
+observe time-hallowed terms of venery so rigorously, and our author
+frequently uses the jarring and, from every point of view, incorrect
+term "horns" when speaking of the hart's attire or head. The substance
+of deers' antlers is true bone, the proportion of their constituents
+differing but very slightly from ordinary bones. The latter, when in a
+healthy condition, consist of about one-third of animal matter or
+gelatine, and two-thirds of earthy matter, about six-sevenths of which
+is phosphate of lime and one-seventh carbonate of lime, with an
+appreciable trace of magnesia. The antlers of deer consist of about
+thirty-nine parts of animal matter and sixty-one parts of earthy matter
+of the same kind and proportion as is found in common bone. Later on, a
+more sportsmanlike regard for terms of venery is observable, and
+Turbervile in one of his few original passages impresses upon his
+fellow-sportsmen: "Note that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span>
+when you speake of a harts hornes, you must terme them the Head and not
+the Hornes of a hart. And likewise of a bucke; but a Rowes hornes and a
+Gotes hornes are tollerable termes in Venery" (1611, p. 239).</p>
+<p>Up to the end of the seventeenth century it was customary when speaking
+of a stag's head to refer only to the tines "on top," or the "croches"
+or "troches," leaving unconsidered the brow, bez and trez tines, which
+were called the stag's "rights," and which every warrantable hart was
+supposed as a matter of course to possess. When referring to the number
+of tines a head bore, it was invariably the rule to use only even
+numbers, and to double the number of tines borne by the antler which had
+most. Thus, a stag with three on each top was a head of "twelve of the
+less" (or "lasse"); "twelve of the greater" when he had three and four
+on top, or, counting the rights, six and seven tines, or, as a modern
+Scotch stalker would call it, a thirteen-pointer. The extreme number of
+tines a hart was supposed to bear was thirty-two.</p></dd>
+<dt>BERCELET,</dt><dd><p> barcelette, bercelette, is a corruption of the O. Fr.
+<em>berseret</em>, a hunting dog, dim. of <em>bersier</em>, a huntsman; in Latin,
+<em>bersarius</em>, French, <em>berser</em>, <em>bercer</em>, to hunt especially with the
+bow. <em>Bercel</em>, <em>biercel</em>, meant a butt or target. Italian, <em>bersaglio</em>,
+an archer's butt, whence <em>bersagliere</em>, archer or sharpshooter (Oxford,
+and Godefroy Dict.).</p>
+<p>Given the above derivation, it may be fairly accepted that <em>bercelet</em>
+was a dog fitted to accompany a hunter who was going to shoot his
+game&mdash;a shooting dog. The "Master of Game's" allusion also points to
+this. He says some mastiffs (<em>see</em> Mastiff) become &quot;<em>berslettis</em>, and
+also to bring well and fast a wanlace about." We might translate this
+sentence: "There are nevertheless some (mastiffs) that become shooting
+dogs, and retrieve well and put up the game quickly" (<em>see</em> Appendix:
+Wanlace).</p>
+<p>Jesse conceives <em>bracelettas</em> and <em>bercelettus</em> to come from
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span>
+<em>brache</em>, but that can scarcely be so, as we see the two words used
+together, as the following quotations will show:</p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+  <p>&quot;Parler m'orez d'un buen brachet.<br />
+  Qens ne rois n'ont tel berseret."</p>
+  <p class="right">T. M. i. 14404.</p>
+</div>
+<p>When the fair Ysolt is parting from her lover Tristan she asks him to
+leave her this same brachet, and says that no huntsman's shooting dog
+will be kept with more honour:</p>
+<div class="blockquot"><br />
+<p>&quot;Husdent me lesse, ton brachet.<br />
+Ainz berseret &agrave; v&eacute;n&eacute;or<br />
+N'ert garde&eacute; &agrave; tel honor<br />
+Comme cist sera."</p>
+<p class="right"><em>Ibid.</em> i. 2660.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Jesse quotes Blount's &quot;Antient Tenures&quot;: &quot;In the 6th of John, Joan, late
+wife of John King, held a serjeantry in Stanhow, in the county of
+Norfolk, by the service of keeping 'Bracelettum deymerettum of our Lord
+the King,'" and Jesse thinks these might have been a bitch pack of
+deerhounds, overlooking the fact that it was only in later days that the
+words <em>brache</em> and <em>rache</em> were used for bitch hounds. As <em>deymerettum</em>
+meant fallow deer, the <em>bracelettum</em> or <em>bercelettum deymerettum</em> may be
+taken, I think, to mean those hounds that were used for buck-shooting
+(Jesse, ii. 21).</p></dd>
+<dt>BERNER,</dt><dd><p> bernar; O. Fr. <em>bernier</em>, <em>brenier</em>, a man who has the charge of
+hounds, a huntsman, or, perhaps, would be more accurately described as a
+kennelman. The word seems to have been derived from the French <em>brenier</em>
+or <em>bernier</em>, one who paid his dues to his feudal lord in bran of which
+bread was made for the lord's hounds. <em>Brenage</em>, <em>brennage</em>, or
+<em>bernage</em> was the tenure on which land was held by the payment of bran,
+and the refuse of all grains, for the feeding of hounds. Berner in its
+first sense meant finder of bran, then feeder of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span>
+hounds. This word seems to have remained in use in England long after it
+had disappeared from the language of French venery. Gaston no longer
+uses the word <em>berner</em>, but has <em>valet de chiens</em>.</p></dd>
+<dt>BISSHUNTERS,</dt><dd><p> furhunters. Our MS. (p. 74) declares that no one would hunt
+conies unless they were bisshunters, that is to say rabbits would not be
+hunted for the sake of sport, but only for the sake of their skins.
+Bisse, bys, byse was a fur much in vogue at the period of our MS., as
+its frequent mention in contemporaneous records testifies.</p></dd>
+<dt>BLENCHES,</dt><dd><p> trick, deceit; O. N. <em>blekkja</em> (Strat.). Blanch, or blench, to
+head back the deer in its flight. Blancher or blencher, a person or
+thing placed to turn the deer in a particular direction.</p></dd>
+<dt>BOCE,</dt><dd><p> from the French <em>bosse</em>, O. Fr. <em>boce</em>, boss, hump or swelling.
+Cotgrave says: "Boss, the first putting out of a Deere's head, formerly
+cast, which our woodmen call, if it bee a red Deere's, the burle, or
+seale, and, if a fallow Deeres, the button."</p></dd>
+<dt>BOUGHS,</dt><dd><p> bowes (<em>bris&eacute;es</em>). When the huntsman went to harbour the deer he
+broke little branches or twigs to mark the place where he noticed any
+signs of a stag. Also, at times during the chase he was instructed to do
+the same, placing the twigs pointing towards the direction the stag had
+gone, so that if the hounds lost the scent he could bring them back to
+his last markings, and put them on the line again. In harbouring the
+stag a twig was broken off and placed in front of the slot with the end
+pointing in the direction in which the stag was going; each time the
+harbourer turned in another direction a twig was to be broken and placed
+so as to show which way he took; sometimes the twig was merely bent and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>
+left hanging on the tree, sometimes broken off and put into the ground
+(in French this was called making <em>bris&eacute;es hautes</em> or <em>bris&eacute;es basses</em>).
+When making his ring-walks round the covert the harbourer was told to
+put a mark to every slot he came across; the slot of a stag was to be
+marked by scraping a line behind the heel, of a hind by making a line in
+front of the toe. If it was a fresh footing a branch or twig should be
+placed as well as the marking, for a hind one twig, for a stag two. If
+it be a stale trace no twig must be placed. Thus, if he returned later,
+the hunter would know if any beast had broken from or taken to covert
+since he harboured his stag in the morning. When the harbourer went to
+"move" the stag with his limer he was to make marks with boughs and
+branches so that the berners with their hounds should know which way to
+go should they be some distance from the limer (Roy Modus, x. v; xii. r;
+xiii. r; Du Fouilloux, 32 r). Blemish is the word used by Turbervile for
+<em>bris&eacute;es</em> (Turbervile, 1611, p. 95, 104, 114).</p></dd>
+<dt>CHANGE,</dt><dd><p> The change, in the language of stag hunting, was the
+substitution of one deer for another in the chase. After the hounds have
+started chasing a stag, the hunted animal will often find another stag
+or a hind, and pushing it up with its horns or feet will oblige it to
+get up and take his place, lying down himself in the spot where he found
+the other, and keeping quiet, with his antlers close over his back, so
+that the hounds will, if care is not taken, go off in chase of the
+substitute. Sometimes a stag will go into a herd of deer and try to keep
+with them, trying to shake off his pursuers, and thus give them the
+change.</p>
+<p>A hound that sticks to the first stag hunted, and refuses to be
+satisfied with the scent of another deer, is called a staunch hound, one
+who will not take the change, which was considered one of the most
+desirable qualities in a staghound. G. de F., in speaking of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span>
+different kinds of running hounds, says that there were some that, when
+they came to the change, they would leave off speaking to the scent, and
+would run silently until they found the scent of their stag again (G. de
+F., p. 109).</p></dd>
+<dt>CUR&Eacute;E,</dt><dd><p> Kyrre, Quyrreye, or Quarry. The ceremony of giving the hounds
+their reward was thus called because it was originally given to the
+hounds on the hide or <em>cuir</em> of the stag.</p>
+<p>Twici, the huntsman of Edward II., says that after the stag is taken the
+hounds should be rewarded with the neck and bowels and the liver. ("Et
+il se serra mange sur le quir. E pur ceo est il apelee quyrreye.") When
+the hounds receive their reward after a hare-hunt he calls it the
+hallow. In the "Boke of St. Albans" we find the quarry given on the
+skin, and it is only in the "Master of Game" that it is expressly stated
+that a nice piece of grass was to be found on which the hounds' mess was
+to be put, and the hide placed over it, hair-side upwards, the head
+being left on it and held up by the antlers, and thus drawn away as the
+hounds rush up to get their share. According to Turbervile, in his day
+the reward was placed <em>on</em> the hide; at least he does not in his
+original chapter on the breaking up of the deer notice any such
+difference between the French and English customs. In France, it is as
+well to expressly state, the <em>cur&eacute;e</em> was always given on the hide until
+the seventeenth century, but after that it seems the hide was placed
+over it just as described in our text (De Noirmont, vol. ii., p. 458).
+Preceding the quarry came the ceremonial breaking up of the deer. The
+stag was laid on its back with feet in the air, slit open, and skinned
+by one of the chief huntsmen, who took a pride in doing it according to
+laws of woodmanscraft. They took a pride in not turning up their sleeves
+and performing everything so daintily that their garments should show no
+bloodstains; nobles, and princes themselves, made it a point of honour
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span>
+to be well versed in this art. After the skinning was done, it was
+customary to give the huntsman who was "undoing" the deer a drink of
+wine; "and he must drinke a good harty draught: for if he should break
+up the dear before he drinke the Venison would stink and putrifie"
+(Turb., 1611, p. 128).</p>
+<p>In the &quot;Master of Game&quot; the limers were rewarded after the other hounds,
+but they were never allowed to take their share with the pack.</p>
+<p>The bowels or guts were often reserved, and put on a large wooden fork,
+and the hounds were allowed to have this as a sort of dessert after they
+had finished their portion. They were halloaed to by the huntsman whilst
+he held the fork high in the air with cries of <em>Tally ho!</em> or <em>Tiel
+haut!</em> or <em>Lau, lau!</em> This tit-bit was then thrown to them. This was
+called giving them the <em>forhu</em>, from the word <em>forthuer</em>, to whoop or
+holloa loudly. Probably our term of giving the hounds the holloa was
+derived from this. It was done to accustom the hounds to rally round the
+huntsman when excited by a similar halloaing when they were hunting, and
+had lost the line of the hunted beast.</p>
+<p>In some instances the daintiest morsels were reserved for the King or
+chief personage, and for this purpose placed on a large wooden fork as
+they were taken from the deer. The vein of the heart and the small
+fillets attached to the loins (Turbervile says also the haunches, part
+of the nombles and sides) should also be kept for the lord, but these
+were generally recognised as the perquisites of the huntsmen, kennelmen,
+foresters, or parkers.</p></dd>
+<dt>EXCREMENTS,</dt><dd><p> fumes, fewmets, obs. term for the droppings of deer. From
+the Fr. <em>fum&eacute;es</em>. G. de F. says that the droppings of all deer,
+including fallow and roe deer, are to be called <em>fum&eacute;es</em>. The &quot;Master of
+Game," no doubt following the custom then prevalent in England, says the
+droppings of the hart only are to be called fumes,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span>
+and of the buck and the roebuck croties. The following names are given
+to droppings by&mdash;</p>
+<table class="appendix" summary="terms for droppings" >
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Gaston de Foix</span></th>
+    <th rowspan="12"><span class="smcap">and</span></th>
+    <th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Master of Game</span></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Of the</td><td>hart</td><td>}</td><td rowspan="3">Fum&eacute;es.</td>
+    <td>Of the</td><td>hart</td><td>&mdash;</td><td>Fumes.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="center">&quot;</td><td>buck</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;}</td>
+    <td class="center">&quot;</td><td>buck</td><td>}</td><td rowspan="2">Croteys.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="center">&quot;</td><td>roebuck</td><td>}</td>
+    <td class="center">&quot;</td><td>roebuck</td><td>}</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="center">&quot;</td><td>bear</td><td>}</td><td rowspan="3">Laisses.</td>
+    <td class="center">&quot;</td><td>wild boar</td><td>}</td><td rowspan="3">Lesses.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="center">&quot;</td><td>wild boar</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;}</td>
+    <td class="center">&quot;</td><td>black beasts</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;}</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="center">&quot;</td><td>wolf</td><td>}</td>
+    <td class="center">&quot;</td><td>wolves</td><td>}</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="center">&quot;</td><td>hare and conies</td><td>&mdash;</td><td>Crotes.</td>
+    <td class="center">&quot;</td><td>hare and Conies</td><td>&mdash;</td><td>Croties.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="center">&quot;</td><td>fox</td><td>}</td><td rowspan="3">Fiantes.</td>
+    <td class="center">&quot;</td><td>fox</td><td>&mdash;</td><td>The wagging.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="center">&quot;</td><td>badger</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;}</td>
+    <td class="center">&quot;</td><td>grey or badger</td><td>&mdash;</td><td>The Wardrobe.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="center">&quot;</td><td>stinking beasts</td><td>}</td>
+    <td class="center">&quot;</td><td>stinking beasts</td><td>&mdash;</td><td>The Drit.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="center">&quot;</td><td>otter</td><td>&mdash;</td><td>Spraintes.</td>
+    <td class="center">&quot;</td><td>otter</td><td>&mdash;</td><td>Spraintes.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>Other forms of this term are: fewmets, fewmishing, crotels, crotisings,
+freyn, fuants, billetings, and spraits.</p></dd>
+<dt>FENCE MONTH,</dt><dd><p> The month so called began, according to Manwood, fifteen
+days before and ended fifteen days after midsummer. During this time
+great care was taken that no men or stray dogs should be allowed to
+wander in the forest, and no swine or cattle were allowed to feed within
+the precincts, so that the deer should be absolutely undisturbed during
+three or four weeks after the fawning season. He tells us that because
+in this month there must be watch and ward kept with men and weapons for
+the fence and defence of wild beasts, for that reason the same is called
+fence or defence month (Man., p. 76, ed. 1598).</p></dd>
+<dt>FEWTE,</dt><dd><p> fuite, fute (M. E.), O. Fr. fuite (<em>voie de cerf qui fuit</em>),
+track, trace, foot. Gawaine: feute. Will of Palerne (90): foute. Some
+beasts were called of the sweet <em>fute</em>, and some of the stinking <em>fute</em>.
+The lists of the beasts which should come under either heading vary
+somewhat; some that are placed by the "Boke of St. Albans" under "Swete
+fewte" coming under the other category in the MS. Harl., 2340.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span></p>
+<table class="appendix" summary="terms for stags">
+  <tr>
+    <th><span class="smcap">In &quot;Boke of St. Albans.&quot;</span></th>
+    <th><span class="smcap">In Harl.</span> MS. 2340, fol. 50b.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><em>Beasts of &quot;Swete fewte.&quot;</em></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>The Buck, the Doo, the Beere, the Reynd, the Elke, the Spycard,
+        the Otre, and the Martwn.</td>
+    <td>The Buke, the Doo, the Ber, the Reyne der, the Elke, the Spycard.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"><em>Beasts of the &quot;Stinking fewte.&quot;</em></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>The Roobucke, the Roo, the Fulmard, the Fyches, the Bauw, the
+        Gray, the Fox, the Squirrel, the Whitecat, the Otyr, the Stot,
+        the Pulcatt.</td>
+    <td>The Fulmard, the Fechewe, the Catt, the Gray, the Fox, the Wesyll,
+        the Marteron, the Squirrel, the Whyterache, the Otyr, the Stote,
+        the Polcatte.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>In Roy Modus the beasts are also divided into <em>bestes doulces</em> and
+<em>bestes puans</em>. The reasons for doing so are also given (fol. lxii.):
+"<em>Les bestes doulces sont: le cerf, la biche, le dain, le chevreul et le
+li&egrave;vre. Et sont appel&eacute;es doulces pour trois causes: La premi&egrave;re si est
+que d'elles ne vient nulle mauvais senteur; la seconde, elles ont poil
+de couleur aimable, lequel est blond ou fauve; la tierce cause, ce ne
+sont mie bestes mordans comme les autres cincq, car elles n'ont nulz
+dens dessus; et pour ces raisons puent bien estre nomm&eacute;es bestes
+doulces.</em>&quot; Under the <em>bestes puans</em> are classed the wild boar, the wild
+sow, the wolf, the fox, and the otter.</p></dd>
+<dt>FEWTERER,</dt><dd><p> the man that lets loose the greyhounds (Blome, p. 27); from
+<em>veltraria</em>, a dog leader or courser; originally one who led the dogs
+called <em>veltres</em>, <em>viautres</em> (<em>see</em> Veltres). In Gallo-Latin, Veltrahus.
+It has been asserted that the word fewterer is a corruption<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> of <em>vautre</em>
+or <em>viautre</em>, a boarhound, but although both evidently owe their origin
+to the same parent-word, fewterer can scarcely be derived from <em>vautre</em>,
+a boarhound. It was only in the Middle Ages in France that the word
+<em>vautre</em>, from originally meaning a powerful greyhound, was applied to a
+large boarhound. Fewterers in England appear invariably as attendants on
+greyhounds, not boarhounds. Another derivation has been also given from
+fewte, foot or track, a fewterer being, according to this, a huntsman
+who followed the track of the beast. But <em>venator</em> was the contemporary
+designation for a huntsman, and as far as we can ascertain the fewterer
+was always merely a dog-leader.</p></dd>
+<dt>FORLONGE,</dt><dd><p> forloyng, forlogne, from the Fr. <em>fort loin</em>. G. de F. says,
+"flies far from the hounds," <em>i.e.</em> having well distanced them (&quot;<em>Fuit
+de fort longe aux chiens, c'est a dire que il les ait bien esloinh&eacute;s</em>&quot;).
+Hounds are said to be hunting the forlonge when the deer is some way in
+front of them, or when some of the hounds have got away with the deer
+and have outpaced the rest. As our MS. (p. 173) says, the forlogne
+should be blown if the stag has run out of hearing of hound and horn,
+but it should not be blown in a park. In old French hunting literature
+it is an expression one constantly comes across.</p>
+<p>Twici, writing almost a hundred years earlier than the Duke of York,
+says: "The hart is moved and I do not know where the hart is gone, nor
+the gentlefolk, and for this I blow in that manner. What chase do we
+call this? We call that chase The chase of the forloyng."</p>
+<p>Forloyneth: &quot;When a hound meeteth a chase and goeth away with it far
+before the rest then we say he forloyneth" (Turber., ed 1611, p. 245).</p></dd>
+
+<dt>FOX,</dt><dd><p> According to the laws of Canute the fox was neither reckoned as a
+beast of venery nor of the forest. In Manwood's Forest Laws he is
+classed as the third
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span>
+beast of chase (p. 161), as he is also in Twety and Gyfford, and the
+"Boke of St. Albans."</p>
+<p>Although early records show that the English Kings kept their foxhounds,
+we hear nothing of their having participated in this sport, but they
+seem to have sent their hounds and huntsmen about the country to kill
+foxes, probably as much for the value of the pelt as for relieving the
+inhabitants of a thievish neighbour.</p>
+<p>In Edward's I.'s Wardrobe Accounts, 1299-1300, appear some interesting
+items of payments made to the huntsman for his wages and the keep of the
+hounds and his <em>one horse</em> for carrying the nets. These allusions to
+nets throw an interesting light on the fox-hunting of those days.
+William de Blatherwyke, or, as he is also called, <em>William de Foxhunte</em>,
+and <em>William Fox-dog-keeper</em>, had besides their wages an allowance made
+to them for clothes and winter and summer shoes (<em>see</em> Appendix: Hunt
+Officials). As only one horse was provided, and that to carry the nets,
+the huntsman, we must presume, had to hunt on foot, not such an arduous
+undertaking when we remember that the country was so much more thickly
+wooded than at present, and that every possible precaution was taken to
+prevent Reynard's breaking covert.</p>
+<p>We see by our text (p. 65) that it was usual to course foxes with
+greyhounds, and although the passages referring to this are translated
+from G. de F. we know from many old records that this fox-coursing was
+as usual in England at this time as in France.</p>
+<p>In the earlier days hounds used for the chase of the fox one day,
+probably hunted hare, or even buck or stag, on another&mdash;such as the
+harriers, which, if we can believe Dr. Caius, were entered to any animal
+from stag to stoat (<em>see</em> Appendix: Harriers). The first real pack of
+foxhounds is said to be the one established by Thomas Fownes, Esq., of
+Stepleton, in Dorsetshire (1730). They were purchased at an immense
+price by Mr. Bowes, of Yorkshire. A very amusing description is given
+in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span>
+"Cranbourne Chase" of the first day's hunting with them in their new
+country. There must have been several packs entered to fox only about
+the end of the eighteenth century, for an erstwhile Master of the
+Cheshire Foxhounds had in his possession a horn with the following
+inscription: "Thomas Boothby Esqre. Tooley Park Leicester. With this
+horn he hunted the first pack of foxhounds then in England 5 years: born
+in 1677 died 1752." This pack, which was purchased by "the great Mr.
+Meynell" in 1782, had been hunted both in Hampshire and in Wiltshire
+previously by the ancestors of Lord Arundel (Bad. Lib., "Hunting," p.
+29).</p></dd>
+
+<dt>FRAYING-POST,</dt><dd><p> the tree a stag has rubbed his antlers or frayed against.</p>
+<p>By the fraying-post the huntsman used to be able to judge if the stag he
+wished to harbour was a warrantable stag or not. The greater the
+<em>fraying-post</em> the larger the deer (Stuart, vol. ii. p. 551).</p></dd>
+<dt>FUES,</dt><dd><p> &quot;not find his fues,&quot; not to find his line of flight, his scent;
+Gaston says: "Ne puissent deffaire ses esteurses": literally, "cannot
+unravel his turnings."</p>
+<p><em>Fues</em>, flight, fuite, track. Gaston calls these sometimes <em>voyes</em>.
+<em>Voyes</em> was written later <em>Foyes</em> (Fouilloux).</p>
+<p><span class="smcap">Fue.</span> &quot;Se mettre a la fue&quot; (var. <em>fuie</em>), (to take flight) (Borman, p.
+89).</p></dd>
+<dt>GLADNESS,</dt><dd><p> glade. The original sense is a smooth, bare place, or perhaps
+a bright, clear place in a wood.</p></dd>
+<dt>GREASE,</dt><dd><p> One of the important technical terms of venery, related to the
+fat of game; for in the Middle Ages, when game was hunted to replenish
+the larder as much as for sport, it entered largely into the economy of
+even the highest households. The fat of the red deer and fallow deer was
+called <em>suet</em>, occasionally <em>tallow</em>. That of the roebuck was
+bevy-grease. Between that of the hare, boar,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span>
+wolf, fox, marten, otter, badger, and coney no difference was
+made&mdash;it was called grease; and in one sense this general term was
+also used for deer: "a deer of high grease," or "a hart in the pride of
+grease," were phrases used for the season of the year when the stag and
+the buck were fattest (<em>see</em> Appendix: Seasons of Hunting).</p></dd>
+<dt>GREASE TIME,</dt><dd><p> not <em>Grace Time</em> or <em>Grass Time</em>, as Strutt and others have
+it. It did not include the whole season when the hart or buck could be
+killed, but meant to indicate the time when they were fat and fittest
+for killing. As pointed out already by Dryden (p. 25), the <em>Excerpta
+Historica</em> (Lond. 1831) contains an interesting example of the use of
+this word. This is a letter written (p. 356) about 1480 by Thomas
+Stonor, Steward of the Manor of Thame. He was in Fleet Prison at the
+time he writes to his brother in the country concerning some property of
+his own in his brother's neighbourhood. "No more to you<sup>e</sup> at thys tyme
+but ... more ov<sup>r</sup> I entende to kepe my gresse tyme in yat countre, where
+fore I woll<sup>e</sup> yat no man<sup>e</sup> huntte tyll<sup>e</sup> I have bene ther.&quot;</p>
+<p>In the privy-purse expenses of Henry VIII. (1532) is an entry of a
+payment for attendance on the king during the last <em>grece-time</em>.
+Cavendish in his Life of Wolsey says: "My lord continued at Southwell
+until the latter end of <em>grease time</em>.&quot; Both these passages refer to the
+month of June. In the laws of Howel the Good, King of Wales, a fine of
+12 kine was imposed on whoever kills a hart in grease time (<em>kylleic</em>)
+of the kings.</p>
+<p>Confusion arose occasionally owing to the similarity of the words as
+formerly spelt, grass being sometimes spelt "grysse" (Dryden, p. 25).
+Manwood, also, misinterprets Grease time. In the agreement between the
+Earl of Winchester and the Baron of Dudley of 1247, in which their
+respective rights of hunting in Charnwood Forest and Bradgate Park,
+Leicestershire, were defined, and which agreement Shirley has given (in
+a translation) in his "English Deer Parks," the time of the fallow buck
+season
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span>
+(<em>tempus pinguedinis</em>) or grease time or the fat season, is fixed
+between the Feast of St. Peter ad Vincula (August 1) and the Exaltation
+of Holy Cross (September 6, 14), while the time of the doe season
+(<em>tempus firmationis</em>) was fixed between the Feast of St. Martin
+(November 11) and the Purification of the Blessed Virgin (February 2).</p></dd>
+<dt>GREYHOUND,</dt><dd><p> Fr. <em>levrier</em>, Lat. <em>leporarius</em>. Under this name a whole
+group of dogs were included, that were used for the chase of big and
+small game. They were swift hounds, hunting chiefly and in most cases by
+sight only. For in the Middle Ages the name greyhound, or <em>levrier</em>,
+denoted such seemingly different dogs as the immense Irish wolfhound,
+the Scotch deerhound, and the smaller, smooth-coated, elegant Italian
+greyhound. The powerful greyhound used for the chase of stag, wolf, and
+wild boar were known in France as <em>levrier d'attache</em>, and the smaller,
+nervous harehound as <em>petit levrier pour lievre</em>. In our illustrations
+we can see what are intended to be portraits of both the larger and the
+smaller kinds, some being smooth -and some rough-coated. The bigger
+hounds were considered capable of defending their masters against their
+armed enemies, as is shown by numerous legends of the Middle Ages,
+which, although they may not be strictly historical facts, showed the
+reputation these dogs enjoyed in those days (Jesse, p. 19).</p>
+<p>Greyhounds were the constant companions of their masters during journeys
+and wars, and at home. In the houses they were allowed the greatest
+liberty, and seem to have ranged at will in both living- and bed-rooms;
+one sees them at the board when their owners are at meals, at the
+fireside, and they even accompanied their masters as good Christians to
+mass.</p>
+<p>No hound seems to belong so peculiarly to the epoch of chivalry as the
+greyhound, and indeed one can scarcely picture a knight without one. A
+Welsh proverb declared that a gentleman might be known "by his hawk, his
+horse, and his greyhound." By a law of Canute, a greyhound
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>
+was not to be kept by any person inferior to a gentleman ("Greyhounds,"
+by a Sportsman, p. 28; and Dalziel, vol. i. p. 25).</p>
+<p><em>Canis Gallicus</em> was the name used by the Gauls for their coursing dogs,
+which were most probably greyhounds, and Arian says they were called
+<em>Vertragia</em>, from a Celtic word denoting swiftness. In Gallo-Latin the
+name for a large greyhound was <em>Veltrahus</em> or <em>veltris</em> (De Noir., ii.
+295). They were also called <em>Veltres leporarii</em> (Blane, p. 46). There is
+some difference of opinion as to the derivation of our word greyhound.
+In the early Anglo-Norman days they retained their French name of
+<em>levrier</em>, or Latin <em>leporarius</em>. When our MS. was penned the English
+word <em>grei</em>, <em>gre</em>, or <em>grewhound</em> was in general use; it is thought by
+some to be derived from Grew hound or Greek hound, as they were supposed
+to have been originally brought from Greece. Others, again, consider
+that the name was simply taken from the prevalent colour of the common
+greyhound. Jesse gives the most likely origin of the name. "Originally
+it was most likely <em>grehund</em>, and meant the noble, great, choice, or
+prize hound" (Jesse, ii. 71; and Dalziel, i. 23). Probably the Celtic
+denomination for a dog, <em>grech</em> or <em>greg</em>, stands in close connection
+with our word greyhound (Cupples, p. 230). White seems to have been the
+favourite colour, and to say one had <em>i levrier plus blanc que flors de
+lis</em> (<em>Heruis de Mes</em>, 107a, 44; Bangert, p. 172) would be the greatest
+tribute to the beauty of one's hound. <em>Co si sunt deus leveres nurit en
+ma meisun, cume cisne sunt blauns</em> (Horn, 613 f.).</p>
+<p>When Froissart went home from Scotland he is depicted as riding a grey
+horse and leading <em>un blanc levrier</em>, perhaps one of the four he took
+from these isles and presented to the Comte de Foix at Orth&eacute;z, whose
+names have been preserved to us as Tristan, Hector, Brun, and Rolland
+(La Curne de la Palaye).</p>
+<p>Greyhounds were used, as has already been mentioned, for all kind of
+hunting and every kind of game, in conjunction
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>
+with limers who started the game for them. They were let slip as relays
+to a pack of running or scenting hounds, and they were used by
+themselves for coursing game in an open country, or were placed at the
+passes where game was likely to run and were slipped to turn the game
+back to the archer or to chase and pull down the wounded deer (<em>see</em>
+Appendix: Stables). In our illustrations we see them in the pictures of
+stag-, hare-, roe- and boar-hunting, to say nothing of badger-hunting,
+for which one would have thought any other dog more suitable.</p>
+<p>They seem always to have been held in couples except when following
+their master and he not bent
+upon the chase. The collars to which these couplings were attached were
+often wonderful gems of the goldsmith's and silversmith's art. Such an
+item appears in the Q. R. Wardrobe Acc. for 1400 (Wylie, iv. p. 196): "2
+collars for greyhounds (<em>leverer</em>) le tissue white and green with
+letters and silver turrets." Another one of "soy chekerey vert et noir
+avec le tret (? turret) letters and bells of silver gilt."</p>
+<p>The ancient doggerel in the Book of St. Albans, &quot;Heded like a snake, and
+necked like a drake. Foted like a cat. Tayled like a Rat, Syded lyke a
+Teme. Chyned like a Beme" ("Boke of St. Albans," f. iv.), was preceded
+by a very similar one written some time previously by Gace de la Buigne.
+Of these verses G. de F. gives, twenty-eight years later, a prose
+version, which our Master of Game has rendered into English.</p></dd>
+<dt>HARDEL,</dt><dd><p> hardeyl, to tie couples of hounds together. From the French word
+<em>harder</em>, which has the same meaning: <em>Harder les chiens</em>, and <em>harde</em>,
+the rope with which they are tied. It is derived from <em>hart</em>, <em>hard</em>,
+<em>art</em>, a binder of willow or other pliable wood used for fastening
+fagots together (Lit. and God.). The primitive way of tying hounds
+together was by passing such a small flexible branch through the
+couplings which bent back on itself,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span>
+both ends being held. "<em>Les chiens ... seront enhardez par les couples
+&agrave; genoivres ou &agrave; autre josne bois tors</em>&quot; (Roy Modus, f.
+xlvii. recto). In France there used to be two hardes to each relay and
+not more than eight hounds in every harde (D'Yauville). In England there
+used to be about the same number. The term was still used in Blome's
+time (1686), for he writes in his "Gentleman's Recreation": "The
+huntsman on foot that hath the charge of the coupled hounds, and before
+that must have <em>hardled</em> them, that is, with a slip, for the purpose
+ready secured three or four couple together, that they may not break in
+from him, to run into the cry of the Finders" (p. 88).</p>
+<p><em>Harling</em> was a word used in Devonshire, and as it meant tying the hound
+together by means of a rope passed through the rings of the couples, it
+is undoubtedly a corruption of the word <em>hardeling</em>. &quot;Until
+comparatively recent times the hounds in Devonshire were taken to the
+meet and held in this manner until the time came to lay the pack on"
+(Collyns).</p>
+<p><em>Hardel</em>, the technical O. E. term for binding together the four legs of
+the roebuck, the head having been placed between the two forelegs, in
+order to carry him whole into the kitchen.</p></dd>
+<dt>HARE,</dt><dd><p> Pliny records the fable that hares &quot;are of many and various
+sexes." Topsell remarks that "the Hebrews call the hare 'arnebet,' in
+the feminine gender," which word gave occasion to an opinion that all
+hares were females (pp. 264, 266).</p>
+<p>&quot;In the Gwentian code of Welch laws supposed to be of the eleventh
+century, the hare is said not to be capable of any legal valuation,
+being in one month male and in another female" (Twici, p. 22).</p>
+<p>Certainly in many of the older writings on hares the pronouns &quot;her&quot; and
+"him" are used indiscriminately in the same sentence. Sir Thomas Browne
+in his treatise on vulgar errors asserts from his own observation that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>
+the sex of the hare is changeable, and that the buck hare will sometimes
+give birth to young. Up to the end of the eighteenth century there was a
+widespread and firm belief in this fable (Brehm, ii. p. 626). Buffon
+describes it as one of the animal's peculiar properties, and from the
+structure of their parts of generation he argues that the notion has
+arisen of hermaphrodite hares, that the males sometimes bring forth
+young, and that some are alternately males and females and perform the
+functions of either sex.</p>
+<p>&quot;Master of Game&quot; (copying G. de F.) states that the hare carries her
+young for a period of two months, but in reality the period of gestation
+is only thirty days. Harting says that the adult hare will breed twice
+or thrice in the year, but Brehm declares they breed as many as four
+times, and but seldom five times (Encyclop. of Sport, vol. ii. p. 504;
+Brehm, vol. ii. p. 626; G. de F. p. 47).</p>
+<p>G. de F. (p. 43) says of a hare, &quot;<em>Elle o&iuml;t bien, mais elle voit mal.</em>&quot;
+"Master of Game" translates this simply as <em>She hath evil sight</em>; but
+does not say she hears well. The sense of hearing is most highly
+developed in the hare, and every lightly breaking twig or falling leaf
+will disturb her. It is said that of old when warreners wished to
+prepare hares for the market they filled their ears with wax, so that,
+not being continually disturbed by noises, they did not move about much,
+and grew sleek and fat (Blome, p. 95). G. de F.'s assertion that the
+hare "has evil sight" is also confirmed by Brehm, who, however, says
+that they are endowed with a keen sense of smell, whereas G. de F. says
+<em>elle sent pou</em>.</p>
+<p>Attention has already been called to the Duke of York's statement that
+"the hare hath great fear to run." This arose probably from the
+similarity of the words <em>peur</em> and <em>pouvoir</em> in the MSS., for it should
+read "hath great power to run," the principal MSS. which we have
+examined showing <em>pouvoir</em>. Verard in his first edition of G. de F. also
+has the same rendering as the Duke of</p>
+<div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;" id="SHOOTING_HARES_WITH_BLUNT_BOLTS">
+  <a href="images/i_298.jpg" target="_blank">
+    <img src="images/i_298thumb.jpg" height="367" width="400"
+     alt="SHOOTING HARES WITH BLUNT BOLTS"
+     title="SHOOTING HARES WITH BLUNT BOLTS" /></a>
+  <p class="caption">SHOOTING HARES WITH BLUNT BOLTS</p>
+  <p class="credit">(From MS. f. fr. 616, <em>Bib. Nat.</em>, Paris)</p>
+  <p class="click">
+    <a href="images/i_298.jpg" target="_blank">Click for a larger image.</a>
+  </p>
+</div>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span>
+<p class="continued">York, to which Lavall&eacute;e draws attention as being one of the many
+ludicrous mistakes in this edition (G. de F., xli.).</p>
+<p>Our text calls the hare the most marvellous beast (p. 181), the reasons
+given being because she "fumeth or croteth and rowngeth and beareth
+tallow and grease." By "rowngeth" (Fr. <em>ronger</em>) it was meant that the
+hare chewed the cud, as by the ancients it was generally supposed that
+the hare was a ruminant. Although this is not the case, and the hare has
+not a compound stomach, nevertheless this belief showed a close
+observation of nature, for when a hare is seated she can bring up parts
+of her food and give it a second mastication.</p>
+<p>The hare and rabbit have little or no fat, but what they do possess is
+called grease. Twici says: <em>Il porte gresce</em> (pp. 1 and 21).</p>
+<p>&quot;She has teeth above in the same wise as beneath&quot; (p. 181) is another of
+the peculiarities noticed in our text, which shows that the difference
+in dentition that distinguishes the hare from all other rodents had been
+remarked. Instead of two incisors in the upper jaw, the hare has four,
+having two small rudimentary incisor teeth behind the two large front
+ones, and five or six molars in the upper jaw, with two incisors and
+five molars in the lower jaw (Brehm, ii. p. 627; Cornish, "Shooting,"
+ii. p. 153).</p>
+<p>It is difficult to know why the hare was considered a &quot;melancholy&quot;
+beast, and how this curious reputation was kept up during the whole of
+the Middle Ages. It was thought that eating the flesh of the hare
+rendered one also subject to melancholy. G. de F. does not mention this,
+and altogether his book is comparatively free of such superstitions, but
+he says the flesh of the hare should not be given to the hounds after a
+day's hunting, as it is indigestible: <em>quar elle est fastieuse viande et
+les fet vomir</em> (p. 210). Therefore, when rewarding the hounds, they
+should only have the tongue and the kidneys, with some bread soaked in
+the blood of the hare.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p>
+<p>In our MS., at the end of the chapter on the nature of the hare (p. 22),
+the Duke of York says that he "trows no good hunter would slee them so,"
+alluding to pockets, pursenets, and other poaching devices; and although
+G. de F. gives six ways of taking the hare, he does not approve of such
+methods for the true sportsman, but enters an amusing protest: "I would
+that they who take hares thus should have them [the cords] round their
+own necks" (p. 171). Snaring hares was never considered legitimate
+sport. In hare-hunting proper, the hounds were taken into the fields to
+find the hare, as at present; or hare-finders were sent out early in the
+morning, and the tufts of grass or plants where the hare was likely to
+be seated were beaten, and the hounds uncoupled only when the hare was
+started. One of the chief differences in the sport between then and now
+was that often, when the hare was once on foot, greyhounds were also
+uncoupled, and our Plate, p. 182, shows greyhounds and running-hounds
+hunting seemingly happily together. It must have been rather
+discouraging for the old-fashioned, slow scenting-hound to have the hare
+he has been diligently hunting suddenly "bitten" in front of him by the
+swifter greyhound. Trencher-fed packs also existed as early as the
+fourteenth century, and we read in Gace de la Buigne that the small
+farmers would assemble together, bringing all told some forty hounds of
+different breeds and sizes, immensely enjoying their sport, and
+accounting for many hares.</p></dd>
+<dt>HARNESS,</dt><dd><p> means in our text &quot;paraphernalia wherewith animals can be caught
+or taken." It is frequently used in this sense by Gaston&mdash;<em>Hayes et
+autres Harnoys</em> (p. 126). In Julien's note to this same sentence
+occurring in <em>Le bon Varlet</em>, he says, <em>autres harnois, autres engins,
+instruments, proc&eacute;d&eacute;s</em>.</p></dd>
+<dt>HARRIER,</dt><dd><p> spelt in early documents with many variations&mdash;<em>eirere</em>,
+<em>heyreres</em>, <em>heyrer</em>, <em>hayrers</em>. A hound which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>
+is described in modern dictionaries as "resembling a foxhound but
+smaller, used for hare-hunting" (Murray). This explanation would not
+have been a correct one for our harriers of the fourteenth century, for
+as far as we can gather they were used to hunt all kinds of game and by
+no means only the hare. They were evidently a smaller kind of running
+hound, for as our MS. says, there are some small and some large running
+hounds, "and the small are called Kenettis (or small dogs&mdash;<em>see</em>
+Kenet), and these hounds run well to all manner of game and they that
+serve for all game men call them heirers" (p. III). And in chapter 36 we
+see that <em>heyrers</em> were used to hunt up the deer in the forest, the
+herthounds and greyhounds meanwhile being held in leash till a
+warrantable deer was on foot, or till "the heyrer have well run and well
+made the rascal void" (made the smaller deer clear out of that part of
+the forest) (p. 191). Then the herthounds were to be uncoupled where the
+most likely "ligging is for an hert, and seek." The herthounds then put
+up the wary old stag and hunted him till he came to the tryst where the
+King would be with his long bow or cross-bow, or till the hert was
+pulled down by them or the greyhounds which had been slipped at him.</p>
+<p>In the chapter on hare-hunting in our MS. the word harrier does not
+occur; only hounds, greyhounds, and raches are mentioned. So when Henry
+IV. paid for "<em>La garde de nos chiens appelez hayrers</em>&quot; (Privy Seal, 20
+Aug. 9th Henry, 1408, No. 5874), or Henry V. for the "<em>Custodiam Canum
+nostrum vocatorum hayreres</em>&quot; (Rot. Pat. I Henry V. 1413), it was not
+because they were especially addicted to hare-hunting, but because they
+kept these useful hounds to "harry" game.</p>
+<p>In 1407 we find one Hugh Malgrave &quot;<em>servienti venatori' vocat' hayters
+p' c'vo (cervo)</em>, which we
+may accept as another proof that their office was to hunt the stag. The
+Duke of York also repeatedly says that "<em>heirers</em>&quot; run at all game (see
+pp. III, 196, 197). In 1423 Hugh Malgrave still held the "office of the
+hayrers" by grant
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>
+from Henry IV. In the curious legal Latin of the thirteenth century, we
+find the word <em>canes heirettes</em>, and <em>heyrettor</em> (Wardrobe Accounts, 34
+Ed. I.).</p>
+<p>There are a great number of early records which show us that these
+hounds were used then for hunting red and fallow deer, sometimes in
+conjunction with greyhounds and sometimes without their aid.</p>
+<p>Harriers were sometimes taken with buckhounds on hunting expeditions as
+well as with greyhounds. In some of the documents harriers are simply
+alluded to as <em>canes currentes</em>. As they were not a distinct breed, but
+were included under the designation "raches," or running hounds, a
+separate chapter is not given to them in our text, and neither Twici nor
+the Dame of St. Albans mentions these hounds. Gradually we find the
+spelling, although presenting still countless variations, bringing the
+<em>a</em> more constantly than the <em>e</em>; the &quot;<em>heirers</em>&quot; become <em>hayrers</em>,
+<em>hareres</em>, <em>hariers</em>, and after the sixteenth century harriers. It is
+also probable that the word was originally derived from the Anglo-Saxon
+<em>Hergian</em>, <em>herian</em>, to harry, to disturb, to worry; O. Fr. <em>harrier</em>,
+<em>herrier</em>, <em>herier</em>, to harry; F. <em>hare</em> and <em>harer</em>, to set a dog on to
+attack. The harrier, in fact, was a dog to "hare" the game. Although now
+obsolete, we find this word used late in the seventeenth century.</p>
+<p>&quot;Let the hounds kill the fox themselves and worry and <em>hare</em> him as much
+as they please" (Cox, "Gent. Rec.," p. 110). It is also in the sixteenth
+century that one comes across the first allusions to their use in
+hunting the hare.</p></dd>
+<dt>HART,</dt><dd><p> It is not necessary to dwell here at length upon the great esteem
+in which the hart was held by all devotees to sport in Europe during the
+Middle Ages. It was royal game, and belonged to the Prince or ruler of
+the country, and the chase was their prerogative. Few unconnected with
+the court were ever able to enjoy the chase of the stag unless in
+attendance on or by special
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span>
+licence granted by the sovereign. Those who had extensive property of
+their own and had permission to erect a fence could, of course, keep
+deer on it, but this did not enable them to enjoy the sport of real wild
+deer hunting, or <em>La chasse Royale</em> as the French called it.</p>
+<p>The stag was one of the five beasts of venery, and was, according to the
+ancient French regulations, a beast of the sweet foot, although in the
+list of beasts of sweet and stinking foot given in the "Boke of St.
+Albans" the hart is included in neither category (<em>see</em> Appendix:
+Fewte).</p>
+<p>One of the first essentials for a huntsman in the Middle Ages was to
+learn to know the different <em>signs</em> of a stag (according to German
+venery there were seventy-two signs), so as to be able to "judge well."
+These signs were those of the <em>slot</em>, the <em>gait</em>, the <em>fraying-post</em>,
+the <em>rack</em> or <em>entry</em> (<em>i.e.</em> the place where the stag entered covert),
+and the <em>fumes</em>. By recognising differences in these signs made by a
+young stag, a hind, and a warrantable stag, he was enabled to find out
+where the latter was harbouring, and by the slot and gait he could
+recognise when the chased stag was approaching his end.</p>
+<p>There were many things that the huntsman of old had to learn regarding
+the stag before he could be considered as more than an apprentice&mdash;for
+instance, how to speak of a hart in terms of venery. The terms used were
+considered of the greatest importance, even to the manner in which the
+colour of the stag was spoken of, brown, yellow, or dun being the only
+permissible terms to distinguish the shade of colour. Special terms are
+given for every kind of head, or antlers, a stag might bear.</p>
+<p>The huntsman spoke of the stag's <em>blenches</em> and <em>ruses</em> when alluding to
+the tricks of a deer when trying to rid himself of the hounds, of his
+<em>doubling</em> and <em>rusing to and fro upon himself</em> when he retraced his
+steps, of his <em>beating up the river</em> when he swam up-stream, and of
+<em>foiling down</em>, when he went down-stream, or of <em>going to soil</em> when he
+stood in water. When the deer lay down he was <em>quat</em>,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>
+when he stood still in covert he was <em>stalling</em>. When he was tired he
+"<em>cast his chaule&quot; i.e.</em> drooped his head, a well-known sign when the
+deer is done, as was his closed mouth when dead beat.</p>
+<p>The hart was <em>meved</em> or moved, when he was started from his
+resting-place; he was <em>quested</em> or hunted for, and <em>sued</em> or chased; his
+resting-place was called his <em>ligging</em> or <em>lair</em>, his scent of line of
+flight, his <em>fues</em>. He was spoken of as <em>soule</em> or <em>soile</em> (F. <em>seule</em>)
+if unaccompanied by other deer, and in "<em>herd with rascal and folly</em>&quot; if
+keeping company with lesser deer.</p>
+<p>Besides many other quaint terms of venery the following were the
+designations given to the hart according to his age by:&mdash;</p>
+<table class="appendix" summary="Hart Terms by Age">
+  <tr>
+    <td></td><th>&quot;Master of Game.&quot;</th>
+    <th>Twici, &quot;Boke of St. Albans,&quot; Manwood, Turbervile.</th>
+    <th>Blome; Cox's &quot;Gentleman's Recreations.&quot;</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1st&nbsp;yr.</td><td>A calf.</td><td>A calf.</td><td>A hinde-calf or calf.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>2nd&nbsp;&quot;</td><td>A bullock.</td><td>A brocket.</td><td>A knobler or knobber.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>3rd&nbsp;&quot;</td><td>A brocket.</td><td>A spayer, spayard, or spayd.</td>
+    <td>A brocket or brocke.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>4th&nbsp;&quot;</td><td>A&nbsp;staggart.</td><td>A staggart or stag.</td>
+    <td>A staggard.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>5th&nbsp;&quot;</td><td>A hart of ten.</td><td>A hart.</td><td>A hart.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>Until he was a hart of ten our text tells us he was not considered a
+chaseable or warrantable deer. By the above one will see that the
+"Master of Game" is exceptional in calling a deer of the second year a
+bullock, brocket being the usual term.</p>
+<p>In old French literature we occasionally find the word <em>broches</em> used
+for the tines of a deer's antlers; brochet would be the diminutive,
+<em>i.e.</em> a small tine, and hence perhaps brocket, a young stag bearing
+small tines. Any stag of ten or over if hunted by the king became a Hart
+Royal, and if hunted and not taken, but driven out of the forest, a
+proclamation was made to warn every one that no person should chase or
+kill the said hart, and he was then a "Hart Royal proclaimed" (Man., p.
+180).</p>
+<p>All stags not chaseable, such as young or lean stags and hinds, were
+classed as folly or rascal.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span>
+A young stag accompanying an old one was called his squire (F.
+<em>escuyer</em>).</p>
+<p>Hinds also were called by different names from the first to the third
+year, but the "Master of Game" does not give these, nor do any of the
+earliest works. Manwood, Blome, and Cox give the following terms: first
+year, a calf; second year, a Hearse or brocket's sister; third year and
+ever after, a hind. A somewhat similar term was employed in France to
+denote a young stag between six months and a year old. <em>Haire</em>, also
+spelt <em>her</em> (G. de Champgrand Baudrillard), and <em>Harpaille</em>, was the
+term for a herd of young stags and hinds.</p>
+<p><em>Hart's Age.</em>&mdash;The fable that a stag can live a hundred years which the
+"Master of Game" repeats (p. 34) after G. de F. was not of the latter's
+invention, but one that had been current for many centuries before their
+day.</p></dd>
+<dt>HORNS,</dt><dd><p>&mdash;When the &quot;Master of Game&quot; was written hunting horns were the
+curved primitive shape of those made from the horns of animals, and most
+of them probably were still made of the horns of cattle, while those
+used by the richer gentry and nobles were fashioned from some rarer
+animals' trophy, such as the ibex, or carved of ivory, and some were
+made of precious metal. But whether of simple horn, ivory, or of wood,
+they were decorated with gold or silver ferrules, rings, and
+mouthpieces, and some being provided with a stopper, could be converted
+into drinking horns. Unfortunately the "Master of Game" does not tell us
+the material of which horns should be made. He simply says how they
+should "be dryve." They were to be two spans long (1 ft. 6 in.),
+slightly curved so that both ends were raised from three to four
+fingers' breadth above the centre; the larger end or the bell was to be
+as wide as possible, and the mouthpiece not too small. It was waxed
+thickly or thinly, whichever the huntsman thought produced the best
+sound. What effect the wax had can scarcely be judged, but it was
+evidently considered an
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>
+improvement, as it is stated that for foresters "mene hornes and
+unwexid" are good enough for them. Besides the hunter's horn five
+different kinds of horns are mentioned in our MS.&mdash;the bugle, great
+abbots, ruets, small foresters, and mean horns. The bugle was not the
+trumpet we now understand by that name, but a simple curved horn, most
+probably deriving its name from the bugle, as the wild ox was called;
+although Dryden says from the German word <em>bugel</em>, a curve or bend.
+Ruets may have been the name for a much curved or almost circular horn,
+from French <em>rouette</em>, small wheel. The mean horns were probably the
+medium-sized, shrill-sounding horns made out of wood or bark, known as
+<em>m&eacute;nuels</em>, <em>menuiaux</em>, <em>moienel</em>, <em>menuier</em>, &amp;c. (Perc.
+27,166 and 27,140).</p>
+<p>A good length for a horn is mentioned as being &quot;<em>une paume et demie</em>&quot;
+(Perceval, 31,750). It is uncertain whether this length and that given
+by the "Master of Game" were measured round the inside of the bend or in
+a straight line between the two extremities. The famous Borstall horn,
+also known as Nigel's horn, is 2 feet 4 inches long on the convex and 23
+inches on the concave bend; the inside measure of the bell end being 3
+inches in diameter. The size of another noted horn, <em>i.e.</em> the Pusey
+horn, is 2 feet &frac12; inch long, the circumference at the widest end being
+12 inches. The general length of these horns seems to have been
+somewhere between 18 inches and 2 feet. The above-mentioned specimens
+were horns of tenure, the first being a hunting-, the second a
+drinking-horn. The Borstall horn is said to have been given by Edward
+the Confessor to one Nigel, in reward for his killing an immense wild
+boar, and by this horn he and his successors for generations held lands
+of the crown.</p>
+<p>The curved horn remained in fashion in England till about the latter
+half of the seventeenth century, then a straight one came into use about
+1 ft. 6 in. to 2 ft. long, such as we see depicted in Blome. Of this
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span>
+shape, but a few inches shorter, is the hunting-horn still in use in
+England. The French hunting-horn was used in England in the eighteenth
+century, but did not remain long in fashion.</p></dd>
+<dt>HUNTING CRIES,</dt><dd><p> We can see that the hunting cries and the language used
+in speaking to the hounds when hunting in the days of the "Master of
+Game" were still those brought into Britain by the Normans, and in most
+instances the words can actually still be recognised as French. There
+are only a few examples given by him as to the manner a huntsman should
+speak to his hounds in the stag-hunting chapters, such as:&mdash;</p>
+<p><em>Ho moy, ho moy, hole, hole, hole</em>: To encourage the limer when drawing
+for a stag (p. 166).</p>
+<p><em>Cy va, cy va, cy va</em>: To call the hounds when any signs of the stag
+were seen (p. 167).</p>
+<p><em>Le douce mon amy, le douce</em>: &quot;Softly, my friend, softly.&quot; To the hounds
+when they were uncoupled near to where the stag was supposed to be
+lying.</p>
+<p><em>Sto arere, so howe, so howe</em>: &quot;Hark back,&quot; if the hounds were on a
+wrong scent.</p>
+<p><em>Hoo sto, ho sto, mon amy, ho sto</em>: To harriers drawing for a stag.</p>
+<p><em>Oyez, &agrave; Beaumont, oyez, assemble &agrave; Beaumont</em>: &quot;Hark to Beaumont, hark,
+get to him." To the hound of that name who picks up the right line, and
+to bring the other hounds to him.</p>
+<p>It is in the hare-hunting chapter that we have more of the &quot;fayre wordis
+of venery," and here, if the "Master of Game" does not slavishly copy
+Twici, yet he employs the same cries, with a slight difference only in
+orthography. The "Boke of St. Albans" has also most of the following:&mdash;</p>
+<p><em>Hoo arere</em>: &quot;Back there.&quot; When the hounds come too hastily out of the
+kennel.</p>
+<p><em>So moun amy atreyt</em>: Until they come into the field;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>
+these two are not given by Twici, but the following are identical in
+both books:&mdash;</p>
+<p><em>Hors de couple, avaunt sy avaunt</em>, and thrice <em>so howe</em>: When the
+hounds are uncoupled.</p>
+<p><em>Sa sa cy avaunt, cy sa avaunt, sa cy avaunt (avaunt, sire, avaunt</em>, in
+Twici): Forward, sir, forward.</p>
+<p><em>Here how, amy, how amy, and Swef, mon amy, swef</em>: &quot;Gently, my friend,
+gently" (<em>swef</em>, from Latin <em>swavis</em>), when the hounds draw too fast
+from the huntsman.</p>
+<p><em>Oyez, &agrave; Beaumont</em> (in Twici: <em>Oyez, a Beaumont le vaillaunt que il
+quide trover le coward od la courte cowe</em>): &quot;Hark to Beaumont the
+valiant, who thinks to find the coward with the short tail."</p>
+<p><em>La douce, la il ad este sohowe</em>: &quot;Softly, there&mdash;here he has been,&quot; if
+the place where the hare has pastured is seen.</p>
+<p><em>Illoeques, illoeques</em>: &quot;Here, here,&quot; if the hounds hunt well on the
+line (<em>see</em> Appendix: Illoeques).</p>
+<p><em>Ha sy toutz, cy est il venuz arere, so howe. Sa cy a este so howe. Sa
+cy avaunt</em>: &quot;Here, he has gone back. Here he has been. Forward there.&quot;
+When the hare has doubled.</p>
+<p><em>La douce amy, il est venuz illoeques, sohowe</em>: &quot;Softly, friend, he is
+here." When the hounds hunt well in fields or arable land.</p>
+<p><em>La douce, amy, la est il venuz (pur lue segere sohow)</em>: &quot;Softly,
+friend, here he has come to seat himself" (Mid. Eng., <em>sege</em>&mdash;a seat.
+Latin, <em>sedere</em>).</p>
+<p><em>La douce, amy, la il est venuz (pur meyndir)</em>: &quot;Here he has been to
+feed" (<em>meyndir</em>, from Latin <em>manducare</em>, <em>mandere</em>).</p>
+<p>The bracketed part of the last two cries are given in the MS. of Twety
+and Gyff., and the following are only in the "Master of Game":&mdash;</p>
+<p><em>Le valliant oyez, oyez who bo bowe</em>, and then, <em>Avaunt, assemble,
+assemble, war war, a ha war</em>, for running riot. <em>How assamy assamy so
+arere so howe bloues acoupler.</em>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span>
+On seeing the pricking or footing of the hare: <em>Le voye, le voye</em> (&quot;The
+view, the view").</p>
+<p>In France, <em>Tallyho</em>, or a very similar sounding word, was employed in
+the early days when the huntsman was sure that the right stag had gone
+away, whether he only knew it by his slot, &amp;c., or whether he had viewed
+him.</p>
+<p>It was also a call to bring up the hounds when the stag had gone away,
+and at the end of the <em>cur&eacute;e</em>, when the huntsman held part of the
+entrails of the deer on a large wooden fork, and the hounds bayed it
+(which was called the <em>forhu</em>), the huntsman called out <em>Tallyho</em>.</p>
+<p>We only find <em>Tallyho</em> in comparatively recent English hunting
+literature and songs&mdash;never, so far as I am aware, before the late
+seventeenth century, and it does not occur at all constantly until the
+eighteenth century. Neither Turbervile nor Blome nor Cox, in their books
+on the various chases, mention such a word, though we find instruction
+to the huntsman to say "Hark to him," "Hark forward," "Hark back," and
+"To him, to him"; besides the inevitable "So how sohow." Neither in
+Twici, "Master of Game," "Boke of St. Albans," Chaucer, or Shakespeare
+can we find an invigorating <em>Tallyho</em>. It would almost appear as if it
+were a seventeenth century importation from across the Channel, which is
+quite possible, for Henry IV. of France sent in that century three of
+his best huntsmen, Desprez, de Beaumont, and de Saint-Ravy, to the Court
+of King James I. to teach the royal huntsmen how to hunt the stag in the
+French way, English Court hunting having degenerated into coursing of
+stags within the park palings.</p>
+<p><em>Ta&iuml;aut</em> in France was used solely in the chase of red, fallow, or roe
+deer.</p></dd>
+<dt>HUNTING MUSIC,</dt><dd><p> In the &quot;Master of Game,&quot; as in all the earliest hunting
+literature, much importance is placed on the huntsman's sounding his
+horn in the proper manner in order, as Twici says, that "Each man
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>
+who is around you, who understands Hunting, can know in which point you
+are in your sport by your blowing." The author of "Master of Game" (p.
+170) says he will give us "a chapter which is all of blowing," but he
+omitted to fulfil this promise, so that we have only such information as
+we can gather in his chapters on stag and hare-hunting. The differences
+in the signals were occasioned by the length of the sound or note, and
+the intervals between each. Twici expresses these notes in syllables,
+such as <em>trout</em>, <em>trout</em>, <em>trourourout</em>. The first of these would be
+single notes, with an interval between them, blown probably with a
+separate breath or wind for each; the latter would be three notes blown
+without interval and with a single breath or wind. The principal sounds
+on the hunting horn were named as follows:&mdash;</p>
+<p>A <em>Moot</em> or <em>Mote</em>, a single note, which might be sounded long or short.</p>
+<p>A <em>Recheat</em>. To recheat, Twici says, &quot;blow in this manner,
+<em>trourourourout, trourourourout, trourourourout</em>,&quot; therefore a
+four-syllabled sound succeeded by an interval, blown three times. In the
+"Master of Game" we find the recheat preceded or followed by a moot, the
+most constantly recurring melody. When the limer has moved the stag, and
+the huntsman sees him go away, he was to blow a moot and recheat. If the
+stag is moved but not viewed, and the huntsman knows only by the slot
+that it is his stag that has gone away, he is to recheat without the
+moot, for that was only to be blown when the stag was seen. When the
+hounds are at fault and any one finds the slot of the deer, he should
+recheat "in the rightes and blow a long moot for the lymerer," or if he
+thinks he sees the hunted stag, he should blow a moot and recheat, and
+after that blow two moots for the hounds.</p>
+<p>The <em>Forlonge</em>. A signal that the stag had got away far ahead of the
+hounds or that these had distanced some or all of the huntsmen (<em>see</em>
+Appendix: Forlonge).</p>
+<p>The <em>Perfect</em> or <em>Parfit</em>. Twici says it began by &quot;a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span>
+moot and then <em>trourourout, trout, trout, trourourout, trourourout,
+trourourout, trout, trout, trourourourout</em>,&quot; &quot;and then to commence by
+another moot again, and so you ought to blow three times. And to
+commence by a moot and to finish by a moot." This was only blown when
+the hounds were hunting the right line (<em>see</em> Appendix: Parfet).</p>
+<p>The <em>Prise</em>. Twici says, blow four moots for the taking of the deer.
+According to the "Master of Game," "the prise or coupling up" was to be
+blown by the chief personage of the hunt only, after the quarry. It was
+only blown when the deer had been slain by strength, or hunted, and not
+when shot or coursed. He was to blow four moots, wait a short interval
+(half an Ave Maria), and blow another four notes a little longer than
+the first four.</p>
+<p>The <em>Men&eacute;e</em>. Twici says the <em>Men&eacute;e</em> should only be blown for the hart,
+the boar, the wolf, and the male wolf, but he does not give us any
+analysis of this melody. In the "Master of Game" we are told that the
+<em>Men&eacute;e</em> was blown at the hall-door on the return of the huntsmen. The
+Master first blew four moots alone, then at the end of the four moots
+the others joined him in blowing, and they all continued keeping time
+together (<em>see</em> Appendix: Men&eacute;e).</p>
+<p>The <em>Mort</em> or <em>Death</em> was another sound of the horn, but we have no
+description of the notes. Perhaps it is synonymous with the <em>Prise</em>.</p>
+<p>The <em>Stroke</em> must have been another grouping of short and long notes,
+but of this we have no record.</p>
+<p>Hardouin de Fontaines Guerin wrote a poem on the chase chiefly
+concerning the different manners of blowing such as obtained in his
+native country the provinces of Anjou and Maine. The poem was
+illustrated with fourteen miniatures showing the notes to be blown on as
+many different occasions during stag-hunting.</p>
+<p>The notes are written in little squares: &#9633; denoting a long note;
+&#9632; a short note; &#9633;&#9633; a note of two long
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span>
+syllables; &#9632;&#9632; a note of two short syllables;
+&#9632;&#9633;&#9633; a note of one short and two long syllables;
+and &#9632;&#9633;&#9633;&#9632;&#9632; a note of one short,
+two long, and two short syllables. Of these six notes combinations were
+made for all the signals to be blown.</p>
+<div id="i_313b">
+  <img src="images/i_313b.png" height="422" width="600"
+       alt="From Hardouin de Fontaines Guerin's Work, written in 1394"
+     title="From Hardouin de Fontaines Guerin" />
+  <p class="caption">From Hardouin de Fontaines Guerin's Work, written in 1394</p>
+</div>
+</dd>
+<dt>ILLOEQUES,</dt><dd><p> &quot;here in this place,&quot; from the L. <em>illo loco</em>. Sometimes it
+is spelt <em>illecques</em>, <em>iluec</em>, <em>illosques</em>, &amp;c. It is constantly met
+with in Anglo-Norman, and the Provence dialects (Botman, pp. 90, 242; T.
+M., pp. 31, 93, 142; Roy Modus, lxix.; and in the will of the Duke of
+York, Nichols). It has been suggested that it is the origin of the
+familiar <em>yoicks</em>. In the &quot;Boke of St. Albans&quot; in the verses on
+hare-hunting it also occurs.</p></dd>
+<dt>JOPEYE,</dt><dd><p> synonymous with <em>jupper</em>, which, according to Cotgrave, is an
+old word signifying "to whoot, showt, crie out alowd." The French word
+<em>juper</em>, <em>jupper</em>, also spelt <em>joppeir</em>, had the same meaning, and we
+find it employed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span>
+in the "Chace dou cerf" for a halloa in hunting in a similar way to
+<em>jopeye</em> in our text:</p>
+<div class="poem">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <span class="i0">&quot;<em>Et puis juppe ou corne i. lonc mot</em><br /></span>
+    <span class="i0"><em>Chaucuns en a joie qui l'ot.</em>&quot;<br /></span>
+  </div>
+</div>
+<p>In the sense it is used in our &quot;Master of Game&quot; (p. 185) it means to
+halloa to the hounds, to encourage them with the voice.</p></dd>
+<dt>KENETTES,</dt><dd><p> small hounds. Kenet is a diminutive form of the
+Norman-French <em>kenet</em>, and the O. F. <em>chen</em>, <em>cienetes</em>, <em>chenet</em>, a
+dog: <em>i veneour a ii cienetes, Ne mie grans mais petitetes, Et plus
+blans que n'est flors d'espine</em> (Percival, 22,895). Derived from the
+Latin <em>canis</em> (<em>see</em> Appendix: Harriers).</p></dd>
+<dt>LIGGING,</dt><dd><p> a bed, a resting-place, a lair. From O. Eng. <em>licgan</em>,
+<em>licgean</em>, Goth. <em>ligan</em>, lie, lie down. The ligging of the hart was
+what we now call his lair, spelt also layer. In our MS. it is used for
+the dwelling of a wild cat (p. 71).</p>
+<p>This old expression is not entirely obsolete, but can be heard still
+among the country people of the northern counties of England.</p></dd>
+<dt>LIMER,</dt><dd><p> lymer; the name given to a scenting-hound which was held in a
+liam or leash whilst tracking the game. Limers never were any distinct
+breed of hounds, but, of course, some breeds produced better limers than
+others (De Noirmont, vol. ii. p. 350).</p>
+<p>A dog used as a limer had to be keen on the scent, staunch on the line,
+not too fast, and was taught to run mute, for if the exact whereabouts
+of any game had to be discovered, it would have been impossible, if the
+hound gave tongue or challenged while on the scent. A likely hound was
+chosen from the kennel at an early age, G. de F. says at a year old (p.
+157), and from that time accompanied his master, sleeping in his room,
+and being
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span>
+taught to obey him. He was continually taken out by his master with
+collar and liam and encouraged to follow the scent of hinds and of stags
+and other beasts, and punished should he venture to acknowledge the
+scent of any animal he was not being entered to, or should he open on
+finding or following the line.</p>
+<p>In England as well as on the Continent the huntsman went out in the
+early morning to track the game to be hunted to its lair, or den, before
+the pack and huntsmen came into the field. Deer, wild boar, bear and
+wolves were thus harboured by means of a limer. Twici makes the
+apprentice huntsman ask: "Now I wish to know how many of the beasts are
+moved by the lymer, and how many of the beasts are found by
+braches?&mdash;Sir, all those which are chased are moved by a lymer, and all
+those which are hunted up (<em>enquillez</em>) are found by the braches&quot;
+(Twici, p. 12; <em>see</em> Appendix: Acquillez).</p>
+<p>Limers were not only employed when a warrantable stag was to be hunted
+by hounds, but a huntsman going out with his bow or cross-bow would have
+his brachet on a liam and let him hunt up the quarry he wished to shoot
+(<em>see</em> Appendix: Bercelet). Also, the day before one of the large
+battues for big game, the limers would be taken out to ascertain what
+game there was in the district to be driven.</p>
+<p>A liam, <em>lyome</em>, or <em>lyame</em>, was a rope made of silk or leather by which
+hounds were led, from O. F. <em>liamen</em>, a strap or line, Latin <em>ligamen</em>.
+This strap was fastened to the collar by a swivel, and both collar and
+liams were often very gorgeous. We read of "A lyame of white silk with
+collar of white vellat embrawdered with perles, the swivell of silver."
+"Dog collors of crymson vellat with VI lyhams of white leather." "A
+lieme of grene and white silke." "Three lyames and colors with tirrett
+of silver and quilt" (Madden, "Expenses of Princess Mary").</p>
+<p>A hound was said to carry his liam well when he just kept it at proper
+tension, not straining it, for that would
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span>
+show that he was of too eager temperament, and likely to overshoot the
+line; if he trailed his liam on the ground, it showed that he was slack
+or unwilling (D'Yauville).</p>
+<p>As soon as the stag was &quot;moved&quot; the limer's work was over, but only for
+the time being; his master led him away, the other hounds were
+uncoupled, and the harbourer, mounting his horse and keeping his limer
+with him, rode as close to the chase as he could, skirting below the
+wind and being careful not to cross the line, but managing to be at hand
+in case the stag should run in company or give the hounds the change. In
+this case the huntsman had to check the hounds, and wait for the
+harbourer and limer to come up and unravel the change, and put the pack
+on the right scent once more.</p>
+<p>The method of starting the stag with a limer was not done away with in
+France until the eighteenth century, although in Normandy a change had
+been made previously, and probably in England also. For our author says
+that some sportsmen even in his time, when impatient, would uncouple a
+few of the hounds in the covert, before the stag had been properly
+started by the limer, which practice he, however, was not in favour of
+except under the conditions he mentions.</p>
+<p>This uncoupling of a few older hounds in covert to start the deer,
+coupling them again as soon as the deer was on foot, was later called
+<em>tufting</em>, and is still customary in Devon and Somerset.</p>
+<p>The limer was not rewarded with the other hounds; he received his reward
+from the hands of his master before or after the other hounds, and after
+he had bayed the head of the stag.</p>
+<p>When not quoting or translating the old text the more modern spelling of
+<em>li</em>mer has been used.</p></dd>
+<dt>MADNESS,</dt><dd><p> Old Eng. and Mid. Eng. <em>Woodness</em>, <em>wodnesse</em>, and <em>wodnyss</em>;
+mad, <em>wode</em>. The seven different sorts of madnesses spoken of by the
+"Master of Game"
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span>
+are also mentioned in nearly all subsequent works on old hunting dealing
+with "sicknesses of hounds." They are the hot burning madness, running
+madness, dumb madness, lank madness, rheumatic madness or slavering
+madness, falling madness, sleeping madness.</p>
+<p>These are mentioned in Roy Modus, and the cure for rabies, of taking the
+afflicted dog to the sea and letting nine waves wash over him, as well
+as the cock cure mentioned in our English MS., were both taken by Gaston
+from Roy Modus, or both derived them from some common source (Roy Modus,
+fol. xlv. r).</p>
+<p>The water cure is mentioned also by Albertus Magnus (Alb. Mag., 215, a
+27).</p>
+<p>It seems likely to have been to try the efficacy of this cure that King
+Edward I. sent some of his hounds to Dover to bathe in the sea, the
+following account for which is entered in his Wardrobe Accounts:</p>
+<p>&quot;To John le Berner, going to Dover to bathe six braches by the King's
+order and for staying there for 21 days for his expense 3. 6d" (6 Edward
+I. Quoted from MS. Philipps, 8676).</p>
+<p>The means of recognising rabies by a cock is also mentioned in the
+recipe of the eleventh century given by Avicenna (957-1037), and it
+appears again in Vincentius Bellovacensis and is also to be found in
+Alexander Neckham. Although the manner of using the cock for this
+purpose varies, we see by the fact of its being mentioned in different
+works preceding our MS. that the cock enjoyed some legendary renown for
+at least a couple of centuries before Gaston (Werth, p. 55).</p>
+<p>Nowadays only two varieties of rabies are recognised: furious and dumb
+rabies. The numerous divisions of the old authors were based on
+different stages of the disease and slight variations in the symptoms.</p>
+<p>When a dog is attacked with rabies its owner often supposes that the dog
+has a bone in its throat, so that a report of this condition is regarded
+by veterinary surgeons with suspicion. This corresponds with the
+description
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span>
+in our text of dogs, with their mouths "somewhat gaping, as if they were
+<em>enosed</em> in their throat.&quot;</p></dd>
+<dt>MASTIFF,</dt><dd><p> from F. <em>metif</em>, O. F. <em>mestif</em>, M. E. <em>mastyf</em>, <em>mestiv</em>,
+mixed breed, a mongrel dog (Cent. Dict., Murray). Some etymologists have
+suggested that the word mastiff was derived from <em>masethieves</em>, as these
+dogs protected their master's houses and cattle from thieves (Manwood,
+p. 113). Others again give <em>mastinus</em>, i.e. <em>maison tenant</em>, house-dog,
+as the origin, but the first derivation given of <em>mestif</em>, mongrel, is
+the one now generally recognised.</p>
+<p>Although it will be quite evident to any one comparing the mastiff
+depicted in our Plate, p. 122, with any picture of the British mastiff
+that the two are very different types, we must not therefore conclude
+that the artist was at fault, but that the French <em>matin</em>, which is what
+our MS. describes and depicts, was by no means identical with our
+present English breed of mastiffs, nor even with the old British mastiff
+or bandog. The French <em>matins</em> were generally big, hardy dogs, somewhat
+light in the body, with long heads, pointed muzzles, flattened forehead,
+and semi-pendant ears; some were rough and others smooth coated.</p>
+<p><em>Matins</em> were often used for tackling the wild boar when run by other
+hounds, so as to save the more valuable ones when the boar turned to
+bay.</p>
+<p>In this chase, as well as when they were used to protect their master's
+flocks against wolves, huge iron spiked collars were fastened round the
+dog's neck. These spiked collars were very formidable affairs; one of
+very ancient make which I have measures inside nearly eight inches in
+diameter, and the forty-eight spikes are an inch long, the whole
+weighing without the padlock that fastened it together about two pounds.</p>
+<p>In England the name Mastiff was not in general use till a much later
+date, even as late as the end of the eighteenth century, Osbaldiston in
+his Dictionary ignoring the term mastiff, and using, like a true Saxon,
+the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span>
+old term bandog (Wynn, p. 72). In the seventeenth and eighteenth
+centuries the terms were generally synonymous, and it seems quite
+possible that the mastiff of the ancient forest laws was not our bandog,
+but denoted, as in France, any large house-dog capable of defending his
+master and his master's goods, watching his cattle, and, as frequently
+necessary, powerful enough to attack the depredatory wolf or the wild
+boar. These would in all likelihood be a very mixed breed, and
+thoroughly justify the name <em>mestif</em> or mongrel.</p>
+<p>Cotgrave in his French-English Dictionary gives the following:&mdash;</p>
+<p>&quot;<em>Mastin</em>, a mastiue or bandog; a great country curre; also a rude,
+filthie, currish or cruell fellow."</p>
+<p>We find the word <em>matin</em> in France used as a term of opprobrium, or a
+name of contempt for any ugly or distorted body or a coarse person:
+"<em>C'es un matin, un vilain matin.</em>&quot; Many interesting facts about the
+mastiff have been collected by Jesse in his "History of the British
+Dog," but he also makes the mistake of considering that the "Master of
+Game" and Turbervile give us the description of the dogs then existing
+in England, whereas these descriptions really relate only to French
+breeds, although the characteristics may in many cases have tallied
+sufficiently; but in others a dire confusion has resulted from blindly
+copying from one another.</p></dd>
+<dt>MEN&Eacute;E,</dt><dd><p> from Latin <em>minare</em>, something which is led, a following. This
+word frequently occurs in the medi&aelig;val romances, and usually denoted
+pursuit, either in battle or in the hunting field (Borman, p. 37).</p>
+<p>There are various meanings attached to <em>men&eacute;e</em>:&mdash;</p>
+<ol>
+<li><p>The line of flight the stag or other game has taken, and <em>Chacier la
+men&eacute;e</em> seems to have meant hunting with horn and hound by scent on the
+line of flight, in contradiction to the chase with the bow or cross-bow,
+which was called <em>berser</em> (<em>Le Roman des Loherains</em>, 106, c. 30). In G.
+de F. (p. 157) it is used in the same sense. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span>
+meaning in which Gaston de Foix uses the word men&eacute;e is explained
+by him: <em>Et puis se metre apr&egrave;s, et chevauchier men&eacute;e:
+c'est &agrave; dire par o&ugrave; les chiens et le cerf vont</em> (G. de F.,
+pp. 43, 44, 171, 179). See also <em>Chace dou Cerf</em> and Hard. de Font.
+Guer. Edit. Pichon).</p></li>
+<li><p>The challenge of the hound when on the line. Page 171, we read that a
+hunter should know whether the hounds have retrieved their stag by the
+doubling of their men&eacute;e, <em>i.e.</em> the hounds would make more noise as soon
+as they found the scent or line of flight of the stag they were chasing.
+<em>Men&eacute;e</em> evidently meant the sound made by the hound when actually
+following the scent, not when baying the game. Later the sense seems to
+have been widened, and a musical hound was said to have <em>la men&eacute;e belle</em>
+(Salnove, p. 246).</p></li>
+<li><p>A note sounded on a horn (<em>see</em> Appendix: Hunting Music). It was the
+signal that the deer was in full flight. It appears to be used in Twici
+to signify the horn-signal blown when the hounds are on the scent of
+hart, boar or wolf, to press the hounds onwards (Twici, p. 23). This
+author says one cannot blow the men&eacute;e for the hare, because it is at one
+time female and another male, and to this Dryden in his notes remarks
+that Twici is perfectly right in saying a man ought not to blow the
+men&eacute;e for a hare; for as every one knows, it is but a rare occurrence
+for a hare to go straight on end like a fox, for they commonly double
+and run rings, in which case if the hounds were pressed, they would
+over-run the scent and probably lose the hare. But he does not explain
+why Twici says if it were always male the men&eacute;e could be blown at it as
+at other beasts, such as the hart, the boar, and the wolf. Is it that a
+male hare will occasionally run a long, straight course of several
+miles, but that the female runs smaller rings and more constantly
+retraces her steps, and therefore the men&eacute;e could never be blown at her?</p></li>
+<li><p>Men&eacute;e was also used in the sense of a signal on a horn.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span></p>
+<p>The &quot;Master of Game&quot; says the <em>men&eacute;es</em> should be sounded on the return
+of the huntsman at the hall or cellar door (p. 179). There was a curious
+old custom which occasioned the blowing of the horn in Westminster
+Abbey. Two <em>men&eacute;es</em> were blown at the high altar of the Abbey on the
+delivery there of eight fallow deer which Henry III. had by charter
+granted as a yearly gift to the Abbot of Westminster and his successors.</p></li>
+</ol></dd>
+<dt>METYNGE,</dt><dd><p> here evidently means meating or feeding. As the &quot;Master of
+Game" says: "or pasturing" as if the two words were synonymous, as
+<em>metinge</em> also was Mid. Eng. for <em>measure</em>, it might have been a deer of
+"high measure and pasturing." But anyhow the two were practically
+identical, for as Twici says: "Harts which are of good pasture. For the
+head grows according to the pasture; good or otherwise." See below:
+<span class="smcap">Meute.</span></p></dd>
+<dt>MEUTE,</dt><dd><p> had several meanings in Old French venery.</p>
+<ol>
+<li><p>The &quot;Master of Game&quot; translated G. de F.'s &quot;grant cerf&quot; as a hart of
+high feeding or pasture. But he omitted to render the following passage:
+"<em>Et s'il est de bonne meute, allons le laisser courre.</em>&quot; The &quot;<em>bonne
+meute</em>&quot; is not translated by &quot;high meating.&quot; It was an expression in use
+to indicate whether the stag was in good company or not. If a
+warrantable stag was accompanied by one or two large stags he was termed
+"<em>Un cerf de bonne mute</em>&quot; (or <em>meute</em>), but if hinds and young stags
+(rascal) were with him he was designated as a "<em>cerf de mauvaise mute</em>.&quot;
+In Roy Modus we read: "<em>La premi&egrave;re est de savoir s'il est de bonne
+mute.</em>&quot;</p>
+<p>Perhaps <em>meute</em> when used in this sense was derived from the old Norman
+word <em>moeta</em>, <em>m&#257;&#275;ta</em>, from <em>m&#333;t</em>, meet, come together. There
+was also an Old Eng. word <em>metta</em> or <em>gemetta,</em> companion.</p></li>
+<li><p>Meute was also used in another sense which is translated by the
+"Master of Game" as <em>haunts</em>, probably
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span>
+the place the deer usually moves in. G. says: &quot;<em>Il prendra
+cong&eacute; de sa meute</em>,&quot; and the &quot;Master of Game&quot; has: &quot;he leaves his
+haunts." If a deer was harboured in a good country for hunting he was
+also called "<em>En belle meute</em>&quot; (D'Yauville, voc. <em>Meute</em>).</p>
+<p>It was in this sense that the &quot;S&eacute;n&eacute;schal de Normandye&quot; answers the
+question of his royal mistress about the stag he himself had harboured
+that morning; he tells her the stag was <em>En belle meute et pays fort</em>.</p></li>
+<li><p><span class="smcap">Meute, mute</span>, a number of hounds, now called a pack or kennel of
+hounds or a cry of hounds.</p></li>
+</ol></dd>
+<dt>MEW,</dt><dd><p> <em>Mue</em>, to shed, cast, or change. &quot;The hart mews his horns,&quot; the
+deer casts his head, or sheds his antlers. From the French <em>muer</em>, and
+the Latin <em>mutare</em>, to change, of hawks to moult.</p></dd>
+<dt>MOVE,</dt><dd><p> <span class="smcap">Meu</span>, Meue, mewe, meeve, old forms of move. To start a hart
+signified to unharbour him, to start him from his lair.</p>
+<p>G. de F. says: <em>Allons le laisser courre</em>; but the word <em>meu</em> or <em>meve</em>
+was also used in Old French in the same way as in English.</p>
+<p>Twici says: <em>Ore vodroi ioe savoir quantez des betes sunt meuz de lymer,
+e quanz des bestes sunt trouez des brachez.... Sire, touz ceaus qe sunt
+enchaces; sunt meuz de lymer. E tous ceaus enquillez sunt trovez de
+brachez.</em> (Now I would wish to know how many beasts are moved by a lymer
+and how many beasts are found by the braches.&mdash;Sir, all those which are
+chased are moved by a lymer. And all those which are hunted up are found
+by braches.) (Line 18; Tristan., i. 4337; Partonopeus de Blois, 607.)</p></dd>
+<dt>MUSE,</dt><dd><p> <em>Meuse</em>. An opening in a fence through which a hare or other
+animal is accustomed to pass. An old proverb says: "'Tis as hard to find
+a hare without a muse, as a woman without scuse."
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span>
+"A hare will pass by the same muses until her death or escape" (Blome,
+p. 92).</p></dd>
+<dt>NUMBLES,</dt><dd><p> M. E. <em>nombles</em>, <em>noumbles</em>; O. F. <em>nombles</em>. The parts of a
+deer between the thighs, that is to say, the liver and kidneys and
+entrails. Part, and sometimes the whole of the numbles were considered
+the right of the huntsman; sometimes the huntsman only got the kidneys,
+and the rest was put aside with the tit-bits reserved for the King or
+chief personage (Turb., pp. 128-129). Numbles by loss of the initial
+letter became umbles (Harrison, vol. i. p. 309), and was sometimes
+written humbles, whence came "humble pie," now only associated with the
+word humble. Humble pie was a pie made of the umbles or numbles of the
+deer, and formerly at hunting feasts was set before the huntsman and his
+followers.</p></dd>
+<dt>OTTER,</dt><dd><p> The Duke of York does not tell us anything of the chase of the
+Otter, but merely refers one at the end of the chapter on "The Nature of
+the Otter" to Milbourne, the King's Otter-hunter, for more information
+and says, "as of all other vermin I speak not" (p. 73). The Otter was
+evidently beneath his notice, as being neither regarded as a beast of
+venery nor of the chase (Twety and Gyfford, Brit. Mus. MS. Vesp. B.
+XII.). But the very fact that the King had an Otter-hunter shows that it
+was a beast not altogether despised, although probably hunted more for
+the value of its skin and for the protection of the fish than for the
+sport.</p>
+<p>The Milbourne referred to by the Duke of York can scarcely be any other
+than the William Melbourne we find mentioned in Henry IV.'s reign as
+"Valet of our Otter-hounds" (Privy Seal, 674/6456, Feb. 18, 1410).</p></dd>
+<dt>PARFET,</dt><dd><p> <em>the perfect</em>. Twici says: <em>Une autre chasce il y ad qe homme
+appele le parfet. Dunkes covient il qe vous corneez en autre maneree....
+E isse chescun homme qest en
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>
+tour vous, que siet de v&eacute;nerie puet conustre en quel point vous
+estes en vostre dedut par vostre corneer</em> (line 111).</p>
+<p>From comparing the various places where the word <em>parfait</em> is employed
+in connection with hunting, it may be concluded that to hunt the
+"<em>Parfet</em>&quot; was when the hounds were on the line of the right stag, to
+sound the "<em>Parfet</em>&quot; was to blow the notes that indicated the hounds
+were hunting the right line. Dryden in his notes to Twici suggests that
+the chase of the <em>parfet</em> was &quot;in opposition to the chase of the
+<em>Forloyng</em>,&quot; that is, when the pack run well together &quot;jostling in close
+array" (Twici, p. 43). But Perfect in the O. F. works seems to us to
+invariably be used, as already said, to indicate that the hounds have
+not taken the change, but are staunch to the right scent. Jacques de
+Br&eacute;z&eacute; says the stag he is hunting joins two great stags, but although
+some of the hounds ran silent for awhile, they still continued staunch
+to their line, and here he uses the word "<em>parfait</em>&quot; (Sen. de Nor., p.
+13).</p>
+<p>Modus also uses it in this sense: <em>Les chiens qui viennent cha&ccedil;ant apr&egrave;s
+le parfait</em> (fol. xix. v). And what is most conclusive is the sense
+given to it in our text: "Should blow to him again the parfyt so that he
+were in his rightes and ellys nought," <em>i.e.</em> the parfyt should only be
+blown if the hound was on the right line (p. 174).</p></dd>
+<dt>PARFYTIERES,</dt><dd><p> the name given in the &quot;Master of Game&quot; to the last relay of
+hounds uncoupled during the chase of the stag. First came the "<em>vaunt
+chase</em>,&quot; and then the &quot;<em>midel</em>,&quot; and then the &quot;<em>parfytieres</em>.&quot; They may
+have been so called from being the last hounds to be uncoupled, being
+those that completed or perfected the pack&mdash;<em>i.e.</em> perfecters, or this
+relay may have derived its name from being composed of some of the
+staunchest hounds from the kennel, those not likely to follow any but
+the right line or the <em>parfyt</em>. It was customary in the old days to keep
+some of the slower and staunchest hounds in the last relay, and to cast
+them only when a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span>
+stag nearing its end rused and foiled, and sought by every means to
+shake off his persecutors (<em>see</em> Appendix: Relays). G. de F. gives the
+names of the three relays simply as <em>La premi&egrave;re bataille</em>, <em>la
+seconde</em>, and <em>la tierce</em> (p. 175).</p></dd>
+<dt>POMELED,</dt><dd><p> spotted, from O. F. <em>pomel&eacute;</em>, spotted like an apple. The
+young of the roedeer are
+born with a reddish brown coat with white spots, which the "Master of
+Game" calls <em>pomeled</em>. This term was also frequently used in Ang.-N., O.
+F., and in the dog-Latin of our ancient records to describe a
+flea-bitten or dappled horse. "<em>His hakenei that was all pomeli gris</em>&quot;
+(Strat.). "<em>Pommeli liardus, gris pommele, Uno equo liardo pomele</em>&quot;
+(Obs. Ward. Acc. 28, Ed. I.). G. de F. does not use this word in
+describing the young of the roe-deer, but says they are born
+"<em>eschaquettes</em>&quot; (p. 40).</p></dd>
+<dt>RACHES,</dt><dd><p> <em>ratches</em> or <em>racches</em>, a dog that hunts by scent. A.-S.
+<em>raecc</em>, a hound, and O. F. and Ang.-N. <em>brache</em>, <em>brachet</em>, <em>bracon</em>,
+<em>braquet</em>; Ger. <em>bracken</em>. Ang.-Lat., <em>brachetus</em>, <em>bracketus</em>.</p>
+<p>Raches were scenting hounds hunting in a pack, later called &quot;running
+hounds," and then simply hounds. Although raches or brachets are
+frequently mentioned in the O. F. and Ang.-N. metrical romances, and in
+various early documents, we have never found any description of them,
+but can only gather what they were from the uses they were put to. We
+find that the bracco was used by the early German tribes to track
+criminals, therefore they were scenting hounds. There is plenty of
+evidence that they were used for stag, wild boar, and buck hunting
+during the Middle Ages. They were coupled together and led by a <em>berner</em>
+or <em>bracennier</em> or <em>braconnier. Braconnier</em> now means poacher, but this
+is only the later meaning; originally braconnier was the leader of the
+bracos, or huntsman (Daurel, p. 337; Bangert, p. 173; Dol. 9188).
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span></p>
+<p>We gather that these brachets of the early Middle Ages were small
+hounds, sometimes entirely white, but generally white with black
+markings. Sometimes they were mottled (<em>bracet mautr&eacute;</em>). One description
+of a <em>braces corant</em> says this hound was as white as a nut, with black
+ears, a black mark on the right flank, and flecked with black
+(Blancadin, 1271; Perc. 17,555, 22,585; Tristan M., 1475, 2261; Tyolet,
+332).</p>
+<p>In the early days in England we find that braches were used to hunt up
+such smaller game as was not unharboured or dislodged by the limer.
+Twici says: "<em>Sire, touz ceaus qe sunt enchaces, sunt meuz de lymer. E
+tous ceaus enquillez sunt trovez de brachez</em>&quot; (<em>see</em> Appendix:
+Acquillez), <em>i.e.</em> All beasts that are enchased are moved by a limer,
+and all those that are hunted up are found by braches (Twici, pp. 2,
+12). Raches are mentioned in the "Boke of St. Albans" among the "<em>Dyvers
+manere of houndes</em>,&quot; and the apprentice to venery is told he should
+speak of "A mute of houndes, a kenell of rachys." He is also informed
+that the hart, the buck, and the boar should be started by a limer, and
+that all "other bestes that huntyd shall be sought for and found by
+Ratches so free." John Hardyng in his Chronicle, speaking of an inroad
+into Scotland by Edward IV., in whose reign he was yet living, said,
+"And take Kennetes and Ratches with you and seeke oute all the forest
+with houndes and hornes as Kynge Edwarde with the long shanks dide." In
+the "Squyer of Low degree" we read that the huntsman came with his
+bugles "and seven score raches at his rechase."</p></dd>
+<dt>RESEEYUOUR,</dt><dd><p> the word the most approaching this to be found in any
+dictionary is under the head of receiver, M. E. <em>receyvour</em>, one who, or
+that which receives. The <em>reseeyuours</em> were most likely those greyhounds
+who received the game, <em>i.e.</em> pulled it down after it had been chased.
+We see in our text that <em>teasers</em> and <em>reseeyuours</em> are mentioned
+together (p. 198). The former
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span>
+were light, swift greyhounds; these were probably slipped first; and the
+latter (Shirley MS. spells <em>resteynours</em>) were the heavy greyhounds
+slipped last, and capable of pulling down a big stag. De Noirmont tells
+us: <em>Ces derniers &eacute;taient surnomm&eacute;s receveours ou
+receveurs</em> (ii. p. 426, and G. de F., p. 177).</p></dd>
+<dt>RELAYS,</dt><dd><p> In the early days of venery the whole pack was not allowed to
+hunt at the commencement of the chase. After the stag had been started
+from his lair by a limer, some hounds were uncoupled and laid on, the
+rest being divided off into relays, which were posted in charge of one
+or more <em>berners</em> along the probable line of the stag, and were
+uncoupled when the hunted stag and the hounds already chasing him had
+passed. There were usually three relays, and two to four couples the
+usual number in each relay, though the number of couples depended, of
+course, on the size of the hunting establishment and the number of
+hounds in the kennel. G. de F. calls these relays simply, premi&egrave;re,
+seconde, and tierce. The "Master of Game" calls the first lot of hounds
+uncoupled the "finders" (p. 165), though this seems rather a misnomer,
+as the harbourer with his limer (<em>see</em> Limer) found and started the
+deer. The <em>vauntchase</em> for the first relay, and the <em>midel</em> speak for
+themselves, but we have little clue to the origin of <em>parfitieres</em> for
+the third relay. Were they so called because they perfected or completed
+the chase, or because they were some of the staunchest hounds who could
+be depended upon to follow the <em>parfit, i.e.</em> the right line of the stag
+or animal hunted? (<em>see</em> Appendix: Parfet). Old authorities seem to have
+differed in opinion as to whether the staunchest and slowest hounds
+should have been put in the first cry or in the last (Roy Modus, fol.
+xvi.; G. de F., p. 178; Lav., Chasse &agrave; Courre, pp. 297-8).</p>
+<p>In the &quot;Boke of St. Albans&quot; we read of the <em>vauntlay</em>, <em>relay</em>, and
+<em>allay</em>. The first was the name given to hounds if they were uncoupled
+and thrown off between
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span>
+the pack and the beast pursued, the relay were the hounds uncoupled
+after the hounds already hunting had passed by; the <em>allay</em> is held:</p>
+<div class="poem">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <span class="i0">&quot;Till all the houndes that be behynd be cum therto<br /></span>
+    <span class="i0">Than let thyn houndes all to geder goo<br /></span>
+    <span class="i0">That is called an <em>allay</em>.&quot;<br /></span>
+  </div>
+</div>
+<p>Instructions concerning when relays should be given always warn the
+<em>berner</em> not to let slip the couples till some of the surest hounds have
+passed on the scent, and till he be sure that the stag they are hunting
+is the right one and not a substitute, <em>i.e.</em> one frightened and put up
+by the hunted stag. The "Master of Game" is careful also to say: "Take
+care that thou <em>vauntlay</em> not&quot; (p. 169).</p>
+<p>The discontinuing of relays seemed to have been begun first in Normandy
+and probably about the same time in England.</p>
+<p>In France the three relays of greyhounds which were used were called
+<em>Levriers d'estric&mdash;i.e.</em> those which were first let slip; <em>levriers de
+flanc</em>, those that attacked from the side; and <em>levriers de t&ecirc;te</em>, those
+that bar the passage in front of the game or head it, terms that
+correspond with our vauntlay, allay, and relay. In the "Master of
+Game's" chapter on the wolf these relays of greyhounds are indicated (p.
+59).</p></dd>
+<dt>RIOT,</dt><dd><p> The &quot;Master of Game's&quot; statement on p. 74 that no other wild beast
+in England is called ryott save the coney only has called forth many
+suggestions as to the origin of this name being applied to the rabbit,
+and the connection between riot, a noise or brawl, and the rabbit. The
+word riot is represented in M. E. and O. F. by <em>riote</em>, in Prov.
+<em>riota</em>, Ital. <em>riotta</em>, and in all these languages it had the same
+signification, <em>i.e.</em> a brawl, a dispute, an uproar, a quarrel (Skeat).</p>
+<p>Diez conjectures the F. <em>riote</em> to stand for <em>rivote</em>, and refers to O.
+H. G. <em>riben</em>, G. <em>reiben</em>, to grate, to rub (orig.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span>
+perhaps to rive, to rend). From German, <em>sich an einem reiben</em>, to mock,
+to attack, to provoke one; lit. to rub oneself against one.</p>
+<p>Rabbit, which is in O. Dutch robbe, has probably the same origin from
+<em>reiben</em>.</p>
+<p>The etymology and connection, if any, between the two words rabbit and
+riot is difficult to determine. It is very probable that the rabbit was
+called <em>riot</em> from producing a brawling when the hounds came across one.
+The term "running <em>riot</em>&quot; may well be derived from a hunting phrase.</p></dd>
+<dt>ROE,</dt><dd><p> The error regarding the October rut into which G. de F. and the
+Duke of York fell was one to which the naturalists of much later times
+subscribed, for it was left to Dr. Ziegler and to Dr. Bischoff, the
+Professor of Physiology at Heidelberg, to demonstrate in 1843 the true
+history of the gestation of the roe, which for more than a century had
+been a hotly disputed problem. On that occasion it was shown with
+scientific positiveness that the true rut of the roe takes place about
+the end of July or first week in August, and that the ovum does not
+reach the uterus for several months, so that the first development of
+the embryo does not commence before the middle of December.</p></dd>
+<dt>RUNNING HOUNDS AND RACHES (F. <em>chiens courants</em>),</dt><dd><p> Under this heading we
+include all such dogs as hunted by scent in packs, whatever the game
+they pursued might be. They appear in the early records of our kings as
+<em>Canes de Mota</em>, <em>Canes currentes</em>, and as <em>Sousos</em> (scenting hounds)
+(Close Rolls 7 John; Mag. Rot. 4, John Rot. 10; 4 Henry III.), and are
+mentioned specifically as <em>cervericiis</em>, <em>deimericiis</em>, as <em>Heyrectorum</em>
+(harriers) or <em>canes heirettes</em>, and foxhounds as <em>gupillerettis</em> or
+<em>wulpericiis</em> (Close Rolls, 15 John).</p>
+<p>The Anglo-Saxon word <em>Hundas</em>, hound, was a general name for any dog;
+the dog for the chase in Anglo-Saxon
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span>
+times being distinguished by the prefix <em>Ren</em>, making <em>ren hund</em>.</p>
+<p>Gradually the word dog superseded the word hound, and the latter was
+only retained to designate a "scenting" dog. Dr. Caius, writing to Dr.
+Gesner, remarks in his book: "Thus much also understand, that as in your
+language <em>Hunde</em> is the common word, so in our naturall tounge dogge is
+the universall, but <em>Hunde</em> is perticular and a speciall, for it
+signifieth such a dogge onely as serveth to hunt" (Caius, p. 40). (<em>See</em>
+Appendix: Raches.) Running hounds was a very literal translation of the
+French <em>chiens courants</em>, and as the descriptive chapter given in our
+text is as literal a rendering from G. de F. there is no information
+that helps us to piece together the ancestry of the modern English
+hound. We do not know what breed were in the royal kennels in the reign
+of Henry IV., but probably some descendants of those brought to this
+country by the Normans, about the origin of which breed nothing seems
+known.</p>
+<p><em>Keep of Hounds.</em> The usual cost of the keep of a hound at the time of
+our MS. was a halfpenny a day, of a greyhound three farthings, and of a
+limer or bloodhound one penny a day.</p>
+<p>However for the royal harthounds an allowance of three farthings a day
+was made for each hound (Q. R. Acc. 1407), and we also find occasionally
+that only a halfpenny a day was made for the keep of a greyhound. In
+Edward I.'s reign a halfpenny a day was the allowance made for fox- and
+otter-hounds (14, 15, 31, 32, 34, Edward I. Ward. Acc.), and sometimes
+three farthings and sometimes a halfpenny a day for a greyhound. The
+Master of Buckhounds was allowed a halfpenny a day each for his hounds
+and greyhounds.</p>
+<p>In the reign of Richard III. the Master of Harthounds was allowed 3s.
+3d. a day "for the mete of forty dogs and twelve greyhounds and
+threepence a day for three limers" (Rolls of Parl., vol. v. p. 16).</p>
+<p>The &quot;Boke of Curtasye&quot; (fourteenth century, Percy
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span>
+Society, iv. p. 26), gives us information which quite agrees with the
+payments entered in the Wardrobe and other accounts of the King's
+hunting establishment. And under the head of <em>De Pistore</em> we find the
+baker is told to make loaves for the hounds:</p>
+<div class="poem">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <span class="i0">&quot;Manchet and chet to make brom bred hard<br /></span>
+    <span class="i0">ffor chaundeler and grehoundes and huntes reward.&quot;<br /></span>
+  </div>
+</div>
+<p>Chet, a word not in use since the seventeenth century, meant wheaten
+bread of the second quality, made of flour more coarsely sifted than
+that used for manchet, which was the finest quality.</p>
+<p>Brom bread was oaten bread, and probably was very much the same as a
+modern dog biscuit.</p>
+<p>One of the ancient feudal rights was that of obtaining bran from the
+vassals for the hounds' bread, known as the right of brennage, from
+bren, bran.</p>
+<p>Although bread was the staple food given to hounds, yet they were also
+provided with meat. At the end of a day's hunting they received a
+portion of the game killed (<em>see</em> Cur&eacute;e), and if this was not sufficient
+or it was not the hunting season game was expressly killed for them. In
+a decree from King John to William Pratell and the Bailiffs of Falke de
+Breaut of the Isle of Ely, the latter are commanded to find bread and
+paste for the hounds as they may require, "and to let them hunt
+sometimes in the Bishops chase for the flesh upon which they are fed"
+(Close Roll, 17 John). In an extract from the Wardrobe Accounts of 6
+Edward I. we find a payment was made of 40s. by the King to one Bernard
+King for his quarry for two years past on which the King's dogs had been
+fed (MS. Phillipps, 8676).</p>
+<p>We find also that &quot;Pantryes, Chippinges and broken bread&quot; were given to
+the hounds, <em>Chippings</em> being frequently mentioned in the royal accounts
+as well as meat for the hounds (Liber Niger Domus Ed. IV.; Collection of
+Ordinances of the Royal Households; Jesse, ii. 125; Privy Purse Expenses
+Henry VIII. 1529-1532).
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span></p>
+<p>The cost of the keep of some of the King's hounds were paid for out of
+the exchequer, others were paid from the revenues and outgoings of
+various counties, and an immense number were kept by subjects who held
+land from the crown <em>by serjeantry</em> or <em>in capite</em> of keeping a stated
+number of running hounds, greyhounds, and brachets, &amp;c., for the King's
+use (Blount's Ancient Tenures, Plac. Chron. 12, 13 Ed. I.; Issue Roll 25
+Henry VI.; Domesday, tom. i. fol. 57 v).</p>
+<p>We see by the early records of our kings that a pack of hounds did not
+always remain stationary and hunt within easy reach of their kennels,
+but were sent from one part of the kingdom to another to hunt where game
+was most plentiful or where there was most vermin to be destroyed. As
+early as Edward I.'s reign we find conveyances were sometimes provided
+for hounds when they went on long journeys. Thomas de Candore or
+Candovere and Robert le Sanser (also called Salsar), huntsmen of the
+stag and buckhounds (Close Rolls 49 Henry III.; 6, 8 Ed. I.), were paid
+for a horse-litter for fifty-nine days for the use of their sixty-six
+hounds and five limers (Ward. Acc. 14, 15 Ed. I.). And as late as Henry
+VIII.'s time the hounds seemed to travel about considerable distances,
+as in the Privy Purse expenses of that King the cart covered with canvas
+for the use of his hounds is a frequently recurring item.</p></dd>
+<dt>SCANTILON,</dt><dd><p> O. F. <em>eschantillon</em>, Mid. Eng. <em>Scantilon</em>, Mod. Eng.
+scantling, mason's rule, a measure; the huntsman is continually told to
+take a <em>scantilon</em>, that is, a measure, of the slot or footprint of the
+deer, so as to be able to show it at the meet, that with this measure
+and the examination of the droppings which the huntsman was also to
+bring with him the Master of the Game could judge if the man had
+harboured a warrantable deer (<em>see</em> Appendix: Slot and Trace).</p></dd>
+<dt>SEASONS OF HUNTING,</dt><dd><p> In medi&aelig;val times
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span>
+the consideration for the larder played a far more important part in
+fixing the seasons for hunting wild beasts than it did in later times,
+the object being to kill the game when in the primest condition.
+Beginning with the&mdash;</p>
+<p><em>Red deer stag</em>: according to Dryden's Twici, p. 24 (source not given),
+the season began at the Nativity of St. John the Baptist (June 24), and
+<em>ended</em> Holyrood Day (September 14). Our text of the &quot;Master of Game&quot;
+nowhere expressly states when the stag-hunting begins or terminates, but
+as he speaks of how to judge a hart from its fumes in the month of April
+and May (p. 30), and further says that harts run best from the "entry of
+May into St. John's tide" (p. 35), we might infer that they were hunted
+from May on. He also says that the season for hind-hunting begins when
+the season of the hart ends and lasteth till Lent. But as this part of
+the book was a mere translation from G. de F. it is no certain guide to
+the hunting seasons in England. The Stag-hunting season in France, the
+<em>cervaison</em>, as it was called, began at the <em>Sainte Croix de Mai</em> (May
+3rd) and lasted to <em>la Sainte Croix de Septembre</em> (Holyrood Day, Sept.
+14), the old French saying being: "<em>Mi Mai, mi teste, mi Juin, mi
+graisse; &agrave; la Magdeleine venaison pleine</em>&quot; (July 22) (Menagier de Paris,
+ii.). And although the stag was probably chiefly hunted in England
+between Midsummer and the middle of September, when they are in the best
+condition, and it was considered the best time to kill them, they were
+probably hunted from May on in the early days in England as they were in
+France. Had this not been customary we imagine the Duke of York would
+have inserted one of his little interpolations in the text he was
+translating, and stated that although the season began in May <em>beyond
+the sea</em>, it only began later in England.</p>
+<p>In Twety and Gyfford we read that the &quot;tyme of grece, begynnyth alle way
+atte the fest of the Nativyte of Saynt Johan baptist." Later on,
+according to Dryden,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span>
+the season of the stag began two weeks after Midsummer (July 8).</p>
+<p><em>Red deer hind</em>, Holyrood Day (Sept. 14) to Candlemas (Feb. 2) (Twici,
+p. 24; Man., p. 181). According to others the hind and the doe season
+ends on Twelfth-day or Epiphany (Jan. 6).</p>
+<p><em>Fallow deer buck</em>. According to the Forest Laws the season began at the
+Nativity of St. John (June 24) and ended on Holyrood Day (Sept. 14).
+Dryden adds a second date, <em>i.e.</em> two weeks after Midsummer, to the
+former, but does not quote the source.</p>
+<p><em>Fallow doe</em> was hunted from Holyrood Day (Sept. 14) to Candlemas (Feb.
+2).</p>
+<p><em>Roe deer buck</em> was hunted from Easter to Michaelmas (Sept. 29).</p>
+<p><em>Roe doe</em>, Michaelmas to Candlemas.</p>
+<p><em>Hare</em>. According to the Forest Laws (Man., 176) the season commenced
+Michaelmas (Sept. 29) and ended at Midsummer (June 24); Dryden in his
+notes in Twici states that it commenced at Michaelmas and ended at
+Candlemas (Feb. 2), while the "Boke of St. Albans" gives the same date
+as the first-named in Manwood. According to the "Master of Game" the
+hare seems to have enjoyed no close season, as G. de F.'s assertion that
+the hunting of the hare "lasteth all the year" is also translated
+without comment (p. 14): <em>Et le peut chassier toute l'ann&eacute;e, en quelque
+temps que ce soit quar touzjours sa sayson dure</em> (G de F., p. 204).</p>
+<p>In Twety and Gyfford we also find that &quot;The hare is alway in season to
+be chasyd."</p>
+<p>In the sixteenth century in France the hare-hunting season was from the
+middle of September till the middle of April (Du Fouilloux, p. 51; De
+Noir., ii. p. 476). In England the same season seems to have been
+observed (Blome, p. 91).</p>
+<p><em>Wild boar.</em> According to the Forest Laws (Manwood and Twici), the boar
+was hunted from Christmas Day to Candlemas (Feb. 2), but we have
+evidence that boar-hunting
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>
+usually began earlier. The boar was in his prime condition when acorns,
+beechmast, and chestnuts were plentiful, and was considered in season
+from Michaelmas to St. Martin's Day (Roy Modus, xxxi.), and by some even
+from Holyrood Day (Bornam, p. 100; Part, de Blois, 525).</p>
+<p>The huntsmen of King John of England were sent to hunt in the forest of
+Cnappe in order to take two or three boars a day in November. King
+John's letter giving instructions on this point to one Rowland Bloet is
+dated 8th November 1215 (Jesse, ii. 32).</p>
+<p><em>Wolf.</em> According to the Forest Laws, in the book already quoted, the
+season during which the wolf was hunted began at Christmas and ended at
+the Annunciation (March 25), but considering the destruction wrought by
+this beast it is far more likely that it was hunted throughout the year.</p>
+<p><em>Fox.</em> According to the Forest Laws the season opened on Christmas Day
+and ended on March 25, but nevertheless the fox was hunted early in the
+autumn, for we have it on Twety and Gyfford's authority that "the sesoun
+of the fox begynneth at the natyvite of owre Lady, and durryth til the
+Annunciacion" (Sept. 8 to March 25).</p>
+<p>The &quot;Boke of St. Albans&quot; gives the season of the fox and wolf from the
+Nativity to the Annunciation of Our Lady and that of the boar from the
+Nativity to the Purification of Our Lady. Manwood and other accepted
+authorities quote the above as alluding to the Nativity of Christ,
+whereas the Nativity of Our Lady, Sept. 8, was intended, thereby
+creating some confusion.</p>
+<p>According to the Wardrobe Accounts of Edward I. the foxhunting season began on 1st September
+(Ward. Acc. Ed. I. 1299-1300).</p>
+<p>No doubt one of the reasons why the fox was not hunted earlier in the
+year was on account of the fur, which was of course of less use or value
+if obtained in summer.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span></p>
+<p><em>Otter.</em> The Forest Laws give the season as from Shrove Tide (Feb. 22)
+to Midsummer (June 24), but we find that in King John's reign the otter
+was hunted in July (Close Rolls 14 John I.).</p>
+<p><em>Martin</em>, <em>badger</em>, <em>and rabbit</em> were hunted at all seasons of the year.</p></dd>
+<dt>SNARES,</dt><dd><p> No work dealing with the chase of wild animals in medi&aelig;val times
+would be complete were it to omit all reference to snares, traps, gins,
+pitfalls, and other devices to take game other than by hunting. The
+"Master of Game" mentions the subject but briefly, saying, "Truly I trow
+no good hunter would slay them so for no good," but "Gaston Ph&oelig;bus"
+contains seventeen short chapters in which the author as well as the
+miniaturist describe the various contrivances then in use, although the
+same disdain of these unsportsmanlike methods is expressed by G. de F.
+that marks the Duke of York's pages. In the first edition of the present
+work will be found descriptions of the principal snares used in the
+Middle Ages.</p></dd>
+<dt>SPANIEL,</dt><dd><p> It is difficult to say at what date these dogs were first
+introduced into our country; we only know that by the second half of the
+sixteenth century spaniels were a common dog in England. In Dr. Caius's
+time the breed was "in full being." He mentions land spaniels, setters,
+and water spaniels, besides the small spaniels which were kept as pet
+and lap dogs. That the breed was not then a recent importation we may
+infer from the fact that, when speaking of the water spaniel and giving
+the derivation of the name, Dr. Caius says: "Not that England wanted
+suche kinde of dogges (for they are naturally bred and ingendered in
+this country). But because they beare the general and common name of
+these dogs synce the time when they were first brought over out of
+Spaine."</p>
+<p>The chapter in the &quot;Master of Game&quot; on this dog,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span>
+being translated from G. de F., unfortunately throws no light on the
+history of the spaniel in England, although we imagine that, had there
+been no such hounds in our island at the time, the Duke would have made
+some such remark as he has in other parts of his book of their being a
+"manner of" hound as "men have beyond the sea, but not as we have here
+in England."</p>
+<p>In his time the spaniel had enjoyed popularity in France for some two
+centuries, and there was such continual communication between France and
+England in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries that it would have
+been indeed strange if this most useful dog for the then favourite and
+universal sport of hawking had not been brought to England long before
+his time. We may conclude that the "gentle hounds for the hawk" of which
+he speaks in his Prologue were not spaniels.</p></dd>
+<dt>SPAY,</dt><dd><p> The usual meaning of this word (castrating females) given in all
+dictionaries is clearly inapplicable on this occasion (p. 174), where it
+undoubtedly means killing a stag with a sword, probably derived from the
+Italian <em>spada</em>. When the velvet was once off the antlers the stag at
+bay was usually despatched with the bow, for it was then dangerous to
+approach him close enough to do so with the sword. When achieved by bold
+hunters, as it occasionally was, it was accounted a feat of skill and
+courage.</p></dd>
+<dt>STABLES,</dt><dd><p> O. F. <em>establie</em>, a garrison, a station. Huntsmen and kennelmen
+with hounds in leash, whose duty it was to take up a post or stand
+assigned to them during the chase, were called stables. We have
+<em>Stabilitiones venationis</em> that are mentioned in Domesday (i. fol. 56b
+and fol. 252). In Ellis's introduction to Domesday he says:
+"<em>Stabilitio</em> meant stalling the deer. To drive the Deer and other Game
+from all quarters to the centre of a gradually contracted circle where
+they were compelled
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span>
+to stand, was <em>stabilitio</em>.&quot; Malmesbury, Scriptores, post Bedam, edit.
+1596, p. 44, speaking of the mildness of Edward the Confessor's temper,
+says, "<em>Dum quadam vice venatum isset, et agrestis quidam Stabulata
+illa, quibus in casses cervi urgentur, confudisset, ille sua nobili
+percitus ira, per Deum, inquit, et matrem ejus tantundem tibi nocebo, si
+potero</em>&quot; (Ellis, i. 112).</p>
+<p>We see, however, at a later date from Twici and the &quot;Master of Game&quot;
+that the watchers or stables they allude to were stationary&mdash;and did not
+drive the game as described in above.</p>
+<p>These stations of huntsmen and hounds were placed at intervals round the
+quarter of the forest to be driven or hunted in with hounds to move the
+game, so that the hounds could be slipped at any game escaping;
+sometimes they were to make a noise, and thus blench or head the game
+back. In French such a chase was called a <em>Chasse &agrave; t&icirc;tre</em> (Lav.
+xxviii.), the word <em>t&icirc;tre</em> meaning net or tape, but in this case used
+figuratively. Our "Master of Game" evidently placed these stations to
+keep the game within the boundaries so as to force it to pass the stand
+of the King. Twici describes these stations of huntsmen, using the word
+<em>establie</em>. &quot;The bounds are those which are set up of archers, and of
+greyhounds (<em>lefrers et de establie</em>) and watchers, and on that account
+I have blown one moot and recheated on the hounds. You hunter, do you
+wish to follow the chase? Yes, if that beast should be one that is
+hunted up (<em>enquillee</em>), or chased I will follow it. If so it should
+happen that the hounds should be gone out of bounds then I wish to blow
+a moot and stroke after my hounds to have them back" (Twici, p. 6).</p>
+<p>It was the duty of certain tenants to attend the King's hunts and act as
+part of the stable. In Hereford one person went from each house to the
+stand or station in the wood at the time of the survey (Gen.
+Introduction Domesday, Ellis, i. 195). From Shrewsbury the principal
+burgesses who had horses attended the King when he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>
+went hunting, and the sheriff sent thirty-six men on foot to the
+deer-stand while the King remained there.</p>
+<p><em>Stable-stand</em> was the place where these <em>stables</em> were posted or &quot;set,&quot;
+and the word was also used to denote the place where archers were posted
+to shoot at driven game. Such stands were raised platforms in some drive
+or on some boundary of the forest, sometimes erected between the
+branches of a tree, so that the sportsman could be well hidden. A good
+woodcut of what was probably intended to represent a "stand" is in the
+first edition of Turbervile's "Arte of V&eacute;nerie," representing Queen
+Elizabeth receiving her huntsman's report.</p>
+<p>There is no mention made of raised stands in our text, but with or
+without such erections the position taken up by the shooters to await
+the game was called his <em>standing</em> or <em>tryste</em>, and a bower of branches
+was made, to shelter the occupant from sun and rain, as well as to hide
+him from the game. Such arbours were called <em>Berceau</em> or <em>Berceil</em> in
+Old French, from the word <em>berser</em>, to shoot with a bow and arrow; they
+were also called <em>ramiers</em> and <em>folies</em>, from rames or branches, and
+folia, leaves, with which they were made or disguised (Noir., iii. p.
+354).</p>
+<p>Manwood tells us that <em>Stable-stand</em> was one of four &quot;manners in which
+if a man were found, in the forest, he could be arrested as a poacher or
+trespasser," and says: "Stable-stand is where one is found at his
+standing ready to shoot at any Deer, or standing close by a tree with
+Greyhounds in his leash ready to let slip" (Man., p. 193).</p></dd>
+<dt>STANKES,</dt><dd><p> or layes; tanks or pools, large meers. Gaston says: <em>Estancs et
+autres mares ou marrh&eacute;s</em> (G. de F., p. 21). Stank house was a moated
+house. A ditch or moat filled with water was called a tank.</p></dd>
+<dt>TACHE,</dt><dd><p> or tecche, Mid. Eng. for a habit, especially a bad habit, vice,
+freak, caprice, behaviour, from the O. F. <em>tache</em>, a spot, a stain, or
+blemish; also a disgrace, a blot on a man's good name. In the older use
+it was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span>
+applied both to good as well as bad qualities, as in our text.</p></dd>
+<dt>TAW,</dt><dd><p> to makes hides into leather; tawer, the maker of white leather. In
+the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, in the days of the strict
+guilds, a sharp line was drawn between tawers and tanners, and a tawer
+was not allowed to tan nor a tanner to taw (Wylie, vol. iii. p. 195). No
+tawers were allowed to live in the Forest according to the ancient
+forest laws.</p>
+<p>&quot;If any white Tawer live in a Forest, he shall be removed and pay a
+Fine, for they are the common dressers of skins of stolen deer" (Itin.
+Lanc. fol. 7, quoted by Manwood, p. 161).</p></dd>
+<dt>TEAZER,</dt><dd><p> or <em>teaser</em>. &quot;A kind of mongrel greyhound whose business is to
+drive away the deer before the Greyhounds are slipt," is the definition
+given by Blome (p. 96). These dogs were used to hunt up the game also
+when the deer was to be shot with the bow. The sportsmen would be
+standing at their trysts or stable-stand in some alley or glade of the
+wood, and the hounds be put into the covert or park "<em>to tease them
+forth</em>.&quot;</p></dd>
+<dt>TRACE,</dt><dd><p> slot, or footprint of deer. In O. F. and Ang.-N. literature the
+word trace seems to have been used indifferently for the track of the
+stag, wild boar, or any game (Borman, notes 147, 236, 237). G. de F.
+expressly says that the footprint of the deer should not be called
+<em>trace</em> but <em>voyes</em> or <em>pi&eacute;s</em> (view or foot), yet the &quot;Master of Game&quot;
+in his rendering says: "Of the hart ye shall say 'trace,'" so evidently
+that was the proper sporting term in England at the time. When slot
+entirely superseded the word trace amongst sportsmen it is difficult to
+determine. Turbervile uses slot, and in the beginning of the seventeenth
+century it seems the general term for the footprint of deer (Man., p.
+180; Stuart Glossary, vol. ii.; Blome, p. 76). Slot, it may be
+contended,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span>
+is as old a word as trace, but in Mid. Eng. it was employed as a general
+term for a foot-track or marking of any animal. The trace or slot was
+one of the signs of a stag, that is the mark by which an experienced
+huntsman could recognise the age, size, and sex of the deer.</p>
+<p>The old stag leaves a blunter print with a wider heel than a hind, but
+it is difficult to distinguish the slot of a hind from that of a young
+stag. Although the latter has invariably a bigger heel and makes deeper
+marks with his dewclaws,
+yet his toes are narrow and pointed, their edges are sharp, and the
+distance between his steps is somewhat unequal, all of which may lead
+his slotting to be mistaken for the tracks of a hind. "He has found what
+he wanted," says Dr. Collyns, when speaking of the harbourer, "the
+rounded track, the blunted toe point, the widespread mark, the fresh
+slot, in short, of a stag" ("Chase of the Red Deer").</p>
+<p>The huntsman of old used to consider that any slot into which four
+fingers could be placed with ease belonged to a warrantable stag (some
+declared a stag of ten). That would mean that the slot would be about
+three inches wide, if not more. I believe two and a half inches is
+considered a fair measurement for mark of the heel by Devonshire
+stag-hunters, who alone in England concern themselves with the
+differences in the slot, as they only chase the wild deer. No such
+woodcraft is necessary for the chase of the carted deer, and as long as
+the master and huntsman can distinguish the footprint of a deer from
+that of any other animal, that is all that is required of them in this
+matter. The stepping or gait of a stag is also a sign that was taken
+into consideration. The old stag walks more equally, and generally
+places the point of his hind feet in the heel of his fore feet. The gait
+of a hind is more uncertain; it is said she misprints, that is sometimes
+the hind foot will be placed beside the fore foot, sometimes inside or
+in front of it. She is not even so regular in her gait as a young stag,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span>
+
+unless she is with fawn, when she will place her hind feet constantly
+outside her fore feet. A hind walks with wide-spreading claws, so does a
+young stag with his fore feet, but those of his hind feet will be
+closed. The larger the print of the fore feet are in comparison to the
+hind feet the older the stag.</p>
+<p>The underneath edge of the claws round the hollow of the sole was called
+the <em>esponde</em> (sponde, edge or border). In older stags they were blunter
+and more worn, and in hinds and younger deer sharper, unless indeed the
+stag inhabited a damp and mossy country, where the <em>esponde</em> would not
+be so much worn down as if he lived on a rocky or stony ground. (G. de
+F., 155, 129-145; Lav., p. 246; Stuart, p. 58; Fortescue, p. 133). And
+thus did the woodmen of old study the book of nature, which told them
+all they wished to know, and found for them better illustrations than
+any art could give.</p></dd>
+<dt>TRYST,</dt><dd><p> in the language of sport, was the place or stand where the hunter
+took up his position to await the game he wished to shoot. The game
+might be driven to him by hounds, or he might so place himself as to
+shoot as the game went to and from their lair to their pasturing (<em>see</em>
+Appendix: Stables and Stable-stand). In French it was called shooting <em>&agrave;
+l'affut</em>, from <em>ad fustem</em>, near the wood, because the shooter leant his
+back to, or hid behind a tree, so that the game should not see him.</p>
+<p>In our MS. we are told that Alaunts are good for hunting the wild boar
+whether it be with greyhounds, at the "tryst," or with running hounds at
+bay within the covert. The tryst here would be the place where a man
+would be stationed to slip the dogs at the wild boar as soon as he broke
+covert, or after the huntsman had wounded the boar with a shot from his
+long or cross-bow (p. 118).</p></dd>
+<dt>VELTRES,</dt><dd><p> <em>velteres</em>, <em>veltrai</em>. A dog used for the chase, a hound.
+Probably derived from the Gaelic words
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span>
+<em>ver</em>, large or long, and <em>traith</em>, a step or course, <em>vertragus</em> being
+the name by which according to Arian, the Gauls designated a swift hound
+(Blanc, 52).</p></dd>
+<dt>WANLACE,</dt><dd><p> Winding in the chase (Halliwell). In the sentence in which this
+word is used in the chapter on the Mastiff (p. 122) we are told that
+some of these dogs "fallen to be berslettis and also to bring well and
+fast a wanlace about." Which probably means that some of these dogs
+become shooting dogs, and could hunt up the game to the shooter well and
+fast by ranging or circling. <em>Wanlasour</em> is an obsolete name for one who
+drives game (Strat.).</p>
+<p>In Brit. Mus. MS. Lansdowne 285 there is an interesting reference to
+setting the forest "with archers or with Greyhounds or with
+Wanlassours."</p></dd>
+<dt>WILD BOAR,</dt><dd><p> These animals were denizens of the British forests from the
+most remote ages, and probably were still numerous there at the time our
+MS. was penned. For although the Duke of York has only translated one of
+the eleven chapters relating to the natural history, chase, or capture
+by traps of the wild boar, and does not give us any original remarks
+upon the hunting of them, as he has of the stag and the hare, still it
+was most likely because he considered these two the royal sport <em>par
+excellence</em>, and not because there were none to hunt in England in his
+day. If the latter had been the case, he would in all probability have
+omitted even the chapter he does give us, as he has done with those
+written by Gaston de Foix on the deer, the reindeer, and the ibex and
+chamois (p. 160).</p>
+<p>In some doggerel verses which are prefixed to &quot;Le venery de Twety and
+Gyfford" (in Vesp. B. XII.), the wild boar is classed as a beast of
+venery. In the a "Boke of St. Albans" the wild boar is also mentioned as
+a beast of venery.</p>
+<p>When Fitzstephen wrote his description of London in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>
+1174, he says wild boars as well as other animals frequented the forests
+surrounding London, and it would certainly be a long time after this
+before these animals could have been extirpated from the wild forests in
+more remote parts of the country.</p>
+<p><em>Sounder</em> is the technical term for a herd of wild swine. &quot;How many
+herdes be there of bestes of venery? Sire of hertis, or bisses, of
+bukkes and of doos. A soundre of wylde swyne. A bevy of Roos" (Twety and
+Gyfford). In the French Twici we have also <em>Soundre dez porcs</em>.</p>
+<p><em>Farrow</em> (Sub.) was a term for a young pig, in Mid. Eng. <em>farh</em>, <em>far</em>,
+Old Eng. <em>fearh</em> (Strat.). Farrow (verb) was the term used when sows
+gave birth to young.</p>
+<p>G. de F. says that wild boars can wind acorns as far as a bear can (p.
+58), and turning to his chapter on bears, we find that he says that
+bears will wind a feeding of acorns six leagues off!</p>
+<p><em>Routing</em> or rooting. A wild boar is said to root when he is feeding on
+ferns or roots (Turb., pp. 153, 154).</p>
+<p><em>Argus</em>, as our MS. calls the dew-claws of the boar, were in the later
+language of venery called the <em>gards</em> (Blome, p. 102). Twety and Gyfford
+named the dew-claws of the stag <em>os</em> and of the boar <em>ergos</em>. &quot;How many
+bestis bere <em>os</em>, and how many <em>ergos?</em> The hert berith <em>os</em> above, the
+boor and the buk berith <em>ergos</em>.&quot;</p>
+<p><em>Grease</em>, as the fat of the boar or sow was called, was supposed to bear
+medicinal qualities. "And fayre put the grece whan it is take away, In
+the bledder of the boore my chylde I yow pray, For it is a medecine: for
+mony maner pyne" ("Boke of St. Albans").</p></dd>
+<dt>WILD CAT (<em>Felis Catus</em>),</dt><dd><p> which at one time was extremely common in
+England, was included among the beasts of the chase. It is frequently
+mentioned in royal grants giving liberty to enclose forest-land and
+licence to hunt therein.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span></p>
+<p>It was probably more for its skin than for diversion that the wild cat
+was hunted, as its fur was much used for trimming dresses at one time.</p>
+<p>The wild cat is believed to be now extinct, not only in England and
+Wales, but in a great part of the South of Scotland. A writer in the new
+edition of the <em>Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica</em> (art. &quot;Cat&quot;) expresses the
+opinion that the wild cat still exists in Wales and in the North of
+England, but gives no proof of its recent occurrence there.</p>
+<p>Harvie-Brown in his &quot;Vertebrate Fauna of Argyll&quot; (1892) defines the
+limit of the range of the wild cat by a line drawn from Oban to
+Inverness; northward and westward of this line, he states, the animal
+still existed. But there is no doubt that of late years the cessation of
+vermin trapping in many parts of Scotland, which has caused a marked
+increase in the golden eagle, has had the same effect upon the wild cat.</p>
+<p>The natural history chapter of the wild cat is taken by the Duke of York
+from G. de F.; did we not know this, some confusion might have arisen
+through the fact being mentioned that there are several kinds of wild
+cat, whereas only one was known to the British Isles. G. de F. says
+there were wild cats as large as leopards which went by the name of
+<em>loups-serviers</em> or <em>cat wolves</em>, both of which names he declares to be
+misnomers. He evidently refers to the <em>Felis Lynx</em> or <em>Lynx vulgaris</em>,
+which he properly classes as a "manner of wild cat," although some of
+the ancient writers have classed them as wolves (Pliny, Lib. viii. cap.
+34).</p></dd>
+<dt>WOLF,</dt><dd><p> For a long time it was a popular delusion that wolves had been
+entirely exterminated in England and Wales in the reign of the Saxon
+King Edgar (956-957), but Mr. J. E. Harting has by his researches proved
+beyond doubt that they existed some centuries later, and did not
+entirely disappear until the reign of Henry VII. (1485-1509).
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span></p></dd>
+<dt>WORMING A DOG,</dt><dd><p> This was supposed to be a preventive to the power of a
+mad dog's bite. It was a superstition promulgated in very early times,
+and seems to have been believed in until comparatively recent times. We
+find it repeated in one book of venery after another, French, English,
+and German: in England by our author, Turbervile, Markham, and others.</p>
+<p>Pliny suggests this operation, and he quotes Columna as to the efficacy
+of cutting off a dog's tail when he is very young (Pliny, chap. xli.).</p>
+<p>G. de F. and the Duke of York are careful to say that they only give the
+remedy for what it is worth, the latter saying: "Thereof make I no
+affirmation," and further on: "Notwithstanding that men call it a worm
+it is but a great vein that hounds have underneath their tongue" (p.
+87).</p></dd>
+</dl>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="LIST_OF_SOME_BOOKS_CONSULTED"
+id="LIST_OF_SOME_BOOKS_CONSULTED"></a>
+LIST OF SOME BOOKS CONSULTED AND ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TEXT</h2>
+<table class="key" summary="books consulted">
+  <tr>
+    <th><a href="#Abk">A</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Bbk">B</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Cbk">C</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Dbk">D</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Ebk">E</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Fbk">F</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Gbk">G</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Hbk">H</a></th>
+    <th class="reverse">I</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th><a href="#Jbk">J</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Kbk">K</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Lbk">L</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Mbk">M</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Nbk">N</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Obk">O</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Pbk">P</a></th>
+    <th class="reverse">Q</th>
+    <th><a href="#Rbk">R</a></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th><a href="#Sbk">S</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Tbk">T</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Ubk">U</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Vbk">V</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Wbk">W</a></th>
+    <th class="reverse">X</th>
+    <th><a href="#Ybk">Y</a></th>
+    <th class="reverse">Z</th>
+    <th class="reverse"></th>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Abk" id="Abk"></a>Albertus Magnus. <em>De Animalibus.</em> Ed. 1788.</li>
+  <li>&mdash;&mdash; <em>The Secrets of.</em> London, 1617.</li>
+  <li><em>Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales.</em> 1841.</li>
+  <li><em>&mdash;&mdash; Cambria.</em> E. Williams. 1823.</li>
+  <li><em>Anc. Ten.</em>, for <em>Ancient Tenures of Land</em>. By Thomas Blount. London, 1874.</li>
+  <li>Andre&aelig;, E. C. A. <em>Die Geschichte der Jagd.</em> Frankfurt, 1894.</li>
+  <li><em>Arch&aelig;ologia.</em> Pub. by Soc. of Antiq. Beginning 1770.</li>
+  <li>Arcussia, Ch. d'. <em>La Conference des Fauconniers</em> (<em>Cab. de V&eacute;nerie</em>, vii.). 1880.</li>
+  <li>Arkwright, for <em>The Pointer and his Predecessor</em>. By William A. London, 1902. 4to. See Bibliog. in 1st edit.</li>
+  <li><em>Arrow Release, The.</em> By Ed. S. Morse. 1885.</li>
+  <li>Aymon, for <em>Le Roman des quatres fils Aymon</em>. Edit. P. Tarb&eacute;. 1861.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><em><a name="Bbk" id="Bbk"></a>Bad. Lib. Hunt.</em>, for &quot;Badminton Library.&quot; Volume on Hunting by the Duke of Beaufort and Mowbray Morris. Ed. 7. London, 1901. Errors in, see Bibliog. in 1st edit.</li>
+  <li>&mdash;&mdash; vol. on <em>The Poetry of Sport</em>. London, 1896. Errors in, see Bibliog. in 1st edit.</li>
+  <li>Bangert, for <em>Die Tiere des Altfranz. Epos</em>. Von Fried. Bangert. Marburg, 1885.</li>
+  <li>Barri&egrave;re-Flavy, C. <em>Censier du pays de Foix.</em> Toulouse, 1898.</li>
+  <li>Barthold, F. W. <em>Georg von Frundsberg.</em> 1833.</li>
+  <li>Bastard, A. de. <em>Libraire du duc de Berry.</em> Paris, 1834.</li>
+  <li>Baudrillart, for <em>Trait&eacute; des Eaux et For&ecirc;ts, Chasse et P&ecirc;ches.</em> Par M. B. Paris, 1834.</li>
+  <li>Beckford, for <em>Thoughts upon Hare and Fox Hunting.</em> By Peter B.London, 1796.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span></li>
+  <li>Beltz, G. F. <em>Memorials of the Garter.</em> 1841.</li>
+  <li>Berg, L. F. Freiherr. <em>Gesch. der deutschen W&auml;lder.</em> Dresden, 1871.</li>
+  <li>Bertheleti, T., <em>General Collections of Statutes, 1225-1546</em>. London, 1543-51.</li>
+  <li><em>Bib. Accip.</em>, for <em>Bibliotheca Accipitraria</em>. By James Edm. Harting. London, 1891.</li>
+  <li>Blancandin, ed. <em>H. V. Michelant.</em> 1867.</li>
+  <li>Blane, for <em>Cynegetica, or Observations on Hare Hunting</em>. By W. B. London, 1788.</li>
+  <li>Blaze, Elez&eacute;ar. <em>Catalogue d'une Collection.</em> Paris, 1852.</li>
+  <li>&mdash;&mdash;  <em>Le Livre du Roy Modus.</em> Paris, 1839.</li>
+  <li>Blome, for <em>The Gentleman's Recreation</em>. By Richard Blome. London, 1686.</li>
+  <li>Blount, T. <em>A Law Dictionary and Glossary.</em> 1717.</li>
+  <li><em>Bodl. MS. 546</em>, for the MS. of the &quot;Master of Game&quot; in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. See &quot;Existing MSS. of the 'Master of Game'&quot;; see Bibliog. in 1st edit.</li>
+  <li>Borman, for <em>Die Jagd in den Altfranz Artus-und Abenteuer-Romanen</em>. Von Ernst . Marburg, 1887.</li>
+  <li><em>Boldon Book</em>, for <em>Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland</em> (vol. iii.). By Sir Th. Duffus-Hardy. London, 1875.</li>
+  <li><em>B. of St. Albans</em>, for <em>The Boke of St. Albans</em>. Edit. by William Blades. London, 1881. See Bibliog. in 1st edit.</li>
+  <li>&quot;<em>B. of C.</em>&quot; for <em>Boke of Curtasye</em>. 14th cent. poem. Pub. by I. O. Halliwell. Percy Soc. vol. iv.</li>
+  <li>Bonney, for <em>Historic Notices on Fotheringhay</em>. By Rev. H. K. Bonney, Oundle, 1821.</li>
+  <li>Borel, P., <em>Dictionnaire des termes du vieux Fran&ccedil;ois</em>. 2 vols. 1882.</li>
+  <li>Bouton, Victor. <em>L'Auteur du Roy Modus.</em> Paris, 1888.</li>
+  <li>Brachet, Ang. <em>An Etymological Dictionary of the French Language</em> (Clarendon Press). 1866.</li>
+  <li>Brehm, for B.'s <em>Tierleben</em>. 3. ed. Von Dr. Pechuel-Loesche. Leipzig and Wien, 1891.</li>
+  <li>Br&eacute;z&eacute;, Jacque de. <em>La Chasse du grand S&eacute;n&eacute;schal de Normandye.</em> Paris, between 1489 and 1494.</li>
+  <li>Bri&egrave;re, L. de la. <em>Livre de Pri&egrave;res par Gaston Ph&eacute;bus</em> (1835). Paris, 1893.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span></li>
+  <li>Broebel, P. <em>Die F&auml;hrte des Hirsches.</em> Halle, 1854.</li>
+  <li>Browne, for <em>Pseudoxia Epidemica</em>. By Sir Ths. B. 1650.</li>
+  <li><em>Brut.</em>, for <em>Le Roman de Brut</em>. By Wace. Ed. by Le Roux de Lincy. Rouen, 1836-38.</li>
+  <li>Bud&eacute;. <em>Traitte de la V&eacute;nerie.</em> Par B. Ed. H. Chevreul (Paris). 1861.</li>
+  <li>Burrows, Montagu, Prof. <em>The Family of Brocas.</em> 1886.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Cbk" id="Cbk"></a>Caius, for <em>Englishe Dogges.</em> By Johannes Caius. Reprint of ed. of 1576. 1880.</li>
+  <li>Camden, W. <em>Britannia.</em> 1586.</li>
+  <li><em>Canterbury Tales</em>, Chaucer's. Ed. Furnivall. 1868.</li>
+  <li>Castellamonte, A. di. <em>La Venaria reale.</em> Torino, 1674.</li>
+  <li><em>Catalogue of the Duke of Marlborough's Library at White Knight.</em> London, 1819.</li>
+  <li><em>&mdash;&mdash; London</em>, 1881-83.</li>
+  <li><em>&mdash;&mdash; Oxford</em>, 1772.</li>
+  <li>&quot;Cecil,&quot; for <em>Records of the Chase.</em> By &quot;Cecil,&quot; edit. London, 1877. See Bibliog. in 1st edit.</li>
+  <li>Chaffourt, Jacques de. <em>Instructions.</em> Paris, 1609. (2nd ed.)</li>
+  <li>Champgrand, for <em>Trait&eacute; de V&eacute;nerie et Chasse.</em> Par Goury de Champgrand, Paris, 1769.</li>
+  <li>Champollion-Figeac, Aimi. <em>Louis et Charles, ducs d'Orleans.</em> Paris, 1844.</li>
+  <li>Charles d'Orleans, for Charles de Valois. <em>Les po&eacute;sies du duc Charles d'Orleans.</em> Edit. Champollion-Figeac. Paris, 1842.</li>
+  <li>&mdash;&mdash; <em>Charles of Orleans' Poems.</em> Roxburgh Club. Ed. G. W. Taylor. London, 1827.</li>
+  <li>&mdash;&mdash; Edit. by Charles d'H&eacute;ricault. Paris, 1874.</li>
+  <li>Chassant, Alphonse. <em>L'Auteur du Livre du Roy Modus.</em> 1869. See Bibliog. in 1st edit.</li>
+  <li>Chaucer, <em>Minor Poems.</em> Ed. Furnivall. 1871.</li>
+  <li>Ch&eacute;zelles, H. de. <em>Vieille V&eacute;nerie.</em> Paris, 1894.</li>
+  <li><em>Chronique de la tra&iuml;son de Richard II.</em> Eng. Hist. Soc. 1846.</li>
+  <li>Cla., for <em>Li Romans de Claris et Laris.</em> Ed. by Dr. Alton. 1884.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span></li>
+  <li>Clam. <em>La Chasse du Loup.</em> Par Jean de Clamorgan. Paris, 1566.</li>
+  <li><em>Close Rolls</em>, for <em>Calendars of the Close Rolls preserved in the Pub. Rec. Office</em>.</li>
+  <li>Codorniu, J. <em>Etude historique sur Gaston Ph&oelig;bus.</em> Floraux, 1895.</li>
+  <li>Cogho. <em>Des Erstlings Geweih.</em> Leipzig, 1886.</li>
+  <li>Collyns, C. P. <em>The Chase of the Wild Red Deer.</em> London, 1862.</li>
+  <li><em>Compleat Angler.</em> <em>See</em> Walton.</li>
+  <li><em>Com. Sports.</em>, for <em>The Complete Sportsman</em>. By T. Fairfax. London.</li>
+  <li>Corneli, R. <em>Die Jagd.</em> Amsterdam, 1884.</li>
+  <li>Cornish, Ch. J. <em>Shooting.</em> Ed. by Horace G. Hutchinson. 2 vols. (Newnes). London, 1903.</li>
+  <li>Cotgrave. <em>Dictionary.</em> 1679.</li>
+  <li>Cotgrave and Sherwood's <em>Dictionary</em>. 1632.</li>
+  <li>&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; 1673.</li>
+  <li>Cox, Nich. <em>The Gentleman's Recreation.</em> London, 1674.</li>
+  <li><em>Cran. Ch.</em>, for <em>Anecdotes and History of Cranbourne Chase</em>. By Wm. Chafin. London, 1818.</li>
+  <li>Culemann, L. <em>Delineatio Venatus.</em> Hanover, 1564.</li>
+  <li>Cupples, George. <em>Scotch Deerhounds and their Masters.</em> London, 1894.</li>
+  <li>Curmer, L. <em>Verure de J. Foncquet.</em> Paris, 1866.</li>
+  <li><em>Curtasye, Boke of.</em> Ed. by Halliwell. Percy Soc. Pub. Vol. iv.</li>
+  <li><em>Cynegetica.</em> London, 1788.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Dbk" id="Dbk"></a>Dalton, Michael. <em>The Country Justice.</em> 1666.</li>
+  <li>Daniel, W. B. <em>Rural Sports.</em> London, 1801.</li>
+  <li><em>D. et B.</em>, for <em>Daurel et Beton.</em> Ed. by Paul Meyer. Paris, 1880.</li>
+  <li>Dalziel, for <em>British Dogs.</em> By Hugh Dalziel. 3 vols. London, 1887-96.</li>
+  <li><em>Daurel et Beton.</em> Ed. Paul Meyer. Paris, 1880.</li>
+  <li>Duc d'Aumale, for <em>Recueil de la Philobiblion Society.</em> Vol. ii. London, 1855-56.</li>
+  <li>Delacourt, for <em>Le Chasse &agrave; la Haie.</em> Par Peigne Delacourt. P&eacute;ronne, 1872.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span></li>
+  <li>Delisle, L. <em>Inventaire des MSS. de la Biblioth. Nationale.</em> Paris, 1876, &amp;c.</li>
+  <li>De Noir., for <em>Histoire de la Chasse.</em> Par le Baron Dunoyer de Noirmont. Paris, 1876. 3 vols.</li>
+  <li>Dillon, Viscount. <em>Fairholt's Costumes in England.</em> London, 1885.</li>
+  <li>Ditschfield, R. H. <em>Old English Sport.</em> London, 1891.</li>
+  <li>Doebel, H. W. <em>Neuer&ouml;ffnete J&auml;ger Practica.</em> Leipzig, 1783.</li>
+  <li>Dolopathos, for <em>Li Romans de D.</em> Ed. by Brunet et Montaiglon. 1856.</li>
+  <li>Dombrowski, E. von. <em>Die Lehre von dem Zeichen.</em> 1836.</li>
+  <li>Dombrowski, R. von. <em>Allgemeine Encyklopadie der gesammter Forst und Jagdwissenschaft.</em> Wien, 1886.</li>
+  <li><em>Domesday Book.</em> By Henry Ellis (2 vols.). London, 1833.</li>
+  <li>Drake, Francis. <em>Eboracum.</em> London, 1736.</li>
+  <li>Dryden, Alice. <em>Memorials of Northamptonshire.</em> 1903.</li>
+  <li>Dryden, Sir Henry. <em>Twici's Art of Hunting.</em> Middle Hill Press. 1840. See Bibliog. in 1st edit.</li>
+  <li>&mdash;&mdash; <em>Daventry.</em> 1843.</li>
+  <li>&mdash;&mdash; <em>Gaston III. Le livre de la Chasse.</em> Daventry, 1844.</li>
+  <li>Dudik. <em>Kaiser Maximilian's II. Jagdordnung.</em> Wien, 1867.</li>
+  <li>Du Fouil., for <em>La V&eacute;nerie.</em> Par Jacques du Fouilloux. Niort, 1864.</li>
+  <li>Dugdale Bar., for <em>The Baronage of England.</em> 1675.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Ebk" id="Ebk"></a>Eglamoure, for <em>The Romance of E. of Artoys.</em> Camden Soc. 1844.</li>
+  <li>Ellis. See <em>Domesday Book.</em></li>
+  <li>Elyot, Sir Thomas. <em>The Boke named the Governour.</em> Ed. H. H. S. Croft. 1880.</li>
+  <li>Emmanuel John, Infant of Spain. <em>El libro de la Caza.</em> Edit. by G. Baist. Halle, 1880.</li>
+  <li><em>Ency. of Sport</em>, for <em>Encyclop&aelig;dia of Sport.</em> London, 1897.</li>
+  <li>Enslin, Th. Ch. Fr. <em> der Forst and Jagdwissenschaft.</em> Leipzig, 1823.</li>
+  <li>Essenwein, Augst. <em>Quellen zur Geschichte der Feuerwaffen.</em> 1872.</li>
+  <li>Estlander, T., for <em>Pi&egrave;ces inedites du Roman de Tristan.</em> Ed. by C. G. E. Helsingfors. 1867.</li>
+  <li>Evans, D. S. <em>An English and Welsh Dict.</em> 1852-58.</li>
+  <li><em>Ex. Brit. An.</em>, for <em>Extinct British Animals</em>. By J. E. Harting. London, 1880.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span></li>
+  <li><em>Excerpta Historica.</em> London, 1831.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Fbk" id="Fbk"></a>Fleming, H. F. von. <em>Der Volkommene Teutsche J&auml;ger.</em> Leipzig, 1719.</li>
+  <li>Fortescue, Hon. J. W. <em>Records of the Stag-hunting on Exmoor.</em> London, 1887.</li>
+  <li>Foudras, Marquis de. <em>Recits de Chasseurs.</em> Bruxelles, 1858.</li>
+  <li>Fourtier, A. <em>Les grands Louvetiers de France.</em> Paris.</li>
+  <li>Frederic II. <em>Reliqu&aelig; liborum Frederici II.</em> August. Vindob. 1596.</li>
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+<ul class="index">
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+  <li>G. de P., for <em>Roman de Guillaume de Palerne</em>. Ed. H. Michelant. Paris, 1876.</li>
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+<ul class="index">
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+  <li>&mdash;&mdash; Ed. by Michelant. Metz, 1856.</li>
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+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
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+  <li>&mdash;&mdash; <em>La Chasse du Loup.</em> Paris, 1881.</li>
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+  <li><em>La Chace dou Serf.</em> Edited by Baron Jerome Pichon. Paris, 1840. <em>See also</em> Jubinal. See Bibliog. in 1st edit.</li>
+  <li><em>La Chasse Royal</em>, for <em>La Chasse Royale, compos&eacute;e par le Roy Charles IX.</em> Ed. by H. Chevreul. Paris, 1857.</li>
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+  <li>Lallemand. <em>Biblioth&egrave;que historique ... de la Chasse.</em> Rouen, 1763.</li>
+  <li>Lancaster, Henry, Earl of. <em>Expenses of John of Brabant.</em> Camden Soc., 1847.</li>
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+  <li><em>Liber Niger.</em> <em>See</em> Hearne.</li>
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+<ul class="index">
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+  <li><em>Wardrobe Accounts for the reigns of Edward III. to Henry IV.</em></li>
+  <li>Werth, Hermann. <em>&Uuml;ber die &Auml;ltesten franz &Uuml;bersetzungen mittelalt Jagdlehrb&uuml;cher.</em> G&ouml;ttingen, 1888.</li>
+  <li>&mdash;&mdash; <em>Altfranz&ouml;sische Jagdlehrb&uuml;cher.</em> Halle, 1889.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span></li>
+  <li>Whitaker, Joseph. <em>The Deer Parks of England.</em> London, 1892.</li>
+  <li><em>Will. of Palerne.</em> <em>See</em> G. de P.</li>
+  <li>Wright, for <em>A History of Domestic Manners in England.</em> By Thomas Wright. London, 1862.</li>
+  <li>Wylie, for <em>History of England under Henry IV.</em> By James H. Wylie. London, 1884-98. 4 vols.</li>
+  <li>Wynn, for <em>History of the Mastiff.</em> By M. B. Wynn. Melton Mowbray, 1886.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Ybk" id="Ybk"></a>D'Yauville. <em>Trait&eacute; de V&eacute;nerie.</em> Paris, 1688.</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="GLOSSARY" id="GLOSSARY"></a>GLOSSARY<br />
+OF OBSOLETE ENGLISH TERMS AND WORDS OCCURRING IN THE ANCIENT TEXTS OF
+"THE MASTER OF GAME" AND IN APPENDIX.</h2>
+<table class="key" summary="glossary">
+  <tr>
+    <th><a href="#Agl">A</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Bgl">B</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Cgl">C</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Dgl">D</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Egl">E</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Fgl">F</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Ggl">G</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Hgl">H</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Igl">I</a></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th><a href="#Jgl">J</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Kgl">K</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Lgl">L</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Mgl">M</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Ngl">N</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Ogl">O</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Pgl">P</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Qgl">Q</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Rgl">R</a></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th><a href="#Sgl">S</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Tgl">T</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Ugl">U</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Vgl">V</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Wgl">W</a></th>
+    <th class="reverse">X</th>
+    <th><a href="#Ygl">Y</a></th>
+    <th class="reverse">Z</th>
+    <th class="reverse"></th>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Agl" id="Agl">Abai</a></span>, <span class="smcap">abay</span>, being at bay, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Acharneth</span>, <span class="smcap">acharne</span>, to set on, to eat flesh, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Achauf</span>, heat, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Acquiller</span>, <span class="smcap">enquiller</span>, to rouse animals of the chase with hounds, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Aferaunt</span>, the haunch, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Affeted</span>, fashioned, trained, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Aforce</span>, <em>par force</em>, by force, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Aiguillounce</span>, thorny</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Akelid</span>, cooled, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Akire</span>, <span class="smcap">Akkerne</span>, acorns, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Alauntis</span>, <span class="smcap">alauntz</span>, <span class="smcap">alond</span>, allans or allauntes, a large hound, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116-8</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Alvelue</span>, covered with fleece, fat or woolly substance, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Analed</span>, for <em>avaled</em>, hanging down, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Anceps</span>, <span class="smcap">haussepied</span>, a snare which caught the game by the foot and lifted it into the air, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Anches</span>, rosemary</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Apel</span>, French hunting-note, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Aperyng</span>, stoned, the roughness of antlers, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Apparaille</span>, dressed venison</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Arbitten</span>, bitten, devoured</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Arblast</span>, cross-bow, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Areche</span>, reach, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Arere</span>, <em>arri&egrave;re</em>, behind, back there, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Areyn</span>, spider, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Areyn</span>, rain, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Arracher</span>, to tear out; a term used for skinning certain animals, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Asaute</span>, <span class="smcap">saute</span>, in heat, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ascriethe</span>, <span class="smcap">ascrie</span>, to rate, shout at, to scold, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Assaien</span>, try or test, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Assaye</span>, <span class="smcap">essay</span>, to try; taking assay, to see by a cut the thickness of the fat, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Assise</span>, note on hunting-horn blown at death of stag which has been hunted by staghounds, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Asterte</span>, escape</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Astifled</span>, inflammation in the stifle-joint, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Astried</span>, rated, shouted at, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Athrest</span>, thrust or push, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Atte fulle</span>, when the stag's antlers show a certain number of tines, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Attire</span>, the stag's antlers, App.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Aualed</span>, <span class="smcap">availed</span>, hanging down, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Auerille</span>, <em>Avrille</em>, April, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Auntelere, auntiller, aunculer</span>, antler, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Auntred</span>, ventured, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Avaunt, auaunt</span>, a hunting cry, &quot;Forward,&quot; <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Avauntellay</span>, relay of hounds</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Avayl</span>, avail, profit, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Avenaud</span>, approachable</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Avenery</span>, oats</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Avised</span>, aware of, warned, informed, advised, cautious</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Avoy</span>, a hunting cry, probably from &quot;Away,&quot; App.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Bgl" id="Bgl">Bace</a></span>, for Luce, a pike</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Baffers</span>, barkers, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bake</span>, back</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Balista, balesta</span>, cross-bow, haronsblast, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Balowe</span>, bellow, roaring of a stag</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bandrike, baldric</span>, belt to which horn was fastened, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Barateur</span>, quarreller</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Barbouris</span>, barbers</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bareyn</span>, barren, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Basco</span>, Basque, Biscay, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Batyd</span>, bruised, sore, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Batyng</span>, bating</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Baudes</span>, baubles, trifles, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Beam</span>, the main part of the stag's antlers, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Beendyng</span>, bending</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Beerners, berners</span>, attendant on hounds, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Beestale, bestaile</span>, beasts, cattle, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Beestis</span>, beasts, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bellen, belowyn, belerve, belowen</span>, bellow or roar, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Beluez</span>, velvet, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Beme</span>, beam; also trumpet</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Benes</span>, beans, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bercel</span>, a mark to shoot at, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bercelet, berslettis, barcelette</span>, a shooting-dog used by archers, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Beries</span>, burrows, earth of fox and badger, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Beryed</span>, buried</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Berying</span>, bearing, breaking, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bestis of the Chace</span>, beasts of the chase, usually fallow deer, roe-deer, fox, martin, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bestis of V&eacute;nerie</span>, beasts of venery, usually the hart, hare, boar, and wolf, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bevy</span>, a number of roe-deer together, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bevygrease</span>, the fat of the roe-deer, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bewellis, bawaylles, bawellis</span>, bowels</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Billetings</span>, the excrements of the fox, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bisses, bises, bisches</span>, red-deer hinds</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bisshunters</span>, fur-hunters, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bitte</span>, bitten, taken, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Blenches</span>, marks, tricks, deceits, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bocherie</span>, butchery, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bokeying</span>, the rut of the roe-deer, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Boln, bolk, bolne</span>, bellow or bark, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Boochers houndis</span>, butchers' dogs, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Boole</span>, bull, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Boones</span>, bones, stag's foot</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Boonys</span>, bones, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Boordcloth</span>, table-cloth, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Boordes</span>, boards</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Booris</span>, boars, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Boost</span>, boast</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Botches, booches</span>, sores, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Botirflies</span>, butterflies, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bounte</span>, bounty, goodness, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bouyes</span>, boughs, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bowis, bowes</span>, boughs, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Brach, brache</span>, a scenting-hound; later on it meant bitches</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Brachetus</span>, a hound for hunting, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Braconier</span>, the man who held the hounds</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Brayne</span>, <span class="smcap">breyn</span>, brain, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Brede</span>, breadth</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Brede</span>, broad, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Breke</span>, brook, break; also applied to dress a deer</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bremed</span>, burnt, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Brent</span>, burnt, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Breres</span>, briars, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Brigilla</span>, mildew, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Brimming</span>, <span class="smcap">bremyng</span>, be in heat, said of boar; the word <em>breme</em>, <em>bryme</em>, or <em>brim</em>, valiant-spirited, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Broacher</span>, a red-deer stag of second year, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Brocard</span>, a roebuck of the third year and upwards, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Brock</span>, badger, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Brokes</span>, <span class="smcap">brooches</span>, <span class="smcap">broaches</span>, the first head of a red-deer stag, and of roebuck, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Broket</span>, brocket, young stag, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Broket's sister</span>, hind in the second year, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Brond</span>, proud, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Buche</span>, <span class="smcap">byches</span>, bitch</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bugle</span>, buffalo; also horn for sounding hunting signals, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bukkes</span>, <span class="smcap">bukes</span>, <span class="smcap">buckes</span>, bucks</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bukmast</span>, beechmast, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Bulloke</span>, young stag in second year, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Burnysshen</span>, burnish, to rub the antlers when the velvet is off, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Burr</span>, the lowest part of the stag's antlers</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Cgl" id="Cgl">Caboche,</a></span> to cut off the hart's head near the antlers, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Calf</span>, <span class="smcap">calfe</span>, the young stag in his first year</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Camamyle</span>, camomile, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Campestris</span>, beast of the field or chase&mdash;<em>i.e.</em> buck, doe, fox, martin, and roe-deer</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Candlemas</span>, February 2</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Caraynes</span>, <span class="smcap">carreyns</span>, <span class="smcap">karin</span>, carrion, carcase, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Cardiac</span>, <span class="smcap">cardryacle</span>, a disease of the heart, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Carres</span>, marshes, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Case to</span>, stripping or skinning the hare, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Catapucia</span>, spurge (<em>Euphorbia resinifera</em>), <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Catt</span>, <span class="smcap">catte</span>, <span class="smcap">cattys</span>, cat, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Cautelous</span>, <span class="smcap">cautels</span>, cautious, crafty, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Cete</span>, a number of badgers</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Chaceable</span>, chaseable, a hert chaseable, which is now called a warrantable stag, one fit to be hunted</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Chacechiens</span>, grooms in attendance on hounds, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Chalaunge</span>, challenge</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Chase</span>, forest; also used to designate a method of hunting, and also a hunting-party</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Chasse</span>, a French hunting-note</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Chastised</span>, trained, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Chater</span>, <span class="smcap">chacer</span> (<span class="smcap">rechater</span>, <span class="smcap">recheat</span>), a horn signal; also to chastise hounds</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Chaufed</span>, <span class="smcap">achaufed</span>, heated, in heat, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Chaule</span>, <span class="smcap">chaulis</span>, <span class="smcap">chavel</span>, jaw, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Chaunge</span>, change, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Cheere</span>, <span class="smcap">chere</span>, cherish, welcome, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Cheveraus</span>, roe-deer</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Chibollis</span>, chives, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Childermas</span>, Innocents' Day (December 28)</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Chis</span>, dainty, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Chivaucher</span>, <span class="smcap">chevaucher</span>, to ride
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Chymer</span>, riding-cloak</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Chymneyis</span>, chimney, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Clees</span>, clawes, the &quot;toes&quot; of a deer's foot, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Cleeves</span>, <em>sur</em> or dew cleeves at the back of a deer's fetlock</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Cleped</span>, <span class="smcap">clepyd</span>, called, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Clere speres</span>, clear spires, woods, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Clicqueting</span>, vixen fox when in heat, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Clistre</span>, enema, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Coddes</span>, testicles of the hart</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Coiting stone</span>, a quoit</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Colers</span>, <span class="smcap">coliers places</span>, collier or charcoal pits, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Concilida maior</span>, comfrey (<em>Symphytum officinale</em>), <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Concilida minor</span>, prunella, selfheal (<em>Prunella vulgaris</em>), <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Coninger</span>, <span class="smcap">conigree</span>, rabbit warren, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Contre</span>, counter, back, heel</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Contre</span>, country, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Controugle</span>, <span class="smcap">contreongle</span>, hunt counter, hunt heel, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Conynge</span>, rabbit, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Coolwort</span>, cabbage, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Copeis</span>, <span class="smcap">copis</span>, coppice, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Corner</span>, <span class="smcap">corneer</span>, horn blower</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Cotes</span>, quoits, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Couch</span>, the resting-place of game; also hound's bed</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Couchers</span>, setters, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Couertts</span>, covert, shelter</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Counterfeet</span>, <span class="smcap">countfeit</span>, abnormal, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Courser</span>, <span class="smcap">cursar</span>, <span class="smcap">curser</span>, swift horse</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Couthen</span>, <span class="smcap">conthen</span>, <span class="smcap">couth</span>, knew, to be able, ob. could, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Cowe</span>, cow, also tail, from <em>queue</em></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Crie</span>, cry (of hounds), <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Croches</span>, the upper tines of a deer's horns; called also <em>troches</em></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Croise</span>, cross, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Crokes</span>, stomach (of red-deer)</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Crokyng</span>, crooked, curved, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Crommes</span>, crumbs</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Cronen</span>, groan, the roar of the stag</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Cross to</span>, to dislodge roe-deer by hounds</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Crotethe</span>, voiding excrements, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Crotey</span>, <span class="smcap">crotils</span>, <span class="smcap">crotisen</span>, <span class="smcap">crotisings</span>, excrements, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Cuer</span>, <span class="smcap">coer</span>, heart</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Cuir</span>, <span class="smcap">quir</span>, leather, hide</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Cur&eacute;e</span>, <span class="smcap">cure</span>, rewarding the hounds (also <span class="smcap">kyrre</span> and <span class="smcap">guyrre</span>), <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Curres</span>, <span class="smcap">currys</span>, curs</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Curtaise</span>, courteous, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Dgl" id="Dgl">Daungere,</a></span> danger, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Dedis</span>, deeds, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Dedut</span>, <span class="smcap">deudiz</span>, <span class="smcap">deduiz</span>, <em>d&eacute;duit</em>, pleasure pursuit, sport</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Defaute</span>, <span class="smcap">defaunt</span>, lack, default, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Defet</span>, <span class="smcap">deffeten</span>, opening or undoing the boar and removing the entrails</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Defoile</span>, track, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Delyuere</span>, deliver, active, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Depiled</span>, stripped of hair</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Desfaire</span>, undoing (brittling) of deer or boar, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Despitous</span>, <span class="smcap">despytous</span>, despiteful, furious, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Desterere</span>, <span class="smcap">destrier</span>, horse</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Detourner (le cerf)</span>, to harbour the hart, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Deyeng</span>, doing</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Deym</span>, <span class="smcap">deyme</span>, <span class="smcap">daine</span>, <span class="smcap">dine</span>, fallow-deer</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Dislaue</span>, wild, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Dissese</span>, disease</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Doo</span>, doe</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Down, or huske</span>, a number of hares, App.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Dragmes</span>, drachms</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Dreynt</span>, drowned</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Drit</span>, <span class="smcap">dritt</span>, excrements of animals called &quot;stinking beasts,&quot; also mud, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Dryen</span>, dry, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Dryue</span>, driven, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Dryve</span>, made</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Dune</span>, donn, dun</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Dure</span>, to last, endure, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Dyette</span>, diet</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Egl" id="Egl">Earth,</a></span> a fox and badger's lodging-place, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Edight</span>, done, set in order</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Eelde</span>, old age, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Eendis</span>, ends</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Eeren</span>, hairs, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Eerys</span>, <span class="smcap">eres</span>, ears</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Egre</span>, eager, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Eireres</span>, harriers, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ellis</span>, else, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Emelle</span>, <span class="smcap">emel</span>, female, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Empaumure</span>, the croches or top tines of a stag's antlers, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Enbrowed</span>, brewed, soaked, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Enchace</span>, to hunt, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Encharnyng</span>, blooding, feeding on flesh, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Enchasez</span>, moving deer, &amp;c., with a limer, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Encorne</span>, to place a dead stag on his back, the antlers on the ground underneath the shoulders, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Enfourmed</span>, informed</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Engleymed</span>, glutinous, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Enosed</span>, a bone in the throat, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Enpeshed</span>, prevented, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Enquest</span>, hunt, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Enquiller</span>, rousing a buck with hounds, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Enquyrid</span>, <span class="smcap">enqueyrreide</span>, blooding hounds after death of deer; also rewarding of hounds, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ensaumple</span>, example, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Entente</span>, intent</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Entrying</span>, entering, beginning of</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Entryngis</span>, entering, beginning of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Envoise</span>, <span class="smcap">envoyse</span>, O. F. <em>envoisse</em>, to leave the line, or overshoot the line of the animal hunted, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Erbis</span>, herbs</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Eres of roebuck</span>, &quot;target,&quot; <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ergots</span>, <span class="smcap">argus</span>, claws of boar, buck and doe; those of the boar were sometimes called <em>gardes</em>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Eris</span>, <span class="smcap">eres</span>, <span class="smcap">ars</span>, anus, hinder parts; ears, occasionally thus spelt, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Erthe</span>, earth</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Escorcher</span>, <span class="smcap">estorcher</span>, flaying deer, and other beasts of venery, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Espaules</span>, shoulders</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Espayard</span>, <span class="smcap">spayard</span>, <span class="smcap">spayer</span>, stag of the third year, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Essemble</span>, assembly, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Establie</span>, stand occupied by sportsmen; also beaters</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Estoracis calamita</span>, storax, resin, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Esye</span>, easy</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Etawed</span>, tanned</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Etyn</span>, <span class="smcap">itvn</span>, eat</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Euenyngis</span>, evening, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Euerychone</span>, <span class="smcap">everichon</span>, each one, every one, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Euille</span>, <span class="smcap">euell</span>, evil, wicked, bad, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Evoised</span>, at fault, or off the line</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Expedite</span>, to maim dogs by cutting off some of their claws</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Eyne</span>, <span class="smcap">eygh</span>, <span class="smcap">eynen</span>, eye, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Eyre</span>, air</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Fgl" id="Fgl">Facon,</a></span> <span class="smcap">faucon</span>, falcon, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fadir</span>, <span class="smcap">fadere</span>, father, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fadmys</span>, <span class="smcap">fadoms</span>, fathoms, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Farowe</span>, <span class="smcap">farewyn</span>, <span class="smcap">pharowyn</span>, farrow, bringing forth young pig, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Farsyn</span>, <span class="smcap">farsine</span>, farcy, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fasson</span>, <span class="smcap">fassion</span>, fashion</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Faund</span>, fawned</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Faus</span>, false</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fausmanche</span>, false sleeve</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Faut</span>, fault</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fechewe</span>, fitchew, polecat</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Feeldes</span>, fields, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Feerne</span>, fern</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Felaues</span>, fellows</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">fele</span>, many; also sensible, feeling</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Felle</span>, fierce, cruel, treacherous</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Felle</span>, <span class="smcap">fele</span>, wise, sensible, feeling; also cunning, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Felnesse</span>, cruelty, fierceness, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Femellis</span>, females</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fencemonth</span>, the month when deer had their young and were left undisturbed, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fermyd</span>, firm, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ferre</span>, far, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ferrettis</span>, ferrets, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ferrtest</span>, farthest</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fers</span>, fierce, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fersliche</span>, fiercely, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fesawnt</span>, pheasant</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Feueryere</span>, February</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fewes</span>, <span class="smcap">fewte</span>, track, trace, foot. Some animals were called of the sweet foot, others of the stinking foot, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>. <em>See</em> Appendix.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fewterer</span>, <span class="smcap">feutreres</span>, <span class="smcap">dewtrees</span>, man who leads greyhounds, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fiants</span>, also <span class="smcap">Lesses</span>, excrements of the wild boar, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fistoles</span>, fistula, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fixen</span>, vixen, O. G. <em>fuchsen</em>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Flay</span>, <span class="smcap">flean</span>, <span class="smcap">flene</span>, to skin deer and certain other game, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Flayssh</span>, flesh, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Flux</span>, dysentery</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Foillyng</span>, stag going downstream when hunted, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Folies</span>, <span class="smcap">foly</span>, <span class="smcap">folly</span>, lesser deer, not hart or buck, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Foltisch</span>, foolish, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Foorme</span>, <span class="smcap">forme</span>, <span class="smcap">fourme</span>, form of the hare, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Foragle</span>, strangle, straggle</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Forche</span>, <span class="smcap">fourched</span>, forked, said of stag's antlers, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Forloyne</span>, <span class="smcap">forlogne</span>, <span class="smcap">forlonge</span>, a note sounded on the horn, to denote that the quarry or hounds or both had distanced the hunters, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Forsters</span>, foresters, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Forswong</span>, M. E. <em>Forswinger</em>, bruised, beaten (tucked up), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fort</span>, the thick part of woods</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Forun</span>, forewarn, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fotyde,</span> footed</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fouaill</span>, the reward given to the hounds after a boar hunt, consisting of the bowels cooked over a fire, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Foumart</span>, <span class="smcap">faulmart</span>, <span class="smcap">folmert</span>, polecat</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fowtreres</span>, <span class="smcap">fewterers</span>, huntsmen who led greyhounds, slippers</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Foxen</span>, <span class="smcap">ffixen</span>, A. S. <em>fixen</em>&mdash;<em>vixen</em>, a bitch fox, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Foyne</span>, weasel</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fraied</span>, rubbed, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fray</span>, frighten, scare, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fray</span>, to rub off the velvet on stag's antlers, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fraying-post</span>, the tree against which it was done</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Freyn</span>, excrements of the wild boar, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Froot</span>, <span class="smcap">frotid</span>, rub, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fuants</span>, excrements of the fox, martin, badger, and wolf, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fues</span>, track, line, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fumes</span>, <span class="smcap">fumee</span>, <span class="smcap">fumagen</span>, <span class="smcap">fimeshen</span>, <span class="smcap">fewmets</span>, <span class="smcap">femegen</span>, <span class="smcap">fewmishings</span>, excrements, droppings, particularly of deer, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Furkie</span>, pieces of venison hung on a fork-shaped stick</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Furrour</span>, fur, Fr. <em>fourrure</em>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Futaie</span>, <span class="smcap">futelaie</span>, forest, wood of old trees, also plantation of beech-trees, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fynders</span>, finders, hounds to start or find deer, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Ggl" id="Ggl">Gaderynge,</a></span> <span class="smcap">gaderyng</span>, gathering, meet, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Gadire</span>, gather, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Gar</span>, to force, to compel, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Gardes</span>, the dew-claws of the wild boar</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Garsed</span>, cupped, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Gin</span>, <span class="smcap">gynne</span>, trap, snare</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Girle</span>, the roebuck in the second year, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Gise</span>, guise, manner of</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Gladnesse</span>, a glade, a clear space, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Glaundres</span>, glanders, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Glemyng</span>, <span class="smcap">gleyming</span>, slime, stickiness, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Gloteny</span>, gluttony</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Gnappe</span>, snap, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Gobettes</span>, small pieces, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Goot</span>, goat</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Gorgeaunt</span>, wild boar in his second year</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Goters</span>, <span class="smcap">gootere</span>, <span class="smcap">goutieres</span>, gutters, the small grooves in the antlers of a stag, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Graunt sour</span>, stag of fifth year</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Grauyll</span>, gravel, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Grease</span>, <span class="smcap">grece</span>, the fat of certain animals, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Grease-time</span>, the season of hart and buck when they were fattest, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Greater, of the</span>, term used in counting the tines of a stag's antlers, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Grede</span>, seek, hunt, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Gres</span>, upper tusks of wild boar, grinders, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Gressoppes</span>, grasshoppers, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Grete</span>, greet, great, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Greue</span>, grieve, harass, injure, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Grey</span>, badger, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Grovys</span>, grooves</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Gustumes</span>, customs, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Guttes</span>, guts</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Guyen</span>, <span class="smcap">gueyne</span>, Guienne</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Guyrreis</span>, quarry (<em>cur&eacute;e</em>), <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Gynnes</span>, <span class="smcap">gynes</span>, gins, traps, ruses, wiles, tricks, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Gynnously</span>, by stratagem or ingenuity, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Hgl" id="Hgl">Haies,</a></span> <span class="smcap">hayes</span>, nets, hedges, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hallow</span>, the reward given to the hounds at the death</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Halowe</span>, halloa, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hamylons</span>, the wiles of a fox</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Harbour</span>, <span class="smcap">herborowe</span>, <span class="smcap">harboure</span>, <span class="smcap">harborow</span>, to track a hart to his lair, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Harbourer</span>, man who harbours the deer, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hardiethe</span>, herds with</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hardle</span>, <span class="smcap">herdle</span>, <span class="smcap">herdel</span>, <span class="smcap">harling</span>, <span class="smcap">hardel</span>, fasten or couple hounds together, also to fasten the four legs of a roebuck together, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hardy</span>, bold, courageous</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Haris</span>, hares, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Harnays</span>, <span class="smcap">herneis</span>, harness, appurtenances, arms, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Haronsblast</span>, a crossbow, from O.F. <em>Arcbaleste</em>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Harowde</span>, herald, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Harthound</span>, <span class="smcap">herthound</span>, hound used to chase the stag</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hast</span>, haste
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hastilettiz</span>, the dividing of the wild boar into thirty-two pieces</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hatt</span>, hath</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hatte</span>, thicket, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Haukes</span>, hawks, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Haukyng</span>, hawking</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hauntelers</span>, antlers, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hauspee</span>, <span class="smcap">haussepee</span>, a trap; also a siege engine, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hayter</span>, harrier, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hearse</span>, also <span class="smcap">Broket's sister</span>, a red-deer hind in her second year, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Heddyd</span>, headed</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Heere</span>, hair, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Heghes</span>, hocks</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Heirers</span>, harriers, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hele</span>, <span class="smcap">helthe</span>, health</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Helyn</span>, heal, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hemule</span>, <span class="smcap">hemuse</span>, <span class="smcap">heymuse</span>, roebuck in the third year</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hendis</span>, red-deer hind, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Her</span>, hear</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Herbis</span>, herbs, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Herborowe</span>. See <span class="smcap">Harbour</span></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Herdle</span>, to dress a roebuck</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Herneis</span>, harness. See <span class="smcap">Harnays</span>, also Appendix</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Heroun</span>, heron, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hert</span>, heart; also stag, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hertis</span>, harts, stags, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hidre</span>, hinder</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Highten</span>, called, named, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hire</span>, her, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hoggaster</span>, wild boar in his third year, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hokkes</span>, <span class="smcap">hoghes</span>, <span class="smcap">houghs</span>, hocks, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hookes</span>, hooks, first teeth of wolf and dog, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hoot (Be)</span>, promised, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hoote</span>, hot, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hopeland</span>, <span class="smcap">hopoland</span>, <span class="smcap">houppeland</span>, a long surcoat or gownlike garment</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hoppyn</span>, hoping</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Horred</span>, hairy, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hos</span>, hoarse, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Houe</span>, hoof</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hough</span>, <span class="smcap">howff</span>, <span class="smcap">houff</span>, a haunt, a resort, used especially for the holt, or dwelling-place of an otter, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Houndis</span>, <span class="smcap">hundes</span>, hounds; also hands, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hounger</span>, hunger</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hounter</span>, hunter</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Howlyn</span>, howl</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hoxtide</span>, feast fifteen days after Easter, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Huske</span>, a number of hares, App.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Igl" id="Igl">Iboyled</a></span>, boiled</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Iclepid</span>, called, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ileyn</span>, lain, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Illoeques</span>, <span class="smcap">illeoqs</span>, here in this place, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ilost</span>, lost</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Imakyd</span>, made, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Imeyngid</span>, mingled, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Imprime</span>, unharbouring a hart</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ingwere</span>, <span class="smcap">inquere</span>, inquire or seek, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ipressid</span>, pressed, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ireeyned</span>, rained, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Iren</span>, iron, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Irenged</span>, arranged, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ironged</span>, ranged</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Iroos</span>, iris, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ispaide</span>, spayed, castrated; also to kill with a sword. <em>See</em> Spay</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Istamped</span>, stamped, crushed, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Istered</span>, stirred, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Itawed</span>, tawed, tanned, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ithrest</span>, thrust, pushe, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Itred</span>, trodden</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Itynded</span>, tined, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Iweryd</span>, worn, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Iweted</span>, wetted, moistened, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Iwrethede</span>, wreathed, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Jgl" id="Jgl">Jangelere</a></span>, jangler, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Jannere</span>, January</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Jawle</span>, jaw, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Jengeleth</span>, jangeleth, said of a noisy hound, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Jolly</span>, a bitch in heat, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Jopey</span>, <span class="smcap">juppey</span>, to holloa, to cry out, to call, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Juge</span>, <span class="smcap">jugge</span>, judge</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Juggementz</span>, judgments, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Juill</span>, July</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Juin</span>, June</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Jus</span>, juice</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Jweryd</span>, worn</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Kgl" id="Kgl">Kareynes</a></span>, carrion, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Kele</span>, cool, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Kembe</span>, comb, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Kennettis</span>, <span class="smcap">kenet</span>, a small hunting hound, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Kepyn</span>, keeping</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Kerre</span>, <span class="smcap">kirre</span>, <span class="smcap">kyrre</span>, <span class="smcap">cure</span>, <span class="smcap">cur&eacute;e</span>, <span class="smcap">quarry</span>, reward of hounds. <em>See</em> <span class="smcap">Cur&eacute;e</span></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Keuere</span>, cover, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Keuered</span>, covered, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Kitte</span>, to cut, sharp, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Kittyng</span>, cutting, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Knobber</span>, stag in second year or broket, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Knyff</span>, knife, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Kounyngly</span>, cunningly; also wisely</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Kunne</span>, <span class="smcap">ken</span>, to know, to be able, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Kyde</span>, roebuck in first year</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Kyen</span>, kine, cattle, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Kylleic</span>, Welsh for grease time</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Kyndeleth</span>, bring forth (said of the hare), <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Kyndels</span>, young hare, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Kyndely</span>, naturally, M. E. kindely, kendeliche, cundeliche</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Kynningly</span>, cunningly</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Kytons</span>, <span class="smcap">kyttons</span>, kittens, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Lgl" id="Lgl">Labelles</a></span>, small flaps, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ladde</span>, led</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ladil</span>, ladle</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Laies</span>, pools, lakes</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lair</span>, the resting-place of the various kinds of deer, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lammas</span>, <span class="smcap">Lammasse</span>, August 1, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lammasse of Peter Apostull</span>, June 29</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lappe</span>, lap, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lasse</span>, less, smaller</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Launcet</span>, lancet</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Laundes</span>, <span class="smcap">Londes</span>, wild uncultivated land, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lavey</span>, unrestrained, wild, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Leather</span>, the skin of deer and of the wild boar, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Leches</span>, leeches, doctor or surgeon, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Leder</span>, leather, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lefrer</span>, levrier, greyhound</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Left</span>, last, or live</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Legges</span>, legs</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Leie</span>, lair</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Leire</span>, river Loire in France, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Leires</span>, lair, bed of a stag, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Leith</span>, layeth</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lekes</span>, leeks, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lernyd</span>, learned, taught</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lese</span>, leash, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Leseth</span>, loseth, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Less, of the</span>, term used in counting the tines, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lesses</span>, Fr. <em>laiss&eacute;es</em>, excrements of boar and wolves, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lesshe</span>, <span class="smcap">lesse</span>, <span class="smcap">lesche</span>, leash, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lesshes</span>, lesses, inferiors, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lesyng</span>, loosing, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lette</span>, hindered, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Leuere</span>, leaver, rather, sooner</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Leurettis</span>, leverets, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Leuve</span>, leave, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Leuys</span>, <span class="smcap">leues</span>, leaves, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Levir</span>, leaver, rather</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Levrier</span>, a hare hound</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Liam</span>, <span class="smcap">lyam</span>, rope by which the limer was held
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Libard</span>, leopard, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Liff</span>, life, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Liflode</span>, <span class="smcap">lyvelode</span>, livelihood, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ligging</span>, <span class="smcap">lygging</span>, lair, resting-place, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lippis</span>, lips</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Litere</span>, litter</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Logges</span>, lodges, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Londe</span>, land, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Louen</span>, love</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Loupes corryners</span> (<em>loup cerviers</em>), lynx; occasionally it was probably applied to the wolverine, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lowre</span>, laugh, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Luce</span>, pike, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lyff</span>, life</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lymer</span>, a tracking hound on a leash, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167-9</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lymmes</span>, limbs</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lymner</span>, <span class="smcap">lymerer</span>, <span class="smcap">limerer</span>, man who leads hounds on a leash, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lymnere</span>, used both for man and hound, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lynsed</span>, linseed, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lyoun</span>, lion</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lythis</span>, <span class="smcap">lightis</span>, lungs</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lyven</span>, <span class="smcap">lyuen</span>, live</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Mgl" id="Mgl">Maistives</a></span>, mastif, mastiff</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Maistris</span>, masters</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Malemort</span>, glanders, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Malencolious</span>, melancholy</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Malice</span>, cunning, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mamewe</span>, <span class="smcap">mamunesre</span>, <span class="smcap">mameue</span>, <span class="smcap">mauewe</span>, mange, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Manesseth</span>, threatening, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mannys</span>, man's, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Marches</span>, district, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Marie</span>, marrow</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Marrubium album</span>, white horehound (<em>Marrubium vulgare</em>), <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Martryn</span>, martin, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mary Magdalene day</span>, July 22nd, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mascle</span>, <span class="smcap">masche</span>, male, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mastin</span>, a hound used for boar-hunting, a mongrel</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Matere</span>, matter</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mayned</span>, maimed, bitten</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mayntyn</span>, maintain</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Maystif</span>, <span class="smcap">mastif</span>, <span class="smcap">mestifis</span>, <span class="smcap">mastowe</span>, mastiff, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Maystre</span>, <span class="smcap">maistrie</span>, <span class="smcap">maistrice</span>, <span class="smcap">maystry</span>, mastery, skill, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Meche</span>, big, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mede</span>, meadow, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Medle</span>, <span class="smcap">medel</span>, mix, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mene</span>, lesser, small, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Menee</span>, <span class="smcap">mennee</span>, note sounded on a horn; also the baying of a hound hunting, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Meng</span>, <span class="smcap">menge</span>, mingle, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Merrein</span>, the main beam of a stag's antlers, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mervaile</span>, marvel</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Merveiliost</span>, most marvellous, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Merveillous</span>, <span class="smcap">merueylous</span>, marvellous</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mestifis</span>, mastifs, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Metis</span>, meats</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Metyng</span>, <span class="smcap">metyngis</span>, meet, meeting, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Metynge</span>, <span class="smcap">metyng</span>, feeding or pasture of deer, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Meue</span>, <span class="smcap">mew</span>, <span class="smcap">meve</span>, move, start, shed, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Meule</span>, <span class="smcap">mule</span>, burr, part of the antler, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Meute</span>, pack of hounds</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mevethe</span>, meweth, to mew, casts or sheds. <em>See</em> <span class="smcap">Meue</span></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mews</span>, house for hawks</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Modir</span>, mother, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Modirwort</span>, motherwort (<em>Leonurus cardiaca</em>), <a href="#Page_101">101</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Monythe</span>, <span class="smcap">moneth</span>, <span class="smcap">monethenys</span>, month, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Moote</span>, <span class="smcap">mote</span>, a note or horn signal, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Morfound</span>, <span class="smcap">morfond</span>, to catch cold, glanders, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mornyngis</span>, morning, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">MORSUS galline</span>, chickweed, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mort</span>, a note sounded on the horn at the death of the hart</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mosel</span>, <span class="smcap">moselle</span>, muzzle, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mote</span>, <span class="smcap">moote</span>, a note sounded on the horn, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Motying</span>, <span class="smcap">moving</span>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mountenance</span>, <span class="smcap">mountance</span>, extent of, as far as, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Moustenesse</span>, moisture, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mow</span>, <span class="smcap">mowe</span>, <span class="smcap">mowen</span>, to have power, to be able, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mowse</span>, burr of an antler</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mue</span>, mew, shed antlers, or feathers, molt. <em>See</em> <span class="smcap">Meue</span></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mule</span>, <span class="smcap">meule</span>, burr of a stag's antler, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mute</span>, <span class="smcap">meute</span>, a pack of hounds</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Myche</span>, the assibulated form of <em>mukel</em>, <em>mikl</em>, great, much, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Myddes</span>, midst</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Myddil</span>, middle</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mynde</span>, memory, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mysiugen</span>, misjudge, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Ngl" id="Ngl">Nail</a></span>, name given to a disease in dogs' eyes, now called Pterygium, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Nartheless</span>, <span class="smcap">natheless</span>, nevertheless, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Natyuite</span>, nativity</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Nedel</span>, needle, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Nekys</span>, <span class="smcap">neke</span>, <span class="smcap">neckyd</span>, neck, necked, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Nemeth</span>, taketh, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Nempe</span>, name, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Neres</span>, kidneys</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Nesche</span>, <span class="smcap">neyssh</span>, <span class="smcap">nessh</span>, soft, tender, moist, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Nethir</span>, nether, lower</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Nettelis</span>, nettles, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Newlich</span>, newly, freshly</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Nombles</span>, <span class="smcap">nomblis</span>, part of the stag's intestines, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Noone</span>, no more</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Noorche</span>, <span class="smcap">norshe</span>, <span class="smcap">norssh</span>, nourish, to bring up, to educate, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Noosetherlis</span>, <span class="smcap">nosethrelles</span>, nostrils, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Norture</span>, bringing up, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Notis</span>, nuts, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Nough</span>, nigh</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Noyaunce</span>, annoyance, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Nyme</span>, to take, to hold</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Ogl" id="Ogl">Okis</a></span>, oaks, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Olyff</span>, olive, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Onys</span>, once, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Oo</span>, <span class="smcap">oon</span>, one, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Opene</span>, <span class="smcap">opyn</span>, open (of hounds to give tongue), <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Or</span>, <span class="smcap">ere</span>, before, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ordeyne</span>, ordain</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Orped</span>, brave, valiant, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Os</span>, the dew-claws of the stag and hind, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Oscorbin</span> (<span class="smcap">os corbin</span>), a small bone in the stag's body given to the crows, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ostoraces calamynt</span>, storax or resin, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Otyr</span>, <span class="smcap">otere</span>, otter, <a href="#Page_72">72-4</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ouerjawes</span>, upper jaws, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ouersette</span>, overcome, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ouerwherte</span>, athwart, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ourshette</span>, overshoot, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ouyr</span>, over</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Oweth</span>, <span class="smcap">owen</span>, ought</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Owrers</span>, harriers</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Oye</span>, eye, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Oyle</span>, oil, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Pgl" id="Pgl">Paas</a></span>, <span class="smcap">piz</span>, chest, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Paas</span>, pace, to walk slowly</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Pace</span>, slot, track of stag, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Pamed</span>, palmated
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Parasceve</span>, <span class="smcap">Parasseue</span>, Good Friday</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Parfiters</span>, <span class="smcap">parfitors</span>, <span class="smcap">parfitours</span>, <span class="smcap">parfyteiros</span>, the third or last relay of hounds <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Partel</span>, a part of portion</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Parteyneth</span>, appertaineth</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Partie</span>, part</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Pase</span>, pace, to step slowly, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Pearls</span>, the excrescences on the stag's antlers, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Pece</span>, piece</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Peechtre</span>, <span class="smcap">peochetre</span>, peachtree, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Pel</span>, Fr. <em>peau</em>, skin</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Percel</span>, parsley, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Perche</span>, the main beam of the stag's antler, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Perfite</span>, <span class="smcap">perfeet</span>, <span class="smcap">perfit</span>, perfect; also note sounded on the horn, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Peritorie</span>, wall pellitory (<em>Parietaria</em>), <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Pesen</span>, peas, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Peseth</span>, paceth, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Peyn</span>, pain</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Pierrures</span>, &quot;pearls&quot; or excrescences on the stag's antlers</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Pilches</span>, pelisse, a coat of skin or fur, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Playn contre</span>, clear open country, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Playnes</span>, plains</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Playstire</span>, plaster</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Plecke</span>, <span class="smcap">plek</span>, <span class="smcap">pleck</span>, <span class="smcap">plecca</span>, piece of ground, place, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Pleyn</span>, <span class="smcap">pleyneth</span>, complain, lament, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Pleyn</span>, <span class="smcap">playneth</span>, <span class="smcap">pleignen</span>, Fr. <em>pleigner</em>, complain, lament</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Pointyng</span>, pointing, track of hare</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Polcattes</span>, polecats, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Pomeled</span>, mottled, dappled, spotted, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Poonde</span>, <span class="smcap">poon</span>, pond</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Poort</span>, parts, behaviour, manners, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Popy</span>, puppy</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Porche</span>. <em>See</em> <span class="smcap">Perche</span></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Pouere</span>, <span class="smcap">pouer</span>, power, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Pouture</span>, keep, food, used in connection with hounds</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Poynted</span>, painted</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Preef</span>, proof, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Prees</span>, press, crowd, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Preuyd</span>, proved, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Preuyli</span>, <span class="smcap">priuyli</span>, privily, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Price</span>, <span class="smcap">prise</span>, <span class="smcap">priee</span>, take, capture</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Pricket</span>, <span class="smcap">priket</span>, the fallow buck in his second year, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Prik</span>, <span class="smcap">prick</span>, to hunt, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Prikherid curris</span>, rough-coated curs, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Prikkyng</span>, <span class="smcap">pricking</span>, footprint of hare, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Prime</span>, noon (<em>hie prime</em>), midday</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Prise</span>, <span class="smcap">prize</span>, <span class="smcap">pryce</span>, a horn signal blown in France for the buck, in England for the hart and buck after the kill, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Prive</span>, tame</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Procatours</span>, proctors, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Profiteness</span>, perfectness, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Pulegrun</span>, pennyroyal (<em>Mentha pulegium</em>), <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Pulleth</span>, <span class="smcap">poileth</span>, take the hair off, Fr. <em>poiler</em>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Pursnettis</span>, purse-nets, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Purueaunce</span>, perseverance, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Puttes</span>, pits</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Pyche</span>, pitch</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Pyles</span>, <span class="smcap">piles</span>, the skin of the boar, wolf, and smaller animals</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Pynsours</span>, pincers, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Qgl" id="Qgl">Quales</a></span>, quails, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Quarry</span>, the reward given to the hounds. <em>See</em> <span class="smcap">Cur&eacute;e</span>, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Quat</span>, couched, lying down, used for deer, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Quattell</span>, to quat, to squat, to crouch, to lie down, App.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Questy</span>, <span class="smcap">Quest</span>, to hunt, to give tongue, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Quyere, quyrre, quir, quare</span>, cur&eacute;e, quarry for hounds, reward, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Quyk, euelis, Quickevil</span>, a disease of hounds</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Quyrrcis</span>, reward given to hounds. <em>See</em> <span class="smcap">Cur&eacute;e</span>, App.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Rgl" id="Rgl">Racches</a></span>, hounds, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Rage</span>, madness</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ragerunet, ragemuet</span>, dumb madness, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Rascaile, rascayle, raskaile</span>, lean deer; any deer under ten was usually called rascal, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Raveyn</span>, prey, rapine, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Real, reall</span>, a tine (in France, the bay) on the stag's antler</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Reame, reaume</span>, realm, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Rear to</span>, to dislodge a wild boar, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Rebelly</span>, rebellious, unruly, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Rechase</span>, recheat, sound a note on the horn, to call back the hounds by sound of horn, also to put them on the right scent, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191-8</a>, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Reche</span>, to reck, to care, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Recheless</span>, reckless</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Recopes</span>, recoupling, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Refraied, refreide</span>, refrected, chilled, cooled, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Reies</span>, nets, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Relaies</span>, relays (of hounds), <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Releved</span>, Fr. <em>relever</em>, said of the hare rising from her form to go to her pasture, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Relie, relye</span>, rally, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Remeuve, remeyid</span>, removed</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Rennen</span>, rained, rains</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Rennyng, renneth</span>, running</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Renouet, renovel</span>, Fr. <em>renouveler</em>, to renew, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Resceyued</span>, received</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Reseeyuour</span>, receiver, a greyhound in front of deer, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Reseityng</span>, reseating</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Resouns, resouns, resons</span>, reasons, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Restif</span>, quiet, restive, unwilling to go or to move forward, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Restreyed</span>, restrained, held back, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Retreved</span>, retrieved, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Reuere, revere</span>, river</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Rewe</span>, rue, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Rewe</span>, row, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Rewle</span>, rule, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Rewme</span>, Fr. <em>rhume</em>, a cold, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Reyne</span>, rain, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Reyndere</span>, reindeer</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Reyson, reyse</span>, raising, raise, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Rialle, rial</span>, royal, also tine of stag's antlers, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ridingtime, redengtime</span>, bucking time of the hare, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Rig, ragge</span>, backbone, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Riot</span>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Roches, rokkes</span>, rocks, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Rodes</span>, rods</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Rotelyng</span>, rattling, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Roungeth</span>, Fr. <em>ronger</em>, chews the cud, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Rouse to, rowze</span>, rouse, to dislodge buck or doe, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Rout</span>, a number of wolves, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Routes</span>, synonymous with slot, line of deer, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Royal</span>, a tine, sometimes the trez tine (<em>see</em> <span class="smcap">Rialle</span>), <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ruettis</span>, horn or trumpet, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Rusyng</span>, rusing, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Rutsomtime, rutson, rutte</span>, rutting time of deer, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ryges</span>, back, haunches, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ryghtes</span>, rights, a stag's rights, three lower tines of antlers; a hound was in his &quot;rights&quot; when hunting line, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ryot</span>, noise, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ryuere, reuere</span>, river, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Sgl" id="Sgl">Saynolfes,</a> spaynels</span>, spaniels, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Scantilonn</span>, measure, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Scombre, scombere</span> (stercoro in MS. Bod. 546), voiding excrements, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Scomfited</span>, discomfited, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Seat</span>, the form of a hare, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Seche</span>, seek</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sechyng, sekyng</span>, seeking, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Seegh, seghe</span>, saw, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Seeld, seelden</span>, seldom, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Selidoyn</span>, celandine, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Semblaunt, semblance</span>, pretence, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Semble</span>, assembly or meet, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Semoly</span>, seemly, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sengler</span>, wild boar (<em>Sanglier</em>)</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sens</span>, incense, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sentyn</span>, scent</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Serchyng</span>, searching, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sergeauntis</span>, sergeants, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sesounn, sesoun, seson</span>, season, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sesours</span>, seizers, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sette</span>, set, place, part of forest round which &quot;stables&quot; or stations of men and hounds were placed, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sewe, sue</span>, Fr. <em>suir</em>, hunt, pursue, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sewet</span>, suet, fat of deer</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sewre</span>, swear</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Seyn</span>, say, see</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Shap</span>, shape</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Shapon</span>, shaped</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sheeld</span>, shield, shoulder of a boar, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sheellen</span>, shall</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sheerde</span>, cut, wound, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Shent</span>, shamed, disgraced, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sikerli</span>, securely, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Singular</span>, the wild boar when he leaves the sounder, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Skirtis, skyrtis</span>, the skin and tissue surrounding the stomach</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Skulk</span>, a number of foxes, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Slawthe</span>, sloth, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Slough</span>, lower part of the heart</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Slug-hound</span>, a sleuth-hound, a track hound, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Slyke</span>, slick, sleek or smooth, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Smet, smytten</span>, smitten, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Snawe</span>, snow</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Soar</span>, a buck in his fourth year</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Soepol</span>, wild thyme (<em>Thymus serpyllum</em>), <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Soile, soule, souille</span>, wallowing pool, soil or mud; &quot;to soil&quot; means when a deer or wild boar takes to water or wallows in it, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Soiourne, soiourn, soiournying, sojorn, sojourn</span>, to remain, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Solere</span>, upper chamber, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Somedele</span>, somewhat</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Somere, somer</span>, summer, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sone</span>, soon</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sonne, sunne</span>, sun, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sonne, soune</span>, sound</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sopere, soper</span>, supper, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Soppe, soppers</span>, herd of deer, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sorrell</span>, a buck in his third year</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sotelly</span>, subtlety, cleverly</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sotil, sotille, sotilte</span>, subtle, clever, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Soule, soile</span>, alone, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sounder, soundre, sundre</span>, a herd of wild boars, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sour</span>, stag of fourth year, the colour of a deer's hide; according to Roquefort, a herd of swine, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sousse</span>, oxide of zinc, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Souz-real, souch-real, sur-ryal</span>, sur-antler, a tine of the stag's head, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sowle</span>, soul, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Spainel, spaynels</span>, spaniel</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sparhauke</span>, sparrowhawk, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Spatell</span>, spittle, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Spay</span>, to kill a deer with a sword <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;<br /> to castrate, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Spayard, spayde, spayer, spycard</span>, the stag in his third year, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Spaynel</span>, spaniel, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Speies</span>, spires, young wood, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Spires, spoyes</span>, stalks, young wood; thick spires means thick wood, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Spitous</span>, despiteful, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Spraintes, spraytyng</span>, excrements of the otter, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Springol, springald, springold, springall</span>, siege engine to throw stones or balks of timber, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Stable, stablys</span>, Fr. <em>establie</em>, a post or station of huntsmen and hounds, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Staggart</span>, the stag in his fourth year, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Stalk</span>, to go softly, creep, &quot;Stalk the deer full still&quot; (used by John Lydgate, about 1430)</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Stall</span>, to corner, to bring to bay, to stand still, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Stanc, stank, stanges, stangkes</span>, Fr. <em>estanc</em>, pool, tank, pond, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Steppis</span>, steps, footprint of deer, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Stere</span>, stir, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Stert, stirt</span>, start</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Stinte, stynte</span>, to stop, to blow a stint&mdash;<em>i.e.</em> to stop or check the hounds, a false scent, check, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Stone-bow</span>, Fr. <em>arc-&agrave;-pierre</em>, a kind of cross-bow</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Stoonys</span>, stones, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Stordy</span>, <em>estordic</em>, giddy, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Stoupen</span>, stoop</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Strake</span>, to blow, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Strangle</span>, straggle, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Stranling, stranlyn</span>, squirrel</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Stratere</span>, straighter</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Straught</span>, straight, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Strenge, strength</span>, stronghold, thick woods, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Strengeste</span>, strongest</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Strepid</span>, to strip</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Streynour</span>, strainer</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Streynt</span>, strain, progeny or breed</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Stripid</span>, stripped, term to denote skinning of hare, wild boar, and wolf, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Stroke, strake</span>, or <span class="smcap">stuke</span>, to sound a note on a hunting-horn, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Strong</span>, said of woods and coverts, thick, dense, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sue</span>, to seek, to hunt, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Suers</span>, followers</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Suet</span>, the fat of the red-deer and fallow-deer</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Suete</span>, sweet, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sugre</span>, sugar</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Surantler</span>, a tine, generally the <em>bay</em></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sur-royal</span>, the surroyal tine, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sure batyd</span> (of hounds' feet), battered, bruised from over running, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Susrial</span>, surroyal tine</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Stynt</span>, at fault; to stop</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Suyte</span>, suite, following</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Swef</span>, a hunting cry, meaning gently or softly, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Swerde</span>, sword, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Swoor</span>, swore</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Swoot, swote</span>, sweat</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sylvestres</span>, beasts of venery&mdash;<em>i.e.</em> red-deer, hare, boar, and wolf, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Synnes</span>, sins, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Synowes, synewes</span>, sinews</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Sythes</span>, times</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Tgl" id="Tgl">Tacches</a></span>, habits, also spots, markings, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Taloun</span>, talon, heel, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Tawed</span>, a kind of tanning, preparation of white leathers, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Tawne</span>, tan, tawny, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Taylyd</span>, tailed</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Teaser, teazer, tesours</span>, a small hound that &quot;teases&quot; forth the game in coverts, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Teg</span>, the fallow doe in her second year</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Tent</span>, tended, cared for, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Tercelle, tiercel</span>, the male of any species of hawk, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Terer, teerors</span>, terrier, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Terpse</span>, to poise an arrow for shooting</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Terryers</span>, terriers, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Teste</span>, head or antlers (<em>t&ecirc;te</em>)</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Teyntes</span>, touches, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Thenderleggis</span>, hind legs</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Thenkyngis</span>, thinking, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Thennes</span>, thence</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Thidere</span>, thither</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Toches</span>, teeth, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Togadere, togidre</span>, together</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Tokenys</span>, tokens, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Tosshes</span>, tusks</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Tounge, toong</span>, tongue</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Toure</span>, tower, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Towailles</span>, towels, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Townge, tunge</span>, tongue</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Trace</span>, track or footprint of an animal, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Trauaille, travayle</span>, Fr. <em>travaill&eacute;</em>, work, labour, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Tredeles</span>, excrements of otter, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Trenchour</span>, trencher, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Trestes</span>, tryst, trist, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Tresteth</span>, trusteth, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Treu, trewe</span>, true, faithful</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Trip</span>, a herd of tame swine, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Trochis, troches</span>, the tines &quot;on top,&quot; <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Trodes</span>, trod</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Troweth</span>, believes or knows</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Trustre</span>, tryst, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Twies, twyes</span>, twice, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Twin</span>, between</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Twygges</span>, twigs, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Tyme</span>, season</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Tyndes, tynys</span>, tines, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Tysane</span>, a medicinal tea, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Ugl" id="Ugl">Umbicast</a></span>, to cast round, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Undirnethe</span>, underneath</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Undoing</span>, dressing of a deer</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Undoon</span>, undone, to cut up</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Unneth</span>, scarcely, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Unsicker</span>, uncertain</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Unthende</span>, unsuccessful</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Unwayssh</span>, unwashed</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Unwexid</span>, unwaxed</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Unyoyne</span>, unjoin, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Uprear to</span>, finding of the hart buck, and boar with the limer</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Usyn</span>, use</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Vgl" id="Vgl">Vanchasours,</a> vanchasers</span>, the relay of hounds that comes first, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Vannchace</span>, the first in the chase, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Vauntellay, vauntlay, vnlay</span>, part of the pack held in reserve, when uncoupled on the line of the stag before the hounds already hunting had passed, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Veel</span>, calf, used sometimes for the stag in his first year, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Veline</span>, a horn signal, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Veltraga, veltrarius</span>, a hound, an alaunt, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Vent to</span>, said of an otter when it comes to surface of water for air; also to empty, to cast excrements, App.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ventrers</span>, ventreres, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Venyin</span>, venom</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Verfull</span>, a glassful, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Verrey</span>, truly, true, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Vertegrece, vertegres</span>, verdigris, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Vesteing</span>, investigating, looking, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Veutreres, veautre</span>, boarhound</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Veyn</span>, vein</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Vishiteth</span>, voiding excrements, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Vmblis</span>, umbles</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Vndirtakyng</span>, undertaking</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Vndyrstondyng</span>, understanding</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Vngles</span>, bugles, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Vnnanys</span>, onions, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Voide, voyde</span>, leave, go away, empty, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Voiden</span>, to purge, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Vois, voys</span>, voice, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Voynes</span>, veins, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Wgl" id="Wgl">Waggyng</a></span>, excrements of foxes, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Waies</span>, way, track</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Walouyng</span>, wallowing, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Waltrer</span>, welter</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wanlace</span>, put up game, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Waraunt</span>, warrant, save, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Warderobe, werdrobe</span>, excrement of badgers, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ware</span>, aware; also war, beware</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wareyn, wareyns</span>, warren, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Warly</span>, warily</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wayssh</span>, wash</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wedir</span>, weather, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wedis</span>, weeds</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Welex</span>, grow, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Welle, wolle</span>, wool</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Welspedde</span>, well sped</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wene</span>, know, to think</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wered</span>, worn</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Werkis</span>, works, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wervolf, werwolfe</span>, a maneating wolf, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wery</span>, weary, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wete</span>, to wit, to know, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wex</span>, wax, to grow, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wexed</span>, waxed, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wexing, wexyn</span>, growth, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Weytinge</span>, waiting</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wheder</span>, whether</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Whitly</span>, whiter</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wif</span>, wiff, wife, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wode</span>, wood</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wodemannys</span>, woodman's, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wodmanly</span>, woodmanly, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wold</span>, wish or would</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wones</span>, dwellings</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wonned, wouned</span>, wont, accustomed, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Woode</span>, wode, mad, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Woodness</span>, madness, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Woote</span>, know, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Worth up, on horse</span>, mount on horseback, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wortes</span>, vegetables, roots, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Woxen</span>, part of verb <em>wax</em>, to grow</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wreech, wreche</span>, wretched, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wrethis</span>, wreaths, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wroot</span>, to root, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wrooth</span>, wrath, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wryteng</span>, writing, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wurthynes</span>, worthiness</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wyleli, wililiche</span>, wilily, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wymmen</span>, women, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wynde</span>, wind, scent, smell</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Wyndeth</span>, winds, scents, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Ygl" id="Ygl">Ybrend</a></span>, burnt, dry, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Yede</span>, went, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Yeman</span>, yeoman, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Yeue</span>, give, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Yfeted</span>, made, well or evil shaped</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Yflanked</span>, a species of madness in hounds, &quot;lank madness,&quot; <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Yfore</span>, therefore</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Yfounde</span>, found, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ygote</span>, begotten, bred</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Yhewe</span>, hewn, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ylaft</span>, left, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ymakyd</span>, made</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ynowe, ynow</span>, enough, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Yongis</span>, young</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Youle</span>, howl</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ypocras</span>, Hippocras, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ypoticaries</span>, apothecary, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Yrest</span>, rested, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ythowzt</span>, thought of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2>
+<table class="key" summary="index">
+  <tr>
+    <th><a href="#Ain">A</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Bin">B</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Cin">C</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Din">D</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Ein">E</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Fin">F</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Gin">G</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Hin">H</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Iin">I</a></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th><a href="#Jin">J</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Kin">K</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Lin">L</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Min">M</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Nin">N</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Oin">O</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Pin">P</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Qin">Q</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Rin">R</a></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th><a href="#Sin">S</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Tin">T</a></th>
+    <th class="reverse">U</th>
+    <th><a href="#Vin">V</a></th>
+    <th><a href="#Win">W</a></th>
+    <th class="reverse">X</th>
+    <th><a href="#Yin">Y</a></th>
+    <th class="reverse">Z</th>
+    <th class="reverse"></th>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Ain" id="Ain"></a>Acquillez, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li>
+  <li>Affeted, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li>
+  <li>Agincourt, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></li>
+  <li>Agrimony, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+  <li>Aiguilles or needles, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+  <li>Alauntes, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116-18</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li>
+  <li>Antlers of the hart, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140-3</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203-4</a></li>
+  <li>Appollo, King of Lyonnys, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+  <li>Aquitaine, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a></li>
+  <li>Assembly, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163-4</a></li>
+  <li>Auberey of Montdidier, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+  <li>Aumarle, Duke of, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Bin" id="Bin">Badger,</a> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68-9</a></li>
+  <li>Badminton Library, <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a></li>
+  <li>Baillie-Grohman, <a href="#Page_xxvi">xxvi</a>, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li>
+  <li>Baiting, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+  <li>Baldric, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+  <li>Beaumont, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li>
+  <li>Bellowing time, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+  <li>Bercelet, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+  <li>Berners, or attendants on hounds, <a href="#Page_165">165-9</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+  <li>Bisshunters, furhunters, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
+  <li>Blaine, <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a></li>
+  <li>Blenches, trick, deceit, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
+  <li>Boar, wild&mdash;<em>see</em> Wild boar</li>
+  <li>Boce, hump, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
+  <li>Bodleian Library, <a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a></li>
+  <li>Boughs, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
+  <li>Brache, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+  <li>Broches, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+  <li>Brocket, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+  <li>Buck, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38-40</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+  <li>Burnish, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+  <li>Burr, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+  <li>Burrows, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+  <li>Butchers' hounds, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Cin" id="Cin">Caboche</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+  <li>Camomile, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+  <li>Canker, the cure for, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+  <li>Cat, wild&mdash;<em>see</em> Wild cat</li>
+  <li>Cecil's &quot;Records of the Chase,&quot; <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a></li>
+  <li>Celandine, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+  <li>Chacechiens, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+  <li>Change, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+  <li>Chase, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
+  <li>Chase, beasts of the, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
+  <li>Chaucer, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+  <li>Claudoneus, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+  <li>Coney, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+  <li><em>Consolida major</em>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+  <li><em>Consolida minor</em>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+  <li>Contreongle, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+  <li>Cotton MS., British Mus., <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a></li>
+  <li>Couchers (setters), <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+  <li>Couples, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+  <li>Cur&eacute;e, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208-209</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Din" id="Din">Dalziel</a>, <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a></li>
+  <li>D'Aumale, Duc, <a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a></li>
+  <li>Deer tithes, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+  <li>Dryden, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a>, <a href="#APPENDIX">Appendix</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Ein" id="Ein">Encorne</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span></li>
+  <li>Envoiced, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+  <li>Ergots of the hart, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li>
+  <li>Excrements&mdash;<em>see</em> Fumes</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap"><a name="Fin" id="Fin">F. G. de</a></span>&mdash;<em>see</em> Gaston de Foix</li>
+  <li>Farrow, giving birth to young pigs, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+  <li>Fees of huntsmen, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+  <li>Fence month, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+  <li>Ferrets, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+  <li>Fewte, track, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+  <li>Fewterer, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
+  <li>Finders, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+  <li>Foils, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+  <li>Foix, Gaston de&mdash;<em>see</em> Gaston de Foix</li>
+  <li>Forlonge, a horn signal, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+  <li>Fownes, Thomas, first pack of foxhounds established by, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
+  <li>Fox, the, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64-67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+  <li>Foxhounds, first pack of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
+  <li>Fray, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+  <li>Fraying-post, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+  <li>Froissart, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a></li>
+  <li>Fues, track, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+  <li>Fuite, track, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+  <li>Fumes, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>-<a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+  <li>Fute, track, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Gin" id="Gin">Garlic</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+  <li>Gaston de Foix, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, and <a href="#APPENDIX">Appendix</a>.</li>
+  <li>Gathering&mdash;<em>see</em> Assembly</li>
+  <li>Gins, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+  <li>Gladness or glade, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+  <li>Grease or fat of game, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>,<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+  <li>Grease time, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+  <li>Greyhound, the, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216-8</a></li>
+  <li>Grinders, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+  <li>Guienne, <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
+  <li><em>Guyenne loup cerviers</em>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Hin" id="Hin">Harbour</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+  <li>Hardel, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+  <li>Hare, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14-22</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181-7</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>-<a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+  <li>Hare pipes, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+  <li>Haronblast, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+  <li>Harness, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+  <li>Harrier, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222-4</a></li>
+  <li>Hart, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>-<a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>-<a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191-9</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224-7</a></li>
+  <li>Harting, J. E., <a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a></li>
+  <li>Hausse-piez, the, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+  <li>Hawks, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+  <li>Hayes or haia, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+  <li>Henry IV., King of England, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+  <li>Hippocras, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+  <li>Holy Cross, Feast of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+  <li>Holy Rood, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+  <li>Horn, hunter's, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li>
+  <li>Horse, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+  <li>Hound, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-<a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-<a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
+  <li>Hunter, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+  <li>Hunting cries, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>-<a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181-7</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li>
+  <li>Hunting music, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191-9</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>-<a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li>
+  <li>Hunting seasons, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Iin" id="Iin">Idleness</a>, the foundation of all evil, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
+  <li><em>Illocques</em>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+  <li>Imagination, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
+  <li>Iris, the, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Jin" id="Jin">Jopeye</a>, to holloa to the hounds, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Kin" id="Kin">Kenettes</a>, small hounds, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
+  <li>Kennel, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
+  <li>Kids, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+  <li>Kindles of the hare, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
+  <li>King, hunting of the, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>-<a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Lin" id="Lin">Langley</a>, Edmund of, <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span></li>
+  <li>Latimer, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+  <li>Lesses, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+  <li>Leverettes or kindles, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
+  <li>Ligging, a bed, a lair, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
+  <li>Lilies, medicinal qualities of, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+  <li>Limer, a scenting hound, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-<a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>-<a href="#Page_237">237</a></li>
+  <li>Limerer, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+  <li>Loup cerviers, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+  <li>Lymer&mdash;<em>see</em> Limer</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Min" id="Min">Madness in the hound</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li>
+  <li>Makary slays Auberey of Montdidier, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+  <li>Mallows, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+  <li>Mange in the hound, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+  <li>Marten, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+  <li><em>Master of Game</em>, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>-<a href="#Page_xix">xix</a>, <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li>
+  <li>Master of Herthounds, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+  <li>Mastiff, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>-<a href="#Page_242">242</a></li>
+  <li>Melbourne, William, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+  <li>Men&eacute;e, the, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>-<a href="#Page_242">242</a></li>
+  <li>Metynge, or feeding, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li>
+  <li>Meute, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li>
+  <li>Mew, to shed, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li>
+  <li>Milbourne, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+  <li>Moot or mote, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
+  <li><em>Mort</em> or death, the, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+  <li>Mortimers, the, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a></li>
+  <li>Motherwort, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+  <li>Move, to start a hare, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li>
+  <li>Muse or meuse, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Nin" id="Nin">Needles</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+  <li>Nets, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+  <li>Numbles, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Oin" id="Oin">Otter</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-<a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Pin" id="Pin">Parfet</a>, the, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+  <li>Parfitters, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+  <li>Parker, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li>
+  <li>Partridge, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+  <li>Pennyroyal, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+  <li>Pevensey, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a></li>
+  <li>Ph&oelig;bus, Gaston, Count de Foix&mdash;<em>see</em> Gaston de Foix</li>
+  <li>Pomeled, spotted, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+  <li>Prise, the, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+  <li><em>Pterygium</em>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Qin" id="Qin">Quail</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+  <li>Quarry, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+  <li>Quest, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Rin" id="Rin">Rabies&mdash;></a><em>see</em> Madness</li>
+  <li>Raches, scenting-hounds, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>-<a href="#Page_253">253</a></li>
+  <li>Rascal, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+  <li>Relays, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+  <li>Resceyuour or receiver, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li>
+  <li>Riot, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li>
+  <li>Roebuck, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>-<a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li>
+  <li>Roosevelt, Th., <a href="#Page_xviii">xviii</a>, <a href="#Page_xix">xix</a>-<a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li>
+  <li>Roy Modus, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#APPENDIX">Appendix</a></li>
+  <li>Royals (antlers), <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+  <li>Rue, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+  <li>Ruets, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+  <li>Running hounds&mdash;<em>see</em> Raches</li>
+  <li>Rutting, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+  <li>Ryding time, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Sin" id="Sin">Scantillon</a>, a measure, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li>
+  <li>Scotland, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+  <li>Scombre, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+  <li>Seasons of hunting, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li>
+  <li>Seton, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+  <li>Setters, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+  <li>Seven deadly sins, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+  <li>Shakespeare, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></li>
+  <li>Shaw, Vero, <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a></li>
+  <li>Shirley MS., <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+  <li>Snares, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+  <li>Sounder or herd of wild swine, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+  <li>Spain, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+  <li>Spaniel, the, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>-<a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+  <li>Spay, to kill, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span></li>
+  <li>Spay, to castrate, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li>
+  <li>Spraintes of otter, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+  <li>Springole, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+  <li>Spurge, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+  <li>Squire, a companion of the hart, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+  <li>Stable-stand, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li>
+  <li>Staggard, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+  <li>Stankes, or pools, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li>
+  <li>Stint, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+  <li>&quot;Stinking foot,&quot; <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
+  <li><em>Storax</em>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+  <li>Strutt's &quot;Sports and Pastimes,&quot; <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a></li>
+  <li>Sur-royal of the hart, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+  <li>&quot;Sweet foot,&quot; <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Tin" id="Tin">Tache</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li>
+  <li>Tally Ho, etymology and use of, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+  <li>Talon, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+  <li>Taw, to make hides into leather, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li>
+  <li>Teazer, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+  <li>Terrier, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+  <li>Thyme, wild, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+  <li>Trace, footprint of deer, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+  <li>Troche, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+  <li>Tryst, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+  <li>Twety and Gifford, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#APPENDIX">Appendix</a></li>
+  <li>Twici, William, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#APPENDIX">Appendix</a></li>
+  <li>Tysane, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Vin" id="Vin">Valerian</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+  <li>Vanchasers, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+  <li>Vauntlay, to cast off, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+  <li>Veltres, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+  <li>Venery, beasts of, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#APPENDIX">Appendix</a></li>
+  <li>Vixen, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Win" id="Win">Wagging</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+  <li>Wall pellitory, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+  <li>Wanlace, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li>
+  <li>Wardrobe, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+  <li>Wer-wolves, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+  <li>Wild boar, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-<a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li>
+  <li>Wild cat and its nature, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-<a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+  <li>Wilton, Lord, <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a></li>
+  <li>Wolf, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>-<a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+  <li>Woodman's craft, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+  <li>Worming a dog, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+  <li>Wright, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></li>
+  <li>Wynn, <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="index">
+  <li><a name="Yin" id="Yin">Yeoman at horse</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+  <li>Yeomen berners on foot, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+  <li>York, Duke of, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>., <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p class="center">Printed by <span class="smcap">Ballantyne, Hanson &amp; Co.</span><br />
+Edinburgh &amp; London</p>
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_A1" id="Page_A1">[Pg 1]</a></p>
+
+<p class="large"><em>ABRIDGED PROSPECTUS OF THE FIRST EDITION OF</em></p>
+<p class="xlarge">THE</p>
+<p class="xxlarge">MASTER OF GAME</p>
+<p class="large"><em>The Oldest English Book on Hunting</em></p>
+<p class="large"><span class="smcap">By EDWARD, DUKE OF YORK</span></p>
+<p class="large"><span class="smcap">edited by</span></p>
+<p class="large"><span class="smcap">W. A. and F. BAILLIE-GROHMAN</span></p>
+<p class="large"><span class="smcap">with a forward by</span></p>
+<p class="large"><span class="smcap">THEODORE ROOSEVELT</span></p>
+<p>With 44 Facsimile Photogravure Plates (4 with original text) and
+Frontispiece reproduced in Colours and Gold, from the Miniatures in the
+famous MS. f. fr. 616 in the <em>Biblioth&egrave;que Nationale</em>, Paris. Monotint
+reproductions of the drawings in the Bodleian "Master of Game" (MS.
+Bodl. 546), and other reproductions, transcripts of hitherto unpublished
+MSS. and Documents, Literary and Historical Notes, a Bibliography of
+MSS. and Printed Books on Hunting in the principal Languages of Europe
+up to the end of the sixteenth century, and a Glossary of Ancient
+English Hunting Terms, with Index.</p>
+<p>Only 600 COPIES (bound with these plates in &quot;Rough Deerskin&quot;) will be
+sold, of which half are reserved for England, the rest for America and
+the Continent. Each copy is numbered and signed, and under no
+circumstances will any more be published. <span class="u">Price &pound;6</span>.
+The first ten copies are printed on Japanese Hand-made Vellum paper
+throughout and Bound by Zaehnsdorf in White Vellum, price &pound;30
+each.</p>
+<p>Only 2 copies of the latter and 20 copies of the English Edition are
+left.</p>
+<p><em>HIS MAJESTY THE KING and H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES have been pleased
+to subscribe for copies.</em></p>
+<p>Published for the Editors by <span class="u">BALLANTYNE &amp; CO.</span>,
+<span class="smcap">14 Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, W.C., London</span>,
+who will forward a Specimen Plate and full particulars on application.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_A2" id="Page_A2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p>
+<hr class="chapter" />
+<h2><a name="Extracts_from_Reviews_in_the_English_and_American_Press"
+id="Extracts_from_Reviews_in_the_English_and_American_Press"></a>
+<em>Extracts from Reviews in the English and American Press</em></h2>
+<p><em>The Times.</em>&mdash;&quot;'The Oldest English Book on Hunting' renews its youth in
+a superb and massive volume, elaborately illustrated with reproductions
+of the quaintest of medi&aelig;val drawings. The archaic text of the original
+English is happily modernised in parallel columns, so that the book is
+pleasant and easy reading. The elaborate appendix is a treasury of
+research ... and the bibliographical catalogue is exhaustive."</p>
+<p><em>The Fortnightly Review.</em>&mdash;&quot;A great classic has been rescued from
+oblivion."</p>
+<p><em>The Spectator.</em>&mdash;&quot;There can be no hesitation in ascribing to the
+magnificently produced volume the first place in the classics of hunting
+of an earlier date ever given to the public of our day. Some of the
+attractions of this splendid volume ... the illustrations which are as
+interesting as the text ... absolutely a masterpiece ... the endurance
+of a scholarly and rational enthusiasm in the history and pursuit of
+sport has its monument in the fine work now presented."</p>
+<p><em>The Field.</em>&mdash;&quot;In many respects this is a remarkable book. It is the
+oldest treatise on hunting in the English language. It was written just
+five centuries ago, and, strange to say, until the present time it has
+never been printed. As the treatise is from many points of view of
+considerable importance, one would have supposed that long ere this some
+enthusiastic scholar with a love for the chase would have been found
+both able and willing to undertake its publication. On the other hand,
+we have only to look at the text as now presented to us to see that its
+preparation implies an enormous amount of labour, involving a collation
+of the various MSS., a <em>verbatim et literatim</em> transcription of the
+text, a modern English translation in parallel columns, critical and
+explanatory notes, and a glossary of ancient hunting terms; in a word, a
+thorough mastery of the subject. All this Mr. and Mrs. Baillie-Grohman
+have accomplished, and indeed much more, for they have given an account
+of the existing MSS. of the work, a bibliography of the medi&aelig;val
+literature of the chase. It was a happy thought to illustrate the
+English text with facsimiles of the beautiful miniatures which adorn the
+French original.... In the way of reproduction nothing could be better
+... the <em>tout ensemble</em> is a model of good taste and fine printing.&quot;</p>
+<p><em>Baily's Magazine.</em>&mdash;&quot;This beautiful book ... in such sumptuous form ...
+bears evidence of wide research and of care in preparation. The
+sumptuous production it is and the illuminations from old MSS. have been
+reproduced as well as it was possible to reproduce them."</p>
+<p><em>Land and Water.</em>&mdash;&quot;This is really an extremely interesting book, and if
+Mr. Baillie-Grohman is as painstaking and accurate with his rifle as he
+is with his pen, it is small wonder that he is in the front rank of
+contemporary sportsmen."</p>
+<p><em>The Standard.</em>&mdash;&quot;Singularly interesting and amusing ... sumptuous book
+... an immense amount of bibliographical information.... Mr.
+Baillie-Grohman is a hunter of world-wide experience, and his authority
+will be generally recognised."</p>
+<p><em>Morning Post.</em>&mdash;&quot;Magnificent folio ... the editors' notes on the text
+are full of far-sought information, and, what is more, are delightfully
+written.... Happy is the sportsman and scholar who has a copy of it."</p>
+<p><em>The Country Gentleman.</em>&mdash;&quot;Mr. and Mrs. Baillie-Grohman have done their
+work as editors admirably ... nothing could be better than the general
+'get-up' of this charming volume."</p>
+<p><em>New York Herald.</em>&mdash;&quot;Magnificent edition of the 'Master of Game,' edited
+with a loving care that makes it a literary marvel. No labour, no
+expense has been too great for the editors of this truly splendid
+edition of a singularly interesting work."</p>
+<p><em>Chicago Tribune.</em>&mdash;&quot;Sumptuous folio of the first importance to students
+... it must ever be considered a classic of its kind."</p>
+<p><em>The Nation</em> (New York).&mdash;&quot;One can hardly speak too highly of the loving
+and enthusiastic care which the editors have manifested in preparing the
+work for publication."</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Master of Game, by Second Duke of York, Edward
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+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg's The Master of Game, by Second Duke of York, Edward
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Master of Game
+       The Oldest English Book on Hunting
+
+Author: Second Duke of York, Edward
+
+Contributor: Theodore Roosevelt
+
+Editor: William A. Baillie-Grohman
+        F. Baillie-Grohman
+
+Release Date: August 12, 2013 [EBook #43452]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MASTER OF GAME ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Martin Mayer and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcribers' notes:
+
+Spelling, hyphenation, punctuation, capitalization, and accentuation
+vary throughout the text. They are retained as published; we have not
+standardized them.
+
+The oe ligature is rendered: [oe].
+
+Letters with a macron are preceded by an equals sign, both inside of
+square brackets, e.g. [=a].
+
+Italics are rendered between underscores, e.g. _italics_.
+
+Underlined text is rendered between equal signs, e.g. =underlined
+text=.
+
+Smallcap text is rendered in all caps, e.g. SMALLCAP TEXT.
+
+Superscripts are preceded by the carat character, e.g. ov^r.
+
+Horn notes are rendered:
+    [**white] denoting a long note, [**black] a short note,
+    [**white][**white] a note of two long syllables, etc.]
+
+
+
+
+THE MASTER OF GAME
+
+[Illustration: Fox hunting "above ground" with raches or running
+hounds. (From MS. f. fr. 616 in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.)]
+
+ THE MASTER OF GAME
+ BY EDWARD, SECOND DUKE OF
+ YORK: THE OLDEST ENGLISH
+ BOOK ON HUNTING: EDITED BY
+ WM. A. AND F. BAILLIE-GROHMAN
+ WITH A FOREWORD BY THEODORE
+ ROOSEVELT
+
+[Illustration]
+
+LONDON
+CHATTO & WINDUS
+MCMIX
+
+
+_All rights reserved_
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+
+
+    CHAP. PAGE
+
+    INTRODUCTION xi
+
+    FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION xix
+
+    I. THE PROLOGUE 1
+
+    II. OF THE HARE AND OF HER NATURE 14
+
+    III. OF THE HART AND HIS NATURE 23
+
+    IV. OF THE BUCK AND OF HIS NATURE 38
+
+    V. OF THE ROE AND OF HIS NATURE 41
+
+    VI. OF THE WILD BOAR AND OF HIS NATURE 46
+
+    VII. OF THE WOLF AND OF HIS NATURE 54
+
+    VIII. OF THE FOX AND OF HIS NATURE 64
+
+    IX. OF THE GREY (BADGER) AND OF HIS NATURE 68
+
+    X. OF THE (WILD) CAT AND ITS NATURE 70
+
+    XI. THE OTTER AND HIS NATURE 72
+
+    XII. OF THE MANNER AND HABITS AND CONDITIONS OF HOUNDS 75
+
+    XIII. OF SICKNESSES OF HOUNDS AND OF THEIR CORRUPTIONS 85
+
+    XIV. OF RUNNING HOUNDS AND OF THEIR NATURE 105
+
+    XV. OF GREYHOUNDS AND OF THEIR NATURE 113
+
+    XVI. OF ALAUNTES AND OF THEIR NATURE 116
+
+    XVII. OF SPANIELS AND OF THEIR NATURE 119
+
+    XVIII. OF THE MASTIFF AND OF HIS NATURE 122
+
+    XIX. WHAT MANNER AND CONDITION A GOOD HUNTER SHOULD HAVE 123
+
+    XX. HOW THE KENNEL FOR THE HOUNDS AND THE COUPLES FOR THE RACHES AND
+    THE ROPES FOR THE LYMER SHOULD BE MADE 125
+
+    XXI. HOW THE HOUNDS SHOULD BE LED OUT TO SCOMBRE 127
+
+    XXII. HOW A HUNTER'S HORN SHOULD BE DRIVEN 128
+
+    XXIII. HOW A MAN SHOULD LEAD HIS GROOM IN QUEST FOR TO KNOW A HART BY
+    HIS TRACE 130
+
+    XXIV. HOW A MAN SHOULD KNOW A GREAT HART BY THE FUMES 133
+
+    XXV. HOW A MAN SHOULD KNOW A GREAT HART BY THE PLACE WHERE HE HATH
+    FRAYED HIS HEAD 135
+
+    XXVI. HOW THE ORDINANCE SHOULD BE MADE FOR THE HART HUNTING BY
+    STRENGTH AND HOW THE HART SHOULD BE HARBOURED 148
+
+    XXVII. HOW A HUNTER SHOULD GO IN QUEST BY THE SIGHT 152
+
+    XXVIII. HOW AN HUNTER SHOULD GO IN QUEST BETWEEN THE PLAINS AND THE
+    WOOD 154
+
+    XXIX. HOW A HUNTER SHOULD GO IN QUEST IN THE COPPICE AND THE YOUNG
+    WOOD 155
+
+    XXX. HOW AN HUNTER SHOULD GO IN QUEST IN GREAT COVERTS AND STRENGTHS
+    156
+
+    XXXI. HOW A HUNTER SHOULD QUEST IN CLEAR SPIRES AND HIGH WOOD 157
+
+    XXXII. HOW A GOOD HUNTER SHALL GO IN QUEST TO HEAR THE HARTS BELLOW
+    161
+
+    XXXIII. HOW THE ASSEMBLY THAT MEN CALL GATHERING SHOULD BE MADE BOTH
+    WINTER AND SUMMER AFTER THE GUISE OF BEYOND THE SEA 163
+
+    XXXIV. HOW THE HART SHOULD BE MOVED WITH THE LYMER AND RUN TO AND
+    SLAIN WITH STRENGTH 165
+
+    XXXV. HOW AN HUNTER SHOULD SEEK AND FIND THE HARE WITH RUNNING HOUNDS
+    AND SLAY HER WITH STRENGTH 181
+
+    XXXVI. OF THE ORDINANCE AND THE MANNER OF HUNTING WHEN THE KING WILL
+    HUNT IN FORESTS OR IN PARKS FOR THE HART WITH BOWS AND GREYHOUNDS AND
+    STABLE 188
+
+    APPENDIX 201
+
+    LIST OF SOME BOOKS CONSULTED AND ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TEXT 268
+
+    GLOSSARY 282
+
+    INDEX 299
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+    FOX HUNTING "ABOVE GROUND"                          _Frontispiece_
+
+    GASTON PH[OE]BUS SURROUNDED BY HUNTSMEN AND HOUNDS _To face page_  1
+
+    THE HARE AND HER LEVERETS                                 "       14
+
+    HOW TO QUEST FOR THE HART IN WOODS                        "       22
+
+    BUCK-HUNTING WITH RUNNING HOUNDS                          "       38
+
+    ROEBUCK-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RUNNING HOUNDS        "       44
+
+    BADGER-DRAWING                                            "       68
+
+    OTTER-HUNTING                                             "       72
+
+    HOW THE HOUNDS WERE LED OUT                               "       86
+
+    RACHES OR RUNNING HOUNDS IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY         "      106
+
+    THE SMOOTH AND THE ROUGH-COATED GREYHOUNDS                "      114
+
+    THE FIVE BREEDS OF HOUNDS DESCRIBED IN THE TEXT           "      122
+
+     THE KENNEL AND KENNELMEN                                 "      126
+
+    THE MASTER TEACHING HIS HUNTSMAN HOW TO QUEST FOR
+    THE HART WITH THE LIMER OR TRACKHOUND             _To face page_ 130
+
+    HOW A GREAT HART IS TO BE KNOWN BY HIS "FUMES"
+    (EXCREMENTS)                                              "      134
+
+    HOW THE HUNTER SHOULD VIEW THE HART                       "      152
+
+    HOW TO QUEST FOR THE HART IN COVERTS                      "      164
+
+    HARE-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RUNNING HOUNDS           "      182
+
+    HARE-DRIVING WITH LOW BELLS                               "      184
+
+    NETTING HARES IN THEIR "MUSES"                            "      186
+
+    THE "UNDOING" OR GRALLOCHING OF THE HART: THE
+    MASTER INSTRUCTING HIS HUNTERS HOW IT IS DONE             "      192
+
+    HART-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RACHES                   "      196
+
+    THE "CUREE" OR REWARDING OF THE HOUNDS"                   "      198
+
+    SHOOTING HARES WITH BLUNT BOLTS                           "      220
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+The "Master of Game" is the oldest as well as the most important work
+on the chase in the English language that has come down to us from the
+Middle Ages.
+
+Written between the years 1406 and 1413 by Edward III.'s grandson
+Edward, second Duke of York, our author will be known to every reader
+of Shakespeare's "Richard II.," for he is no other than the arch
+traitor Duke of Aumarle, previously Earl of Rutland, who, according to
+some historians, after having been an accomplice in the murder of his
+uncle Gloucester, carried in his own hand on a pole the head of his
+brother-in-law. The student of history, on the other hand, cannot
+forget that this turbulent Plantagenet was the gallant leader of
+England's vanguard at Agincourt, where he was one of the great nobles
+who purchased with their lives what was probably the most glorious
+victory ever vouchsafed to English arms.
+
+He tells us in his Prologue, in which he dedicates his "litel symple
+book" to Henry, eldest son of his cousin Henry IV., "Kyng of Jngelond
+and of Fraunce," that he is the Master of Game at the latter's court.
+
+Let it at once be said that the greater part of the book before us is
+not the original work of Edward of York, but a careful and almost
+literal translation from what is indisputably the most famous hunting
+book of all times, _i.e._ Count Gaston de Foix's _Livre de Chasse_,
+or, as author and book are often called, _Gaston Ph[oe]bus_, so named
+because the author, who was a kinsman of the Plantagenets, and who
+reigned over two principalities in southern France and northern Spain,
+was renowned for his manly beauty and golden hair. It is he of whom
+Froissart has to tell us so much that is quaint and interesting in his
+inimitable chronicle. _La Chasse_, as Gaston de Foix tells us in his
+preface, was commenced on May 1, 1387, and as he came to his end on a
+bear hunt not much more than four years later, it is very likely that
+his youthful Plantagenet kinsman, our author, often met him during his
+prolonged residence in Aquitaine, of which, later on, he became the
+Governor.
+
+Fortunately for us, the enforced leisure which the Duke of York
+enjoyed while imprisoned in Pevensey Castle for his traitorous
+connection with the plots of his sister to assassinate the King and to
+carry off their two young kinsmen, the Mortimers, the elder of whom
+was the heir presumptive to the throne, was of sufficient length to
+permit him not only to translate _La Chasse_ but to add five original
+chapters dealing with English hunting.
+
+These chapters, as well as the numerous interpolations made by the
+translator, are all of the first importance to the student of venery,
+for they emphasise the changes--as yet but very trifling ones--that
+had been introduced into Britain in the three hundred and two score
+years that had intervened since the Conquest, when the French language
+and French hunting customs became established on English soil. To
+enable the reader to see at a glance which parts of the "Master of
+Game" are original, these are printed in italics.
+
+The text, of which a modern rendering is here given, is taken from the
+best of the existing nineteen MSS. of the "Master of Game," viz. the
+Cottonian MS. Vespasian B. XII., in the British Museum, dating from
+about 1420. The quaint English of Chaucer's day, with its archaic
+contractions, puzzling orthography, and long, obsolete technical terms
+in this MS. are not always as easy to read as those who only wish to
+get a general insight into the contents of the "Master of Game" might
+wish. It was a difficult question to decide to what extent this text
+should be modernised. If translated completely into twentieth century
+English a great part of the charm and interest of the original would
+be lost. For this reason many of the old terms of venery and the
+construction of sentences have been retained where possible, so that
+the general reader will be able to appreciate the "feeling" of the old
+work without being unduly puzzled. In a few cases where, through the
+omission of words, the sense was left undetermined, it has been made
+clear after carefully consulting other English MSS. and the French
+parent work.
+
+It seemed very desirable to elucidate the textual description of
+hunting by the reproduction of good contemporary illuminations, but
+unfortunately English art had not at that period reached the high
+state of perfection which French art had attained. As a matter of
+fact, only two of the nineteen English MSS. contain these pictorial
+aids, and they are of very inferior artistic merit. The French MSS. of
+_La Chasse_, on the other hand, are in several cases exquisitely
+illuminated, and MS. f. fr. 616, which is the copy from which our
+reproductions--much reduced in size, alas!--are made, is not only the
+best of them, but is one of the most precious treasures of the
+_Bibliotheque Nationale_ in Paris. These superb miniatures are
+unquestionably some of the finest handiwork of French miniaturists at
+a period when they occupied the first rank in the world of art.
+
+The editors have added a short Appendix, elucidating ancient hunting
+customs and terms of the chase. Ancient terms of venery often baffle
+every attempt of the student who is not intimately acquainted with the
+French and German literature of hunting. On one occasion I appealed in
+vain to Professor Max Mueller and to the learned Editor of the Oxford
+Dictionary. "I regret to say that I know nothing about these words,"
+wrote Dr. Murray; "terms of the chase are among the most difficult of
+words, and their investigation demands a great deal of philological
+and antiquarian research." There is little doubt that but for this
+difficulty the "Master of Game" would long ago have emerged from its
+seclusion of almost five hundred years. It is hoped that our notes
+will assist the reader to enjoy this hitherto neglected classic of
+English sport. Singularly enough, as one is almost ashamed to have to
+acknowledge, foreign students, particularly Germans, have paid far
+more attention to the "Master of Game" than English students have, and
+there are few manuscripts of any importance about which English
+writers have made so many mistakes. This is all the more curious
+considering the precise information to the contrary so easily
+accessible on the shelves of the British Museum. All English writers
+with a single exception (Thomas Wright) who have dealt with our book
+have attributed it persistently to a wrong man and a wrong period.
+This has been going on for more than a century; for it was the
+learned, but by no means always accurate, Joseph Strutt who first
+thrust upon the world, in his often quoted "Sports and Pastimes of the
+English People," certain misleading blunders concerning our work and
+its author. Blaine, coming next, adding thereto, was followed little
+more than a decade later by "Cecil," author of an equally much quoted
+book, "Records of the Chase." In it, when speaking of the "Master of
+Game," he says that he has "no doubt that it is the production of
+Edmund de Langley," thus ascribing it to the father instead of to the
+son. Following "Cecil's" untrustworthy lead, Jesse, Lord Wilton, Vero
+Shaw, Dalziel, Wynn, the author of the chapter on old hunting in the
+Badminton Library volume on Hunting, and many other writers copied
+blindly these mistakes.
+
+Five years ago the present editors published in a large folio volume
+the first edition of the "Master of Game" in a limited and expensive
+form. It contained side by side with the ancient text a modernised
+version, extended biographical accounts of Edward of York and of
+Gaston de Foix (both personalities of singular historical and human
+interest), a detailed bibliography of the existing mediaeval hunting
+literature up to the end of the sixteenth century, a glossary, and a
+very much longer appendix than it was possible to insert in the
+present volume, which, in order to make it conform to the series of
+which it forms part, had to be cut down to about one-sixth of the
+first edition. A similar fate had to befall the illustrations, which
+had to be reduced materially both in number and size. We would
+therefore invite the reader whose interest in the subject may possibly
+be aroused by the present pages, to glance at the perhaps
+formidable-looking pages of the first edition, with its facsimile
+photogravure reproductions of the best French and English
+illuminations to be found in fifteenth century hunting literature.
+
+In conclusion, I desire to repeat also in this place the expression of
+my thanks to the authorities of the British Museum--to Dr. G. F.
+Warner and Mr. I. H. Jeayes in particular--to the heads of the
+Bodleian Library, the _Bibliotheque Nationale_, the Mazarin and the
+Arsenal Libraries in Paris, the Duc d'Aumale's Library at Chantilly,
+the _Bibliotheque Royale_ at Brussels, the _Koenigliche Bibliotheken_
+in Munich and Dresden, the _Kaiserliche und Koenigliche Haus, Hof and
+Staats Archiv_, and the _K. and K. Hof Bibliothek_ in Vienna, to Dr.
+F. J. Furnivall, Mr. J. E. Harting, Mr. T. Fitzroy Fenwick of
+Cheltenham, and to express my indebtedness to the late Sir Henry
+Dryden, Bt., of Canons Ashby, for his kind assistance in my research
+work.
+
+To one person more than to any other my grateful acknowledgment is
+due, namely to Mr. Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States,
+who, notwithstanding the press of official duties, has found time to
+write the interesting _Foreword_. A conscientious historian of his own
+great country, as well as one of its keenest sportsmen, President
+Roosevelt's qualifications for this kindly office may be described as
+those of a modern Master of Game. No more competent writer could have
+been selected to introduce to his countrymen a work that illustrates
+the spirit which animated our common forbears five centuries ago,
+their characteristic devotion to the chase, no less than their
+intimate acquaintance with the habits and "nature" of the wild game
+they pursued: all attributes worthy of some study by the reading
+sportsmen of the twentieth century, who, as I show, have hitherto
+neglected the study of English Venery. It was at first intended to
+print this _Foreword_ only in the American Edition, but it soon became
+evident that this would give to it an advantage which readers in this
+country would have some reason to complain of, so it was inserted also
+in the English Edition, and from it taken over into the present one.
+
+[Illustration: Signature William A. Baillie-Grohman]
+
+LONDON, _March 3, 1909_.
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+TO THE FIRST EDITION
+
+
+During the century that has just closed Englishmen have stood foremost
+in all branches of sport, at least so far as the chase has been
+carried on by those who have not followed it as a profession. Here and
+there in the world whole populations have remained hunters, to whom
+the chase was part of their regular work--delightful and adventurous,
+but still work. Such were the American backwoodsmen and their
+successors of the great plains and the Rocky Mountains; such were the
+South African Boers; and the mountaineers of Tyrol, if not coming
+exactly within this class, yet treated the chase both as a sport and a
+profession. But disregarding these wild and virile populations, and
+considering only the hunter who hunts for the sake of the hunting, it
+must be said of the Englishman that he stood pre-eminent throughout
+the nineteenth century as a sportsman for sport's sake. Not only was
+fox-hunting a national pastime, but in every quarter of the globe
+Englishmen predominated among the adventurous spirits who combined the
+chase of big game with bold exploration of the unknown. The icy polar
+seas, the steaming equatorial forests, the waterless tropical deserts,
+the vast plains of wind-rippled grass, the wooded northern wilderness,
+the stupendous mountain masses of the Andes and the Himalayas--in
+short, all regions, however frowning and desolate, were penetrated by
+the restless English in their eager quest for big game. Not content
+with the sport afforded by the rifle, whether ahorse or afoot, the
+English in India developed the use of the spear and in Ceylon the use
+of the knife as the legitimate weapons with which to assail the
+dangerous quarry of the jungle and the plain. There were hunters of
+other nationalities, of course--Americans, Germans, Frenchmen; but the
+English were the most numerous of those whose exploits were best worth
+recounting, and there was among them a larger proportion of men gifted
+with the power of narration. Naturally under such circumstances a
+library of nineteenth century hunting must be mainly one of English
+authors.
+
+All this was widely different in the preceding centuries. From the
+Middle Ages to the period of the French Revolution hunting was carried
+on with keener zest in continental Europe than in England; and the
+literature of the chase was far richer in the French, and even in the
+German, tongues than in the English.
+
+The Romans, unlike the Greeks, and still more unlike those mighty
+hunters of old, the Assyrians, cared little for the chase; but the
+white-skinned, fair-haired, blue-eyed barbarians, who, out of the
+wreck of the Roman Empire, carved the States from which sprang modern
+Europe, were passionately devoted to hunting. Game of many kinds then
+swarmed in the cold, wet forests which covered so large a portion of
+Europe. The kings and nobles, and the freemen generally, of the
+regions which now make France and Germany, followed not only the wolf,
+boar, and stag--the last named the favourite quarry of the hunter of
+the Middle Ages--but the bear, the bison--which still lingers in the
+Caucasus and in one Lithuanian preserve of the Czar--and the aurochs,
+the huge wild ox--the _Urus_ of Caesar--which has now vanished from the
+world. In the Nibelungen Lied, when Siegfried's feats of hunting are
+described, it is specified that he slew both the bear and the elk, the
+bison and the aurochs. One of the early Burgundian kings was killed
+while hunting the bison; and Charlemagne was not only passionately
+devoted to the chase of these huge wild cattle, but it is said prized
+the prowess shown therein by one of his stalwart daughters.
+
+By the fourteenth century, when the Count of Foix wrote, the aurochs
+was practically or entirely extinct, and the bison had retreated
+eastwards, where for more than three centuries it held its own in the
+gloomy morasses of the plain south-east of the Baltic. In western
+Europe the game was then the same in kind that it is now, although all
+the larger species were very much more plentiful, the roebuck being
+perhaps the only one of the wild animals that has since increased in
+numbers. With a few exceptions, such as the Emperor Maximilian, the
+kings and great lords of the Middle Ages were not particularly fond of
+chamois and ibex hunting; it was reserved for Victor Emmanuel to be
+the first sovereign with whom shooting the now almost vanished ibex
+was a favourite pastime.
+
+Eager though the early Norman and Plantagenet kings and nobles of
+England were in the chase, especially of the red deer, in France and
+Germany the passion for the sport was still greater. In the end, on
+the Continent the chase became for the upper classes less a pleasure
+than an obsession, and it was carried to a fantastic degree. Many of
+them followed it with brutal indifference to the rights of the
+peasantry and to the utter neglect of all the serious affairs of life.
+During the disastrous period of the Thirty Years War, the Elector of
+Saxony spent most of his time in slaughtering unheard-of numbers of
+red deer; if he had devoted his days and his treasure to the urgent
+contemporary problems of statecraft and warcraft he would have ranked
+more nearly with Gustavus Adolphus and Wallenstein, and would have
+stood better at the bar of history. Louis XVI. was also devoted to the
+chase in its tamer forms, and was shooting at driven game when the
+Paris mob swarmed out to take possession of his person. The great
+lords, with whom love of hunting had become a disease, not merely made
+of game-preserving a grievous burden for the people, but also followed
+the chase in ways which made scant demands upon the hardier qualities
+either of mind or of body. Such debased sport was contemptible then;
+and it is contemptible now. Luxurious and effeminate artificiality,
+and the absence of all demands for the hardy virtues, rob any pastime
+of all title to regard. Shooting at driven game on occasions when the
+day's sport includes elaborate feasts in tents on a store of good
+things brought in waggons or on the backs of sumpter mules, while the
+sport itself makes no demand upon the prowess of the so-called
+sportsman, is but a dismal parody upon the stern hunting life in which
+the man trusts to his own keen eye, stout thews, and heart of steel
+for success and safety in the wild warfare waged against wild nature.
+
+Neither of the two authors now under consideration comes in this
+undesirable class. Both were mighty men with their hands, terrible in
+battle, of imposing presence and turbulent spirit. Both were the
+patrons of art and letters, and both were cultivated in the learning
+of the day. For each of them the chase stood as a hardy and vigorous
+pastime of the kind which makes a people great. The one was Count
+Gaston de Foix, author of the most famous of mediaeval hunting-books, a
+mighty lord and mighty hunter, as well as statesman and warrior. The
+other was Edward, second Duke of York, who at Agincourt "died
+victorious." He translated into English a large portion of Gaston de
+Foix's _La Chasse_, adding to it five original chapters. He called his
+book "The Master of Game."
+
+Gaston's book is better known as _Gaston Ph[oe]bus_, the nickname of
+the author which Froissart has handed down. He treats not only of the
+animals of France, but of the ibex, the chamois, and the reindeer,
+which he hunted in foreign lands. "The Master of Game" is the oldest
+book on hunting in the English language. The original chapters are
+particularly interesting because of the light they throw upon English
+hunting customs in the time of the Plantagenets. The book has never
+hitherto been published. Nineteen ancient manuscript copies are known;
+of the three best extant two are on the shelves of the Bloomsbury
+treasure house, the other in the Bodleian Library. Like others of the
+famous old authors on venery, both the Count of Foix and the Duke of
+York show an astonishing familiarity with the habits, nature, and
+chase of their quarry. Both men, like others of their kind among their
+contemporaries, made of the chase not only an absorbing sport but
+almost the sole occupation of their leisure hours. They passed their
+days in the forest and were masters of woodcraft. Game abounded, and
+not only the chase but the killing of the quarry was a matter of
+intense excitement and an exacting test of personal prowess, for the
+boar, or the bear, or hart at bay was slain at close quarters with the
+spear or long knife.
+
+"The Master of Game" is not only of interest to the sportsman, but
+also to the naturalist, because of its quaint accounts of the "nature"
+of the various animals; to the philologist because of the old English
+hunting terms and the excellent translations of the chapters taken
+from the French; and to the lover of art because of the beautiful
+illustrations, with all their detail of costume, of hunting
+accoutrements, and of ceremonies of "la grande venerie"--which are
+here reproduced in facsimile from one of the best extant French
+manuscripts of the early fifteenth century. The translator has left
+out the chapters on trapping and snaring of wild beasts which were
+contained in the original, the hunting with running hounds being the
+typical and most esteemed form of the sport. Gaston Ph[oe]bus's _La
+Chasse_ was written just over a century before the discovery of
+America; "The Master of Game" some fifteen or twenty years later. The
+former has been reprinted many times. Mr. Baillie-Grohman in
+reproducing (for the first time) the latter in such beautiful form has
+rendered a real service to all lovers of sport, of nature, and of
+books--and no one can get the highest enjoyment out of sport unless he
+can live over again in the library the keen pleasure he experienced in
+the wilderness.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In modern life big-game hunting has assumed many widely varied forms.
+There are still remote regions of the earth in which the traveller
+must depend upon his prowess as a hunter for his subsistence, and here
+and there the foremost settlers of new country still war against the
+game as it has been warred against by their like since time primeval.
+But over most of the earth such conditions have passed away for ever.
+Even in Africa game preserving on a gigantic scale has begun. Such
+game preserving may be of two kinds. In one the individual landed
+proprietor, or a group of such individuals, erect and maintain a
+private game preserve, the game being their property just as much as
+domestic animals. Such preserves often fill a useful purpose, and if
+managed intelligently and with a sense of public spirit and due
+regard for the interests and feelings of others, may do much good,
+even in the most democratic community. But wherever the population is
+sufficiently advanced in intelligence and character, a far preferable
+and more democratic way of preserving the game is by a system of
+public preserves, of protected nurseries and breeding-grounds, while
+the laws define the conditions under which all alike may shoot the
+game and the restrictions under which all alike must enjoy the
+privilege. It is in this way that the wild creatures of the forest and
+the mountain can best and most permanently be preserved. Even in the
+United States the enactment and observance of such laws has brought
+about a marked increase in the game of certain localities, as, for
+instance, New England, during the past thirty years; while in the
+Yellowstone Park the elk, deer, antelope, and mountain sheep, and,
+strangest of all, the bear, are not merely preserved in all their wild
+freedom, but, by living unmolested, have grown to show a confidence in
+man and a tameness in his presence such as elsewhere can be found only
+in regions where he has been hitherto unknown.
+
+The chase is the best of all national pastimes, and this none the less
+because, like every other pastime, it is a mere source of weakness if
+carried on in an unhealthy manner, or to an excessive degree, or under
+over-artificial conditions. Every vigorous game, from football to
+polo, if allowed to become more than a game, and if serious work is
+sacrificed to its enjoyment, is of course noxious. From the days when
+Trajan in his letters to Pliny spoke with such hearty contempt of the
+Greek over-devotion to athletics, every keen thinker has realised that
+vigorous sports are only good in their proper place. But in their
+proper place they are very good indeed. The conditions of modern life
+are highly artificial, and too often tend to a softening of fibre,
+physical and moral. It is a good thing for a man to be forced to show
+self-reliance, resourcefulness in emergency, willingness to endure
+fatigue and hunger, and at need to face risk. Hunting is praiseworthy
+very much in proportion as it tends to develop these qualities. Mr.
+Baillie-Grohman, to whom most English-speaking lovers of sport owe
+their chief knowledge of the feats in bygone time of the great hunters
+of continental Europe, has himself followed in its most manly forms
+this, the manliest of sports. He has hunted the bear, the wapiti, and
+the mountain ram in the wildest regions of the Rockies, and, also by
+fair stalking, the chamois and the red deer in the Alps. Whoever
+habitually follows mountain game in such fashion must necessarily
+develop qualities which it is a good thing for any nation to see
+brought out in its sons. Such sport is as far removed as possible from
+that in which the main object is to make huge bags at small cost of
+effort, and with the maximum of ease, no good quality save
+marksmanship being required. Laying stress upon the mere quantity of
+game killed, and the publication of the record of slaughter, are sure
+signs of unhealthy decadence in sportsmanship. As far as possible the
+true hunter, the true lover of big game and of life in the wilderness,
+must be ever ready to show his own power to shift for himself. The
+greater his dependence upon others for his sport the less he deserves
+to take high rank in the brotherhood of rifle, horse, and hound. There
+was a very attractive side to the hunting of the great mediaeval lords,
+carried on with an elaborate equipment and stately ceremonial,
+especially as there was an element of danger in coming to close
+quarters with the quarry at bay; but after all, no form of hunting has
+ever surpassed in attractiveness the life of the wilderness wanderer
+of our own time--the man who with simple equipment, and trusting to
+his own qualities of head, heart, and hand, has penetrated to the
+uttermost regions of the earth, and single-handed slain alike the
+wariest and the grimmest of the creatures of the waste.
+
+    THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
+
+    THE WHITE HOUSE,
+    _February 15, 1904_.
+
+[Illustration: _GASTON PH[OE]BUS_ SURROUNDED BY HUNTSMEN AND HOUNDS
+(From MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+
+
+
+THE MASTER OF GAME
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+THE PROLOGUE
+
+
+_To the honour and reverence of you my right worshipful and dread Lord
+Henry by the grace of God eldest son and heir unto the high excellent
+and Christian Prince Henry IV. by the aforesaid grace King of England
+and of France, Prince of Wales, Duke of Guienne of Lancaster and of
+Cornwall, and Earl of Chester._
+
+_I your own in every humble wise have me ventured to make this little
+simple book which I recommend and submit to your noble and wise
+correction, which book if it pleaseth your aforesaid Lordship shall be
+named and called MASTER OF GAME. And for this cause: for the matter
+that this book treateth of what in every season of the year is most
+durable, and to my thinking to every gentle heart most disportful of
+all games, that is to say hunting. For though it be that hawking with
+gentle hounds and hawks for the heron and the river be noble and
+commendable, it lasteth seldom at the most more than half a year. For
+though men find from May unto Lammas_ (August 1st) _game enough to
+hawk at, no one will find hawks to hawk with.[1] But as of hunting
+there is no season of all the year, that game may not be found in
+every good country, also hounds ready to chase it. And since this book
+shall be all of hunting, which is so noble a game, and lasting through
+all the year of divers beasts that grow according to the season for
+the gladdening of man, I think I may well call it MASTER OF GAME._
+
+_And though it be so my dear Lord, that many could better have meddled
+with this matter and also more ably than I, yet there be two things
+that have principally emboldened and caused me to take this work in
+hand. The first is trust of your noble correction, to which as before
+is said, I submit this little and simple book. The second is that
+though I be unworthy, I am Master of this Game with that noble prince
+your Father our all dear sovereign and liege Lord aforesaid. And as I
+would not that his hunters nor yours that now be or that should come
+hereafter did not know the perfection of this art, I shall leave for
+these this simple memorial, for as Chaucer saith in his prologue of
+"The 25[2] Good Women": "By writing have men mind of things passed,
+for writing is the key of all good remembrance."_
+
+[1] As the hawks would be mewing and unfit to fly.
+
+[2] The Shirley MS. in the British Museum has "XV."
+
+And first I will begin by describing the nature of the hare,[3]
+secondly of the nature of the hart, thirdly of the buck and of his
+nature, fourthly of the roe and of his nature, fifthly of the wild
+boar and of his nature, sixthly of the wolf and of his nature,
+seventhly of the fox and of his nature, eighthly of the badger and of
+his nature, ninthly of the cat and of his nature, tenthly of the
+marten and his nature, eleventhly of the otter and of his nature. Now
+have I rehearsed how I will in this little book describe the nature of
+these aforesaid beasts of venery and of chace, and therefore will I
+name the hounds the which I will describe hereafter, both of their
+nature and conditions. And first I will begin with raches (running
+hounds)[4] and their nature, and then greyhounds and their nature, and
+then alaunts and their nature, and then spaniels and their nature, and
+then mastiffs that men call curs and their nature, and then of small
+curs that come to be terriers and their nature, and then I shall
+devise and tell the sicknesses of hounds and their diseases. And
+furthermore I will describe what qualities and manners a good hunter
+should have, and of what parts he should be, and after that I will
+describe the manner and shape of the kennel, and how it should be
+environed and arrayed. Also I will describe of what fashion a hunter's
+horn should be driven, and how the couplings should be made for the
+raches and of what length. Furthermore I will prove by sundry reasons
+in this little prologue, that the life of no man that useth gentle
+game and disport be less displeasable unto God than the life of a
+perfect and skilful hunter, or from which more good cometh. The first
+reason is that hunting causeth a man to eschew the seven deadly sins.
+Secondly men are better when riding, more just and more understanding,
+and more alert and more at ease and more undertaking, and better
+knowing of all countries and all passages; in short and long all good
+customs and manners cometh thereof, and the health of man and of his
+soul. For he that fleeth the seven deadly sins as we believe, he shall
+be saved, therefore a good hunter shall be saved, and in this world
+have joy enough and of gladness and of solace, so that he keep himself
+from two things. One is that he leave not the knowledge nor the
+service of God, from whom all good cometh, for his hunting. The second
+that he lose not the service of his master for his hunting, nor his
+own duties which might profit him most. Now shall I prove how a hunter
+may not fall into any of the seven deadly sins. When a man is idle and
+reckless without work, and be not occupied in doing some thing, he
+abides in his bed or in his chamber, a thing which draweth men to
+imaginations of fleshly lust and pleasure. For such men have no wish
+but always to abide in one place, and think in pride, or in avarice,
+or in wrath, or in sloth, or in gluttony, or in lechery, or in envy.
+For the imagination of men rather turns to evil than to good, for the
+three enemies which mankind hath, are the devil, the world and the
+flesh, and this is proved enough.
+
+[3] Gaston de Foix has a different sequence, putting the hart first
+and the hare sixth, and having four animals more, namely, the
+reindeer, the chamois (including ibex), the bear and the rabbit, while
+the "Master of Game" has one animal, the Marten, of which Gaston de
+Foix does not speak.
+
+[4] Gaston de Foix follows a different sequence, commencing with
+alaunts, then greyhounds, raches, spaniels, and says "fifthly I will
+speak of all kinds of mongrel dogs, such as come from mastiffs and
+alaunts, from greyhounds and running hounds, and other such."
+
+Nevertheless there be many other reasons which are too long to tell,
+and also every man that hath good reason knoweth well that idleness is
+the foundation of all evil imaginations. Now shall I prove how
+imagination is lord and master of all works, good or evil, that man's
+body or his limbs do. You know well, good or evil works small or great
+never were done but that beforehand they were imagined or thought of.
+Now shall you prove how imagination is the mistress of all deeds, for
+imagination biddeth a man do good or evil works, whichever it be, as
+before is said. And if a man notwithstanding that he were wise should
+imagine always that he were a fool, or that he hath other sickness, it
+would be so, for since he would think steadfastly that he were a fool,
+he would do foolish deeds as his imagination would command, and he
+would believe it steadfastly. Wherefore methinks I have proved enough
+of imagination, notwithstanding that there be many other reasons the
+which I leave to avoid long writing. Every man that hath good sense
+knoweth well that this is the truth.
+
+Now I will prove how a good hunter may not be idle, and in dreaming
+may not have any evil imaginations nor afterwards any evil works. For
+the day before he goes out to his office, the night before he shall
+lay him down in his bed, and shall not think but for to sleep, and do
+his office well and busily, as a good hunter should. And he shall have
+nothing to do, but think about all that which he has been ordered to
+do. And he is not idle, for he has enough to do to think about rising
+early and to do his office without thinking of sins or of evil deeds.
+And early in the dawning of the day he must be up for to go unto his
+quest, _that in English is called searching_, well and busily, for as
+I shall say more explicitly hereafter, when I shall speak of how men
+shall quest and search to harbour the hart. And in so doing he shall
+not be idle, for he is always busy. And when he shall come again to
+the assembly or meet, then he hath most to do, for he must order his
+finders and relays for to move the hart, and uncouple his hounds. With
+that he cannot be idle, for he need think of nothing but to do his
+office, and when he hath uncoupled, yet is he less idle, and he should
+think less of any sins, for he hath enough to do to ride _or to foot
+it well_ with his hounds and to be always near them and to hue or rout
+well, and blow well, and to look whereafter he hunteth, and which
+hounds are _vanchasers and parfiters_,[5] and redress and bring his
+hounds on the right line again when they are at fault[6] or hunting
+rascal.[7] And when the hart is dead or what other chase he was
+hunting, then is he less idle, for he hath enough to do to think how
+to undo the hart in his manner and to raise that which appertaineth[8]
+to him, and well to do his curee.[9] And he should look how many of
+his hounds are missing of those that he brought to the wood in the
+morning, and he should search for them, and couple them up. And when
+he has come home, should he less think to do evil, for he hath enough
+to do to think of his supper, and to ease himself and his horse, and
+to sleep, and to take his rest, for he is weary, and to dry himself of
+the dew or peradventure of the rain. And therefore I say that all the
+time of the hunter is without idleness and without evil thoughts, and
+without evil works of sin, for as I have said idleness is the
+foundation of all vices and sins. And the hunter may not be idle if he
+would fill his office aright, and also he can have no other thoughts,
+for he has enough to do to think and imagine of his office, the which
+is no little charge, for whoso will do it well and busily, especially
+if they love hounds and their office.
+
+[5] The hounds that came in the first relay (van) and those in the
+subsequent relays. See Appendix: Relays.
+
+[6] Diverted or off the line.
+
+[7] Chasing small or lean deer. See Appendix: Hart.
+
+[8] To take those parts of the deer which fell to him by custom.
+
+[9] Curee: The ceremony of giving the hounds their reward on the skin
+of the animal they have chased. See Appendix: Curee.
+
+Wherefore I say that such an hunter is not idle, he can have no evil
+thoughts, nor can he do evil works, wherefore he must go into
+paradise.[10] For by many other reasons which are too long to write
+can I prove these things, but it sufficeth that every man that hath
+good sense knoweth well that I speak the real truth.
+
+[10] Gaston de Foix in the French parent work puts it even more
+forcefully; he says: "tout droit en paradis." See Lavallee's ed. 1854.
+
+Now shall I prove how hunters live in this world more joyfully than
+any other men. For when the hunter riseth in the morning, and he sees
+a sweet and fair morn and clear weather and bright, and he heareth
+the song of the small birds, the which sing so sweetly with great
+melody and full of love, each in it's own language in the best wise
+that it can according that it learneth of it's own kind. And when the
+sun is arisen, he shall see fresh dew upon the small twigs and
+grasses, and the sun by his virtue shall make them shine. And that is
+great joy and liking to the hunter's heart. After when he shall go to
+his quest or searching, he shall see or meet anon with the hart
+without great seeking, and shall harbour[11] him well and readily
+within a little compass. It is great joy and liking to the hunter. And
+after when he shall come to the assembly or gathering, and he shall
+report before the Lord and his company that which he hath seen with
+his eyes, or by scantilon (measure) of the trace (slot) which he ought
+always of right to take, or by the fumes[12] (excrements) that he
+shall put in his horn or in his lap. And every man shall say: Lo, here
+is a great hart and a deer of high meating or pasturing; go we and
+move him; the which things I shall declare hereafter, then can one say
+that the hunter has great joy. When he beginneth to hunt and he hath
+hunted but a little and he shall hear or see the hart start before him
+and shall well know that it is the right one, and his hounds that
+shall this day be finders, shall come to the lair (bed), or to the
+fues (track), and shall there be uncoupled without any be left
+coupled, and they shall all run well and hunt, then hath the hunter
+great joy and great pleasure. Afterwards he leapeth on horseback, _if
+he be of that estate, and else on foot_ with great haste to follow his
+hounds. And in case peradventure the hounds shall have gone far from
+where he uncoupled, he seeketh some advantage to get in front of his
+hounds. And then shall he see the hart pass before him, and shall
+holloa and rout mightily, and he shall see which hound come in the
+van-chase, and in the middle, and which are parfitours,[13] according
+to the order in which they shall come. And when all the hounds have
+passed before him then shall he ride after them and shall rout and
+blow as loud as he may with great joy and great pleasure, and I assure
+you he thinketh of no other sin or of no other evil. And when the hart
+be overcome and shall be at bay he shall have pleasure. And after,
+when the hart is spayed[14] and dead, he undoeth him and maketh his
+curee and enquireth or rewardeth his hounds, and so he shall have
+great pleasure, and when he cometh home he cometh joyfully, for his
+lord hath given him to drink of his good wine at the curee, and when
+he has come home he shall doff his clothes and his shoes and his hose,
+and he shall wash his thighs and his legs, and peradventure all his
+body. And in the meanwhile he shall order well his supper, with
+_wortes_ (roots) _and of the neck_ of the hart and of other good
+meats, and good wine _or ale_. And when he hath well eaten and drunk
+he shall be glad and well, and well at his ease. And then shall he
+take the air in the evening of the night, for the great heat that he
+hath had. And then he shall go and drink and lie in his bed in fair
+fresh clothes, and shall sleep well and steadfastly all the night
+without any evil thoughts of any sins, wherefore I say that hunters go
+into Paradise when they die, and live in this world more joyfully than
+any other men. Yet I will prove to you how hunters live longer than
+any other men, for as Hippocras the doctor telleth: "full repletion of
+meat slayeth more men than any sword or knife." They eat and drink
+less than any other men of this world, for in the morning at the
+assembly they eat a little, and if they eat well at supper, they will
+by the morning have corrected their nature, for then they have eaten
+but little, and their nature will not be prevented from doing her
+digestion, whereby no wicked humours or superfluities may be
+engendered. And always, when a man is sick, men diet him and give him
+to drink water made of sugar and tysane and of such things for two or
+three days to put down evil humours and his superfluities, and also
+make him void (purge). But for a hunter one need not do so, for he may
+have no repletion on account of the little meat, and by the travail
+that he hath. And, supposing that which can not be, and that he were
+full of wicked humours, yet men know well that the best way to
+terminate sickness that can be is to sweat. And when the hunters do
+their office on horseback or on foot they sweat often, then if they
+have any evil in them, it must (come) away in the sweating; so that he
+keep from cold after the heat. Therefore it seemeth to me I have
+proved enough. Leeches ordain for a sick man little meat and sweating
+for the terminating and healing of all things. And since hunters eat
+little and sweat always, they should live long and in health. Men
+desire in this world to live long in health and in joy, and after
+death the health of the soul. And hunters have all these things.
+Therefore be ye all hunters and ye shall do as wise men. Wherefore I
+counsel to all manner of folk of what estate or condition that they
+be, that they love hounds and hunting and the pleasure of hunting
+beasts of one kind or another, or hawking. For to be idle and to have
+no pleasure in either hounds or hawks is no good token. _For as saith
+in his book Ph[oe]bus the Earl of Foix that noble hunter_, he saw
+never a good man that had not pleasure in some of these things, were
+he ever so great and rich. For if he had need to go to war he would
+not know what war is, for he would not be accustomed to travail, and
+so another man would have to do that which he should. For men say in
+old saws: "The lord is worth what his lands are worth."[15] _And also
+he saith in the aforesaid book_, that he never saw a man that loved
+the work and pleasure of hounds and hawks, that had not many good
+qualities in him; for that comes to him of great nobleness and
+gentleness of heart of whatever estate the man may be, whether he be a
+great lord, or a little one, or a poor man or a rich one.
+
+[11] Trace the deer to its lair.
+
+[12] See Appendix: Excrements.
+
+[13] See Appendix: Relays.
+
+[14] Despatched with a sword or knife. See Appendix: Spay.
+
+[15] Gaston de Foix says: "Tant vaut seigneur tant vaut sa gent et sa
+terre," p. 9.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+OF THE HARE AND OF HER NATURE
+
+
+The hare is a common beast enough, and therefore I need not tell of
+her making, for there be few men that have not seen some of them. They
+live on corn, and on weeds growing on waste land, on leaves, on herbs,
+on the bark of trees, on grapes and on many other fruits. The hare is
+a good little beast, and much good sport and liking is the hunting of
+her, more than that of any other beast that _any man knoweth_, if
+he[16] were not so little. And that for five reasons: the one is, for
+her hunting lasteth all the year as with running hounds without any
+sparing, and this is not with all the other beasts. And also men may
+hunt at her both in the morning and in the evening. In the eventide,
+when they be relieved,[17] and in the morning, when they sit in form.
+And of all other beasts it is not so, for if it rain in the morning
+your journey is lost, and of the hare it is not so. That other
+[reason] is to seek the hare; it is a well fair thing, especially who
+so hunteth her rightfully, for hounds must need find her by mastery
+and quest point by point, and undo all that she hath done all the
+night of her walking, and of her pasture unto the time that they start
+her. And it is a fair thing when the hounds are good and can well find
+her. And the hare shall go sometimes from her sitting to her pasture
+half a mile or more, specially in open country. And when she is
+started it is a fair thing. And then it is a fair thing to slay her
+with strength of hounds, for she runneth long and gynnously
+(cunningly). A hare shall last well four miles or more or less, if she
+be an old male hare. And therefore the hunting of the hare is good,
+for it lasteth all the year, as I have said. And the seeking is a well
+fair thing, and the chasing of the hare is a well fair thing, and the
+slaying of him with strength (of hounds) is a fair thing, for it
+requireth great mastery on account of her cunning. When a hare ariseth
+out of her form to go to her pasture or return again to her seat, she
+commonly goes by one way, and as she goes she will not suffer any twig
+or grass to touch her, for she will sooner break it with her teeth and
+make her way. Sometime she sitteth a mile or more from her pasturing,
+and sometimes near her pasture. But when she sitteth near it, yet she
+may have been the amount of half a mile or more from there where she
+hath pastured, and then she ruseth again from her pasture. And whether
+she go to sit near or far from her pasture she goes so gynnously
+(cunningly) and wilily that there is no man in this world that would
+say that any hound could unravel that which she has done, or that
+could find her. For she will go a bow shot or more by one way, and
+ruse again by another, and then she shall take her way by another
+side, and the same she shall do ten, twelve, or twenty times, from
+thence she will come into some hedge or strength (thicket), and shall
+make semblance to abide there, and then will make cross roads ten or
+twelve times, and will make her ruses, and thence she will take some
+false path, and shall go thence a great way, and such semblance she
+will make many times before she goeth to her seat.
+
+[16] The hare was frequently spoken of in two genders in the same
+sentence, for it was an old belief that the hare was at one time male,
+and at another female. See Appendix: Hare.
+
+[17] Means here: when the hare has arisen from her form to go to her
+feeding. Fr. _relever_. G. de F. explains, p. 42: _un lievre se
+relieve pour aler a son vianders_. Relief, which denoted the act of
+arising and going to feed, became afterwards the term for the feeding
+itself. "A hare hath greater scent and is more eagerly hunted when she
+relieves on green corn" (_Comp. Sportsman_, p. 86). It possibly was
+used later to denote the excrements of a hare; thus Blome (1686) p.
+92, says: "A huntsman may judge by the relief and feed of the hare
+what she is."
+
+[Illustration: THE HARE AND HER LEVERETS (From MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib.
+Nat._, Paris)]
+
+The hare cannot be judged, either by the foot or by her fumes
+(excrements), for she always crotieth[18] in one manner, except when
+she goeth in her love that hunters call ryding time, for then she
+crotieth her fumes more burnt (drier) and smaller, especially the
+male. The hare liveth no long time, for with great pain may she pass
+the second[19] year, though she be not hunted or slain. She hath bad
+sight[20] and great fear to run[21] on account of the great dryness of
+her sinews. She windeth far men when they seek her. When hounds grede
+of her (seek) and quest her she flieth away for the fear that she hath
+of the hounds. Sometimes men find her sitting in her form, and
+sometimes she is bitten (taken) by hounds in her form before she
+starts. They that abide in the form till they be found are commonly
+stout hares, and well running. The hare that runneth with right
+standing ears is but little afraid, and is strong, and yet when she
+holdeth one ear upright and the other laid low on her ryge (back), she
+feareth but little the hounds. An hare that crumps her tail upon her
+rump when she starteth out of her form as a coney (does) it is a token
+that she is strong and well running. The hare runneth in many diverse
+manners, for some run all they are able a whole two miles or three,
+and after run and ruse again and then stop still when they can no
+more, and let themselves be bitten (by the hounds), although she may
+not have been seen all the day. And sometimes she letteth herself be
+bitten the first time that she starteth, for she has no more might
+(strength). And some run a little while and then abide and squat, and
+that they do oft. And then they take their flight as long as they can
+run ere they are dead. And some be that abide till they are bitten in
+their form, especially when they be young that have not passed half a
+year. Men know by the outer side of the hare's leg if she has not
+passed a year.[22] And so men should know of a hound, of a fox, and of
+a wolf, by a little bone that they have in a bone which is next the
+sinews, where there is a little pit (cavity).
+
+[18] Casting her excrements.
+
+[19] A mistake of the old scribes which occurs also in other MSS.; it
+should, of course, read "seventh" year. G. de F. has the correct
+version.
+
+[20] G. de F. says: "She hears well but has bad sight," p. 43.
+
+[21] "Fear to run" is a mistake occasioned by the similarity of the
+two old French words "pouair," power, and "paour" or fear. In those of
+the original French MS. of G. de F. examined by us it is certainly
+"power" and not "fear." Lavallee in his introduction says the same
+thing. See Appendix: Hare.
+
+[22] See Appendix: Hare.
+
+Sometimes when they are hunted with hounds they run into a hole as a
+coney, or into hollow trees, or else they pass a great river. Hounds
+do not follow some hares as well as others, for four reasons. Those
+hares who be begotten of the kind of a coney, as some be in warrens,
+the hounds lust not, nor scenteth them not so well. The other (is)
+that the fues (footing) of some hares carry hotter scent than some,
+and therefore the hounds scenteth of one more than of the other, as of
+roses, some smell better than others, and yet they be all roses. The
+other reason is that they steal away ere they be found, and the hounds
+follow always forth right. The others run going about and then
+abide,[23] wherefore the hounds be often on stynt (at fault). The
+other (reason) is according to the country they run in, for if they
+run in covert, hounds will scent them better than if they run in plain
+(open) country, or in the ways (paths), for in the covert their bodies
+touch against the twigs and leaves, because it is a strong (thick)
+country. And when they run in plain country or in the fields they
+touch nothing, but with the foot, and therefore the hound can not so
+well scent the fues of them. And also I say that some country is more
+sweet and more loving (to scent) than another. The hare abideth
+commonly in one country, and if she hath the fellowship of another or
+of her kyndels or leverettes, they be five or six, for no strange hare
+will they suffer to dwell in their marches (district), though they be
+of their nature (kind),[24] and therefore men say in old saws: "Who so
+hunteth the most hares shall find the most." _For Phebus the Earl of
+Foix, that good hunter, saith that_ when there be few hares in a
+country they should be hunted and slain, so that the hares of other
+countries about should come into that march.
+
+[23] G. de F. has: "vonts riotans tournions et demourant," _i.e._ run
+rioting, turning and stopping, p. 44.
+
+[24] Both the Vespasian and the Shirley MS. in the British Museum have
+the same, but G. de F., p. 45, has, "except those of their nature"
+(_fors que celle de leur nature_).
+
+Of hares, some go faster and be stronger than others, as it is of men
+and other beasts. Also the pasture and the country where they abide
+helpeth much thereto. For when the hare abideth and formeth in a plain
+country where there are no bushes, such hares are commonly strongest
+and well running. Also when they pasture on two herbs--that one is
+called Soepol (wild thyme) and that other be Pulegium (pennyroyal)
+they are strong and fast running.
+
+The hares have no season of their love for, as I said, it is called
+ryding time, for in every month of the year that it shall not be that
+some be not with kindles (young). Nevertheless, commonly their love is
+most in the month of January, and in that month they run most fast of
+any time of the year, both male and female. And from May unto
+September they be most slow, for then they be full of herbs and of
+fruits, or they be great and full of kindles, and commonly in that
+time they have their kindles. Hares remain in sundry (parts of the)
+country, according to the season of the year; sometimes they sit in
+the fern, sometimes in the heath, sometimes in the corn, and in
+growing weeds, and sometimes in the woods. In April and in May when
+the corn is so long that they can hide themselves therein, gladly will
+they sit therein. And when men begin to reap the corn they will sit in
+the vines and in other strong (thick) heaths, in bushes and in hedges,
+and commonly in cover under the wind and in cover from the rain, and
+if there be any sun shining they will gladly sit against the beams of
+the sun. For a hare of its own kind knoweth the night before what
+weather it will be on the next morrow, and therefore she keepeth
+herself the best way she may from the evil weather. The hare beareth
+her kindles two months,[25] and when they are kindled she licketh her
+kindles as a bitch doeth her whelps. Then she runneth a great way
+thence, and goeth to seek the male, for if she should abide with her
+kindles she would gladly eat them. And if she findeth not the male,
+she cometh again to her kindles a great while after and giveth them to
+suck, and nourisheth them for the maintainance of 20 days or
+thereabouts. A hare beareth commonly 2 kindles, but I have seen some
+which have kindled at once sometime 6, sometime 5 or 4 or 2;[26] and
+but she find the male within three days from the time she hath
+kindled, she will eat her kindles. And when they be in their love they
+go together as hounds, save they hold not together as hounds. They
+kindle often in small bushes or in little hedges, or they hide in
+heath or in briars or in corn or in vines. If you find a hare which
+has kindled the same day, and the hounds hunt after her, and if you
+come thither the next morrow ye shall find how she has removed her
+kindles, and has borne them elsewhere with her teeth, as a bitch doth
+her whelps. Men slay hares with greyhounds, and with running hounds by
+strength, _as in England, but elsewhere they slay them also_ with
+small pockets, and with purse nets, and with small nets, _with hare
+pipes_, and with long nets, and with small cords that men cast where
+they make their breaking of the small twigs when they go to their
+pastures, as I have before said.[27] But, _truly, I trow no good
+hunter would slay them so for any good_. When they be in their heat of
+love and pass any place where conies be, the most part of them will
+follow after her as the hounds follow after a bitch or a brache.
+
+[25] This is incorrect: the hare carries her young thirty days (Brehm,
+vol. ii. p. 626; Harting, _Ency. of Sport_, vol. i. p. 504).
+
+[26] Should read "three" (G. de F., p. 47).
+
+[27] See Appendix: Snares.
+
+[Illustration: HOW TO QUEST FOR THE HART IN WOODS (From MS. f. fr.
+616, _Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+OF THE HART AND HIS NATURE
+
+
+The hart is a common beast enough and therefore me needeth not to tell
+of his making, for there be few folk that have not seen some. The
+harts be the lightest (swiftest) beasts and strongest, and of
+marvellous great cunning. They are in their love, which men call rut,
+about the time of the Holy Rood[28] in September and remain in their
+hot love a whole month and ere they be fully out thereof they abide
+(in rut) nigh two months. And then they are bold, and run upon men as
+a wild boar would do if he were hunted. And they be wonderfully
+perilous beasts, for with great pain shall a man recover that is hurt
+by a hart, and therefore men say in old saws: "after the boar the
+leech and after the hart the bier." For he smiteth as the stroke of
+the springole,[29] for he has great strength in the head and the body.
+They slay, fight and hurt each other, when they be in rut, that is to
+say in their love, and they sing in their language _that in England
+hunters call bellowing_ as man that loveth paramour.[30] They slay
+hounds and horses and men at that time and turn to the abbay (be at
+bay) as a boar does especially when they be weary. And yet have men
+seen at the parting of their ligging (as they start from the lair)[31]
+that he hath hurt him that followeth after, and also the
+greyhounds[32] and furthermore a courser. And yet when they are in
+rut, which is to say their love, in a forest where there be few hinds
+and many harts or male deer, they slay, hurt and fight with each
+other, for each would be master of the hinds. And commonly the
+greatest hart and the most strong holdeth the rut and is master
+thereof. And when he is well pured and hath been long at rut all the
+other harts that he hath chased and flemed away (put to flight) from
+the rut then run upon him and slay him, and that is sooth. And in
+parks this may be proved, for there is never a season but the greatest
+hart will be slain by the others not while he is at the rut, but when
+he has withdrawn and is poor of love. In the woods they do not so
+often slay each other as they do in the plain country. And also there
+are divers ruts in the forest, but in the parks there are none but
+that are within the park.[33] After that they be withdrawn from the
+hinds they go in herds and in soppes (troops) with the rascal (young
+lean deer) and abide in (waste) lands and in heathes more than they do
+in woods, for to enjoy the heat of the sun, they be poor and lean for
+the travail they have had with the hinds, and for the winter, and the
+little meat that they find. After that they leave the rascal and
+gather together with two or three or four harts in soppes till the
+month of March when they mew (shed) their horns, and commonly some
+sooner than others, if they be old deer, and some later if they be
+young deer, or that they have had a hard winter, or that they have
+been hunted, or that they have been sick, for then they mew their
+heads and later come to good points. And when they have mewed their
+heads they take to the strong (thick) bushes as privily as they may,
+till their heads be grown again, and they come into grease; after that
+they seek good country for meating (feeding) of corn, of apples, of
+vines, of tender growing trees, of peas, of beans, and other fruits
+and grasses whereby they live. And sometimes a great hart hath another
+fellow that is called his squire, for he is with him and doth as he
+will. And so they will abide all that season if they be not hindered
+until the last end of August. And then they begin to look, and to
+think and to bolne and to bellow and to stir from the haunt in which
+they have (been) all the season, for to go seek the hinds. They
+recover their horns and are summed of their tines as many as they
+shall have all the year between March when they mewed them to the
+middle of June; and then be they recovered of their new hair that _men
+call polished_ and their horns be recovered with a soft hair _that
+hunters call velvet_ at the beginning, and under that skin and that
+hair the horn waxes hard and sharp, and about Mary Magdalene day (July
+22) they fray their horns against the trees, and have (rubbed) away
+that skin from their horns and then wax they hard and strong, and then
+they go to burnish and make them sharp in the colliers places
+(charcoal pits) that men make sometimes in the great groves. And if
+they can find none they go against the corners of rocks _or to crabbe
+tree or to hawthorn or other trees_.[34]
+
+[28] September 14. See Appendix: Hart, Seasons.
+
+[29] An engine of war used for throwing stones.
+
+[30] G. de F., p. 12. "Ainsi que fet un homme bien amoureus" ("As does
+a man much in love)."
+
+[31] This word ligging is still in use in Yorkshire, meaning lair, or
+bed, or resting-place. In Devonshire it is spelt "layer." Fortescue,
+p. 132.
+
+[32] G. de F., p. 12, has "limer" instead of "greyhound."
+
+[33] This passage is confused. In G. de F., p. 12, we find that the
+passage runs: "Et aussi il y a ruyt en divers lieux de la forest et on
+paix ne peut estre en nul lieu, fors que dedans le part." Lavallee
+translates these last five words, "C'est a dire qu'il n'y a de paix
+que lorsque les biches sont pleines." In the exceedingly faulty first
+edition by Verard, the word "part" is printed "_parc_," as it is in
+our MS.
+
+[34] G. de F., p. 14, says the harts go to gravel-pits and bogs to
+fray.
+
+They be half in grease or thereabouts by the middle of June when their
+head is summed, and they be highest in grease during all August.
+Commonly they be calved in May, and the hind beareth her calf nine
+months or thereabout as a sow,[35] and sometimes she has three[36]
+calves at a calving time. And I say not that they do not calve
+sometime sooner and sometime later, much according to causes and
+reasons. The calves are calved with hair red and white, which lasteth
+them that colour into the end of August, and then they turn red of
+hair, as the hart and the hind. And at that time they run so fast that
+a hare[37] should have enough to do to overtake him within the shot of
+an haronblast (cross-bow). Many men judge the deer of many colours of
+hair and especially of three colours. Some be called brown, some dun
+and some yellow haired. And also their heads be of divers manners, the
+one is called a head well-grown, and the other is called well
+affeted,[38] and well affeted is when the head has waxed by ordinance
+according to the neck and shape, when the tines be well grown in the
+beam by good measure, one near the other, then it is called well
+affeted. Well grown is when the head is of great beam and is well
+affeted and thick tined, well high and well opened (spread). That
+other head is called counterfeit (abnormal) when it is different and
+is otherwise turned behind or wayward in other manner than other
+common deer be accustomed to bear. That other high head is open, evil
+affeted with long tines and few. That other is low and great and well
+affeted with small tines. And the first tine that is next the head is
+called antler, and the second Royal and the third above, the
+Sur-royal, and the tines[39] which be called fourth if they be two,
+and if they be three or four or more be called troching. And when
+their heads be burnished at the colliers' pits commonly they be always
+black, and also commonly when they be burnished at the colliers' pits
+they be black on account of the earth which is black of its kind. And
+when they are burnished against _rock_ they abide all white, but some
+have their heads naturally white and some black. And when they be
+about to burnish they smite the ground with their feet and welter like
+a horse. And then they burnish their heads, and when they be burnished
+which they do all the month of July they abide in that manner till the
+feast of the Holy (Cross) in September 14th and then they go to rut as
+I have said.
+
+[35] The MS. transcriber's mistake. It should be "cow."
+
+[36] G. de F. has "2 calves" as it should be.
+
+[37] G. de F. has "greyhound," as it should be (p. 15): "Et des lors
+vont ils ja si tost que un levrier a asses a fere de l'ateindre, ainsi
+comme un trait d'arcbaleste" ("And from that time they go so quickly
+that a greyhound has as much to do to catch him as he would the bolt
+from a crossbow)."
+
+[38] Well proportioned. See Appendix: Antler.
+
+[39] Shirley MS. has the addition here: "Which be on top."
+
+_And the first year that they be calved they be called a Calf, the
+second year a bullock; and that year they go forth to rut; the third
+year a brocket; the fourth year a staggard; the fifth a stag; the
+sixth year a hart of ten[40] and then first is he chaseable, for
+always before shall he be called but rascal or folly._ Then it is fair
+to hunt the hart, for it is a fair thing to seek well a hart, and a
+fair thing well to harbour him, and a fair thing to move him, and a
+fair thing to hunt him, and a fair thing to retrieve him, and a fair
+thing to be at the abbay, whether it be on water or on land. A fair
+thing is the curee,[41] and a fair thing to undo him well, and for to
+raise the rights. And a well fair thing and good is the devision[42]
+and it be a good deer. In so much that considering all things I hold
+that it is the fairest hunting, that any man may hunt after. They
+crotey their fumes (cast their excrements) in divers manners according
+to the time and season and according to the pasture that they find,
+now black or dry either in flat forms or engleymed (glutinous) or
+pressed, and in many other divers manners the which I shall more
+plainly devise when I shall declare how the hunter shall judge, for
+sometimes they misjudge by the fumes and so they do by the foot. When
+they crotey their fumes flat and not thick, it is in April or in May,
+into the middle of June, when they have fed on tender corn, for yet
+their fumes be not formed, and also they have not recovered their
+grease. But yet have men seen sometimes a great deer and an old and
+high in grease, which about mid-season crotey their fumes black and
+dry. And therefore by this and many other things many men may be
+beguiled by deer, for some goeth better and are better running and fly
+better than some, as other beasts do, and some be more cunning and
+more wily than others, as it is with men, for some be wiser than
+others. And it cometh to them of the good kind of their father and
+mother, and of good getting (breeding) and of good nurture and from
+being born in good constellations, and in good signs of heaven, and
+that (is the case) with men and all other beasts. Men take them with
+hounds, with greyhounds and with nets and with cords, and with other
+harness,[43] with pits and with shot[44] and with other gins (traps)
+and with strength, as I shall say hereafter. _But in England they are
+not slain except with hounds or with shot or with strength of running
+hounds._
+
+[40] In modern sporting terms, a warrantable deer.
+
+[41] See Appendix: Curee.
+
+[42] Should be: venison.
+
+[43] Harness, appurtenances. See Appendix: Harness.
+
+[44] Means from a cross-bow or long-bow.
+
+An old deer is wonder wise and felle (cunning) for to save his life,
+and to keep his advantage when he is hunted and is uncoupled to, as
+the lymer moveth him or other hounds findeth him without lymers, and
+if he have a deer (with him) that be his fellow he leaveth him to the
+hounds, so that he may warrant (save) himself, and let the hounds
+enchase after that other deer. And he will abide still, and if he be
+alone and the hounds find him, he shall go about his haunt wilily and
+wisely and seek the change of other deer, for to make the hounds
+envoise,[45] and to look where he may abide. And if he cannot abide he
+taketh leave of his haunt and beginneth to fly there where he wots of
+other change and then when he has come thither he herdeth among them
+and sometimes he goeth away with them. And then he maketh a ruse on
+some side, and there he stalleth or squatteth until the hounds be
+forth after the other (deer) the which be fresh, and thus he changeth
+so that he may abide. And if there be any wise hounds, the which can
+bodily enchase him from the change, and he seeth that all can not
+avail, then he beginneth to show his wiles and ruseth to and fro. And
+all this he doth so that the hounds should not find his fues (tracks)
+in intent that he may be freed from them and that he may save himself.
+
+[45] Go off the scent.
+
+Sometimes he fleeth forth with the wind and that for three causes,
+for when he fleeth against the wind it runneth into his mouth and
+dryeth him and doth him great harm. Therefore he fleeth oft forth with
+the wind so that he may always hear the hounds come after him. And
+also that the hounds should not scent nor find him, for his tail is in
+the wind and not his nose.[46] Also, that when the hounds be nigh him
+he may wind them and hye him well from them. _But nevertheless his
+nature is for the most part to flee ever on the wind till he be nigh
+overcome, or at the last sideways to the wind so that it be aye_
+(ever) _in his nostrils._ And when he shall hear that they be far from
+him, he hieth him not too fast. And when he is weary, and hot, then he
+goeth to yield, and soileth to some great river. And some time he
+foils down in the water half a mile or more ere he comes to land on
+any side. And that he doeth for two reasons, the one is to make
+himself cold, and for to refresh himself of the great heat that he
+hath, the other is that the hounds and the hunter may not come after
+him nor see his fues in the water, as they do on the land. And if in
+the country (there) is no great river he goeth then to the little
+(one) and shall beat up the water or foil down the water as he liketh
+best for the maintenance (extent) of a mile or more ere he come to
+land, and he shall keep himself from touching any of the brinks or
+branches but always (keep) in the middle of the water, so that the
+hounds should not scent of him. And all that doth he for two reasons
+before said.
+
+[46] This should read as G. de F. has it (p. 20): "Et aussi affin que
+les chiens ne puissent bien assentir de luy, quar ilz auront la Cueue
+au vent et non pas le nez" ("And also that the hounds shall not be
+able to wind him, as they will have their tails in the wind and not
+their noses").
+
+And when he can find no rivers then he draweth to great stanks[47] and
+meres or to great marshes. And he fleeth then mightily and far from
+the hounds, that is to say that he hath gone a great way from
+them,[48] then he will go into the stank, and will soil therein once
+or twice in all the stank and then he will come out again by the same
+way that he went in, and then he shall ruse again the same way that he
+came (the length of) a bow shot or more, and then he shall ruse out of
+the way, for to stall or squatt to rest him, and that he doeth for he
+knoweth well that the hounds shall come by the fues into the stank
+where he was. And when they should find that he has gone no further
+they will seek him no further, for they will well know that they have
+been there at other times.
+
+[47] Ponds, pools. See Appendix: Stankes.
+
+[48] G. de F., p. 21: "Et s'il fuit de fort longe aux chiens, c'est a
+dire que il les ait bien esloinhes." See Appendix: "Forlonge."
+
+An hart liveth longest of any beast for he may well live an hundred
+years[49] and the older he is the fairer he is of body and of head,
+and more lecherous, but he is not so swift, nor so light, nor so
+mighty. And many men say, but I make no affirmation upon that, when he
+is right old he beateth a serpent with his foot till she be wrath, and
+then he eateth her and then goeth to drink, and then runneth hither
+and thither to the water till the venom be mingled together and make
+him cast all his evil humours that he had in his body, and maketh his
+flesh come all new.[50] The head of the hart beareth medicine against
+the hardness of the sinews and is good to take away all aches,
+especially when these come from cold: and so is the marrow. They have
+a bone within the heart which hath great medicine, for it comforteth
+the heart, _and helpeth for the cardiac_, and many other things which
+were too long to write, the which bear medicine and be profitable in
+many diverse manners. The hart is more wise in two things than is any
+man or other beast, the one is in tasting of herbs, for he hath better
+taste and better savour and smelleth the good herbs and leaves and
+other pastures and meating the which be profitable to him, better than
+any man or beast. The other is that he hath more wit and malice
+(cunning) to save himself than any other beast or man, for there is
+not such a good hunter in the world that can think of the great malice
+and gynnes (tricks or ruses) that a hart can do, and there is no such
+good hunter nor such good hounds, but that many times fail to slay the
+hart, and that is by his wit and his malice and by his gins.
+
+[49] Most old writers on the natural history of deer repeat this
+fable. See Appendix: Hart.
+
+[50] See Appendix: Hart.
+
+As of the hinds some be barren and some bear calves, of those that be
+barren their season beginneth when the season of the hart faileth and
+lasteth till Lent. And they which bear calves, in the morning when she
+shall go to her lair she will not remain with her calf, but she will
+hold (keep) him and leave him a great way from her, and smiteth him
+with the foot and maketh him to lie down, and there the calf shall
+remain always while the hind goeth to feed. And then she shall call
+her calf in her language and he shall come to her. And that she doeth
+so that if she were hunted her calf might be saved and that he should
+not be found near her. The harts have more power to run well from the
+entry of May into St. John's tide[51] than any other time, for then
+they have put on new flesh and new hair and new heads, for the new
+herbs and the new coming out (shoots) of trees and of fruits and be
+not too heavy, for as yet they have not recovered their grease,[52]
+neither within nor without, nor their heads, wherefore they be much
+lighter and swifter. But from St. John's into the month of August they
+wax always more heavy. Their skin is right good for to do many things
+with when it is well tawed and taken in good season. Harts that be in
+great hills, when it cometh to rut, sometimes they come down into the
+great forests and heaths and to the launds (uncultivated country) and
+there they abide all the winter until the entering of April, and then
+they take to their haunts for to let their heads wax, near the towns
+and villages in the plains there where they find good feeding in the
+new growing lands. And when the grass is high and well waxen they
+withdraw into the greatest hills that they can find for the fair
+pastures and feeding and fair herbs that be thereupon. And also
+because there be no flies nor any other vermin, as there be in the
+plain country. And also so doth the cattle which come down from the
+hills in winter time, and in the summer time draw to the hills. And
+all the time from rutting time into Whitsunday great deer and old will
+be found in the plains, but from Whitsunday[53] to rutting time men
+shall find but few great deer save upon the hills, if there are any
+(hills) near or within four or five miles, and this is truth unless it
+be some young deer calved in the plains, but of those that come from
+the hills there will be none. _And every day in the heat of the day,
+and he be not hindered, from May to September, he goes to soil though
+he be not hunted._
+
+[51] Nativity of St. John the Baptist, June 24.
+
+[52] See Appendix: Grease.
+
+[53] This sentence reads somewhat confusedly in our MS., so I have
+taken this rendering straight from G. de F., p. 23.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+OF THE BUCK AND OF HIS NATURE
+
+
+A buck is a diverse beast, he hath not his hair as a hart, for he is
+more white, and also he hath not such a head. He is less than a hart
+and is larger than a roe. A buck's head is palmed with a long palming,
+and he beareth more tines than doth a hart. His head cannot be well
+described without painting. They have a longer tail than the hart, and
+more grease on their haunches than a hart. They are fawned in the
+month of June and shortly to say they have the nature of the hart,
+save only that the hart goeth sooner to rut and is sooner in his
+season again, also in all things of their kind the hart goeth before
+the buck. For when the hart hath been fifteen days at rut the buck
+scarcely beginneth to be in heat and bellow.
+
+And also men go not to sue him with a lymer, nor do men go to harbour
+him as men do to the hart. Nor are his fumes put in judgment as those
+of the hart, but men judge him by the foot other head as I shall say
+more plainly hereafter.
+
+[Illustration: BUCK-HUNTING WITH RUNNING HOUNDS (From MS. f. fr. 616,
+_Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+They crotey their fumes in diverse manners according to the time and
+pasture, as doth the hart, but oftener black and dry than otherwise.
+When they are hunted they bound again into their coverts and fly not
+so long as doth the hart, for sometimes they run upon the hounds.[54]
+And they run long and fly ever if they can by the high ways and always
+with the change. They let themselves be taken at the water and beat
+the brooks as a hart, but not with such great malice as the hart, nor
+so gynnously (cunningly) and also they go not to such great rivers as
+the hart. They run faster at the beginning than doth the hart. They
+bolk (bellow) about when they go to rut, not as a hart doth, but much
+lower than the hart, and rattling in the throat. Their nature and that
+of the hart do not love (to be) together, for gladly would they not
+dwell there where many harts be, nor the harts there where the bucks
+be namely together in herds. The buck's flesh is more savoury[55] than
+is that of the hart or of the roebuck. The venison of them is right
+good if kept and salted as that of the hart. They abide oft in a dry
+country and always commonly in herd with other bucks. Their season
+lasteth from the month of May into the middle of September. And
+commonly they dwell in a high country where there be valleys and small
+hills. He is undone as the hart.
+
+[54] They do not make such a long flight as the red deer but by
+ringing return to the hounds.
+
+[55] G. de F., p. 29, completes the sense of this sentence by saying
+that "the flesh of the buck is more savoury to all hounds than that of
+the stag or of the roe, and for this reason it is a bad change to hunt
+the stag with hounds which at some other time have eaten buck."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+OF THE ROE AND OF HIS NATURE
+
+
+The roebuck is a common beast enough, and therefore I need not to tell
+of his making, for there be few men that have not seen some of them.
+It is a good little beast and goodly for to hunt to whoso can do it as
+I shall devise hereafter, for there be few hunters that can well
+devise his nature. They go in their love that is called bokeyng in
+October[56], and the bucking of them lasteth but fifteen days or there
+about. At the bucking of the roebuck he hath to do but with one female
+for all the season, and a male and a female abide together as the
+hinds[57] till the time that the female shall have her kids; and then
+the female parteth from the male and goeth to kid her kids far from
+thence, for the male would slay the young if he could find them. And
+when they be big that they can eat by themselves of the herbs and of
+the leaves and can run away, then the female cometh again to the male,
+and they shall ever be together unless they be slain, and if one hunt
+them and part them asunder one from another, they will come together
+again as soon as they can and will seek each other until the time that
+one of them have found the other. And the cause why the male and the
+female be evermore together as no other beast in this world, is that
+commonly the female hath two kids at once, one male and the other
+female, and because they are kidded together they hold evermore
+together. And yet if they were not kidded together of one female, yet
+is the nature of them such that they will always hold together as I
+have said before. When they withdraw from the bucking, they mew their
+heads, for men will find but few roebucks that have passed two years
+that have not mewed their heads by All Hallowtide. And after the heads
+come again rough as a hart's head, and commonly they burnish their
+horns in March. The roebuck hath no season to be hunted, for they bear
+no venison[58] but men should leave them the females for their kids
+that would be lost unto the time that they have kidded, and that the
+kids can feed themselves and live by themselves without their dame. It
+is good hunting for it lasteth all the year and they run well, and
+longer than does a great hart in high season time. Roebucks cannot be
+judged by their fumes, and but little by their track as one can of
+harts, for a man cannot know the male from the female by her feet or
+by her fumes.
+
+[56] This is wrong; they rut in the beginning of August. See Appendix:
+Roe.
+
+[57] A clerical error. G. de F. (p. 36) says, "as do birds," which
+makes good sense.
+
+[58] See Appendix: Grease.
+
+They have not a great tail and do not gather venison as I have said,
+the greatest grease that they may have within is when the kidneys be
+covered all white. When the hounds hunt after the roebuck they turn
+again into their haunts and sometimes turn again to the hounds[59].
+When they see that they cannot dure[60] (last) they leave the country
+and run right long ere they be dead. And they run in and out a long
+time and beat the brooks in the same way a hart doth. And if the
+roebuck were as fair a beast as the hart, I hold that it were a fairer
+hunting than that of the hart, for it lasteth all the year and is good
+hunting and requires great mastery, for they run right long and
+gynnously (cunningly). Although they mew their heads they do not
+reburnish them, nor repair their hair till new grass time. It is a
+diverse (peculiar) beast, for it doth nothing after the nature of any
+other beast, and he followeth men into their houses, for when he is
+hunted and overcome he knoweth never where he goeth. The flesh of the
+roebuck is the most wholesome to eat of any other wild beast's flesh,
+they live on good herbs and other woods and vines and on briars and
+hawthorns[61] with leaves and on all growth of young trees. When the
+female has her kids she does all in the manner as I have said of a
+hind. When they be in bucking they sing a right foul song, for it
+seemeth as if they were bitten by hounds. When they run at their ease
+they run ever with leaps, but when they be weary or followed by hounds
+they run naturally and sometimes they trot or go apace, and sometimes
+they hasten and do not leap, and then men say that the roebuck hath
+lost his leaps, and they say amiss, for he ever leaves off leaping
+when he is well hasted and also when he is weary.
+
+[59] "They ring about in their own country, and often bound back to
+the hounds" would be a better translation.
+
+[60] From the French _durer_, to last.
+
+[61] G. de F. says "acorns."
+
+When he runneth at the beginning, as I have said, he runneth with
+leaps and with rugged standing hair and the eres[62] (target) and the
+tail cropping up all white.
+
+[62] Middle English _ars_, hinder parts called target of roebuck.
+
+And when he hath run long his hair lyeth sleek down, not standing nor
+rugged and his eres (target) does not show so white.
+
+And when he can run no longer he cometh and yieldeth himself to some
+small brook, and when he hath long beaten the brook upward or downward
+he remaineth in the water under some roots so that there is nothing
+out of water save his head.
+
+[Illustration: ROEBUCK-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RUNNING HOUNDS
+(From MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+And sometimes the hounds and the hunters shall pass above him and
+beside him and he will not stir. For although he be a foolish beast he
+has many ruses and treasons to help himself. He runneth wondrous fast,
+for when he starts from his lair he will go faster than a brace of
+good greyhounds. They haunt thick coverts of wood, or thick heathes,
+and sometimes in carres (marshes) and commonly in high countries or in
+hills and valleys and sometimes in the plains.
+
+The kids are kidded with pomeled[63] (spotted) hair as are the hind
+calves. And as a hind's calf of the first year beginneth to put out
+his head, in the same wise does he put out his small brokes[64]
+(spikes) ere he be a twelvemonth old. He is hardeled[65] but not
+undone as a hart, for he has no venison that men should lay in salt.
+And sometimes he is given all to the hounds, and sometimes only a
+part. They go to their feeding as other beasts do, in the morning and
+in the evening, and then they go to their lair. The roebuck remains
+commonly in the same country both winter and summer if he be not
+grieved or hunted out thereof.
+
+[63] From the old French _pomele_.
+
+[64] See Appendix: Roe.
+
+[65] See Appendix: Hardel.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+OF THE WILD BOAR AND OF HIS NATURE
+
+
+A wild boar is a common beast enough and therefore it needeth not to
+tell of his making, for there be few gentlemen that have not seen some
+of them. It is the beast of this world that is strongest armed, and
+can sooner slay a man than any other. Neither is there any beast that
+he could not slay if they were alone sooner than that other beast
+could slay him,[66] be they lion or leopard, unless they should leap
+upon his back, so that he could not turn on them with his teeth. And
+there is neither lion nor leopard that slayeth a man at one stroke as
+a boar doth, for they mostly kill with the raising of their claws and
+through biting, but the wild boar slayeth a man with one stroke as
+with a knife, and therefore he can slay any other beast sooner than
+they could slay him. It is a proud[67] beast and fierce and perilous,
+for many times have men seen much harm that he hath done. For some men
+have seen him slit a man from knee up to the breast and slay him all
+stark dead at one stroke so that he never spake thereafter.
+
+[66] In spite of the boar being such a dangerous animal a wound from
+his tusk was not considered so fatal as one from the antlers of a
+stag. An old fourteenth-century saying was: "Pour le sanglier faut le
+mire, mais pour le cerf convient la biere."
+
+[67] Proud. G. de F., p. 56, _orguilleuse_. G. de F., p. 57, says
+after this that he has often himself been thrown to the ground, he
+with his courser, by a wild boar and the courser killed ("et moy
+meismes a il porte moult de fois a terre moy et mon coursier, et mort
+le coursier").
+
+They go in their love to the brimming[68] as sows do about the feast
+of St. Andrew[69], and are in their brimming love three weeks, and
+when the sows are cool the boar does not leave them[70].
+
+[68] Brimming. From Middle English _brime_, burning heat. It was also
+used in the sense of valiant-spirited (Stratmann).
+
+[69] November 30.
+
+[70] G. de F., p. 57, adds: "comme fait l'ours."
+
+He stays with them till the twelfth day after Christmas, and then the
+boar leaves the sows and goeth to take his covert, and to seek his
+livelihood alone, and thus he stays until the next year when he goeth
+again to the sows. They abide not in one place one night as they do in
+another, but they find their pasture for (till) all pastures fail them
+as hawthorns[71] and other things. Sometimes a great boar has another
+with him but this happens but seldom. They farrow[72] in March, and
+once in the year they go in their love. And there are few wild sows
+that farrow more than once in the year, nevertheless men have seen
+them farrow twice in the year.
+
+[71] A badly worded phrase, the meaning of which is not quite clear.
+G. de F. has "acorns and beachmast" instead of hawthorns.
+
+[72] Farrow. See Appendix: Wild Boar.
+
+Sometimes they go far to their feeding between night and day, and
+return to their covert and den ere it be day. But if the day overtakes
+them on the way ere they can get to their covert they will abide in
+some little thicket all that day until it be night. They wind a
+man[73] as far as any other beast or farther. They live on herbs and
+flowers especially in May, which maketh them renew[74] their hair and
+their flesh. And some good hunters _of beyond the sea_ say that in
+that time they bear medicine on account of the good herbs and the good
+flowers that they eat, but thereupon I make no affirmation. They eat
+all manner of fruits and all manner of corn, and when these fail them
+they root[75] in the ground with the rowel of their snouts which is
+right hard; they root deep in the ground till they find the roots of
+the ferns and of the spurge and other roots of which they have the
+savour (scent) in the earth. And therefore have I said they wind
+wonderfully far and marvellously well. And also they eat all the
+vermin and carrion and other foul things. They have a hard skin and
+strong flesh, especially upon their shoulders which is called the
+shield. Their season begins from the Holy Cross day in September[76]
+to the feast of St. Andrew[77] for then they go to the brimming of the
+sows. For they are in grease when they be withdrawn from the sows. The
+sows are in season from the brimming time _which is to say the twelfth
+day after Christmas_ till the time when they have farrowed. The boars
+turn commonly to bay on leaving their dens for the pride that is in
+them, and they run upon some hounds and at men also. But when the boar
+is heated, or wrathful, or hurt, then he runneth upon all things that
+he sees before him. He dwelleth in the strong wood and the thickest
+that he can find and generally runneth in the most covered and
+thickest way so that he may not be seen as he trusteth not much in his
+running, but only in his defence and in his desperate deeds.[78] He
+often stops and turns to bay, and _especially when he is at the
+brimming_ and hath a little advantage before the hounds of the first
+running, and these will never overtake him unless other new hounds be
+uncoupled to him.
+
+[73] G. de F., p. 58, says they wind acorns as well or better than a
+bear, but nothing about winding a man. See Appendix: Wild Boar.
+
+[74] From F. _renouveler_.
+
+[75] See Appendix: Wild Boar.
+
+[76] September 14.
+
+[77] November 30.
+
+[78] Despiteful or furious deeds. G. de F., p. 60, says that he only
+trusts in his defences and his weapons ("en sa defense et en ses
+armes").
+
+He will well run and fly from the sun rising to the going down of the
+sun, if he be a young boar of three years old. In the third March
+counting that in which he was farrowed, he parteth from his mother and
+may well engender at the year's end.[79]
+
+[79] As this is somewhat confused we have followed G. de F.'s text in
+the modern rendering.
+
+They have four tusks, two in the jaw above and two in the nether jaw;
+of small teeth speak not I, the which are like other boar's teeth. The
+two tusks above serve for nothing except to sharpen his two nether
+tusks and make them cut well _and men beyond the sea call_ the nether
+tusks of the boar his arms or his files, with these they do great
+harm, and also they call the tusks above gres[80] (grinders) for they
+only serve to make the others sharp as I have said, and when they are
+at bay they keep smiting their tusks together to make them sharp and
+cut better. When men hunt the boar they commonly go to soil and soil
+in the dirt and if they be hurt the soil is their medicine. The boar
+that is in his third year or a little more is more perilous and more
+swift and doth more harm than an old boar, as a young man more than an
+old man. An old boar will be sooner dead than a young one for he is
+proud and heavier and deigneth not to fly, and sooner he will run upon
+a man than fly, and smiteth great strokes but not so perilously as a
+young boar.
+
+[80] From the French _gres_, grinding-stone or grinders.
+
+A boar heareth wonderfully well and clearly, and when he is hunted and
+cometh out of the forest or bush or when he is so hunted that he is
+compelled to leave the country, he sorely dreads to take to the open
+country and to leave the forest,[81] and therefore he puts his head
+out of the wood before he puts out his body, then he abideth there and
+harkeneth and looketh about and taketh the wind on every side. And if
+that time he seeth anything that he thinks might hinder him in the way
+he would go, then he turneth again into the wood. Then will he never
+more come out though all the horns and all the holloaing of the world
+were there. But when he has undertaken the way to go out he will spare
+for nothing but will hold his way throughout. When he fleeth he maketh
+but few turnings, but when he turneth to bay, and then he runneth upon
+the hounds and upon the man. And for no stroke or wound that men do
+him will he complain or cry, but when he runneth upon the men he
+menaceth, strongly groaning. But while he can defend himself he
+defendeth himself without complaint, and when he can no longer defend
+himself there be few boars that will not complain or cry out when they
+are overcome to the death.[82]
+
+[81] G. de F., p. 60, has "fortress" instead of "forest."
+
+[82] After the word "death" a full stop should occur, for in this MS.
+and, singularly enough, also in the Shirley MS. the following words
+have been omitted: "They drop their lesses," continuing "as other
+swine do."
+
+They drop their lesses (excrements) as other swine do, according to
+their pasture being hard or soft.
+
+But men do not take them to the curee nor are they judged as of the
+hart or other beasts of venery.
+
+A boar can with great pain live twenty years; he never casts his teeth
+nor his tusks nor loses them unless by a stroke.[83] The boar's grease
+is good as that of other tame swine, and their flesh also. Some men
+say that by the foreleg of a boar one can know how old he is, for he
+will have as many small pits in the forelegs as he has years, but of
+this I make no affirmation. The sows lead about their pigs with them
+till they have farrowed twice and no longer, and then they chase their
+first pigs away from them for by that time they be two years old and
+three Marches counting the March in which they were farrowed.[84] In
+short they are like tame sows, excepting that they farrow but once in
+a year and the tame sows farrow twice. When they be wroth they run at
+both men and hounds and other beasts as (does) the wild boar and if
+they cast down a man they abide longer upon him than doeth a boar, but
+she cannot slay a man as soon as a boar for she has not such tusks as
+the boar, but sometimes they do much harm by biting. Boars and sows go
+to soil gladly when they go to their pasture, all day and when they
+return they sharpen their tusks and cut against trees when they rub
+themselves on coming from the soil. _What men call a trip of tame
+swine is called of wild swine a sounder, that is to say if there be
+passed a five or six together._
+
+[83] At this point G. de F., p. 61, adds: "One says of all biting
+beasts the trace, and of red beasts foot or view, and one can call
+both one or the other the paths or the fues."
+
+[84] See Appendix: Wild Boar.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+OF THE WOLF AND OF HIS NATURE
+
+
+A wolf is a common beast enough and therefore I need not tell of his
+make, for there are few men _beyond the sea_, that have not seen some
+of them. They are in their love in February with the females and then
+be jolly and do in the manner as hounds do, and be in their great heat
+of love ten or twelve days, and when the bitch is in greatest heat
+then if there are any wolves in the country they all go after her as
+hounds do after a bitch when she is jolly. But she will not be lined
+by any of the wolves save by one. She doth in such a wise that she
+will lead the wolves for about six or eight days without meat or drink
+and without sleep for they have so great courage towards her, that
+they have no wish to eat nor to drink, and when they be full weary she
+lets them rest until the time that they sleep, and then she claweth
+him with her foot and waketh him that seemeth to have loved her most,
+and who hath most laboured for her love, and then they go a great way
+thence and there he lines her. And therefore men say _beyond the seas
+in some countries_ when any woman doth amiss, that she is like to the
+wolf bitch for she taketh to her the worst and the foulest and the
+most wretched and it is truth that the bitch of the wolf taketh to her
+the foulest and most wretched, for he hath most laboured and
+fasted[85] for her and is most poor, most lean and most wretched. And
+this is the cause why men say that the wolf saw never his father and
+it is truth sometimes but not always, for it happeneth that when she
+has brought the wolf that she loveth most as I have said, and when the
+other wolves awaken they follow anon in her track, and if they can
+find the wolf and the bitch holding together then will all the other
+wolves run upon him and slay him, and all this is truth in this case.
+But when in all the country there is but one wolf and one bitch of his
+kind then this rule cannot be truth.
+
+[85] G. de F., p. 63, has: "Pource qu'il a plus travaille et plus
+jeune que n'ont les autres."
+
+And sometimes peradventure the other wolves may be awake so late that
+if the wolf is not fast with the bitch or peradventure he hath left
+her then he fleeth away from the other wolves, so they slay him not so
+in this case the first opinion is not true.
+
+They may get young whelps at the year's end, and then they leave their
+father and their mother. And sometimes before they are twelve months
+old if so be that their teeth are fully grown after their other small
+teeth which they had first, for they teethe twice in the year when
+they are whelps. The first teeth they cast when they are half a year
+old _and also their hooks_. Then other teeth come to them which they
+bear all their life-time and never cast. When these are full grown
+again then they leave their father and mother and go on their
+adventures, but notwithstanding that they go far they do not bide long
+away from each other and if it happens that they meet with their
+father and with their mother the which hath nourished them they will
+make them joy and great reverence alway. And also I would have you
+know that when a bitch and a wolf of her kind hath fellowship together
+they generally stay evermore together, and though they sometimes go to
+seek their feeding the one far from the other they will be together at
+night if they can or at the farthest at the end of three days. And
+such wolves in fellowship together get meat for their whelps the
+father as well as the mother, save only that the wolf eateth first his
+fill and then bears the remnant to his whelps. The bitch does not do
+so for she beareth all her meat to her whelps and eateth with them.
+And if the wolf is with the whelps when the mother cometh and she
+bringeth anything and the wolf has not enough he taketh the feeding
+from her and her whelps, and eateth his fill first, and then he
+leaveth them the remnant, if there be any, and if there be not any
+left they die of hunger, if they will, for he recketh but little so
+that his belly be full. And when the mother seeth that, and has been
+far to seek her meat she leaveth her meat a great way thence for her
+whelps, and then she cometh to see if the wolf is with them, and if he
+be there she stayeth till he be gone and then she bringeth them her
+meat. But also the wolf is so malicious that when he seeth her come
+without food he goeth and windeth her muzzle and if he windeth she
+hath brought anything he taketh her by the teeth and biteth her so
+that she must show him where she hath left her food. And when the
+bitch perceiveth that the wolf doth this when she returneth to her
+whelps she keepeth in the covert and doth not show herself if she
+perceiveth that the wolf is with them, and if he be there she hideth
+herself until the time he hath gone to his prey on account of his
+great hunger, and when he is gone she brings her whelps her food for
+to eat. And this is truth.
+
+Some men say that she bathes her body and her head so that the wolf
+should wind nothing of her feeding when she cometh to them, but of
+this I make no affirmation.
+
+There be other heavy wolves of this nature, the which be not so in
+fellowship, they do not help the bitch to nourish the whelps but when
+a wolf and a bitch are in fellowship and there are no wolves in that
+country by very natural smelling he knoweth well that the whelps are
+his and therefore he helpeth to nourish them but not well. At the time
+that she hath whelps the wolf is fattest in all the year, for he
+eateth and taketh all that the bitch and whelps should eat. The bitch
+beareth her whelps nine weeks and sometimes three or four days more.
+Once in the year they are in their love and are jolly. Some men say
+that the bitches bear no whelps while their mother liveth, but thereof
+I make no affirmation. The bitches of them have their whelps as other
+tame bitches, sometimes more, sometimes less. They have great strength
+especially before (fore-quarters), and evil[86] they be and strong,
+for sometimes a wolf will slay a cow or a mare and he hath great
+strength in his mouth. Sometime he will bear in his mouth a goat or a
+sheep or a young hog and not touch the ground (with it), and shall run
+so fast with it that unless mastiffs or men on horseback happen to run
+before him neither the shepherds nor no other man on foot will ever
+overtake him. They live on all manner of flesh and on all carrion and
+all kinds of vermin. And they live not long for they live not more
+than thirteen or fourteen years. Their biting is evil and venomous on
+account of the toads and other vermin that they eat. They go so fast
+when they be void (are empty) that men have let run four leashes of
+greyhounds, one after the other and they could not overtake him, for
+he runs as fast as any beast in the world, and he lasts long running,
+for he has a long breath. When he is long hunted with running hounds
+he fleeth but little from them, but if the greyhounds or other hounds
+press him, he fleeth all the covert[87] as a boar does and commonly he
+runs by the high ways. And commonly he goeth to get his livelihood by
+night, but sometimes by day, when he is sore ahungered. And there be
+some (wolves) that hunt at the hart, at the wild boar and at the
+roebuck, and windeth as far as a mastiff, and taketh hounds when they
+can. There are some that eat children and men and eat no other flesh
+from the time that they be acherned[88] (blooded) by men's flesh, for
+they would rather be dead. They are called wer-wolves, for men should
+beware of them, and they be so cautious that when they assail a man
+they have a holding upon him before the man can see them, and yet if
+men see them they will come upon them so gynnously (cunningly) that
+with great difficulty a man will escape being taken and slain, for
+they can wonder well keep from any harness (arms) that a man beareth.
+There are two principal causes why they attack men; one is when they
+are old and lose their teeth and their strength, and cannot carry
+their prey as they were wont to do, then they mostly go for children,
+which are not difficult to take for they need not carry them about but
+only eat them. And the child's flesh is more tender than is the skin
+or flesh of a beast. The other reason is that when they have been
+acharned (blooded) in a country of war, where battles have been, they
+eat dead men. Or if men have been hanged or have been hanged so low
+that they may reach thereto, or when they fall from the gallows. And
+man's flesh is so savoury and so pleasant that when they have taken to
+man's flesh they will never eat the flesh of other beasts, though they
+should die of hunger. For many men have seen them leave the sheep they
+have taken and eat the shepherd. It is a wonderfully wily and gynnous
+(cunning) beast, and more false than any other beast to take all
+advantage, for he will never fly but a little save when he has need,
+for he will always abide in his strength (stronghold), and he hath
+good breath, for every day it is needful to him, for every man that
+seeth him chaseth him away and crieth after him. When he is hunted he
+will fly all day unless he is overset by greyhounds. He will gladly go
+to some village or in a brook, he will be little at bay except when he
+can go no further. Sometimes wolves go mad and when they bite a man he
+will scarcely get well, for their biting is wonderfully venomous on
+account of the toads they have eaten as I have said before, and also
+on account of their madness. And when they are full or sick they feed
+on grasses as a hound does in order to purge themselves. They stay
+long without meat for a wolf can well remain without meat six days or
+more. And when the wolf's bitch has her whelps commonly she will do no
+harm near where she has them, for fear she hath to lose them. And if a
+wolf come to a fold of sheep if he may abide any while he will slay
+them all before he begins to eat any of them. Men take them _beyond
+the sea_ with hounds and greyhounds with nets and with cords, but when
+he is taken in nets or cords he cutteth them wonderfully fast with his
+teeth unless men get quickly to him to slay him. Also men take them
+within pits and with needles[89] and with haussepieds[90] or with
+venomous powders that men give them in flesh, and in many other
+manners. When the cattle come down from the hills the wolves come down
+also to get their livelihood. They follow commonly after men of arms
+for the carrion of the beasts or dead horses or other things. They
+howl like hounds and if there be but two they will make such a noise
+as if there were a route of seven or eight if it is by night, when the
+weather is clear and bright, or when there are young wolves that have
+not yet passed their first year. When men lay trains to acharne (with
+flesh) so as to take them, they will rarely come again to the place
+where men have put the flesh, especially old wolves, leastways not the
+first time that they should eat. But if they have eaten two or three
+times, and they are assured that no one will do them harm, then
+sometimes they will abide. But some wolves be so malicious that they
+will eat in the night and in the day they will go a great way thence,
+two miles or more, especially if they have been aggrieved in that
+place, or if they feel that men have made any train with flesh for to
+hunt at them. They do not complain (cry out) when men slay them as
+hounds do, otherwise they be most like them. When men let run
+greyhounds at a wolf he turns to look at them, and when he seeth them
+he knoweth which will take him, and then he hasteneth to go while he
+can, and if they be greyhounds which dare not take him, the wolf knows
+at once, and then he will not hasten at his first going. And if men
+let run at him from the side, or before more greyhounds which will
+seize him, when the wolf seeth them, and he be full, he voideth both
+before and behind all in his running so as to be more light and more
+swift. Men cannot nurture a wolf, though he be taken ever so young and
+chastised and beaten and held under discipline, for he will always do
+harm, if he hath time and place for to do it, he will never be so
+tame, but that when men leave him out he will look hither and thither
+to see if he may do any harm, or he looks to see if any man will do
+him any harm. For he knoweth well and woteth well that he doth evil,
+and therefore men ascrieth (cry at) and hunteth and slayeth him. And
+yet for all that he may not leave his evil nature.
+
+[86] G. de F., p. 66, has "evil biting."
+
+[87] He keeps to the coverts.
+
+[88] Acherned, from O. Fr. _acharne_, to blood, from _chair_, flesh.
+
+[89] Needles. See Appendix: Snares.
+
+[90] _Aucepis_ (Shirley MS.). G. de F., p. 69: _haussepiez_, a snare
+by which they were jerked from the ground by a noose.
+
+Men say that the right fore foot of the wolf is good for medicine for
+the evil of the breast and for the botches (sores) which come to swine
+under the shoulder.[91] And also the liver of the wolf dried is good
+for a man's liver, but thereof I make no affirmation, for I would put
+in my book nothing but very truth. The wolf's skin is warm to make
+cuffs or pilches (pelisses), but the fur thereof is not fair, and also
+it stinketh ever unless it be well tawed.[92]
+
+[91] This should be "jaw." G. de F., p. 70, has _maisselles, i.e._
+Machoires.
+
+[92] Prepared. Tawing is a process of making hides into
+leather--somewhat different from tanning. There were tawers and
+tanners.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+OF THE FOX AND OF HIS NATURE
+
+
+The fox is a common beast and therefore I need not tell of his making
+and there be but few gentlemen that have not seen some. He hath many
+such conditions as the wolf, for the vixen of the fox bears as long as
+the bitch of the wolf bears her whelps, sometimes more sometimes less,
+save that the vixen fox whelpeth under the earth deeper than doth the
+bitch of the wolf. The vixen of the fox is a saute[93] (in heat) once
+in the year. She has a venomous biting like a wolf and their life is
+no longer than a wolf's life. With great trouble men can take a fox,
+especially the vixen when she is with whelps, for when she is with
+whelps and is heavy, she always keeps near her hole, _for sometimes
+she whelpeth in a false hole and sometimes in great burrows and
+sometimes in hollow trees, and therefore she draweth always near her
+burrow_, and if she hears anything anon she goeth therein before the
+hounds can get to her. She is a false beast and as malicious as a
+wolf.
+
+[93] The term used by Turbervile (p. 188) is "goeth a clicqueting."
+
+The hunting for a fox is fair for the _good cry of_ the hounds[94]
+that follow him so nigh and with so good a will. Always they scent of
+him, for he flies through the thick wood and also he stinketh
+evermore. And he will scarcely leave a covert when he is therein, he
+taketh not to the plain (open) country for he trusteth not in his
+running neither in his defence, for he is too feeble, and if he does,
+it is because he is (forced to) by the strength of men and hounds. And
+he will always hold to covert, and if he can only find a briar to
+cover himself with, he will cover himself with that. When he sees that
+he cannot last, then he goeth to earth the nearest he can find which
+he knoweth well and then men may dig him out and take him, if it is
+easy digging, but not among the rocks.[95] If greyhounds _give him
+many touches and overset him_, his last remedy, if he is in an open
+country, will be that he vishiteth gladly (the act of voiding
+excrements) so that the greyhounds should leave him for the stink of
+the dirt, and also for the fear that he hath.
+
+[94] G. de F., p. 72, says, "because the hounds hunt him closely."
+
+[95] Our MS. only gives this one chapter on the fox, while Gaston
+Ph[oe]bus has another: _Comment on doit chassier et prendre le
+renard._ In this he gives directions as to earth-stopping, and taking
+him in pursenets, and smoking him out with "orpiment and sulphur and
+nitre or saltpetre." He says January, February, and March are the best
+months for hunting, as the leaf is off the trees and the coverts are
+clearer, so that the hounds have more chance of seeing the fox and
+hunt him closer. He says that one-third of the hounds should be put in
+to draw the covert, and the others in relays should guard the
+boundaries and paths, to be slipped as required. Although this is a
+Frenchman's account of fox-hunting, we have no reason to believe that
+the fox was treated at that period better by English sportsmen, for
+until comparatively recent times the fox was accounted vermin, and any
+means by which his death could be encompassed were considered
+legitimate, his extermination being the chief object in hunting him,
+and not the sport. Even as late as the seventeenth century we find
+that such treatment was considered justifiable towards a fox, for, as
+Macaulay tells us, Oliver St. John told the Long Parliament that
+Strafford was to be regarded, not as a stag or a hare, to whom some
+law was to be given, but as a fox, who was to be snared by any means,
+and knocked on the head without pity (vol. i. p. 149).
+
+A little greyhound is very hardy when (if) he takes a fox by himself,
+for men have seen great greyhounds which might well take a hart and a
+wild boar and a wolf and would let the fox go. And when the vixen is
+assaute, and goeth in her love to seek the dog fox she crieth with a
+hoarse voice as a mad hound doth, and also when she calleth her whelps
+when she misses any of them, she calleth in the same way. The fox does
+not complain (cry) when men slay him, but he defendeth himself with
+all his power while he is alive. He liveth on all vermin and all
+carrion and on foul worms. His best meat that he most loveth are hens,
+capons, duck and young geese and other wild fowls when he can get
+them, also butterflies and grasshoppers, milk and butter. They do
+great harm in warrens of coneys and of hares which they eat, and take
+them so gynnously (cunningly) and with great malice and not by
+running. There be some that hunt as a wolf[96] and some that go
+nowhere but to villages to seek the prey for their feeding. As I have
+said they are so cunning and subtle that neither men nor hounds can
+find a remedy to keep themselves from their false turns. Also foxes
+commonly dwell in great hedges or in great coverts or in burrows near
+some towns or villages for to evermore harm hens and other things as I
+have said. The foxes' skins be wonderfully warm to make cuffs and
+furs, but they stink evermore if they are not well tawed. The grease
+of the fox and the marrow are good for the hardening of sinews. Of the
+other manners of the fox and of his cunning I will speak more openly
+hereafter. Men take them with hounds, with greyhounds, with hayes and
+with purse-nets, but he cutteth them with his teeth, as the male of
+the wolf doth but not so soon (quickly).
+
+[96] According to G. de F., p. 74, it should not read that some are
+hunted like wolves, but that they themselves hunt like wolves.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+OF THE GREY (BADGER) AND OF HIS NATURE
+
+
+The grey (badger) is a common beast enough and therefore I need not
+tell you of his making, for there be few men that have not seen some
+of them, and also I shall take no heed to speak much of him, for it is
+not a beast that needeth any great mastery to devise of how to hunt
+him, or to hunt him with strength, for a grey can fly but a little way
+before he is overcome with hounds, or else he goes to bay and then he
+is slain anon. His usual dwelling is in the earth in great burrows and
+if he comes out he will not walk far thence. He liveth on all vermin
+and carrion and all fruits and on all things such as the fox. But he
+dare not venture so far by day as the fox, for he cannot flee. He
+liveth more by sleeping than by any other thing. Once in the year they
+farrow as the fox.[97] When they be hunted they defend themselves long
+and mightily and have evil biting and venomous as the fox, and yet
+they defend themselves better than the fox. It is the beast of the
+world that gathereth most grease within and that is because of the
+long sleeping that he sleepeth. And his grease bears medicine as does
+that of the fox, _and yet more_, and men say that if a child that hath
+never worn shoes is first shod with those made of the skin of the grey
+that child will heal a horse of farcy if he should ride upon him, but
+thereof I make no affirmation. His flesh is not to eat, neither is
+that of the fox nor of the wolf.
+
+[97] G. de F., p. 76, adds: "And they farrow their pigs in their
+burrows as does the fox."
+
+[Illustration: BADGER-DRAWING (From MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib. Nat._,
+Paris)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+OF THE (WILD) CAT AND ITS NATURE
+
+
+The cat is a common beast enough therefore I need not tell of his
+making, for there be few men that have not seen some of them.
+Nevertheless there be many and diverse kind of cats, after some
+masters' opinions, and namely of wild (cats). Especially there be some
+cats as big as leopards and some men call them _Guyenne_ loup
+cerviers[98] and other cat-wolves, and this is evil said for they are
+neither wolves nor cerviers nor cat-wolves. Men might (better) call
+them cat-leopards than otherwise, for they draw more to a leopard kind
+than to any other beast. They live on such meat as other cats do, save
+that they take hens in hedges[99] and goats and sheep, if they find
+them alone, for they be as big as a wolf, and almost formed and made
+as a leopard, but their tail is not so long. A greyhound alone could
+not take one of them to make him abide, for a greyhound could sooner
+take and hold fast and more steadfastly a wolf than he could one of
+them. For he claws as a leopard and furthermore bites right (hard).
+Men hunt them but seldom, but if the hounds find peradventure such a
+cat, he would not be long hunted for soon he putteth him to his
+defence or he runneth up a tree. And because he flieth not long
+therefore shall I speak but little of his hunting, for in hunting him
+there is no need of great mastery. They bear their kittens and are in
+their love as other cats, save that they have but two kittens at once.
+They dwell in hollow trees and there they make their ligging[100] and
+their beds of ferns and of grass. The cat helpeth as badly to nourish
+his kittens as the wolf doth his whelps. _Of common wild cats I need
+not to speak much, for every hunter in England knoweth them, and their
+falseness and malice are well known. But one thing I dare well say
+that if any beast hath the devil's spirit in him, without doubt it is
+the cat, both the wild and the tame._
+
+[98] According to the Shirley MS. this passage runs, "Men calleth him
+in Guyene loupeceruyers." See Appendix: Wild Cat.
+
+[99] Shirley MS. has "and egges," instead of "in hedges," which is the
+rendering G. de F. gives.
+
+[100] Bed or resting-place. See Appendix.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THE OTTER AND HIS NATURE
+
+
+An otter is a common beast enough and therefore I need not tell of his
+making. She liveth with (on?) fish and dwelleth by rivers and by ponds
+and _stanks_ (pools). And sometimes she feedeth on grass of the
+meadows and bideth gladly under the roots of trees near the rivers,
+and goeth to her feeding as doth other beasts to grass, but only in
+the new grass time, and to fish as I have said. They swimmeth in
+waters and rivers and sometimes diveth under the water when they will,
+and therefore no fish can escape them unless it be too great a one.
+They doth great harm specially in ponds and in stanks, for a couple of
+otters without more shall well destroy the fish of a great pond or
+great stank, and therefore men hunt them. They go in their love at the
+time that ferrets do, so they that hold (keep) ferrets in their houses
+may well know the time thereof. They bear their whelps as long as the
+ferrets and sometimes more and sometimes less. They whelp in holes
+under the trees near the rivers. Men hunt at them with hounds by
+great mastery, as I say hereafter.[101] And also men take them at
+other times in rivers with small cords as men do the fox with nets and
+with other gins. She hath an evil biting and venomous and with her
+strength defendeth herself mightily from the hounds. And when she is
+taken with nets unless men get to her at once she rendeth them with
+her teeth and delivereth herself out of them. Longer will I not make
+mention of her, nor of her nature, for the hunting at her is the best
+that men may see of her, save only that she has the foot of a goose,
+for she hath a little skin from one claw to another, and she hath no
+heel save that she hath a little lump under the foot, and men speak of
+the steps or the marches of the otter as men speak of the trace of the
+hart, and his fumes (excrements) tredeles or spraints. The otter
+dwelleth but little in one place, for where she goeth the fish be sore
+afraid. Sometimes she will swim upwards and downwards seeking the fish
+a mile or two unless it be in a stank.
+
+[101] The author of "Master of Game" does not say anything more about
+the otter.
+
+[Illustration: OTTER-HUNTING (From MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib. Nat._,
+Paris)]
+
+
+_Of the remnant of his nature I refer to Milbourne[102] the king's
+otter hunter. As of all other vermin I speak not, that is to say of
+martens and pole cats, for no good hunter goeth to the wood with his
+hounds intending to hunt for them, nor for the wild cat either.
+Nevertheless when men seek in covert for the fox and can find none,
+and the hounds happen to find them and then the hunter rejoiceth his
+hounds for the exploit of his hounds, and also because it is vermin
+that they run to. Of conies I do not speak, for no man hunteth them
+unless it be bishhunters_ (fur hunters), _and they hunt them with
+ferrets and with long small hayes. Those raches that run to a coney at
+any time ought to be rated saying to them loud, "Ware riot, ware," for
+no other wild beast in England is called riot save the coney only._
+
+[102] In Priv. Seal 674/6456, Feb. 18, 1410, William Melbourne is
+valet of our otterhounds. See Appendix: Otter.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+OF THE MANNER AND HABITS AND CONDITIONS OF HOUNDS
+
+
+After that I have spoken of the nature of beasts of venery and of
+chase which men should hunt, now I will tell you of the nature of the
+hounds which hunt and take them. And first of their noble conditions
+that be so great and marvellous in some hounds that there is no man
+can believe it, unless he were a good skilful hunter, and well
+knowing, and that he haunted them long, for a hound is a most
+reasonable beast, and best knowing of any beast that ever God made.
+And yet in some case I neither except man nor other thing, for men
+find it in so many stories and (see) so much nobleness in hounds,
+always from day to day, that as I have said there is no man that
+liveth, but must think it. Nevertheless natures of men and all beasts
+go ever more descending and decreasing both of life and of goodness
+and of strength and of all other things so wonderfully, _as the Earl
+of Foix Phebus sayeth in his book_, that when he seeth the hounds that
+be now hunting and thinketh of the hounds that he hath seen in the
+time that is passed, and also of the goodness and the truth, which was
+sometimes in the lords of this world, and other common men, and seeth
+what now is in them at this time, truly he saith that there is no
+comparison, and this knoweth well every man that hath any good reason.
+But now let God ordain thereof whatever His good will is. But to draw
+again to my matter, and tell the nobleness of the hounds, the which
+have been, some good tales I shall tell you the which I find in true
+writings. First of King Claudoneus[103] of France, the which sent once
+after his great court whereof were other kings which held of him land,
+among the which was the King Appollo of Lyonnys that brought with him
+to the court his wife and a greyhound that he had, that was both good
+and fair. The King Claudoneus of France had a seemly young man for his
+son, of twenty years of age, and as soon as he saw the Queen of
+Lyonnys he loved her and prayed her of (for her) love. The Queen was a
+good lady and loved well her lord, forsook him and would him not, and
+said (to) him that if he spake to her any more thereof that she would
+tell it to the King of France, and to her Lord. And after that the
+feast was passed, King Appollo of Lyonnys turned again, he and his
+wife to their country. And when they were so turned again, he and his
+wife, the King Claudoneus son of France was before him with a great
+fellowship of men of arms for to ravish his wife from him. The King
+Appollo of Lyonnys that was a wonderful good knight of his hounds
+(hands?) notwithstanding that he was unarmed, defended himself and his
+wife in the best wise that he could unto the time that he was wounded
+to the death, then he withdrew himself and his wife into a tower. And
+the King Claudoneus son, the which would not leave the lady, went in
+and took the lady, and would have defiled her, and then she said to
+him "Ye have slain my lord, and (now) ye would dishonour me, certes I
+would sooner be dead," then she drew herself to (from) a window and
+leapt into the river of Loire that ran under the tower and anon she
+was drowned. And after that within a little while, the King Appollo of
+Lyonnys died of his wounds that he had received, and on the same day
+he was cast into the river. The greyhound that I have spoke of, the
+which was always with the king his master, when his lord was cast in
+the river leapt after him into the river, insomuch that with his teeth
+he drew his lord out of the river, and made a great pit with his claws
+in the best wise that he could, and with his muzzle. And so the
+greyhound always kept his lord about half a year in the pit, and kept
+his lord from all manner of beasts and fowls. And if any man ask
+whereof he lived I say that he lived on carrion and of other feeding
+such as he might come to. So it befell that the King Claudoneus of
+France rode to see the estate of his realm, and (it) befell that the
+king passed there where the greyhound was that kept his lord and
+master, and the greyhound arose against him, and began to yelp at him.
+The King Claudoneus of France the which was a good man and of good
+perception, anon when he saw the greyhound, knew that it was the
+greyhound that King Appollo of Lyonnys had brought to his court,
+whereof he had great wonder, and he went himself there where the
+greyhound was and saw the pit, and then he made some of his men alight
+from their horses for to look what was therein, and therein they found
+the King Appollo's body all whole. And anon as the King Claudoneus of
+France saw him, he knew it was the King Appollo of Lyonnys, whereof he
+was right sorry and sore aggrieved, and ordained a cry throughout all
+his realm, that whoso would tell him the truth of the deed he would
+give him whatsoever that he would ask. Then came a damsel that was in
+the tower when the King Appollo of Lyonnys was dead, and thus she said
+to the King Claudoneus of France, "Sir," quoth she, "if you will grant
+me a boon that I shall ask and assure me to have it, before all your
+men, I shall show you him that hath done the deed," and the King swore
+to her before his men, and it so befell that the King Claudoneus son
+of France was beside his father. "Sir," she said, "here is your son
+the which hath done this deed. Now require I you as ye have sworn to
+me that ye give him to me, I will no other gift of you." The King
+Claudoneus of France turned him then towards his son and said thus:
+"Thou cursed harlot, thou hast shamed and shent (disgraced) me and
+truly I shall shend (disgrace) you. And though I have no more children
+yet shall I not spare." Then he commanded to his men to make a great
+fire, and cast his son therein, and he turned him toward the damsel
+when the fire was great alight, and thus to her he said: "Damsel, now
+take ye him for I deliver him to you, as I promised and assured you."
+The damsel durst not come nigh, for by that time he was all burnt.
+This ensample have I brought forth for the nobleness of hounds and
+also of lords that have been in olden times. But I trow that few lords
+be now that would do so even and so open justice. A hound is true to
+his lord and his master, and of good love and true.
+
+[103] In G. de F. "Clodoveus," p. 82.
+
+A hound is of great understanding and of great knowledge, a hound hath
+great strength and great goodness, a hound is a wise beast and a kind
+(one). A hound has a great memory and great smelling,[104] a hound has
+great diligence and great might, a hound is of great worthiness and of
+great subtlety, a hound is of great lightness and of great
+perseverance (?), a hound is of good obedience, for he will learn as a
+man all that a man will teach him. A hound is full of good sport;
+hounds are so good that there is scarcely a man that would not have of
+them, some for one craft, and some for another. Hounds are hardy, for
+a hound dare well keep his master's house, and his beasts, and also he
+will keep all his master's goods, and he would sooner die than
+anything be lost in his keeping. And yet to affirm the nobleness of
+hounds, I shall tell you a tale of a greyhound that was Auberie's of
+Moundydier, of which men may see the painting in the realm of France
+in many places. Aubery was a squire of the king's house of France, and
+upon a day that he was going from the court to his own house, and as
+he passed by the woods of Bondis, the which is nigh Paris, and led
+with him a well good and a fair greyhound that he had brought up. A
+man that hated him for great envy without any other reason, who was
+called Makarie, ran upon him within the wood and slew him without
+warning, for Auberie was not aware of him. And when the greyhound
+sought his master and found him he covered him with earth and with
+leaves with his claws and his muzzle in the best way that he could.
+And when he had been there three days and could no longer abide for
+hunger, he turned again to the king's court. There he found Makarie,
+who was a great gentleman, who had slain his master, and as soon as
+the greyhound perceived Makarie, he ran upon him, and would have
+maimed him, unless men had hindered him. The King of France, who was
+wise and a man of perception, asked what it was, and men told him the
+truth. The greyhound took from the boards what he could, and brought
+to his master and put meat in his mouth, and the same wise the
+greyhound did three days or four. And then the King made men follow
+the greyhound, for to see where he bare the meat that he took in the
+court. And then they found Auberie dead and buried. And then the King,
+as I have said, made come many of the men of his court, and made them
+stroke the greyhound's side, and cherish him and made his men lead him
+by the collar towards the house, but he never stirred. And then the
+King commanded Makarie to take a small piece of flesh and give it to
+the greyhound. And as soon as the greyhound saw Makarie, he left the
+flesh, and would have run upon him. And when the King saw that, he had
+great suspicions about Makarie, and said (to) him that he must needs
+fight against the greyhound. And Makarie began to laugh, but anon the
+King made him do the deed, and one of the kinsmen of Auberie saw the
+great marvel of the greyhound and said that he would swear upon the
+sacrament as is the custom in such a case for the greyhound, and
+Makarie swore on the other side, and then they were led into our
+Lady's Isle at Paris and there fought the greyhound and Makarie. For
+which Makarie had a great two-handed staff, and they fought so that
+Makarie was discomfitted, and then the king commanded that the
+greyhound the which had Makarie under him should be taken up, and then
+the King made enquiry of the truth of Makarie, the which acknowledged
+he had slain Aubrey in treason, and therefore he was hanged and drawn.
+
+[104] G. de F., p. 84, says "_sentement_," good sense, feeling, or
+sympathy.
+
+The bitches be jolly in their love commonly twice in a year, but they
+have no term of their heat, for every time of the year some be jolly.
+When they be a twelvemonth old, they become jolly, and be jolly while
+they await the hounds without any defence, twelve days or less,[105]
+and sometimes fifteen days, according as to whether they be of hot
+nature or of cold, the one more than another, or whether some be in
+better condition than others. And also men may well help them thereto,
+for if they give them much meat they abide longer in their heat than
+if they had but little. And also if they were cast in a river twice in
+a day they should be sooner out of their jollity. They bear their
+whelps nine weeks or more; the whelps be blind when they be whelped
+till they be nine days old and then they may well see and lap well
+when they be a month old, but they have great need of their dam to the
+time that they be two months old, and then they should be well fed
+with goat's milk or with cow's milk and crumbs of bread made small and
+put therein, especially in the morn and at night. Because that the
+night is more cold than the day. And also men should give them crumbs
+in flesh-broth, and in this wise men may nourish them till they be
+half a year old, and by that time they shall have cast their hooks,
+and when they have cast their hooks, they should teach them to eat dry
+bread and lap water little by little, for a hound that is nourished
+with grease and fat broth when he casts his hooks, and if he hath
+always sops or tit-bits, he is a chis[106] (dainty) hound and of evil
+ward. And also they be not so well breathed than if they have eaten
+always bread and water. When the bitches be lined they lose their
+time, and also while they be great with whelps, and also while their
+whelps suck. If they are not lined, soon they will lose their time,
+for their teats remain great and grow full of wind until the time that
+they should have had their whelps. And so that they should not lose
+their time men spaye them, save these that men will keep open to bear
+whelps. And also a spayed bitch lasteth longer in her goodness than
+other two that be not spayed.[107] And if a bitch be with whelps the
+which be not of ward let the bitch fast all the whole day, and give
+her then with a little grease the juice of a herb men calleth titimal,
+the which the apothecaries knoweth well, and she shall cast her
+whelps. Nevertheless it is a great peril namely if the whelps be great
+and formed within the bitch. The greatest fault of hounds is that they
+live not long enough, most commonly they live but twelve years. And
+also men should let run no hounds of what condition that they be nor
+hunt them until the time that they were a twelve month old and past.
+And also they can hunt but nine years at the most.
+
+[105] G. de F., p. 85, "Au moins," at least.
+
+[106] "Chis," or "cheese," hound, probably dainty hound, a chooser,
+from "cheosan," Mid. Eng. "choose," to distinguish: also written
+"ches," "chees." (Stratmann.)
+
+[107] Lasts longer good, _i.e._ lasts as long as two hounds that have
+not been spayed. G. de F. (p. 86) adds: "or at least one and a half."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+OF SICKNESSES OF HOUNDS AND OF THEIR CORRUPTIONS
+
+
+The hounds have many divers sicknesses and their greatest sickness is
+the rage whereof there be nine manners, of the which I shall tell you
+a part. The first is called furious madness. The hounds that be mad of
+that madness cry and howl with a loud voice, and not in the way that
+they were wont to when they were in health. When they escape they go
+everywhere biting both men and women and all that they find before
+them. And they have a wonderful perilous biting, for if they bite
+anything, with great pain it shall escape thereof if they draw blood,
+that it shall go mad whatever thing it be. A token for to know at the
+beginning, is this, that they eat not so well as they were wont to,
+and they bite the other hounds, making them cheer with the tail[108]
+first, smelleth[109] upon them and licketh[110] them and then he
+bloweth a great blast with his nose, and then he looketh fiercely, and
+beholdeth his own sides and maketh semblant that he had flies about
+him, and then he crieth. And when men know such tokens men should take
+him from the others until the fourth day, for then men may see the
+sickness all clearly, or else that he is not mad for some time. Many
+men be beguiled in that way. And if any hound be mad of any of the
+nine madnesses he shall never be whole. And their madness cannot last
+but nine days[111] but they shall never be whole but dead. That other
+manner of madness is known by these signs: In the beginning he doth as
+I said before, save that they neither bite man nor beast save only the
+hounds, as perilous is his biting as the first, and ever more they go
+up and down without any abiding. And this madness is called running
+madness. And these two madnesses beforesaid taketh the other hounds
+that they be with, though they bite them not. That other madness is
+called ragemuet (dumb madness) for they neither bite nor run not, eke
+they will not eat for their mouth is somewhat gaping as if they were
+enosed[112] in their throat, and so they die, within the term
+beforesaid without doing any harm. Some men say that it cometh to them
+from a worm[113] that they have under the tongue, and ye should find
+but few hounds that hath not a worm under the tongue. And many men say
+that if that worm was taken from them they would never go mad, but
+thereof I make no affirmation. Nevertheless it is good to take it from
+them, and men should take it away in this manner. Men should take the
+hound when he is past half a year old and hold fast his fore-feet, and
+put a staff athwart his mouth so that he should not bite. And after
+take the tongue and ye should find the worm under the tongue, then ye
+should slit the tongue underneath and put a needle with a thread
+betwixt the worm and tongue and cut and draw the worm out with the
+thread _or else with a small pin of wood_. And notwithstanding that
+men call it a worm it is but a great vein that hounds have under their
+tongue. This madness diseaseth not other hounds, neither man nor other
+beast. That other madness is called falling, for when they want to
+walk straight they fall now on one side and now on the other side, and
+so die within the aforesaid term. This madness stretcheth to no other
+hound nor man or beast. That other madness is called flank
+madness[114], for they be so sore and tucked up by the middle of the
+flanks as though they never ate meat, and pant in their flanks with
+much pain, and will not eat, but stoop low with the head and always
+look downwards, and when they go they take up their feet high and go
+rolling _as a drunken man_. This madness stretcheth to no other hound
+nor to any other things, and they die as it is said before. The other
+madness is called sleeping madness, for they lie always and make
+semblant as if they were asleep, and so they die without meat. This
+sickness stretcheth to no other thing. That other madness is called
+madness of head. Nevertheless all madnesses are of foolishness of the
+head and of the heat of the heart, for their head becometh great and
+swelleth fast. They eat no meat and so they die in that madness. This
+madness stretcheth to no other thing. And certainly I never saw a
+hound that had any of all these madnesses that ever might be healed.
+Nevertheless many men think sometime that a hound be mad when it is
+not so, and therefore the best proof that any man may do, is to draw
+him from the other hounds and assaye him three whole days each one
+after the other following, if he will eat flesh or any other thing.
+And if he will not eat within three days slay him as a mad hound. The
+remedies for men or for beasts that be bitten by mad hounds must need
+be done a short time after the biting, for if it were past a whole day
+it were hard to undertake to heal him of the two first madnesses
+whereof I spake at the beginning, for all the others can do no harm,
+and the remedy may be of divers manners. Some goeth to the sea, and
+that is but a little help, and maketh nine waves of the sea pass over
+him that is so bitten. Some take an old cock and pull all the feathers
+from above his vent and hangeth him by the legs and by the wings, and
+setteth the cock's vent upon the hole of the biting, and stroketh
+along the cock by the neck and by the shoulders because that the
+cock's vent should suck all the venom of the biting. And so men do
+long upon each of the wounds, and if the wounds be too little they
+must be made wider with a barber's lancet. And many men say, but
+thereof I make no affirmation, that if the hound were mad, that the
+cock shall swell and die, and he that was bitten by the hound shall be
+healed. If the cock does not die it is a token that the hound is not
+mad. There is another help, for men may make sauce of salt, vinegar
+and strong garlic pulled and stamped, and nettles together and as hot
+as it may be suffered to lay upon the bite. And this is a good
+medicine and a true, for it hath been proved, and every day should it
+be laid upon the biting twice, as hot as it can be suffered, until the
+time when it be whole, or else by nine days. And yet there is another
+medicine better than all the other. Take leeks and strong garlic and
+chives and rue and nettles and hack them small with a knife, and then
+mingle them with olive oil and vinegar, and boil them together, and
+then take all the herbs, also as hot as they may be suffered, and lay
+them on the wound every day twice, till the wound be healed, or at
+least for nine days. But at the beginning that the wound be closed or
+garsed[115] (cupped) for to draw out the venom out of the wound
+because that it goeth not to the heart. And if a hound is bit by
+another mad hound it is a good thing for to hollow it all about the
+biting with a hot iron. The hounds have also another sickness that is
+called the mange, that cometh to them because that they be melancholy.
+There are four manners of mange, that one is called the quick mange
+the which pulleth[116] the hounds and breaketh their skins in many
+places, and the skin waxeth great and thick, and this is wonderfully
+evil to heal, for though the hounds may be whole it cometh to them
+again. Commonly to this mange, this is the best ointment that men may
+make thereto. Nevertheless many men would put many others thereto,
+first take ye six pounds of honey and a quart of verdigris, and that
+the honey be first melted and stirred in the bottom with a ladle, and
+then let it cool, and let it boil often with as much of oil of nuts as
+of the honey and of water, wherein an herb has been boiled that men
+call in Latin Cleoborum, and in other language Valerian, the which
+make men sneeze, and put all these things together and mingle them
+upon the fire, stir them well and let it be cold, and anoint the hound
+by the fire or in the sun. And look that he lick not himself, for it
+should do him harm. And unless he be whole at the first time anoint
+him from eight days (to eight days)[117] until the time that he be
+whole, for certainly he shall be whole. And if he will make any more
+of that ointment, take of the things aforesaid in the same wise or
+more or less as seemeth to you that need is. That other manner (of)
+mange is called flying mange[118], for it is not in all the body but
+it cometh more commonly about the hounds' ears, and in their legs than
+in any other place of the body[119], as the farcy, and this is the
+worst to heal, and the best ointment that any man can make for this
+manner of mange is this: take quicksilver for as much as ye will make
+ointment, as ye have need, and put it in a dish with spittle of three
+or four fasting men, and stir it altogether against the bottom of the
+dish with a pot-stick, until the time that the quicksilver be quenched
+with the water, and then take ye as much verdigris as of the
+quicksilver and mingle it with spittle, always stirring with a
+pot-stick, as I have said before, until the time that they can be all
+mingled together. And after take old swine's grease without salt, a
+great piece, and take away the skin above, and put it in the dish that
+I spake of, with the things before said, and mingle and stamp it
+altogether a long while, then keep it to anoint the hound there where
+he hath the mange and in no other place, and certainly he shall be
+whole. This ointment is marvellous and good and true not only for this
+thing, but also against the canker and fistula and farcy and other
+quick evils, the which have been hard to heal in other beasts. That
+other is a common mange when the hounds claw themselves with their
+feet and snap with their teeth, and it is on all the body of the
+hound. And all manners of mange come to hounds from great travel and
+from long hunting, as when they be hot they drink of foul water and
+unclean, which corrupteth their bodys, and also when they hunt in evil
+places of pricklings of thorns, of briers, or peradventure it raineth
+upon them, and they be not well tended afterwards. Then cometh the
+scab, and also the scab cometh upon them when they abide in their
+kennel too long[120] and goeth not hunting. Or else their litter and
+couch is uncleanly kept, or else the straw is not removed and their
+water not freshened, and shortly the hounds unclean, I hold, and evil
+kept _or long waterless_, have commonly this mange. For the cure of
+which take ye the root of an herb that groweth upon houses and walls,
+the which is called in Latin iroos[121] (iris) and chop it small and
+boil it well in water, and then put thereto as much of oil made of
+nuts as of water, and when it is well boiled cast out the herb, and
+then take of black pitch and of rosin as much of the one as of the
+other, well stamped, and cast it in the water and the oil before said,
+and stir it well about on the fire with a pot-stick: and then let it
+well grow cold, and anoint the hound as before is said. Sometime
+cometh to the hounds sickness in their eyes, for there cometh a web
+upon them, and growing flesh which cometh into that one side of the
+eye, and is called a nail[122], and so they grow blind unless a man
+take care thereof. Some men put about their necks a collar of an elm
+tree both of leaves and of bark, and seeth that when that shall be dry
+the nail shall fall away, but that is but a little help. But the true
+help that may be thereto is this, take ye the juice of a herb that men
+call Selidoyn (Celandine)[123] powder of ginger and of pepper, and put
+all together thrice in the day within the eye, and let him not claw
+nor rub it a long while, and that customarily by nine days until the
+time that the hound's eyes be whole, and also it is good to put
+therein of the Sousse[124] of the which men find enough at the
+apothecary's for the same sickness, and if the nail were so hard grown
+and so strong that he might not be healed therewith, take a needle and
+bow it in the middle that it be crooked, and take well and subtly the
+flesh that is upon the eye with the needle and draw it up on high, and
+then cut it with a razor, but take good care that the needle touch not
+the eye. These things the smiths can do well[125], for as the nail is
+drawn out of a horse's eye, right so it must be drawn out of the
+hound's eye, _and without fault he shall be whole_. And also another
+sickness cometh into the hound's ears the which cometh out of the
+rewme (cold) of the head of the hound, for they claw themselves so
+much with the hinder feet that they make much foul things come out
+thereof, and so out of her ears cometh much foul things, and some time
+thereof they become deaf. Therefore they should take wine luke-warm
+and with a cloth wash it well, and clean three or four times in the
+day, and when it is washed ye should cast therein oil and camomile
+milk, warm, three drops, and suffer him not to claw it nor rub it a
+great while, and do so continually until the time that he be whole.
+Also hounds have another sickness that cometh to them of the rewme,
+that is to say, they have the malemort (glanders) in their nostrils as
+horses have, wherefore they can smell nothing nor wind, and at the
+last some die thereof, and they take it most when they hunt in snow.
+For this sickness boil mastic and incense in small powder in fair
+water, and of a thing that men call Ostoraces calamynt[126],
+brygella[127] of rue[128] and mint and of sage, and hold the hound's
+nose upon the pot's mouth wherein these things should boil so that he
+may retain within his nostrils the smoke that cometh thereof out of
+the pot. And in this wise serve him a long while, three or four times
+every day, until the time that he be whole, and this is good also for
+a horse when he hath the glanders strongly coming out of the nose.
+Also there is another sickness of hounds, the which cometh to them in
+their throats and sometime cometh so to men in such wise that they may
+not keep down their meat, and so they must cast it out again. In some
+time the sickness is so strong on them, that they can keep nothing
+down in their bodies and so die. The best medicine is to let them go
+wherever they will, and let them eat all that ever they will. For
+sometime the contrary things turneth them to good. And give them to
+eat flesh right small cut, and put in broth or in goat's milk a
+little, and a little because that they may swallow it down without
+labour, and give him not too much at once, that they may digest
+better. And also buttered eggs doeth them much good. And sometimes the
+hounds hurt themselves in their feet, and in their legs, and in their
+breast. And when it is in the joints of their feet that be run out of
+their places, the best help that there is is to bring them again into
+joint, by such men as can well do it, and then lay upon that place
+flax wetted in white of egg, and let them rest until the time that
+they be whole. And if there be any broken bones men should knit it
+again in the best wise, the one bone against that other and bind it
+with flax above as I have said, and with four splints well bound
+thereto that one against that other, because that the bone should not
+unjoin, and men should remove the bands from four days to four days
+all whole. And give them to drink the juice of herbs that are called
+consolida major[129] and minor[130], and mix it in broth or in her
+meat, and that shall make the bones join together. Also many hounds be
+lost by the feet, and if some time they be heated take vinegar and
+soot that is within the chimney, and wash his feet therewith until the
+time that they be whole, and if the soles of the feet be bruised
+because, peradventure, they have run in hard country or among stones,
+take water, and small salt therein, and therewith wash their feet, the
+same day that they have hunted, and if they have hunted in evil
+country among thorns and briars that they be hurt in their legs or in
+their feet, wash their legs in sheep's tallow well boiled in wine when
+it is cold, and rub them well upward against the hair. The best that
+men may do to hounds that they lose not their claws is that they
+sojourn not too long, for in long sojourning they lose their claws,
+and their feet, and therefore they should be led three times in the
+week a-hunting, and at the least twice. If they have sojourned too
+much, cut ye a little off the end of their claws with pincers ere they
+go hunting, so that they may not break their claws in running. Also
+when they be at sojourn, men should lead them out every day a mile or
+two upon gravel or upon a right hard path by a river side, so that
+their feet may be hard. Hounds also sometimes be chilled as horses
+when they have run too long, and come hot in some water, or else when
+they come to rest in some cold place, then they go all forenoon and
+cannot eat, nor cannot walk well, then should men let blood on the
+four legs. From the forelegs in the joints within the leg, from the
+hinder legs men should let blood in the veins that goeth overthwart
+above the hocks on the other side, and in the hinder legs men may well
+see clearly the veins that I speak of, and also in the forelegs, thus
+he shall be whole. And give him one day sops or some other thing
+comfortable till the morrow or other day. The hounds also have a
+sickness in the yerde that men calleth the canker, and many be lost
+thereby. Men should take such a hound and hold him fast and upright
+and bind his mouth and his four legs also, and then men should take
+his yerde backward by the ballocks and put him upward, and another man
+shall draw the skin well in manner that the yerde may all come out,
+and then a man may take away the canker with his fingers, for if it
+were taken away with a knife men might cut him. And then men should
+wash it with wine, milk warm, and then put therein honey and salt, so
+that the sickness shall not come again, and then put again the yerde
+within the skin as it was before, and look every week that the
+sickness come not again, and take it always out if aught come thereto
+until the time that it be whole. And in the same wise a man should do
+to a bitch, if such a sickness were taken in her nature. In this
+sickness many hounds and bitches die for default of these cures,
+whereof all hunters have not full knowledge. Sometimes the hounds have
+a great sickness that they may not piss, and be lost thereby and also
+when they may not scombre (dung). Then take ye the root of a cabbage
+and put it in olive oil, and put it in his fundament so that ye leave
+some of the end without, so much that it may be drawn out when it is
+needful. And if he may not be whole thereby make him a clyster as men
+do to a man, of mallows, of beets, and of mercury, a handful of each,
+and of rue and of incense, and that all these things be boiled in
+water and put bran within, and let pass all that water through a
+strainer, and thereto put two drachms of agarite[131] and of honey and
+of olive oil, and all this together put into his anus and he shall
+scombre.
+
+[108] Cherish, "wagging their tayles and seeming to cherish them,"
+Turbervile, p. 223. See Appendix: Madness.
+
+[109] It should read "smelleth," as it is in Shirley MS. and in G. de
+F., p. 87.
+
+[110] The friendly licking of other dogs has often been noticed as an
+early symptom of rabies in a pack of hounds.
+
+[111] Du Fouilloux in his _La Venerie_ (published 1561) copied much
+from Gaston de Foix's book, but either he or his editors made the
+ridiculous mistake of saying nine _months_ instead of _days_.
+Turbervile, who translated, or rather cribbed, Du Fouilloux's book,
+has copied this absurd mistake, and says a hound may continue thus
+nine months, but not past (p. 222).
+
+[112] Means "a bone in their throat." G. de F. (p. 88): "comme si ils
+avoient un os en la gueule." In the Shirley MS. "enosed," _i.e._ "_un
+os._" See Appendix: Madness.
+
+[113] See Appendix: Worming.
+
+[114] "Lank madness" in Turbervile, p. 223. Tucked up. G. de F. (p.
+88): "cousus parmi les flans" ("the flanks drawn in").
+
+[115] In Shirley MS. "ventoused upon or gersed." G. de F.: "ventouses,
+que on appelle coupes," hence "cupped and lanced" would be the proper
+meaning.
+
+[116] Makes them lose their hair. G. de F. (p. 90), "et si _poile_ le
+chien."
+
+[117] "To viii. days" has been omitted.
+
+[118] Some confusion, which is still common, between eczema from
+various causes, and true parasitic mange or scabies.
+
+[119] G. de F. (p. 91) adds: "et est vermeille et saute d'un lieu en
+autre."
+
+[120] In the Shirley MS. the words are added: "to(o) hye plyte,"
+_i.e._ too high condition. G. de F. (p. 91) adds "gresse."
+
+[121] _Ireos_, Eng. Iris. This word is also constantly recurring in
+old household books. Aniseed and orris powder were placed among linen
+to preserve it from insects. In Edward IV.'s Wardrobe Accounts we read
+of bags of fustian stuffed with anneys and ireos.
+
+[122] _Pterygium_, name for the "sickness" in the eyes of hounds which
+our MS. describes as a "web coming upon them." It is called
+_pterygium_ from its resemblance to an insect's wing; is an
+hypertrophy of the conjunctiva or lining membrane of the eye, due to
+irritation; it extends from the inner angle to the cornea, which it
+may cover: the treatment is excision. The cure for "the nail"
+mentioned in our MS. of hanging a collar of elm leaves round the dog
+is taken by G. de F. (p. 92) from Roy Modus xliv., where it is given
+without the saving clause "Mes cela est bien petit remede."
+
+[123] _Celandine_, _Chalidonium Majus_, from [Greek: chelidon], a
+swallow. The name was derived from the tradition that swallows used it
+to open the eyes of their young or to restore their sight. Has a
+yellow flower and an acrid, bitter, orange juice. Internally an
+irritant poison. Infusions in wine used by Galen and Bioscorides for
+jaundice, probably from the colour of the juice and flowers.
+Externally the juice was much used for wounds, ulcers, ophthalmic
+cases, and for the removal of warts. The Old French name for this
+plant was _herbe d'arondelles_ (_hirondelles_).
+
+[124] Shirley MS. has "foussye," G. de F. (p. 92) "de la poudre de la
+tutie," oxide of zinc.
+
+[125] Shirley MS. adds: "that be marshals for horses."
+
+[126] _Estoracis calamita_, G. de F., p. 93. Lavallee appends the
+note: "_Storax et Styrax calamita._" Storax, a resin resembling
+benzoin, was in high esteem from the time of Pliny to the eighteenth
+century. It was obtained from the stem of _Styrax_ _officinalis_, a
+native of Greece and the Levant. In our MS. four other ingredients
+mentioned by G. de F. have been left out, but the Shirley MS. gives
+them: "and oyle of Kamamyle and of Mallyor of aushes and of calamynt,"
+_i.e._ oil of camomile, melilot (Meliters), rosemary, thymus calamita,
+a species of balm. Possibly this is a mint called _Calaminta nepeta_,
+a plant formerly much used in medicine as a gentle stimulant and
+tonic. Melilot, a genus of clover-like plants of the natural order of
+_Leguminose_.
+
+[127] Mildew. G. de F. (p. 93), Nigella, Nielle.
+
+[128] _Rewe_, Mod. Eng. _rue_, Lat. _ruta_. This herb was in great
+repute among the ancients, and is still employed in medicine as a
+powerful stimulant.
+
+[129] _Consolida major._ Lavallee in his note (p. 94) translates this
+_consoude_, which in English is comfrey, Latin _Symphytum_.
+
+[130] _Consolida minor_ (Lavallee: note, _petit consoude_), Mod. Fr.
+_Brunelle_. G. de F. p. 94. Eng. Selfheal. Lat. _Prunella vulgaris_.
+It was at one time in repute as a febrifuge.
+
+[131] _Agarys_. G. de F. _d'agret_, probably _agrimony_, Lat.
+agrimonia. It is bitter and styptic, and was much valued in domestic
+medicine; a decoction of it being used as a gargle and the dried
+leaves as a kind of tea, and the root as a vermifuge.
+
+[Illustration: HOW THE HOUNDS WERE LED OUT] (From MS. f. fr. 616,
+_Bib. Nat._, Paris)
+
+And then take five corns of spurge[132] and stamp them and temper them
+with goat's milk or with broth, and put it in the hound's throat to
+the amount of a glassful. And if he may not piss take the leaves of
+leeks and of a herb that is called marrubium album[133] and of
+modirwort[134] and of peritorie[135] and morsus galline[136] and of
+nettles and parsley leaves as much of the one as of the other, and
+stamp them with swine's grease therewith, and make a plaster thereof,
+and make it a little hot, and lay it upon the hound's yerde and along
+his belly, and that which is hard to understand ye shall find at the
+apothecary's, the which know well all these things. Also to the hounds
+cometh sores, that cometh to them under the throat or in other parts
+of the body. Then take ye of the mallows and of the onions and of
+white lilies,[137] and cut them small with a knife, and put them in a
+ladle of iron and mingle these herbs whereof I speak, and lay them
+upon the sores, and that shall make them rise, and when they be risen,
+slit them with a sharp knife. And when they be so broken, lay upon
+them some good drawing salve, and he be whole. Sometimes the hounds
+fight and bite each other, and then they shall take sheep's wool
+unwashed, and a little olive oil, and wet the wool in the oil, and lay
+it upon the hound's wound, and bind it thereupon, and do so three
+days, and then after twice each day anoint it with olive oil, and lay
+nothing upon it. And he shall lick it with his tongue and heal
+himself.[138] If peradventure in the wound come worms as I have seen
+some time, every day ye shall pick them out with a stick, and ye shall
+put in the wound the juice of leaves of a peach tree mingled with
+quicklime until the time that they be whole. Also it happeneth to many
+hounds that they smite the forelegs against the hinder wherefore their
+thighs dry[139] and be lost thereby, and then if ye see that it last
+them longer than three days that they set not their foot to the earth,
+then slit ye the thigh along and athwart within the thigh, crosswise
+upon the bone, that is upon the turn bone of the knee behind, and then
+put thereupon wool wet in olive oil as before is said, for three whole
+days. And then after anoint the wound with oil without binding as I
+have said, and he shall heal himself with his tongue. Sometimes a
+hound is evil astyfled,[140] so that he shall sometime abide half a
+year or more ere he be well, _and if he be not so tended he will never
+recover_. Then it needeth that ye let him long sojourn until the time
+that he be whole, until he is no longer halting, that is that one
+thigh be no greater than the other. And if he may not be all whole, do
+to him as men do to a horse that is spauled in the shoulder in front,
+draw throughout a cord of horsehair[141] and he shall be whole.
+Sometimes an evil befalls in the ballock purse,[142] sometimes from
+too long hunting or from long journeys, or from rupture,[143] or
+sometimes when bitches be jolly, and they may not come to them at
+their ease as they would, and that the humours runneth into the
+ballocks, and sometimes when they be smitten upon in hunting or in
+other places. To this sickness and to all others in that manner, the
+best help is for to make a purse of cloth three or four times double,
+and take linseed and put it within, and put it in a pot, and let it
+mingle with wien, and let them well boil together, and mix it always
+with a stick, and when it is well boiled put it within the purse that
+I spoke of, as hot as the hound may suffer it, and put his ballocks in
+that purse, and bind it with a band betwixt the thighs above the back,
+make well fast the ballocks upwards, and leave a hole in the cloth for
+to put out the tail and his anus, and another hole before for the
+yerde so that he may scombre and piss and renew that thing once or
+twice until the time that he be whole. Also it is a well good thing
+for a man or for a horse that hath this sickness.[144]
+
+[132] _Euphorbia resinifera_, common spurge, exudes a very acrid milky
+juice which dries into a gum resin. Still used for some plasters.
+
+[133] _Marrubium vulgare._ G. de F. _marrabre blanc_, Eng. white
+horehound. It enjoyed a great reputation as a stimulating expectorant
+employed in asthma, consumption, and other pulmonary affections.
+
+[134] _Leonurus cardiaca._ G. de F. _Artemise_, Eng. Motherwort, Mod.
+Fr. _armoise_. A plant allied to the horehound as a vascular stimulant
+and diuretic and a general tonic, employed in dropsy, gout,
+rheumatism, and uterine disorders.
+
+[135] _Parietaria._ Eng. Wall pellitory. An old domestic remedy. It
+was supposed to be astringent and cooling, and used locally for
+inflammation, burns, erysipelas, and internally as a diuretic. It
+grows on old walls and heaps of rubbish.
+
+[136] _Morsus gallinus._
+
+[137] _Lilies._ The white lilies here mentioned are probably _Lilium
+connalium_ (lilies of the valley). In an old book of recipes I find
+them mentioned as an antidote to poison. (_Haus und Land Bib._ 1700.)
+They have medicinal qualities, purgative and diuretic in effect. Dried
+and powdered they become a sternutatory.
+
+[138] In the Shirley MS. there is added: "the hound tongue beareth
+medicine and especially to himself." G. de F. has the same (p. 97).
+
+[139] Wither or dry up.
+
+[140] Inflammation of the stifle joint.
+
+[141] _Seton._ G. de F. (p. 98) says: "une ortie et un sedel de
+corde." His word _sedel_ came from the Spanish _sedal_. The English
+"seton" comes from _seta_, a hair, because hair was originally
+employed as the inserted material.
+
+[142] Testicles.
+
+[143] The following words, which are in Shirley MS. and in G. de F.,
+are left out: "some tyme for they more foundeth as an hors."
+
+[144] The Shirley MS. has the following ending to this chapter: "And
+God forbid that for (a) little labour or cost of this medicine, man
+should see his good kind hound perish, that before hath made him so
+many comfortable disports at divers times in hunting," which is not
+taken from G. de F.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+OF RUNNING HOUNDS AND OF THEIR NATURE
+
+
+A running hound is a kind of hound there be few men that have not seen
+some of them. Nevertheless I shall devise how a running hound shall be
+held for good and fair, and also shall I devise of their manners. Of
+all hues of running hounds, there are some which be good, and some
+which be bad or evil as of greyhounds. But the best hue of running
+hounds and most common for to be good, is called brown tan. Also the
+goodness of running hounds, and of all other kinds of good hounds,
+cometh of true courage and of the good nature of their good father and
+of their good mother. And also as touching greyhounds, men may well
+help to make them good by teaching as by leading them to the wood and
+to fields, and to be always near them, in making of many good curees
+when they have done well, and of rating at and beating them when they
+have done amiss, for they are beasts, and therefore have they need to
+learn that which men will they should do. A running hound should be
+well born, and well grown of body, and should have great nostrils and
+open, and a long snout, but not small, and great lips and well hanging
+down, and great eyes red or black, and a great forehead and great
+head, and large ears, well long and well hanging down, broad and near
+the head, a great neck, and a great breast and great shoulders, and
+great legs and strong, and not too long, and great feet, round and
+great claws, and the foot a little low, small flanks and long sides, a
+little pintel not long, small hanging ballocks and well trussed
+together, a good chine bone and great back, good thighs, and great
+hind legs and the hocks straight and not bowed, the tail great and
+high, and not cromping up on the back, but straight and a little
+cromping upward. Nevertheless I have seen some running hounds with
+great hairy tails the which were very good. Running hounds hunt in
+divers manners, for some followeth the hart fast at the first, for
+they go lightly and fast and when they have run so awhile, they have
+hied them so fast that they be relaxed and all breathless, and stop
+still and leave the hart when they should chase him. This kind of
+running hounds men should find usually in the land of Basco and Spain.
+They are right good for the wild boar, but are not good for the hart,
+for they be not good to enchase at a long flight, but only for to
+press him, for they seek not well, and they run not well nor they hunt
+not (well) from a distance, for they be accustomed to hunt close.
+
+[Illustration: RACHES OR RUNNING HOUNDS IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY (From
+MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib. Nat_., Paris)]
+
+And at the beginning they have shown their best. Other manners of
+running hounds there are which hunt a good deal more slowly and
+heavily, but as they begin, so they hold on all the day. These hounds
+force not so soon a hart as the other, but they bring him best by
+mastery and strength to his end, for they retrieve and scent the line
+better and farther, because they are somewhat slow. They must hunt the
+hart from farther off, and therefore they scent the fues better than
+the other that goes so hastily without stopping until the time that
+they be weary. A bold hound should never complain or howl, unless if
+he were out of the rights. And also he should again seek the rights,
+for a hart flieth and ruseth. Commonly a bold hound hunteth with the
+wind when he seeth his time. He dreads his master and understands him
+and does as he bids him. A bold hound should not leave the hart
+neither for rain, nor for heat, nor for cold, nor for any evil
+weather, but at this time there be few such, and also should he hunt
+the hart well by himself without help of man, as if the man were
+always with him. _But alas! I know not now any such hounds._ Hounds
+there are which be bold and brave; and be called bold for they are
+bold and good for the hart, for when the hart comes in danger[145]
+they will chase him, but they will not open[146] nor quest while he is
+among the change, for dread to envoyse[147] and do amiss, but when
+they have dissevered[148] him, then they will open and hunt him and
+should overcome the hart well, and perfectly and masterfully
+throughout all the change. These hounds be not so good nor so perfect
+as be the bold hounds before said _to most men_ for two reasons[149],
+that one reason is for they hunt not at men's best pleasure for they
+hunt nought but the hart, and the first bold hound hunts all manner of
+beasts that his master will uncouple him to. He opens always through
+all the changes, and a bold hound for the hart opens not for the hart,
+as I have said when the hart is amid the changes. He dreadeth where he
+goeth that men see him lest he do amiss or envoise, but men cannot
+always see him[150]. Of this kind of hound have I seen many a one.
+There be other kinds of hounds which men _beyond the sea call_ hart
+hounds, good and restrained hart hounds.[151] They hunt no other beast
+but the hart, and therefore they are called hart hounds and bold
+hounds, for they be bold and good and wise for the hart; they be
+called restrained, because if the hart fall among the change they
+should abide still[152] until the hunter come, and when they see their
+master they make him welcome, and wag their tails upon him, and will
+by-piss the way and the bushes, _but in England men make them not so_.
+These be good hounds _of our land_, but not so good as the bold hounds
+aforesaid. They be well wise, for they know well that they should not
+hunt the change, and they are not so wise as to dissever the hart from
+the change, for they abide still and restive. These hounds I hold full
+good, for the hunter that knows them may well help them to slay the
+hart. None of all these three kinds of hounds hunt at the hart in
+rutting time, unless it be the good bold hound,[153] which is the best
+of all other hounds. The best sport that men can have is running with
+hounds, for if he hunt at hare or at the roe or at buck or at the
+hart, or at any other beast without greyhound[154] it is a fair thing,
+and pleasant to him that loveth them; the seeking and the finding is
+also a fair thing, and a great liking to slay them with strength, and
+for to see the wit and the knowledge that God hath given to good
+hounds, and for to see good recovering and retrieving, and the mastery
+and the subtleties that be in good hounds. For with greyhounds and
+with other kinds of hounds whatever they be, the sport lasteth not,
+for anon a good greyhound or a good alaunte taketh or faileth a beast,
+and so do all manner of hounds save running hounds, the which must
+hunt all the day questeying and making great melody in their language
+and saying great villainy and chiding the beasts that they chase. And
+therefore I prefer them to all other kinds of hounds, for they have
+more virtue it seems to me than any other beast. Other kind of hounds
+there be the which open and jangle when they are uncoupled, as well
+when they be not in her fues (on their line), and when they be in her
+fues they questey[155] too much in seeking their chase whatever it be,
+and if they learn the habit when they are young and are not chastised
+thereof, they will evermore be noisy and wild, and namely when they
+seek their chase, for when the chase is found, the hounds cannot
+questey too much so that they be in the fues[156]. And to rente and
+make hounds there are many remedies. _There be also many kinds of
+running hounds, some small and some big, and the small be called
+kenets, and these hounds run well to all manner of game, and they
+(that) serve for all game men call them harriers.[157] And every hound
+that hath that courage will come to be a harrier by nature with little
+making. But they need great nature and making in youth, and great
+labour to make a hound run boldly to a chase where there is great
+change, or other chases._ Hounds which are not perfectly wise take the
+change commonly from May until St. John's tide (June 24th), for then
+they find the change of hinds. The hinds will not fly far before the
+hounds, but they turn about and the hound sees them very often, and
+therefore they run to them with a better will, because they keep near
+their calves the which cannot fly, therefore they hunt them gladly;
+and commonly when the harts go to rut, hounds hunt the change, for the
+harts and the hinds be commonly standing in herds together, and so
+they find them and run to them sooner than at any other time of the
+year. Also the hounds scent worse from May until St. John's time than
+in any other time of all the year, for as I shall say the burnt heath
+and the burning of fields taketh away the scent from the hounds of the
+beasts that they hunt. Also in that time the herbs be best and flowers
+in their smelling, each one in their kind, and when the hounds hope to
+scent the beast that they hunt, the sweet-smelling of the herbs takes
+the scent of the beast from them.
+
+[145] Danger of his being lost to the hounds.
+
+[146] Challenge--_i.e._ the noise the hounds make on finding the scent
+of an animal.
+
+[147] Get off the line.
+
+[148] Separated him from the other deer.
+
+[149] From here to the middle of the 13th line on the next page the
+text is copied from the Shirley MS., the scribe who wrote the
+Vespasian B. XII. MS. having made a mistake in his transcript, copying
+on folio 65 the folio 64, which therefore appears twice over, to the
+exclusion of the matter here copied from the Shirley MS.
+
+[150] This sentence is difficult to understand without consulting G.
+de F. (p. 110), who says: "as the hound does not challenge when the
+stag is with change, one does not know where he is going unless one
+sees him, and one cannot always see him."
+
+[151] G. de F.: "cerfs baus restifz" is the name which he gives these
+hounds.
+
+[152] G. de F. adds: "and remain quite quiet."
+
+[153] "Le chien baud," G. de F., p. 111. See Appendix: Running
+Hounds.
+
+[154] The text of the MS. differs from G. de F., who says if one hunts
+stags "ou autres bestes en traillant sans limier" (drawing from them
+without having first harboured them with a lymer), and does not say
+"without greyhounds"; p. 111.
+
+[155] G. de F. has here: "Ils crient trop en querant leur beste quelle
+que soit," p. 111.
+
+[156] "The hounds cannot challenge too loudly when they are on the
+line." G. de F.: "Chien ne peut trop crier," p. 112.
+
+[157] From Mid. Eng. _harien_, _harren_, to harry or worry game. See
+Appendix: Harrier.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+OF GREYHOUNDS AND OF THEIR NATURE
+
+
+The greyhound is a kind of hound there be few which have not seen
+some. Nevertheless for to devise how a greyhound should be held for
+good and fair, I shall devise their manner. Of all manner of
+greyhounds there be both good and bad, nevertheless the best hue is
+red fallow with a black muzzle. The goodness of greyhounds comes of
+right courage, and of the good nature of their father and their
+mother. And also men may well help to make them good in the
+encharning[158] of them with other good greyhounds, and feed them well
+with the best that he taketh. The good greyhound should be of middle
+size, neither too big nor too little, and then he is good for all
+beasts. If he were too big he is nought for small beasts, and if he
+were too little he were nought for the great beasts. Nevertheless
+whoso can maintain both, it is good that he have both of the great and
+of the small, and of the middle size. A greyhound should have a long
+head and somewhat large made, resembling the making of a bace[159]
+(pike). A good large mouth and good seizers the one against the other,
+so that the nether jaw pass not the upper, nor that the upper pass not
+the nether. Their eyes are red or black as those of a sparrow hawk,
+the ears small and high in the manner of a serpent, the neck great and
+long bowed like a swan's neck, his chest great and open, the hair
+under his chyn hanging down in the manner of a lion.[160] His
+shoulders as a roebuck, the forelegs straight and great enough and not
+too high in the legs, the feet straight and round as a cat, great
+claws, long head as a cow[161] hanging down.
+
+[158] Encharning, feed with the flesh of game, to blood.
+
+[159] Should be "luce," and G. de F. has "luz," from Lat. _lucius_,
+pike, p. 103.
+
+[160] G. de F., p. 104, says: "La harpe bien avalee en guise de lion,"
+_harpe_ meaning in this instance "flanks."
+
+[161] "Long head as a cow" is evidently a mistake of translator or
+scribe. G. de F. has: "le coste lonc comme une biche et bien avale"
+("the sides long as a hind, and hanging down well").
+
+The bones and the joints of the chine great and hard like the chine of
+a hart. And if his chine be a little high it is better than if it were
+flat. A little pintel and little ballocks, and well trussed near the
+ars, small womb,[162] the hocks straight and not bent as of an ox, a
+cat's tail making a ring at the end and not too high, the two bones of
+the chine behind broad of a large palm's breadth or more. Also there
+are many good greyhounds with long tails right swift. A good greyhound
+should go so fast that if he be well slipped he should overtake any
+beast, and there where he overtakes it he should seize it where he can
+get at it the soonest, _nevertheless he shall last longer if he bite
+in front or by the side_.[163] He should be courteous and not too
+fierce, following well his master and doing whatever he command him.
+He shall be good and kindly _and clean_, glad and joyful and playful,
+well willing and goodly to all manner of folks save to the wild beasts
+to whom he should be fierce, spiteful and eager.
+
+[162] The following words should be added here, a line having been
+omitted by the scribe: "and straight near the back as a lamprey, the
+thighs great and straight as a hare." They are in Shirley MS. and G.
+de F., p. 104.
+
+[163] In lieu of this original passage G. de F., p. 105, has: "sans
+abayer, et sans marchander" ("without baying or bargaining").
+
+[Illustration: THE SMOOTH AND THE ROUGH-COATED GREYHOUNDS (From MS. f.
+fr. 616, _Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+OF ALAUNTES AND OF THEIR NATURE
+
+
+An alaunte is of the manner and nature of hounds. And the good
+alauntes be those which men call alauntes gentle. Others there be that
+men call alauntes veutreres, others be alauntes of the butcheries.
+They that be gentle should be made and shaped as a greyhound, even of
+all things save of the head, the which should be great and short. And
+though there be alauntes of all hues, the true hue of a good alaunte,
+and that which is most common should be white with black spots about
+the ears, small eyes and white standing ears and sharp above. Men
+should teach alauntes better, and to be of better custom than any
+other beasts, for he is better shaped and stronger for to do harm than
+any other beast. And also commonly alauntes are stordy[164] (giddy) of
+their own nature and have not such good sense as many other hounds
+have, for if a man prick[165] a horse the alauntes will run gladly and
+bite the horse. Also they run at oxen and sheep, and swine, and at all
+other beasts, or at men or at other hounds. For men have seen alauntes
+slay their masters. In all manner of ways alauntes are treacherous and
+evil understanding, and more foolish and more harebrained than any
+other kind of hound. And no one ever saw three well conditioned and
+good. For the good alaunte should run as fast as a greyhound, and any
+beast that he can catch he should hold with his seizers and not leave
+it. For an alaunte of his nature holds faster of his biting than can
+three greyhounds the best any man can find. And therefore it is the
+best hound to hold and to nyme (seize) all manner of beasts and hold
+them fast. And when he is well conditioned and perfect, men hold that
+he is good among all other hounds. But men find few that be perfect. A
+good alaunte should love his master and follow him, and help him in
+all cases, and do what his master commands him. A good alaunte should
+go fast and be hardy to take all kinds of beasts without turning, and
+hold fast and not leave it, and be well conditioned, and well at his
+master's command, and when he is such, men hold, as I have said, that
+he is the best hound that can be to take all manner of beasts. That
+other kind of alaunte is called veutreres. They are almost shaped as a
+greyhound of full shape, they have a great head, great lips and great
+ears, and with such men help themselves at _the baiting of the bull_
+and at hunting of a wild boar, for it is their nature to hold fast,
+but they be (heavy) and foul (ugly) that if they be slain by the wild
+boar or by the bull, it is not very great loss. And when they can
+overtake a beast they bite it and hold it still, but by themselves
+they could never take a beast unless greyhounds were with them to make
+the beast tarry. That other kind of alauntes of the butcheries is such
+as you may always see in good towns, _that are called great butchers'
+hounds_, the which the butchers keep to help them to bring their
+beasts that they buy in the country, for if an ox escape from the
+butchers that lead him, his hounds would go and take him and hold him
+until his master has come, and should help him to bring him again to
+the town. They cost little to keep as they eat the foul things in the
+butcher's row. Also they keep their master's house, they be good _for
+bull baiting_ and for hunting wild boar, whether it be with greyhounds
+at the tryst or with running hounds at bay within the covert. For when
+a wild boar is within a strong hatte of wood (thicket), perhaps all
+day the running hounds will not make him come out. And when men let
+such mastiffs run at the boar they take him in the thick spires (wood)
+so that any man can slay him, or they make him come out of his
+strength, so that he shall not remain long at bay.
+
+[164] G. de F. has "estourdiz," which the "Master of Game" translates
+as "stordy" or sturdy, but the modern sense would be hairbrained,
+giddy, not sturdy.
+
+[165] Means _chase_ a horse. G. de F. says: "Se on court un cheval,
+ils le prennent voulentiers," p. 100.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+OF SPANIELS AND OF THEIR NATURE
+
+
+Another kind of hound there is that be called hounds for the hawk and
+spaniels, for their kind cometh from Spain, notwithstanding that there
+are many in other countries. And such hounds have many good customs
+and evil. Also a fair hound for the hawk should have a great head, a
+great body and be of fair hue, white or tawny, for they be the
+fairest, and of such hue they be commonly best. A good spaniel should
+not be too rough, but his tail should be rough. The good qualities
+that such hounds have are these: they love well their masters and
+follow them without losing, although they be in a great crowd of men,
+and commonly they go before their master, running and wagging their
+tail, and raise or start fowl and wild beasts. But their right craft
+is of the partridge and of the quail. It is a good thing to a man that
+hath a noble goshawk or a tiercel or a sparrow hawk for partridge, to
+have such hounds. And also when they be taught to be couchers,[166]
+they be good to take partridges and quail with a net. And also they be
+good when they are taught to swim and to be good for the river, and
+for fowls when they have dived, but on the other hand they have many
+bad qualities like the country that they come from. For a country
+draweth to two natures of men, of beasts, and of fowls, and as men
+call greyhounds _of Scotland_ and of Britain,[167] so the alauntes and
+the hounds for the hawk come out of Spain, and they take after the
+nature of the generation of which they come. Hounds for the hawk are
+fighters and great barkers if you lead them a hunting among running
+hounds, whatever beasts they hunt to they will make them lose the
+line, for they will go before now hither now thither, as much when
+they are at fault as when they go right, and lead the hounds about and
+make them overshoot and fail. Also if you lead greyhounds with you,
+and there be a hound for the hawk, that is to say a spaniel, if he see
+geese or kine, or horses, or hens, or oxen or other beasts, he will
+run anon and begin to bark at them, and because of him all the
+greyhounds will run to take the beast through his egging on, for he
+will make all the riot and all the harm. The hounds for the hawk have
+so many other evil habits that unless I had a goshawk or falcon or
+hawks for the river, or sparrow hawk, or the net, I would never have
+any, _especially there where I would hunt_.
+
+[166] Setters, from _coucher_, to lie down. G. de F.: "chien couchant"
+(p. 113).
+
+[167] Brittany. In Shirley MS. "England" precedes "Scotland." G. de F.
+says nothing about Scotland. He says "Bretainhe," meaning Brittany (p.
+113).
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+OF THE MASTIFF AND OF HIS NATURE
+
+
+A mastiff is a manner of hound. The mastiff's nature and his office is
+to keep his master's beasts and his master's house, and it is a good
+kind of hound, for they keep and defend with all their power all their
+master's goods. They be of a churlish nature and ugly shape.
+Nevertheless there are some _that come to be berslettis,[168] and also
+to bring well and fast and wanlace_ (range) _about_.[169] Sometimes
+there be many good, especially for men who hunt for profit of the
+household to get flesh. Also of mastiffs and alaunts there be (bred)
+many good for the wild boar. Also from mastiffs and hounds for the
+hawk (there be bred) hounds that men should not make much mention of,
+therefore I will no more speak of them, for there is no great mastery
+nor great readiness in the hunting that they do, _for their nature is
+not to be tenderly nosed_.
+
+[168] Bercellettis or bercelettes, hounds, most likely shooting dogs,
+from _berser_, to shoot, _bercel_, an archer's butt.
+
+[169] _Wanlasour_, one who drives game. Appendix: Wanlace.
+
+[Illustration: THE FIVE BREEDS OF HOUNDS DESCRIBED IN THE TEXT (From
+MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib. Nat_., Paris)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+WHAT MANNER AND CONDITION A GOOD HUNTER SHOULD HAVE.
+
+
+Thou, Sir, whatever you be, great or little, that would teach a man to
+be a good hunter, first he must be a child past seven or eight years
+of age or little older, and if any man would say that I take a child
+in too tender age for to put him to work, I answer that all nature
+shortens and descends. For every man knoweth well that a child of
+seven years of age is more capable in these times of such things that
+he liketh to learn than was a child of twelve years of age (in times
+that I have seen). And therefore I put him so young thereto, for a
+craft requires all a man's life ere he be perfect thereof. And also
+men say that which a man learns in youth he will hold best in his age.
+And furthermore from this child many things are required, first that
+he love his master, and that his heart and his business be with the
+hounds, and he must take[170] him, and beat him when he will not do
+what his master commands him, until the time that the child dreads to
+fail. And first I shall take and teach him for to take in writing all
+the names of the hounds and of the hues of the hounds, until the time
+that the child knoweth them both by the hue and by the name. After I
+will teach him to make clean every day in the morning the hounds'
+kennel of all foul things. After I will learn him to put before them
+twice a day fresh water and clean, from a well, in a vessel there
+where the hound drinks, or fair running water, in the morning and the
+evening. After I will teach him that once in the day he empty the
+kennel and make all clean, and renew their straw, and put again fresh
+new straw a great deal and right thick. And there where he layeth it
+the hounds should lie, and the place where they should lie should be
+made of trees a foot high from the earth, and then straw should be
+laid thereupon, because the moisture of the earth should not make them
+morfounder nor engender other sicknesses by the which they might be
+worse for hunting. Also that he be both _at field and at wood
+delivered_ (active) _and well eyed and well advised of his speech and
+of his terms, and ever glad to learn and that he be no boaster nor
+jangler_.
+
+[170] "Take" is probably the scribe's mistake for "tache," teach.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+HOW THE KENNEL FOR THE HOUNDS AND THE COUPLES FOR THE RACHES AND THE
+ROPES FOR THE LYMER SHOULD BE MADE
+
+
+The hounds' kennel should be ten fathoms in length and five in
+breadth, if there be many hounds. And there should be one door in
+front and one behind, and a fair green, where the sun shineth all day
+from morning till eve, and that green should be closed about with a
+paling or with a wall of earth or of stone of the same length and
+breadth as the hounds' kennel is. And the hinder door of the kennel
+should always be open so that the hounds may go out to play when they
+like, for it is a great liking to the hounds when they may go in and
+out at their pleasure, for the mange comes to them later.[171] In the
+kennel should be pitched small stones wrapped about with straw of the
+hounds' litter, unto the number of six stones, that the hounds might
+piss against them. Also a kennel should have a gutter or two whereby
+all the piss of the hounds and all the other water may run out that
+none remains in the kennel. The kennel should also be in a low house,
+and not in a solere (an upper chamber), but there should be a loft
+above, so that it might be warmer in winter and cooler in summer, and
+always by night and by day I would that some child lie or be in the
+kennel with the hounds to keep them from fighting. Also in the kennel
+should be a chimney to warm the hounds when they are cold or when they
+are wet with rain or from passing and swimming over rivers. And also
+he should be taught to spin horse hair to make couples for the hounds,
+which should be made of a horse tail or a mare's tail, for they are
+best and last longer than if they were of hemp or of wool. And the
+length of the hounds' couples between the hounds should be a foot, and
+the rope of a limer three fathoms and a half, be he ever so wise a
+limer it sufficeth. _The which rope should be made of leather of a
+horse skin well tawed._
+
+[171] They are not likely to get the mange so soon.
+
+[Illustration: THE KENNEL AND KENNELMEN (From MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib.
+Nat_., Paris)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+HOW THE HOUNDS SHOULD BE LED OUT TO SCOMBRE
+
+
+Also I will teach[172] the child to lead out the hounds to scombre
+twice in the day in the morning and in the evening, so that the sun be
+up, especially in winter. Then should he let them run and play long in
+a fair meadow in the sun, and then comb every hound after the other,
+and wipe them with a great wisp of straw, and thus he shall do every
+morning. And then shall he lead them into some fair place there where
+tender grass grows as corn and other things, that therewith they may
+feed them (selves) as it is medicine for them, for sometimes hounds
+are sick and with the grass that they eat they void and heal
+themselves.
+
+[172] The first four words are omitted in our MS., but they are in the
+Shirley MS. and in others, and in G. de F.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+HOW A HUNTER'S HORN SHOULD BE DRIVEN
+
+
+_There are divers kinds of horns, that is to say bugles, great
+Abbot's, hunter's horns, Ruets_ (trumpets), _small Forester's horns
+and meaner horns of two kinds. That one kind is waxed with green wax
+and greater of sound, and they be best for good hunters, therefore
+will I devise how and in what fashion they should be driven. First a
+good hunter's horn should be driven of two spans in length, and not
+much more nor much less, and not too crooked neither too straight, but
+that the flue be three or four fingers uppermore than the head, that
+unlearned_[173] _hunters call the great end of the horn. And also that
+it be as great and hollow driven as it can for the length, and that it
+be shorter on the side of the baldric[174] than at the nether end. And
+that the head be as wide as it can be, and always driven smaller and
+smaller to the flue, and that it be well waxed thicker or thinner
+according as the hunter thinks that it will sound best. And that it be
+the length of the horn from the flue to the binding, and also that it
+be not too small driven from the binding to the flue, for if it be the
+horn will be too mean of sound. As for horns for fewterers[175] and
+woodmen, I speak not for every small horn and other mean horn unwaxed
+be good enough for them._
+
+[173] Shirley MS.: "lewed," _i.e._ laewed or unlearned (Stratmann).
+
+[174] Baldric, the belt on which the horn was carried.
+[175] Fewterer, the man who held the greyhounds in slips or couples.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+HOW A MAN SHOULD LEAD HIS GROOM IN QUEST FOR TO KNOW A HART BY HIS
+TRACE
+
+
+Then should his groom lead his lymer (tracking hound) in quest after
+him in the morning, and teach him to know what difference is between a
+hart's trace and a hind's. As _I have said before, this word quest is
+a term of hart hunters beyond the sea, and is as much for to say as
+when the hunter goeth to find of a hart and to harbour him_. For to
+know a great hart's trace from a young, and to know the trace of a
+young deer of antler from a hind's, and how many judgments and what
+knowledge there be, and for to make more certain thereof, he should
+have an old hart's foot and a young hart's and a hind's foot also, and
+should put it in hard earth and in soft, and once put it fast in the
+earth as though the hart were hunted and another time soft, as if the
+hart went a pase (slowly), thereby he may advise him to know the
+differences of a hart's feet, and he shall find that there is no deer
+so young if he be from a brocket upwards, that his talon (heel) is not
+larger and better and hath greater ergots (dew claws) than hath a
+hind, and commonly longer traces. Nevertheless there are some hounds
+well traced, which have the sole of the foot as a staggard or a small
+stag, but the talon and the ergots are not so great nor so large. Also
+a great hart and an old one has a better sole to his foot, and a
+better talon and better bones and greater and larger than has a young
+deer or hind. And so in putting in the earth the hart's foot and the
+hind's foot as I have said, he shall know the difference and better
+than I can devise. And also the hinds commonly have their traces more
+hollow than a staggard or a stag, and more open the cleeves (toes) in
+front than a hart of ten, for of the others reck I never. The judgment
+is in the talon (when it is great and large; and in the sole of the
+foot)[176] when it is great and broad, and the point of the foot
+broad. And men have seen a great hart and an old one, the which had
+hollow traces, and that cannot matter so that he hath the other signs
+before said. For a hollow trace and sharp cleeves betoken no other
+thing than that the country the hart hath haunted is a soft country or
+hard, and where there be but few stones, or that he has been hunted
+but little. And also if a man find such a hart, and men ask him what
+hart it is, he may answer that it is a hart chaceable of ten, that
+should not be refused. And if he sees an hart's foot that hath these
+signs aforesaid the which are great and broad, he may say that it is
+an hart that some time had borne ten tines, and if he see that the
+aforesaid signs are greater and broader he may say that it is a great
+hart and an old (one), and this is all he may say of the hart. Also he
+should call the foot of the hart the trace, and of the wild boar also.
+_Also the hunters of beyond the sea_ call of an hart and of a boar the
+routes and the pace (path) and both is one. Nevertheless pace, they
+call their goings where a beast goes in the routes, there where he has
+passed, _nevertheless I would not set this in my book, but for as much
+as I would English hunters should know some of the terms that hunters
+use beyond the sea, but not with intent to call them so in England_.
+
+[176] The words in brackets have been omitted in our MS. but are in
+the Shirley MS. and G. de F. p. 129; they have been thus inserted to
+complete the sense.
+
+[Illustration: THE MASTER TEACHING HIS HUNTSMAN HOW TO QUEST FOR THE
+HART WITH THE LIMER OR TRACKHOUND (From MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib. Nat_.,
+Paris)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV
+
+HOW A MAN SHOULD KNOW A GREAT HART BY THE FUMES[177]
+
+
+[177] See Appendix: Excrements.
+
+After I shall teach you to know a great hart by the fumes of the hart,
+for sometimes they crotey in wreaths, and sometimes flat and sometimes
+formed, and sometimes sharp at both ends, and sometimes pressed
+together, and sometime in many other manners as I have said before.
+When they crotey flat and it be in April or in May or in June if the
+croteyes be great and thick it is a token that it is a hart chaceable,
+and if he find the fumes wreathed, and it be from the middle of June
+to the middle of August in great forms and in great wreaths and well
+soft, it is a token that it is a hart chaceable, and if he find the
+fumes that are formed and not holding together as it is from the
+beginning of July into the end of August, if they are great and black
+and long and are not sharp at the ends, and are heavy and dry without
+slime, it is a token that it is a hart chaceable. And if the fumes are
+faint and light and full of slime, or sharp at both ends, or at one
+end, these are the tokens that he is no deer chaceable. But if it be
+when they burnish that they crotey their fumes more burnt and more
+sharp at the one end, but anon when they have burnished, they crotey
+their fumes as before, and for that the fumes be good and great; if
+they be slimy it is a token that he has suffered some disease. From
+the end of August forward, the fumes are of no judgment for they undo
+themselves for the rut.
+
+[Illustration: HOW A GREAT HART IS TO BE KNOWN BY HIS "FUMES"
+(EXCREMENTS) (From MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV
+
+HOW A MAN SHOULD KNOW A GREAT HART BY THE PLACE WHERE HE HATH FRAYED
+HIS HEAD
+
+
+Furthermore ye should know a great hart by the fraying (for if ye find
+where the hart hath frayed),[178] and see that the wood is great where
+he hath frayed, and he hath not bent it, and the tree is frayed well
+high, and he hath frayed the bark away, and broken the branches and
+wreathed them a good height, and if the branches are of a good size,
+it is a sign that he is a great hart and that he should bear a high
+head and well troched, for by the troching[179] he breaketh such high
+the boughs that he cannot fold them under him. For if the fraying were
+bare and he had frayed the boughs under him, it is no token that it be
+a great hart, and especially if the trees where he had frayed were
+small. Nevertheless men have seen some great deer fray sometimes to a
+little tree, but not commonly, but a young deer shall ever more[180]
+fray to a great tree, and therefore should ye look at several
+frayings. And if ye see the aforesaid tokens oftener upon the great
+trees than upon the small ye may deem him a great hart. And if the
+frayings be continually in small trees and low, he is not chaceable
+and should be refused. Also ye may know a great hart by his lairs.
+When a great hart shall come in the morning from his pasture, he shall
+go to his lair and then a great while after he shall rise and go
+elsewhere there where he would abide all the day. Then when ye shall
+rise and come to the lair there where the hart hath lain and rested,
+if ye see it great and broad and well trodden and the grass well
+pressed down, and at the rising when he passeth out of his lair, if ye
+see that the foot and the knees have well thrust down the earth and
+pressed the grass down it is a token that it is a great deer and a
+heavy (one). And if at the rising he make no such tokens, because that
+he hath been there but a little while, so that his lair be long and
+broad ye may deem him a hart chaceable. Also ye may know a great hart
+by the bearing of the wood, for when a great hart hath a high head and
+a large (one) and goeth through a thick wood, he findeth the young
+wood and tender boughs, his head is harder than the wood, then he
+breaketh the wood aside and mingleth the boughs one upon the other,
+for he beareth them and putteth them otherwise than they were wont to
+be by their own kind. And when the glades of the woods are high and
+broad then he may deem him a great hart, for if he had not a high head
+and wide he could not make his ways high and large. If it happen so
+that ye find such glades and have no lymer with you, if ye will know
+at what time this glade was made, ye must set your visage in the
+middle of this glade, and keep your breath, in the best wise that ye
+may, and if ye find that the spider hath made her web in the middle of
+them, it is a token that it is of no good time[181] or at the least it
+is of the middle (of the noon) of the day before. Nevertheless ye
+should fetch your lymer for so ye should know better. Also ye may know
+a great hart by the steps _that in England is called trace_. And that
+is called stepping,[182] when he steppeth in a place where the grass
+is well thick, so that the man may not see therein the form of the
+foot, or when he steppeth in other places, where no grass is but dust
+or sand and hard country, where fallen leaves or other things hinder
+to see the form of the foot. And when the hart steppeth upon the grass
+and ye cannot see the stepping with your eyes, then ye shall put your
+hand in the form of the foot that hunters call the trace, and if ye
+see that the form of the foot be of four fingers of breadth, ye may
+judge that it is a great hart by the trace. And if the sole of the
+foot be of three fingers' breadth ye may judge him a hart of ten, and
+if ye see that he hath well broken the earth and trodden well the
+grass, it is a token that it is a great hart and a heavy deer. And if
+ye cannot well see it for the hardness of the earth, or for the dust,
+then ye must stoop down for to take away the dust and blow it away
+from the form of the foot until the time that ye may clearly see the
+form that is called the trace. And if ye cannot see it in one place,
+ye should follow the trace until the time that ye can well see it at
+your ease. And if ye can see none in any place, ye should put your
+hand in the form of the foot, for then ye shall find how the earth is
+broke with the cleeves of the foot on either side, and then ye can
+judge it for a great hart or a hart chaceable, as I have said before
+by the treading of the grass; and if leaves or other things be within
+the form that ye may not see at your ease, ye should take away the
+leaves all softly or the other things with your hands, so that ye undo
+not the form of the foot and blow within and do the other things as I
+have before said.[183] (After I will tell you how a man shall speak
+among good hunters of the office of venery.) First he shall speak but
+a little, and boast little, and well (work[184]) and subtlely, and he
+must be wise and do his craft busily, for a hunter should not be a
+herald of his craft. And if it happen that he be among good hunters
+that speaketh of hunting he should speak in this manner. First if men
+ask him of pastures he may answer as of harts and for all other deer,
+sweet pastures, and of all biting beasts as of wild boar, wolves, and
+other biting beasts he may answer, they feed, as I have said before.
+And if men speak of the fumes ye shall call fumes of a hart,
+_croteying_ of a buck, and of a roebuck in the same wise of a wild
+boar and of black beasts and of wolves ye shall call it lesses, and of
+hare and of conies ye shall say they crotey, of the fox _wagging_, of
+the grey the _wardrobe_, and of other stinking beasts they shall call
+it drit, and that of the otter he shall call sprainting as before is
+said. And if men asketh of the beasts' feet, of the harts ye shall say
+the trace of a hart _and also of a buck_, and that of the wild boar
+and of the wolf also they call traces _beyond the sea_. And that of
+the stinking beasts that men call vermin, he shall call them steps as
+I have said. And if he hath seen a hart with his eyes, there are three
+kinds of hues of them, that one is called brown, the other yellow, and
+the third dun, and so he may call them as he thinketh that they
+beareth all their hues. And if men ask what head beareth the hart he
+hath seen, he shall always answer by even and not by odd, _for if he
+be forked on the right side, and lack not of his rights[185] beneath,
+and on the right[186] side antler and royal and surroyal and not
+forked but only the beam, he shall say it is a hart of ten at
+default_,[187] for it is always called even of the greater number. And
+every buck's tines should be reckoned as soon as a man can hang a
+baldric or a leash[188] thereupon and not otherwise. And when a hart
+beareth as many tines on the one side as on the other, _he may say if
+he be but forked that he is a hart of ten, and if he be troched of
+three he is a hart of twelve, if he be troched of four he is a hart of
+sixteen, always if it be seen that he hath his rights beneath as
+before is said. And if he lack any of his rights beneath he must_
+_abate so many on the top, for a hart's head should begin to be
+described from the mule[189] upwards, and if he hath more by two on
+the one side than on the other, you must take from the one and count
+up that other withal, as I shall more clearly speak in a chapter
+hereafter in describing a hart's head._ And if it be so that the
+hart's trace have other tokens than I have said and he thinks him a
+hart chaceable, and men ask what hart it is he may say it is a hart of
+ten and no more. And if it seem to him a great hart and men ask what
+hart it is, he shall say it is a hart that the last year was of ten
+and should not be refused. And if he happen to have well seen him with
+his eye or the before said tokens, so that he knoweth fully that it is
+as great a hart as a hart may be, if men ask him what hart it is, he
+may say it is a great hart and an old deer. And that is the greatest
+word that he may say as I have said before. And if men ask him whereby
+he knoweth it, he may say for, he hath good bones[190] and a good
+talon and a good sole of foot, _for these four[191] things makes the
+trace great_, or by fair lairs or the grass or the earth well pressed
+or by the high head,[192] or by the fumes or else other tokens as I
+have said before. And if he see a hart that hath a well affeted
+(fashioned) head after the height and the shape and the tines well
+ranged by good measure, the one from the other, and men ask him what
+he beareth he may answer that he beareth a great head and fair of
+beam, and of all his rights, and well opened; and if a man ask him
+what head he beareth, he shall answer that he beareth a fair head by
+all tokens and well grown. And if he see a hart that hath a low head
+or a high, or a great, or a small, and it be thick set, high and low
+and men ask him what head he beareth he may answer he bears a thick
+set head after his making, or that he hath low or small or other
+manner whatever it be. And if he see a hart that hath a diverse head,
+or that antlers grow back or that the head hath double beams or other
+diversities than other harts commonly be wont to bear, and men ask
+what head he bears, he may answer a diverse head or a counterfeit
+(abnormal), for it is counterfeited. And if he see a hart that beareth
+a high head that is wide and thin tined with long beams, if men ask
+what head he beareth, he shall answer a fair head and wide, and long
+beams, but it is not thick set neither well affeted. And if he see a
+hart that hath a low and a great and a thick set (head) and men ask
+what head he beareth, he may say he beareth a fair head and well
+affeted. And if men ask him by the head whereby he knoweth that it is
+a great hart and an old, he may answer, that the tokens of the great
+hart are by the head, and so the first knowledge is when he hath great
+beams all about as if they were set as it were with small stones, and
+the mules nigh the head and the antlers, the which are the first
+tines, be great and long and close to the mule and well apperyng
+(pearled) and the royals which are the second tines, be nigh the
+antlers, and of such form, save that they should not be so great; and
+all the other tines great and long and well set, and well ranged and
+the troching as I have said before, high and great, and all the beams
+all along both great and stony, as if they were full of gravel, and
+that all along the beams there be small vales that men call gutters,
+then he may say that he knows it is a great hart by the head.
+
+[178] The words in brackets are omitted in our MS. but are in the
+Shirley MS. and in G. de F. p. 132.
+
+[179] The tines at top. See Appendix: Antler.
+
+[180] Ever more is here a mistake; it should be never more. G. de F.
+says: "Mes jeune cerf ne froyera ja en gros arbre" (p. 132). Also in
+the Shirley MS.
+
+[181] Not of "good time" means in the old sporting vocabulary an old
+track, not a recent one.
+
+[182] G. de F. calls the track of deer on grass "_foulees_," from
+which the modern "foil," "stepping on grass," is derived.
+
+[183] A whole line is missing here in our MS. The words in brackets
+are taken from the Shirley MS. It runs: "Affter I wal telle yowe a man
+howe he shal speke amonge good hunters of y offyce of venerye."
+
+[184] The word "work" has been omitted. "Et bien _ouvrer_ subtilement"
+(G. de F. p. 134).
+
+[185] Brow, bay, and tray tines. See Appendix: Antler.
+
+[186] In Shirley MS. it is "left."
+
+[187] Instead of this original passage G. de F. says: "For if he had
+on one side ten points and on the other only one, it should be called
+summed of twenty" (p. 135).
+
+[188] G. de F. has "spur" instead.
+
+[189] Burr, mule, from the Fr. _meule_.
+
+[190] Dew claws.
+
+[191] According to Shirley MS. and the sense, the "iiii" should be
+omitted.
+
+[192] G. de F. (p. 136) says: "Ou belles portees"--portees being the
+branches, and twigs broken or bent asunder by the head of the deer,
+termed "entry" or "rack" in mod. Eng.--Stuart, vol. ii. 551.
+
+After I will tell you how ye should know a great wild boar, and for to
+know how to speak of it among hunters of beyond the sea. And if a man
+see a wild boar the which seemeth to him great enough, as men say of
+the hart chaceable of ten, he shall say a wild boar of the third year
+that is without refusal, and whenever they be not of three years men
+call them swine of the sounder, and if he see the great tokens that I
+shall rehearse hereafter he may say that he is a great boar. Of the
+season and nature of boar and of other beasts, I have spoken here
+before. And if men ask him of a boar's feeding, it is properly called
+of acorns of oak's bearing, and of beechmast, the other feeding is
+called worming and rooting of the roots out of the earth that feed
+him. The other kind of feeding is of corn and of other things that
+come up out of the land, and of flowers and of other herbs; the other
+kind of feeding is when they make great pits, and go to seek the root
+of ferns and of spurge within the earth. And if men ask whereby he
+knoweth a great boar, he shall answer that he knoweth him by the
+traces and by his den, and by the soil (wallowing pool). And if men
+ask whereby he knoweth a great boar from a young, and the boar from
+the sow, he shall answer that a great boar should have long traces and
+the clees round in front, and broad soles of the feet and a good
+talon, and long bones, and when he steppeth it goeth into the earth
+deep and maketh great holes and large, and long the one from the
+other, for commonly a man shall not see the traces of a boar without
+seeing also the traces of the bones, and so shall he not of the hart,
+for a man shall see many times by the foot, that which he will not see
+by the ergots, but so shall he not see of the boar. What I call the
+bones of the boar, of the hart I call the ergots, and the cause that a
+man shall not know as well by the ergots of the hart as by bones of
+the boar is this, for the bones of the boar are nearer the talon than
+those of a hart are, and also they are longer, and greater and sharper
+in front. And therefore as soon as the form of the traces of his foot
+is in the earth, the form of the bones is there also, and commonly a
+great boar maketh a longer trace with one of his claws than with the
+other in front or behind, and sometimes both. And when a man seeth the
+tokens beforesaid greater, he may deem him greater, and the smaller
+the trace, the smaller the boar. The sow from the boar ye may know
+well, for the sow maketh not so good a talon as a right young boar
+doth. And also a sow's claws are longer and sharper in front than a
+young boar's. And also her traces are more open in front and
+straighter behind, and the sole of the foot is not so large as of a
+young boar, and her bones are not so large nor so long, nor so far the
+one from the other as those of a young boar, nor go not so deep in the
+earth, for they be small, and sharp and short, and nearer the one to
+the other, than a young boar's. And these are the tokens by the which
+men know a young boar so that he be two year old from all sows, by the
+trace, for that say I not of the young boars of sounder. And if men
+ask him how he shall know a great boar by his den, he may answer that
+if the den of the boar be long and deep and broad, it is a token that
+it is a great boar so that the den be newly made and that he hath lain
+therein but once. And if the boar's den is deep without litter, and if
+the boar lie near the earth it is a token that it is no[193] fat boar.
+And if men ask him how he knoweth a great boar by the soil, then may
+he answer that commonly when a boar goeth to soil in the coming in or
+in the going out, men may know by the trace, and so it may be deemed
+as I have said by his wallowing in the soil. Nevertheless some time he
+turneth himself from the one side upon the other, and up and down, but
+a man shall evermore know the form of his body. Also sometimes when
+the boar parteth from the soil, he rubbeth against a tree, and there a
+man may know his greatness and his height. And some time he rubs his
+snout and his head higher than he is, but a man may well perceive
+which is of the chine and which is of the head. For by his lesses,
+that is to say what goes from him behind, nor by other judgment a man
+cannot know a great boar unless he see him, save that he maketh great
+lesses, and that is a token that he hath a great bowel, and that he be
+a great boar, and also by the tusks when he is dead, for when the
+tusks of a boar be great as of half a cubit or more and be both great
+and large of two fingers or more and there be small gutters along both
+above and beneath, these be the tokens that he is a great boar and
+old, and of a smaller boar the judgment is less. And also when the
+tusks be low and worn, by the nether tusks it is a token of a great
+boar.
+
+[193] G. de F. (p. 139) says if "le senglier gise pres de la terre,
+c'est signe qu'il ait bonne venoison," so our MS. is evidently wrong
+when it says "it is a token that it is _no_ fat boar."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI
+
+HOW THE ORDINANCE SHOULD BE MADE FOR THE HART HUNTING BY STRENGTH AND
+HOW THE HART SHOULD BE HARBOURED
+
+
+_When the king or my lord the Prince or any of their blood will hunt
+for the hart by strength, the Master of the Game must forewarn on the
+previous evening the sergeant of the office, and the yeomen berners at
+horse, and also the lymerer.[194] And then he must ordain which of
+them three shall go for to harbour the hart, and with them the lymerer
+for the morrow, and charge the foresters, or if it be in a park, the
+parkers to attend to him busily. And all the four must accord where
+the meeting shall be on the morrow, and he must charge the sergeant
+and one of the two yeomen, if the sergeant be not there, to warn all
+the yeomen and grooms of the office to be at the meeting at sunrise.
+And that the yeomen berners on foot and the grooms that are called
+Chacechiens bring with them the hart hounds and this done ask for the
+wine, and let them go after. And he that is charged to harbour the
+hart must_ _accord with the forester of the bailie in which they seek
+him where they should meet in the grey dawning. Nevertheless it were
+good readiness to look if they might see any deer at its meating_
+(feeding) _the previous evening to know the more readily where to seek
+and harbour him on the morrow. And on the morrow when they meet the
+forester that well ought to know of his great deer's haunts, he shall
+lead the hunter and the lymerer thither, where he best hopes to see
+him or find of him without noise. And if they can see him and they be
+in the wind they ought to withdraw from him in the softest manner they
+can, for dread of frightening him out of his haunt, and then go
+privily till they be under the wind. And as he stereth_ (stalks) _and
+paceth forth feeding, they are to draw nigh him as readily and warily
+as they can so that the deer find them not. And when he has entered
+his covert, and to his ligging, they ought to tarry till they know
+that he be entered two skilful bowshots from thence. And then ought
+the lymerer by bidding of the hunter to cast round with his lymer the
+quarter that the deer is in, if it be in a huge covert, and if it be
+in a little covert that the deer is in, set[195] all the covert to
+know whether he is gone away or abides there still. And if he abides,_
+_then shall the lymerer go there where the hart went in, and take the
+scantilon_ (measure) _of the trace for which he should cut off the end
+of his rod, and lay it in the talon of the trace, there where he went
+in hardest ground, in the bottom thereof, so that the scantilon will
+scarcely touch at either end. And that done he should break a bough of
+green leaves and lay it there where the hart went in, and cut another
+scantilon thereafter to take to the hunter that he may take it to the
+lord or to the Master of the Game at the meeting which some men call
+Assembly. But on the other side, if it be so that they cannot see him
+as before is said, the forester ought to bring him where most defoil
+is_ (tracks) _of great male deer within his bailiewick, and there
+where the best haunt is, and most likely for a hart. And when the
+harbourer and the lymerer be there, the lymer if he crosses the fues
+of a deer he will anon challenge it, and then shall the lymerer take
+heed to his feet to know by the trace what deer it is that the lymer
+findeth, and if he finds thereby that it is no hart he shall take up
+his hound and say to him softly, not loud,_ "WARE RASCAL, WARE!" _And
+if it be of a hart that the lymer findeth, and that it be new he ought
+to sue_ (hunt up) _with as little noise as he can contreongle_
+(hunting heel) _to undo all his moving[196] till he find his fumes_
+(excrements), _which he ought to put in the great end of his horn, and
+stop it with grass to prevent them falling out and reward his hound a
+little. And that done come again there where he began to sue and sue
+forth the right line till he comes to the entering of the quarter
+where he thinks that the hart is in. And always with little noise and
+cast round the quarters, if it be in a great covert as I said before.
+And also if it be in a little covert, to do of the scantilon and of
+all other things right as I have said before. And if he be voided_
+(gone) _to another quarter or wood, and there be any other covert near
+always to sue forth and cast round quarter by quarter, and wood by
+wood till he be readily harboured. And when he is harboured of the
+scantilon and of all other things do as before is said, and then draw
+fast to the meeting that men call assembly. And it is to be known that
+oftentimes a deer is harboured by sight of man's eye, but who should
+do it well it behoves him to be a skilful and wise hunter.
+Nevertheless to teach hunters the more readily to seek and harbour a
+hart according to the country that he is in, I have devised it in
+certain chapters as ye may hereafter hear._
+
+[194] The man who leads the hound in leash when harbouring the hart.
+
+[195] To set the covert was for the huntsman or limerer with his hound
+on a leash to go round the covert that he had seen the deer enter, and
+to look carefully whether he could find any signs of the stag having
+left the place. This in more modern parlance is called making his ring
+walks.
+
+[196] Moving, moves. See Appendix: Move.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII
+
+HOW A HUNTER SHOULD GO IN QUEST BY THE SIGHT
+
+
+Afterwards I shall show you how a man should go in quest for the hart
+with his lymer or by himself. _This word quest for the hart is a term
+of hunters beyond the sea, and means when a man goeth to find a deer
+and to harbour him, and it is a fair term and shorter said than our
+term of England to my seeming._ And then shall the groom quest in the
+country that shall be devised to him the night before, and he shall
+rise in the dawning, and then he must go to the meating (pasturing) of
+the deer to look if he may see anything to his liking, and leave his
+lymer in a certain place where he may not alarm them. And thence he
+should go to the newly hewn wood of the forest or other places where
+he hopes best to see a hart, and keep always from coming into the wind
+of the hart, he should also climb upon a tree so that the hart shall
+wind nothing of him, and that he can see him further. And if he sees a
+hart standing stably he must look well in what country he shall go to
+his lair, and privily repair to some place where he can best see
+him and there break a bough for a mark. But he must remain a great
+while after, for some time a hart will stall and look about a great
+while before he will go to his lair, and specially when a great dew is
+falling, or else sometimes he cometh out again to look about, and to
+listen and to dry himself, and therefore he should stay long, so as
+not to frighten him. Then he should fetch his lymer and cast round _as
+it is before said in the chapter of the harbouring of a hart_, and
+take care that neither he nor his hounds make but little noise for
+dread lest he void.
+
+[Illustration: HOW THE HUNTER SHOULD VIEW THE HART (From MS. f. fr.
+616, _Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII
+
+HOW AN HUNTER SHOULD GO IN QUEST BETWEEN THE PLAINS AND THE WOOD
+
+
+Also a man may go in quest in the fields in corn, in vines, in
+gardens, and in other places, where the harts go to their pasture in
+the fields out of the wood, and he must go forth right early so that
+he may look at the ground and judge well, and if he sees anything that
+pleases him he can break boughs and lay his mark and cast round as
+before is said.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX
+
+HOW A HUNTER SHOULD GO IN QUEST IN THE COPPICE AND THE YOUNG WOOD
+
+
+Also a man may go in quest among young wood, and although he has been
+in the morning and (seen) nought, nevertheless he should not neglect
+to quest with his lymer when it is high day when all the deer have
+gone to their lairs, for peradventure the hart will sometimes have
+gone into the wood before the hunter and lymer came to quest for him.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX
+
+HOW AN HUNTER SHOULD GO IN QUEST IN GREAT COVERTS AND STRENGTHS
+
+
+Also a hunter may go in quest and put himself and his lymer in the
+great thickets by high time of day, as I have said, for it befalleth
+sometimes that harts are so malicious, that they pasture within
+themselves, that is to say within their covert, and go not out to the
+fields nor to the coppices nor to the young wood, especially when they
+have heard the hounds run before in the forest once or twice. He must
+have affeeted (trained) his lymer in such a manner that he neither
+opens nor quests[197] when he hunts in the morning, for he would make
+the hart void, and that must be by high noon, as I have said, when all
+beasts are in their lairs. And if his lymer find anything he should
+hold him short and lead him behind him, and look what deer it is, and
+if it be anything that pleases him, then he shall sue with his lymer
+till the time that he has brought it into some thicket, and then he
+shall break his boughs _and take the scantilon and cast round as is
+before said, and then return home again to the assembly that in
+England is called a meeting or gathering_.
+
+[197] Should not give tongue.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXI
+
+HOW A HUNTER SHOULD QUEST IN CLEAR SPIRES AND HIGH WOOD[198]
+
+
+[198] In the text of our MS. (the Vespasian) no break occurs here, but
+in the table of chapters at the beginning of the MS. the chapter as
+here given is enumerated, and this corresponds also with the Shirley
+and other MSS.
+
+Also I will tell you how a hunter should go in quest among clear
+spires, and among high trees, and specially when it has rained the
+night before and in the morning. Eke in the time when the heads of the
+harts be tender, commonly they abide among clear spires and in high
+woods, for a thick country peradventure would do harm to their heads
+which be tender. If he meets rain as I before have said, or when their
+heads (are tender, and he meeteth[199]) anything that pleaseth him, he
+should not follow it with his lymer, for they remain in such a country
+as I have said in that time, that is to say in rain and when their
+heads are tender, for he might make the deer void into some other
+place of the quests as it is before said. And whoso meets him in the
+wood in sight of his eyes, then he must set his lymer in his fues. And
+if it be a deer that enter-changeth,[200] that is to say if a deer
+puts his hind feet in the trace of the fore-feet without passing on,
+it is no good token, but if he sets his hinder feet far from the fore
+feet it is a good token, for when a hart entre-marcheth it is a token
+that he is a light deer and well running and of great flight, for if
+he had a side belly and great flanks he could not entre-marche, but
+the contrary would he do.[201] And sometimes when the hart makes a
+long stride with the hind foot, commonly they cannot fly well, and
+have been little hunted. And if he has of the fumes, he should put
+them in his horn with grass, or in his lap[202] with grass, for a man
+should not bear them in his hand, for they would all break. And when
+he should meet in the fields anything that pleaseth him, he should
+draw towards his covert, for to make him draw the sooner to his
+stronghold, and when he findeth where he goeth in, then he should
+break a bough towards the place where the hart is gone, and take the
+scantilon, and follow him no further in the wood. Then he should make
+a long turn and cast round about by some ways or by-paths, and if he
+sees that he hath not passed out of his turn, he may return again to
+the gathering, and make them his report, and if it be so that he pass
+there where he would umbicast (cast round) and make his turn, and his
+lymer before him, then he should look if it is the same hart he had
+umbicast (cast round), and if he cannot well see at his ease, then he
+should reconnoitre the country till he can see easily and plainly, but
+have a care that his lymer open not, _and if his lymer be
+dislave[203]_ (be wild), _let him investigate it with his eye_. And if
+he seeth that it is his first hart he should not follow him, but then
+he should take another turn and umbicast. He must look that he go not
+along the ways, for it is the worst sueing that is: for the lymer
+commonly overshoots. But he should go a little way off the paths on
+one side or the other, until he (the hart) be within his turn, for
+then he is most securely harboured and the search shall be shorter.
+But if he see that it be too late to run him with strength, and if he
+see that the hart goes but softly pacing towards his stronghold he
+need not do all these things. And I pray him where he hath met with
+the hart, or harboured him in his stronghold or in coppices or in
+other thickets, that he take all his blenches (tricks) and his ruses
+before said, to be more secure, and to make a shorter search, if he
+hath time to do as I have said. Thus I have rehearsed the readiness
+that belongs to the harbouring of the hart. _And now will I devise
+where men will best find them in bellowing time. It is known that they
+begin to bellow fifteen days before grease time[204] ends, especially
+old deer, and also if the end of August and the beginning of September
+be wet and rainy._
+
+[199] The scribe who copied the Vespasian MS. omitted the bracketed
+words.
+
+[200] See Appendix: Hart.
+
+[201] The explanation of this sentence is that a stag which
+entre-marched or sur-marched, or in other words placed the hind foot
+on the track or beyond the track made by the front foot, was a thin or
+light deer, and therefore not a fat stag, which latter was what the
+hunter would be looking for.
+
+[202] Lappet of his coat.
+
+[203] Shirley MS. _Dislavee_--obsolete word meaning going beyond
+bounds, immoderate.
+
+[204] _After_ grease time. See Appendix: Grease Time.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXII
+
+HOW A GOOD HUNTER SHALL GO IN QUEST TO HEAR THE HARTS BELLOW
+
+
+Also a good hunter should go before daybreak to hear the harts bellow
+which peradventure bellow in the forest in divers parts, and to look
+by the bellowing of the harts which seemeth to him the greatest. And
+always hearkening nearer and nearer under the wind, in such wise that
+when he will begin to sue, that he need nothing but to bring the lymer
+to the fues. And anon when he seeth that it is a hart that he findeth,
+uncouple the finders, but not too many, and this, for fear of falling
+in danger (of losing the right deer), should be done right early as
+soon as men can see day-light, for in that time the harts chase the
+hinds, and go hither and thither and abide no while in one place as
+they do in the right season. And because a man cannot come nigh him
+with a lymer, it is good to uncouple the hounds, for the hounds will
+get nigh them quicker and the bolder hounds will soon dissever
+(separate) the harts from the hinds. The harts bellow in divers
+manners, according as they be old or young, and according whether
+they be in a country where they have not heard the hounds, or where
+they have heard them. Some of them bellow with a full open mouth and
+often cast up their heads. And these be those that have heard the
+hounds only a little in the season, and that are well heated and
+swelled. And sometimes about high noon they bellow as before is said.
+The others bellow low and great and stooping with the head, and the
+muzzle towards the earth, and that is a token of a great hart, and an
+old and a malicious, or that he hath heard the hounds, and therefore
+dare not bellow or only a few times in the day, unless if it be in the
+dawning. And the other belloweth with his muzzle straight out before
+him, bolking and rattling in the throat, and also that is a token of a
+great and old hart that is assured and firm in his rut. In short all
+the harts that bellow greatest and mightiest by reason should be
+greatest and oldest.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIII
+
+HOW THE ASSEMBLY THAT MEN CALL GATHERING SHOULD BE MADE BOTH WINTER
+AND SUMMER AFTER THE GUISE OF BEYOND THE SEA
+
+
+The assembly _that men call gathering_ should be made in this manner:
+the night before that the Lord or the Master of the Game will go to
+the wood, he must cause to come before him all the hunters and the
+helps, the grooms and the pages, and shall assign to each one of them
+their quests in a certain place, and separate the one from the other,
+and the one should not come into the quest of the other, nor do him
+annoyance or hinder him. And every one should quest in his best wise,
+in the manner that I have said; and should assign them the place where
+the gathering shall be made, at most ease for them all, and the
+nearest to their quests. And the place where the gathering shall be
+made should be in a fair mead well green, where fair trees grow all
+about, the one far from the other, and a clear well or beside some
+running brook. And it is called gathering because all the men and the
+hounds for hunting gather thither, for all they that go to the quest
+should all come again in a certain place that I have spoken of. And
+also they that come from home, and all the officers that come from
+home should bring thither all that they need, every one in his office,
+well and plenteously, and should lay the towels and board clothes all
+about upon the green grass, and set divers meats upon a great
+platter[205] after the lord's power. And some should eat sitting, and
+some standing, and some leaning upon their elbows, some should drink,
+some laugh, some jangle, some joke and some play--in short do all
+manner of disports of gladness, and when men be set at tables ere they
+eat then should come the lymerers and their grooms with their lymers
+the which have been questing, and every one shall say his report to
+the lord of what they have done and found and lay the fumes before the
+lord he that hath any found, and then the Lord or the Master of the
+hunting by the counsel of them all shall choose which they will move
+and run to and which shall be the greatest hart and the highest deer.
+And when they shall have eaten, the lord shall devise where the relays
+shall go and other things which I shall say more plainly, and then
+shall every man speed him to his place, and all haste them to go to
+the finding.
+
+[205] G. de F. (p. 151) says "in great plenty," not "upon a great
+platter."
+
+[Illustration: HOW TO QUEST FOR THE HART IN COVERTS (From MS. f. fr.
+616, _Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIV
+
+HOW THE HART SHOULD BE MOVED WITH THE LYMER AND RUN TO AND SLAIN WITH
+STRENGTH
+
+
+_When the hart is harboured as before is said and they before named
+come to the meeting that some men call the assembly, and also the
+scantilon,[206] and the fumes well liked by the Lord and Master of the
+Game, then shall the Master of the Game choose of the sergeants or of
+the yeoman at horse, which of them shall be at the finding, or all, or
+some. Nevertheless, if the deer be likely to fall among danger it were
+good to assign some of the horsemen among the relays to help more
+readily the hounds, if they fall upon the stint,[207] and when the
+hunters on horseback be assigned then he must assign which of the
+yeomen berners on foot shall be finders, and which hounds he shall
+have with him to the finding, and the lymerer and the pages to go with
+him. And after that to assign the relays by advice of them that know
+the country and the flight of the deer._
+
+[206] Measure of the deer's footprint. In old English, a measure
+(Stratmann).
+
+[207] Wrong scent, or check.
+
+_And there where most danger is, there set the readiest hunters and
+the best footers with the boldest hounds with them. And at every relay
+sufficeth two couple of hounds or three at the most. And see that amid
+the relays, somewhat toward the hinder-most relay, especially if it be
+in danger, that one of the lymerer's pages be there with one of the
+lymers. And the more danger_ (there is) _the older and the readier,
+and the most tender nosed hound. And when all is ordained then shall
+the Lord and the Master of the Game, if he liketh better to be at the
+finding than with a relay, shall go thither where the deer is
+harboured, and set ready waits about the quarter of the wood that the
+deer is in, to see what cometh out, or to see if the deer that is
+harboured would start and steal away ere the lymer moved him. And this
+done, then should the Lord and Master of the Game bid the lymerer
+bring them there where he marked that the hart went in, and when they
+be there the lymerer should take away the boughs he laid over the
+trace at the harbouring, and set his lymer in the fues, and then shall
+the Lord if he can blow, blow three motes, and after him the Master of
+the Game, and after the hunters, as they be greatest in office, that
+be at the finding, and then the lymerer. And after that if the lymer
+sue boldly and lustily the lymerer shall say to him loud; "Ho moy, ho
+moy, hole hole hole." And ever take good heed to his feet, and look
+well about him. And as oft as he findeth the fues, or if it be in
+thick spires,[208] boughs or branches broken, where the deer hath
+walked, he should say aloud--"Cy va--cy va--cy va," and rally with his
+horn, and always should the yeoman berner the which is ordained to be
+finder, follow the lymer and be as nigh him as he might with the
+raches that he leadeth for the finding, and if the lymer as he sueth,
+overshoot and be out of the fues, the lymerer should always, till his
+hounds be fallen in again, speak to him, calling his name, be it
+Loyer, or Beaumont, or Latimer or Bemond according to what the hound
+is named, and anon as he falls in again and finds the fues or branches
+as before is said he shall say loud, "Cy va" as before and rally and
+so forth at every time that he findeth thereof, until that the lymer
+move him. Nevertheless I have seen when a lymer sueth long and could
+not so soon move him as men would, that they have taken up the lymer
+and uncoupled one or two hounds, to have him sooner found, but this
+truly no skilful hunter ought to do, unless the lymer cannot put it
+forth, nor bring it any further, or that the deer be stirring in the
+quarter, and hath not waited for the moving of the lymer. Or else that
+it be so far advanced in the day, that the sun hath dried up the fues,
+and that they have little day enough to run him and hunt him with
+strength. But now to come again to the lymer, it is to wit that when
+the lymer_ _hath moved him, if the lymerer can see him he shall blow a
+mote,[209] and rechace_ (recheat),[210] _and if the deer be soule_
+(alone) _the Berners shall uncouple all the finders, and if he be not
+alone two hounds sufficeth till he be separated, and if the lymerer
+saw him _(not) _at the moving he should go to his lair and look
+thereby whether it be a hart or not, and if he see by the lair or by
+the fues that it is the same deer, that he hath sued_ (hunted) _and
+alone he should rechase without a long mote, for the mote should never
+be blown before the rechasing,[211] unless a man seeth that which he
+hunteth for. And then the Berner should do as I have said before, and
+if he be not alone the Berner should do as above is said, for it is to
+wit that the mote before rechasing_ (recheating) _shall never be blown
+but when a man seeth what he hunteth for, as I have said. Now
+furthermore, when the hart is moved and the finders cast off, then
+should the lymerer take up his hounds and follow after, and foot it in
+the best wise that he can. And the Berner also and every horseman go
+that can go, so that they come not into the fues_ (across the line)
+_nor in front of the hounds, and shape_ (their course) _as often as
+they can to meet him. And as often as any man see him or meet him, he
+should go to the fues and blow a mote and rechace and then holloa to
+the hounds to come forth withall, and this done, speed him fast in the
+manner that I have said to meet with him again. And the relay that he_
+(the hart) _cometh to first should take good heed that he
+vauntlay[212] not, if other relays be behind for dread of bending out
+from the relay. But he should let the deer pass and go to the fues,
+and there blow a mote, and rechace and rally upon the fues. And the
+hunter ought to be advised that his hounds catch it _(the scent) _well
+in couple, ere he relay, that they run not counter.[213] For that
+might make the hounds that come therewith and the hunters to be on a
+stynt _(at fault), _and peradventure not recover it all the day after.
+And if it so be that the hunter that hath relayed, see that the deer
+be likely to fall into danger, that is to say among other deer, and
+else it needeth not, he should when he hath relayed stand still in the
+fues, and holloa the hounds that come forth therewith and take up the
+hindermost, and if it be in a park go stand again with them at his
+place, and if it be out of park in a forest or other wood follow after
+as well as he is able. And in this wise ought every relay to do till
+he come among the back relays. For if they at the back see by the
+spreading of the clees_ (claws) _by setting fast and deep his ergots_
+(dew claws) _in the earth, and if they see him also cast his
+chaule,[214] then they ought to vauntlay for advantage of the hounds,
+for so shall they sooner have him at bay, and from then he is but dead
+if the hunters serve aright the hounds. Nevertheless men have seen at
+the first finding or soon after, deer turn the head_ (to bay), _and
+oftenest in rutting time, but I mean not of deer that turneth so to
+bay, but I mean of hunted deer when men have seen of them the tokens
+said before that he stand at bay. And if it be so that the hounds have
+envoised[215] or have overshot, or that they be on a stynt by any
+other ways, those hunters on horseback or on foot to whom belongs the
+right, first should blow the stynt as I shall devise in a chapter that
+shall be of all blowing.[216] And after that he should fall before the
+hounds as soon as he can and take them up, and if so be that they have
+envoysed two deer of antler[217] they should not be rated badly, but
+get in front off them and take them off in the fairest way that men
+can. And if they run ought else they should be got in front of and
+rated and well lashed. And what hounds they may get up, bring them to
+the next rights_ (right line) _if they know where, or else there where
+he_ (the hart) _was last seen. And if it be great danger they ought to
+blow a mote for the lymer and let him sue till he hath retrieved him
+or else till he hath brought him out of danger. And as oft as he
+findeth or seeth that he is in the rights the lymerer should say loud,
+"Cy va" twice or thrice--and recheat, and so should the hunters as oft
+as they lust to blow. And if the lymer overshoot or cannot put it
+forth, every hunter that is there ought to go some deal abroad for to
+see if he may find the rights by vesteying_ (searching) _thereof. And
+whoso may find it before the lymer be fallen in again, he should
+recheat in the rights, and blow after that a mote for the lymer and
+sue forth as is said before. And if the lymer gave it up, and cannot
+and will not do his devoire_ (duty), _then should they blow two motes
+for the raches and cast them off there where they were last in the
+rights. And if the hunters hear that the hounds run well and put it
+lustily forth they should rout and jopey[218] to them lustily and
+often and recheat also. And if there be but one hound that undertaketh
+it lustily they shall hue and jopey to him, and also recheat. As oft
+as they be on a stynt they should blow the stynt and do as before is
+said. And if any of the aforesaid hounds retrieve him so that men may
+know and hear it by the doubling of their menee,[219] but if they hear
+any hunter above them that hath met_ (the deer) _that bloweth the
+rights and holloaeth else_ (where) _they should haste them thither
+where they thought the hounds retrieved it; or else to meet with the
+hounds for to see the fues whether it be the hunted deer or not. And
+if it is not he, they should do as above is said when they be on a
+stynt, and if it be he every man shall speed him that speed may, and
+every relay do as before is said. And if any of the hunters happen
+while they be on a stynt to see a hart that he thinketh to be the
+hunted deer he ought to blow a mote and recheat and after that blow
+two motes for the hounds and stand still before the fues till the
+Berner with the hounds do come. And if they suppose that they may not
+hear him he should draw to them till they have heard him. And when any
+of the Berners or the lymerer hear a man blow for them, they should
+answer blowing in this wise in their horn: "trut trut trut," but he
+should know readily by the fues after the tokens that have been said
+before, whether it be the hunted deer or not. And in the same wise
+shall a hunter do that findeth an hart quat_ (couched), _and he
+thinketh it to be the hunted deer, and he sees that his fellows and
+the hounds be on a stynt, he should well beware that he blow not too
+nigh him, lest he start, and go away, before the hounds come.
+Nevertheless for to wit whether it be the hunted deer or no, the
+tokens have been rehearsed before--and when he hath been so well run
+to and enchased and retrieved, and so oft relayed and vauntelayed to,
+and that he seeth that_ (neither) _by beating up the rivers nor brooks
+nor foiling him down, nor going to soil, nor rusing to and fro upon
+himself, which is to say in his own fues, can help him, then turns he
+his head and standeth at bay. And then as far as it may be heard every
+man draweth thither, and the knowing thereof is that the hunter that
+cometh first, and the hunters_ (one) _after the other they holloa all
+together, and blow a mote and rechace all at once. And that they never
+do but when he is at bay or when bay is made for the hounds, after he
+is dead, when they should be rewarded or enquerreyde.[220] And when
+the hunters that held the relays be there, or that they be nigh the
+bay, they should pull off the couples from the hounds' necks and let
+them draw thither. And the hunters should break the bay as often as
+they can for two causes; the one lest he _(the stag) _hurt the hounds,
+if he stand and rest long in one place; another is that the relays
+that stand far can come up with their hounds the while he is alive,
+and be at the death. And it is to be known that if any of the hunters
+have been at any time while the deer hath been run to out of hearing
+of hound and horn, he should have blown the forloyne,[221] unless he
+were in a park, for there it should never be blown. And whoso first
+heard him so blow should blow again to him the "perfect,"[222] if it
+so be that he were in his rights, and else not. For by that shall he
+be brought to readiness and comfort who before did not know where the
+game or any of his fellows were. And when it so is, that they have
+thought that the bay has lasted long enough, then should he whoso be
+the most master bid some of the hunters go spay[223] him behind the
+shoulder forward to the heart. But the lymerer should let slip the
+rope while he_ (the deer) _stood on his feet, and let the lymer go to_
+(him), _for by right the lymer should never_ (go) _out of the rope,
+though he_ (be let) _slip from ever so far. And when the deer is dead,
+and lieth on one side then first it is time to blow the death, for it
+should never be blown at hart hunting till the deer be on its side.
+And then should the hounds be coupled up and as fast as a man can. One
+of the Berners should encorne him, that is to say turn his horns
+earthwards and the throat upwards, and slit the skin of the throat all
+along the neck, and cut labelles_ (small flaps) _on either side of the
+skin, the which shall hang still upon the head, for this belongeth to
+an hart slain with strength, and else not. And then should the hunter
+flay down the skin as far as he can, and then with a sharp trencher
+cut as thick as he can the flesh down to the neck bone, and this done
+every man stand abroad and blow the death, and make short bay for to
+reward the hounds. And every man_ (shall) _have a small rod in his
+hand to hold the hounds that they should the better bay and every man
+blow the death that can blow. And as oft as any hunter beginneth to
+blow every man shall blow for the death to make the better noise, and
+make the hounds better know the horns and the bay, and when they have
+bayed a while let the hounds come to eat the flesh, to the hard bone
+from in front of the shoulders right to the head, for that is their
+reward of right. And then take them off fair and couple them up again.
+And then bring to the lymers and serve each by himself, and then
+should the Lord if he list or else the Master of the Game, or if he be
+absent whoso is greatest of the hunters, blow the prise at coupling
+up, and that should be blown only of the aforesaid, and by no others.
+Nevertheless it is to wit that if the Lord be not come soon enough to
+the bay, while the deer is alive they ought to hold the bay as long as
+they can, without rebuking the hounds, to await the Lord, and if the
+Lord remains away too long, when the deer is spayed and laid on one
+side, before they do ought else, the Master of the Game, or which of
+the horsemen that be there at the death, should mount their horses and
+every man draw his way blowing the death till one of them hath met
+with him, or heard of him, and brought him thither. And if they cannot
+meet with him, and that they have word that he is gone home, they
+ought to come again, and do, whoso is greatest master, as the Lord
+should do, if he were there, and right so should they do to the Master
+of the Game in the Lord's absence. Also if the Lord be there all
+things should be done of the bay and rewarding as before is said, and
+then he should charge whom he list to undo the deer, if the hounds
+shall not be enquyrid thereon, for if they should, there needeth no
+more but to caboche[224] his head, all the upper jaw still thereon,
+and the labelles aforesaid; and then hold him and lay the skin open,
+and lay the head at the skin's end right in front of the shoulders.
+And when the hounds are thus inquirreide the lymers should have both
+the shoulders for their rights, and else they should not have but the
+ears and the brain whereof they should be served, the hart's head
+lying under their feet. But on the other hand if the lord will have
+the deer undone, he that he biddeth as before is said, should undo him
+most woodmanly and cleanly that he can and wonder ye not that I say
+woodmanly, for it is a point that belongeth to woodmanscraft, though
+it be well suiting to an hunter to be able to do it. Nevertheless it
+belongeth more to woodmanscraft than to hunters, and therefore as of
+the manner he should be undone I pass over lightly, for there is no
+woodman nor good hunter in England that cannot do it well enough, and
+well better than I can tell them. Nevertheless when so is that the
+paunch is taken out clean and whole and the small guts, one of the
+groom chacechiens should take the paunch and go to the next water
+withal, and slit it, and cast out the filth and wash it clean, that no
+filth abide therein. And then bring it again and cut it in small
+gobetts in the blood that should be kept in the skin and the lungs
+withal, if they be hot and else not, and all the small guts withal,
+and bread broken therein according whether the hounds be few or many,
+and all this turned and meddled together among the blood till it be
+well brewed in the blood, and then look for a small green, and thither
+bear all this upon the skin with as much blood as can be saved, and
+there lay it, and spread the skin thereupon, the hair side upward, and
+lay the head, the visage, forward at the neck end of the skin. And
+then the lord shall go take a fair small rod in his hand, the which
+one of the yeomen or of the grooms should cut for him, and the Master
+of the Game and other, and the sergeants, and each of the yeomen on
+horse, and others, and then the Lord should take up the hart's head by
+the right side between the surroyal and the fork or troche whichever
+it be that he bear, and the Master of the Game, the left side in the
+same wise, and hold the head upright that the nose touch the earth.
+And then every man that is there, save the berners on foot and the
+chacechiens and the lymerers which should be with their hounds and
+wait upon them in a fair green where there is a cool shadow, should
+stand in front on either side of the head, with rods, that no hound
+come about, nor on the sides, but that all stand in front. And when it
+is ready the Master of the Game or the sergeant should bid the berners
+bring forth their hounds and stand still in front of them a small
+quoit's cast from thence, as the bay is ordained. And when they be
+there the Master of the Game or sergeant should cry skilfully loud:
+"Devour" and then holloa every wight, and every hunter blow the death.
+And when the hounds be come and bay the head, the Berners should pull
+off the couples as fast as they can. And when the Lord thinketh the
+bay hath lasted long enough, the Master of the Game should pull away
+the head and anon others should be ready to pull away the skin and let
+the hounds come to the reward, and then should the Lord and Master of
+the Game, and all the hunters stand around all about the reward, and
+blow the death. As oft as any of them begin every man bear him
+fellowship till the hounds be well rewarded, and that they have nought
+left. And right thus should be done when the hounds should be
+enquyrreied of the whole deer. And when there is nought left then
+should the Lord, if he wishes, or else the Master of the Game or in
+his absence whoso is greatest next him, stroke_ (blow) _in this wise,
+that is to say blow four motes and stynt_ (stop) _not_ (for the time
+of) _half an Ave Maria and then blow other four motes a little longer
+than the first four motes. And thus should no wight stroke, but when
+the hart is slain with strength, and when one of the aforesaid hath
+thus blown then should the grooms couple up the hounds and draw
+homewards fair and soft. And all the rest of the hunters should stroke
+in this wise: "Trut, trut, tro-ro-row, tro-ro-row," and four motes all
+of one length not too long and not too short. And otherwise should no
+hart hunter stroke from thenceforth till they go to bed. And thus
+should the Berners on foot and the grooms lead home the hounds and
+send in front that the kennel be clean and the trough filled with
+clean water, and their couch renewed with fresh straw. And the Master
+of the Game and the sergeant and the yeoman at horse should come home
+and blow the menee at the hall door or at the cellar door as I shall
+devise. First the master, or whoso is greatest next him, shall begin
+and blow three motes[225] alone, and at the first mote[226] the
+remnant of the aforesaid should blow with him, and beware that none
+blow longer than another, and after the three motes even forthwith
+they should blow the recoupling as thus: "Trut, trut, trororo rout,"
+and that they be advised that from the time they fall in to blow
+together, that none of them begin before_ (the) _other nor end after_
+(the) _other. And if it be the first hart slain with strength in the
+season, or the last, the sergeant and the yeoman shall go on their
+office's behalf and ask their fees of the which I report me to the old
+statutes and customs of the King's house. And this done the Master of
+the Game ought to speak to the officers that all the hunters' suppers
+be well ordained, and that they drink not ale, and nothing but wine
+that night for the good and great labour they have had for the Lord's
+game and disport, and for the exploit and making of the hounds. And
+also that they may the more merrily and gladly tell what each of them
+hath done all the day and which hounds have best run and boldest._
+
+[208] Shoots, fresh-growing young wood.
+
+[209] A long note.
+
+[210] Recheat, a hunting signal on the horn.
+
+[211] Recheating. See Appendix: Hunting-Music.
+
+[212] Vauntlay, to cast off the relay before the hounds already
+hunting have passed. See Appendix: Relays.
+
+[213] Do not hunt heel: _contre_, counter.
+
+[214] Drop his jaw. (?)
+
+[215] Gone off the right line.
+
+[216] This chapter does not exist.
+
+[217] If the hounds have gone away after two stags.
+
+[218] Call to the hounds encouragingly.
+
+[219] Shirley MS.: "doubling of their mouths," from the Fr. _menee_.
+See Appendix: Menee.
+
+[220] See Appendix: Curee.
+
+[221] A horn signal denoting that the chase is being followed at a
+distance by those who blow. From the Fr. _fortloin_, written forlonge.
+See Appendix: Forlonge.
+
+[222] A note sounded only by those who are on the right line.
+
+[223] To kill with a sword or hunting knife. See Appendix: Spay.
+
+[224] Cut off the head close behind the antlers. Shirley MS.:
+"Cabache."
+
+[225] Shirley MS. says four notes.
+
+[226] Should read: "at the last moot."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXV
+
+HOW AN HUNTER SHOULD SEEK AND FIND THE HARE WITH RUNNING HOUNDS AND
+SLAY HER WITH STRENGTH
+
+
+_Ere I speak how the hare should be hunted, it is to be known that the
+hare is king of all venery, for all blowing and the fair terms of
+hunting cometh of the seeking and the finding of the hare. For certain
+it is the most marvellous beast that is, for ever she fumeth or
+croteth and roungeth and beareth tallow and grease. And though men say
+that she fumeth inasmuch as she beareth tallow, yet that which cometh
+from her is not called fumes but croteys. And she hath teeth above in
+the same wise as beneath. It is also to be known that the hare is at
+one time male and another time female. When she is female sometimes
+she kindles in three degrees, two rough, two smooth and two knots that
+afterwards should be kindles, but this happeneth but seldom. Now for
+to speak of the hare how he shall be sought and found and chased with
+hounds. It is to be known what the first word_ (should be) _that the
+hunter should speak to his hounds when he lets them out of the kennel.
+When the door is opened he shall say loud: "Ho ho arere,"[227]
+because that his hounds will come out too hastily. And when he
+uncoupleth his hounds, he shall say to them when he comes into the
+field: "Sto mon amy sto atrete," but when he is come forth into the
+field he shall blow three motes and uncouple the hounds, then he shall
+speak twice to his hounds in this wise, "Hors de couple, avaunt cy
+avaunt"[228] and then he shall say thrice "So how" and no more;
+afterward he shall say loud "Sa say cy avaunt" and then "Sa cy avaunt,
+sa cy avaunt so how," and if he see the hounds draw fast from him and
+would fain run, he shall say thus to them here: "How amy--how amy,"
+and then shall he say "Swe mon famy swef"[229] for to make them go
+softly, and between always blow three motes. And if any of his hounds
+find and own to the hare where he hath been, he shall say to them in
+this wise: "Oyez a Beaumont le vaillant," or what the hound is called.
+And if he seeth that the hare hath been at pasture in green corn or in
+any other place and his hounds find of her and that they fall well in
+enquest[230]_ (hunt) _and chase it well, then he shall say "La Douce,
+la il a este"[231] and therewith "So howe" with a high voice, and if
+his hounds chase not well at his pleasure and they grede_ (hunt)
+_there where he has not pastured, then shall he say "Illeoqs
+illeoqs"[232] in the same place while they seek her. And then he
+should cast and look about the field, to see where she hath been and
+whether she hath pastured or not, or whether she be in her form, for
+she does not like to remain where she hath pastured except in time of
+relief. If any hounds scent her, and she hath gone from thence to
+another place, he shall say thus to his hounds as loud as he can: "Ha
+cy douce cy et venuz arere, so howe."[233] And if he see that she be
+gone to the plain or the field or to arable land or into the wood, if
+his hounds get well on her scent, then he shall say: "La douce amy, il
+ad est illeoqs"[234] and therewith he shall say: "so-how illeoqs, sy
+douce cy vayllant"[235] and twice "so-howe," and when he is come there
+where he supposeth the hare dwells then shall he say thus: "La douce
+la est il venuz" and therewith thrice "so-howe" and no more. And if he
+thinks he is sure to find her in any place then he shall say: "La
+douce how-here, how-here, how-here, how-here, douce how-here
+how-here," and when she is found and started he shall blow a mote and
+rechase[236] and holloa as often as he wishes and then say loud:
+"Oyez! a Beaumond" or what the hound is named, "le vailaunt oyez,
+oyez, oyez, who-bo-lowe," and then "Avaunte assemble, avaunte." And
+then should the horsemen keep well to one side and some way to the
+front with long rods in their hands to meet with her, and so blowe a
+mote and rechace and holloa and set the hounds in the rights if they
+see her, and also for to prevent any hound following sheep, or other
+beasts, and if they do to ascrie_ (rate) _them sorely and dismount and
+take them up and lash them well, saying loud "Ware ware ha ha ware"
+and lash them back to their fellows, and if it happens that the hare
+be seated in her form in front of the hounds, and that they cannot
+find her as soon as they would, then shall he say: "How-sa amy sa sa
+acouplere, sa arere, so-how," but not_ (blow) _the stynt too soon. And
+if he seeth that his hounds cannot put her up as soon as he would,
+then shall he blow the stynt, and say loud: "ho ho ore swef a la
+douce, a lui, a lui, so how assamy, assamy, la arere so-howe, venez
+acouplere," and thus as oft as the aforesaid case happeneth. And as
+oft as any hound catcheth it_ (the scent) _he should hue to him by his
+name, and rout him to his fellows as before is said, but not rechace
+till the hare be found, or that some man meet it and blow the rights
+and holloa, or else that he findeth her pointing or pricking whichever
+it be, for both mean the same, but some call it the one and some the
+other. And if he find that he can well blow the rights and holloa and
+jopey three or four times and cry loud "le voy, le voy," till the
+hounds come thither and have well caught it. And_ (when) _she is
+retrieved blow and holloa and rout to the hounds as it is said you
+should do at the finding, and follow after and foot it who can foot
+it. And if it happen when men hunt her and hounds chase her that she
+squat anywhere before the hounds, and that any hunter find her
+squatting, if the hounds be nigh about, he should blow a mote and
+rechace and start her, and then halloa and rout to them as above is
+said. And if he find her squat, and the hounds be far from him, then
+should he blow as I last said before, and after two motes for the
+hounds, and the berners that hear him should answer him thus "trut,
+trut, trut" and draw all towards him with the hounds as fast as they
+can, saying to their hounds: "so-how, mon amy, so-howe." And when they
+be there and the hounds have all come up, they should check them with
+one of their rods, and when she is started, blow, holloa and rout as
+before is said, and according to what the case requireth, do as before
+is said and devised. And when she hath been well chased and well
+retrieved, notwithstanding her rusing and squatting and reseating, so
+that by strength at last she is bitten by the hounds, whoso is nearest
+should start to take her whole from them, and hold her in his one hand
+over his head high, and blow the death that men may gather thither,
+and when they be come, then should she be stripped, all save the head,
+and the gall and the paunch cast away, and the remnant should be laid
+on a great staff or on a board, whoso hath it, or on the earth, and
+then it should be chopped as small as it can be, so that it hang
+together; and when it is so done then should one of the berners take
+it up with the head and hold it as high as he is able in his hands,
+and then whoso is most master, blow the death, and anon as he
+beginneth every man help and holloa. And when the hounds have bayed,
+as long as is wished by the aforesaid most master, then should the
+berner pull as high as he can every piece from the other and cast to
+every hound his reward. And then should the most master blow a mote
+and stroke, if so be that he thinks that the hounds have done enough,
+and else he should rest awhile, if the hounds be hot, till they be
+cooled, and then led to the water to lap. And then if he wish blow
+three motes and uncouple and speak and so do as before is said. And if
+they will seek a covert for the hare and set greyhounds without, they
+should blow and seek and speak in the manner as before is said, save
+that if the hounds find anything what so ever it be, he shall rally
+and jopey till he has seen it, or that he knows what it is (and if it
+be an hare do as above is said),[237] and if it be ought else he shall
+blow drawing with his horn and cry loud "So-how mon amy, so-how, sto
+arere, so-how, so-howe," and seek forthwith again with three long
+motes till the hare be found. Yet nevertheless if they be hart-hunters
+that seek a covert for the hare, and their hounds find a fox, whoso
+meeteth with him should blow out upon him to warn the fewterers[238]
+that there is a thief in the wood. And if they run at the hare and the
+hare happen to come out to the greyhounds in front of the raches and
+be killed, the fewterer that let run should blow the death and keep it
+as whole as he may till the hunters be come, and then should they
+reward the hounds as before is said._
+
+[227] "Back there!" from the Fr. _arriere_.
+
+[228] "Out of couples, forward there, forward!" (Precisely the same
+instructions are given by the later Twety and Gyfford.)
+
+[229] "Gently, my friend, gently!"
+
+[230] Quest, hunt, seek, also challenge.
+
+[231] "Softly, there he has been!"
+
+[232] "In this place," or "here, here." This passage, which reads
+somewhat confusedly in our MS., is clearer in Twety and Gyfford
+(_Reliquiae Antiquae_, vol. i. p. 149). It reads as follows: "And then
+ye shall blowe iij notes, yf yowr hund ne chace not well hym, there
+one ther another, as he hath pasturyd hym, ye shall say _'Illeosque,
+illeosque, illeosque_,'" meaning that 3 motes should be blown where
+the hare has pastured to bring your hounds to the place, _illeosque_
+meaning here, in this place.
+
+[233] "Softly there, here she has been, back there." Following this
+the Shirley MS. and Twety and Gyfford contain a passage which our MS.
+has not got: "And thenne _sa cy, a este sohow_, and afterwards _sa cy
+avaunt_."
+
+[234] "Softly, my friend, she has been here."
+
+[235] "Here gently, here valiantly."
+
+[236] To call back the hounds from a wrong scent, the same as
+"recheat."
+
+[237] The words in brackets are in the Shirley MS.
+
+[238] Huntsman holding hounds in leash.
+
+[Illustration: HARE-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RUNNING HOUNDS (From
+MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+[Illustration: HARE-DRIVING WITH LOW BELLS (From MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib.
+Nat._, Paris)]
+
+[Illustration: NETTING HARES IN THEIR "MUSES" (From MS. f. fr. 616,
+_Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVI
+
+OF THE ORDINANCE AND THE MANNER OF HUNTING WHEN THE KING WILL HUNT IN
+FORESTS OR IN PARKS FOR THE HART WITH BOWS AND GREYHOUNDS AND STABLE
+
+
+_The Master of the Game should be in accordance with the master
+forester or parker where it should be that the King should hunt such a
+day, and if the tract be wide, the aforesaid forester or parker should
+warn the sheriff of the shire where the hunting shall be, for to order
+sufficient stable,[239] and carts, also to bring the deer that should
+be slain to the place where the curees at huntings have been usually
+held. And thence he should warn the hunters and fewterers whither they
+should come, and the forester should have men ready there to meet
+them, that they go no farther, nor straggle about for fear of
+frightening the game, before the King comes. And if the hunting shall
+be in a park all men should remain at the park gate, save the stable
+that ought to be set ere the King comes, and they should be set by the
+foresters or parkers. And early in the morning the Master of the Game
+should be at the wood to see that all be ready, and he or his
+lieutenant or such hunters that he wishes, ought to set the greyhounds
+and who so be teasers[240] to the King or to the Queen, or to their
+attendants. As often as any hart cometh out he should when he passes
+blow a mote and recheat, and let slip to tease it forth, and if it be
+a stag, he should let him pass as I said and rally to warn the
+fewterers what is coming out. And to lesser deer should no wight let
+run, and if he hath seen the stag, not unless he were commanded.[241]
+And then the master forester or parker ought to show him the King's
+standing if the King would stand with his bow, and where all the
+remnant of the bows would stand. And the yeoman for the King's bows
+ought to be there to keep and make the King's standing, and remain
+there without noise, till the King comes. And the grooms that keep the
+king's dogs and broken greyhounds should be there with him, for they
+belong to the yeomen's office, and also the Master of the Game should
+be informed by the forester or parker what game the king should find
+within the set,[242] and when all this is done, then should the Master
+of the Game worthe_ (mount) _upon_ (his) _horse and meet the King and
+bring him to his standing and tell him what game is within the set,
+and how the greyhounds be set, and also the stable, and also tell him
+where it is best for him to stand with his bow or with his greyhounds,
+for it is to be known that the attendants of his chamber and of the
+queen's should be best placed, and the two fewterers ought to make
+fair lodges of green boughs at the tryste to keep the King and Queen
+and ladies, and gentlewomen and also the greyhounds from the sun and
+bad weather. And when the King is at his standing or at his tryste,
+whichever he prefers, and the Master of the Game or his lieutenant
+have set the bows and assigned who shall lead the Queen to her tryste,
+then he should blow the three long motes for the uncoupling. And the
+hart hounds and the harriers that before have been led by some
+forester or parker thither where they should uncouple, and all the
+hounds that belong to both the mutes_ (packs) _waiting for the Master
+of the Game's blowing. Then should the sergeant of the mute of the
+hart-hounds, if there be much rascal within the set, make all them of
+office, save the yeomen of the horse, hardel[243] their hounds, and in
+every hardel two or three couple of hounds at the most suffice. And
+then to stand abroad in the woods for relays, and then blow three
+motes to the uncoupling. And then should the harrier uncouple his
+hounds and blow three motes and seek forth saying loud and long, "hoo
+sto ho sto, mon amy, ho sto" and if they draw far from him in any
+unruly manner he should speak to them in that case as when he seeketh
+for the hare. And as oft as he passes within the set from one quarter
+to another, he should blow drawing, and when he is passed the boundary
+of the quarter, and entered into a new quarter, he should blow three
+motes and seek forth, but if so be, that his hounds enchace anything
+as he wishes, and if any hound happen to find of the King's_ (game),
+_he should hue to him by his name and say loud: "Oyez a Bemond,
+oyez-oyez, assemble, assemble," or what the hound is named, "assemble,
+assemble" and jopey and rally. And if it be an hart and any of the
+hart hounds meet with it they should blow a mote and rechace and
+relay, and go forth therewith all rechacing among. And if it come to
+the bows or to greyhounds and be dead, he should blow the death when
+he is come thither, and reward his hounds a little, and couple them up
+and go again to his place. And if the hart has escaped he should no
+longer rechace, but blow drawing and draw in again, and in the best
+way that he can, take up his hounds and get in front of them. And
+after that the harriers have well run and well made the rascal
+void,[244] then should the sergeant and the berners of the hart hounds
+blow three motes, the one after the other and uncouple there where
+they suppose the best ligging_ (lair) _is for a hart, and seek as
+before is said; unless it be the season when the hart's head is
+tender, then he shall use some of the aforesaid words of seeking to
+the hounds: "Le doulez, mon amy, le doulez, le doules," and if his
+hounds find anything do as before is said, and if it be a hart, do as
+above is said, as he may know by his fues or by men that meet with
+him. And if it be ought else, the berner ought to blow drawing, and
+who meeteth with him_ (the hart) _call to them, and the berner should
+say "Sto arere so how, so how." And if the lymerer meet withal, or see
+by the fues that it is an hart, he should sue thereto till he be dead.
+If it go to the greyhounds and if it go to the bows, and be smitten
+anon, as he findeth blood he should take up his hounds and lead them
+thence and reward them a little, and then if he escape out of the set,
+he should reward his hounds, and take them up and go again to the wood
+and look if he may meet with anything. And as often as he meeteth and
+findeth, or his hounds run on a fresh scent, do as before is said. And
+one thing is to be known, that the hart-hounds should never be
+uncoupled before any other, unless a hart be readily harboured, and
+that he may be sued to and moved with the lymer, or else that they be
+uncoupled to a herd of great male deer at the view, namely within a
+set in a forest or in a park, there where there is a great change of
+rascal. And that is the cause why the other hounds shall be first
+uncoupled to make the rascal void, for small deer will sooner leave
+their covert than will a great hart, unless it be a hind that hath her
+calf in the wood, and hath lately calved. And when the rascal is thus
+voided then the hart hounds are uncoupled and they find the great old
+wily deer that will not lightly void, and they enchace him well and
+lustily and make him void both to bows and to greyhounds, so that they
+fully do their duty. And all the while that the hunting lasteth should
+the carts go about from place to place for to bring the deer to the
+curee. And there should the server[245] of the hall be to arrange the
+curees, and to lay the game in a row, all the heads one way--and every
+deer's feet to the other's back. The harts should be laid in two or
+three rows_ (by themselves) _according to whether there be many or
+few, and the rascal in the same way by themselves, and they should
+take care that no man come within the curees till the King come, save
+the Master of the Game. And when the covert is well hunted and
+cleared, then should the Master of the Game come to the King to know
+if he would hunt any more. And if the King say yea, then shall the
+Master of the Game if the greyhounds or bows or stable need not to be
+removed, blow two long motes for the hounds, and forthwith blow
+drawing with three long motes that men should stand still, and the
+hunters may know that they should come to a new seeking with their
+hounds. And when the hounds be come there where they should uncouple
+blow three long motes and do and seek and blow, as is before said. And
+if the bows and greyhounds and stable should be removed, then should
+he blow a mote and stroke, without the mote in the middle, for to draw
+men together, and thereby may men know that the king will hunt more
+ere he go home. And when men come together, then should the Master of
+the Game see to the placing of the King and of the Queen and of the
+bows and of the greyhounds and of the stable, as I have said here
+before, and the hunters to their seeking, and of all other things do
+in the same manner as I have said. And if the king will hunt no more,
+then should the Master of his Game, if the King will not blow, blow a
+mote and stroke with a mote in the middle and the sergeant or whoso
+bloweth next him, and no man else, should blow the first mote but only
+the middle, and so every man as oft as he likes to stroke, if they
+have obtained that which they hunted for. And the middle mote should
+not be blown save by him that bloweth next the master. And thereby may
+men know as they hear men stroke homeward whether they have well sped
+or not. And this way of stroking should serve in the manner I have
+rehearsed for all hunting save when the hart is slain with strength.
+And when the mote is blown and stroked, then should the Master of the
+Game lead the King to the curee, and show it him, and no man as I have
+said above should come within it, but every man_ (keep) _without it.
+And then the King shall tell the Master of the Game what deer he would
+were_ (given away) _and to whom, and_ (after this) _if the King wishes
+to stay he may. Nevertheless he usually goes home when he hath done
+this. And then should the Master of the Game begin at one row and so
+forth, and tythe all the deer right as they lie, rascal and others,
+and deliver it to the proctors of the church that ought to have it.
+And then_ (separate) _the deer that the king commandeth him to
+deliver, and if any of them that should have part of the deer be not
+there he should charge the master forester to send it home, and then
+he should deliver a certain_ (part) _of the remnant to the afore said
+sewers and to the sergeant of the larder and the remnants should be
+given by the Master of the Game, some to the gentlemen of the country
+by the information of the forester or parker, as they have been
+friendly to the bailie, and the remnant to the officers and hunters as
+he liketh best. And it is to be known that every man bow and fewterer
+that hath slain anything should mark it that he might challenge his
+fee, and have it at the curee, but let him beware that he marks no
+lord's mark nor_ (other) _fewterers nor hunters, or he will lose his
+fee. And also it is to be known that the fees of all follies belong to
+the master of the harriers, if so be that he or his deputy be at the
+hunting, and blow three motes and else not, in which case the Master
+of the Game can give it to whom he wishes save what the King slayeth
+with his bow or the Queen or my lord the prince, or that which they
+bid with their own mouth to let run to. And all shall be judged folly
+of red deer which is beneath the hart, and of fallow deer which is
+beneath the buck, nevertheless if the harrier would challenge the deer
+for folly, and it is not folly, if there be a strife with him who
+asketh the fee, the Master of the Game shall judge it, and right so
+shall he do of all these strifes for fees between bow and bow, and
+fewterer and fewterer, and of all other strifes and discords that
+belong to hunting. And when all the deer be delivered, and the hunters
+and the fewterers of the kennel be assigned to undo the deer that be
+delivered for the king's larder, then should the grooms chacechiens of
+the hart-hounds gather the paunches and small guts together and do
+with them as is advised in the chapter of the hart hunting with
+strength, and get them a skin to lie thereover, and do as in the same
+chapter described with the greatest and best head_ (antlers) _that
+they can find in all the curee. Save the blowing of the prise and the
+stroking and the menee, the bay should wait till the curees be done,
+and the flesh taken away, and there should the Master of the Game be,
+and the sergeant and all the yeomen and grooms of the office. And if
+the greyhounds[246] shall be rewarded it should be done right as is
+devised in the aforesaid chapter, except that the blowings above
+described shall be left out. And also whosoever slew the deer the
+yeomen of the office should have the skin that lyeth upon the deer
+when the hounds are rewarded. And also it is to know that the harriers
+when they have run shall be rewarded with the paunches and guts, but
+there is no need to make a long bay with the hart's head to them, for
+they are made to run and chase all game that one wishes, and that is
+the cause why the master of them has the fees of all deer save the
+hart and the buck, unless it be in the certain case before mentioned.
+And when the curee is done, and the bay made, then is the time for
+every man to draw homeward to his supper and to make himself as merry
+as he can. And when the yeomen berners and grooms have led home the
+hounds and set them well up and supplied them with water and straw
+according to what they need, then should they go to their supper and
+drink well and make merry. And of the fees it is to be known that the
+man whoever he be, who has smitten a deer while posted at his tree
+with a death-stroke so that the deer be got before the sun goes down,
+he shall have the skin. And if he be not posted or has gone from his
+tree, or has done otherwise than is said, he shall have none. And as
+of the fewterers, if they be posted, the first teaser and
+receiver[247] that draweth the deer down shall divide the skin.[248]
+Nevertheless in other lord's hunting whoso pincheth first and goeth
+therewith to the death he shall have the skin. And all the deer's
+necks are the hunters, and one shoulder and the chine is his that
+undoeth the deer, and the other shoulder is the forester's or the
+parker's fee that keepeth the bailie that is hunted. And all the skins
+of harts slain with strength of the hart-hounds, belong to the master
+of the hart-hounds as his fee, that is to say he that hath the wages
+of twelve pence a day for the office. It is to be known that when the
+king hunteth in the park or in the forest with bows and greyhounds,
+and it happens that any hart be slain with strength of hart-hounds,
+all the hart hunters after the King or the Master of his Game have
+blown a mote and stroked, all day they should stroke the assise that
+belongeth to the hart slain with strength, but not with eight long
+motes, but with four short and four long motes, as is in the aforesaid
+chapter plainly devised. And all the other hunters should stroke the
+common stroking as is above described and said._
+
+[239] Men and hounds stationed at different places, usually on the
+boundaries of the district in which the game was to be roused and
+hunted, or at convenient passes from whence the hounds could be
+slipped at the game.
+
+[240] Teasers, a small hound to tease forth or put up the game.
+
+[241] A difficult sentence to unravel. In the Shirley MS. it runs:
+"and yif hit have eseyne nought to ye stagge, but yif he were
+avaunced."
+
+[242] "Within the set" means within that quarter of the forest or park
+around which are set or stationed the men and hounds, called the
+stable.
+
+[243] To tie the couples of hounds together.
+
+[244] Made the smaller deer clear out of the forest.
+
+[245] The beginning of this sentence relating to the "server of the
+hall" is not in our MS. but in the Shirley MS.
+
+[246] Shirley MS., "harthounds."
+
+[247] Shirley MS. has "resteynour."
+
+[248] This means that the men in whose charge the teasers and
+receivers were placed were given the skin or fee.
+
+[Illustration: THE "UNDOING" OR GRALLOCHING OF THE HART THE MASTER
+INSTRUCTING HIS HUNTERS HOW IT IS DONE (From MS. f. fr. 616, _Bib.
+Nat._, Paris)]
+
+[Illustration: HART-HUNTING WITH GREYHOUNDS AND RACHES (From MS. f.
+fr. 616, _Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+[Illustration: THE "CUREE" OR REWARDING OF THE HOUNDS (From MS. f. fr.
+616, _Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+    END OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM MS.
+    VESPASIAN B. XII.
+
+THE FOLLOWING IS THE CONCLUDING PASSAGE OF THE SHIRLEY MANUSCRIPT
+(Add. MS. 16, 165) IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM:--
+
+
+_Now I pray unto every creature that hath heard or read this little
+treatise of whatever estate or condition he be that there where there
+is too little of good language that of their benignity and grace they
+will add more, and there where there is too much superfluity that they
+will also abridge it as may seem best by their good and wise
+discretion. Not presuming that I had over much knowledge and ability
+to put into writing this royal disportful and noble game of hunting so
+effectually that it might not be submitted to the correction of all
+gentle hunters. And in my simple manner as best I could and as might
+be learned of old and many diverse gentle hunters, I did my business
+in this rude manner to put the craft and the terms and the exercise of
+this said game more in remembrance and openly to the knowledge of all
+lords, ladies, gentlemen and women, according to the customs and
+manners used in the high noble court of this Realm of England._
+
+FINIS
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+
+ACQUILLEZ, Fr., to take, to hold at bay, to gather. "Et s'il voit que
+les chiens heussent acueili le change" (G. de F., p. 156)--"if he sees
+that the hounds have taken the change." It also denotes: "owning to
+the scent" (Senechal, p. 8; Roy Modus, xxix. v).
+
+Twici says: "Les chevereaus ne sunt mie enchacez ne aquyllees," which
+Dryden translates, "the roebuck is not chased nor hunted up," from
+_enquiller_ or _aquiller_, O. Fr. a form of _accuellir_, to push, put
+in motion, excite. "The word in English which is nearest to it is 'to
+imprime,' which was afterwards used for the unharbouring of the hart"
+(Twici, p. 26).
+
+In the old English translation of Twici (Vesp. B. XII.) _aquylees_ is
+construed "gadered," which is certainly one sense, but not the one
+here required (Twici, p. 53).
+
+The "Master of Game" translates _ils accueillent_ in G. de. F., p.
+112, by "they run to them" (p. 111. _See also_ Godefroy).
+
+
+AFFETED, Mid. Eng., _affaiten_; O. Fr. _affaitier_, to trim, to
+fashion. A well-affaited or affeted head, a well-fashioned or
+good-shaped head. In speaking of stags' antlers, means regularly tined
+and well grown.
+
+_Affeted_ also meant trained or tamed, reclaimed, made gentle,
+thoroughly manned. _Affaiter_ is still in use in M. Fr., as a term of
+falconry.
+
+We find this word employed in this sense in the Vision of Piers
+Plowman (1362): "And go affayte the Fawcons, wilde fowles to kill."
+And in O. Fr. sporting literature one constantly reads of "Chiens
+bien, affaities" (well-broken dogs); "oiseaux bien affaities"
+(well-trained hawks). Roy Modus, lxxix.; Bormans, p. 52; _La Chace dou
+Cerf_, Jub. 157; T.M. vol. ii. p. 933.
+
+
+ALAUNTES, _Allaunts_, _Canis Alanus_; Fr. _alans_. Also spelt
+_alande_, _alaunt_, _allaundes_, _Aloundys_ (MS. Brit. Mus., Egerton,
+1995). _See also_ Twici, p. 56.
+
+A strong, ferocious dog, supposed to have been brought to Western
+Europe by a Caucasian tribe called Alains or Alani. This tribe invaded
+Gaul in the fourth century, settling there awhile, and then continued
+their wanderings and overran Spain. It is from this country that the
+best _alans_ were obtained during the Middle Ages, and dogs that are
+used for bull-or bear-baiting there are still called _Alanos_. Gaston
+de Foix, living on the borders of this country, was in the best
+position to obtain such dogs, and to know all about them. His
+description, which we have here, tallies exactly with that written in
+a Spanish book, _Libro de la Monteria_, on hunting of the fourteenth
+century, written by Alphonso XI.
+
+Alauntes were used as war dogs, and it was said that when once they
+seized their prey they would not loose their hold.
+
+Cotgrave (Sherwood's App.) says that the mastiff resembles an Alan,
+and also Wynn in his book on the "British Mastiff" (p. 45) says that
+he is inclined to think that the Alan is the ancient name for mastiff,
+and thinks it possible that the Ph[oe]nicians brought this breed to
+the British Isles. He cannot have known the description given us of
+the Alan by the "Master of Game," nor can he have been acquainted with
+the work of Gaston Ph[oe]bus, for he says that the Alan is not
+mentioned among any of the earlier dogs of France and Germany. There
+is ample evidence that they existed in France from very early days.
+Probably they were relics left there by the Alani in their wanderings
+through Gaul. About the same period as our MS. we find Alans mentioned
+by Chaucer, who in the "Knight's Tale" describes Lycurgus seated on
+his throne, around which stand white _Alaunts_ as big as bulls wearing
+muzzles and golden collars.
+
+The ancient Gallo-Latin name of _veltrahus_, or _veltris_, which in
+the first instance denoted a large greyhound used for the chase of the
+bear and wild boar, passed later to a different kind of dog used for
+the same purpose. These _veltres_, _viautres_, or _vautres_ were also
+known under the name of Alan, and resembled the Great Dane or the
+German Boarhound (De Noir., vol. ii. p. 295-7).
+
+
+ANTLER, O. Fr. _auntilor_, _antoiller_, or _andoiller_, derived from a
+Teutonic root; Anglo-Saxon _andwlit_; Frank. _antlutt_ or _antluzze_;
+Goth. _andawleiz_; O. Ger. _antliz_; face. Gaston Ph[oe]bus and Roy
+Modus and other old French authors almost invariably use _teste_, or
+head, when referring to a hart's antlers, but English writers did not
+observe time-hallowed terms of venery so rigorously, and our author
+frequently uses the jarring and, from every point of view, incorrect
+term "horns" when speaking of the hart's attire or head. The substance
+of deers' antlers is true bone, the proportion of their constituents
+differing but very slightly from ordinary bones. The latter, when in a
+healthy condition, consist of about one-third of animal matter or
+gelatine, and two-thirds of earthy matter, about six-sevenths of which
+is phosphate of lime and one-seventh carbonate of lime, with an
+appreciable trace of magnesia. The antlers of deer consist of about
+thirty-nine parts of animal matter and sixty-one parts of earthy
+matter of the same kind and proportion as is found in common bone.
+Later on, a more sportsmanlike regard for terms of venery is
+observable, and Turbervile in one of his few original passages
+impresses upon his fellow-sportsmen: "Note that when you speake of a
+harts hornes, you must terme them the Head and not the Hornes of a
+hart. And likewise of a bucke; but a Rowes hornes and a Gotes hornes
+are tollerable termes in Venery" (1611, p. 239).
+
+Up to the end of the seventeenth century it was customary when
+speaking of a stag's head to refer only to the tines "on top," or the
+"croches" or "troches," leaving unconsidered the brow, bez and trez
+tines, which were called the stag's "rights," and which every
+warrantable hart was supposed as a matter of course to possess. When
+referring to the number of tines a head bore, it was invariably the
+rule to use only even numbers, and to double the number of tines borne
+by the antler which had most. Thus, a stag with three on each top was
+a head of "twelve of the less" (or "lasse"); "twelve of the greater"
+when he had three and four on top, or, counting the rights, six and
+seven tines, or, as a modern Scotch stalker would call it, a
+thirteen-pointer. The extreme number of tines a hart was supposed to
+bear was thirty-two.
+
+
+BERCELET, barcelette, bercelette, is a corruption of the O. Fr.
+_berseret_, a hunting dog, dim. of _bersier_, a huntsman; in Latin,
+_bersarius_, French, _berser_, _bercer_, to hunt especially with the
+bow. _Bercel_, _biercel_, meant a butt or target. Italian,
+_bersaglio_, an archer's butt, whence _bersagliere_, archer or
+sharpshooter (Oxford, and Godefroy Dict.).
+
+Given the above derivation, it may be fairly accepted that _bercelet_
+was a dog fitted to accompany a hunter who was going to shoot his
+game--a shooting dog. The "Master of Game's" allusion also points to
+this. He says some mastiffs (_see_ Mastiff) become "_berslettis_, and
+also to bring well and fast a wanlace about." We might translate this
+sentence: "There are nevertheless some (mastiffs) that become shooting
+dogs, and retrieve well and put up the game quickly" (_see_ Appendix:
+Wanlace).
+
+Jesse conceives _bracelettas_ and _bercelettus_ to come from
+_brache_, but that can scarcely be so, as we see the two words used
+together, as the following quotations will show:
+
+    "Parler m'orez d'un buen brachet.
+    Qens ne rois n'ont tel berseret."
+
+    T. M. i. 14404.
+
+When the fair Ysolt is parting from her lover Tristan she asks him to
+leave her this same brachet, and says that no huntsman's shooting dog
+will be kept with more honour:
+
+    "Husdent me lesse, ton brachet.
+    Ainz berseret a veneor
+    N'ert gardee a tel honor
+    Comme cist sera."
+
+    _Ibid._ i. 2660.
+
+Jesse quotes Blount's "Antient Tenures": "In the 6th of John, Joan,
+late wife of John King, held a serjeantry in Stanhow, in the county of
+Norfolk, by the service of keeping 'Bracelettum deymerettum of our
+Lord the King,'" and Jesse thinks these might have been a bitch pack
+of deerhounds, overlooking the fact that it was only in later days
+that the words _brache_ and _rache_ were used for bitch hounds. As
+_deymerettum_ meant fallow deer, the _bracelettum_ or _bercelettum
+deymerettum_ may be taken, I think, to mean those hounds that were
+used for buck-shooting (Jesse, ii. 21).
+
+
+BERNER, bernar; O. Fr. _bernier_, _brenier_, a man who has the charge
+of hounds, a huntsman, or, perhaps, would be more accurately described
+as a kennelman. The word seems to have been derived from the French
+_brenier_ or _bernier_, one who paid his dues to his feudal lord in
+bran of which bread was made for the lord's hounds. _Brenage_,
+_brennage_, or _bernage_ was the tenure on which land was held by the
+payment of bran, and the refuse of all grains, for the feeding of
+hounds. Berner in its first sense meant finder of bran, then feeder
+of hounds. This word seems to have remained in use in England long
+after it had disappeared from the language of French venery. Gaston no
+longer uses the word _berner_, but has _valet de chiens_.
+
+
+BISSHUNTERS, furhunters. Our MS. (p. 74) declares that no one would
+hunt conies unless they were bisshunters, that is to say rabbits would
+not be hunted for the sake of sport, but only for the sake of their
+skins. Bisse, bys, byse was a fur much in vogue at the period of our
+MS., as its frequent mention in contemporaneous records testifies.
+
+
+BLENCHES, trick, deceit; O. N. _blekkja_ (Strat.). Blanch, or blench,
+to head back the deer in its flight. Blancher or blencher, a person or
+thing placed to turn the deer in a particular direction.
+
+
+BOCE, from the French _bosse_, O. Fr. _boce_, boss, hump or swelling.
+Cotgrave says: "Boss, the first putting out of a Deere's head,
+formerly cast, which our woodmen call, if it bee a red Deere's, the
+burle, or seale, and, if a fallow Deeres, the button."
+
+
+BOUGHS, bowes (_brisees_). When the huntsman went to harbour the deer
+he broke little branches or twigs to mark the place where he noticed
+any signs of a stag. Also, at times during the chase he was instructed
+to do the same, placing the twigs pointing towards the direction the
+stag had gone, so that if the hounds lost the scent he could bring
+them back to his last markings, and put them on the line again. In
+harbouring the stag a twig was broken off and placed in front of the
+slot with the end pointing in the direction in which the stag was
+going; each time the harbourer turned in another direction a twig was
+to be broken and placed so as to show which way he took; sometimes the
+twig was merely bent and left hanging on the tree, sometimes broken
+off and put into the ground (in French this was called making _brisees
+hautes_ or _brisees basses_). When making his ring-walks round the
+covert the harbourer was told to put a mark to every slot he came
+across; the slot of a stag was to be marked by scraping a line behind
+the heel, of a hind by making a line in front of the toe. If it was a
+fresh footing a branch or twig should be placed as well as the
+marking, for a hind one twig, for a stag two. If it be a stale trace
+no twig must be placed. Thus, if he returned later, the hunter would
+know if any beast had broken from or taken to covert since he
+harboured his stag in the morning. When the harbourer went to "move"
+the stag with his limer he was to make marks with boughs and branches
+so that the berners with their hounds should know which way to go
+should they be some distance from the limer (Roy Modus, x. v; xii. r;
+xiii. r; Du Fouilloux, 32 r). Blemish is the word used by Turbervile
+for _brisees_ (Turbervile, 1611, p. 95, 104, 114).
+
+
+CHANGE. The change, in the language of stag hunting, was the
+substitution of one deer for another in the chase. After the hounds
+have started chasing a stag, the hunted animal will often find another
+stag or a hind, and pushing it up with its horns or feet will oblige
+it to get up and take his place, lying down himself in the spot where
+he found the other, and keeping quiet, with his antlers close over his
+back, so that the hounds will, if care is not taken, go off in chase
+of the substitute. Sometimes a stag will go into a herd of deer and
+try to keep with them, trying to shake off his pursuers, and thus give
+them the change.
+
+A hound that sticks to the first stag hunted, and refuses to be
+satisfied with the scent of another deer, is called a staunch hound,
+one who will not take the change, which was considered one of the most
+desirable qualities in a staghound. G. de F., in speaking of the
+different kinds of running hounds, says that there were some that,
+when they came to the change, they would leave off speaking to the
+scent, and would run silently until they found the scent of their stag
+again (G. de F., p. 109).
+
+
+CUREE, Kyrre, Quyrreye, or Quarry. The ceremony of giving the hounds
+their reward was thus called because it was originally given to the
+hounds on the hide or _cuir_ of the stag.
+
+Twici, the huntsman of Edward II., says that after the stag is taken
+the hounds should be rewarded with the neck and bowels and the liver.
+("Et il se serra mange sur le quir. E pur ceo est il apelee
+quyrreye.") When the hounds receive their reward after a hare-hunt he
+calls it the hallow. In the "Boke of St. Albans" we find the quarry
+given on the skin, and it is only in the "Master of Game" that it is
+expressly stated that a nice piece of grass was to be found on which
+the hounds' mess was to be put, and the hide placed over it, hair-side
+upwards, the head being left on it and held up by the antlers, and
+thus drawn away as the hounds rush up to get their share. According to
+Turbervile, in his day the reward was placed _on_ the hide; at least
+he does not in his original chapter on the breaking up of the deer
+notice any such difference between the French and English customs. In
+France, it is as well to expressly state, the _curee_ was always given
+on the hide until the seventeenth century, but after that it seems the
+hide was placed over it just as described in our text (De Noirmont,
+vol. ii., p. 458). Preceding the quarry came the ceremonial breaking
+up of the deer. The stag was laid on its back with feet in the air,
+slit open, and skinned by one of the chief huntsmen, who took a pride
+in doing it according to laws of woodmanscraft. They took a pride in
+not turning up their sleeves and performing everything so daintily
+that their garments should show no bloodstains; nobles, and princes
+themselves, made it a point of honour to be well versed in this art.
+After the skinning was done, it was customary to give the huntsman who
+was "undoing" the deer a drink of wine; "and he must drinke a good
+harty draught: for if he should break up the dear before he drinke the
+Venison would stink and putrifie" (Turb., 1611, p. 128).
+
+In the "Master of Game" the limers were rewarded after the other
+hounds, but they were never allowed to take their share with the pack.
+
+The bowels or guts were often reserved, and put on a large wooden
+fork, and the hounds were allowed to have this as a sort of dessert
+after they had finished their portion. They were halloaed to by the
+huntsman whilst he held the fork high in the air with cries of _Tally
+ho!_ or _Tiel haut!_ or _Lau, lau!_ This tit-bit was then thrown to
+them. This was called giving them the _forhu_, from the word
+_forthuer_, to whoop or holloa loudly. Probably our term of giving the
+hounds the holloa was derived from this. It was done to accustom the
+hounds to rally round the huntsman when excited by a similar halloaing
+when they were hunting, and had lost the line of the hunted beast.
+
+In some instances the daintiest morsels were reserved for the King or
+chief personage, and for this purpose placed on a large wooden fork as
+they were taken from the deer. The vein of the heart and the small
+fillets attached to the loins (Turbervile says also the haunches, part
+of the nombles and sides) should also be kept for the lord, but these
+were generally recognised as the perquisites of the huntsmen,
+kennelmen, foresters, or parkers.
+
+
+EXCREMENTS, fumes, fewmets, obs. term for the droppings of deer. From
+the Fr. _fumees_. G. de F. says that the droppings of all deer,
+including fallow and roe deer, are to be called _fumees_. The "Master
+of Game," no doubt following the custom then prevalent in England,
+says the droppings of the hart only are to be called fumes, and of
+the buck and the roebuck croties. The following names are given to
+droppings by--
+
+        GASTON DE FOIX            AND            MASTER OF GAME
+
+    Of the hart    }                  Of the hart--Fumes.
+       "   buck    } Fumees              "   buck    }
+       "   roebuck }                     "   roebuck } Croteys.
+       "   bear      }                   "   wild boar    }
+       "   wild boar } Laisses.          "   black beasts } Lesses.
+       "   wolf      }                   "   wolves       }
+       "   hare and conies--Crotes.      "   hare and Conies--Croties.
+       "   fox, badger, and }            "   fox--The wagging.
+            stinking beasts } Fiantes.   "   grey or badger--The Wardrobe.
+       "   otter--Spraintes.             "   stinking beasts--The Drit.
+                                         "   otter--Spraintes.
+
+Other forms of this term are: fewmets, fewmishing, crotels,
+crotisings, freyn, fuants, billetings, and spraits.
+
+
+FENCE MONTH. The month so called began, according to Manwood, fifteen
+days before and ended fifteen days after midsummer. During this time
+great care was taken that no men or stray dogs should be allowed to
+wander in the forest, and no swine or cattle were allowed to feed
+within the precincts, so that the deer should be absolutely
+undisturbed during three or four weeks after the fawning season. He
+tells us that because in this month there must be watch and ward kept
+with men and weapons for the fence and defence of wild beasts, for
+that reason the same is called fence or defence month (Man., p. 76,
+ed. 1598).
+
+
+FEWTE, fuite, fute (M. E.), O. Fr. fuite (_voie de cerf qui fuit_),
+track, trace, foot. Gawaine: feute. Will of Palerne (90): foute. Some
+beasts were called of the sweet _fute_, and some of the stinking
+_fute_. The lists of the beasts which should come under either heading
+vary somewhat; some that are placed by the "Boke of St. Albans" under
+"Swete fewte" coming under the other category in the MS. Harl., 2340.
+
+    IN "BOKE OF ST. ALBANS."              IN HARL. MS. 2340, FOL. 50B.
+
+                          _Beasts of "Swete fewte."_
+
+    The Buck, the Doo, the Beere, the     The Buke, the Doo, the Ber,
+    Reynd, the Elke, the Spycard, the     the Reyne der, the Elke,
+    Otre, and the Martwn.                 the Spycard.
+
+                       _Beasts of the "Stinking fewte."_
+
+    The Roobucke, the Roo, the            The Fulmard, the Fechewe,
+    Fulmard, the Fyches, the Bauw,        the Catt, the Gray, the
+    the Gray, the Fox, the Squirrel,      Fox, the Wesyll, the
+    the Whitecat, the Otyr, the Stot,     Marteron, the Squirrel, the
+    the Pulcatt.                          Whyterache, the Otyr, the
+                                          Stote, the Polcatte.
+
+In Roy Modus the beasts are also divided into _bestes doulces_ and
+_bestes puans_. The reasons for doing so are also given (fol. lxii.):
+"_Les bestes doulces sont: le cerf, la biche, le dain, le chevreul et
+le lievre. Et sont appelees doulces pour trois causes: La premiere si
+est que d'elles ne vient nulle mauvais senteur; la seconde, elles ont
+poil de couleur aimable, lequel est blond ou fauve; la tierce cause,
+ce ne sont mie bestes mordans comme les autres cincq, car elles n'ont
+nulz dens dessus; et pour ces raisons puent bien estre nommees bestes
+doulces._" Under the _bestes puans_ are classed the wild boar, the
+wild sow, the wolf, the fox, and the otter.
+
+
+FEWTERER, the man that lets loose the greyhounds (Blome, p. 27); from
+_veltraria_, a dog leader or courser; originally one who led the dogs
+called _veltres_, _viautres_ (_see_ Veltres). In Gallo-Latin,
+Veltrahus. It has been asserted that the word fewterer is a
+corruption of _vautre_ or _viautre_, a boarhound, but although both
+evidently owe their origin to the same parent-word, fewterer can
+scarcely be derived from _vautre_, a boarhound. It was only in the
+Middle Ages in France that the word _vautre_, from originally meaning
+a powerful greyhound, was applied to a large boarhound. Fewterers in
+England appear invariably as attendants on greyhounds, not boarhounds.
+Another derivation has been also given from fewte, foot or track, a
+fewterer being, according to this, a huntsman who followed the track
+of the beast. But _venator_ was the contemporary designation for a
+huntsman, and as far as we can ascertain the fewterer was always
+merely a dog-leader.
+
+
+FORLONGE, forloyng, forlogne, from the Fr. _fort loin_. G. de F. says,
+"flies far from the hounds," _i.e._ having well distanced them ("_Fuit
+de fort longe aux chiens, c'est a dire que il les ait bien
+esloinhes_"). Hounds are said to be hunting the forlonge when the deer
+is some way in front of them, or when some of the hounds have got away
+with the deer and have outpaced the rest. As our MS. (p. 173) says,
+the forlogne should be blown if the stag has run out of hearing of
+hound and horn, but it should not be blown in a park. In old French
+hunting literature it is an expression one constantly comes across.
+
+Twici, writing almost a hundred years earlier than the Duke of York,
+says: "The hart is moved and I do not know where the hart is gone, nor
+the gentlefolk, and for this I blow in that manner. What chase do we
+call this? We call that chase The chase of the forloyng."
+
+Forloyneth: "When a hound meeteth a chase and goeth away with it far
+before the rest then we say he forloyneth" (Turber., ed 1611, p. 245).
+
+
+FOX. According to the laws of Canute the fox was neither reckoned as a
+beast of venery nor of the forest. In Manwood's Forest Laws he is
+classed as the third beast of chase (p. 161), as he is also in Twety
+and Gyfford, and the "Boke of St. Albans."
+
+Although early records show that the English Kings kept their
+foxhounds, we hear nothing of their having participated in this sport,
+but they seem to have sent their hounds and huntsmen about the country
+to kill foxes, probably as much for the value of the pelt as for
+relieving the inhabitants of a thievish neighbour.
+
+In Edward's I.'s Wardrobe Accounts, 1299-1300, appear some interesting
+items of payments made to the huntsman for his wages and the keep of
+the hounds and his _one horse_ for carrying the nets. These allusions
+to nets throw an interesting light on the fox-hunting of those days.
+William de Blatherwyke, or, as he is also called, _William de
+Foxhunte_, and _William Fox-dog-keeper_, had besides their wages an
+allowance made to them for clothes and winter and summer shoes (_see_
+Appendix: Hunt Officials). As only one horse was provided, and that to
+carry the nets, the huntsman, we must presume, had to hunt on foot,
+not such an arduous undertaking when we remember that the country was
+so much more thickly wooded than at present, and that every possible
+precaution was taken to prevent Reynard's breaking covert.
+
+We see by our text (p. 65) that it was usual to course foxes with
+greyhounds, and although the passages referring to this are translated
+from G. de F. we know from many old records that this fox-coursing was
+as usual in England at this time as in France.
+
+In the earlier days hounds used for the chase of the fox one day,
+probably hunted hare, or even buck or stag, on another--such as the
+harriers, which, if we can believe Dr. Caius, were entered to any
+animal from stag to stoat (_see_ Appendix: Harriers). The first real
+pack of foxhounds is said to be the one established by Thomas Fownes,
+Esq., of Stepleton, in Dorsetshire (1730). They were purchased at an
+immense price by Mr. Bowes, of Yorkshire. A very amusing description
+is given in "Cranbourne Chase" of the first day's hunting with them
+in their new country. There must have been several packs entered to
+fox only about the end of the eighteenth century, for an erstwhile
+Master of the Cheshire Foxhounds had in his possession a horn with the
+following inscription: "Thomas Boothby Esqre. Tooley Park Leicester.
+With this horn he hunted the first pack of foxhounds then in England 5
+years: born in 1677 died 1752." This pack, which was purchased by "the
+great Mr. Meynell" in 1782, had been hunted both in Hampshire and in
+Wiltshire previously by the ancestors of Lord Arundel (Bad. Lib.,
+"Hunting," p. 29).
+
+
+FRAYING-POST, the tree a stag has rubbed his antlers or frayed
+against.
+
+By the fraying-post the huntsman used to be able to judge if the stag
+he wished to harbour was a warrantable stag or not. The greater the
+_fraying-post_ the larger the deer (Stuart, vol. ii. p. 551).
+
+
+FUES, "not find his fues," not to find his line of flight, his scent;
+Gaston says: "Ne puissent deffaire ses esteurses": literally, "cannot
+unravel his turnings."
+
+_Fues_, flight, fuite, track. Gaston calls these sometimes _voyes_.
+_Voyes_ was written later _Foyes_ (Fouilloux).
+
+
+FUE. "Se mettre a la fue" (var. _fuie_), (to take flight) (Borman, p.
+89).
+
+
+GLADNESS, glade. The original sense is a smooth, bare place, or
+perhaps a bright, clear place in a wood.
+
+
+GREASE. One of the important technical terms of venery, related to the
+fat of game; for in the Middle Ages, when game was hunted to replenish
+the larder as much as for sport, it entered largely into the economy
+of even the highest households. The fat of the red deer and fallow
+deer was called _suet_, occasionally _tallow_. That of the roebuck was
+bevy-grease. Between that of the hare, boar, wolf, fox, marten,
+otter, badger, and coney no difference was made--it was called grease;
+and in one sense this general term was also used for deer: "a deer of
+high grease," or "a hart in the pride of grease," were phrases used
+for the season of the year when the stag and the buck were fattest
+(_see_ Appendix: Seasons of Hunting).
+
+
+GREASE TIME, not _Grace Time_ or _Grass Time_, as Strutt and others
+have it. It did not include the whole season when the hart or buck
+could be killed, but meant to indicate the time when they were fat and
+fittest for killing. As pointed out already by Dryden (p. 25), the
+_Excerpta Historica_ (Lond. 1831) contains an interesting example of
+the use of this word. This is a letter written (p. 356) about 1480 by
+Thomas Stonor, Steward of the Manor of Thame. He was in Fleet Prison
+at the time he writes to his brother in the country concerning some
+property of his own in his brother's neighbourhood. "No more to you^e
+at thys tyme but ... more ov^r I entende to kepe my gresse tyme in yat
+countre, where fore I woll^e yat no man^e huntte tyll^e I have bene
+ther."
+
+In the privy-purse expenses of Henry VIII. (1532) is an entry of a
+payment for attendance on the king during the last _grece-time_.
+Cavendish in his Life of Wolsey says: "My lord continued at Southwell
+until the latter end of _grease time_." Both these passages refer to
+the month of June. In the laws of Howel the Good, King of Wales, a
+fine of 12 kine was imposed on whoever kills a hart in grease time
+(_kylleic_) of the kings.
+
+Confusion arose occasionally owing to the similarity of the words as
+formerly spelt, grass being sometimes spelt "grysse" (Dryden, p. 25).
+Manwood, also, misinterprets Grease time. In the agreement between the
+Earl of Winchester and the Baron of Dudley of 1247, in which their
+respective rights of hunting in Charnwood Forest and Bradgate Park,
+Leicestershire, were defined, and which agreement Shirley has given
+(in a translation) in his "English Deer Parks," the time of the fallow
+buck season (_tempus pinguedinis_) or grease time or the fat season,
+is fixed between the Feast of St. Peter ad Vincula (August 1) and the
+Exaltation of Holy Cross (September 6, 14), while the time of the doe
+season (_tempus firmationis_) was fixed between the Feast of St.
+Martin (November 11) and the Purification of the Blessed Virgin
+(February 2).
+
+
+GREYHOUND, Fr. _levrier_, Lat. _leporarius_. Under this name a whole
+group of dogs were included, that were used for the chase of big and
+small game. They were swift hounds, hunting chiefly and in most cases
+by sight only. For in the Middle Ages the name greyhound, or
+_levrier_, denoted such seemingly different dogs as the immense Irish
+wolfhound, the Scotch deerhound, and the smaller, smooth-coated,
+elegant Italian greyhound. The powerful greyhound used for the chase
+of stag, wolf, and wild boar were known in France as _levrier
+d'attache_, and the smaller, nervous harehound as _petit levrier pour
+lievre_. In our illustrations we can see what are intended to be
+portraits of both the larger and the smaller kinds, some being
+smooth- and some rough-coated. The bigger hounds were considered
+capable of defending their masters against their armed enemies, as is
+shown by numerous legends of the Middle Ages, which, although they may
+not be strictly historical facts, showed the reputation these dogs
+enjoyed in those days (Jesse, p. 19).
+
+Greyhounds were the constant companions of their masters during
+journeys and wars, and at home. In the houses they were allowed the
+greatest liberty, and seem to have ranged at will in both living- and
+bed-rooms; one sees them at the board when their owners are at meals,
+at the fireside, and they even accompanied their masters as good
+Christians to mass.
+
+No hound seems to belong so peculiarly to the epoch of chivalry as the
+greyhound, and indeed one can scarcely picture a knight without one. A
+Welsh proverb declared that a gentleman might be known "by his hawk,
+his horse, and his greyhound." By a law of Canute, a greyhound was
+not to be kept by any person inferior to a gentleman ("Greyhounds," by
+a Sportsman, p. 28; and Dalziel, vol. i. p. 25).
+
+_Canis Gallicus_ was the name used by the Gauls for their coursing
+dogs, which were most probably greyhounds, and Arian says they were
+called _Vertragia_, from a Celtic word denoting swiftness. In
+Gallo-Latin the name for a large greyhound was _Veltrahus_ or
+_veltris_ (De Noir., ii. 295). They were also called _Veltres
+leporarii_ (Blane, p. 46). There is some difference of opinion as to
+the derivation of our word greyhound. In the early Anglo-Norman days
+they retained their French name of _levrier_, or Latin _leporarius_.
+When our MS. was penned the English word _grei_, _gre_, or _grewhound_
+was in general use; it is thought by some to be derived from Grew
+hound or Greek hound, as they were supposed to have been originally
+brought from Greece. Others, again, consider that the name was simply
+taken from the prevalent colour of the common greyhound. Jesse gives
+the most likely origin of the name. "Originally it was most likely
+_grehund_, and meant the noble, great, choice, or prize hound" (Jesse,
+ii. 71; and Dalziel, i. 23). Probably the Celtic denomination for a
+dog, _grech_ or _greg_, stands in close connection with our word
+greyhound (Cupples, p. 230). White seems to have been the favourite
+colour, and to say one had _i levrier plus blanc que flors de lis_
+(_Heruis de Mes_, 107a, 44; Bangert, p. 172) would be the greatest
+tribute to the beauty of one's hound. _Co si sunt deus leveres nurit
+en ma meisun, cume cisne sunt blauns_ (Horn, 613 f.).
+
+When Froissart went home from Scotland he is depicted as riding a grey
+horse and leading _un blanc levrier_, perhaps one of the four he took
+from these isles and presented to the Comte de Foix at Orthez, whose
+names have been preserved to us as Tristan, Hector, Brun, and Rolland
+(La Curne de la Palaye).
+
+Greyhounds were used, as has already been mentioned, for all kind of
+hunting and every kind of game, in conjunction with limers who
+started the game for them. They were let slip as relays to a pack of
+running or scenting hounds, and they were used by themselves for
+coursing game in an open country, or were placed at the passes where
+game was likely to run and were slipped to turn the game back to the
+archer or to chase and pull down the wounded deer (_see_ Appendix:
+Stables). In our illustrations we see them in the pictures of stag-,
+hare-, roe- and boar-hunting, to say nothing of badger-hunting, for
+which one would have thought any other dog more suitable.
+
+They seem always to have been held in couples except when following
+their master and he not bent upon the chase. The collars to which
+these couplings were attached were often wonderful gems of the
+goldsmith's and silversmith's art. Such an item appears in the Q. R.
+Wardrobe Acc. for 1400 (Wylie, iv. p. 196): "2 collars for greyhounds
+(_leverer_) le tissue white and green with letters and silver
+turrets." Another one of "soy chekerey vert et noir avec le tret (?
+turret) letters and bells of silver gilt."
+
+The ancient doggerel in the Book of St. Albans, "Heded like a snake,
+and necked like a drake. Foted like a cat. Tayled like a Rat, Syded
+lyke a Teme. Chyned like a Beme" ("Boke of St. Albans," f. iv.), was
+preceded by a very similar one written some time previously by Gace de
+la Buigne. Of these verses G. de F. gives, twenty-eight years later, a
+prose version, which our Master of Game has rendered into English.
+
+
+HARDEL, hardeyl, to tie couples of hounds together. From the French
+word _harder_, which has the same meaning: _Harder les chiens_, and
+_harde_, the rope with which they are tied. It is derived from _hart_,
+_hard_, _art_, a binder of willow or other pliable wood used for
+fastening fagots together (Lit. and God.). The primitive way of tying
+hounds together was by passing such a small flexible branch through
+the couplings which bent back on itself, both ends being held. "_Les
+chiens ... seront enhardez par les couples a genoivres ou a autre
+josne bois tors_" (Roy Modus, f. xlvii. recto). In France there used
+to be two hardes to each relay and not more than eight hounds in every
+harde (D'Yauville). In England there used to be about the same number.
+The term was still used in Blome's time (1686), for he writes in his
+"Gentleman's Recreation": "The huntsman on foot that hath the charge
+of the coupled hounds, and before that must have _hardled_ them, that
+is, with a slip, for the purpose ready secured three or four couple
+together, that they may not break in from him, to run into the cry of
+the Finders" (p. 88).
+
+_Harling_ was a word used in Devonshire, and as it meant tying the
+hound together by means of a rope passed through the rings of the
+couples, it is undoubtedly a corruption of the word _hardeling_.
+"Until comparatively recent times the hounds in Devonshire were taken
+to the meet and held in this manner until the time came to lay the
+pack on" (Collyns).
+
+_Hardel_, the technical O. E. term for binding together the four legs
+of the roebuck, the head having been placed between the two forelegs,
+in order to carry him whole into the kitchen.
+
+
+HARE. Pliny records the fable that hares "are of many and various
+sexes." Topsell remarks that "the Hebrews call the hare 'arnebet,' in
+the feminine gender," which word gave occasion to an opinion that all
+hares were females (pp. 264, 266).
+
+"In the Gwentian code of Welch laws supposed to be of the eleventh
+century, the hare is said not to be capable of any legal valuation,
+being in one month male and in another female" (Twici, p. 22).
+
+Certainly in many of the older writings on hares the pronouns "her"
+and "him" are used indiscriminately in the same sentence. Sir Thomas
+Browne in his treatise on vulgar errors asserts from his own
+observation that the sex of the hare is changeable, and that the buck
+hare will sometimes give birth to young. Up to the end of the
+eighteenth century there was a widespread and firm belief in this
+fable (Brehm, ii. p. 626). Buffon describes it as one of the animal's
+peculiar properties, and from the structure of their parts of
+generation he argues that the notion has arisen of hermaphrodite
+hares, that the males sometimes bring forth young, and that some are
+alternately males and females and perform the functions of either sex.
+
+"Master of Game" (copying G. de F.) states that the hare carries her
+young for a period of two months, but in reality the period of
+gestation is only thirty days. Harting says that the adult hare will
+breed twice or thrice in the year, but Brehm declares they breed as
+many as four times, and but seldom five times (Encyclop. of Sport,
+vol. ii. p. 504; Brehm, vol. ii. p. 626; G. de F. p. 47).
+
+G. de F. (p. 43) says of a hare, "_Elle oit bien, mais elle voit
+mal._" "Master of Game" translates this simply as _She hath evil
+sight_; but does not say she hears well. The sense of hearing is most
+highly developed in the hare, and every lightly breaking twig or
+falling leaf will disturb her. It is said that of old when warreners
+wished to prepare hares for the market they filled their ears with
+wax, so that, not being continually disturbed by noises, they did not
+move about much, and grew sleek and fat (Blome, p. 95). G. de F.'s
+assertion that the hare "has evil sight" is also confirmed by Brehm,
+who, however, says that they are endowed with a keen sense of smell,
+whereas G. de F. says _elle sent pou_.
+
+Attention has already been called to the Duke of York's statement that
+"the hare hath great fear to run." This arose probably from the
+similarity of the words _peur_ and _pouvoir_ in the MSS., for it
+should read "hath great power to run," the principal MSS. which we
+have examined showing _pouvoir_. Verard in his first edition of G. de
+F. also has the same rendering as the Duke of York, to which Lavallee
+draws attention as being one of the many ludicrous mistakes in this
+edition (G. de F., xli.).
+
+[Illustration: SHOOTING HARES WITH BLUNT BOLTS (From MS. f. fr. 616,
+_Bib. Nat._, Paris)]
+
+Our text calls the hare the most marvellous beast (p. 181), the
+reasons given being because she "fumeth or croteth and rowngeth and
+beareth tallow and grease." By "rowngeth" (Fr. _ronger_) it was meant
+that the hare chewed the cud, as by the ancients it was generally
+supposed that the hare was a ruminant. Although this is not the case,
+and the hare has not a compound stomach, nevertheless this belief
+showed a close observation of nature, for when a hare is seated she
+can bring up parts of her food and give it a second mastication.
+
+The hare and rabbit have little or no fat, but what they do possess is
+called grease. Twici says: _Il porte gresce_ (pp. 1 and 21).
+
+"She has teeth above in the same wise as beneath" (p. 181) is another
+of the peculiarities noticed in our text, which shows that the
+difference in dentition that distinguishes the hare from all other
+rodents had been remarked. Instead of two incisors in the upper jaw,
+the hare has four, having two small rudimentary incisor teeth behind
+the two large front ones, and five or six molars in the upper jaw,
+with two incisors and five molars in the lower jaw (Brehm, ii. p. 627;
+Cornish, "Shooting," ii. p. 153).
+
+It is difficult to know why the hare was considered a "melancholy"
+beast, and how this curious reputation was kept up during the whole of
+the Middle Ages. It was thought that eating the flesh of the hare
+rendered one also subject to melancholy. G. de F. does not mention
+this, and altogether his book is comparatively free of such
+superstitions, but he says the flesh of the hare should not be given
+to the hounds after a day's hunting, as it is indigestible: _quar elle
+est fastieuse viande et les fet vomir_ (p. 210). Therefore, when
+rewarding the hounds, they should only have the tongue and the
+kidneys, with some bread soaked in the blood of the hare.
+
+In our MS., at the end of the chapter on the nature of the hare (p.
+22), the Duke of York says that he "trows no good hunter would slee
+them so," alluding to pockets, pursenets, and other poaching devices;
+and although G. de F. gives six ways of taking the hare, he does not
+approve of such methods for the true sportsman, but enters an amusing
+protest: "I would that they who take hares thus should have them [the
+cords] round their own necks" (p. 171). Snaring hares was never
+considered legitimate sport. In hare-hunting proper, the hounds were
+taken into the fields to find the hare, as at present; or hare-finders
+were sent out early in the morning, and the tufts of grass or plants
+where the hare was likely to be seated were beaten, and the hounds
+uncoupled only when the hare was started. One of the chief differences
+in the sport between then and now was that often, when the hare was
+once on foot, greyhounds were also uncoupled, and our Plate, p. 182,
+shows greyhounds and running-hounds hunting seemingly happily
+together. It must have been rather discouraging for the old-fashioned,
+slow scenting-hound to have the hare he has been diligently hunting
+suddenly "bitten" in front of him by the swifter greyhound.
+Trencher-fed packs also existed as early as the fourteenth century,
+and we read in Gace de la Buigne that the small farmers would assemble
+together, bringing all told some forty hounds of different breeds and
+sizes, immensely enjoying their sport, and accounting for many hares.
+
+
+HARNESS means in our text "paraphernalia where-with animals can be
+caught or taken." It is frequently used in this sense by
+Gaston--_Hayes et autres Harnoys_ (p. 126). In Julien's note to this
+same sentence occurring in _Le bon Varlet_, he says, _autres harnois,
+autres engins, instruments, procedes_.
+
+
+HARRIER, spelt in early documents with many variations--_eirere_,
+_heyreres_, _heyrer_, _hayrers_. A hound which is described in modern
+dictionaries as "resembling a foxhound but smaller, used for
+hare-hunting" (Murray). This explanation would not have been a correct
+one for our harriers of the fourteenth century, for as far as we can
+gather they were used to hunt all kinds of game and by no means only
+the hare. They were evidently a smaller kind of running hound, for as
+our MS. says, there are some small and some large running hounds, "and
+the small are called Kenettis (or small dogs--_see_ Kenet), and these
+hounds run well to all manner of game and they that serve for all game
+men call them heirers" (p. III). And in chapter 36 we see that
+_heyrers_ were used to hunt up the deer in the forest, the herthounds
+and greyhounds meanwhile being held in leash till a warrantable deer
+was on foot, or till "the heyrer have well run and well made the
+rascal void" (made the smaller deer clear out of that part of the
+forest) (p. 191). Then the herthounds were to be uncoupled where the
+most likely "ligging is for an hert, and seek." The herthounds then
+put up the wary old stag and hunted him till he came to the tryst
+where the King would be with his long bow or cross-bow, or till the
+hert was pulled down by them or the greyhounds which had been slipped
+at him.
+
+In the chapter on hare-hunting in our MS. the word harrier does not
+occur; only hounds, greyhounds, and raches are mentioned. So when
+Henry IV. paid for "_La garde de nos chiens appelez hayrers_" (Privy
+Seal, 20 Aug. 9th Henry, 1408, No. 5874), or Henry V. for the
+"_Custodiam Canum nostrum vocatorum hayreres_" (Rot. Pat. I Henry V.
+1413), it was not because they were especially addicted to
+hare-hunting, but because they kept these useful hounds to "harry"
+game.
+
+In 1407 we find one Hugh Malgrave "_servienti venatori' vocat' hayters
+p' c'vo (cervo)_," which we may accept as another proof that their
+office was to hunt the stag. The Duke of York also repeatedly says
+that "_heirers_" run at all game (see pp. III, 196, 197). In 1423 Hugh
+Malgrave still held the "office of the hayrers" by grant from Henry
+IV. In the curious legal Latin of the thirteenth century, we find the
+word _canes heirettes_, and _heyrettor_ (Wardrobe Accounts, 34 Ed.
+I.).
+
+There are a great number of early records which show us that these
+hounds were used then for hunting red and fallow deer, sometimes in
+conjunction with greyhounds and sometimes without their aid.
+
+Harriers were sometimes taken with buckhounds on hunting expeditions
+as well as with greyhounds. In some of the documents harriers are
+simply alluded to as _canes currentes_. As they were not a distinct
+breed, but were included under the designation "raches," or running
+hounds, a separate chapter is not given to them in our text, and
+neither Twici nor the Dame of St. Albans mentions these hounds.
+Gradually we find the spelling, although presenting still countless
+variations, bringing the _a_ more constantly than the _e_; the
+"_heirers_" become _hayrers_, _hareres_, _hariers_, and after the
+sixteenth century harriers. It is also probable that the word was
+originally derived from the Anglo-Saxon _Hergian_, _herian_, to harry,
+to disturb, to worry; O. Fr. _harrier_, _herrier_, _herier_, to harry;
+F. _hare_ and _harer_, to set a dog on to attack. The harrier, in
+fact, was a dog to "hare" the game. Although now obsolete, we find
+this word used late in the seventeenth century.
+
+"Let the hounds kill the fox themselves and worry and _hare_ him as
+much as they please" (Cox, "Gent. Rec.," p. 110). It is also in the
+sixteenth century that one comes across the first allusions to their
+use in hunting the hare.
+
+
+HART. It is not necessary to dwell here at length upon the great
+esteem in which the hart was held by all devotees to sport in Europe
+during the Middle Ages. It was royal game, and belonged to the Prince
+or ruler of the country, and the chase was their prerogative. Few
+unconnected with the court were ever able to enjoy the chase of the
+stag unless in attendance on or by special licence granted by the
+sovereign. Those who had extensive property of their own and had
+permission to erect a fence could, of course, keep deer on it, but
+this did not enable them to enjoy the sport of real wild deer hunting,
+or _La chasse Royale_ as the French called it.
+
+The stag was one of the five beasts of venery, and was, according to
+the ancient French regulations, a beast of the sweet foot, although in
+the list of beasts of sweet and stinking foot given in the "Boke of
+St. Albans" the hart is included in neither category (_see_ Appendix:
+Fewte).
+
+One of the first essentials for a huntsman in the Middle Ages was to
+learn to know the different _signs_ of a stag (according to German
+venery there were seventy-two signs), so as to be able to "judge
+well." These signs were those of the _slot_, the _gait_, the
+_fraying-post_, the _rack_ or _entry_ (_i.e._ the place where the stag
+entered covert), and the _fumes_. By recognising differences in these
+signs made by a young stag, a hind, and a warrantable stag, he was
+enabled to find out where the latter was harbouring, and by the slot
+and gait he could recognise when the chased stag was approaching his
+end.
+
+There were many things that the huntsman of old had to learn regarding
+the stag before he could be considered as more than an apprentice--for
+instance, how to speak of a hart in terms of venery. The terms used
+were considered of the greatest importance, even to the manner in
+which the colour of the stag was spoken of, brown, yellow, or dun
+being the only permissible terms to distinguish the shade of colour.
+Special terms are given for every kind of head, or antlers, a stag
+might bear.
+
+The huntsman spoke of the stag's _blenches_ and _ruses_ when alluding
+to the tricks of a deer when trying to rid himself of the hounds, of
+his _doubling_ and _rusing to and fro upon himself_ when he retraced
+his steps, of his _beating up the river_ when he swam up-stream, and
+of _foiling down_, when he went down-stream, or of _going to soil_
+when he stood in water. When the deer lay down he was _quat_, when he
+stood still in covert he was _stalling_. When he was tired he "_cast
+his chaule" i.e._ drooped his head, a well-known sign when the deer is
+done, as was his closed mouth when dead beat.
+
+The hart was _meved_ or moved, when he was started from his
+resting-place; he was _quested_ or hunted for, and _sued_ or chased;
+his resting-place was called his _ligging_ or _lair_, his scent of
+line of flight, his _fues_. He was spoken of as _soule_ or _soile_ (F.
+_seule_) if unaccompanied by other deer, and in "_herd with rascal and
+folly_" if keeping company with lesser deer.
+
+Besides many other quaint terms of venery the following were the
+designations given to the hart according to his age by:--
+
+                             Twici, "Boke of St.        Blome; Cox's
+      "Master of Game."      Albans," Manwood,          "Gentleman's
+                             Turbervile.                Recreations."
+
+    1st yr.  A calf.         A calf.                A hinde-calf or calf.
+    2nd  "   A bullock.      A brocket.             A knobler or knobber.
+    3rd  "   A brocket.      A spayer, spayard, or  A brocket or brocke.
+                               spayd.
+    4th  "   A staggart.     A staggart or stag.    A staggard.
+    5th  "   A hart of ten.  A hart.                A hart.
+
+Until he was a hart of ten our text tells us he was not considered a
+chaseable or warrantable deer. By the above one will see that the
+"Master of Game" is exceptional in calling a deer of the second year a
+bullock, brocket being the usual term.
+
+In old French literature we occasionally find the word _broches_ used
+for the tines of a deer's antlers; brochet would be the diminutive,
+_i.e._ a small tine, and hence perhaps brocket, a young stag bearing
+small tines. Any stag of ten or over if hunted by the king became a
+Hart Royal, and if hunted and not taken, but driven out of the forest,
+a proclamation was made to warn every one that no person should chase
+or kill the said hart, and he was then a "Hart Royal proclaimed"
+(Man., p. 180).
+
+All stags not chaseable, such as young or lean stags and hinds, were
+classed as folly or rascal.
+
+A young stag accompanying an old one was called his squire (F.
+_escuyer_).
+
+Hinds also were called by different names from the first to the third
+year, but the "Master of Game" does not give these, nor do any of the
+earliest works. Manwood, Blome, and Cox give the following terms:
+first year, a calf; second year, a Hearse or brocket's sister; third
+year and ever after, a hind. A somewhat similar term was employed in
+France to denote a young stag between six months and a year old.
+_Haire_, also spelt _her_ (G. de Champgrand Baudrillard), and
+_Harpaille_, was the term for a herd of young stags and hinds.
+
+_Hart's Age._--The fable that a stag can live a hundred years which
+the "Master of Game" repeats (p. 34) after G. de F. was not of the
+latter's invention, but one that had been current for many centuries
+before their day.
+
+
+HORNS.--When the "Master of Game" was written hunting horns were the
+curved primitive shape of those made from the horns of animals, and
+most of them probably were still made of the horns of cattle, while
+those used by the richer gentry and nobles were fashioned from some
+rarer animals' trophy, such as the ibex, or carved of ivory, and some
+were made of precious metal. But whether of simple horn, ivory, or of
+wood, they were decorated with gold or silver ferrules, rings, and
+mouthpieces, and some being provided with a stopper, could be
+converted into drinking horns. Unfortunately the "Master of Game" does
+not tell us the material of which horns should be made. He simply says
+how they should "be dryve." They were to be two spans long (1 ft. 6
+in.), slightly curved so that both ends were raised from three to four
+fingers' breadth above the centre; the larger end or the bell was to
+be as wide as possible, and the mouthpiece not too small. It was waxed
+thickly or thinly, whichever the huntsman thought produced the best
+sound. What effect the wax had can scarcely be judged, but it was
+evidently considered an improvement, as it is stated that for
+foresters "mene hornes and unwexid" are good enough for them. Besides
+the hunter's horn five different kinds of horns are mentioned in our
+MS.--the bugle, great abbots, ruets, small foresters, and mean horns.
+The bugle was not the trumpet we now understand by that name, but a
+simple curved horn, most probably deriving its name from the bugle, as
+the wild ox was called; although Dryden says from the German word
+_bugel_, a curve or bend. Ruets may have been the name for a much
+curved or almost circular horn, from French _rouette_, small wheel.
+The mean horns were probably the medium-sized, shrill-sounding horns
+made out of wood or bark, known as _menuels_, _menuiaux_, _moienel_,
+_menuier_, &c. (Perc. 27,166 and 27,140).
+
+A good length for a horn is mentioned as being "_une paume et demie_"
+(Perceval, 31,750). It is uncertain whether this length and that given
+by the "Master of Game" were measured round the inside of the bend or
+in a straight line between the two extremities. The famous Borstall
+horn, also known as Nigel's horn, is 2 feet 4 inches long on the
+convex and 23 inches on the concave bend; the inside measure of the
+bell end being 3 inches in diameter. The size of another noted horn,
+_i.e._ the Pusey horn, is 2 feet 1/2 inch long, the circumference at
+the widest end being 12 inches. The general length of these horns
+seems to have been somewhere between 18 inches and 2 feet. The
+above-mentioned specimens were horns of tenure, the first being a
+hunting-, the second a drinking-horn. The Borstall horn is said to
+have been given by Edward the Confessor to one Nigel, in reward for
+his killing an immense wild boar, and by this horn he and his
+successors for generations held lands of the crown.
+
+The curved horn remained in fashion in England till about the latter
+half of the seventeenth century, then a straight one came into use
+about 1 ft. 6 in. to 2 ft. long, such as we see depicted in Blome. Of
+this shape, but a few inches shorter, is the hunting-horn still in
+use in England. The French hunting-horn was used in England in the
+eighteenth century, but did not remain long in fashion.
+
+
+HUNTING CRIES. We can see that the hunting cries and the language used
+in speaking to the hounds when hunting in the days of the "Master of
+Game" were still those brought into Britain by the Normans, and in
+most instances the words can actually still be recognised as French.
+There are only a few examples given by him as to the manner a huntsman
+should speak to his hounds in the stag-hunting chapters, such as:--
+
+_Ho moy, ho moy, hole, hole, hole_: To encourage the limer when
+drawing for a stag (p. 166).
+
+_Cy va, cy va, cy va_: To call the hounds when any signs of the stag
+were seen (p. 167).
+
+_Le douce mon amy, le douce_: "Softly, my friend, softly." To the
+hounds when they were uncoupled near to where the stag was supposed to
+be lying.
+
+_Sto arere, so howe, so howe_: "Hark back," if the hounds were on a
+wrong scent.
+
+_Hoo sto, ho sto, mon amy, ho sto_: To harriers drawing for a stag.
+
+_Oyez, a Beaumont, oyez, assemble a Beaumont_: "Hark to Beaumont,
+hark, get to him." To the hound of that name who picks up the right
+line, and to bring the other hounds to him.
+
+It is in the hare-hunting chapter that we have more of the "fayre
+wordis of venery," and here, if the "Master of Game" does not
+slavishly copy Twici, yet he employs the same cries, with a slight
+difference only in orthography. The "Boke of St. Albans" has also most
+of the following:--
+
+_Hoo arere_: "Back there." When the hounds come too hastily out of the
+kennel.
+
+_So moun amy atreyt_: Until they come into the field; these two are
+not given by Twici, but the following are identical in both books:--
+
+_Hors de couple, avaunt sy avaunt_, and thrice _so howe_: When the
+hounds are uncoupled.
+
+_Sa sa cy avaunt, cy sa avaunt, sa cy avaunt (avaunt, sire, avaunt_,
+in Twici): Forward, sir, forward.
+
+_Here how, amy, how amy, and Swef, mon amy, swef_: "Gently, my friend,
+gently" (_swef_, from Latin _swavis_), when the hounds draw too fast
+from the huntsman.
+
+_Oyez, a Beaumont_ (in Twici: _Oyez, a Beaumont le vaillaunt que il
+quide trover le coward od la courte cowe_): "Hark to Beaumont the
+valiant, who thinks to find the coward with the short tail."
+
+_La douce, la il ad este sohowe_: "Softly, there--here he has been,"
+if the place where the hare has pastured is seen.
+
+_Illoeques, illoeques_: "Here, here," if the hounds hunt well on the
+line (_see_ Appendix: Illoeques).
+
+_Ha sy toutz, cy est il venuz arere, so howe. Sa cy a este so howe. Sa
+cy avaunt_: "Here, he has gone back. Here he has been. Forward there."
+When the hare has doubled.
+
+_La douce amy, il est venuz illoeques, sohowe_: "Softly, friend, he is
+here." When the hounds hunt well in fields or arable land.
+
+_La douce, amy, la est il venuz (pur lue segere sohow)_: "Softly,
+friend, here he has come to seat himself" (Mid. Eng., _sege_--a seat.
+Latin, _sedere_).
+
+_La douce, amy, la il est venuz (pur meyndir)_: "Here he has been to
+feed" (_meyndir_, from Latin _manducare_, _mandere_).
+
+The bracketed part of the last two cries are given in the MS. of Twety
+and Gyff., and the following are only in the "Master of Game":--
+
+_Le valliant oyez, oyez who bo bowe_, and then, _Avaunt, assemble,
+assemble, war war, a ha war_, for running riot. _How assamy assamy so
+arere so howe bloues acoupler._
+
+On seeing the pricking or footing of the hare: _Le voye, le voye_
+("The view, the view").
+
+In France, _Tallyho_, or a very similar sounding word, was employed in
+the early days when the huntsman was sure that the right stag had gone
+away, whether he only knew it by his slot, &c., or whether he had
+viewed him.
+
+It was also a call to bring up the hounds when the stag had gone away,
+and at the end of the _curee_, when the huntsman held part of the
+entrails of the deer on a large wooden fork, and the hounds bayed it
+(which was called the _forhu_), the huntsman called out _Tallyho_.
+
+We only find _Tallyho_ in comparatively recent English hunting
+literature and songs--never, so far as I am aware, before the late
+seventeenth century, and it does not occur at all constantly until the
+eighteenth century. Neither Turbervile nor Blome nor Cox, in their
+books on the various chases, mention such a word, though we find
+instruction to the huntsman to say "Hark to him," "Hark forward,"
+"Hark back," and "To him, to him"; besides the inevitable "So how
+sohow." Neither in Twici, "Master of Game," "Boke of St. Albans,"
+Chaucer, or Shakespeare can we find an invigorating _Tallyho_. It
+would almost appear as if it were a seventeenth century importation
+from across the Channel, which is quite possible, for Henry IV. of
+France sent in that century three of his best huntsmen, Desprez, de
+Beaumont, and de Saint-Ravy, to the Court of King James I. to teach
+the royal huntsmen how to hunt the stag in the French way, English
+Court hunting having degenerated into coursing of stags within the
+park palings.
+
+_Taiaut_ in France was used solely in the chase of red, fallow, or roe
+deer.
+
+
+HUNTING MUSIC. In the "Master of Game," as in all the earliest hunting
+literature, much importance is placed on the huntsman's sounding his
+horn in the proper manner in order, as Twici says, that "Each man who
+is around you, who understands Hunting, can know in which point you
+are in your sport by your blowing." The author of "Master of Game" (p.
+170) says he will give us "a chapter which is all of blowing," but he
+omitted to fulfil this promise, so that we have only such information
+as we can gather in his chapters on stag and hare-hunting. The
+differences in the signals were occasioned by the length of the sound
+or note, and the intervals between each. Twici expresses these notes
+in syllables, such as _trout_, _trout_, _trourourout_. The first of
+these would be single notes, with an interval between them, blown
+probably with a separate breath or wind for each; the latter would be
+three notes blown without interval and with a single breath or wind.
+The principal sounds on the hunting horn were named as follows:--
+
+A _Moot_ or _Mote_, a single note, which might be sounded long or
+short.
+
+A _Recheat_. To recheat, Twici says, "blow in this manner,
+_trourourourout, trourourourout, trourourourout_," therefore a
+four-syllabled sound succeeded by an interval, blown three times. In
+the "Master of Game" we find the recheat preceded or followed by a
+moot, the most constantly recurring melody. When the limer has moved
+the stag, and the huntsman sees him go away, he was to blow a moot and
+recheat. If the stag is moved but not viewed, and the huntsman knows
+only by the slot that it is his stag that has gone away, he is to
+recheat without the moot, for that was only to be blown when the stag
+was seen. When the hounds are at fault and any one finds the slot of
+the deer, he should recheat "in the rightes and blow a long moot for
+the lymerer," or if he thinks he sees the hunted stag, he should blow
+a moot and recheat, and after that blow two moots for the hounds.
+
+The _Forlonge_. A signal that the stag had got away far ahead of the
+hounds or that these had distanced some or all of the huntsmen (_see_
+Appendix: Forlonge).
+
+The _Perfect_ or _Parfit_. Twici says it began by "a moot and then
+_trourourout, trout, trout, trourourout, trourourout, trourourout,
+trout, trout, trourourourout_," "and then to commence by another moot
+again, and so you ought to blow three times. And to commence by a moot
+and to finish by a moot." This was only blown when the hounds were
+hunting the right line (_see_ Appendix: Parfet).
+
+The _Prise_. Twici says, blow four moots for the taking of the deer.
+According to the "Master of Game," "the prise or coupling up" was to
+be blown by the chief personage of the hunt only, after the quarry. It
+was only blown when the deer had been slain by strength, or hunted,
+and not when shot or coursed. He was to blow four moots, wait a short
+interval (half an Ave Maria), and blow another four notes a little
+longer than the first four.
+
+The _Menee_. Twici says the _Menee_ should only be blown for the hart,
+the boar, the wolf, and the male wolf, but he does not give us any
+analysis of this melody. In the "Master of Game" we are told that the
+_Menee_ was blown at the hall-door on the return of the huntsmen. The
+Master first blew four moots alone, then at the end of the four moots
+the others joined him in blowing, and they all continued keeping time
+together (_see_ Appendix: Menee).
+
+The _Mort_ or _Death_ was another sound of the horn, but we have no
+description of the notes. Perhaps it is synonymous with the _Prise_.
+
+The _Stroke_ must have been another grouping of short and long notes,
+but of this we have no record.
+
+Hardouin de Fontaines Guerin wrote a poem on the chase chiefly
+concerning the different manners of blowing such as obtained in his
+native country the provinces of Anjou and Maine. The poem was
+illustrated with fourteen miniatures showing the notes to be blown on
+as many different occasions during stag-hunting.
+
+The notes are written in little squares: [**white] denoting a long
+note; [**black] a short note; [**white][**white] a note of two long
+syllables; [**black][**black] a note of two short syllables;
+[**black][**white][**white] a note of one short and two long
+syllables; and [**black][**white][**white][**black][**black] a note of
+one short, two long, and two short syllables. Of these six notes
+combinations were made for all the signals to be blown.
+
+
+ILLOEQUES, "here in this place," from the L. _illo loco_. Sometimes it
+is spelt _illecques_, _iluec_, _illosques_, &c. It is constantly met
+with in Anglo-Norman, and the Provence dialects (Botman, pp. 90, 242;
+T. M., pp. 31, 93, 142; Roy Modus, lxix.; and in the will of the Duke
+of York, Nichols). It has been suggested that it is the origin of the
+familiar _yoicks_. In the "Boke of St. Albans" in the verses on
+hare-hunting it also occurs.
+
+[Illustration: FROM HARDOUIN DE FONTAINES GUERIN'S WORK, WRITTEN IN
+1394]
+
+
+JOPEYE, synonymous with _jupper_, which, according to Cotgrave, is an
+old word signifying "to whoot, showt, crie out alowd." The French word
+_juper_, _jupper_, also spelt _joppeir_, had the same meaning, and we
+find it employed in the "Chace dou cerf" for a halloa in hunting in a
+similar way to _jopeye_ in our text:
+
+    "_Et puis juppe ou corne i. lonc mot
+    Chaucuns en a joie qui l'ot._"
+
+In the sense it is used in our "Master of Game" (p. 185) it means to
+halloa to the hounds, to encourage them with the voice.
+
+
+KENETTES, small hounds. Kenet is a diminutive form of the
+Norman-French _kenet_, and the O. F. _chen_, _cienetes_, _chenet_, a
+dog: _i veneour a ii cienetes, Ne mie grans mais petitetes, Et plus
+blans que n'est flors d'espine_ (Percival, 22,895). Derived from the
+Latin _canis_ (_see_ Appendix: Harriers).
+
+
+LIGGING, a bed, a resting-place, a lair. From O. Eng. _licgan_,
+_licgean_, Goth. _ligan_, lie, lie down. The ligging of the hart was
+what we now call his lair, spelt also layer. In our MS. it is used for
+the dwelling of a wild cat (p. 71).
+
+This old expression is not entirely obsolete, but can be heard still
+among the country people of the northern counties of England.
+
+
+LIMER, lymer; the name given to a scenting-hound which was held in a
+liam or leash whilst tracking the game. Limers never were any distinct
+breed of hounds, but, of course, some breeds produced better limers
+than others (De Noirmont, vol. ii. p. 350).
+
+A dog used as a limer had to be keen on the scent, staunch on the
+line, not too fast, and was taught to run mute, for if the exact
+whereabouts of any game had to be discovered, it would have been
+impossible, if the hound gave tongue or challenged while on the scent.
+A likely hound was chosen from the kennel at an early age, G. de F.
+says at a year old (p. 157), and from that time accompanied his
+master, sleeping in his room, and being taught to obey him. He was
+continually taken out by his master with collar and liam and
+encouraged to follow the scent of hinds and of stags and other beasts,
+and punished should he venture to acknowledge the scent of any animal
+he was not being entered to, or should he open on finding or following
+the line.
+
+In England as well as on the Continent the huntsman went out in the
+early morning to track the game to be hunted to its lair, or den,
+before the pack and huntsmen came into the field. Deer, wild boar,
+bear and wolves were thus harboured by means of a limer. Twici makes
+the apprentice huntsman ask: "Now I wish to know how many of the
+beasts are moved by the lymer, and how many of the beasts are found by
+braches?--Sir, all those which are chased are moved by a lymer, and
+all those which are hunted up (_enquillez_) are found by the braches"
+(Twici, p. 12; _see_ Appendix: Acquillez).
+
+Limers were not only employed when a warrantable stag was to be hunted
+by hounds, but a huntsman going out with his bow or cross-bow would
+have his brachet on a liam and let him hunt up the quarry he wished to
+shoot (_see_ Appendix: Bercelet). Also, the day before one of the
+large battues for big game, the limers would be taken out to ascertain
+what game there was in the district to be driven.
+
+A liam, _lyome_, or _lyame_, was a rope made of silk or leather by
+which hounds were led, from O. F. _liamen_, a strap or line, Latin
+_ligamen_. This strap was fastened to the collar by a swivel, and both
+collar and liams were often very gorgeous. We read of "A lyame of
+white silk with collar of white vellat embrawdered with perles, the
+swivell of silver." "Dog collors of crymson vellat with VI lyhams of
+white leather." "A lieme of grene and white silke." "Three lyames and
+colors with tirrett of silver and quilt" (Madden, "Expenses of
+Princess Mary").
+
+A hound was said to carry his liam well when he just kept it at proper
+tension, not straining it, for that would show that he was of too
+eager temperament, and likely to overshoot the line; if he trailed his
+liam on the ground, it showed that he was slack or unwilling
+(D'Yauville).
+
+As soon as the stag was "moved" the limer's work was over, but only
+for the time being; his master led him away, the other hounds were
+uncoupled, and the harbourer, mounting his horse and keeping his limer
+with him, rode as close to the chase as he could, skirting below the
+wind and being careful not to cross the line, but managing to be at
+hand in case the stag should run in company or give the hounds the
+change. In this case the huntsman had to check the hounds, and wait
+for the harbourer and limer to come up and unravel the change, and put
+the pack on the right scent once more.
+
+The method of starting the stag with a limer was not done away with in
+France until the eighteenth century, although in Normandy a change had
+been made previously, and probably in England also. For our author
+says that some sportsmen even in his time, when impatient, would
+uncouple a few of the hounds in the covert, before the stag had been
+properly started by the limer, which practice he, however, was not in
+favour of except under the conditions he mentions.
+
+This uncoupling of a few older hounds in covert to start the deer,
+coupling them again as soon as the deer was on foot, was later called
+_tufting_, and is still customary in Devon and Somerset.
+
+The limer was not rewarded with the other hounds; he received his
+reward from the hands of his master before or after the other hounds,
+and after he had bayed the head of the stag.
+
+When not quoting or translating the old text the more modern spelling
+of _li_mer has been used.
+
+
+MADNESS. Old Eng. and Mid. Eng. _Woodness_, _wodnesse_, and _wodnyss_;
+mad, _wode_. The seven different sorts of madnesses spoken of by the
+"Master of Game" are also mentioned in nearly all subsequent works on
+old hunting dealing with "sicknesses of hounds." They are the hot
+burning madness, running madness, dumb madness, lank madness,
+rheumatic madness or slavering madness, falling madness, sleeping
+madness.
+
+These are mentioned in Roy Modus, and the cure for rabies, of taking
+the afflicted dog to the sea and letting nine waves wash over him, as
+well as the cock cure mentioned in our English MS., were both taken by
+Gaston from Roy Modus, or both derived them from some common source
+(Roy Modus, fol. xlv. r).
+
+The water cure is mentioned also by Albertus Magnus (Alb. Mag., 215, a
+27).
+
+It seems likely to have been to try the efficacy of this cure that
+King Edward I. sent some of his hounds to Dover to bathe in the sea,
+the following account for which is entered in his Wardrobe Accounts:
+
+"To John le Berner, going to Dover to bathe six braches by the King's
+order and for staying there for 21 days for his expense 3. 6d" (6
+Edward I. Quoted from MS. Philipps, 8676).
+
+The means of recognising rabies by a cock is also mentioned in the
+recipe of the eleventh century given by Avicenna (957-1037), and it
+appears again in Vincentius Bellovacensis and is also to be found in
+Alexander Neckham. Although the manner of using the cock for this
+purpose varies, we see by the fact of its being mentioned in different
+works preceding our MS. that the cock enjoyed some legendary renown
+for at least a couple of centuries before Gaston (Werth, p. 55).
+
+Nowadays only two varieties of rabies are recognised: furious and dumb
+rabies. The numerous divisions of the old authors were based on
+different stages of the disease and slight variations in the symptoms.
+
+When a dog is attacked with rabies its owner often supposes that the
+dog has a bone in its throat, so that a report of this condition is
+regarded by veterinary surgeons with suspicion. This corresponds with
+the description in our text of dogs, with their mouths "somewhat
+gaping, as if they were _enosed_ in their throat."
+
+
+MASTIFF, from F. _metif_, O. F. _mestif_, M. E. _mastyf_, _mestiv_,
+mixed breed, a mongrel dog (Cent. Dict., Murray). Some etymologists
+have suggested that the word mastiff was derived from _masethieves_,
+as these dogs protected their master's houses and cattle from thieves
+(Manwood, p. 113). Others again give _mastinus_, i.e. _maison tenant_,
+house-dog, as the origin, but the first derivation given of _mestif_,
+mongrel, is the one now generally recognised.
+
+Although it will be quite evident to any one comparing the mastiff
+depicted in our Plate, p. 122, with any picture of the British mastiff
+that the two are very different types, we must not therefore conclude
+that the artist was at fault, but that the French _matin_, which is
+what our MS. describes and depicts, was by no means identical with our
+present English breed of mastiffs, nor even with the old British
+mastiff or bandog. The French _matins_ were generally big, hardy dogs,
+somewhat light in the body, with long heads, pointed muzzles,
+flattened forehead, and semi-pendant ears; some were rough and others
+smooth coated.
+
+_Matins_ were often used for tackling the wild boar when run by other
+hounds, so as to save the more valuable ones when the boar turned to
+bay.
+
+In this chase, as well as when they were used to protect their
+master's flocks against wolves, huge iron spiked collars were fastened
+round the dog's neck. These spiked collars were very formidable
+affairs; one of very ancient make which I have measures inside nearly
+eight inches in diameter, and the forty-eight spikes are an inch long,
+the whole weighing without the padlock that fastened it together about
+two pounds.
+
+In England the name Mastiff was not in general use till a much later
+date, even as late as the end of the eighteenth century, Osbaldiston
+in his Dictionary ignoring the term mastiff, and using, like a true
+Saxon, the old term bandog (Wynn, p. 72). In the seventeenth and
+eighteenth centuries the terms were generally synonymous, and it seems
+quite possible that the mastiff of the ancient forest laws was not our
+bandog, but denoted, as in France, any large house-dog capable of
+defending his master and his master's goods, watching his cattle, and,
+as frequently necessary, powerful enough to attack the depredatory
+wolf or the wild boar. These would in all likelihood be a very mixed
+breed, and thoroughly justify the name _mestif_ or mongrel.
+
+Cotgrave in his French-English Dictionary gives the following:--
+
+"_Mastin_, a mastiue or bandog; a great country curre; also a rude,
+filthie, currish or cruell fellow."
+
+We find the word _matin_ in France used as a term of opprobrium, or a
+name of contempt for any ugly or distorted body or a coarse person:
+"_C'es un matin, un vilain matin._" Many interesting facts about the
+mastiff have been collected by Jesse in his "History of the British
+Dog," but he also makes the mistake of considering that the "Master of
+Game" and Turbervile give us the description of the dogs then existing
+in England, whereas these descriptions really relate only to French
+breeds, although the characteristics may in many cases have tallied
+sufficiently; but in others a dire confusion has resulted from blindly
+copying from one another.
+
+
+MENEE, from Latin _minare_, something which is led, a following. This
+word frequently occurs in the mediaeval romances, and usually denoted
+pursuit, either in battle or in the hunting field (Borman, p. 37).
+
+There are various meanings attached to _menee_:--
+
+1. The line of flight the stag or other game has taken, and _Chacier
+la menee_ seems to have meant hunting with horn and hound by scent on
+the line of flight, in contradiction to the chase with the bow or
+crossbow, which was called _berser_ (_Le Roman des Loherains_, 106, c.
+30). In G. de F. (p. 157) it is used in the same sense. The meaning
+in which Gaston de Foix uses the word menee is explained by him: _Et
+puis se metre apres, et chevauchier menee: c'est a dire par ou les
+chiens et le cerf vont_ (G. de F., pp. 43, 44, 171, 179). See also
+_Chace dou Cerf_ and Hard. de Font. Guer. Edit. Pichon.
+
+2. The challenge of the hound when on the line. Page 171, we read that
+a hunter should know whether the hounds have retrieved their stag by
+the doubling of their menee, _i.e._ the hounds would make more noise
+as soon as they found the scent or line of flight of the stag they
+were chasing. _Menee_ evidently meant the sound made by the hound when
+actually following the scent, not when baying the game. Later the
+sense seems to have been widened, and a musical hound was said to have
+_la menee belle_ (Salnove, p. 246).
+
+3. A note sounded on a horn (_see_ Appendix: Hunting Music). It was
+the signal that the deer was in full flight. It appears to be used in
+Twici to signify the horn-signal blown when the hounds are on the
+scent of hart, boar or wolf, to press the hounds onwards (Twici, p.
+23). This author says one cannot blow the menee for the hare, because
+it is at one time female and another male, and to this Dryden in his
+notes remarks that Twici is perfectly right in saying a man ought not
+to blow the menee for a hare; for as every one knows, it is but a rare
+occurrence for a hare to go straight on end like a fox, for they
+commonly double and run rings, in which case if the hounds were
+pressed, they would over-run the scent and probably lose the hare. But
+he does not explain why Twici says if it were always male the menee
+could be blown at it as at other beasts, such as the hart, the boar,
+and the wolf. Is it that a male hare will occasionally run a long,
+straight course of several miles, but that the female runs smaller
+rings and more constantly retraces her steps, and therefore the menee
+could never be blown at her?
+
+4. Menee was also used in the sense of a signal on a horn.
+
+The "Master of Game" says the _menees_ should be sounded on the return
+of the huntsman at the hall or cellar door (p. 179). There was a
+curious old custom which occasioned the blowing of the horn in
+Westminster Abbey. Two _menees_ were blown at the high altar of the
+Abbey on the delivery there of eight fallow deer which Henry III. had
+by charter granted as a yearly gift to the Abbot of Westminster and
+his successors.
+
+
+METYNGE, here evidently means meating or feeding. As the "Master of
+Game" says: "or pasturing" as if the two words were synonymous, as
+_metinge_ also was Mid. Eng. for _measure_, it might have been a deer
+of "high measure and pasturing." But anyhow the two were practically
+identical, for as Twici says: "Harts which are of good pasture. For
+the head grows according to the pasture; good or otherwise." See
+below: MEUTE.
+
+
+MEUTE had several meanings in Old French venery.
+
+1. The "Master of Game" translated G. de F.'s "grant cerf" as a hart
+of high feeding or pasture. But he omitted to render the following
+passage: "_Et s'il est de bonne meute, allons le laisser courre._" The
+"_bonne meute_" is not translated by "high meating." It was an
+expression in use to indicate whether the stag was in good company or
+not. If a warrantable stag was accompanied by one or two large stags
+he was termed "_Un cerf de bonne mute_" (or _meute_), but if hinds and
+young stags (rascal) were with him he was designated as a "_cerf de
+mauvaise mute_." In Roy Modus we read: "_La premiere est de savoir
+s'il est de bonne mute._"
+
+Perhaps _meute_ when used in this sense was derived from the old
+Norman word _moeta_, _m[=a][=e]ta_, from _m[=o]t_, meet, come
+together. There was also an Old Eng. word _metta_ or _gemetta,_
+companion.
+
+2. Meute was also used in another sense which is translated by the
+"Master of Game" as _haunts_, probably the place the deer usually
+moves in. G. says: "_Il prendra conge de sa meute_," and the "Master
+of Game" has: "he leaves his haunts." If a deer was harboured in a
+good country for hunting he was also called "_En belle meute_"
+(D'Yauville, voc. _Meute_).
+
+It was in this sense that the "Seneschal de Normandye" answers the
+question of his royal mistress about the stag he himself had harboured
+that morning; he tells her the stag was _En belle meute et pays fort_.
+
+3. MEUTE, MUTE, a number of hounds, now called a pack or kennel of
+hounds or a cry of hounds.
+
+
+MEW, _Mue_, to shed, cast, or change. "The hart mews his horns," the
+deer casts his head, or sheds his antlers. From the French _muer_, and
+the Latin _mutare_, to change, of hawks to moult.
+
+
+MOVE, MEU, Meue, mewe, meeve, old forms of move. To start a hart
+signified to unharbour him, to start him from his lair.
+
+G. de F. says: _Allons le laisser courre_; but the word _meu_ or
+_meve_ was also used in Old French in the same way as in English.
+
+Twici says: _Ore vodroi ioe savoir quantez des betes sunt meuz de
+lymer, e quanz des bestes sunt trouez des brachez.... Sire, touz ceaus
+qe sunt enchaces; sunt meuz de lymer. E tous ceaus enquillez sunt
+trovez de brachez._ (Now I would wish to know how many beasts are
+moved by a lymer and how many beasts are found by the braches.--Sir,
+all those which are chased are moved by a lymer. And all those which
+are hunted up are found by braches.) (Line 18; Tristan., i. 4337;
+Partonopeus de Blois, 607.)
+
+
+MUSE, _Meuse_. An opening in a fence through which a hare or other
+animal is accustomed to pass. An old proverb says: "'Tis as hard to
+find a hare without a muse, as a woman without scuse."
+
+"A hare will pass by the same muses until her death or escape" (Blome,
+p. 92).
+
+
+NUMBLES. M. E. _nombles_, _noumbles_; O. F. _nombles_. The parts of a
+deer between the thighs, that is to say, the liver and kidneys and
+entrails. Part, and sometimes the whole of the numbles were considered
+the right of the huntsman; sometimes the huntsman only got the
+kidneys, and the rest was put aside with the tit-bits reserved for the
+King or chief personage (Turb., pp. 128-129). Numbles by loss of the
+initial letter became umbles (Harrison, vol. i. p. 309), and was
+sometimes written humbles, whence came "humble pie," now only
+associated with the word humble. Humble pie was a pie made of the
+umbles or numbles of the deer, and formerly at hunting feasts was set
+before the huntsman and his followers.
+
+
+OTTER. The Duke of York does not tell us anything of the chase of the
+Otter, but merely refers one at the end of the chapter on "The Nature
+of the Otter" to Milbourne, the King's Otter-hunter, for more
+information and says, "as of all other vermin I speak not" (p. 73).
+The Otter was evidently beneath his notice, as being neither regarded
+as a beast of venery nor of the chase (Twety and Gyfford, Brit. Mus.
+MS. Vesp. B. XII.). But the very fact that the King had an
+Otter-hunter shows that it was a beast not altogether despised,
+although probably hunted more for the value of its skin and for the
+protection of the fish than for the sport.
+
+The Milbourne referred to by the Duke of York can scarcely be any
+other than the William Melbourne we find mentioned in Henry IV.'s
+reign as "Valet of our Otter-hounds" (Privy Seal, 674/6456, Feb. 18,
+1410).
+
+
+PARFET, _the perfect_. Twici says: _Une autre chasce il y ad qe homme
+appele le parfet. Dunkes covient il qe vous corneez en autre
+maneree.... E isse chescun homme qest en tour vous, que siet de
+venerie puet conustre en quel point vous estes en vostre dedut par
+vostre corneer_ (line 111).
+
+From comparing the various places where the word _parfait_ is employed
+in connection with hunting, it may be concluded that to hunt the
+"_Parfet_" was when the hounds were on the line of the right stag, to
+sound the "_Parfet_" was to blow the notes that indicated the hounds
+were hunting the right line. Dryden in his notes to Twici suggests
+that the chase of the _parfet_ was "in opposition to the chase of the
+_Forloyng_," that is, when the pack run well together "jostling in
+close array" (Twici, p. 43). But Perfect in the O. F. works seems to
+us to invariably be used, as already said, to indicate that the hounds
+have not taken the change, but are staunch to the right scent. Jacques
+de Breze says the stag he is hunting joins two great stags, but
+although some of the hounds ran silent for awhile, they still
+continued staunch to their line, and here he uses the word "_parfait_"
+(Sen. de Nor., p. 13).
+
+Modus also uses it in this sense: _Les chiens qui viennent chacant
+apres le parfait_ (fol. xix. v). And what is most conclusive is the
+sense given to it in our text: "Should blow to him again the parfyt so
+that he were in his rightes and ellys nought," _i.e._ the parfyt
+should only be blown if the hound was on the right line (p. 174).
+
+
+PARFYTIERES, the name given in the "Master of Game" to the last relay
+of hounds uncoupled during the chase of the stag. First came the
+"_vaunt chase_," and then the "_midel_," and then the "_parfytieres_."
+They may have been so called from being the last hounds to be
+uncoupled, being those that completed or perfected the pack--_i.e._
+perfecters, or this relay may have derived its name from being
+composed of some of the staunchest hounds from the kennel, those not
+likely to follow any but the right line or the _parfyt_. It was
+customary in the old days to keep some of the slower and staunchest
+hounds in the last relay, and to cast them only when a stag nearing
+its end rused and foiled, and sought by every means to shake off his
+persecutors (_see_ Appendix: Relays). G. de F. gives the names of the
+three relays simply as _La premiere bataille_, _la seconde_, and _la
+tierce_ (p. 175).
+
+
+POMELED; spotted, from O. F. _pomele_, spotted like an apple. The
+young of the roedeer are born with a reddish brown coat with white
+spots, which the "Master of Game" calls _pomeled_. This term was also
+frequently used in Ang.-N., O. F., and in the dog-Latin of our ancient
+records to describe a flea-bitten or dappled horse. "_His hakenei that
+was all pomeli gris_" (Strat.). "_Pommeli liardus, gris pommele, Uno
+equo liardo pomele_" (Obs. Ward. Acc. 28, Ed. I.). G. de F. does not
+use this word in describing the young of the roedeer, but says they
+are born "_eschaquettes_" (p. 40).
+
+
+RACHES; _ratches_ or _racches_, a dog that hunts by scent. A.-S.
+_raecc_, a hound, and O. F. and Ang.-N. _brache_, _brachet_, _bracon_,
+_braquet_; Ger. _bracken_. Ang.-Lat., _brachetus_, _bracketus_.
+
+Raches were scenting hounds hunting in a pack, later called "running
+hounds," and then simply hounds. Although raches or brachets are
+frequently mentioned in the O. F. and Ang.-N. metrical romances, and
+in various early documents, we have never found any description of
+them, but can only gather what they were from the uses they were put
+to. We find that the bracco was used by the early German tribes to
+track criminals, therefore they were scenting hounds. There is plenty
+of evidence that they were used for stag, wild boar, and buck hunting
+during the Middle Ages. They were coupled together and led by a
+_berner_ or _bracennier_ or _braconnier. Braconnier_ now means
+poacher, but this is only the later meaning; originally braconnier was
+the leader of the bracos, or huntsman (Daurel, p. 337; Bangert, p.
+173; Dol. 9188).
+
+
+We gather that these brachets of the early Middle Ages were small
+hounds, sometimes entirely white, but generally white with black
+markings. Sometimes they were mottled (_bracet mautre_). One
+description of a _braces corant_ says this hound was as white as a
+nut, with black ears, a black mark on the right flank, and flecked
+with black (Blancadin, 1271; Perc. 17,555, 22,585; Tristan M., 1475,
+2261; Tyolet, 332).
+
+In the early days in England we find that braches were used to hunt up
+such smaller game as was not unharboured or dislodged by the limer.
+Twici says: "_Sire, touz ceaus qe sunt enchaces, sunt meuz de lymer. E
+tous ceaus enquillez sunt trovez de brachez_" (_see_ Appendix:
+Acquillez), _i.e._ All beasts that are enchased are moved by a limer,
+and all those that are hunted up are found by braches (Twici, pp. 2,
+12). Raches are mentioned in the "Boke of St. Albans" among the
+"_Dyvers manere of houndes_," and the apprentice to venery is told he
+should speak of "A mute of houndes, a kenell of rachys." He is also
+informed that the hart, the buck, and the boar should be started by a
+limer, and that all "other bestes that huntyd shall be sought for and
+found by Ratches so free." John Hardyng in his Chronicle, speaking of
+an inroad into Scotland by Edward IV., in whose reign he was yet
+living, said, "And take Kennetes and Ratches with you and seeke oute
+all the forest with houndes and hornes as Kynge Edwarde with the long
+shanks dide." In the "Squyer of Low degree" we read that the huntsman
+came with his bugles "and seven score raches at his rechase."
+
+
+RESEEYUOUR; the word the most approaching this to be found in any
+dictionary is under the head of receiver, M. E. _receyvour_, one who,
+or that which receives. The _reseeyuours_ were most likely those
+greyhounds who received the game, _i.e._ pulled it down after it had
+been chased. We see in our text that _teasers_ and _reseeyuours_ are
+mentioned together (p. 198). The former were light, swift greyhounds;
+these were probably slipped first; and the latter (Shirley MS. spells
+_resteynours_) were the heavy greyhounds slipped last, and capable of
+pulling down a big stag. De Noirmont tells us: _Ces derniers etaient
+surnommes receveours ou receveurs_ (ii. p. 426, and G. de F., p. 177).
+
+
+RELAYS. In the early days of venery the whole pack was not allowed to
+hunt at the commencement of the chase. After the stag had been started
+from his lair by a limer, some hounds were uncoupled and laid on, the
+rest being divided off into relays, which were posted in charge of one
+or more _berners_ along the probable line of the stag, and were
+uncoupled when the hunted stag and the hounds already chasing him had
+passed. There were usually three relays, and two to four couples the
+usual number in each relay, though the number of couples depended, of
+course, on the size of the hunting establishment and the number of
+hounds in the kennel. G. de F. calls these relays simply, premiere,
+seconde, and tierce. The "Master of Game" calls the first lot of
+hounds uncoupled the "finders" (p. 165), though this seems rather a
+misnomer, as the harbourer with his limer (_see_ Limer) found and
+started the deer. The _vauntchase_ for the first relay, and the
+_midel_ speak for themselves, but we have little clue to the origin of
+_parfitieres_ for the third relay. Were they so called because they
+perfected or completed the chase, or because they were some of the
+staunchest hounds who could be depended upon to follow the _parfit,
+i.e._ the right line of the stag or animal hunted? (_see_ Appendix:
+Parfet). Old authorities seem to have differed in opinion as to
+whether the staunchest and slowest hounds should have been put in the
+first cry or in the last (Roy Modus, fol. xvi.; G. de F., p. 178;
+Lav., Chasse a Courre, pp. 297-8).
+
+In the "Boke of St. Albans" we read of the _vauntlay_, _relay_, and
+_allay_. The first was the name given to hounds if they were uncoupled
+and thrown off between the pack and the beast pursued, the relay were
+the hounds uncoupled after the hounds already hunting had passed by;
+the _allay_ is held:
+
+    "Till all the houndes that be behynd be cum therto
+    Than let thyn houndes all to geder goo
+    That is called an _allay_."
+
+Instructions concerning when relays should be given always warn the
+_berner_ not to let slip the couples till some of the surest hounds
+have passed on the scent, and till he be sure that the stag they are
+hunting is the right one and not a substitute, _i.e._ one frightened
+and put up by the hunted stag. The "Master of Game" is careful also to
+say: "Take care that thou _vauntlay_ not" (p. 169).
+
+The discontinuing of relays seemed to have been begun first in
+Normandy and probably about the same time in England.
+
+In France the three relays of greyhounds which were used were called
+_Levriers d'estric--i.e._ those which were first let slip; _levriers
+de flanc_, those that attacked from the side; and _levriers de tete_,
+those that bar the passage in front of the game or head it, terms that
+correspond with our vauntlay, allay, and relay. In the "Master of
+Game's" chapter on the wolf these relays of greyhounds are indicated
+(p. 59).
+
+
+RIOT. The "Master of Game's" statement on p. 74 that no other wild
+beast in England is called ryott save the coney only has called forth
+many suggestions as to the origin of this name being applied to the
+rabbit, and the connection between riot, a noise or brawl, and the
+rabbit. The word riot is represented in M. E. and O. F. by _riote_, in
+Prov. _riota_, Ital. _riotta_, and in all these languages it had the
+same signification, _i.e._ a brawl, a dispute, an uproar, a quarrel
+(Skeat).
+
+Diez conjectures the F. _riote_ to stand for _rivote_, and refers to
+O. H. G. _riben_, G. _reiben_, to grate, to rub (orig. perhaps to
+rive, to rend). From German, _sich an einem reiben_, to mock, to
+attack, to provoke one; lit. to rub oneself against one.
+
+Rabbit, which is in O. Dutch robbe, has probably the same origin from
+_reiben_.
+
+The etymology and connection, if any, between the two words rabbit and
+riot is difficult to determine. It is very probable that the rabbit
+was called _riot_ from producing a brawling when the hounds came
+across one. The term "running _riot_" may well be derived from a
+hunting phrase.
+
+
+ROE. The error regarding the October rut into which G. de F. and the
+Duke of York fell was one to which the naturalists of much later times
+subscribed, for it was left to Dr. Ziegler and to Dr. Bischoff, the
+Professor of Physiology at Heidelberg, to demonstrate in 1843 the true
+history of the gestation of the roe, which for more than a century had
+been a hotly disputed problem. On that occasion it was shown with
+scientific positiveness that the true rut of the roe takes place about
+the end of July or first week in August, and that the ovum does not
+reach the uterus for several months, so that the first development of
+the embryo does not commence before the middle of December.
+
+
+RUNNING HOUNDS AND RACHES (F. _chiens courants_). Under this heading
+we include all such dogs as hunted by scent in packs, whatever the
+game they pursued might be. They appear in the early records of our
+kings as _Canes de Mota_, _Canes currentes_, and as _Sousos_ (scenting
+hounds) (Close Rolls 7 John; Mag. Rot. 4, John Rot. 10; 4 Henry III.),
+and are mentioned specifically as _cervericiis_, _deimericiis_, as
+_Heyrectorum_ (harriers) or _canes heirettes_, and foxhounds as
+_gupillerettis_ or _wulpericiis_ (Close Rolls, 15 John).
+
+The Anglo-Saxon word _Hundas_, hound, was a general name for any dog;
+the dog for the chase in Anglo-Saxon times being distinguished by the
+prefix _Ren_, making _ren hund_.
+
+Gradually the word dog superseded the word hound, and the latter was
+only retained to designate a "scenting" dog. Dr. Caius, writing to Dr.
+Gesner, remarks in his book: "Thus much also understand, that as in
+your language _Hunde_ is the common word, so in our naturall tounge
+dogge is the universall, but _Hunde_ is perticular and a speciall, for
+it signifieth such a dogge onely as serveth to hunt" (Caius, p. 40).
+(_See_ Appendix: Raches.) Running hounds was a very literal
+translation of the French _chiens courants_, and as the descriptive
+chapter given in our text is as literal a rendering from G. de F.
+there is no information that helps us to piece together the ancestry
+of the modern English hound. We do not know what breed were in the
+royal kennels in the reign of Henry IV., but probably some descendants
+of those brought to this country by the Normans, about the origin of
+which breed nothing seems known.
+
+_Keep of Hounds._ The usual cost of the keep of a hound at the time of
+our MS. was a halfpenny a day, of a greyhound three farthings, and of
+a limer or bloodhound one penny a day.
+
+However for the royal harthounds an allowance of three farthings a day
+was made for each hound (Q. R. Acc. 1407), and we also find
+occasionally that only a halfpenny a day was made for the keep of a
+greyhound. In Edward I.'s reign a halfpenny a day was the allowance
+made for fox- and otter-hounds (14, 15, 31, 32, 34, Edward I. Ward.
+Acc.), and sometimes three farthings and sometimes a halfpenny a day
+for a greyhound. The Master of Buckhounds was allowed a halfpenny a
+day each for his hounds and greyhounds.
+
+In the reign of Richard III. the Master of Harthounds was allowed 3s.
+3d. a day "for the mete of forty dogs and twelve greyhounds and
+threepence a day for three limers" (Rolls of Parl., vol. v. p. 16).
+
+The "Boke of Curtasye" (fourteenth century, Percy Society, iv. p.
+26), gives us information which quite agrees with the payments entered
+in the Wardrobe and other accounts of the King's hunting
+establishment. And under the head of _De Pistore_ we find the baker is
+told to make loaves for the hounds:
+
+    "Manchet and chet to make brom bred hard
+    ffor chaundeler and grehoundes and huntes reward."
+
+Chet, a word not in use since the seventeenth century, meant wheaten
+bread of the second quality, made of flour more coarsely sifted than
+that used for manchet, which was the finest quality.
+
+Brom bread was oaten bread, and probably was very much the same as a
+modern dog biscuit.
+
+One of the ancient feudal rights was that of obtaining bran from the
+vassals for the hounds' bread, known as the right of brennage, from
+bren, bran.
+
+Although bread was the staple food given to hounds, yet they were also
+provided with meat. At the end of a day's hunting they received a
+portion of the game killed (_see_ Curee), and if this was not
+sufficient or it was not the hunting season game was expressly killed
+for them. In a decree from King John to William Pratell and the
+Bailiffs of Falke de Breaut of the Isle of Ely, the latter are
+commanded to find bread and paste for the hounds as they may require,
+"and to let them hunt sometimes in the Bishops chase for the flesh
+upon which they are fed" (Close Roll, 17 John). In an extract from the
+Wardrobe Accounts of 6 Edward I. we find a payment was made of 40s. by
+the King to one Bernard King for his quarry for two years past on
+which the King's dogs had been fed (MS. Phillipps, 8676).
+
+We find also that "Pantryes, Chippinges and broken bread" were given
+to the hounds, _Chippings_ being frequently mentioned in the royal
+accounts as well as meat for the hounds (Liber Niger Domus Ed. IV.;
+Collection of Ordinances of the Royal Households; Jesse, ii. 125;
+Privy Purse Expenses Henry VIII. 1529-1532).
+
+The cost of the keep of some of the King's hounds were paid for out of
+the exchequer, others were paid from the revenues and outgoings of
+various counties, and an immense number were kept by subjects who held
+land from the crown _by serjeantry_ or _in capite_ of keeping a stated
+number of running hounds, greyhounds, and brachets, &c., for the
+King's use (Blount's Ancient Tenures, Plac. Chron. 12, 13 Ed. I.;
+Issue Roll 25 Henry VI.; Domesday, tom. i. fol. 57 v).
+
+We see by the early records of our kings that a pack of hounds did not
+always remain stationary and hunt within easy reach of their kennels,
+but were sent from one part of the kingdom to another to hunt where
+game was most plentiful or where there was most vermin to be
+destroyed. As early as Edward I.'s reign we find conveyances were
+sometimes provided for hounds when they went on long journeys. Thomas
+de Candore or Candovere and Robert le Sanser (also called Salsar),
+huntsmen of the stag and buckhounds (Close Rolls 49 Henry III.; 6, 8
+Ed. I.), were paid for a horse-litter for fifty-nine days for the use
+of their sixty-six hounds and five limers (Ward. Acc. 14, 15 Ed. I.).
+And as late as Henry VIII.'s time the hounds seemed to travel about
+considerable distances, as in the Privy Purse expenses of that King
+the cart covered with canvas for the use of his hounds is a frequently
+recurring item.
+
+
+SCANTILON, O. F. _eschantillon_, Mid. Eng. _Scantilon_, Mod. Eng.
+scantling, mason's rule, a measure; the huntsman is continually told
+to take a _scantilon_, that is, a measure, of the slot or footprint of
+the deer, so as to be able to show it at the meet, that with this
+measure and the examination of the droppings which the huntsman was
+also to bring with him the Master of the Game could judge if the man
+had harboured a warrantable deer (_see_ Appendix: Slot and Trace).
+
+SEASONS OF HUNTING. In mediaeval times the consideration for the
+larder played a far more important part in fixing the seasons for
+hunting wild beasts than it did in later times, the object being to
+kill the game when in the primest condition. Beginning with the--
+
+_Red deer stag_: according to Dryden's Twici, p. 24 (source not
+given), the season began at the Nativity of St. John the Baptist (June
+24), and _ended_ Holyrood Day (September 14). Our text of the "Master
+of Game" nowhere expressly states when the stag-hunting begins or
+terminates, but as he speaks of how to judge a hart from its fumes in
+the month of April and May (p. 30), and further says that harts run
+best from the "entry of May into St. John's tide" (p. 35), we might
+infer that they were hunted from May on. He also says that the season
+for hind-hunting begins when the season of the hart ends and lasteth
+till Lent. But as this part of the book was a mere translation from G.
+de F. it is no certain guide to the hunting seasons in England. The
+Stag-hunting season in France, the _cervaison_, as it was called,
+began at the _Sainte Croix de Mai_ (May 3rd) and lasted to _la Sainte
+Croix de Septembre_ (Holyrood Day, Sept. 14), the old French saying
+being: "_Mi Mai, mi teste, mi Juin, mi graisse; a la Magdeleine
+venaison pleine_" (July 22) (Menagier de Paris, ii.). And although the
+stag was probably chiefly hunted in England between Midsummer and the
+middle of September, when they are in the best condition, and it was
+considered the best time to kill them, they were probably hunted from
+May on in the early days in England as they were in France. Had this
+not been customary we imagine the Duke of York would have inserted one
+of his little interpolations in the text he was translating, and
+stated that although the season began in May _beyond the sea_, it only
+began later in England.
+
+In Twety and Gyfford we read that the "tyme of grece, begynnyth alle
+way atte the fest of the Nativyte of Saynt Johan baptist." Later on,
+according to Dryden, the season of the stag began two weeks after
+Midsummer (July 8).
+
+_Red deer hind_, Holyrood Day (Sept. 14) to Candlemas (Feb. 2) (Twici,
+p. 24; Man., p. 181). According to others the hind and the doe season
+ends on Twelfth-day or Epiphany (Jan. 6).
+
+_Fallow deer buck._ According to the Forest Laws the season began at
+the Nativity of St. John (June 24) and ended on Holyrood Day (Sept.
+14). Dryden adds a second date, _i.e._ two weeks after Midsummer, to
+the former, but does not quote the source.
+
+_Fallow doe_ was hunted from Holyrood Day (Sept. 14) to Candlemas
+(Feb. 2).
+
+_Roe deer buck_ was hunted from Easter to Michaelmas (Sept. 29).
+
+_Roe doe_, Michaelmas to Candlemas.
+
+_Hare._ According to the Forest Laws (Man., 176) the season commenced
+Michaelmas (Sept. 29) and ended at Midsummer (June 24); Dryden in his
+notes in Twici states that it commenced at Michaelmas and ended at
+Candlemas (Feb. 2), while the "Boke of St. Albans" gives the same date
+as the first-named in Manwood. According to the "Master of Game" the
+hare seems to have enjoyed no close season, as G. de F.'s assertion
+that the hunting of the hare "lasteth all the year" is also translated
+without comment (p. 14): _Et le peut chassier toute l'annee, en
+quelque temps que ce soit quar touzjours sa sayson dure_ (G de F., p.
+204).
+
+In Twety and Gyfford we also find that "The hare is alway in season to
+be chasyd."
+
+In the sixteenth century in France the hare-hunting season was from
+the middle of September till the middle of April (Du Fouilloux, p. 51;
+De Noir., ii. p. 476). In England the same season seems to have been
+observed (Blome, p. 91).
+
+_Wild boar._ According to the Forest Laws (Manwood and Twici), the
+boar was hunted from Christmas Day to Candlemas (Feb. 2), but we have
+evidence that boar-hunting usually began earlier. The boar was in his
+prime condition when acorns, beechmast, and chestnuts were plentiful,
+and was considered in season from Michaelmas to St. Martin's Day (Roy
+Modus, xxxi.), and by some even from Holyrood Day (Bornam, p. 100;
+Part, de Blois, 525).
+
+The huntsmen of King John of England were sent to hunt in the forest
+of Cnappe in order to take two or three boars a day in November. King
+John's letter giving instructions on this point to one Rowland Bloet
+is dated 8th November 1215 (Jesse, ii. 32).
+
+_Wolf._ According to the Forest Laws, in the book already quoted, the
+season during which the wolf was hunted began at Christmas and ended
+at the Annunciation (March 25), but considering the destruction
+wrought by this beast it is far more likely that it was hunted
+throughout the year.
+
+_Fox._ According to the Forest Laws the season opened on Christmas Day
+and ended on March 25, but nevertheless the fox was hunted early in
+the autumn, for we have it on Twety and Gyfford's authority that "the
+sesoun of the fox begynneth at the natyvite of owre Lady, and durryth
+til the Annunciacion" (Sept. 8 to March 25).
+
+The "Boke of St. Albans" gives the season of the fox and wolf from the
+Nativity to the Annunciation of Our Lady and that of the boar from the
+Nativity to the Purification of Our Lady. Manwood and other accepted
+authorities quote the above as alluding to the Nativity of Christ,
+whereas the Nativity of Our Lady, Sept. 8, was intended, thereby
+creating some confusion.
+
+According to the Wardrobe Accounts of Edward I. the foxhunting season
+began on 1st September (Ward. Acc. Ed. I. 1299-1300).
+
+No doubt one of the reasons why the fox was not hunted earlier in the
+year was on account of the fur, which was of course of less use or
+value if obtained in summer.
+
+_Otter._ The Forest Laws give the season as from Shrove Tide (Feb. 22)
+to Midsummer (June 24), but we find that in King John's reign the
+otter was hunted in July (Close Rolls 14 John I.).
+
+_Martin_, _badger_, _and rabbit_ were hunted at all seasons of the
+year.
+
+SNARES. No work dealing with the chase of wild animals in mediaeval
+times would be complete were it to omit all reference to snares,
+traps, gins, pitfalls, and other devices to take game other than by
+hunting. The "Master of Game" mentions the subject but briefly,
+saying, "Truly I trow no good hunter would slay them so for no good,"
+but "Gaston Ph[oe]bus" contains seventeen short chapters in which the
+author as well as the miniaturist describe the various contrivances
+then in use, although the same disdain of these unsportsmanlike
+methods is expressed by G. de F. that marks the Duke of York's pages.
+In the first edition of the present work will be found descriptions of
+the principal snares used in the Middle Ages.
+
+
+SPANIEL. It is difficult to say at what date these dogs were first
+introduced into our country; we only know that by the second half of
+the sixteenth century spaniels were a common dog in England. In Dr.
+Caius's time the breed was "in full being." He mentions land spaniels,
+setters, and water spaniels, besides the small spaniels which were
+kept as pet and lap dogs. That the breed was not then a recent
+importation we may infer from the fact that, when speaking of the
+water spaniel and giving the derivation of the name, Dr. Caius says:
+"Not that England wanted suche kinde of dogges (for they are naturally
+bred and ingendered in this country). But because they beare the
+general and common name of these dogs synce the time when they were
+first brought over out of Spaine."
+
+The chapter in the "Master of Game" on this dog, being translated
+from G. de F., unfortunately throws no light on the history of the
+spaniel in England, although we imagine that, had there been no such
+hounds in our island at the time, the Duke would have made some such
+remark as he has in other parts of his book of their being a "manner
+of" hound as "men have beyond the sea, but not as we have here in
+England."
+
+In his time the spaniel had enjoyed popularity in France for some two
+centuries, and there was such continual communication between France
+and England in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries that it would
+have been indeed strange if this most useful dog for the then
+favourite and universal sport of hawking had not been brought to
+England long before his time. We may conclude that the "gentle hounds
+for the hawk" of which he speaks in his Prologue were not spaniels.
+
+
+SPAY. The usual meaning of this word (castrating females) given in all
+dictionaries is clearly inapplicable on this occasion (p. 174), where
+it undoubtedly means killing a stag with a sword, probably derived
+from the Italian _spada_. When the velvet was once off the antlers the
+stag at bay was usually despatched with the bow, for it was then
+dangerous to approach him close enough to do so with the sword. When
+achieved by bold hunters, as it occasionally was, it was accounted a
+feat of skill and courage.
+
+
+STABLES. O. F. _establie_, a garrison, a station. Huntsmen and
+kennelmen with hounds in leash, whose duty it was to take up a post or
+stand assigned to them during the chase, were called stables. We have
+_Stabilitiones venationis_ that are mentioned in Domesday (i. fol. 56b
+and fol. 252). In Ellis's introduction to Domesday he says:
+"_Stabilitio_ meant stalling the deer. To drive the Deer and other
+Game from all quarters to the centre of a gradually contracted circle
+where they were compelled to stand, was _stabilitio_." Malmesbury,
+Scriptores, post Bedam, edit. 1596, p. 44, speaking of the mildness of
+Edward the Confessor's temper, says, "_Dum quadam vice venatum isset,
+et agrestis quidam Stabulata illa, quibus in casses cervi urgentur,
+confudisset, ille sua nobili percitus ira, per Deum, inquit, et matrem
+ejus tantundem tibi nocebo, si potero_" (Ellis, i. 112).
+
+We see, however, at a later date from Twici and the "Master of Game"
+that the watchers or stables they allude to were stationary--and did
+not drive the game as described in above.
+
+These stations of huntsmen and hounds were placed at intervals round
+the quarter of the forest to be driven or hunted in with hounds to
+move the game, so that the hounds could be slipped at any game
+escaping; sometimes they were to make a noise, and thus blench or head
+the game back. In French such a chase was called a _Chasse a titre_
+(Lav. xxviii.), the word _titre_ meaning net or tape, but in this case
+used figuratively. Our "Master of Game" evidently placed these
+stations to keep the game within the boundaries so as to force it to
+pass the stand of the King. Twici describes these stations of
+huntsmen, using the word _establie_. "The bounds are those which are
+set up of archers, and of greyhounds (_lefrers et de establie_) and
+watchers, and on that account I have blown one moot and recheated on
+the hounds. You hunter, do you wish to follow the chase? Yes, if that
+beast should be one that is hunted up (_enquillee_), or chased I will
+follow it. If so it should happen that the hounds should be gone out
+of bounds then I wish to blow a moot and stroke after my hounds to
+have them back" (Twici, p. 6).
+
+It was the duty of certain tenants to attend the King's hunts and act
+as part of the stable. In Hereford one person went from each house to
+the stand or station in the wood at the time of the survey (Gen.
+Introduction Domesday, Ellis, i. 195). From Shrewsbury the principal
+burgesses who had horses attended the King when he went hunting, and
+the sheriff sent thirty-six men on foot to the deer-stand while the
+King remained there.
+
+_Stable-stand_ was the place where these _stables_ were posted or
+"set," and the word was also used to denote the place where archers
+were posted to shoot at driven game. Such stands were raised platforms
+in some drive or on some boundary of the forest, sometimes erected
+between the branches of a tree, so that the sportsman could be well
+hidden. A good woodcut of what was probably intended to represent a
+"stand" is in the first edition of Turbervile's "Arte of Venerie,"
+representing Queen Elizabeth receiving her huntsman's report.
+
+There is no mention made of raised stands in our text, but with or
+without such erections the position taken up by the shooters to await
+the game was called his _standing_ or _tryste_, and a bower of
+branches was made, to shelter the occupant from sun and rain, as well
+as to hide him from the game. Such arbours were called _Berceau_ or
+_Berceil_ in Old French, from the word _berser_, to shoot with a bow
+and arrow; they were also called _ramiers_ and _folies_, from rames or
+branches, and folia, leaves, with which they were made or disguised
+(Noir., iii. p. 354).
+
+Manwood tells us that _Stable-stand_ was one of four "manners in which
+if a man were found, in the forest, he could be arrested as a poacher
+or trespasser," and says: "Stable-stand is where one is found at his
+standing ready to shoot at any Deer, or standing close by a tree with
+Greyhounds in his leash ready to let slip" (Man., p. 193).
+
+
+STANKES, or layes; tanks or pools, large meers. Gaston says: _Estancs
+et autres mares ou marrhes_ (G. de F., p. 21). Stank house was a
+moated house. A ditch or moat filled with water was called a tank.
+
+
+TACHE, or tecche, Mid. Eng. for a habit, especially a bad habit, vice,
+freak, caprice, behaviour, from the O. F. _tache_, a spot, a stain, or
+blemish; also a disgrace, a blot on a man's good name. In the older
+use it was applied both to good as well as bad qualities, as in our
+text.
+
+
+TAW, to makes hides into leather; tawer, the maker of white leather.
+In the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, in the days of the
+strict guilds, a sharp line was drawn between tawers and tanners, and
+a tawer was not allowed to tan nor a tanner to taw (Wylie, vol. iii.
+p. 195). No tawers were allowed to live in the Forest according to the
+ancient forest laws.
+
+"If any white Tawer live in a Forest, he shall be removed and pay a
+Fine, for they are the common dressers of skins of stolen deer" (Itin.
+Lanc. fol. 7, quoted by Manwood, p. 161).
+
+
+TEAZER, or _teaser_. "A kind of mongrel greyhound whose business is to
+drive away the deer before the Greyhounds are slipt," is the
+definition given by Blome (p. 96). These dogs were used to hunt up the
+game also when the deer was to be shot with the bow. The sportsmen
+would be standing at their trysts or stable-stand in some alley or
+glade of the wood, and the hounds be put into the covert or park "_to
+tease them forth_."
+
+
+TRACE, slot, or footprint of deer. In O. F. and Ang.-N. literature the
+word trace seems to have been used indifferently for the track of the
+stag, wild boar, or any game (Borman, notes 147, 236, 237). G. de F.
+expressly says that the footprint of the deer should not be called
+_trace_ but _voyes_ or _pies_ (view or foot), yet the "Master of Game"
+in his rendering says: "Of the hart ye shall say 'trace,'" so
+evidently that was the proper sporting term in England at the time.
+When slot entirely superseded the word trace amongst sportsmen it is
+difficult to determine. Turbervile uses slot, and in the beginning of
+the seventeenth century it seems the general term for the footprint of
+deer (Man., p. 180; Stuart Glossary, vol. ii.; Blome, p. 76). Slot, it
+may be contended, is as old a word as trace, but in Mid. Eng. it was
+employed as a general term for a foot-track or marking of any animal.
+The trace or slot was one of the signs of a stag, that is the mark by
+which an experienced huntsman could recognise the age, size, and sex
+of the deer.
+
+The old stag leaves a blunter print with a wider heel than a hind, but
+it is difficult to distinguish the slot of a hind from that of a young
+stag. Although the latter has invariably a bigger heel and makes
+deeper marks with his dewclaws, yet his toes are narrow and pointed,
+their edges are sharp, and the distance between his steps is somewhat
+unequal, all of which may lead his slotting to be mistaken for the
+tracks of a hind. "He has found what he wanted," says Dr. Collyns,
+when speaking of the harbourer, "the rounded track, the blunted toe
+point, the widespread mark, the fresh slot, in short, of a stag"
+("Chase of the Red Deer").
+
+The huntsman of old used to consider that any slot into which four
+fingers could be placed with ease belonged to a warrantable stag (some
+declared a stag of ten). That would mean that the slot would be about
+three inches wide, if not more. I believe two and a half inches is
+considered a fair measurement for mark of the heel by Devonshire
+stag-hunters, who alone in England concern themselves with the
+differences in the slot, as they only chase the wild deer. No such
+woodcraft is necessary for the chase of the carted deer, and as long
+as the master and huntsman can distinguish the footprint of a deer
+from that of any other animal, that is all that is required of them in
+this matter. The stepping or gait of a stag is also a sign that was
+taken into consideration. The old stag walks more equally, and
+generally places the point of his hind feet in the heel of his fore
+feet. The gait of a hind is more uncertain; it is said she misprints,
+that is sometimes the hind foot will be placed beside the fore foot,
+sometimes inside or in front of it. She is not even so regular in her
+gait as a young stag, unless she is with fawn, when she will place
+her hind feet constantly outside her fore feet. A hind walks with
+wide-spreading claws, so does a young stag with his fore feet, but
+those of his hind feet will be closed. The larger the print of the
+fore feet are in comparison to the hind feet the older the stag.
+
+The underneath edge of the claws round the hollow of the sole was
+called the _esponde_ (sponde, edge or border). In older stags they
+were blunter and more worn, and in hinds and younger deer sharper,
+unless indeed the stag inhabited a damp and mossy country, where the
+_esponde_ would not be so much worn down as if he lived on a rocky or
+stony ground. (G. de F., 155, 129-145; Lav., p. 246; Stuart, p. 58;
+Fortescue, p. 133). And thus did the woodmen of old study the book of
+nature, which told them all they wished to know, and found for them
+better illustrations than any art could give.
+
+
+TRYST, in the language of sport, was the place or stand where the
+hunter took up his position to await the game he wished to shoot. The
+game might be driven to him by hounds, or he might so place himself as
+to shoot as the game went to and from their lair to their pasturing
+(_see_ Appendix: Stables and Stable-stand). In French it was called
+shooting _a l'affut_, from _ad fustem_, near the wood, because the
+shooter leant his back to, or hid behind a tree, so that the game
+should not see him.
+
+In our MS. we are told that Alaunts are good for hunting the wild boar
+whether it be with greyhounds, at the "tryst," or with running hounds
+at bay within the covert. The tryst here would be the place where a
+man would be stationed to slip the dogs at the wild boar as soon as he
+broke covert, or after the huntsman had wounded the boar with a shot
+from his long or cross-bow (p. 118).
+
+
+VELTRES, _velteres_, _veltrai_. A dog used for the chase, a hound.
+Probably derived from the Gaelic words _ver_, large or long, and
+_traith_, a step or course, _vertragus_ being the name by which
+according to Arian, the Gauls designated a swift hound (Blanc, 52).
+
+
+WANLACE. Winding in the chase (Halliwell). In the sentence in which
+this word is used in the chapter on the Mastiff (p. 122) we are told
+that some of these dogs "fallen to be berslettis and also to bring
+well and fast a wanlace about." Which probably means that some of
+these dogs become shooting dogs, and could hunt up the game to the
+shooter well and fast by ranging or circling. _Wanlasour_ is an
+obsolete name for one who drives game (Strat.).
+
+In Brit. Mus. MS. Lansdowne 285 there is an interesting reference to
+setting the forest "with archers or with Greyhounds or with
+Wanlassours."
+
+
+WILD BOAR. These animals were denizens of the British forests from the
+most remote ages, and probably were still numerous there at the time
+our MS. was penned. For although the Duke of York has only translated
+one of the eleven chapters relating to the natural history, chase, or
+capture by traps of the wild boar, and does not give us any original
+remarks upon the hunting of them, as he has of the stag and the hare,
+still it was most likely because he considered these two the royal
+sport _par excellence_, and not because there were none to hunt in
+England in his day. If the latter had been the case, he would in all
+probability have omitted even the chapter he does give us, as he has
+done with those written by Gaston de Foix on the deer, the reindeer,
+and the ibex and chamois (p. 160).
+
+In some doggerel verses which are prefixed to "Le venery de Twety and
+Gyfford" (in Vesp. B. XII.), the wild boar is classed as a beast of
+venery. In the a "Boke of St. Albans" the wild boar is also mentioned
+as a beast of venery.
+
+When Fitzstephen wrote his description of London in 1174, he says
+wild boars as well as other animals frequented the forests surrounding
+London, and it would certainly be a long time after this before these
+animals could have been extirpated from the wild forests in more
+remote parts of the country.
+
+_Sounder_ is the technical term for a herd of wild swine. "How many
+herdes be there of bestes of venery? Sire of hertis, or bisses, of
+bukkes and of doos. A soundre of wylde swyne. A bevy of Roos" (Twety
+and Gyfford). In the French Twici we have also _Soundre dez porcs_.
+
+_Farrow_ (Sub.) was a term for a young pig, in Mid. Eng. _farh_,
+_far_, Old Eng. _fearh_ (Strat.). Farrow (verb) was the term used when
+sows gave birth to young.
+
+G. de F. says that wild boars can wind acorns as far as a bear can (p.
+58), and turning to his chapter on bears, we find that he says that
+bears will wind a feeding of acorns six leagues off!
+
+_Routing_ or rooting. A wild boar is said to root when he is feeding
+on ferns or roots (Turb., pp. 153, 154).
+
+_Argus_, as our MS. calls the dew-claws of the boar, were in the later
+language of venery called the _gards_ (Blome, p. 102). Twety and
+Gyfford named the dew-claws of the stag _os_ and of the boar _ergos_.
+"How many bestis bere _os_, and how many _ergos?_ The hert berith _os_
+above, the boor and the buk berith _ergos_."
+
+_Grease_, as the fat of the boar or sow was called, was supposed to
+bear medicinal qualities. "And fayre put the grece whan it is take
+away, In the bledder of the boore my chylde I yow pray, For it is a
+medecine: for mony maner pyne" ("Boke of St. Albans").
+
+
+WILD CAT (_Felis Catus_), which at one time was extremely common in
+England, was included among the beasts of the chase. It is frequently
+mentioned in royal grants giving liberty to enclose forest-land and
+licence to hunt therein.
+
+It was probably more for its skin than for diversion that the wild cat
+was hunted, as its fur was much used for trimming dresses at one time.
+
+The wild cat is believed to be now extinct, not only in England and
+Wales, but in a great part of the South of Scotland. A writer in the
+new edition of the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_ (art. "Cat") expresses
+the opinion that the wild cat still exists in Wales and in the North
+of England, but gives no proof of its recent occurrence there.
+
+Harvie-Brown in his "Vertebrate Fauna of Argyll" (1892) defines the
+limit of the range of the wild cat by a line drawn from Oban to
+Inverness; northward and westward of this line, he states, the animal
+still existed. But there is no doubt that of late years the cessation
+of vermin trapping in many parts of Scotland, which has caused a
+marked increase in the golden eagle, has had the same effect upon the
+wild cat.
+
+The natural history chapter of the wild cat is taken by the Duke of
+York from G. de F.; did we not know this, some confusion might have
+arisen through the fact being mentioned that there are several kinds
+of wild cat, whereas only one was known to the British Isles. G. de F.
+says there were wild cats as large as leopards which went by the name
+of _loups-serviers_ or _cat wolves_, both of which names he declares
+to be misnomers. He evidently refers to the _Felis Lynx_ or _Lynx
+vulgaris_, which he properly classes as a "manner of wild cat,"
+although some of the ancient writers have classed them as wolves
+(Pliny, Lib. viii. cap. 34).
+
+
+WOLF. For a long time it was a popular delusion that wolves had been
+entirely exterminated in England and Wales in the reign of the Saxon
+King Edgar (956-957), but Mr. J. E. Harting has by his researches
+proved beyond doubt that they existed some centuries later, and did
+not entirely disappear until the reign of Henry VII. (1485-1509).
+
+
+WORMING A DOG. This was supposed to be a preventive to the power of a
+mad dog's bite. It was a superstition promulgated in very early times,
+and seems to have been believed in until comparatively recent times.
+We find it repeated in one book of venery after another, French,
+English, and German: in England by our author, Turbervile, Markham,
+and others.
+
+Pliny suggests this operation, and he quotes Columna as to the
+efficacy of cutting off a dog's tail when he is very young (Pliny,
+chap. xli.).
+
+G. de F. and the Duke of York are careful to say that they only give
+the remedy for what it is worth, the latter saying: "Thereof make I no
+affirmation," and further on: "Notwithstanding that men call it a worm
+it is but a great vein that hounds have underneath their tongue" (p.
+87).
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF SOME BOOKS CONSULTED AND ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TEXT
+
+
+    Albertus Magnus. _De Animalibus._ Ed. 1788.
+
+    ---- _The Secrets of._ London, 1617.
+
+    _Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales._ 1841.
+
+    _---- of Cambria._ E. Williams. 1823.
+
+    _Anc. Ten._, for _Ancient Tenures of Land_. By Thomas Blount. London,
+    1874.
+
+    Andreae, E. C. A. _Die Geschichte der Jagd._ Frankfurt, 1894.
+
+    _Archaeologia._ Pub. by Soc. of Antiq. Beginning 1770.
+
+    Arcussia, Ch. d'. _La Conference des Fauconniers_ (_Cab. de Venerie_,
+    vii.). 1880.
+
+    Arkwright, for _The Pointer and his Predecessor_. By William A.
+    London, 1902. 4to. See Bibliog. in 1st edit.
+
+    _Arrow Release, The._ By Ed. S. Morse. 1885.
+
+    Aymon, for _Le Roman des quatres fils Aymon_. Edit. P. Tarbe. 1861.
+
+
+    _Bad. Lib. Hunt._, for "Badminton Library." Volume on Hunting by the
+    Duke of Beaufort and Mowbray Morris. Ed. 7. London, 1901. Errors in,
+    see Bibliog. in 1st edit.
+
+    ---- vol. on _The Poetry of Sport_. London, 1896. Errors in, see
+    Bibliog. in 1st edit.
+
+    Bangert, for _Die Tiere des Altfranz. Epos_. Von Fried. Bangert.
+    Marburg, 1885.
+
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+
+    Shirley, for _English Deer Parks._ By Evelyn Ph. S. London, 1867.
+
+    _Shirley MS._, for Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 16,165 of the
+    "Master of Game," which is the version next in importance to
+    the one reproduced in the present work. _See_ Bibliography:
+    MSS. of the "Master of Game" in Ist edit.
+
+    Smith, Sir Thomas. _De Republica Anglorum._ London, 1583.
+
+    Souhart, for _Bibliographie des Ouvrages sur la Chasse_. Par R.
+    Souhart. 1886, with two additions of 1888 and 1891.
+
+    _Statutes of the Realm._ 1810-1822. (9 vols.)
+
+    Stisser, F. U. _Forst und Jagd Histor. der Teutschen._ Jena, 1738.
+
+    _Strassburg, Gottfried von._ Ed. P. A. Lehmann. Hamburg, 1703.
+
+    Stratmann, F. H. _Middle English Dic._ Rev. by H. Bradley. 1891.
+
+    Strutt, J. _Sports and Pastimes of the English People._ Ed. 1875.
+    Errors in it, Appendix in 1st edit.
+
+    -------- New ed. by J. C. Cox. 1903.
+
+    ---- _Dress and Habits of the People of England._
+
+    Stuart, for _Lays of the Deer Forest_. By J. Sob. and Ch. Stuart. 2
+    vols. Edin. and London, 1848.
+
+
+    Taplin, W. _Sporting Dictionary._
+
+    Tarbe, Prosper. _Le Noble et Gentil jeu de l'arbalaste._ Reims, 1841.
+
+    ---- _Le Roman des quatres fils Aymon._ 1861.
+
+    Tardif, for _L'Art de Fauconerie et des chiens de Chasse_. Par
+    Guillaume T. Paris, 1492.
+
+    Thierbach, T. _Die Geschichtliche Entwicklung der Haud-feueqswaffen._
+    Dresden, 1886-89.
+
+    Topsell, Edward. _The Historie of Fovre-footed Beastes._ London,
+    William Iaggard, 1607.
+
+    _T. and I._, for _Tristan und Isolde_. Von Gottfried von Strassburg.
+    Ed. Her. Kurtz. Stuttgart, 1844.
+
+    _T. M._, for _Tristan: Receuil de ce qui reste des poemes_. Ed. by Fr.
+    Michel. 3 vols. London, 1835-39.
+
+    Topham, J. _Observations on the Wardrobe Accounts of the 28th year of
+    Edward I._ 1787.
+
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+
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+
+    _Traite des Chasses et de la Venerie._ Paris, 1681.
+
+    _Treat. on Greyh._, for _A Treatise on Greyhounds_. By a Sportsman.
+    London, 1825.
+
+    T. Tresson, for _Histoire de Tristan de Leonois_. Ed. by Comte de
+    Tresson. Paris, 1781.
+
+    _Tristan._ Ed. Fr. Michel. 3 vols. London, 1835-39.
+
+    ---- _de la Table Ronde._ Pr. Ant. Verard. Paris, 1495.
+
+    Turber., for _The Noble Art of Venery or Hunting_. London, 1575-76.
+    (When not specially mentioned, the second edit. of 1611.)
+
+    Twety and Gyfford (also written Twety and Giffard), for article under
+    that title in the _Reliquiae Antiquae_. Vol. i., where Thomas Wright
+    published Twici's _Art of Hunting_, in Brit. Mus. MS. Vespasian B.
+    XII. Bibliog. Ist edit.
+
+    Twici, for _The Art of Hunting_. By William Twici (MS. Phillipps,
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+    edit.
+
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+
+
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+
+
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+
+    _Venerie Nor._, for _Venerie Normande_. Par M. le Verrier de la
+    Conterie. Rouen, 1778.
+
+    _Ver de la Cont._, for _L'Ecole de la Chasse aux Chiens Courans_. Par
+    M. de le Verrier de le Conterie. Rouen, 1763.
+
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+    1886.
+
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+
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+
+    Vyner. _Notitia Venatica._
+
+
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+    1844.
+
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+    1815.
+
+    _Wardrobe Accounts for the reigns of Edward III. to Henry IV._
+
+    Werth, Hermann. _Ueber die Aeltesten franz. Uebersetzungen Mittelalt.
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+
+    ---- _Altfranzoesische Jagdlehrbuecher._ Halle, 1889.
+
+    Whitaker, Joseph. _The Deer Parks of England._ London, 1892.
+
+
+    _Will. of Palerne._ _See_ G. de P.
+
+    Wright, for _A History of Domestic Manners in England_. By Thomas
+    Wright. London, 1862.
+
+    Wylie, for _History of England under Henry IV_. By James H. Wylie.
+    London, 1884-98. 4 vols.
+
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+    1886.
+
+
+    D'Yauville. _Traite de Venerie._ Paris, 1688.
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY
+
+OF OBSOLETE ENGLISH TERMS AND WORDS OCCURRING IN THE ANCIENT TEXTS OF
+"THE MASTER OF GAME" AND IN APPENDIX.
+
+
+    ABAI, ABAY, being at bay, 29, 118
+
+    ACHARNETH, ACHARNE, to set on, to eat flesh, 59, 60, 62
+
+    ACHAUF, heat, 38, 98
+
+    ACQUILLER, ENQUILLER, to rouse animals of the chase with hounds, App.
+
+    AFERAUNT, the haunch, 38
+
+    AFFETED, fashioned, trained, 27, 141
+
+    AFORCE, _par force_, by force, App.
+
+    AIGUILLOUNCE, thorny
+
+    AKELID, cooled, 186
+
+    AKIRE, AKKERNE, acorns, 144
+
+    ALAUNTIS, ALAUNTZ, ALOND, allans or allauntes, a large hound, 3, 116-8
+
+    ALVELUE, covered with fleece, fat or woolly substance, App.
+
+    ANALED, for _avaled_, hanging down, 114
+
+    ANCEPS, HAUSSEPIED, a snare which caught the game by the foot and
+    lifted it into the air, 61
+
+    ANCHES, rosemary
+
+    APEL, French hunting-note, App.
+
+    APERYNG, stoned, the roughness of antlers, 143
+
+    APPARAILLE, dressed venison
+
+    ARBITTEN, bitten, devoured
+
+    ARBLAST, cross-bow, 27
+
+    ARECHE, reach, 60
+
+    ARERE, _arriere_, behind, back there, 182, App.
+
+    AREYN, spider, 137
+
+    AREYN, rain, 157
+
+    ARRACHER, to tear out; a term used for skinning certain animals, App.
+
+    ASAUTE, SAUTE, in heat, 64, 66
+
+    ASCRIETHE, ASCRIE, to rate, shout at, to scold, 63, 74, 170
+
+    ASSAIEN, try or test, 88
+
+    ASSAYE, ESSAY, to try; taking assay, to see by a cut the thickness of
+    the fat, App.
+
+    ASSISE, note on hunting-horn blown at death of stag which has been
+    hunted by stag-hounds, App.
+
+    ASTERTE, escape
+
+    ASTIFLED, inflammation in the stifle-joint, 103
+
+    ASTRIED, rated, shouted at, 170
+
+    ATHREST, thrust or push, 106
+
+    ATTE FULLE, when the stag's antlers show a certain number of tines,
+    App.
+
+    ATTIRE, the stag's antlers, App.
+
+    AUALED, AVAILED, hanging down, 106, 114
+
+    AUERILLE, _Avrille_, April, 30
+
+    AUNTELERE, AUNTILLER, AUNCULER, antler, 130, 140
+
+    AUNTRED, ventured, 28
+
+    AVAUNT, AUAUNT, a hunting cry, "Forward," 182
+
+    AVAUNTELLAY, relay of hounds
+
+    AVAYL, avail, profit, 13, 31
+
+    AVENAUD, approachable
+
+    AVENERY, oats
+
+    AVISED, aware of, warned, informed, advised, cautious
+
+    AVOY, a hunting cry, probably from "Away," App.
+
+
+    BACE, for Luce, a pike
+
+    BAFFERS, barkers, 120
+
+    BAKE, back
+
+    BALISTA, BALESTA, cross-bow, haronsblast, 27
+
+    BALOWE, bellow, roaring of a stag
+
+    BANDRIKE, BALDRIC, belt to which horn was fastened, 128, 140
+
+    BARATEUR, quarreller
+
+    BARBOURIS, barbers
+
+    BAREYN, barren, 35
+
+    BASCO, Basque, Biscay, 106
+
+    BATYD, bruised, sore, 98
+
+    BATYNG, bating
+
+    BAUDES, baubles, trifles, 83
+
+    BEAM, the main part of the stag's antlers, 142
+
+    BEENDYNG, bending
+
+    BEERNERS, BERNERS, attendant on hounds, 148, 165
+
+    BEESTALE, BESTAILE, beasts, cattle, 36, 61
+
+    BEESTIS, beasts, App.
+
+    BELLEN, BELOWYN, BELERVE, BELOWEN, bellow or roar, 160
+
+    BELUEZ, velvet, 26
+
+    BEME, beam; also trumpet
+
+    BENES, beans, 26
+
+    BERCEL, a mark to shoot at, App.
+
+    BERCELET, BERSLETTIS, BARCELETTE, a shooting-dog used by archers, 122
+
+    BERIES, burrows, earth of fox and badger, 67, 68
+
+    BERYED, buried
+
+    BERYING, bearing, breaking, 136
+
+    BESTIS OF THE CHACE, beasts of the chase, usually fallow deer,
+    roe-deer, fox, martin, 3
+
+    BESTIS OF VENERIE, beasts of venery, usually the hart, hare, boar, and
+    wolf, 3
+
+    BEVY, a number of roe-deer together, App.
+
+    BEVYGREASE, the fat of the roe-deer, App.
+
+    BEWELLIS, BAWAYLLES, BAWELLIS, bowels
+
+    BILLETINGS, the excrements of the fox, App.
+
+    BISSES, BISES, BISCHES, red-deer hinds
+
+    BISSHUNTERS, fur-hunters, 74
+
+    BITTE, bitten, taken, 17, 186
+
+    BLENCHES, marks, tricks, deceits, 159
+
+    BOCHERIE, butchery, 116
+
+    BOKEYING, the rut of the roe-deer, 41
+
+    BOLN, BOLK, BOLNE, bellow or bark, 39, 162
+
+    BOOCHERS HOUNDIS, butchers' dogs, 118
+
+    BOOLE, bull, 118
+
+    BOONES, bones, stag's foot
+
+    BOONYS, bones, 131
+
+    BOORDCLOTH, table-cloth, 164
+
+    BOORDES, boards
+
+    BOORIS, boars, 143
+
+    BOOST, boast
+
+    BOTCHES, BOOCHES, sores, 63
+
+    BOTIRFLIES, butterflies, 66
+
+    BOUNTE, bounty, goodness, 79
+
+    BOUYES, boughs, App.
+
+    BOWIS, BOWES, boughs, 137, 153
+
+    BRACH, BRACHE, a scenting-hound; later on it meant bitches
+
+    BRACHETUS, a hound for hunting, 22
+
+    BRACONIER, the man who held the hounds
+
+    BRAYNE, BREYN, brain, 176
+
+    BREDE, breadth
+
+    BREDE, broad, 138
+
+    BREKE, brook, break; also applied to dress a deer
+
+    BREMED, burnt, 112
+
+    BRENT, burnt, 79
+
+    BRERES, briars, 93
+
+    BRIGILLA, mildew, 96
+
+    BRIMMING, BREMYNG, be in heat, said of boar; the word _breme_,
+    _bryme_, or _brim_, valiant-spirited, 47
+
+    BROACHER, a red-deer stag of second year, App.
+
+    BROCARD, a roebuck of the third year and upwards, App.
+
+    BROCK, badger, App.
+
+    BROKES, BROOCHES, BROACHES, the first head of a red-deer stag, and of
+    roebuck, 45
+
+    BROKET, brocket, young stag, 29
+
+    BROKET'S SISTER, hind in the second year, App.
+
+    BROND, proud, 46
+
+    BUCHE, BYCHES, bitch
+
+    BUGLE, buffalo; also horn for sounding hunting signals, App.
+
+    BUKKES, BUKES, BUCKES, bucks
+
+    BUKMAST, beechmast, App.
+
+    BULLOKE, young stag in second year, 29
+
+    BURNYSSHEN, burnish, to rub the antlers when the velvet is off, 134
+
+    BURR, the lowest part of the stag's antlers
+
+
+    CABOCHE, to cut off the hart's head near the antlers, 176
+
+    CALF, CALFE, the young stag in his first year
+
+    CAMAMYLE, camomile, 95
+
+    CAMPESTRIS, beast of the field or chase--_i.e._ buck, doe, fox,
+    martin, and roe-deer
+
+    CANDLEMAS, February 2
+
+    CARAYNES, CARREYNS, KARIN, carrion, carcase, 62, 77
+
+    CARDIAC, CARDRYACLE, a disease of the heart, 34
+
+    CARRES, marshes, 45
+
+    CASE TO, stripping or skinning the hare, App.
+
+    CATAPUCIA, spurge (_Euphorbia resinifera_), 101
+
+    CATT, CATTE, CATTYS, cat, App.
+
+    CAUTELOUS, CAUTELS, cautious, crafty, 45
+
+    CETE, a number of badgers
+
+    CHACEABLE, chaseable, a hert chaseable, which is now called a
+    warrantable stag, one fit to be hunted
+
+    CHACECHIENS, grooms in attendance on hounds, 148, 177
+
+    CHALAUNGE, challenge
+
+    CHASE, forest; also used to designate a method of hunting, and also a
+    hunting-party
+
+    CHASSE, a French hunting-note
+
+    CHASTISED, trained, 189
+
+    CHATER, CHACER (RECHATER, RECHEAT), a horn signal; also to chastise
+    hounds
+
+    CHAUFED, ACHAUFED, heated, in heat, 49, 98
+
+    CHAULE, CHAULIS, CHAVEL, jaw, 170
+
+    CHAUNGE, change, 31, 108, 111
+
+    CHEERE, CHERE, cherish, welcome, 85
+
+    CHEVERAUS, roe-deer
+
+    CHIBOLLIS, chives, 90
+
+    CHILDERMAS, Innocents' Day (December 28)
+
+    CHIS, dainty, 83
+
+    CHIVAUCHER, CHEVAUCHER, to ride
+
+    CHYMER, riding-cloak
+
+    CHYMNEYIS, chimney, 98, 126
+
+    CLEES, clawes, the "toes" of a deer's foot, 77, 80, 131
+
+    CLEEVES, _sur_ or dew cleeves at the back of a deer's fetlock
+
+    CLEPED, CLEPYD, called, 59, 140
+
+    CLERE SPERES, clear spires, woods, App.
+
+    CLICQUETING, vixen fox when in heat, App.
+
+    CLISTRE, enema, 100
+
+    CODDES, testicles of the hart
+
+    COITING STONE, a quoit
+
+    COLERS, COLIERS PLACES, collier or charcoal pits, 26
+
+    CONCILIDA MAIOR, comfrey (_Symphytum officinale_), 98
+
+    CONCILIDA MINOR, prunella, selfheal (_Prunella vulgaris_), 98
+
+    CONINGER, CONIGREE, rabbit warren, App.
+
+    CONTRE, counter, back, heel
+
+    CONTRE, country, 36
+
+    CONTROUGLE, CONTREONGLE, hunt counter, hunt heel, 150
+
+    CONYNGE, rabbit, 18
+
+    COOLWORT, cabbage, 100
+
+    COPEIS, COPIS, coppice, 155
+
+    CORNER, CORNEER, horn blower
+
+    COTES, quoits, 178
+
+    COUCH, the resting-place of game; also hound's bed
+
+    COUCHERS, setters, 120
+
+    COUERTTS, covert, shelter
+
+    COUNTERFEET, COUNTFEIT, abnormal, 28, 142
+
+    COURSER, CURSAR, CURSER, swift horse
+
+    COUTHEN, CONTHEN, COUTH, knew, to be able, ob. could, 2
+
+    COWE, cow, also tail, from _queue_
+
+    CRIE, cry (of hounds), 65
+
+    CROCHES, the upper tines of a deer's horns; called also _troches_
+
+    CROISE, cross, 150
+
+    CROKES, stomach (of red-deer)
+
+    CROKYNG, crooked, curved, 128
+
+    CROMMES, crumbs
+
+    CRONEN, groan, the roar of the stag
+
+    CROSS TO, to dislodge roe-deer by hounds
+
+    CROTETHE, voiding excrements, 29
+
+    CROTEY, CROTILS, CROTISEN, CROTISINGS, excrements, 16, 29, 30, 133
+
+    CUER, COER, heart
+
+    CUIR, QUIR, leather, hide
+
+    CUREE, CURE, rewarding the hounds (also KYRRE and GUYRRE), 7, 29, 52,
+    208
+
+    CURRES, CURRYS, curs
+
+    CURTAISE, courteous, 115
+
+
+    DAUNGERE, danger, 161
+
+    DEDIS, deeds, 49
+
+    DEDUT, DEUDIZ, DEDUIZ, _deduit_, pleasure, pursuit, sport
+
+    DEFAUTE, DEFAUNT, lack, default, 84, 140
+
+    DEFET, DEFFETEN, opening or undoing the boar and removing the entrails
+
+    DEFOILE, track, 150
+
+    DELYUERE, deliver, active, 124
+
+    DEPILED, stripped of hair
+
+    DESFAIRE, undoing (brittling) of deer or boar, App.
+
+    DESPITOUS, DESPYTOUS, despiteful, furious, 49
+
+    DESTERERE, DESTRIER, horse
+
+    DETOURNER (LE CERF), to harbour the hart, App.
+
+    DEYENG, doing
+
+    DEYM, DEYME, DAINE, DINE, fallow-deer
+
+    DISLAUE, wild, 159
+
+    DISSESE, disease
+
+    DOO, doe
+
+    DOWN, OR HUSKE, a number of hares, App.
+
+    DRAGMES, drachms
+
+    DREYNT, drowned
+
+    DRIT, DRITT, excrements of animals called "stinking beasts," also mud,
+    50, 66
+
+    DRYEN, dry, 102
+
+    DRYUE, driven, 128
+
+    DRYVE, made
+
+    DUNE, donn, dun
+
+    DURE, to last, endure, 43
+
+    DYETTE, diet
+
+
+    EARTH, a fox and badger's lodging-place, App.
+
+    EDIGHT, done, set in order
+
+    EELDE, old age, 123
+
+    EENDIS, ends
+
+    EEREN, hairs, 44
+
+    EERYS, ERES, ears
+
+    EGRE, eager, 115
+
+    EIRERES, harriers, 190
+
+    ELLIS, else, 90
+
+    EMELLE, EMEL, female, 41
+
+    EMPAUMURE, the croches or top tines of a stag's antlers, App.
+
+    ENBROWED, brewed, soaked, 177
+
+    ENCHACE, to hunt, 108
+
+    ENCHARNYNG, blooding, feeding on flesh, 113
+
+    ENCHASEZ, moving deer, &c., with a limer, App.
+
+    ENCORNE, to place a dead stag on his back, the antlers on the ground
+    underneath the shoulders, 174
+
+    ENFOURMED, informed
+
+    ENGLEYMED, glutinous, 29
+
+    ENOSED, a bone in the throat, 87
+
+    ENPESHED, prevented, 11
+
+    ENQUEST, hunt, 182
+
+    ENQUILLER, rousing a buck with hounds, App.
+
+    ENQUYRID, ENQUEYRREIDE blooding hounds after death of deer; also
+    rewarding of hounds, 173
+
+    ENSAUMPLE, example, 79
+
+    ENTENTE, intent
+
+    ENTRYING, entering, beginning of
+
+    ENTRYNGIS, entering, beginning of, 35
+
+    ENVOISE, ENVOYSE, O.F. _envoisse_, to leave the line, or overshoot the
+    line of the animal hunted, 31, 108, 170
+
+    ERBIS, herbs
+
+    ERES OF ROEBUCK, "target," 44
+
+    ERGOTS, ARGUS, claws of boar, buck and doe; those of the boar were
+    sometimes called _gardes_, 130, 144
+
+    ERIS, ERES, ARS, anus, hinder parts; ears, occasionally thus spelt,
+    89, 95, 106, 116
+
+    ERTHE, earth
+
+    ESCORCHER, ESTORCHER, flaying deer, and other beasts of venery, App.
+
+    ESPAULES, shoulders
+
+    ESPAYARD, SPAYARD, SPAYER, stag of the third year, App.
+
+    ESSEMBLE, assembly, 150
+
+    ESTABLIE, stand occupied by sportsmen; also beaters
+
+    ESTORACIS CALAMITA, storax, resin, 96
+
+    ESYE, easy
+
+    ETAWED, tanned
+
+    ETYN, ITVN, eat
+
+    EUENYNGIS, evening, 11
+
+    EUERYCHONE, EVERICHON, each one, every one, 163
+
+    EUILLE, EUELL, evil, wicked, bad, 6
+
+    EVOISED, at fault, or off the line
+
+    EXPEDITE, to maim dogs by cutting off some of their claws
+
+    EYNE, EYGH, EYNEN, eye, 116
+
+    EYRE, air
+
+
+    FACON, FAUCON, falcon, 121
+
+    FADIR, FADERE, father, 105
+
+    FADMYS, FADOMS, fathoms, 125
+
+    FAROWE, FAREWYN, PHAROWYN, farrow, bringing forth young pig, 47, 48,
+    68
+
+    FARSYN, FARSINE, farcy, 69, 92
+
+    FASSON, FASSION, fashion
+
+    FAUND, fawned
+
+    FAUS, false
+
+    FAUSMANCHE, false sleeve
+
+    FAUT, fault
+
+    FECHEWE, fitchew, polecat
+
+    FEELDES, fields, 158
+
+    FEERNE, fern
+
+    FELAUES, fellows
+
+    FELE, many; also sensible, feeling
+
+    FELLE, fierce, cruel, treacherous
+
+    FELLE, FELE, wise, sensible, feeling; also cunning, 30, 115
+
+    FELNESSE, cruelty, fierceness, 71
+
+    FEMELLIS, females
+
+    FENCEMONTH, the month when deer had their young and were left
+    undisturbed, App.
+
+    FERMYD, firm, 162
+
+    FERRE, far, 16
+
+    FERRETTIS, ferrets, 72
+
+    FERRTEST, farthest
+
+    FERS, fierce, 47
+
+    FERSLICHE, fiercely, 86
+
+    FESAWNT, pheasant
+
+    FEUERYERE, February
+
+    FEWES, FEWTE, track, trace, foot. Some animals were called of the
+    sweet foot, others of the stinking foot, 10. _See_ Appendix.
+
+    FEWTERER, FEUTRERES, DEWTREES, man who leads greyhounds, 129
+
+    FIANTS, also LESSES, excrements of the wild boar, App.
+
+    FISTOLES, fistula, 92
+
+    FIXEN, vixen, O.G. _fuchsen_, 64
+
+    FLAY, FLEAN, FLENE, to skin deer and certain other game, 174
+
+    FLAYSSH, flesh, 5
+
+    FLUX, dysentery
+
+    FOILLYNG, stag going downstream when hunted, 32, 173
+
+    FOLIES, FOLY, FOLLY, lesser deer, not hart or buck, 196
+
+    FOLTISCH, foolish, 45
+
+    FOORME, FORME, FOURME, form of the hare, 14, 17
+
+    FORAGLE, strangle, straggle
+
+    FORCHE, FOURCHED, forked, said of stag's antlers, 140, 177
+
+    FORLOYNE, FORLOGNE, FORLONGE, a note sounded on the horn, to denote
+    that the quarry or hounds or both had distanced the hunters, 173
+
+    FORSTERS, foresters, 148
+
+    FORSWONG, M.E. _Forswinger_, bruised, beaten (tucked up), 88
+
+    FORT, the thick part of woods
+
+    FORUN, forewarn, 148
+
+    FOTYDE, footed
+
+    FOUAILL, the reward given to the hounds after a boar hunt, consisting
+    of the bowels cooked over a fire, App.
+
+    FOUMART, FAULMART, FOLMERT, polecat
+
+    FOWTRERES, FEWTERERS, huntsmen who led greyhounds, slippers
+
+    FOXEN, FFIXEN, A.S. _fixen_--_vixen_, a bitch fox, 64
+
+    FOYNE, weasel
+
+    FRAIED, rubbed, 135
+
+    FRAY, frighten, scare, 149
+
+    FRAY, to rub off the velvet on stag's antlers, 26, 135
+
+    FRAYING-POST, the tree against which it was done
+
+    FREYN, excrements of the wild boar, App.
+
+    FROOT, FROTID, rub, 53, 94, 95, 146
+
+    FUANTS, excrements of the fox, martin, badger, and wolf, App.
+
+    FUES, track, line, 18, 31
+
+    FUMES, FUMEE, FUMAGEN, FIMESHEN, FEWMETS, FEMEGEN, FEWMISHINGS,
+    excrements, droppings, particularly of deer, 9, 16, 38, 39, 133
+
+    FURKIE, pieces of venison hung on a fork-shaped stick
+
+    FURROUR, fur, Fr. _fourrure_, 63
+
+    FUTAIE, FUTELAIE, forest, wood of old trees, also plantation of
+    beech-trees, App.
+
+    FYNDERS, finders, hounds to start or find deer, 161, 165
+
+
+    GADERYNGE, GADERYNG, gathering, meet, 156, 163
+
+    GADIRE, gather, 43
+
+    GAR, to force, to compel, 39
+
+    GARDES, the dew-claws of the wild boar
+
+    GARSED, cupped, 90
+
+    GIN, GYNNE, trap, snare
+
+    GIRLE, the roebuck in the second year, App.
+
+    GISE, guise, manner of
+
+    GLADNESSE, a glade, a clear space, 137
+
+    GLAUNDRES, glanders, 96
+
+    GLEMYNG, GLEYMING, slime, stickiness, 133
+
+    GLOTENY, gluttony
+
+    GNAPPE, snap, 92
+
+    GOBETTES, small pieces, 81, 177
+
+    GOOT, goat
+
+    GORGEAUNT, wild boar in his second year
+
+    GOTERS, GOOTERE, GOUTIERES, gutters, the small grooves in the antlers
+    of a stag, 143
+
+    GRAUNT SOUR, stag of fifth year
+
+    GRAUYLL, gravel, 143
+
+    GREASE, GRECE, the fat of certain animals, 25, 27, 49
+
+    GREASE-TIME, the season of hart and buck when they were fattest, 160
+
+    GREATER, OF THE, term used in counting the tines of a stag's antlers,
+    App.
+
+    GREDE, seek, hunt, 183
+
+    GRES, upper tusks of wild boar, grinders, 50
+
+    GRESSOPPES, grasshoppers, 66
+
+    GRETE, greet, great, 13
+
+    GREUE, grieve, harass, injure, 45
+
+    GREY, badger, 68
+
+    GROVYS, grooves
+
+    GUSTUMES, customs, 4
+
+    GUTTES, guts
+
+    GUYEN, GUEYNE, Guienne
+
+    GUYRREIS, quarry (_curee_), 105
+
+    GYNNES, GYNES, gins, traps, ruses, wiles, tricks, 35, 73
+
+    GYNNOUSLY, by stratagem or ingenuity, 15, 39, 43, 59
+
+
+    HAIES, HAYES, nets, hedges, 74
+
+    HALLOW, the reward given to the hounds at the death
+
+    HALOWE, halloa, App.
+
+    HAMYLONS, the wiles of a fox
+
+    HARBOUR, HERBOROWE, HARBOURE, HARBOROW, to track a hart to his lair,
+    29
+
+    HARBOURER, man who harbours the deer, 130, 148
+
+    HARDIETHE, herds with
+
+    HARDLE, HERDLE, HERDEL, HARLING, HARDEL, fasten or couple hounds
+    together, also to fasten the four legs of a roebuck together, 45, 190
+
+    HARDY, bold, courageous
+
+    HARIS, hares, 17
+
+    HARNAYS, HERNEIS, harness, appurtenances, arms, &c., 60
+
+    HARONSBLAST, a crossbow, from O.F. _Arcbaleste_, 27
+
+    HAROWDE, herald, 139
+
+    HARTHOUND, HERTHOUND, hound used to chase the stag
+
+    HAST, haste
+
+    HASTILETTIZ, the dividing of the wild boar into thirty-two pieces
+
+    HATT, hath
+
+    HATTE, thicket, 118
+
+    HAUKES, hawks, 120
+
+    HAUKYNG, hawking
+
+    HAUNTELERS, antlers, App.
+
+    HAUSPEE, HAUSSEPEE, a trap; also a siege engine, 61
+
+    HAYTER, harrier, App.
+
+    HEARSE, also BROKET'S SISTER, a red-deer hind in her second year, App.
+
+    HEDDYD, headed
+
+    HEERE, hair, 27
+
+    HEGHES, hocks
+
+    HEIRERS, harriers, 111
+
+    HELE, HELTHE, health
+
+    HELYN, heal, 127
+
+    HEMULE, HEMUSE, HEYMUSE, roebuck in the third year
+
+    HENDIS, red-deer hind, 130
+
+    HER, hear
+
+    HERBIS, herbs, 14
+
+    HERBOROWE. See HARBOUR
+
+    HERDLE, to dress a roebuck
+
+    HERNEIS, harness. See HARNAYS, also Appendix
+
+    HEROUN, heron, 1
+
+    HERT, heart; also stag, 23, 34
+
+    HERTIS, harts, stags, 130
+
+    HIDRE, hinder
+
+    HIGHTEN, called, named, 148, 182
+
+    HIRE, her, 19
+
+    HOGGASTER, wild boar in his third year, App.
+
+    HOKKES, HOGHES, HOUGHS, hocks, 99, 114
+
+    HOOKES, hooks, first teeth of wolf and dog, 56, 83
+
+    HOOT (BE), promised, 79
+
+    HOOTE, hot, 32
+
+    HOPELAND, HOPOLAND, HOUPPELAND, a long surcoat or gownlike garment
+
+    HOPPYN, hoping
+
+    HORRED, hairy, 106
+
+    HOS, hoarse, 66
+
+    HOUE, hoof
+
+    HOUGH, HOWFF, HOUFF, a haunt, a resort, used especially for the holt,
+    or dwelling-place of an otter, App.
+
+    HOUNDIS, HUNDES, hounds; also hands, 1
+
+    HOUNGER, hunger
+
+    HOUNTER, hunter
+
+    HOWLYN, howl
+
+    HOXTIDE, feast fifteen days after Easter, App.
+
+    HUSKE, a number of hares, App.
+
+
+    IBOYLED, boiled
+
+    ICLEPID, called, 105, 144
+
+    ILEYN, lain, 136
+
+    ILLOEQUES, ILLEOQS, here in this place, 183, 234
+
+    ILOST, lost
+
+    IMAKYD, made, 137
+
+    IMEYNGID, mingled, 102
+
+    IMPRIME, unharbouring a hart
+
+    INGWERE, INQUERE, inquire or seek, 151
+
+    IPRESSID, pressed, 136
+
+    IREEYNED, rained, 157
+
+    IREN, iron, 90
+
+    IRENGED, arranged, 142
+
+    IRONGED, ranged
+
+    IROOS, iris, 93
+
+    ISPAIDE, spayed, castrated; also to kill with a sword. See Spay
+
+    ISTAMPED, stamped, crushed, 93
+
+    ISTERED, stirred, 91
+
+    ITAWED, tawed, tanned, 126
+
+    ITHREST, thrust, pushe, 136
+
+    ITRED, trodden
+
+    ITYNDED, tined, 142
+
+    IWERYD, worn, 147
+
+    IWETED, wetted, moistened, 97
+
+    IWRETHEDE, wreathed, 133
+
+
+    JANGELERE, jangler, 124
+
+    JANNERE, January
+
+    JAWLE, jaw, 50
+
+    JENGELETH, jangeleth, said of a noisy hound, 110
+
+    JOLLY, a bitch in heat, 54, 58
+
+    JOPEY, JUPPEY, to holloa, to cry out, to call, 171, 234
+
+    JUGE, JUGGE, judge
+
+    JUGGEMENTZ, judgments, 130
+
+    JUILL, July
+
+    JUIN, June
+
+    JUS, juice
+
+    JWERYD, worn
+
+
+    KAREYNES, carrion, 48, 58, 68
+
+    KELE, cool, 91
+
+    KEMBE, comb, 127
+
+    KENNETTIS, KENET, a small hunting hound, 111
+
+    KEPYN, keeping
+
+    KERRE, KIRRE, KYRRE, CURE, CUREE, QUARRY, reward of hounds. _See_
+    CUREE
+
+    KEUERE, cover, 65
+
+    KEUERED, covered, 80
+
+    KITTE, to cut, sharp, 95
+
+    KITTYNG, cutting, 50
+
+    KNOBBER, stag in second year or broket, App.
+
+    KNYFF, knife, 90
+
+    KOUNYNGLY, cunningly; also wisely
+
+    KUNNE, KEN, to know, to be able, 15
+
+    KYDE, roebuck in first year
+
+    KYEN, kine, cattle, 120
+
+    KYLLEIC, Welsh for grease time
+
+    KYNDELETH, bring forth (said of the hare), 181
+
+    KYNDELS, young hare, 19
+
+    KYNDELY, naturally, M.E. kindely, kendeliche, cundeliche
+
+    KYNNINGLY, cunningly
+
+    KYTONS, KYTTONS, kittens, 71
+
+
+    LABELLES, small flaps, 174
+
+    LADDE, led
+
+    LADIL, ladle
+
+    LAIES, pools, lakes
+
+    LAIR, the resting-place of the various kinds of deer, 10
+
+    LAMMAS, LAMMASSE, August 1, 2
+
+    LAMMASSE OF PETER APOSTULL, June 29
+
+    LAPPE, lap, 158
+
+    LASSE, less, smaller
+
+    LAUNCET, lancet
+
+    LAUNDES, LONDES, wild uncultivated land, 36
+
+    LAVEY, unrestrained, wild, 111
+
+    LEATHER, the skin of deer and of the wild boar, App.
+
+    LECHES, leeches, doctor or surgeon, 12
+
+    LEDER, leather, 126
+
+    LEFRER, levrier, greyhound
+
+    LEFT, last, or live
+
+    LEGGES, legs
+
+    LEIE, lair
+
+    LEIRE, river Loire in France, 77
+
+    LEIRES, lair, bed of a stag, 136
+
+    LEITH, layeth
+
+    LEKES, leeks, 90
+
+    LERNYD, learned, taught
+
+    LESE, leash, 59
+
+    LESETH, loseth, 52
+
+    LESS, OF THE, term used in counting the tines, App.
+
+    LESSES, Fr. _laissees_, excrements of boar and wolves, 139, 146
+
+    LESSHE, LESSE, LESCHE, leash, 140
+
+    LESSHES, lesses, inferiors, 189
+
+    LESYNG, loosing, 119
+
+    LETTE, hindered, 51, 163
+
+    LEUERE, leaver, rather, sooner
+
+    LEURETTIS, leverets, 19
+
+    LEUVE, leave, 31
+
+    LEUYS, LEUES, leaves, 138
+
+    LEVIR, leaver, rather
+
+    LEVRIER, a hare hound
+
+    LIAM, LYAM, rope by which the limer was held
+
+    LIBARD, leopard, 70
+
+    LIFF, life, 31
+
+    LIFLODE, LYVELODE, livelihood, 59
+
+    LIGGING, LYGGING, lair, resting-place, 24, 71, 149, 191
+
+    LIPPIS, lips
+
+    LITERE, litter
+
+    LOGGES, lodges, 190
+
+    LONDE, land, 75
+
+    LOUEN, love
+
+    LOUPES CORRYNERS (_loup cerviers_), lynx; occasionally it was probably
+    applied to the wolverine, 70
+
+    LOWRE, laugh, 81
+
+    LUCE, pike, 113
+
+    LYFF, life
+
+    LYMER, a tracking hound on a leash, 31, 38, 152, 157, 167-9, 235
+
+    LYMMES, limbs
+
+    LYMNER, LYMERER, LIMERER, man who leads hounds on a leash, 148, 166,
+    235
+
+    LYMNERE, used both for man and hound, App.
+
+    LYNSED, linseed, 104
+
+    LYOUN, lion
+
+    LYTHIS, LIGHTIS, lungs
+
+    LYVEN, LYUEN, live
+
+
+    MAISTIVES, mastif, mastiff
+
+    MAISTRIS, masters
+
+    MALEMORT, glanders, 96
+
+    MALENCOLIOUS, melancholy
+
+    MALICE, cunning, 34
+
+    MAMEWE, MAMUNESRE, MAMEUE, MAUEWE, mange, 90, 91
+
+    MANESSETH, threatening, 51
+
+    MANNYS, man's, 151
+
+    MARCHES, district, 19
+
+    MARIE, marrow
+
+    MARRUBIUM ALBUM, white horehound (_Marrubium vulgare_), 101
+
+    MARTRYN, martin, 73
+
+    MARY MAGDALENE DAY, July 22nd, 26
+
+    MASCLE, MASCHE, male, 67
+
+    MASTIN, a hound used for boar-hunting, a mongrel
+
+    MATERE, matter
+
+    MAYNED, maimed, bitten
+
+    MAYNTYN, maintain
+
+    MAYSTIF, MASTIF, MESTIFIS, MASTOWE, mastiff, 118, 122, App.
+
+    MAYSTRE, MAISTRIE, MAISTRICE, MAYSTRY, mastery, skill, 71, 107
+
+    MECHE, big, 113
+
+    MEDE, meadow, 163
+
+    MEDLE, MEDEL, mix, 91
+
+    MENE, lesser, small, 128
+
+    MENEE, MENNEE, note sounded on a horn; also the baying of a hound
+    hunting, 171, 179
+
+    MENG, MENGE, mingle, 102
+
+    MERREIN, the main beam of a stag's antlers, App.
+
+    MERVAILE, marvel
+
+    MERVEILIOST, most marvellous, 181
+
+    MERVEILLOUS, MERUEYLOUS, marvellous
+
+    MESTIFIS, mastifs, 118, 122
+
+    METIS, meats
+
+    METYNG, METYNGIS, meet, meeting, 148
+
+    METYNGE, METYNG, feeding or pasture of deer, 9, 25, 34, 152
+
+    MEUE, MEW, MEVE, move, start, shed, 26, 42, 166
+
+    MEULE, MULE, burr, part of the antler, App.
+
+    MEUTE, pack of hounds
+
+    MEVETHE, meweth, to mew, casts or sheds. _See_ MEUE
+
+    MEWS, house for hawks
+
+    MODIR, mother, 105
+
+    MODIRWORT, motherwort (_Leonurus cardiaca_), 101
+
+    MONYTHE, MONETH, MONETHENYS, month, 27
+
+    MOOTE, MOTE, a note or horn signal, App.
+
+    MORFOUND, MORFOND, to catch cold, glanders, 124
+
+    MORNYNGIS, morning, 7
+
+    MORSUS GALLINE, chickweed, 101
+
+    MORT, a note sounded on the horn at the death of the hart
+
+    MOSEL, MOSELLE, muzzle, 77
+
+    MOTE, MOOTE, a note sounded on the horn, 168, 185
+
+    MOTYING, MOVING, 150
+
+    MOUNTENANCE, MOUNTANCE, extent of, as far as, 21, 101
+
+    MOUSTENESSE, moisture, 124
+
+    MOW, MOWE, MOWEN, to have power, to be able, 97, 178
+
+    MOWSE, burr of an antler
+
+    MUE, mew, shed antlers, or feathers, molt. _See_ MEUE
+
+    MULE, MEULE, burr of a stag's antler, 141
+
+    MUTE, MEUTE, a pack of hounds
+
+    MYCHE, the assibulated form of _mukel_, _mikl_, great, much, 41
+
+    MYDDES, midst
+
+    MYDDIL, middle
+
+    MYNDE, memory, 2
+
+    MYSIUGEN, misjudge, 29
+
+
+    NAIL, name given to a disease in dogs' eyes, now called Pterygium, 94
+
+    NARTHELESS, NATHELESS, nevertheless, 149
+
+    NATYUITE, nativity
+
+    NEDEL, needle, 61
+
+    NEKYS, NEKE, NECKYD, neck, necked, App.
+
+    NEMETH, taketh, 75
+
+    NEMPE, name, 165
+
+    NERES, kidneys
+
+    NESCHE, NEYSSH, NESSH, soft, tender, moist, 52, 130, 131
+
+    NETHIR, nether, lower
+
+    NETTELIS, nettles, 89, 101
+
+    NEWLICH, newly, freshly
+
+    NOMBLES, NOMBLIS, part of the stag's intestines, App.
+
+    NOONE, no more
+
+    NOORCHE, NORSHE, NORSSH, nourish, to bring up, to educate, 56, 58, 80
+
+    NOOSETHERLIS, NOSETHRELLES, nostrils, 96, 105
+
+    NORTURE, bringing up, 30
+
+    NOTIS, nuts, 91
+
+    NOUGH, nigh
+
+    NOYAUNCE, annoyance, 163
+
+    NYME, to take, to hold
+
+
+    OKIS, oaks, 144
+
+    OLYFF, olive, 90, 102
+
+    ONYS, once, 156
+
+    OO, OON, one, 17
+
+    OPENE, OPYN, open (of hounds to give tongue), 108, 155
+
+    OR, ERE, before, 17
+
+    ORDEYNE, ordain
+
+    ORPED, brave, valiant, 107
+
+    OS, the dew-claws of the stag and hind, App.
+
+    OSCORBIN (OS CORBIN), a small bone in the stag's body given to the
+    crows, App.
+
+    OSTORACES CALAMYNT, storax or resin, 96
+
+    OTYR, OTERE, otter, 72-4
+
+    OUERJAWES, upper jaws, 176
+
+    OUERSETTE, overcome, 60, 66
+
+    OUERWHERTE, athwart, 87
+
+    OURSHETTE, overshoot, 159
+
+    OUYR, over
+
+    OWETH, OWEN, ought
+
+    OWRERS, harriers
+
+    OYE, eye, 157
+
+    OYLE, oil, 102
+
+
+    PAAS, PIZ, chest, 114
+
+    PAAS, pace, to walk slowly
+
+    PACE, slot, track of stag, 132
+
+    PAMED, palmated
+
+    PARASCEVE, PARASSEUE, Good Friday
+
+    PARFITERS, PARFITORS, PARFITOURS, PARFYTEIROS, the third or last relay
+    of hounds 7, 10
+
+    PARTEL, a part of portion
+
+    PARTEYNETH, appertaineth
+
+    PARTIE, part
+
+    PASE, pace, to step slowly, 130
+
+    PEARLS, the excrescences on the stag's antlers, App.
+
+    PECE, piece
+
+    PEECHTRE, PEOCHETRE, peach-tree, 102
+
+    PEL, Fr. _peau_, skin
+
+    PERCEL, parsley, 101
+
+    PERCHE, the main beam of the stag's antler, App.
+
+    PERFITE, PERFEET, PERFIT, perfect; also note sounded on the horn, 174
+
+    PERITORIE, wall pellitory (_Parietaria_), 101
+
+    PESEN, peas, 26
+
+    PESETH, paceth, 149
+
+    PEYN, pain
+
+    PIERRURES, "pearls" or excrescences on the stag's antlers
+
+    PILCHES, pelisse, a coat of skin or fur, 63
+
+    PLAYN CONTRE, clear open country, 19, 65
+
+    PLAYNES, plains
+
+    PLAYSTIRE, plaster
+
+    PLECKE, PLEK, PLECK, PLECCA, piece of ground, place, 183
+
+    PLEYN, PLEYNETH, complain, lament, 51
+
+    PLEYN, PLAYNETH, PLEIGNEN, Fr. _pleigner_, complain, lament
+
+    POINTYNG, pointing, track of hare
+
+    POLCATTES, polecats, 73
+
+    POMELED, mottled, dappled, spotted, 45
+
+    POONDE, POON, pond
+
+    POORT, parts, behaviour, manners, 4
+
+    POPY, puppy
+
+    PORCHE. _See_ PERCHE
+
+    POUERE, POUER, power, 164
+
+    POUTURE, keep, food, used in connection with hounds
+
+    POYNTED, painted
+
+    PREEF, proof, 88
+
+    PREES, press, crowd, 118
+
+    PREUYD, proved, 90
+
+    PREUYLI, PRIUYLI, privily, 149
+
+    PRICE, PRISE, PRIEE, take, capture
+
+    PRICKET, PRIKET, the fallow buck in his second year, App.
+
+    PRIK, PRICK, to hunt, 116
+
+    PRIKHERID CURRIS, rough-coated curs, App.
+
+    PRIKKYNG, PRICKING, footprint of hare, App.
+
+    PRIME, noon (_hie prime_), midday
+
+    PRISE, PRIZE, PRYCE, a horn signal blown in France for the buck, in
+    England for the hart and buck after the kill, 175
+
+    PRIVE, tame
+
+    PROCATOURS, proctors, 195
+
+    PROFITENESS, perfectness, 2
+
+    PULEGRUN, pennyroyal (_Mentha pulegium_), 20
+
+    PULLETH, POILETH, take the hair off, Fr. _poiler_, 90
+
+    PURSNETTIS, purse-nets, 67
+
+    PURUEAUNCE, perseverance, 80
+
+    PUTTES, pits
+
+    PYCHE, pitch
+
+    PYLES, PILES, the skin of the boar, wolf, and smaller animals
+
+    PYNSOURS, pincers, 98
+
+
+    QUALES, quails, 119
+
+    QUARRY, the reward given to the hounds. _See_ CUREE, App.
+
+    QUAT, couched, lying down, used for deer, 172
+
+    QUATTELL, to quat, to squat, to crouch, to lie down, App.
+
+    QUESTY, QUEST, to hunt, to give tongue, 110, 130, 155
+
+    QUYERE, QUYRRE, QUIR, QUARE, curee, quarry for hounds, reward, App.
+
+    QUYK, EUELIS, QUICKEVIL, a disease of hounds
+
+    QUYRRCIS, reward given to hounds. _See_ CUREE, App.
+
+
+    RACCHES, hounds, 3, 74, 167
+
+    RAGE, madness
+
+    RAGERUNET, RAGEMUET, dumb madness, 86
+
+    RASCAILE, RASCAYLE, RASKAILE, lean deer; any deer under ten was
+    usually called rascal, 7, 25, 150, 193
+
+    RAVEYN, prey, rapine, 57, 60
+
+    REAL, REALL, a tine (in France, the bay) on the stag's antler
+
+    REAME, REAUME, realm, 78
+
+    REAR TO, to dislodge a wild boar, App.
+
+    REBELLY, rebellious, unruly, 191
+
+    RECHASE, recheat, sound a note on the horn, to call back the hounds by
+    sound of horn, also to put them on the right scent, 168, 178, 191-8,
+    App.
+
+    RECHE, to reck, to care, 57, 131
+
+    RECHELESS, reckless
+
+    RECOPES, recoupling, 179
+
+    REFRAIED, REFREIDE, refrected, chilled, cooled, 47, 99
+
+    REIES, nets, App.
+
+    RELAIES, relays (of hounds), 165
+
+    RELEVED, Fr. _relever_, said of the hare rising from her form to go to
+    her pasture, 14, 183
+
+    RELIE, RELYE, rally, 167
+
+    REMEUYE, REMEYID, removed
+
+    RENNEN, rained, rains
+
+    RENNYNG, RENNETH, running
+
+    RENOUET, RENOVEL, Fr. _renouveler_, to renew, 48
+
+    RESCEYUED, received
+
+    RESEEYUOUR, receiver, a greyhound in front of deer, 198
+
+    RESEITYNG, reseating
+
+    RESOUNS, RESOUNS, RESONS, reasons, 6
+
+    RESTIF, quiet, restive, unwilling to go or to move forward, 109
+
+    RESTREYED, restrained, held back, 109
+
+    RETREYED, retrieved, 29
+
+    REUERE, REVERE, river
+
+    REWE, rue, 90
+
+    REWE, row, 193
+
+    REWLE, rule, 55
+
+    REWME, Fr. _rhume_, a cold, 96
+
+    REYNE, rain, 21
+
+    REYNDERE, reindeer
+
+    REYSON, REYSE, raising, raise, 29
+
+    RIALLE, RIAL, royal, also tine of stag's antlers, 28, 140
+
+    RIDINGTIME, REDENGTIME, bucking time of the hare, 20
+
+    RIG, RAGGE, backbone, App.
+
+    RIOT, 74, App.
+
+    ROCHES, ROKKES, rocks, 26
+
+    RODES, rods
+
+    ROTELYNG, rattling, 162
+
+    ROUNGETH, Fr. _ronger_, chews the cud, 181, App.
+
+    ROUSE TO, ROWZE, rouse, to dislodge buck or doe, App.
+
+    ROUT, a number of wolves, 62
+
+    ROUTES, synonymous with slot, line of deer, 132
+
+    ROYAL, a tine, sometimes the trez tine (_see_ RIALLE), 28, 140
+
+    RUETTIS, horn or trumpet, 128
+
+    RUSYNG, rusing, 31, 45, 173
+
+    RUTSOMTIME, RUTSON, RUTTE, rutting time of deer, 24, 109
+
+    RYGES, back, haunches, 17
+
+    RYGHTES, rights, a stag's rights, three lower tines of antlers; a
+    hound was in his "rights" when hunting line, 174
+
+    RYOT, noise, 121
+
+    RYUERE, REUERE, river, 77
+
+
+    SAYNOLFES, SPAYNELS, spaniels, 119
+
+    SCANTILONN, measure, 150, 165
+
+    SCOMBRE, SCOMBERE (stercoro in MS. Bod. 546), voiding excrements, 100,
+    127
+
+    SCOMFITED, discomfited, 82
+
+    SEAT, the form of a hare, 16
+
+    SECHE, seek
+
+    SECHYNG, SEKYNG, seeking, 110
+
+    SEEGH, SEGHE, saw, 13
+
+    SEELD, SEELDEN, seldom, 181
+
+    SELIDOYN, celandine, 94
+
+    SEMBLAUNT, SEMBLANCE, pretence, 16
+
+    SEMBLE, assembly or meet, 9
+
+    SEMOLY, seemly, 75
+
+    SENGLER, wild boar (_Sanglier_)
+
+    SENS, incense, 96
+
+    SENTYN, scent
+
+    SERCHYNG, searching, 6, 29
+
+    SERGEAUNTIS, sergeants, 165
+
+    SESOUNN, SESOUN, SESON, season, 29
+
+    SESOURS, seizers, 114, 117
+
+    SETTE, set, place, part of forest round which "stables" or stations of
+    men and hounds were placed, 149, 189
+
+    SEWE, SUE, Fr. _suir_, hunt, pursue, 150, 161
+
+    SEWET, suet, fat of deer
+
+    SEWRE, swear
+
+    SEYN, say, see
+
+    SHAP, shape
+
+    SHAPON, shaped
+
+    SHEELD, shield, shoulder of a boar, 49
+
+    SHEELLEN, shall
+
+    SHEERDE, cut, wound, 99
+
+    SHENT, shamed, disgraced, 79
+
+    SIKERLI, securely, 159
+
+    SINGULAR, the wild boar when he leaves the sounder, App.
+
+    SKIRTIS, SKYRTIS, the skin and tissue surrounding the stomach
+
+    SKULK, a number of foxes, App.
+
+    SLAWTHE, sloth, 5
+
+    SLOUGH, lower part of the heart
+
+    SLUG-HOUND, a sleuth-hound, a track hound, App.
+
+    SLYKE, slick, sleek or smooth, 44
+
+    SMET, SMYTTEN, smitten, 192
+
+    SNAWE, snow
+
+    SOAR, a buck in his fourth year
+
+    SOEPOL, wild thyme (_Thymus serpyllum_), 20
+
+    SOILE, SOULE, SOUILLE, wallowing pool, soil or mud; "to soil" means
+    when a deer or wild boar takes to water or wallows in it, 37, 50, 144
+
+    SOIOURNE, SOIOURN, SOIOURNYING, SOJORN, SOJOURN, to remain, 98
+
+    SOLERE, upper chamber, 126
+
+    SOMEDELE, somewhat
+
+    SOMERE, SOMER, summer, 45
+
+    SONE, soon
+
+    SONNE, SUNNE, sun, 9
+
+    SONNE, SOUNE, sound
+
+    SOPERE, SOPER, supper, 180
+
+    SOPPE, SOPPERS, herd of deer, 25
+
+    SORRELL, a buck in his third year
+
+    SOTELLY, subtlety, cleverly
+
+    SOTIL, SOTILLE, SOTILTE, subtle, clever, 67, 80, 95
+
+    SOULE, SOILE, alone, 168
+
+    SOUNDER, SOUNDRE, SUNDRE, a herd of wild boars, 53, 143
+
+    SOUR, stag of fourth year, the colour of a deer's hide; according to
+    Roquefort, a herd of swine, App.
+
+    SOUSSE, oxide of zinc, 95
+
+    SOUZ-REAL, SOUCH-REAL, SUR-RYAL, sur-antler, a tine of the stag's
+    head, 140, 177, App.
+
+    SOWLE, soul, 12
+
+    SPAINEL, SPAYNELS, spaniel
+
+    SPARHAUKE, sparrowhawk, 114
+
+    SPATELL, spittle, 92
+
+    SPAY, to kill a deer with a sword 10, 174, 258; to castrate, 84, 258
+
+    SPAYARD, SPAYDE, SPAYER, SPYCARD, the stag in his third year, App.
+
+    SPAYNEL, spaniel, 119
+
+    SPEIES, spires, young wood, 157
+
+    SPIRES, SPOYES, stalks, young wood; thick spires means thick wood, 65,
+    118
+
+    SPITOUS, despiteful, 115
+
+    SPRAINTES, SPRAYTYNG, excrements of the otter, 73, 139
+
+    SPRINGOL, SPRINGALD, SPRINGOLD, SPRINGALL, siege engine to throw
+    stones or balks of timber, 23
+
+    STABLE, STABLYS, Fr. _establie_, a post or station of huntsmen and
+    hounds, 188
+
+    STAGGART, the stag in his fourth year, 29, 131
+
+    STALK, to go softly, creep, "Stalk the deer full still" (used by John
+    Lydgate, about 1430)
+
+    STALL, to corner, to bring to bay, to stand still, 153
+
+    STANC, STANK, STANGES, STANGKES, Fr. _estanc_, pool, tank, pond, 32,
+    72
+
+    STEPPIS, steps, footprint of deer, 73, 137
+
+    STERE, stir, 91
+
+    STERT, STIRT, start
+
+    STINTE, STYNTE, to stop, to blow a stint--_i.e._ to stop or check the
+    hounds, a false scent, check, 19, 165
+
+    STONE-BOW, Fr. _arc-a-pierre_, a kind of crossbow
+
+    STOONYS, stones, 143
+
+    STORDY, _estordic_, giddy, 116
+
+    STOUPEN, stoop
+
+    STRAKE, to blow, 178
+
+    STRANGLE, straggle, 188
+
+    STRANLING, STRANLYN, squirrel
+
+    STRATERE, straighter
+
+    STRAUGHT, straight, 128
+
+    STRENGE, STRENGTH, stronghold, thick woods, 16, 118, 156
+
+    STRENGESTE, strongest
+
+    STREPID, to strip
+
+    STREYNOUR, strainer
+
+    STREYNT, strain, progeny or breed
+
+    STRIPID, stripped, term to denote skinning of hare, wild boar, and
+    wolf, App.
+
+    STROKE, STRAKE, or STUKE, to sound a note on a hunting-horn, 52
+
+    STRONG, said of woods and coverts, thick, dense, 25
+
+    SUE, to seek, to hunt, 161
+
+    SUERS, followers
+
+    SUET, the fat of the red-deer and fallow-deer
+
+    SUETE, sweet, 19
+
+    SUGRE, sugar
+
+    SURANTLER, a tine, generally the _bay_
+
+    SUR-ROYAL, the surroyal tine, 28
+
+    SURE BATYD (of hounds' feet), battered, bruised from over running, 98
+
+    SUSRIAL, surroyal tine
+
+    STYNT, at fault; to stop
+
+    SUYTE, suite, following
+
+    SWEF, a hunting cry, meaning gently or softly, 182
+
+    SWERDE, sword, 11
+
+    SWOOR, swore
+
+    SWOOT, SWOTE, sweat
+
+    SYLVESTRES, beasts of venery--_i.e._ red-deer, hare, boar, and wolf,
+    App.
+
+    SYNNES, sins, 7
+
+    SYNOWES, SYNEWES, sinews
+
+    SYTHES, times
+
+
+    TACCHES, habits, also spots, markings, 121
+
+    TALOUN, talon, heel, 130, 131
+
+    TAWED, a kind of tanning, preparation of white leathers, 63
+
+    TAWNE, tan, tawny, 105
+
+    TAYLYD, tailed
+
+    TEASER, TEAZER, TESOURS, a small hound that "teases" forth the game in
+    coverts, 189
+
+    TEG, the fallow doe in her second year
+
+    TENT, tended, cared for, 103
+
+    TERCELLE, TIERCEL, the male of any species of hawk, 119
+
+    TERER, TEERORS, terrier, 4
+
+    TERPSE, to poise an arrow for shooting
+
+    TERRYERS, terriers, 4
+
+    TESTE, head or antlers (_tete_)
+
+    TEYNTES, touches, 65
+
+    THENDERLEGGIS, hind legs
+
+    THENKYNGIS, thinking, 75
+
+    THENNES, thence
+
+    THIDERE, thither
+
+    TOCHES, teeth, 50, 56
+
+    TOGADERE, TOGIDRE, together
+
+    TOKENYS, tokens, 86
+
+    TOSSHES, tusks
+
+    TOUNGE, TOONG, tongue
+
+    TOURE, tower, 77
+
+    TOWAILLES, towels, 164
+
+    TOWNGE, TUNGE, tongue
+
+    TRACE, track or footprint of an animal, 9, 73, 130, 137
+
+    TRAUAILLE, TRAVAYLE, Fr. _travaille_, work, labour, 54, 93
+
+    TREDELES, excrements of otter, 73
+
+    TRENCHOUR, trencher, 174
+
+    TRESTES, tryst, trist, 190
+
+    TRESTETH, trusteth, 49
+
+    TREU, TREWE, true, faithful
+
+    TRIP, a herd of tame swine, 53
+
+    TROCHIS, TROCHES, the tines "on top," 28, 135, 140
+
+    TRODES, trod
+
+    TROWETH, believes or knows
+
+    TRUSTRE, tryst, 118
+
+    TWIES, TWYES, twice, 82
+
+    TWIN, between
+
+    TWYGGES, twigs, 22
+
+    TYME, season
+
+    TYNDES, TYNYS, tines, 132, 142
+
+    TYSANE, a medicinal tea, 11
+
+
+    UMBICAST, to cast round, 151
+
+    UNDIRNETHE, underneath
+
+    UNDOING, dressing of a deer
+
+    UNDOON, undone, to cut up
+
+    UNNETH, scarcely, 80
+
+    UNSICKER, uncertain
+
+    UNTHENDE, unsuccessful
+
+    UNWAYSSH, unwashed
+
+    UNWEXID, unwaxed
+
+    UNYOYNE, unjoin, 97
+
+    UPREAR TO, finding of the hart buck, and boar with the limer
+
+    USYN, use
+
+
+    VANCHASOURS, VANCHASERS, the relay of hounds that comes first, 7, 10
+
+    VANNCHACE, the first in the chase, 7, 10
+
+    VAUNTELLAY, VAUNTLAY, VNLAY, part of the pack held in reserve, when
+    uncoupled on the line of the stag before the hounds already hunting
+    had passed, 169, 172
+
+    VEEL, calf, used sometimes for the stag in his first year, App.
+
+    VELINE, a horn signal, App.
+
+    VELTRAGA, VELTRARIUS, a hound, an alaunt, App.
+
+    VENT TO, said of an otter when it comes to surface of water for air;
+    also to empty, to cast excrements, App.
+
+    VENTRERS, ventreres, 116, 117
+
+    VENYIN, venom
+
+    VERFULL, a glassful, 101
+
+    VERREY, truly, true, 75, 105
+
+    VERTEGRECE, VERTEGRES, verdigris, 91
+
+    VESTEING, investigating, looking, 151
+
+    VEUTRERES, VEAUTRE, boarhound
+
+    VEYN, vein
+
+    VISHITETH, voiding excrements, 66
+
+    VMBLIS, umbles
+
+    VNDIRTAKYNG, undertaking
+
+    VNDYRSTONDYNG, understanding
+
+    VNGLES, bugles, 128
+
+    VNNANYS, onions, 102
+
+    VOIDE, VOYDE, leave, go away, empty, 51, 191
+
+    VOIDEN, to purge, 61
+
+    VOIS, VOYS, voice, 66
+
+    VOYNES, veins, 99
+
+
+    WAGGYNG, excrements of foxes, 139
+
+    WAIES, way, track
+
+    WALOUYNG, wallowing, 146
+
+    WALTRER, welter
+
+    WANLACE, put up game, 122
+
+    WARAUNT, warrant, save, 31
+
+    WARDEROBE, WERDROBE, excrement of badgers, 139
+
+    WARE, aware; also war, beware
+
+    WAREYN, WAREYNS, warren, 66
+
+    WARLY, warily
+
+    WAYSSH, wash
+
+    WEDIR, weather, 8
+
+    WEDIS, weeds
+
+    WELEX, grow, 163
+
+    WELLE, WOLLE, wool
+
+    WELSPEDDE, well sped
+
+    WENE, know, to think
+
+    WERED, worn
+
+    WERKIS, works, 5
+
+    WERVOLF, WERWOLFE, a man-eating wolf, 59
+
+    WERY, weary, 107
+
+    WETE, to wit, to know, 137
+
+    WEX, wax, to grow, 56, 85
+
+    WEXED, waxed, 128
+
+    WEXING, WEXYN, growth, 26
+
+    WEYTINGE, waiting
+
+    WHEDER, whether
+
+    WHITLY, whiter
+
+    WIF, wiff, wife, 75
+
+    WODE, wood
+
+    WODEMANNYS, woodman's, 129
+
+    WODMANLY, woodmanly, 176
+
+    WOLD, wish or would
+
+    WONES, dwellings
+
+    WONNED, WOUNED, wont, accustomed, 85
+
+    WOODE, wode, mad, 61, 85
+
+    WOODNESS, madness, 85
+
+    WOOTE, know, 43
+
+    WORTH UP, ON HORSE, mount on horseback, 175
+
+    WORTES, vegetables, roots, 11
+
+    WOXEN, part of verb _wax_, to grow
+
+    WREECH, WRECHE, wretched, 55
+
+    WRETHIS, wreaths, 133
+
+    WROOT, to root, 48, 144
+
+    WROOTH, wrath, 49
+
+    WRYTENG, writing, 200
+
+    WURTHYNES, worthiness
+
+    WYLELI, WILILICHE, wilily, 31
+
+    WYMMEN, women, 200
+
+    WYNDE, wind, scent, smell
+
+    WYNDETH, winds, scents, 17
+
+
+    YBREND, burnt, dry, 134
+
+    YEDE, went, 150, 166
+
+    YEMAN, yeoman, 148, 165
+
+    YEUE, give, 110
+
+    YFETED, made, well or evil shaped
+
+    YFLANKED, a species of madness in hounds, "lank madness," 88
+
+    YFORE, therefore
+
+    YFOUNDE, found, 164
+
+    YGOTE, begotten, bred
+
+    YHEWE, hewn, 152
+
+    YLAFT, left, 178
+
+    YMAKYD, made
+
+    YNOWE, YNOW, enough, 1
+
+    YONGIS, young
+
+    YOULE, howl
+
+    YPOCRAS, Hippocras, 11
+
+    YPOTICARIES, apothecary, 84, 101
+
+    YREST, rested, 136
+
+    YTHOWZT, thought of
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+    Acquillez, 201
+
+    Affeted, 27, 201
+
+    Agincourt, xi
+
+    Agrimony, 100
+
+    Aiguilles or needles, 61
+
+    Alauntes, 3, 116-18, 202
+
+    Antlers of the hart, 26, 140-3, 203-4
+
+    Appollo, King of Lyonnys, 76
+
+    Aquitaine, xii
+
+    Assembly, 7, 9, 150, 163-4
+
+    Auberey of Montdidier, 80
+
+    Aumarle, Duke of, xi
+
+
+    Badger, 3, 68-9
+
+    Badminton Library, xvi
+
+    Baillie-Grohman, xxvi, xxviii
+
+    Baiting, 118
+
+    Baldric, 128
+
+    Beaumont, 167, 182, 184
+
+    Bellowing time, 160, 162
+
+    Bercelet, 204
+
+    Berners, or attendants on hounds, 165-9, 172, 174, 205
+
+    Bisshunters, furhunters, 74, 206
+
+    Blaine, xvi
+
+    Blenches, trick, deceit, 159, 206
+
+    Boar, wild--_see_ Wild boar
+
+    Boce, hump, 206
+
+    Bodleian Library, xvii
+
+    Boughs, 206
+
+    Brache, 22
+
+    Broches, 45
+
+    Brocket, 130
+
+    Buck, 3, 38-40, 109
+
+    Burnish, 28
+
+    Burr, 141
+
+    Burrows, 68
+
+    Butchers' hounds, 118
+
+
+    Caboche, 176
+
+    Camomile, 95
+
+    Canker, the cure for, 99
+
+    Cat, wild--_see_ Wild cat
+
+    Cecil's "Records of the Chase," xvi
+
+    Celandine, 94
+
+    Chacechiens, 148
+
+    Change, 31, 111, 207
+
+    Chase, 3
+
+    Chase, beasts of the, 3
+
+    Chaucer, 2
+
+    Claudoneus, 76
+
+    Coney, 74
+
+    _Consolida major_, 98
+
+    _Consolida minor_, 98
+
+    Contreongle, 150
+
+    Cotton MS., British Mus., xii
+
+    Couchers (setters), 120
+
+    Couples, 126
+
+    Curee, 7, 10, 29, 52, 173, 193, 208-209
+
+
+    Dalziel, xvi
+
+    D'Aumale, Duc, xvii
+
+    Deer tithes, 195
+
+    Dryden, Sir Henry, xvii, Appendix
+
+
+    Encorne, 174
+
+    Envoiced, 170
+
+    Ergots of the hart, 130, 169
+
+    Excrements--_see_ Fumes
+
+
+    F. G. DE--_see_ Gaston de Foix
+
+    Farrow, giving birth to young pigs, 47, 48, 68
+
+    Fees of huntsmen, 198
+
+    Fence month, 210
+
+    Ferrets, 72
+
+    Fewte, track, 210
+
+    Fewterer, 129, 211
+
+    Finders, 7, 9, 165
+
+    Foils, 32
+
+    Foix, Gaston de--_see_ Gaston de Foix
+
+    Forlonge, a horn signal, 212
+
+    Fownes, Thomas, first pack of foxhounds established by, 213
+
+    Fox, the, 3, 64-67, 68, 212
+
+    Foxhounds, first pack of, 213
+
+    Fray, 135
+
+    Fraying-post, 214
+
+    Froissart, xii
+
+    Fues, track, 10, 31, 111, 158, 168, 214
+
+    Fuite, track, 210
+
+    Fumes, 9, 17, 29, 39, 73, 133, 209-210
+
+    Fute, track, 210
+
+
+    Garlic, 89
+
+    Gaston de Foix, xii, 12, 20, 202, 203, and App.
+
+    Gathering--_see_ Assembly
+
+    Gins, 30
+
+    Gladness or glade, 214
+
+    Grease or fat of game, 25, 30,36, 69, 214
+
+    Grease time, 215
+
+    Greyhound, the, 3, 24, 30, 45, 59, 62, 65, 70, 110, 113-115, 189, 197,
+    216-8
+
+    Grinders, 50
+
+    Guienne, xxi, 3
+
+    _Guyenne loup cerviers_, 70
+
+
+    Harbour, 9, 38
+
+    Hardel, 45, 218
+
+    Hare, 3, 14-22, 109, 181-7, 219-222
+
+    Hare pipes, 22
+
+    Haronblast, 27
+
+    Harness, 30, 60, 222
+
+    Harrier, 111, 196, 222-4
+
+    Hart, 3, 7, 23-37, 109, 140, 148-151, 165, 191-9, 224-7
+
+    Harting, J. E., xvii
+
+    Hausse-piez, the, 61
+
+    Hawks, 1, 119, 120
+
+    Hayes or haia, 67, 74
+
+    Henry IV., King of England, xi, 1
+
+    Hippocras, 11
+
+    Holy Cross, Feast of, 29, 49
+
+    Holy Rood, 23
+
+    Horn, hunter's, 4, 128, 227
+
+    Horse, 69, 95
+
+    Hound, 1, 3, 30, 31, 75-84, 85-104, 105-112
+
+    Hunter, 4, 8, 123
+
+    Hunting cries, 150, 166-180, 181-7, 191, 229;
+      music, 168, 178, 191-9, 231-4, 244;
+      seasons, 253
+
+
+    Idleness, the foundation of all evil, 5
+
+    _Illocques_, 234
+
+    Imagination, 5
+
+    Iris, the, 93
+
+
+    Jopeye, to holloa to the hounds, 171, 234
+
+
+    Kenettes, small hounds, 111, 235
+
+    Kennel, 4, 125
+
+    Kids, 42, 45
+
+    Kindles of the hare, 20, 21
+
+    King, hunting of the, 188-199
+
+
+    Langley, Edmund of, xvi
+
+    Latimer, 167
+
+    Lesses, 52
+
+    Leverettes or kindles, 20, 21
+
+    Ligging, a bed, a lair, 24, 71, 235
+
+    Lilies, medicinal qualities of, 102
+
+    Limer, a scenting hound, 31, 38, 152, 157, 161, 167-9, 235-7
+
+    Limerer, 150
+
+    Loup cerviers, 70
+
+    Lymer--_see_ Limer
+
+
+    Madness in the hound, 85, 86, 237
+
+    Makary slays Auberey of Montdidier, 81
+
+    Mallows, 102
+
+    Mange in the hound, 90, 91
+
+    Marten, 73
+
+    _Master of Game_, xi-xix, xxiv, 1, 2, 150, 163, 165, 175, 188
+
+    Master of Herthounds, 198
+
+    Mastiff, 3, 122, 204, 239-242
+
+    Melbourne, William, 73
+
+    Menee, the, 240-2
+
+    Metynge, or feeding, 242
+
+    Meute, 242
+
+    Mew, to shed, 243
+
+    Milbourne, 73
+
+    Moot or mote, 179
+
+    _Mort_ or death, the, 197
+
+    Mortimers, the, xii
+
+    Motherwort, 101
+
+    Move, to start a hare, 243
+
+    Muse or meuse, 243
+
+
+    Needles, 61
+
+    Nets, 30, 67, 73
+
+    Numbles, 243
+
+
+    Otter, 3, 72-74, 244
+
+
+    Parfet, the, 174, 244
+
+    Parfitters, 7, 10, 245
+
+    Parker, 189
+
+    Partridge, 119
+
+    Pennyroyal, 20
+
+    Pevensey, xii
+
+    Ph[oe]bus, Gaston, Count de Foix--_see_ Gaston de Foix
+
+    Pomeled, spotted, 45, 246
+
+    Prise, the, 197
+
+    _Pterygium_, 94
+
+
+    Quail, 119
+
+    Quarry, 127, 136
+
+    Quest, 9, 130, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 163
+
+
+    Rabies--_see_ Madness
+
+    Raches, scenting-hounds, 3, 74, 246, 250-3
+
+    Rascal, 7, 25, 150, 193
+
+    Relays, 7
+
+    Resceyuour or receiver, 198, 247
+
+    Riot, 74, 249
+
+    Roebuck, 41-5, 250
+
+    Roosevelt, Th., xviii, xix-xxix
+
+    Roy Modus, 202, 203, App.
+
+    Royals (antlers), 28
+
+    Rue, 96
+
+    Ruets, 128
+
+    Running hounds--_see_ Raches
+
+    Rutting, 23, 36, 109, 160, 161
+
+    Ryding time, 20
+
+
+    Scantillon, a measure, 9, 253
+
+    Scotland, 120
+
+    Scombre, 127
+
+    Seasons of hunting, 253
+
+    Seton, 103
+
+    Setters, 120
+
+    Seven deadly sins, 4
+
+    Shakespeare, xi
+
+    Shaw, Vero, xvi
+
+    Shirley MS., 200
+
+    Snares, 257
+
+    Sounder or herd of wild swine, 53
+
+    Spain, 119
+
+    Spaniel, the, 3, 119-121, 257
+
+    Spay, to kill, 10, 174, 258
+
+    Spay, to castrate, 84, 258
+
+    Spraintes of otter, 73, 139
+
+    Springole, 23
+
+    Spurge, 48
+
+    Squire, a companion of the hart, 26
+
+    Stable-stand, 188, 258
+
+    Staggard, 29, 131
+
+    Stankes, or pools, 33, 72, 260
+
+    Stint, 19, 165, 171
+
+    "Stinking foot," 211
+
+    _Storax_, 96
+
+    Strutt's "Sports and Pastimes," xvi
+
+    Sur-royal of the hart, 28
+
+    "Sweet foot," 211
+
+
+    Tache, 260
+
+    Tally Ho, etymology and use of, 209
+
+    Talon, 130
+
+    Taw, to make hides into leather, 63, 261
+
+    Teazer, 198
+
+    Terrier, 4
+
+    Thyme, wild, 20
+
+    Trace, footprint of deer, 9, 137, 141
+
+    Troche, 140
+
+    Tryst, 118, 263
+
+    Twety and Gifford, 201, App.
+
+    Twici, William, 201, App.
+
+    Tysane, 11
+
+
+    Valerian, 91
+
+    Vanchasers, 7, 10
+
+    Vauntlay, to cast off, 169, 172
+
+    Veltres, 263
+
+    Venery, beasts of, 3, 52, App.
+
+    Vixen, 64
+
+
+    Wagging, 139
+
+    Wall pellitory, 101
+
+    Wanlace, 204, 264
+
+    Wardrobe, 139
+
+    Wer-wolves, 59
+
+    Wild boar, 3, 23, 46-53, 264
+
+    Wild cat and its nature, 3, 70-71, 144, 265
+
+    Wilton, Lord, xvi
+
+    Wolf, 3, 54-63, 266
+
+    Woodman's craft, 176
+
+    Worming a dog, 87
+
+    Wright, xv
+
+    Wynn, xvi
+
+
+    Yeoman at horse, 165
+
+    Yeomen berners on foot, 165
+
+    York, Duke of, xi., xii
+
+
+    Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.
+    Edinburgh & London
+
+
+
+
+_ABRIDGED PROSPECTUS OF THE
+FIRST EDITION OF_
+
+THE
+
+MASTER OF GAME
+
+_The Oldest English Book on Hunting_
+
+BY EDWARD, DUKE OF YORK
+
+EDITED BY
+
+W. A. AND F. BAILLIE-GROHMAN
+
+WITH A FOREWORD BY
+
+THEODORE ROOSEVELT
+
+
+With 44 Facsimile Photogravure Plates (4 with original text) and
+Frontispiece reproduced in Colours and Gold, from the Miniatures in
+the famous MS. f. fr. 616 in the _Bibliotheque Nationale_, Paris.
+Monotint reproductions of the drawings in the Bodleian "Master of
+Game" (MS. Bodl. 546), and other reproductions, transcripts of
+hitherto unpublished MSS. and Documents, Literary and Historical
+Notes, a Bibliography of MSS. and Printed Books on Hunting in the
+principal Languages of Europe up to the end of the sixteenth century,
+and a Glossary of Ancient English Hunting Terms, with Index.
+
+Only 600 COPIES (bound with these plates in "Rough Deerskin") will be
+sold, of which half are reserved for England, the rest for America and
+the Continent. Each copy is numbered and signed, and under no
+circumstances will any more be published. =Price L6=. The first ten
+copies are printed on Japanese Hand-made Vellum paper throughout and
+Bound by Zaehnsdorf in White Vellum, price L30 each.
+
+Only 2 copies of the latter and 20 copies of the English Edition are
+left.
+
+_HIS MAJESTY THE KING and H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES have been pleased
+to subscribe for copies._
+
+Published for the Editors by =BALLANTYNE & CO.=, 14 TAVISTOCK STREET,
+COVENT GARDEN, W.C., LONDON, who will forward a Specimen Plate and
+full particulars on application.
+
+
+_Extracts from Reviews in the English and American Press_
+
+_The Times._--"'The Oldest English Book on Hunting' renews its youth
+in a superb and massive volume, elaborately illustrated with
+reproductions of the quaintest of mediaeval drawings. The archaic text
+of the original English is happily modernised in parallel columns, so
+that the book is pleasant and easy reading. The elaborate appendix is
+a treasury of research ... and the bibliographical catalogue is
+exhaustive."
+
+_The Fortnightly Review._--"A great classic has been rescued from
+oblivion."
+
+_The Spectator._--"There can be no hesitation in ascribing to the
+magnificently produced volume the first place in the classics of
+hunting of an earlier date ever given to the public of our day. Some
+of the attractions of this splendid volume ... the illustrations which
+are as interesting as the text ... absolutely a masterpiece ... the
+endurance of a scholarly and rational enthusiasm in the history and
+pursuit of sport has its monument in the fine work now presented."
+
+_The Field._--"In many respects this is a remarkable book. It is the
+oldest treatise on hunting in the English language. It was written
+just five centuries ago, and, strange to say, until the present time
+it has never been printed. As the treatise is from many points of view
+of considerable importance, one would have supposed that long ere this
+some enthusiastic scholar with a love for the chase would have been
+found both able and willing to undertake its publication. On the other
+hand, we have only to look at the text as now presented to us to see
+that its preparation implies an enormous amount of labour, involving a
+collation of the various MSS., a _verbatim et literatim_ transcription
+of the text, a modern English translation in parallel columns,
+critical and explanatory notes, and a glossary of ancient hunting
+terms; in a word, a thorough mastery of the subject. All this Mr. and
+Mrs. Baillie-Grohman have accomplished, and indeed much more, for they
+have given an account of the existing MSS. of the work, a bibliography
+of the mediaeval literature of the chase. It was a happy thought to
+illustrate the English text with facsimiles of the beautiful
+miniatures which adorn the French original.... In the way of
+reproduction nothing could be better ... the _tout ensemble_ is a
+model of good taste and fine printing."
+
+_Baily's Magazine._--"This beautiful book ... in such sumptuous form
+... bears evidence of wide research and of care in preparation. The
+sumptuous production it is and the illuminations from old MSS. have
+been reproduced as well as it was possible to reproduce them."
+
+_Land and Water._--"This is really an extremely interesting book, and
+if Mr. Baillie-Grohman is as painstaking and accurate with his rifle
+as he is with his pen, it is small wonder that he is in the front rank
+of contemporary sportsmen."
+
+_The Standard._--"Singularly interesting and amusing ... sumptuous
+book ... an immense amount of bibliographical information.... Mr.
+Baillie-Grohman is a hunter of world-wide experience, and his
+authority will be generally recognised."
+
+_Morning Post._--"Magnificent folio ... the editors' notes on the text
+are full of far-sought information, and, what is more, are
+delightfully written.... Happy is the sportsman and scholar who has a
+copy of it."
+
+_The Country Gentleman._--"Mr. and Mrs. Baillie-Grohman have done
+their work as editors admirably ... nothing could be better than the
+general 'get-up' of this charming volume."
+
+_New York Herald._--"Magnificent edition of the 'Master of Game,'
+edited with a loving care that makes it a literary marvel. No labour,
+no expense has been too great for the editors of this truly splendid
+edition of a singularly interesting work."
+
+_Chicago Tribune._--"Sumptuous folio of the first importance to
+students ... it must ever be considered a classic of its kind."
+
+_The Nation_ (New York).--"One can hardly speak too highly of the
+loving and enthusiastic care which the editors have manifested in
+preparing the work for publication."
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Master of Game, by Second Duke of York, Edward
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