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You may copy it, give it away or re-use + it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License <a href= + "#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this eBook</a> or + online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p> + </div> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +Title: The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. + 11 of 12) + +Author: James George Frazer + +Release Date: July 9, 2013 [Ebook #43433] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GOLDEN BOUGH: A STUDY IN MAGIC AND RELIGION (THIRD EDITION, VOL. 11 OF 12)*** +</pre> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"></div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style= + "font-size: 173%">The Golden Bough</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style= + "font-size: 144%">A Study in Magic and Religion</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">By</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style= + "font-size: 144%">James George Frazer, D.C.L., LL.D., + Litt.D.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Fellow of Trinity + College, Cambridge</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Professor of Social + Anthropology in the University of Liverpool</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style= + "font-size: 120%">Vol. XI. of XII.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style= + "font-size: 120%">Part VII: Balder the Beautiful.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style= + "font-size: 120%">The Fire-Festivals of Europe and the Doctrine of + the External Soul.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style= + "font-size: 120%">Vol. 2 of 2.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">New York and London</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">MacMillan and Co.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">1913</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1> + + <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"> + <li><a href="#toc1">Chapter VI. Fire-Festivals in Other + Lands.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc3">§ 1. The + Fire-walk.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc5">§ 2. The Meaning of + the Fire-walk.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc7">Chapter VII. The Burning of Human Beings in the + Fires.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc9">§ 1. The Burning of + Effigies in the Fires.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc11">§ 2. The Burning of + Men and Animals in the Fires.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc13">Chapter VIII. The Magic Flowers of Midsummer + Eve.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc15">Chapter IX. Balder and the Mistletoe.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc17">Chapter X. The Eternal Soul in + Folk-Tales.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc19">Chapter XI. The External Soul in + Folk-Custom.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc21">§ 1. The External + Soul in Inanimate Things.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc23">§ 2. The External + Soul in Plants.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc25">§ 3. The External + Soul in Animals.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc27">§ 4. A Suggested + Theory of Totemism.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc29">§ 5. The Ritual of + Death and Resurrection.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc31">Chapter XII. The Golden Bough.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc33">Chapter XIII. Farewell to Nemi.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc35">Notes.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc37">I. Snake + Stones.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc39">II. The + Transformation of Witches Into Cats.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc41">III. African + Balders.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc43">IV. The Mistletoe and + the Golden Bough.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc45">Index.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc47">Footnotes</a></li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-body" style= + "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 40%; text-align: center"> + <img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Cover Art" /></div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[Transcriber's + Note: The above cover image was produced by the submitter at + Distributed Proofreaders, and is being placed into the public + domain.]</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page001">[pg 001]</span><a name= + "Pg001" id="Pg001" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a> <a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VI. Fire-Festivals in Other + Lands.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a> <a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 1. The Fire-walk.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Bonfires at the Pongol festival in + Southern India.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At first sight + the interpretation of the European fire customs as charms for + making sunshine is confirmed by a parallel custom observed by the + Hindoos of Southern India at the Pongol or Feast of Ingathering. + The festival is celebrated in the early part of January, when, + according to Hindoo astrologers, the sun enters the tropic of + Capricorn, and the chief event of the festival coincides with the + passage of the sun. For some days previously the boys gather heaps + of sticks, straw, dead leaves, and everything that will burn. On + the morning of the first day of the festival the heaps are fired. + Every street and lane has its bonfire. The young folk leap over the + flames or pile on fresh fuel. This fire is an offering to Sûrya, + the sun-god, or to Agni, the deity of fire; it <span class= + "tei tei-q">“wakes him from his sleep, calling on him again to + gladden the earth with his light and heat.”</span><a id="noteref_1" + name="noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> If this + is indeed the explanation which the people themselves give of the + festival, it seems decisive in favour of the solar explanation of + the fires; for to say that the fires waken the sun-god from his + sleep is only a metaphorical or mythical way of saying that they + actually help to rekindle the sun's light and heat. But the + hesitation which the writer indicates between the two distinct + deities of sun and fire seems to prove that he is merely giving his + own interpretation of the rite, not reporting the views of the + celebrants. If <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page002">[pg + 002]</span><a name="Pg002" id="Pg002" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + that is so, the expression of his opinion has no claim to + authority.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Bonfires at the Holi festival in + Northern India. The village priest expected to pass through the + fire. Leaping over the ashes of the fire to get rid of + disease.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A festival of + Northern India which presents points of resemblance to the popular + European celebrations which we have been considering is the Holi. + This is a village festival held in early spring at the full moon of + the month Phalgun. Large bonfires are lit and young people dance + round them. The people believe that the fires prevent blight, and + that the ashes cure disease. At Barsana the local village priest is + expected to pass through the Holi bonfire, which, in the opinion of + the faithful, cannot burn him. Indeed he holds his land rent-free + simply on the score of his being fire-proof. On one occasion when + the priest disappointed the expectant crowd by merely jumping over + the outermost verge of the smouldering ashes and then bolting into + his cell, they threatened to deprive him of his benefice if he did + not discharge his spiritual functions better when the next Holi + season came round. Another feature of the festival which has, or + once had, its counterpart in the corresponding European ceremonies + is the unchecked profligacy which prevails among the Hindoos at + this time.<a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href= + "#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a> In + Kumaon, a district of North-West India, at the foot of the + Himalayas, each clan celebrates the Holi festival by cutting down a + tree, which is thereupon stripped of its leaves, decked with shreds + of cloth, and burnt at some convenient place in the quarter of the + town inhabited by the clan. Some of the songs sung on this occasion + are of a ribald character. The people leap over the ashes of the + fire, believing that they thus rid themselves of itch and other + diseases of the skin. While the trees are burning, each clan tries + to carry off strips of cloth from the tree of another clan, and + success in the attempt is thought to ensure good luck. In Gwalior + large heaps of cow-dung are burnt instead of trees. Among the + Marwaris the festival is celebrated by the women with obscene songs + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page003">[pg 003]</span><a name= + "Pg003" id="Pg003" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and gestures. A + monstrous and disgusting image of a certain Nathuram, who is said + to have been a notorious profligate, is set up in a bazaar and then + smashed with blows of shoes and bludgeons while the bonfire of + cow-dung is blazing. No household can be without an image of + Nathuram, and on the night when the bride first visits her husband, + the image of this disreputable personage is placed beside her + couch. Barren women and mothers whose children have died look to + Nathuram for deliverance from their troubles.<a id="noteref_3" + name="noteref_3" href="#note_3"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a> Various + stories are told to account for the origin of the Holi festival. + According to one legend it was instituted in order to get rid of a + troublesome demon (<span lang="sa" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="sa"><span style= + "font-style: italic">rákshasí</span></span>). The people were + directed to kindle a bonfire and circumambulate it, singing and + uttering fearlessly whatever might come into their minds. Appalled + by these vociferations, by the oblations to fire, and by the + laughter of the children, the demon was to be destroyed.<a id= + "noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Vernal festival of fire in China. + Ceremony to ensure an abundant year. Walking through the fire. + Ashes of the fire mixed with the fodder of the cattle.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the Chinese + province of Fo-Kien we also meet with a vernal festival of fire + which may be compared to the fire-festivals of Europe. The + ceremony, according to an eminent authority, is a solar festival in + honour of the renewal of vegetation and of the vernal warmth. It + falls in April, on the thirteenth day of the third month in the + Chinese calendar, and is doubtless connected with the ancient + custom of renewing the fire, which, as we saw, used to be observed + in China at this season.<a id="noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href= + "#note_5"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a> The + chief performers in the ceremony are labourers, who refrain from + women for seven days, and fast for three days before the festival. + During these days they are taught in the temple how to discharge + the difficult and dangerous duty which is to be laid upon them. On + the eve of the festival an enormous brazier of charcoal, sometimes + twenty feet wide, is prepared in front of the temple of the Great + God, the protector of life. At sunrise next morning the brazier is + lighted and kept <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page004">[pg + 004]</span><a name="Pg004" id="Pg004" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + burning by fresh supplies of fuel. A Taoist priest throws a mixture + of salt and rice on the fire to conjure the flames and ensure an + abundant year. Further, two exorcists, barefooted and followed by + two peasants, traverse the fire again and again till it is somewhat + beaten down. Meantime the procession is forming in the temple. The + image of the god of the temple is placed in a sedan-chair, + resplendent with red paint and gilding, and is carried forth by a + score or more of barefooted peasants. On the shafts of the + sedan-chair, behind the image, stands a magician with a dagger + stuck through the upper parts of his arms and grasping in each hand + a great sword, with which he essays to deal himself violent blows + on the back; however, the strokes as they descend are mostly + parried by peasants, who walk behind him and interpose bamboo rods + between his back and the swords. Wild music now strikes up, and + under the excitement caused by its stirring strains the procession + passes thrice across the furnace. At their third passage the + performers are followed by other peasants carrying the utensils of + the temple; and the rustic mob, electrified by the frenzied + spectacle, falls in behind. Strange as it may seem, burns are + comparatively rare. Inured from infancy to walking barefoot, the + peasants can step with impunity over the glowing charcoal, provided + they plant their feet squarely and do not stumble; for usage has so + hardened their soles that the skin is converted into a sort of + leathery or horny substance which is almost callous to heat. But + sometimes, when they slip and a hot coal touches the sides of their + feet or ankles, they may be seen to pull a wry face and jump out of + the furnace amid the laughter of the spectators. When this part of + the ceremony is over, the procession defiles round the village, and + the priests distribute to every family a leaf of yellow paper + inscribed with a magic character, which is thereupon glued over the + door of the house. The peasants carry off the charred embers from + the furnace, pound them to ashes, and mix the ashes with the fodder + of their cattle, believing that it fattens them. However, the + Chinese Government disapproves of these performances, and next + morning a number of the performers may generally be seen in the + hands of the police, laid face downwards on the ground and + receiving a sound castigation on a <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page005">[pg 005]</span><a name="Pg005" id="Pg005" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> part of their person which is probably more + sensitive than the soles of their feet.<a id="noteref_6" name= + "noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Passage of the image of the deity + through the fire. Passage of inspired men through the fire in + India.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In this last + festival the essential feature of the ceremony appears to be the + passage of the image of the deity across the fire; it may be + compared to the passage of the straw effigy of Kupalo across the + midsummer bonfire in Russia.<a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7" + href="#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a> As we + shall see presently, such customs may perhaps be interpreted as + magical rites designed to produce light and warmth by subjecting + the deity himself to the heat and glow of the furnace; and where, + as at Barsana, priests or sorcerers have been accustomed in the + discharge of their functions to walk through or over fire, they + have sometimes done so as the living representatives or embodiments + of deities, spirits, or other supernatural beings. Some + confirmation of this view is furnished by the beliefs and practices + of the Dosadhs, a low Indian caste in Behar and Chota Nagpur. On + the fifth, tenth, and full-moon days of three months in the year, + the priest walks over a narrow trench filled with smouldering wood + ashes, and is supposed thus to be inspired by the tribal god Rahu, + who becomes incarnate in him for a time. Full of the spirit and + also, it is surmised, of drink, the man of god then mounts a bamboo + platform, where he sings hymns and distributes to the crowd leaves + of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tulsi</span></span>, which cure incurable + diseases, and flowers which cause barren women to become happy + mothers. The service winds up with a feast lasting far into the + night, at which the line that divides religious fervour from + drunken revelry cannot always be drawn with absolute + precision.<a id="noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href= + "#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a> + Similarly the Bhuiyas, a Dravidian tribe of Mirzapur, worship + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page006">[pg 006]</span><a name= + "Pg006" id="Pg006" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> their tribal hero + Bir by walking over a short trench filled with fire, and they say + that the man who is possessed by the hero does not feel any pain in + the soles of his feet.<a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href= + "#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a> + Ceremonies of this sort used to be observed in most districts of + the Madras Presidency, sometimes in discharge of vows made in time + of sickness or distress, sometimes periodically in honour of a + deity. Where the ceremony was observed periodically, it generally + occurred in March or June, which are the months of the vernal + equinox and the summer solstice respectively. A narrow trench, + sometimes twenty yards long and half a foot deep, was filled with + small sticks and twigs, mostly of tamarind, which were kindled and + kept burning till they sank into a mass of glowing embers. Along + this the devotees, often fifty or sixty in succession, walked, ran, + or leaped barefoot. In 1854 the Madras Government instituted an + enquiry into the custom, but found that it was not attended by + danger or instances of injury sufficient to call for governmental + interference.<a id="noteref_10" name="noteref_10" href= + "#note_10"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Hindoo fire-festival in honour of + Darma Rajah and Draupadi. Worshippers walking through the + fire.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The French + traveller Sonnerat has described how, in the eighteenth century, + the Hindoos celebrated a fire-festival of this sort in honour of + the god Darma Rajah and his wife <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page007">[pg 007]</span><a name="Pg007" id="Pg007" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Drobedé (Draupadi). The festival lasted + eighteen days, during which all who had vowed to take part in it + were bound to fast, to practise continence, to sleep on the ground + without a mat, and to walk on a furnace. On the eighteenth day the + images of Darma Rajah and his spouse were carried in procession to + the furnace, and the performers followed dancing, their heads + crowned with flowers and their bodies smeared with saffron. The + furnace consisted of a trench about forty feet long, filled with + hot embers. When the images had been carried thrice round it, the + worshippers walked over the embers, faster or slower, according to + the degree of their religious fervour, some carrying their children + in their arms, others brandishing spears, swords, and standards. + This part of the ceremony being over, the bystanders hastened to + rub their foreheads with ashes from the furnace, and to beg from + the performers the flowers which they had worn in their hair; and + such as obtained them preserved the flowers carefully. The rite was + performed in honour of the goddess Drobedé (Draupadi), the heroine + of the great Indian epic, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mahabharata</span></span>. For she married + five brothers all at once; every year she left one of her husbands + to betake herself to another, but before doing so she had to purify + herself by fire. There was no fixed date for the celebration of the + rite, but it could only be held in one of the first three months of + the year.<a id="noteref_11" name="noteref_11" href= + "#note_11"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a> In + some villages the ceremony is performed annually; in others, which + cannot afford the expense every year, it is observed either at + longer intervals, perhaps once in three, seven, ten, or twelve + years, or only in special emergencies, such as the outbreak of + smallpox, cholera, or plague. Anybody but a pariah or other person + of very low degree may take part in the ceremony in fulfilment of a + vow. For example, if a man suffers from some chronic malady, he may + vow to Draupadi that, should he be healed of his disease, he will + walk over the fire at her festival. As a preparation for the + solemnity he sleeps in the temple and observes a fast. The + celebration of the rite in any village is believed to protect the + cattle and the crops and to guard the inhabitants from dangers of + all kinds. When it is over, many people carry <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page008">[pg 008]</span><a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> home the holy ashes of the fire as a + talisman which will drive away devils and demons.<a id="noteref_12" + name="noteref_12" href="#note_12"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Fire-festival of the Badagas in + Southern India. Sacred fire made by friction. Walking through + the fire. Cattle driven over the hot embers. The fire-walk + preceded by a libation of milk and followed by ploughing and + sowing.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Badagas, an + agricultural tribe of the Neilgherry Hills in Southern India, + annually celebrate a festival of fire in various parts of their + country. For example, at Nidugala the festival is held with much + ceremony in the month of January. Omens are taken by boiling two + pots of milk side by side on two hearths. If the milk overflows + uniformly on all sides, the crops will be abundant for all the + villages; but if it flows over on one side only, the harvest will + be good for villages on that side only. The sacred fire is made by + friction, a vertical stick of <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Rhodomyrtus tomentosus</span></span> being + twirled by means of a cord in a socket let into a thick bough of + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Debregeasia velutina</span></span>. With this + holy flame a heap of wood of two sorts, the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eugenia Jambolana</span></span> and + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phyllanthus Emblica</span></span>, is kindled, + and the hot embers are spread over a fire-pit about five yards long + and three yards broad. When all is ready, the priest ties bells on + his legs and approaches the fire-pit, carrying milk freshly drawn + from a cow which has calved for the first time, and also bearing + flowers of <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Rhododendron + arboreum</span></span>, <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Leucas + aspera</span></span>, or jasmine. After doing obeisance, he throws + the flowers on the embers and then pours some of the milk over + them. If the omens are propitious, that is, if the flowers remain + for a few seconds unscorched and the milk does not hiss when it + falls on the embers, the priest walks boldly over the embers and is + followed by a crowd of celebrants, who before they submit to the + ordeal count the hairs on their feet. If any of the hairs are found + to be singed after the passage through the fire-pit, it is an ill + omen. Sometimes the Badagas drive their cattle, which have + recovered from sickness, over the hot embers in performance of a + vow.<a id="noteref_13" name="noteref_13" href= + "#note_13"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">13</span></span></a> At + Melur, another place of the Badagas in the <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page009">[pg 009]</span><a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Neilgherry Hills, three, five, or seven men + are chosen to walk through the fire at the festival; and before + they perform the ceremony they pour into an adjacent stream milk + from cows which have calved for the first time during the year. A + general feast follows the performance of the rite, and next day the + land is ploughed and sown for the first time that season. At + Jakkaneri, another place of the Badagas in the Neilgherry Hills, + the passage through the fire at the festival <span class= + "tei tei-q">“seems to have originally had some connection with + agricultural prospects, as a young bull is made to go partly across + the fire-pit before the other devotees, and the owners of young + cows which have had their first calves during the year take + precedence of others in the ceremony, and bring offerings of milk, + which are sprinkled over the burning embers.”</span><a id= + "noteref_14" name="noteref_14" href="#note_14"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">14</span></span></a> + According to another account the ceremony among the Badagas was + performed every second year at a harvest festival, and the + performers were a set of degenerate Brahmans called Haruvarus, who + <span class="tei tei-q">“used to walk on burning coals with bare + feet, pretending that the god they worshipped could allay the heat + and make fire like cold water to them. As they only remained a few + seconds, however, on the coals, it was impossible that they could + receive much injury.”</span><a id="noteref_15" name="noteref_15" + href="#note_15"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">15</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The fire-walk in Japan.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Japan the + fire-walk is performed as a religious rite twice a year at a temple + in the Kanda quarter of Tokio. One of the performances takes place + in September. It was witnessed in the year 1903 by the wife of an + American naval officer, who has described it. In a court of the + temple a bed of charcoal about six yards long, two yards wide, and + two feet deep was laid down and covered with a deep layer of straw. + Being ignited, the straw blazed up, and when the flames had died + down the bed of hot charcoal was fanned by attendants into a red + glow. Priests dressed in robes of white cotton then walked round + the fire, striking sparks from flint and steel and carrying trays + full of salt. When mats had been laid down at the two ends of the + fire and salt poured on them, the priests rubbed their bare feet + twice in the salt and then walked calmly down the middle of the + fire. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page010">[pg 010]</span><a name= + "Pg010" id="Pg010" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> They were followed + by a number of people, including some boys and a woman with a baby + in her arms. <span class="tei tei-q">“The Shintoists claim that, + having been perfectly purified by their prayers and ceremonies, no + evil has any power over them. Fire they regard as the very spirit + of evil; so twice a year, I believe, they go through this + fire-walking as a kind of <span class="tei tei-q">‘outward and + visible sign of inward spiritual grace.’</span> ”</span><a id= + "noteref_16" name="noteref_16" href="#note_16"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">16</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The fire-walk in Fiji, Tahiti, the + Marquesas Islands, and Trinidad.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the island of + Mbengga, one of the Fijian archipelago, once every year a dracaena, + which grows in profusion on the grassy hillsides, becomes fit to + yield the sugar of which its fibrous root is full. To render the + roots edible it is necessary to bake them among hot stones for four + days. A great pit is dug and filled with great stones and blazing + logs, and when the flames have died down and the stones are at + white heat, the oven is ready to receive the roots. At this moment + the members of a certain clan called Na Ivilankata, favoured of the + gods, leap into the oven and walk unharmed upon the hot stones, + which would scorch the feet of any other persons. On one occasion + when the ceremony was witnessed by Europeans fifteen men of the + clan, dressed in garlands and fringes, walked unscathed through the + furnace, where tongues of fire played among the hot stones. The pit + was about nineteen feet wide and the men marched round it, planting + their feet squarely and firmly on each stone. When they emerged + from the pit, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page011">[pg + 011]</span><a name="Pg011" id="Pg011" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the feet of several were examined and shewed no trace of scorching; + even the anklets of dried tree-fern leaves which they wore on their + legs were unburnt. The immunity thus enjoyed by members of the clan + in the fiery furnace is explained by a legend that in former days a + chief of the clan, named Tui Nkualita, received for himself and his + descendants this remarkable privilege from a certain god, whom the + chief had accidentally dragged out of a deep pool of water by the + hair of his head.<a id="noteref_17" name="noteref_17" href= + "#note_17"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">17</span></span></a> A + similar ceremony of walking through fire, or rather over a furnace + of hot charcoal or hot stones, has also been observed in + Tahiti,<a id="noteref_18" name="noteref_18" href= + "#note_18"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">18</span></span></a> the + Marquesas Islands,<a id="noteref_19" name="noteref_19" href= + "#note_19"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">19</span></span></a> and by + Hindoo coolies in the West Indian island of Trinidad;<a id= + "noteref_20" name="noteref_20" href="#note_20"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">20</span></span></a> but + the eye-witnesses who have described the rite, as it is observed in + these islands, have said little or nothing as to its meaning and + purpose, their whole attention having been apparently concentrated + on the heat of the furnace and the state of the performers' legs + before and after passing through it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Hottentot custom of driving their + sheep through fire and smoke.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Another grand custom of the Hottentots, which they + likewise term <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">andersmaken</span></span>, is the driving + their sheep at certain times through the fire. Early in the day + appointed by a kraal for the observance of this custom, the women + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page012">[pg 012]</span><a name= + "Pg012" id="Pg012" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> milk all their cows, + and set the whole produce before their husbands. 'Tis a strict rule + at those times that the women neither taste, nor suffer their + children to touch, a drop of it. The whole quantity is sacred to + the men, who drink it all up before they address themselves to the + business of the fire. Having consumed the milk, some go and bring + the sheep together to the place where the fire is to be lighted, + while others repair to the place to light it. The fire is made of + chips and dry twigs and thinly spread into a long square. Upon the + coming up of the sheep, the fire, scattered into this figure, is + covered with green twigs to raise a great smoak; and a number of + men range themselves closely on both sides of it, making a lane for + the sheep to pass through, and extending themselves to a good + distance beyond the fire on the side where the sheep are to enter. + Things being in this posture, the sheep are driven into the lane + close up to the fire, which now smoaks in the thickest clouds. The + foremost boggle, and being forced forward by the press behind, seek + their escape by attempting breaches in the ranks. The men stand + close and firm, and whoop and goad them forward; when a few hands, + planted at the front of the fire, catch three or four of the + foremost sheep by the head, and drag them through, and bring them + round into the sight of the rest; which sometimes upon this, the + whooping and goading continuing, follow with a tantivy, jumping and + pouring themselves through the fire and smoak with a mighty + clattering and fury. At other times they are not so tractable, but + put the Hottentots to the trouble of dragging numbers of them + through; and sometimes, in a great press and fright, sturdily + attacking the ranks, they make a breach and escape. This is a very + mortifying event at all times, the Hottentots, upon whatever + account, looking upon it as a heavy disgrace and a very ill omen + into the bargain. But when their labours here are attended with + such success, that the sheep pass readily through or over the fire, + 'tis hardly in the power of language to describe them in all the + sallies of their joy.”</span> The writer who thus describes the + custom had great difficulty in extracting an explanation of it from + the Hottentots. At last one of them informed him that their country + was much infested by wild dogs, which made terrible <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page013">[pg 013]</span><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> havoc among the cattle, worrying the + animals to death even when they did not devour them. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Now we have it,”</span> he said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“from our ancestors, that if sheep are driven through + the fire, as we say, that is, through a thick smoak, the wild dogs + will not be fond of attacking them while the scent of the smoak + remains upon their fleeces. We therefore from time to time, for the + security of our flocks, perform this <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">andersmaken</span></span>.”</span><a id= + "noteref_21" name="noteref_21" href="#note_21"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">21</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Fire applied to sick cattle by the + Nandi and Zulus.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When disease + breaks out in a herd of the Nandi, a pastoral tribe of British East + Africa, a large bonfire is made with the wood of a certain tree + (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Olea chrysophilla</span></span>), and + brushwood of two sorts of shrubs is thrown on the top. Then the + sick herd is driven to the fire, and while the animals are standing + near it, a sheep big with young is brought to them and anointed + with milk by an elder, after which it is strangled by two men + belonging to clans that may intermarry. The intestines are then + inspected, and if the omens prove favourable, the meat is roasted + and eaten; moreover rings are made out of the skin and worn by the + cattle-owners. After the meat has been eaten, the herd is driven + round the fire, and milk is poured on each beast.<a id="noteref_22" + name="noteref_22" href="#note_22"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">22</span></span></a> When + their cattle are sick, the Zulus of Natal will collect their herds + in a kraal, where a medicine-man kindles a fire, burns medicine in + it, and so fumigates the cattle with the medicated smoke. + Afterwards he sprinkles the herd with a decoction, and, taking some + melted fat of the dead oxen in his mouth, squirts it on a + fire-brand and holds the brand to each animal in succession.<a id= + "noteref_23" name="noteref_23" href="#note_23"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">23</span></span></a> Such a + custom is probably equivalent to the Hottentot and European + practice of driving cattle through a fire.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Indians of Yucatan walk over hot + embers in order to avert calamities.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the + Indians of Yucatan the year which was marked in their calendar by + the sign of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cauac</span></span> was reputed to be very + unlucky; they thought that in the course of it the death-rate would + be high, the maize crops would be withered up by the extreme heat + of the sun, and what remained of the harvest would be devoured by + swarms of ants and birds. To avert these calamities they used to + erect a great pyre of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page014">[pg + 014]</span><a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + wood, to which most persons contributed a faggot. Having danced + about it during the day, they set fire to it at night-fall, and + when the flames had died down, they spread out the red embers and + walked or ran barefoot over them, some of them escaping unsmirched + by the flames, but others burning themselves more or less severely. + In this way they hoped to conjure away the evils that threatened + them, and to undo the sinister omens of the year.<a id="noteref_24" + name="noteref_24" href="#note_24"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">24</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The fire-walk in antiquity, at + Castabala in Cappadocia and at Mount Soracte near Rome.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Similar rites + were performed at more than one place in classical antiquity. At + Castabala, in Cappadocia, the priestesses of an Asiatic goddess, + whom the Greeks called Artemis Perasia, used to walk barefoot + through a furnace of hot charcoal and take no harm.<a id= + "noteref_25" name="noteref_25" href="#note_25"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">25</span></span></a> Again, + at the foot of Mount Soracte, in Italy, there was a sanctuary of a + goddess Feronia, where once a year the men of certain families + walked barefoot, but unscathed, over the glowing embers and ashes + of a great fire of pinewood in presence of a vast multitude, who + had assembled from all the country round about to pay their + devotions to the deity or to ply their business at the fair. The + families from whom the performers of the rite were drawn went by + the name of Hirpi Sorani, or <span class="tei tei-q">“Soranian + Wolves”</span>; and in consideration of the services which they + rendered the state by walking through the fire, they were exempted, + by a special decree of the senate, from military service and all + public burdens. In the discharge of their sacred function, if we + can trust the testimony of Strabo, they were believed to be + inspired by the goddess Feronia. The ceremony certainly took place + in her sanctuary, which was held in the highest reverence alike by + Latins and Sabines; but according to Virgil and Pliny the rite was + performed in honour of the god of the mountain, whom they call by + the Greek name of Apollo, but whose real name appears to have been + Soranus.<a id="noteref_26" name="noteref_26" href= + "#note_26"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">26</span></span></a> If + Soranus was a sun-god, as his <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page015">[pg 015]</span><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> name has by some been thought to + indicate,<a id="noteref_27" name="noteref_27" href= + "#note_27"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">27</span></span></a> we + might perhaps conclude that the passage of his priests through the + fire was a magical ceremony designed to procure a due supply of + light and warmth for the earth by mimicking the sun's passage + across the firmament. For so priceless a service, rendered at some + personal risk, it would be natural that the magicians should be + handsomely rewarded by a grateful country, and that they should be + released from the common obligations of earth in order the better + to devote themselves to their celestial mission. The neighbouring + towns paid the first-fruits of their harvest as tribute to the + shrine, and loaded it besides with offerings of gold and silver, of + which, however, it was swept clean by Hannibal when he hung with + his dusky army, like a storm-cloud about to break, within sight of + the sentinels on the walls of Rome.<a id="noteref_28" name= + "noteref_28" href="#note_28"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">28</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a> <a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 2. The Meaning of the + Fire-walk.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Little evidence to shew that the + fire-walk is a sun-charm.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The foregoing + customs, observed in many different parts of the world, present at + least a superficial resemblance to the modern European practices of + leaping over fires and driving cattle through them; and we + naturally ask whether it is not possible to discover a general + explanation which will include them all. We have seen that two + general theories have been proposed to account for the European + practices; according to one theory the customs in question are + sun-charms, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page016">[pg + 016]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + according to the other they are purifications. Let us see how the + two rival theories fit the other facts which we have just passed in + review. To take the solar theory first, it is supported, first, by + a statement that the fires at the Pongol festival in Southern India + are intended to wake the sun-god or the fire-god from his + sleep;<a id="noteref_29" name="noteref_29" href= + "#note_29"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">29</span></span></a> and, + second, by the etymology which connects Soranus, the god of + Soracte, with the sun.<a id="noteref_30" name="noteref_30" href= + "#note_30"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">30</span></span></a> But + for reasons which have already been given, neither of these + arguments carries much weight; and apart from them there appears to + be nothing in the foregoing customs to suggest that they are + sun-charms. Nay, some of the customs appear hardly reconcilable + with such a view. For it is to be observed that the fire-walk is + frequently practised in India and other tropical countries, where + as a rule people would more naturally wish to abate than to + increase the fierce heat of the sun. In Yucatan certainly the + intention of kindling the bonfires cannot possibly have been to fan + the solar flames, since one of the principal evils which the + bonfires were designed to remedy was precisely the excessive heat + of the sun, which had withered up the maize crops.<a id= + "noteref_31" name="noteref_31" href="#note_31"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">31</span></span></a> Thus + the solar theory is not strongly supported by any of the facts + which we are considering, and it is actually inconsistent with some + of them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">On the other hand there is much to + be said for the view that the fire-walk is a form of + purification, the flames being thought either to burn up or + repel the powers of evil. Custom of stepping over fire for the + purpose of getting rid of a ghost. Widows fumigated to free + them from their husbands' ghosts.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Not so with the + purificatory theory. It is obviously applicable to some of the + facts, and apparently consistent with them all. Thus we have seen + that sick men make a vow to walk over the fire, and that sick + cattle are driven over it. In such cases clearly the intention is + to cleanse the suffering man or beast from the infection of + disease, and thereby to restore him or it to health; and the fire + is supposed to effect this salutary end, either by burning up the + powers of evil or by interposing an insurmountable barrier between + them and the sufferer. For it is to be remembered that evils which + civilized men regard as impersonal are often conceived by + uncivilized man in the personal shape of witches and wizards, of + ghosts and hobgoblins; so that measures which we should consider as + simple disinfectants the savage looks upon as obstacles opportunely + presented to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page017">[pg + 017]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the attacks of demons or other uncanny beings. Now of all such + obstacles fire seems generally to be thought the most effective; + hence in passing through or leaping over it our primitive + philosopher often imagines that he is not so much annihilating his + spiritual foe as merely giving him the slip; the ghostly pursuer + shrinks back appalled at the flames through which his intended + victim, driven to desperation by his fears, has safely passed + before him. This interpretation of the ceremony is confirmed, + first, by the observation that in India the ashes of the bonfire + are used as a talisman against devils and demons;<a id="noteref_32" + name="noteref_32" href="#note_32"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">32</span></span></a> and, + second, by the employment of the ceremony for the avowed purpose of + escaping from the pursuit of a troublesome ghost. For example, in + China <span class="tei tei-q">“they believe that a beheaded man + wanders about a headless spectre in the World of Shades. Such + spectres are frequently to be seen in walled towns, especially in + the neighbourhood of places of execution. Here they often visit the + people with disease and disaster, causing a considerable + depreciation in the value of the houses around such scenes. + Whenever an execution takes place, the people fire crackers to + frighten the headless ghost away from the spot; and the mandarin + who has superintended the bloody work, on entering the gate of his + mansion, has himself carried in his sedan chair over a fire lighted + on the pavement, lest the headless apparition should enter there + along with him; for disembodied spirits are afraid of + fire.”</span><a id="noteref_33" name="noteref_33" href= + "#note_33"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">33</span></span></a> For a + like reason Chinese mourners after a funeral, and persons who have + paid a visit of condolence to a house of death, often purify + themselves by stepping over a fire of straw;<a id="noteref_34" + name="noteref_34" href="#note_34"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">34</span></span></a> the + purification, we cannot doubt, consists simply in shaking off the + ghost who is supposed to dog their steps. Similarly at a coroner's + inquest in China the mandarin and his subordinates hold pocket + handkerchiefs or towels to their mouths and noses while they are + inspecting the corpse, no doubt to hinder the ghost from + insinuating himself into their bodies by these apertures; and when + they have discharged their dangerous <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page018">[pg 018]</span><a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> duty, they purify themselves by passing + through a small fire of straw kindled on the pavement before they + enter their sedan-chairs to return home, while at the same time the + crowd of idlers, who have gathered about the door, assist in + keeping the ghost at bay by a liberal discharge of crackers. The + same double process of purification, or rather of repelling the + ghost, by means of fire and crackers is repeated at the gate of the + mandarin's residence when the procession defiles into it.<a id= + "noteref_35" name="noteref_35" href="#note_35"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">35</span></span></a> Among + some of the Tartars it used to be customary for all persons + returning from a burial to leap over a fire made for the purpose, + <span class="tei tei-q">“in order that the dead man might not + follow them; for apparently in their opinion he would be afraid of + the fire.”</span><a id="noteref_36" name="noteref_36" href= + "#note_36"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">36</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Yakuts bury their dead as a rule on + the day of the death, and in order not to take the demon of death + home with them, they kindle fires on the way back from the burial + and jump over them in the belief that the demon of death, who + dreads fire, will not follow them, and that in this way they will + be freed from the persecutions of the hated demon of + death.”</span><a id="noteref_37" name="noteref_37" href= + "#note_37"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">37</span></span></a> In + Sikkhim, when members of the Khambu caste have buried a corpse, all + persons present at the burial <span class="tei tei-q">“adjourn to a + stream for a bath of purification, and, on re-entering the house, + have to tread on a bit of burning cloth, to prevent the evil + spirits who attend at funerals from following them + in.”</span><a id="noteref_38" name="noteref_38" href= + "#note_38"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">38</span></span></a> Among + the Fans of West Africa, <span class="tei tei-q">“when the mourning + is over, the wives of the deceased must pass over a small lighted + brazier in the middle of the village, then they sit down while some + leaves are still burning under their feet; their heads are shaved, + and from that moment they are purified from the mourning—perhaps we + should translate: <span class="tei tei-q">‘delivered from the ghost + of their husband’</span>—and may be divided among the + heirs.”</span><a id="noteref_39" name="noteref_39" href= + "#note_39"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">39</span></span></a> At + Agweh, on the Slave Coast of West Africa, a widow used to remain + shut up for six <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page019">[pg + 019]</span><a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + months in the room where her husband was buried; at the end of the + time a fire was lighted on the floor, and red peppers strewn in it, + until in the pungent fumes the widow was nearly stifled.<a id= + "noteref_40" name="noteref_40" href="#note_40"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">40</span></span></a> No + doubt the intention was to rid her of her husband's ghost in order + that she might mingle again in the world with safety to herself and + others.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Hence it seems probable that the + chief use of the fire in the fire-festivals of Europe was to + destroy or repel the witches, to whose maleficent arts the + people ascribed most of their troubles.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the analogy + of these customs, in which the purpose of the passage through the + fire appears to be unmistakable, we may suppose that the motive of + the rite is similar at the popular festivals of Europe and the like + observances in other lands. In every case the ritual appears to be + explained in a simple and natural way by the supposition that the + performers believe themselves to be freed from certain evils, + actual or threatened, through the beneficent agency of fire, which + either burns up and destroys the noxious things or at all events + repels and keeps them at bay. Indeed this belief, or at least this + hope, is definitely expressed by some of the people who leap across + the bonfires: they imagine that all ills are burnt up and consumed + in the flames, or that they leave their sins, or at all events + their fleas, behind them on the far side of the fire.<a id= + "noteref_41" name="noteref_41" href="#note_41"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">41</span></span></a> But we + may conjecture that originally all the evils from which the people + thus thought to deliver themselves were conceived by them to be + caused by personal beings, such as ghosts and demons or witches and + warlocks, and that the fires were kindled for the sole purpose of + burning or banning these noxious creatures. Of these evil powers + witches and warlocks appear to have been the most dreaded by our + European peasantry; and it is therefore significant that the fires + kindled on these occasions are often expressly alleged to burn the + witches,<a id="noteref_42" name="noteref_42" href= + "#note_42"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">42</span></span></a> that + effigies of witches are not uncommonly consumed in them,<a id= + "noteref_43" name="noteref_43" href="#note_43"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">43</span></span></a> and + that two of the great periodic fire-festivals of the year, namely + May Day and Midsummer Eve, coincide with the seasons when witches + are believed to be most active and mischievous, and when + accordingly many other precautions are taken against them.<a id= + "noteref_44" name="noteref_44" href="#note_44"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">44</span></span></a> Thus + if witchcraft, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page020">[pg + 020]</span><a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + as a great part of mankind has believed, is the fertile source of + almost all the calamities that afflict our species, and if the + surest means of frustrating witchcraft is fire, then it follows as + clearly as day follows night that to jump over a fire must be a + sovereign panacea for practically all the ills that flesh is heir + to. We can now, perhaps, fully understand why festivals of fire + played so prominent a part in the religion or superstition of our + heathen forefathers; the observance of such festivals flowed + directly from their overmastering fear of witchcraft and from their + theory as to the best way of combating that dreadful evil.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page021">[pg 021]</span><a name= + "Pg021" id="Pg021" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a> <a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VII. The Burning of Human + Beings in the Fires.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a> <a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 1. The Burning of Effigies in the + Fires.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The effigies burnt in the fires + probably represent witches.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We have still to + ask, What is the meaning of burning effigies in the fire at these + festivals? After the preceding investigation the answer to the + question seems obvious. As the fires are often alleged to be + kindled for the purpose of burning the witches, and as the effigy + burnt in them is sometimes called <span class="tei tei-q">“the + Witch,”</span> we might naturally be disposed to conclude that all + the effigies consumed in the flames on these occasions represent + witches or warlocks, and that the custom of burning them is merely + a substitute for burning the wicked men and women themselves, since + on the principle of homoeopathic or imitative magic you practically + destroy the witch herself in destroying her effigy. On the whole + this explanation of the burning of straw figures in human shape at + the festivals appears to be the most probable.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Possibly some of the effigies + burnt in the fires represent tree-spirits or spirits of + vegetation.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet it may be + that this explanation does not apply to all the cases, and that + certain of them may admit and even require another interpretation, + in favour of which I formerly argued as follows:—<a id="noteref_45" + name="noteref_45" href="#note_45"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">45</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“It remains to ask, What is the meaning of burning an + effigy in these bonfires? The effigies so burned, as I have already + remarked, can hardly be separated from the effigies of Death which + are burned or otherwise destroyed in spring; and grounds have been + already given for regarding the so-called effigies of Death as + really representatives of the tree-spirit <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page022">[pg 022]</span><a name="Pg022" id="Pg022" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> or spirit of vegetation.<a id="noteref_46" + name="noteref_46" href="#note_46"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">46</span></span></a> Are + the other effigies, which are burned in the spring and midsummer + bonfires, susceptible of the same explanation? It would seem so. + For just as the fragments of the so-called Death are stuck in the + fields to make the crops grow, so the charred embers of the figure + burned in the spring bonfires are sometimes laid on the fields in + the belief that they will keep vermin from the crop.<a id= + "noteref_47" name="noteref_47" href="#note_47"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">47</span></span></a> Again, + the rule that the last married bride must leap over the fire in + which the straw-man is burned on Shrove Tuesday, is probably + intended to make her fruitful.<a id="noteref_48" name="noteref_48" + href="#note_48"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">48</span></span></a> But, + as we have seen, the power of blessing women with offspring is a + special attribute of tree-spirits;<a id="noteref_49" name= + "noteref_49" href="#note_49"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">49</span></span></a> it is + therefore a fair presumption that the burning effigy over which the + bride must leap is a representative of the fertilizing tree-spirit + or spirit of vegetation. This character of the effigy, as + representative of the spirit of vegetation, is almost unmistakable + when the figure is composed of an unthreshed sheaf of corn or is + covered from head to foot with flowers.<a id="noteref_50" name= + "noteref_50" href="#note_50"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">50</span></span></a> Again, + it is to be noted that, instead of a puppet, trees, either living + or felled, are sometimes burned both in the spring and midsummer + bonfires.<a id="noteref_51" name="noteref_51" href= + "#note_51"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">51</span></span></a> Now, + considering the frequency with which the tree-spirit is represented + in human shape, it is hardly rash to suppose that when sometimes a + tree and sometimes an effigy is burned in these fires, the effigy + and the tree are regarded as equivalent to each other, each being a + representative of the tree-spirit. This, again, is confirmed by + observing, first, that sometimes the effigy which is to be burned + is carried about simultaneously with a May-tree, the former being + carried by the boys, the latter by the girls;<a id="noteref_52" + name="noteref_52" href="#note_52"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">52</span></span></a> and, + second, that the effigy is sometimes tied to a living tree and + burned with it.<a id="noteref_53" name="noteref_53" href= + "#note_53"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">53</span></span></a> In + these cases, we can scarcely doubt, the tree-spirit is represented, + as we have found it represented before, in duplicate, both by the + tree and by the effigy. That the true character of the effigy as a + representative of the beneficent spirit of vegetation should + sometimes be forgotten, is natural. The custom of burning + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page023">[pg 023]</span><a name= + "Pg023" id="Pg023" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> a beneficent god is + too foreign to later modes of thought to escape misinterpretation. + Naturally enough the people who continued to burn his image came in + time to identify it as the effigy of persons, whom, on various + grounds, they regarded with aversion, such as Judas Iscariot, + Luther, and a witch.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Reasons for burning effigies of + the spirit of vegetation or for passing them through the + fire.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The general reasons for killing a god or his + representative have been examined in the preceding chapter.<a id= + "noteref_54" name="noteref_54" href="#note_54"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">54</span></span></a> But + when the god happens to be a deity of vegetation, there are special + reasons why he should die by fire. For light and heat are necessary + to vegetable growth; and, on the principle of sympathetic magic, by + subjecting the personal representative of vegetation to their + influence, you secure a supply of these necessaries for trees and + crops. In other words, by burning the spirit of vegetation in a + fire which represents the sun, you make sure that, for a time at + least, vegetation shall have plenty of sun. It may be objected + that, if the intention is simply to secure enough sunshine for + vegetation, this end would be better attained, on the principles of + sympathetic magic, by merely passing the representative of + vegetation through the fire instead of burning him. In point of + fact this is sometimes done. In Russia, as we have seen, the straw + figure of Kupalo is not burned in the midsummer fire, but merely + carried backwards and forwards across it.<a id="noteref_55" name= + "noteref_55" href="#note_55"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">55</span></span></a> But, + for the reasons already given, it is necessary that the god should + die; so next day Kupalo is stripped of her ornaments and thrown + into a stream. In this Russian custom, therefore, the passage of + the image through the fire is a sun-charm pure and simple; the + killing of the god is a separate act, and the mode of killing + him—by drowning—is probably a rain-charm. But usually people have + not thought it necessary to draw this fine distinction; for the + various reasons already assigned, it is advantageous, they think, + to expose the god of vegetation to a considerable degree of heat, + and it is also advantageous to kill him, and they combine these + advantages in a rough-and-ready way by burning him.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The custom of passing images of + gods or their living representatives through the fires may be + simply a form of purification.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the foregoing + argument, which I do not now find very cogent, I would remark that + we must distinguish the cases in <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page024">[pg 024]</span><a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> which an effigy or an image is burnt in the + fire from the cases in which it is simply carried through or over + it. We have seen that in the Chinese festival of fire the image of + the god is carried thrice by bearers over the glowing furnace. Here + the motive for subjecting a god to the heat of the furnace must + surely be the same as the motive for subjecting his worshippers to + the same ordeal; and if the motive in the case of the worshippers + is purificatory, it is probably the same in the case of the deity. + In other words we may suppose that the image of a god is + periodically carried over a furnace in order to purify him from the + taint of corruption, the spells of magicians, or any other evil + influences that might impair or impede his divine energies. The + same theory would explain the custom of obliging the priest + ceremonially to pass through the fire; the custom need not be a + mitigation of an older practice of burning him in the flames, it + may only be a purification designed to enable him the better to + discharge his sacred duties as representative of the deity in the + coming year. Similarly, when the rite is obligatory, not on the + people as a whole, but only on certain persons chosen for the + purpose,<a id="noteref_56" name="noteref_56" href= + "#note_56"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">56</span></span></a> we may + suppose that these persons act as representatives of the entire + community, which thus passes through the fire by deputy and + consequently participates in all the benefits which are believed to + accrue from the purificatory character of the rite.<a id= + "noteref_57" name="noteref_57" href="#note_57"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">57</span></span></a> In + both cases, therefore, if my interpretation of them is correct, the + passage over or through a fire is not a substitute for human + sacrifice; it is nothing but a stringent form of purification.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc11" id="toc11"></a> <a name="pdf12" id="pdf12"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 2. The Burning of Men and Animals + in the Fires.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Yet at some of the fire-festivals + the pretence of burning live persons in the fires points to a + former custom of human sacrifice.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet in the + popular customs connected with the fire-festivals of Europe there + are certain features which appear to <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page025">[pg 025]</span><a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> point to a former practice of human + sacrifice. We have seen reasons for believing that in Europe living + persons have often acted as representatives of the tree-spirit and + corn-spirit and have suffered death as such.<a id="noteref_58" + name="noteref_58" href="#note_58"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">58</span></span></a> There + is no reason, therefore, why they should not have been burned, if + any special advantages were likely to be attained by putting them + to death in that way. The consideration of human suffering is not + one which enters into the calculations of primitive man. Now, in + the fire-festivals which we are discussing, the pretence of burning + people is sometimes carried so far that it seems reasonable to + regard it as a mitigated survival of an older custom of actually + burning them. Thus in Aachen, as we saw, the man clad in peas-straw + acts so cleverly that the children really believe he is being + burned.<a id="noteref_59" name="noteref_59" href= + "#note_59"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">59</span></span></a> At + Jumièges in Normandy the man clad all in green, who bore the title + of the Green Wolf, was pursued by his comrades, and when they + caught him they feigned to fling him upon the mid-summer + bonfire.<a id="noteref_60" name="noteref_60" href= + "#note_60"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">60</span></span></a> + Similarly at the Beltane fires in Scotland the pretended victim was + seized, and a show made of throwing him into the flames, and for + some time afterwards people affected to speak of him as dead.<a id= + "noteref_61" name="noteref_61" href="#note_61"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">61</span></span></a> Again, + in the Hallowe'en bonfires of north-eastern Scotland we may perhaps + detect a similar pretence in the custom observed by a lad of lying + down as close to the fire as possible and allowing the other lads + to leap over him.<a id="noteref_62" name="noteref_62" href= + "#note_62"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">62</span></span></a> The + titular king at Aix, who reigned for a year and danced the first + dance round the midsummer bonfire,<a id="noteref_63" name= + "noteref_63" href="#note_63"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">63</span></span></a> may + perhaps in days of old have discharged the less agreeable duty of + serving as fuel for that fire which in later times he only kindled. + In the following customs Mannhardt is probably right in recognizing + traces of an old custom of burning a leaf-clad representative of + the spirit of vegetation. At Wolfeck, in Austria, on Midsummer Day, + a boy completely clad in green fir branches goes from house to + house, accompanied by a noisy crew, collecting wood for the + bonfire. As he gets the wood he sings—</p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page026">[pg 026]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Forest trees I + want,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + No sour milk for me,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + But beer and wine,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">So can the wood-man be + jolly and gay.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_64" name= + "noteref_64" href="#note_64"><span class="tei tei-noteref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">64</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In some parts of + Bavaria, also, the boys who go from house to house collecting fuel + for the midsummer bonfire envelop one of their number from head to + foot in green branches of firs, and lead him by a rope through the + whole village.<a id="noteref_65" name="noteref_65" href= + "#note_65"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">65</span></span></a> At + Moosheim, in Wurtemberg, the festival of St. John's Fire usually + lasted for fourteen days, ending on the second Sunday after + Midsummer Day. On this last day the bonfire was left in charge of + the children, while the older people retired to a wood. Here they + encased a young fellow in leaves and twigs, who, thus disguised, + went to the fire, scattered it, and trod it out. All the people + present fled at the sight of him.<a id="noteref_66" name= + "noteref_66" href="#note_66"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">66</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">In pagan Europe the water as well + as the fire seems to have claimed its human victim on Midsummer + Day. Custom of throwing a man and a tree into the water on St. + John's Day.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In this + connexion it is worth while to note that in pagan Europe the water + as well as the fire seems to have claimed its human victim on + Midsummer Day. Some German rivers, such as the Saale and the Spree, + are believed still to require their victim on that day; hence + people are careful not to bathe at this perilous season. Where the + beautiful Neckar flows, between vine-clad and wooded hills, under + the majestic ruins of Heidelberg castle, the spirit of the river + seeks to drown three persons, one on Midsummer Eve, one on + Midsummer Day, and one on the day after. On these nights, if you + hear a shriek as of a drowning man or woman from the water, beware + of running to the rescue; for it is only the water-fairy shrieking + to lure you to your doom. Many a fisherman of the Elbe knows better + than to launch his boat and trust himself to the treacherous river + on Midsummer Day. And Samland fishermen will not go to sea at this + season, because they are aware that the sea is then hollow and + demands a victim. In the neighbourhood of the Lake of Constance + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page027">[pg 027]</span><a name= + "Pg027" id="Pg027" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the Swabian peasants + say that on St. John's Day the Angel or St. John must have a + swimmer and a climber; hence no one will climb a tree or bathe even + in a brook on that day.<a id="noteref_67" name="noteref_67" href= + "#note_67"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">67</span></span></a> + According to others, St. John will have three dead men on his day; + one of them must die by water, one by a fall, and one by lightning; + therefore old-fashioned people warn their children not to climb or + bathe, and are very careful themselves not to run into any kind of + danger on Midsummer Day.<a id="noteref_68" name="noteref_68" href= + "#note_68"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">68</span></span></a> So in + some parts of Switzerland people are warned against bathing on St. + John's Night, because the saint's day demands its victims. Thus in + the Emmenthal they say, <span class="tei tei-q">“This day will have + three persons; one must perish in the air, one in the fire, and the + third in the water.”</span> At Schaffhausen the saying runs, + <span class="tei tei-q">“St. John the Baptist must have a runner, + must have a swimmer, must have a climber.”</span> That is the + reason why you should not climb cherry-trees on the saint's day, + lest you should fall down and break your valuable neck.<a id= + "noteref_69" name="noteref_69" href="#note_69"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">69</span></span></a> In + Cologne the saint is more exacting; on his day he requires no less + than fourteen dead men; seven of them must be swimmers and seven + climbers.<a id="noteref_70" name="noteref_70" href= + "#note_70"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">70</span></span></a> + Accordingly when we find that, in one of the districts where a + belief of this sort prevails, it used to be customary to throw a + person into the water on Midsummer Day, we can hardly help + concluding that this was only a modification of an older custom of + actually drowning a human being in the river at that time. In + Voigtland it was formerly the practice to set up a fine May tree, + adorned with all kinds of things, on St. John's Day. The people + danced round it, and when the lads had fetched down the things with + which it was tricked out, the tree was thrown into the water. But + before this was <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page028">[pg + 028]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + done, they sought out somebody whom they treated in the same + manner, and the victim of this horseplay was called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the John.”</span> The brawls and disorders, which such + a custom naturally provoked, led to the suppression of the whole + ceremony.<a id="noteref_71" name="noteref_71" href= + "#note_71"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">71</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Loaves and flowers thrown into the + water on St. John's Day, perhaps as substitutes for human + beings.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Rotenburg on + the Neckar they throw a loaf of bread into the water on St. John's + Day; were this offering not made, the river would grow angry and + take away a man.<a id="noteref_72" name="noteref_72" href= + "#note_72"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">72</span></span></a> + Clearly, therefore, the loaf is regarded as a substitute which the + spirit of the river consents to accept instead of a human victim. + Elsewhere the water-sprite is content with flowers. Thus in Bohemia + people sometimes cast garlands into water on Midsummer Eve; and if + the water-sprite pulls one of them down, it is a sign that the + person who threw the garland in will die.<a id="noteref_73" name= + "noteref_73" href="#note_73"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">73</span></span></a> In the + villages of Hesse the girl who first comes to the well early on the + morning of Midsummer Day, places on the mouth of the well a gay + garland composed of many sorts of flowers which she has culled from + the fields and meadows. Sometimes a number of such garlands are + twined together to form a crown, with which the well is decked. At + Fulda, in addition to the flowery decoration of the wells, the + neighbours choose a Lord of the Wells and announce his election by + sending him a great nosegay of flowers; his house, too, is + decorated with green boughs, and children walk in procession to it. + He goes from house to house collecting materials for a feast, of + which the neighbours partake on the following Sunday.<a id= + "noteref_74" name="noteref_74" href="#note_74"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">74</span></span></a> What + the other duties of the Lord of the Wells may be, we are not told. + We may conjecture that in old days he had to see to it that the + spirits of the water received their dues from men and maidens on + that important day.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page029">[pg + 029]</span><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Midsummer Day deemed unlucky and + dangerous.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The belief that + the spirits of the water exact a human life on Midsummer Day may + partly explain why that day is regarded by some people as unlucky. + At Neuburg, in Baden, people who meet on Midsummer Day bid each + other beware.<a id="noteref_75" name="noteref_75" href= + "#note_75"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">75</span></span></a> + Sicilian mothers on that ominous day warn their little sons not to + go out of the house, or, if they do go out, not to stray far, not + to walk on solitary unfrequented paths, to avoid horses and + carriages and persons with firearms, and not to dare to swim; in + short they bid them be on their guard at every turn. The Sicilian + writer who tells us this adds: <span class="tei tei-q">“This I know + and sadly remember ever since the year 1848, when, not yet seven + years old, I beheld in the dusk of the evening on St. John's Day + some women of my acquaintance bringing back in their arms my little + brother, who had gone to play in a garden near our house, and there + had found his death, my poor Francesco! In their simplicity the + women who strove to console my inconsolable mother, driven + distracted by the dreadful blow, kept repeating that St. John must + have his due, that on that day he must be appeased. <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Who knows,’</span> said they, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘how many other mothers are weeping now for other + little sons forlorn!’</span> ”</span><a id="noteref_76" name= + "noteref_76" href="#note_76"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">76</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">In Europe people used to bathe on + Midsummer Eve or Midsummer Day, because water was thought to + acquire wonderful medicinal virtues at that time.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet curiously + enough, though the water-spirits call for human victims on + Midsummer Eve or Midsummer Day, water in general is supposed at + that season to acquire certain wonderful medicinal virtues, so that + he who bathes in it then or drinks of it is not only healed of all + his infirmities but will be well and hearty throughout the year. + Hence in many parts of Europe, from Sweden in the north to Sicily + in the south, and from Ireland and Spain in the west to Esthonia in + the east it used to be customary for men, women, and children to + bathe in crowds in rivers, the sea, or springs on Midsummer Eve or + Midsummer Day, hoping thus to fortify themselves for the next + twelve months. The usual time for taking the bath was the night + which intervenes between Midsummer Eve and Midsummer Day;<a id= + "noteref_77" name="noteref_77" href="#note_77"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">77</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page030">[pg 030]</span><a name= + "Pg030" id="Pg030" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> but in Belgium the + hour was noon on Midsummer Day. It was a curious sight, we are + told, to see the banks of a river lined with naked children waiting + for the first stroke of noon to plunge into the healing water. The + dip was supposed to have a remarkable effect in strengthening the + legs. People who were ashamed to bathe in public used to have cans + of water brought to their houses from the river at midday, and then + performed their ablutions in the privacy of their chambers. Nor did + they throw away the precious fluid; on the contrary they bottled it + up and kept it as a sort of elixir for use throughout the year. It + was thought never to grow foul and to be as blessed as holy water + fetched from a church, which we may well believe. Hence it served + to guard the house against a thunder-storm; when the clouds were + heavy and threatening, all you had to do was to take the palm + branches (that is, the twigs of box-wood) which were blessed on + Palm Sunday, dip them in the midsummer water, and burn them. That + averted the tempest.<a id="noteref_78" name="noteref_78" href= + "#note_78"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">78</span></span></a> In the + Swiss canton of Lucerne a bath on Midsummer Eve is thought to be + especially wholesome, though in other parts of Switzerland, as we + saw, bathing at that season is accounted dangerous.<a id= + "noteref_79" name="noteref_79" href="#note_79"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">79</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Similar customs and beliefs as to + water at Midsummer in Morocco.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nor are such + customs and beliefs confined to the Christian peoples of Europe; + they are shared also by the Mohammedan peoples of Morocco. There, + too, on Midsummer Day all water is thought to be endowed with such + marvellous virtue that it not only heals but prevents sickness for + the rest of the year; hence men, women, and children bathe in the + sea, in rivers, or in their houses at <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page031">[pg 031]</span><a name="Pg031" id="Pg031" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> that time for the sake of their health. In + Fez and other places on this day people pour or squirt water over + each other in the streets or from the house-tops, so that the + streets become almost as muddy as after a fall of rain. More than + that, in the Andjra they bathe their animals also; horses, mules, + donkeys, cattle, sheep, and goats, all must participate in the + miraculous benefits of midsummer water.<a id="noteref_80" name= + "noteref_80" href="#note_80"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">80</span></span></a> The + rite forms part of that old heathen celebration of Midsummer which + appears to have been common to the peoples on both sides of the + Mediterranean;<a id="noteref_81" name="noteref_81" href= + "#note_81"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">81</span></span></a> and as + the aim of bathing in the midsummer water is undoubtedly + purification, it is reasonable to assign the same motive for the + custom of leaping over the midsummer bonfire. On the other hand + some people in Morocco, like some people in Europe, think that + water on Midsummer Day is unclean or dangerous. A Berber told Dr. + Westermarck that water is haunted on Midsummer Day, and that people + therefore avoid bathing in it and keep animals from drinking of it. + And among the Beni Ahsen persons who swim in the river on that day + are careful, before plunging into the water, to throw burning straw + into it as an offering, in order that the spirits may not harm + them.<a id="noteref_82" name="noteref_82" href= + "#note_82"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">82</span></span></a> The + parallelism between the rites of water and fire at this season is + certainly in favour of interpreting both in the same way;<a id= + "noteref_83" name="noteref_83" href="#note_83"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">83</span></span></a> and + the traces of human sacrifice which we have detected in the rite of + water may therefore be allowed to strengthen the inference of a + similar sacrifice in the rite of fire.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Human sacrifices by fire among the + ancient Gauls. Men and animals enclosed in great wicker-work + images and burnt alive.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But it seems + possible to go farther than this. Of human sacrifices offered on + these occasions the most unequivocal traces, as we have seen, are + those which, about a hundred years ago, still lingered at the + Beltane fires in the Highlands of Scotland, that is, among a Celtic + people who, situated in a remote corner of Europe and almost + completely <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page032">[pg + 032]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + isolated from foreign influence, had till then conserved their old + heathenism better perhaps than any other people in the West of + Europe. It is significant, therefore, that human sacrifices by fire + are known, on unquestionable evidence, to have been systematically + practised by the Celts. The earliest description of these + sacrifices has been bequeathed to us by Julius Caesar. As conqueror + of the hitherto independent Celts of Gaul, Caesar had ample + opportunity of observing the national Celtic religion and manners, + while these were still fresh and crisp from the native mint and had + not yet been fused in the melting-pot of Roman civilization. With + his own notes Caesar appears to have incorporated the observations + of a Greek explorer, by name Posidonius, who travelled in Gaul + about fifty years before Caesar carried the Roman arms to the + English Channel. The Greek geographer Strabo and the historian + Diodorus seem also to have derived their descriptions of the Celtic + sacrifices from the work of Posidonius, but independently of each + other, and of Caesar, for each of the three derivative accounts + contain some details which are not to be found in either of the + others. By combining them, therefore, we can restore the original + account of Posidonius with some probability, and thus obtain a + picture of the sacrifices offered by the Celts of Gaul at the close + of the second century before our era.<a id="noteref_84" name= + "noteref_84" href="#note_84"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">84</span></span></a> The + following seem to have been the main outlines of the custom. + Condemned criminals were reserved by the Celts in order to be + sacrificed to the gods at a great festival which took place once in + every five years. The more there were of such victims, the greater + was believed to be the fertility of the land.<a id="noteref_85" + name="noteref_85" href="#note_85"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">85</span></span></a> If + there were not enough criminals to furnish victims, captives taken + in war were immolated to supply the deficiency. When the time came + the victims were sacrificed by the Druids or priests. Some they + shot down with arrows, some they impaled, and some they burned + alive in the following manner. Colossal images of <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page033">[pg 033]</span><a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> wicker-work or of wood and grass were + constructed; these were filled with live men, cattle, and animals + of other kinds; fire was then applied to the images, and they were + burned with their living contents.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">As the fertility of the land was + supposed to depend on these sacrifices, Mannhardt interpreted + the victims as representatives of tree-spirits or spirits of + vegetation.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such were the + great festivals held once every five years. But besides these + quinquennial festivals, celebrated on so grand a scale, and with, + apparently, so large an expenditure of human life, it seems + reasonable to suppose that festivals of the same sort, only on a + lesser scale, were held annually, and that from these annual + festivals are lineally descended some at least of the + fire-festivals which, with their traces of human sacrifices, are + still celebrated year by year in many parts of Europe. The gigantic + images constructed of osiers or covered with grass in which the + Druids enclosed their victims remind us of the leafy framework in + which the human representative of the tree-spirit is still so often + encased.<a id="noteref_86" name="noteref_86" href= + "#note_86"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">86</span></span></a> Hence, + seeing that the fertility of the land was apparently supposed to + depend upon the due performance of these sacrifices, Mannhardt + interpreted the Celtic victims, cased in osiers and grass, as + representatives of the tree-spirit or spirit of vegetation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Wicker-work giants at popular + festivals in modern Europe. The giant at Douay on July the + seventh. The giants at Dunkirk on Midsummer Day.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These wicker + giants of the Druids seem to have had till lately their + representatives at the spring and midsummer festivals of modern + Europe. At Douay, down to the early part of the nineteenth century, + a procession took place annually on the Sunday nearest to the + seventh of July. The great feature of the procession was a colossal + figure, some twenty or thirty feet high, made of osiers, and called + <span class="tei tei-q">“the giant,”</span> which was moved through + the streets by means of rollers and ropes worked by men who were + enclosed within the effigy. The wooden head of the giant is said to + have been carved and painted by Rubens. The figure was armed as a + knight with lance and sword, helmet and shield. Behind him marched + his wife and his three children, all constructed of osiers on the + same principle, but on a smaller scale.<a id="noteref_87" name= + "noteref_87" href="#note_87"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">87</span></span></a> At + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page034">[pg 034]</span><a name= + "Pg034" id="Pg034" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Dunkirk the + procession of the giants took place on Midsummer Day, the + twenty-fourth of June. The festival, which was known as the Follies + of Dunkirk, attracted such multitudes of spectators, that the inns + and private houses could not lodge them all, and many had to sleep + in cellars or in the streets. In 1755 an eye-witness estimated that + the number of onlookers was not less than forty thousand, without + counting the inhabitants of the town. The streets through which the + procession took its way were lined with double ranks of soldiers, + and the houses crammed with spectators from top to bottom. High + mass was celebrated in the principal church and then the procession + got under weigh. First came the guilds or brotherhoods, the members + walking two and two with great waxen tapers, lighted, in their + hands. They were followed by the friars and the secular priests, + and then came the Abbot, magnificently attired, with the Host borne + before him by a venerable old man. When these were past, the real + <span class="tei tei-q">“Follies of Dunkirk”</span> began. They + consisted of pageants of various sorts wheeled through the streets + in cars. These appear to have varied somewhat from year to year; + but if we may judge from the processions of 1755 and 1757, both of + which have been described by eye-witnesses, a standing show was a + car decked with foliage and branches to imitate a wood, and + carrying a number of men dressed in leaves or in green scaly skins, + who squirted water on the people from pewter syringes. An English + spectator has compared these maskers to the Green Men of our own + country on May Day. Last of all came the giant and giantess. The + giant was a huge figure of wicker-work, occasionally as much as + forty-five feet high, dressed in a long blue robe with gold + stripes, which reached to his feet, concealing the dozen or more + men who made it dance and bob its head to the spectators. This + colossal effigy went by the name of Papa <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page035">[pg 035]</span><a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Reuss, and carried in its pocket a bouncing + infant of Brobdingnagian proportions, who kept bawling <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Papa! papa!”</span> in a voice of thunder, only + pausing from time to time to devour the victuals which were handed + out to him from the windows. The rear was brought up by the + daughter of the giant, constructed, like her sire, of wicker-work, + and little, if at all, inferior to him in size. She wore a + rose-coloured robe, with a gold watch as large as a warming pan at + her side: her breast glittered with jewels: her complexion was + high, and her eyes and head turned with as easy a grace as the men + inside could contrive to impart to their motions. The procession + came to an end with the revolution of 1789, and has never been + revived. The giant himself indeed, who had won the affections of + the townspeople, survived his ancient glory for a little while and + made shift to appear in public a few times more at the Carnival and + other festal occasions; but his days were numbered, and within + fifty years even his memory had seemingly perished.<a id= + "noteref_88" name="noteref_88" href="#note_88"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">88</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Wicker-work giants in Brabant and + Flanders.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Most towns and + even villages of Brabant and Flanders have, or used to have, + similar wicker giants which were annually led about to the delight + of the populace, who loved these grotesque figures, spoke of them + with patriotic enthusiasm, and never wearied of gazing at them. The + name by which the giants went was Reuzes, and a special song called + the Reuze song was sung in the Flemish dialect while they were + making their triumphal progress through the streets. The most + celebrated of these monstrous effigies were those of Antwerp and + Wetteren. At Ypres a whole family of giants contributed to the + public hilarity at the Carnival. At Cassel and Hazebrouch, in the + French department of Nord, the giants made their annual appearance + on Shrove Tuesday.<a id="noteref_89" name="noteref_89" href= + "#note_89"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">89</span></span></a> At + Antwerp the giant was so big <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page036">[pg 036]</span><a name="Pg036" id="Pg036" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> that no gate in the city was large enough to + let him go through; hence he could not visit his brother giants in + neighbouring towns, as the other Belgian giants used to do on + solemn occasions. He was designed in 1534 by Peter van Aelst, + painter to the Emperor Charles the Fifth, and is still preserved + with other colossal figures in a large hall at Antwerp.<a id= + "noteref_90" name="noteref_90" href="#note_90"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">90</span></span></a> At + Ath, in the Belgian province of Hainaut, the popular procession of + the giants took place annually in August down to the year 1869 at + least. For three days the colossal effigies of Goliath and his + wife, of Samson and an Archer (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tirant</span></span>), together with a + two-headed eagle, were led about the streets on the shoulders of + twenty bearers concealed under the flowing drapery of the giants, + to the great delight of the townspeople and a crowd of strangers + who assembled to witness the pageant. The custom can be traced back + by documentary evidence to the middle of the fifteenth century; but + it appears that the practice of giving Goliath a wife dates only + from the year 1715. Their nuptials were solemnized every year on + the eve of the festival in the church of St. Julien, whither the + two huge figures were escorted by the magistrates in + procession.<a id="noteref_91" name="noteref_91" href= + "#note_91"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">91</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Midsummer giants in + England.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In England + artificial giants seem to have been a standing feature of the + midsummer festival. A writer of the sixteenth century speaks of + <span class="tei tei-q">“Midsommer pageants in London, where to + make the people wonder, are set forth great and uglie gyants + marching as if they were alive, and armed at all points, but within + they are stuffed full of browne paper and tow, which the shrewd + boyes, underpeering, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page037">[pg + 037]</span><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + do guilefully discover, and turne to a greate + derision.”</span><a id="noteref_92" name="noteref_92" href= + "#note_92"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">92</span></span></a> At + Chester the annual pageant on Midsummer Eve included the effigies + of four giants, with animals, hobby-horses, and other figures. An + officious mayor of the town suppressed the giants in 1599, but they + were restored by another mayor in 1601. Under the Commonwealth the + pageant was discontinued, and the giants and beasts were destroyed; + but after the restoration of Charles II. the old ceremony was + revived on the old date, new effigies being constructed to replace + those which had fallen victims to Roundhead bigotry. The accounts + preserve a record not only of the hoops, buckram, tinfoil, gold and + silver leaf, paint, glue, and paste which went to make up these + gorgeous figures; they also mention the arsenic which was mixed + with the paste in order to preserve the poor giants from being + eaten alive by the rats.<a id="noteref_93" name="noteref_93" href= + "#note_93"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">93</span></span></a> At + Coventry the accounts of the Cappers' and Drapers' Companies in the + sixteenth century shed light on the giants which there also were + carried about the town at Midsummer; from some of the entries it + appears that the giant's wife figured beside the giant.<a id= + "noteref_94" name="noteref_94" href="#note_94"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">94</span></span></a> At + Burford, in Oxfordshire, Midsummer Eve used to be celebrated with + great jollity by the carrying of a giant and a dragon up and down + the town. The last survivor of these perambulating English giants + dragged out a miserable existence at Salisbury, where an antiquary + found him mouldering to decay in the neglected hall of the Tailors' + Company about the year 1844. His bodily framework was of lath and + hoop like the one which used to be worn by Jack-in-the-Green on May + Day. The drapery, which concealed the bearer, was of coloured + chintz, bordered with red and purple, and trimmed with yellow + fringe. His head was modelled in paste-board and adorned with a + gold-laced cocked hat: his flowing locks were of tow; and in his + big right hand he brandished a branch of <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page038">[pg 038]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> artificial laurel. In the days of his glory + he promenaded about the streets, dancing clumsily and attended by + two men grotesquely attired, who kept a watchful eye on his + movements and checked by the wooden sword and club which they + carried any incipient tendency to lose his balance and topple over + in an undignified manner, which would have exposed to the derision + of the populace the mystery of his inner man. The learned called + him St. Christopher, the vulgar simply the giant.<a id="noteref_95" + name="noteref_95" href="#note_95"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">95</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Wicker-work giants burnt at or + near Midsummer.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In these cases + the giants only figure in the processions. But sometimes they were + burned in the summer bonfires. Thus the people of the Rue aux Ours + in Paris used annually to make a great wicker-work figure, dressed + as a soldier, which they promenaded up and down the streets for + several days, and solemnly burned on the third of July, the crowd + of spectators singing <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Salve Regina</span></span>. A personage who + bore the title of king presided over the ceremony with a lighted + torch in his hand. The burning fragments of the image were + scattered among the people, who eagerly scrambled for them. The + custom was abolished in 1743.<a id="noteref_96" name="noteref_96" + href="#note_96"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">96</span></span></a> In + Brie, Isle de France, a wicker-work giant, eighteen feet high, was + annually burned on Midsummer Eve.<a id="noteref_97" name= + "noteref_97" href="#note_97"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">97</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Animals burnt in the Midsummer + bonfires. Serpents formerly burnt in the Midsummer fire at + Luchon. Cats formerly burnt in the Midsummer, Easter, and + Lenten bonfires.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Again, the + Druidical custom of burning live animals, enclosed in wicker-work, + has its counterpart at the spring and midsummer festivals. At + Luchon in the Pyrenees on Midsummer Eve <span class="tei tei-q">“a + hollow column, composed of strong wicker-work, is raised to the + height of about sixty feet in the centre of the principal suburb, + and interlaced with green foliage up to the very top; while the + most beautiful flowers and shrubs procurable are artistically + arranged in groups below, so as to form a sort of background to the + scene. The column is then filled with combustible materials, ready + for ignition. At an appointed hour—about 8 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">p.m.</span></span>—a grand procession, + composed of the clergy, followed by young men and maidens in + holiday attire, pour forth from the town chanting hymns, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page039">[pg 039]</span><a name= + "Pg039" id="Pg039" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and take up their + position around the column. Meanwhile, bonfires are lit, with + beautiful effect, in the surrounding hills. As many living serpents + as could be collected are now thrown into the column, which is set + on fire at the base by means of torches, armed with which about + fifty boys and men dance around with frantic gestures. The + serpents, to avoid the flames, wriggle their way to the top, whence + they are seen lashing out laterally until finally obliged to drop, + their struggles for life giving rise to enthusiastic delight among + the surrounding spectators. This is a favourite annual ceremony for + the inhabitants of Luchon and its neighbourhood, and local + tradition assigns it to a heathen origin.”</span><a id="noteref_98" + name="noteref_98" href="#note_98"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">98</span></span></a> In the + midsummer fires formerly kindled on the Place de Grève at Paris it + was the custom to burn a basket, barrel, or sack full of live cats, + which was hung from a tall mast in the midst of the bonfire; + sometimes a fox was burned. The people collected the embers and + ashes of the fire and took them home, believing that they brought + good luck. The French kings often witnessed these spectacles and + even lit the bonfire with their own hands. In 1648 Louis the + Fourteenth, crowned with a wreath of roses and carrying a bunch of + roses in his hand, kindled the fire, danced at it and partook of + the banquet afterwards in the town hall. But this was the last + occasion when a monarch presided at the midsummer bonfire in + Paris.<a id="noteref_99" name="noteref_99" href= + "#note_99"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">99</span></span></a> At + Metz midsummer fires were lighted with great pomp on the esplanade, + and a dozen cats, enclosed in wicker-cages, were burned alive in + them, to the amusement of the people.<a id="noteref_100" name= + "noteref_100" href="#note_100"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">100</span></span></a> + Similarly at Gap, in the department <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page040">[pg 040]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of the High Alps, cats used to be roasted + over the midsummer bonfire.<a id="noteref_101" name="noteref_101" + href="#note_101"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">101</span></span></a> In + Russia a white cock was sometimes burned in the midsummer + bonfire;<a id="noteref_102" name="noteref_102" href= + "#note_102"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">102</span></span></a> in + Meissen or Thuringia a horse's head used to be thrown into + it.<a id="noteref_103" name="noteref_103" href= + "#note_103"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">103</span></span></a> + Sometimes animals are burned in the spring bonfires. In the Vosges + cats were burned on Shrove Tuesday; in Alsace they were thrown into + the Easter bonfire.<a id="noteref_104" name="noteref_104" href= + "#note_104"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">104</span></span></a> In + the department of the Ardennes cats were flung into the bonfires + kindled on the first Sunday in Lent; sometimes, by a refinement of + cruelty, they were hung over the fire from the end of a pole and + roasted alive. <span class="tei tei-q">“The cat, which represented + the devil, could never suffer enough.”</span> While the creatures + were perishing in the flames, the shepherds guarded their flocks + and forced them to leap over the fire, esteeming this an infallible + means of preserving them from disease and witchcraft.<a id= + "noteref_105" name="noteref_105" href="#note_105"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">105</span></span></a> We + have seen that squirrels were sometimes burned in the Easter + fire.<a id="noteref_106" name="noteref_106" href= + "#note_106"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">106</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Thus the sacrificial rites of the + ancient Gauls have their counterparts in the popular festivals + of modern Europe.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus it appears + that the sacrificial rites of the Celts of ancient Gaul can be + traced in the popular festivals of modern Europe. Naturally it is + in France, or rather in the wider area comprised within the limits + of ancient Gaul, that these rites have left the clearest traces in + the customs of burning giants of wicker-work and animals enclosed + in wicker-work or baskets. These customs, it will have been + remarked, are generally observed at or about midsummer. From this + we may infer that the original rites of which these are the + degenerate successors were solemnized at midsummer. This inference + harmonizes with the conclusion suggested by a general survey of + European folk-custom, that the midsummer festival must on the whole + have been the most widely diffused and the most solemn of all the + yearly festivals celebrated by the primitive Aryans in Europe. At + the same time we must bear in mind that among the British Celts the + chief fire-festivals of the year appear certainly to have been + those <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page041">[pg 041]</span><a name= + "Pg041" id="Pg041" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of Beltane (May Day) + and Hallowe'en (the last day of October); and this suggests a doubt + whether the Celts of Gaul also may not have celebrated their + principal rites of fire, including their burnt sacrifices of men + and animals, at the beginning of May or the beginning of November + rather than at Midsummer.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The men, women, and animals burnt + at these festivals were perhaps thought to be witches or + wizards in disguise.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We have still to + ask, What is the meaning of such sacrifices? Why were men and + animals burnt to death at these festivals? If we are right in + interpreting the modern European fire-festivals as attempts to + break the power of witchcraft by burning or banning the witches and + warlocks, it seems to follow that we must explain the human + sacrifices of the Celts in the same manner; that is, we must + suppose that the men whom the Druids burnt in wicker-work images + were condemned to death on the ground that they were witches or + wizards, and that the mode of execution by fire was chosen because, + as we have seen, burning alive is deemed the surest mode of getting + rid of these noxious and dangerous beings. The same explanation + would apply to the cattle and wild animals of many kinds which the + Celts burned along with the men.<a id="noteref_107" name= + "noteref_107" href="#note_107"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">107</span></span></a> They, + too, we may conjecture, were supposed to be either under the spell + of witchcraft or actually to be the witches and wizards, who had + transformed themselves into animals for the purpose of prosecuting + their infernal plots against the welfare of their fellow creatures. + This conjecture is confirmed by the observation that the victims + most commonly burned in modern bonfires have been cats, and that + cats are precisely the animals into which, with the possible + exception of hares, witches were most usually supposed to transform + themselves. Again, we have seen that serpents and foxes used + sometimes to be burnt in the midsummer fires;<a id="noteref_108" + name="noteref_108" href="#note_108"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">108</span></span></a> and + Welsh and German witches are reported to have assumed the form both + of foxes and serpents.<a id="noteref_109" name="noteref_109" href= + "#note_109"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">109</span></span></a> In + short, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page042">[pg + 042]</span><a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + when we remember the great variety of animals whose forms witches + can assume at pleasure,<a id="noteref_110" name="noteref_110" href= + "#note_110"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">110</span></span></a> it + seems easy on this hypothesis to account for the variety of living + creatures that have been burnt at festivals both in ancient Gaul + and modern Europe; all these victims, we may surmise, were doomed + to the flames, not because they were animals, but because they were + believed to be witches who had taken the shape of animals for their + nefarious purposes. One advantage of explaining the ancient Celtic + sacrifices in this way is that it introduces, as it were, a harmony + and consistency into the treatment which Europe has meted out to + witches from the earliest times down to about two centuries ago, + when the growing influence of rationalism discredited the belief in + witchcraft and put a stop to the custom of burning witches. On this + view the Christian Church in its dealings with the black art merely + carried out the traditional policy of Druidism, and it might be a + nice question to decide which of the two, in pursuance of that + policy, exterminated the larger number of innocent men and + women.<a id="noteref_111" name="noteref_111" href= + "#note_111"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">111</span></span></a> Be + that as it may, we can now perhaps understand why the Druids + believed that the more persons they sentenced to death, the greater + would be the fertility of the land.<a id="noteref_112" name= + "noteref_112" href="#note_112"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">112</span></span></a> To a + modern reader the connexion at first sight may not be obvious + between the activity of the hangman and the productivity of the + earth. But a little reflection may satisfy him that when the + criminals who perish at the stake or on the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page043">[pg 043]</span><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> gallows are witches, whose delight it + is to blight the crops of the farmer or to lay them low under + storms of hail, the execution of these wretches is really + calculated to ensure an abundant harvest by removing one of the + principal causes which paralyze the efforts and blast the hopes of + the husbandman.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Mannhardt thought that the men and + animals whom the Druids burned in wickerwork images represented + spirits of vegetation, and that the burning of them was a charm + to secure a supply of sunshine for the crops.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Druidical + sacrifices which we are considering were explained in a different + way by W. Mannhardt. He supposed that the men whom the Druids + burned in wickerwork images represented the spirits of vegetation, + and accordingly that the custom of burning them was a magical + ceremony intended to secure the necessary sunshine for the crops. + Similarly, he seems to have inclined to the view that the animals + which used to be burnt in the bonfires represented the + corn-spirit,<a id="noteref_113" name="noteref_113" href= + "#note_113"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">113</span></span></a> + which, as we saw in an earlier part of this work, is often supposed + to assume the shape of an animal.<a id="noteref_114" name= + "noteref_114" href="#note_114"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">114</span></span></a> This + theory is no doubt tenable, and the great authority of W. Mannhardt + entitles it to careful consideration. I adopted it in former + editions of this book; but on reconsideration it seems to me on the + whole to be less probable than the theory that the men and animals + burnt in the fires perished in the character of witches. This + latter view is strongly supported by the testimony of the people + who celebrate the fire-festivals, since a popular name for the + custom of kindling the fires is <span class="tei tei-q">“burning + the witches,”</span> effigies of witches are sometimes consumed in + the flames, and the fires, their embers, or their ashes are + supposed to furnish protection against witchcraft. On the other + hand there is little to shew that the effigies or the animals burnt + in the fires are regarded by the people as representatives of the + vegetation-spirit, and that the bonfires are sun-charms. With + regard to serpents in particular, which used to be burnt in the + midsummer fire at Luchon, I am not aware of any certain evidence + that in Europe snakes have been regarded as embodiments of the + tree-spirit or corn-spirit,<a id="noteref_115" name="noteref_115" + href="#note_115"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">115</span></span></a> + though in other parts of the world <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page044">[pg 044]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the conception appears to be not + unknown.<a id="noteref_116" name="noteref_116" href= + "#note_116"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">116</span></span></a> + Whereas the popular faith in the transformation of witches into + animals is so general and deeply rooted, and the fear of these + uncanny beings is so strong, that it seems safer to suppose that + the cats and other animals which were burnt in the fire suffered + death as embodiments of witches than that they perished as + representatives of vegetation-spirits.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page045">[pg 045]</span><a name= + "Pg045" id="Pg045" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc13" id="toc13"></a> <a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VIII. The Magic Flowers of + Midsummer Eve.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">It is a common belief in Europe that + plants acquire certain magical, but transient, virtues on + Midsummer Eve. Magical plants culled on Midsummer Eve (St. John's + Eve) or Midsummer Day (St. John's Day) in France. St. John's + herb.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A feature of the + great midsummer festival remains to be considered, which may perhaps + help to clear up the doubt as to the meaning of the fire-ceremonies + and their relation to Druidism. For in France and England, the + countries where the sway of the Druids is known to have been most + firmly established, Midsummer Eve is still the time for culling + certain magic plants, whose evanescent virtue can be secured at this + mystic season alone. Indeed all over Europe antique fancies of the + same sort have lingered about Midsummer Eve, imparting to it a + fragrance of the past, like withered rose leaves that, found by + chance in the pages of an old volume, still smell of departed + summers. Thus in Saintonge and Aunis, two of the ancient provinces of + Western France, we read that <span class="tei tei-q">“of all the + festivals for which the merry bells ring out there is not one which + has given rise to a greater number of superstitious practices than + the festival of St. John the Baptist. The Eve of St. John was the day + of all days for gathering the wonderful herbs by means of which you + could combat fever, cure a host of diseases, and guard yourself + against sorcerers and their spells. But in order to attain these + results two conditions had to be observed; first, you must be fasting + when you gathered the herbs, and second, you must cull them before + the sun rose. If these conditions were not fulfilled, the plants had + no special virtue.”</span><a id="noteref_117" name="noteref_117" + href="#note_117"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">117</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page046">[pg 046]</span><a name="Pg046" + id="Pg046" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> In the neighbouring province + of Perigord the person who gathered the magic herbs before sunrise at + this season had to walk backwards, to mutter some mystic words, and + to perform certain ceremonies. The plants thus collected were + carefully kept as an infallible cure for fever; placed above beds and + the doors of houses and of cattle-sheds they protected man and beast + from disease, witchcraft, and accident.<a id="noteref_118" name= + "noteref_118" href="#note_118"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">118</span></span></a> In + Normandy a belief in the marvellous properties of herbs and plants, + of flowers and seeds and leaves gathered, with certain traditional + rites, on the Eve or the Day of St. John has remained part of the + peasant's creed to this day. Thus he fancies that seeds of vegetables + and plants, which have been collected on St. John's Eve, will keep + better than others, and that flowers plucked that day will never + fade.<a id="noteref_119" name="noteref_119" href= + "#note_119"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">119</span></span></a> Indeed + so widespread in France used to be the faith in the magic virtue of + herbs culled on that day that there is a French proverb <span class= + "tei tei-q">“to employ all the herbs of St. John in an + affair,”</span> meaning <span class="tei tei-q">“to leave no stone + unturned.”</span><a id="noteref_120" name="noteref_120" href= + "#note_120"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">120</span></span></a> In the + early years of the nineteenth century a traveller reported that at + Marseilles, <span class="tei tei-q">“on the Eve of St. John, the + Place de Noailles and the course are cleaned. From three o'clock in + the morning the country-people flock thither, and by six o'clock the + whole place is covered with a considerable quantity of flowers and + herbs, aromatic or otherwise. The folk attribute superstitious + virtues to these plants; they are persuaded that if they have been + gathered the same day before sunrise they are fitted to heal many + ailments. People buy them emulously to give away in presents and to + fill the house with.”</span><a id="noteref_121" name="noteref_121" + href="#note_121"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">121</span></span></a> On the + Eve of St. John (Midsummer Eve), before sunset, the peasants of + Perche still gather the herb called St. John's herb. It is a creeping + plant, very aromatic, with small flowers of a violet blue. Other + scented flowers <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page047">[pg + 047]</span><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> are + added, and out of the posies they make floral crosses and crowns, + which they hang up over the doors of houses and stables. Such floral + decorations are sold like the box-wood on Palm Sunday, and the + withered wreaths are kept from year to year. If an animal dies, it + may be a cow, they carefully clean the byre or the stable, make a + pile of these faded garlands, and set them on fire, having previously + closed up all the openings and interstices, so that the whole place + is thoroughly fumigated. This is thought to eradicate the germs of + disease from the byre or stable.<a id="noteref_122" name= + "noteref_122" href="#note_122"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">122</span></span></a> At + Nellingen, near Saaralben, in Lorraine the hedge doctors collect + their store of simples between eleven o'clock and noon on Midsummer + Day; and on that day nut-water is brewed from nuts that have been + picked on the stroke of noon. Such water is a panacea for all + ailments.<a id="noteref_123" name="noteref_123" href= + "#note_123"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">123</span></span></a> In the + Vosges Mountains they say that wizards have but one day in the year, + and but one hour in that day, to find and cull the baleful herbs + which they use in their black art. That day is the Eve of St. John, + and that hour is the time when the church bells are ringing the + noonday Angelus. Hence in many villages they say that the bells ought + not to ring at noon on that day.<a id="noteref_124" name= + "noteref_124" href="#note_124"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">124</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Magical plants culled on Midsummer + Eve or Midsummer Day in the Tyrol and Germany.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the Tyrol also + they think that the witching hour is when the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ave Maria</span></span> + bell is ringing on Midsummer Eve, for then the witches go forth to + gather the noxious plants whereby they raise thunderstorms. Therefore + in many districts the bells ring for a shorter time than usual that + evening;<a id="noteref_125" name="noteref_125" href= + "#note_125"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">125</span></span></a> at + Folgareit the sexton used to steal quietly into the church, and when + the clock struck three he contented himself with giving a few pulls + to the smallest of the bells.<a id="noteref_126" name="noteref_126" + href="#note_126"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">126</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page048">[pg 048]</span><a name="Pg048" + id="Pg048" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> At Rengen, in the Eifel + Mountains, the sexton rings the church bell for an hour on the + afternoon of Midsummer Day. As soon as the bell begins to ring, the + children run out into the meadows, gather flowers, and weave them + into garlands which they throw on the roofs of the houses and + buildings. There the garlands remain till the wind blows them away. + It is believed that they protect the houses against fire and + thunderstorms.<a id="noteref_127" name="noteref_127" href= + "#note_127"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">127</span></span></a> At + Niederehe, in the Eifel Mountains, on Midsummer Day little children + used to make wreaths and posies out of <span class="tei tei-q">“St. + John's flowers and Maiden-flax”</span> and throw them on the roofs. + Some time afterwards, when the wild gooseberries were ripe, all the + children would gather round an old woman on a Sunday afternoon, and + taking the now withered wreaths and posies with them march out of the + village, praying while they walked. Wreaths and posies were then + thrown in a heap and kindled, whereupon the children snatched them + up, still burning, and ran and fumigated the wild gooseberry bushes + with the smoke. Then they returned with the old woman to the village, + knelt down before her, and received her blessing. From that time the + children were free to pick and eat the wild gooseberries.<a id= + "noteref_128" name="noteref_128" href="#note_128"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">128</span></span></a> In the + Mark of Brandenburg the peasants gather all sorts of simples on + Midsummer Day, because they are of opinion that the drugs produce + their medicinal effect only if they have been culled at that time. + Many of these plants, especially roots, must be dug up at midnight + and in silence.<a id="noteref_129" name="noteref_129" href= + "#note_129"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">129</span></span></a> In + Mecklenburg not merely is a special healing virtue ascribed to + simples collected on Midsummer Day; the very smoke of such plants, if + they are burned in the fire, is believed to protect a house against + thunder and lightning, and to still the raging of the storm.<a id= + "noteref_130" name="noteref_130" href="#note_130"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">130</span></span></a> The + Wends of the Spreewald twine wreaths of herbs and flowers at + midsummer, and hang them up in their rooms; and when any one gets a + fright he will lay some of the leaves and blossoms on hot coals and + fumigate himself with the smoke.<a id="noteref_131" name= + "noteref_131" href="#note_131"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">131</span></span></a> In + Eastern Prussia, some <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page049">[pg + 049]</span><a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> two + hundred years ago, it used to be customary on Midsummer Day to make + up a bunch of herbs of various sorts and fasten it to a pole, which + was then put up over the gate or door through which the corn would be + brought in at harvest. Such a pole was called Kaupole, and it + remained in its place till the crops had been reaped and garnered. + Then the bunch of herbs was taken down; part of it was put with the + corn in the barn to keep rats and mice from the grain, and part was + kept as a remedy for diseases of all sorts.<a id="noteref_132" name= + "noteref_132" href="#note_132"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">132</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Magical plants culled on Midsummer + Eve (St. John's Eve) or Midsummer Day in Austria and + Russia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Germans of + West Bohemia collect simples on St. John's Night, because they + believe the healing virtue of the plants to be especially powerful at + that time.<a id="noteref_133" name="noteref_133" href= + "#note_133"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">133</span></span></a> The + theory and practice of the Huzuls in the Carpathian Mountains are + similar; they imagine that the plants gathered on that night are not + only medicinal but possess the power of restraining the witches; some + say that the herbs should be plucked in twelve gardens or + meadows.<a id="noteref_134" name="noteref_134" href= + "#note_134"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">134</span></span></a> Among + the simples which the Czechs and Moravians of Silesia cull at this + season are dandelions, ribwort, and the bloom of the lime-tree.<a id= + "noteref_135" name="noteref_135" href="#note_135"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">135</span></span></a> The + Esthonians of the island of Oesel gather St. John's herbs + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Jani + rohhud</span></span>) on St. John's Day, tie them up in bunches, and + hang them up about the houses to prevent evil spirits from entering. + A subsidiary use of the plants is to cure diseases; gathered at that + time they have a greater medical value than if they were collected at + any other season. Everybody does not choose exactly the same sorts of + plants; some gather more and some less, but in the collection St. + John's wort (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Jani rohhi</span></span>, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hypericum perforatum</span></span>) should never + be wanting.<a id="noteref_136" name="noteref_136" href= + "#note_136"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">136</span></span></a> A + writer of the early part of the seventeenth century informs us that + the Livonians, among whom he lived, were impressed with a belief in + the great and marvellous properties possessed <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page050">[pg 050]</span><a name="Pg050" id="Pg050" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> by simples which had been culled on + Midsummer Day. Such simples, they thought, were sure remedies for + fever and for sickness and pestilence in man and beast; but if + gathered one day too late they lost all their virtue.<a id= + "noteref_137" name="noteref_137" href="#note_137"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">137</span></span></a> Among + the Letts of the Baltic provinces of Russia girls and women go about + on Midsummer Day crowned with wreaths of aromatic plants, which are + afterwards hung up for good luck in the houses. The plants are also + dried and given to cows to eat, because they are supposed to help the + animals to calve.<a id="noteref_138" name="noteref_138" href= + "#note_138"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">138</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Magical plants culled on St. John's + Eve or St. John's Day among the South Slavs, in Macedonia, and + Bolivia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Bulgaria St. + John's Day is the special season for culling simples. On this day, + too, Bulgarian girls gather nosegays of a certain white flower, throw + them into a vessel of water, and place the vessel under a rose-tree + in bloom. Here it remains all night. Next morning they set it in the + courtyard and dance singing round it. An old woman then takes the + flowers out of the vessel, and the girls wash themselves with the + water, praying that God would grant them health throughout the year. + After that the old woman restores her nosegay to each girl and + promises her a rich husband.<a id="noteref_139" name="noteref_139" + href="#note_139"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">139</span></span></a> Among + the South Slavs generally on St. John's Eve it is the custom for + girls to gather white flowers in the meadows and to place them in a + sieve or behind the rafters. A flower is assigned to each member of + the household: next morning the flowers are inspected; and he or she + whose flower is fresh will be well the whole year, but he or she + whose flower is faded will be sickly or die. Garlands are then woven + out of the flowers and laid on roofs, folds, and beehives.<a id= + "noteref_140" name="noteref_140" href="#note_140"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">140</span></span></a> In some + parts of Macedonia on St. John's Eve the peasants are wont to festoon + their cottages and gird their own waists with wreaths of what they + call St. John's flower; it is the blossom of a creeping plant which + resembles honeysuckle.<a id="noteref_141" name="noteref_141" href= + "#note_141"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">141</span></span></a> Similar + notions as to the magical virtue which plants acquire at midsummer + have been transported by Europeans to the New World. At La Paz in + Bolivia people <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page051">[pg + 051]</span><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + believe that flowers of mint (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yerba + buena</span></span>) gathered before sunrise on St. John's Day + foretell an endless felicity to such as are so lucky as to find + them.<a id="noteref_142" name="noteref_142" href= + "#note_142"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">142</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Magical plants culled at Midsummer + among the Mohammedans of Morocco.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nor is the + superstition confined to Europe and to people of European descent. In + Morocco also the Mohammedans are of opinion that certain plants, such + as penny-royal, marjoram, and the oleander, acquire a special magic + virtue (<span lang="ar" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "ar"><span style="font-style: italic">baraka</span></span>) when they + are gathered shortly before midsummer. Hence the people collect these + plants at this season and preserve them for magical or medical + purposes. For example, branches of oleander are brought into the + houses before midsummer and kept under the roof as a charm against + the evil eye; but while the branches are being brought in they may + not touch the ground, else they would lose their marvellous + properties. Cases of sickness caused by the evil eye are cured by + fumigating the patients with the smoke of these boughs. The greatest + efficacy is ascribed to <span class="tei tei-q">“the sultan of the + oleander,”</span> which is a stalk with four pairs of leaves + clustered round it. Such a stalk is always endowed with magical + virtue, but that virtue is greatest when the stalk has been cut just + before midsummer. Arab women in the Hiaina district of Morocco gather + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Daphne + gnidium</span></span> on Midsummer Day, dry it in the sun, and make + it into a powder which, mixed with water, they daub on the heads of + their little children to protect them from sunstroke and vermin and + to make their hair grow well. Indeed such marvellous powers do these + Arabs attribute to plants at this mystic season that a barren woman + will walk naked about a vegetable garden on Midsummer Night in the + hope of conceiving a child through the fertilizing influence of the + vegetables.<a id="noteref_143" name="noteref_143" href= + "#note_143"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">143</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Seven different sorts of magical + plants gathered at Midsummer. Nine different sorts of plants + gathered at Midsummer. Dreams of love on flowers at Midsummer + Eve. Love's watery mirror at Midsummer Eve.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sometimes in order + to produce the desired effect it is deemed necessary that seven or + nine different sorts of plants should be gathered at this mystic + season. Norman peasants, who wish to fortify themselves for the toil + of harvest, will <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page052">[pg + 052]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + sometimes go out at dawn on St. John's Day and pull seven kinds of + plants, which they afterwards eat in their soup as a means of + imparting strength and suppleness to their limbs in the harvest + field.<a id="noteref_144" name="noteref_144" href= + "#note_144"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">144</span></span></a> In + Mecklenburg maidens are wont to gather seven sorts of flowers at noon + on Midsummer Eve. These they weave into garlands, and sleep with them + under their pillows. Then they are sure to dream of the men who will + marry them.<a id="noteref_145" name="noteref_145" href= + "#note_145"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">145</span></span></a> But the + flowers on which youthful lovers dream at Midsummer Eve are oftener + nine in number. Thus in Voigtland nine different kinds of flowers are + twined into a garland at the hour of noon, but they may not enter the + dwelling by the door in the usual way; they must be passed through + the window, or, if they come in at the door, they must be thrown, not + carried, into the house. Sleeping on them that night you will dream + of your future wife or future husband.<a id="noteref_146" name= + "noteref_146" href="#note_146"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">146</span></span></a> The + Bohemian maid, who gathers nine kinds of flowers on which to dream of + love at Midsummer Eve, takes care to wrap her hand in a white cloth, + and afterwards to wash it in dew; and when she brings her garland + home she must speak no word to any soul she meets by the way, for + then all the magic virtue of the flowers would be gone.<a id= + "noteref_147" name="noteref_147" href="#note_147"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">147</span></span></a> Other + Bohemian girls look into the book of fate at this season after a + different fashion. They twine their hair with wreaths made of nine + sorts of leaves, and go, when the stars of the summer night are + twinkling in the sky, to a brook that flows beside a tree. There, + gazing on the stream, the girl beholds, beside the broken reflections + of the tree and the stars, the watery image of her future lord.<a id= + "noteref_148" name="noteref_148" href="#note_148"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">148</span></span></a> So in + Masuren maidens gather nosegays of wild flowers in silence on + Midsummer Eve. At the midnight hour each girl takes the nosegay and a + glass of water, and when she has spoken certain words she sees her + lover mirrored in the water.<a id="noteref_149" name="noteref_149" + href="#note_149"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">149</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Garlands of flowers of nine sorts + gathered at Midsummer and used in divination and medicine.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sometimes Bohemian + damsels make a different use of their midsummer garlands twined of + nine sorts of flowers. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page053">[pg + 053]</span><a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + They lie down with the garland laid as a pillow under their right + ear, and a hollow voice, swooning from underground, proclaims their + destiny.<a id="noteref_150" name="noteref_150" href= + "#note_150"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">150</span></span></a> Yet + another mode of consulting the oracle by means of these same garlands + is to throw them backwards and in silence upon a tree at the hour of + noon, just when the flowers have been gathered. For every time that + the wreath is thrown without sticking to the branches of the tree the + girl will have a year to wait before she weds. This mode of + divination is practised in Voigtland,<a id="noteref_151" name= + "noteref_151" href="#note_151"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">151</span></span></a> East + Prussia,<a id="noteref_152" name="noteref_152" href= + "#note_152"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">152</span></span></a> + Silesia,<a id="noteref_153" name="noteref_153" href= + "#note_153"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">153</span></span></a> + Belgium,<a id="noteref_154" name="noteref_154" href= + "#note_154"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">154</span></span></a> and + Wales,<a id="noteref_155" name="noteref_155" href= + "#note_155"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">155</span></span></a> and the + same thing is done in Masuren, although we are not told that there + the wreaths must be composed of nine sorts of flowers.<a id= + "noteref_156" name="noteref_156" href="#note_156"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">156</span></span></a> + However, in Masuren chaplets of nine kinds of herbs are gathered on + St. John's Eve and put to a more prosaic use than that of presaging + the course of true love. They are carefully preserved, and the people + brew a sort of tea from them, which they administer as a remedy for + many ailments; or they keep the chaplets under their pillows till + they are dry, and thereupon dose their sick cattle with them.<a id= + "noteref_157" name="noteref_157" href="#note_157"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">157</span></span></a> In + Esthonia the virtues popularly ascribed to wreaths of this sort are + many and various. These wreaths, composed of nine kinds of herbs + culled on the Eve or the Day of St. John, are sometimes inserted in + the roof or hung up on the walls of the house, and each of them + receives the name of one of the inmates. If the plants which have + been thus dedicated to a girl happen to take root and grow in the + chinks and crannies, she will soon wed; if they have been dedicated + to an older person and wither away, that person will die. The people + also give them as medicine to cattle at the time when the animals are + driven forth to pasture; or they fumigate the beasts with the smoke + of the herbs, which are burnt along with shavings from the wooden + threshold. Bunches of the plants are also hung about the house to + keep off evil <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page054">[pg + 054]</span><a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + spirits, and maidens lay them under their pillows to dream on.<a id= + "noteref_158" name="noteref_158" href="#note_158"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">158</span></span></a> In + Sweden the <span class="tei tei-q">“Midsummer Brooms,”</span> made up + of nine sorts of flowers gathered on Midsummer Eve, are put to nearly + the same uses. Fathers of families hang up such <span class= + "tei tei-q">“brooms”</span> to the rafters, one for each inmate of + the house; and he or she whose broom (<span lang="sv" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="sv"><span style= + "font-style: italic">quast</span></span>) is the first to wither will + be the first to die. Girls also dream of their future husbands with + these bunches of flowers under their pillows. A decoction made from + the flowers is, moreover, a panacea for all disorders, and if a bunch + of them be hung up in the cattle shed, the Troll cannot enter to + bewitch the beasts.<a id="noteref_159" name="noteref_159" href= + "#note_159"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">159</span></span></a> The + Germans of Moravia think that nine kinds of herbs gathered on St. + John's Night (Midsummer Eve) are a remedy for fever;<a id= + "noteref_160" name="noteref_160" href="#note_160"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">160</span></span></a> and + some of the Wends attribute a curative virtue in general to such + plants.<a id="noteref_161" name="noteref_161" href= + "#note_161"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">161</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">St. John's wort (</span><span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">Hypericum + perforatum</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">) gathered + for magical purposes at Midsummer. St. John's blood on St. John's + Day.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of the flowers + which it has been customary to gather for purposes of magic or + divination at midsummer none perhaps is so widely popular as St. + John's wort (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Hypericum + perforatum</span></span>). The reason for associating this particular + plant with the great summer festival is perhaps not far to seek, for + the flower blooms about Midsummer Day, and with its bright yellow + petals and masses of golden stamens it might well pass for a tiny + copy on earth of the great sun which reaches its culminating point in + heaven at this season. Gathered on Midsummer Eve, or on Midsummer Day + before sunrise, the blossoms are hung on doorways and windows to + preserve the house against thunder, witches, and evil spirits; and + various healing properties are attributed to the different species of + the plant. In the Tyrol they say that if you put St. John's wort in + your shoe before sunrise on Midsummer Day you may walk as far as you + please without growing weary. In Scotland people carried it about + their persons as an amulet against witchcraft. On the lower Rhine + children twine chaplets of St. John's wort on the morning of + Midsummer Day, and throw them on the roofs of the houses. Here, too, + the people who danced round the midsummer bonfires used <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page055">[pg 055]</span><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to wear wreaths of these yellow flowers + in their hair, and to deck the images of the saints at wayside + shrines with the blossoms. Sometimes they flung the flowers into the + bonfires. In Sicily they dip St. John's wort in oil, and so apply it + as a balm for every wound. During the Middle Ages the power which the + plant notoriously possesses of banning devils won for it the name of + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">fuga + daemonum</span></span>; and before witches and wizards were stretched + on the rack or otherwise tortured, the flower used to be administered + to them as a means of wringing the truth from their lips.<a id= + "noteref_162" name="noteref_162" href="#note_162"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">162</span></span></a> In + North Wales people used to fix sprigs of St. John's wort over their + doors, and sometimes over their windows, <span class="tei tei-q">“in + order to purify their houses, and by that means drive away all fiends + and evil spirits.”</span><a id="noteref_163" name="noteref_163" href= + "#note_163"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">163</span></span></a> In + Saintonge and Aunis the flowers served to detect the presence of + sorcerers, for if one of these pestilent fellows entered a house, the + bunches of St. John's wort, which had been gathered on Midsummer Eve + and hung on the walls, immediately dropped their yellow heads as if + they had suddenly faded.<a id="noteref_164" name="noteref_164" href= + "#note_164"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">164</span></span></a> + However, the Germans <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page056">[pg + 056]</span><a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + Western Bohemia think that witches, far from dreading St. John's + wort, actually seek the plant on St. John's Eve.<a id="noteref_165" + name="noteref_165" href="#note_165"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">165</span></span></a> + Further, the edges of the calyx and petals of St. John's wort, as + well as their external surface, are marked with dark purple spots and + lines, which, if squeezed, yield a red essential oil soluble in + spirits.<a id="noteref_166" name="noteref_166" href= + "#note_166"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">166</span></span></a> German + peasants believe that this red oil is the blood of St. John,<a id= + "noteref_167" name="noteref_167" href="#note_167"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">167</span></span></a> and + this may be why the plant is supposed to heal all sorts of + wounds.<a id="noteref_168" name="noteref_168" href= + "#note_168"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">168</span></span></a> In + Mecklenburg they say that if you pull up St. John's wort at noon on + Midsummer Day you will find at the root a bead of red juice called + St. John's blood; smear this blood on your shirt just over your + heart, and no mad dog will bite you.<a id="noteref_169" name= + "noteref_169" href="#note_169"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">169</span></span></a> In the + Mark of Brandenburg the same blood, procured in the same manner and + rubbed on the barrel of a gun, will make every shot from that gun to + hit the mark.<a id="noteref_170" name="noteref_170" href= + "#note_170"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">170</span></span></a> + According to others, St. John's blood is found at noon on St. John's + Day, and only then, adhering in the form of beads to the root of a + weed called knawel, which grows in sandy soil. But some people say + that these beads of red juice are not really the blood of the + martyred saint, but only insects resembling the cochineal or + kermes-berry.<a id="noteref_171" name="noteref_171" href= + "#note_171"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">171</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“About Hanover I have often observed devout + Roman Catholics going on the morning of St. John's day to + neighbouring sandhills, gathering on the roots of herbs a certain + insect (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Coccus Polonica</span></span>) + looking like drops of blood, and thought by them to be created on + purpose to keep alive the remembrance of the foul murder of St. John + the Baptist, and only to be met with on the morning of the day set + apart for him by the Church. I believe the life of this insect is + very ephemeral, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page057">[pg + 057]</span><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> but + by no means restricted to the twenty-fourth of June.”</span><a id= + "noteref_172" name="noteref_172" href="#note_172"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">172</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Mouse-ear hawkweed + (</span><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">Hieracium + pilosella</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">) gathered + for magical purposes at Midsummer.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet another plant + whose root has been thought to yield the blood of St. John is the + mouse-ear hawkweed (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Hieracium + pilosella</span></span>), which grows very commonly in dry exposed + places, such as gravelly banks, sunny lawns, and the tops of park + walls. <span class="tei tei-q">“It blossoms from May to the end of + July, presenting its elegant sulphur-coloured flowers to the noontide + sun, while the surrounding herbage, and even its own foliage, is + withered and burnt up”</span>;<a id="noteref_173" name="noteref_173" + href="#note_173"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">173</span></span></a> and + these round yellow flowers may be likened not inaptly to the disc of + the great luminary whose light they love. At Hildesheim, in Germany, + people used to dig up hawkweed, especially on the Gallows' Hill, when + the clocks were striking noon on Midsummer Day; and the blood of St. + John, which they found at the roots, was carefully preserved in + quills for good luck. A little of it smeared secretly on the clothes + was sure to make the wearer fortunate in the market that day.<a id= + "noteref_174" name="noteref_174" href="#note_174"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">174</span></span></a> + According to some the plant ought to be dug up with a gold + coin.<a id="noteref_175" name="noteref_175" href= + "#note_175"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">175</span></span></a> Near + Gablonz, in Bohemia, it used to be customary to make a bed of St. + John's flowers, as they were called, on St. John's Eve, and in the + night the saint himself came and laid his head on the bed; next + morning you could see the print of his head on the flowers, which + derived a healing virtue from his blessed touch, and were mixed with + the fodder of sick cattle to make them whole.<a id="noteref_176" + name="noteref_176" href="#note_176"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">176</span></span></a> But + whether these St. John's flowers were the mouse-ear hawkweed or not + is doubtful.<a id="noteref_177" name="noteref_177" href= + "#note_177"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">177</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Mountain arnica gathered for magical + purposes at Midsummer.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">More commonly in + Germany the name of St. John's flowers (<span lang="de" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Johannisblumen</span></span>) appears to be + given to the mountain arnica. In Voigtland the mountain arnica if + plucked on St. John's Eve and stuck in the fields, laid under + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page058">[pg 058]</span><a name="Pg058" + id="Pg058" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the roof, or hung on the wall, + is believed to protect house and fields from lightning and + hail.<a id="noteref_178" name="noteref_178" href= + "#note_178"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">178</span></span></a> So in + some parts of Bavaria they think that no thunderstorm can harm a + house which has a blossom of mountain arnica in the window or the + roof, and in the Tyrol the same flower fastened to the door will + render the dwelling fire-proof. But it is needless to remark that the + flower, which takes its popular name from St. John, will be no + protection against either fire or thunder unless it has been culled + on the saint's own day.<a id="noteref_179" name="noteref_179" href= + "#note_179"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">179</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Mugwort (</span><span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">Artemisia + vulgaris</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">) gathered for + magical purposes at Midsummer. Mugwort in China and Japan.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another plant + which possesses wondrous virtues, if only it be gathered on the Eve + or the Day of St. John, is mugwort (<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Artemisia vulgaris</span></span>). Hence in + France it goes by the name of the herb of St. John.<a id= + "noteref_180" name="noteref_180" href="#note_180"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">180</span></span></a> Near + Péronne, in the French department of Somme, people used to go out + fasting before sunrise on St. John's Day to cull the plant; put among + the wheat in the barn it protected the corn against <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page059">[pg 059]</span><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> mice. In Artois people carried bunches of + mugwort, or wore it round their body;<a id="noteref_181" name= + "noteref_181" href="#note_181"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">181</span></span></a> in + Poitou they still wear girdles of mugwort or hemp when they warm + their backs at the midsummer fire as a preservative against backache + at harvest;<a id="noteref_182" name="noteref_182" href= + "#note_182"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">182</span></span></a> and the + custom of wearing girdles of mugwort on the Eve or Day of St. John + has caused the plant to be popularly known in Germany and Bohemia as + St. John's girdle. In Bohemia such girdles are believed to protect + the wearer for the whole year against ghosts, magic, misfortune, and + sickness. People also weave garlands of the plant and look through + them at the midsummer bonfire or put them on their heads; and by + doing so they ensure that their heads will not ache nor their eyes + smart all that year. Another Bohemian practice is to make a decoction + of mugwort which has been gathered on St. John's Day; then, when your + cow is bewitched and will yield no milk, you have only to wash the + animal thrice with the decoction and the spell will be broken.<a id= + "noteref_183" name="noteref_183" href="#note_183"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">183</span></span></a> In + Germany, people used to crown their heads or gird their bodies with + mugwort, which they afterwards threw into the midsummer bonfire, + pronouncing certain rhymes and believing that they thus rid + themselves of all their ill-luck.<a id="noteref_184" name= + "noteref_184" href="#note_184"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">184</span></span></a> + Sometimes wreaths or girdles of mugwort were kept in houses, + cattle-sheds, and sheep-folds throughout the year.<a id="noteref_185" + name="noteref_185" href="#note_185"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">185</span></span></a> In + Normandy such wreaths are a protection against thunder and + thieves;<a id="noteref_186" name="noteref_186" href= + "#note_186"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">186</span></span></a> and + stalks of mugwort hinder witches from laying their spells on the + butter.<a id="noteref_187" name="noteref_187" href= + "#note_187"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">187</span></span></a> In the + Isle of Man on Midsummer Eve people gathered <span lang="gv" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="gv"><span style= + "font-style: italic">barran fealoin</span></span> or mugwort + <span class="tei tei-q">“as a preventive against the influence of + witchcraft”</span>;<a id="noteref_188" name="noteref_188" href= + "#note_188"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">188</span></span></a> in + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page060">[pg 060]</span><a name="Pg060" + id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Belgium bunches of mugwort + gathered on St. John's Day or Eve and hung on the doors of stables + and houses are believed to bring good luck and to furnish a + protection against sorcery.<a id="noteref_189" name="noteref_189" + href="#note_189"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">189</span></span></a> It is + curious to find that in China a similar use is, or was formerly, made + of mugwort at the same season of the year. In an old Chinese calendar + we read that <span class="tei tei-q">“on the fifth day of the fifth + month the four classes of the people gambol in the herbage, and have + competitive games with plants of all kinds. They pluck mugwort and + make dolls of it, which they suspend over their gates and doors, in + order to expel poisonous airs or influences.”</span><a id= + "noteref_190" name="noteref_190" href="#note_190"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">190</span></span></a> On this + custom Professor J. J. M. de Groot observes: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notice that the plant owed its efficacy to the time when + it was plucked: a day denoting the midsummer festival, when light and + fire of the universe are in their apogee.”</span><a id="noteref_191" + name="noteref_191" href="#note_191"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">191</span></span></a> On + account of this valuable property mugwort is used by Chinese surgeons + in cautery.<a id="noteref_192" name="noteref_192" href= + "#note_192"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">192</span></span></a> The + Ainos of Japan employ bunches of mugwort in exorcisms, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“because it is thought that demons of disease dislike the + smell and flavour of this herb.”</span><a id="noteref_193" name= + "noteref_193" href="#note_193"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">193</span></span></a> It is + an old German belief that he who carries mugwort in his shoes will + not grow weary.<a id="noteref_194" name="noteref_194" href= + "#note_194"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">194</span></span></a> In + Mecklenburg, they say that if you will dig up a plant of mugwort at + noon on Midsummer Day, you will find under the root a burning coal, + which vanishes away as soon as the church bells have ceased to ring. + If you find the coal and carry it off in silence, it will prove a + remedy for all sorts of maladies.<a id="noteref_195" name= + "noteref_195" href="#note_195"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">195</span></span></a> + According to another German superstition, such a coal will turn to + gold.<a id="noteref_196" name="noteref_196" href= + "#note_196"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">196</span></span></a> English + writers record the popular belief that a rare coal is to be found + under the root of mugwort at a single hour of a single day in the + year, namely, at noon or midnight on Midsummer Eve, and that this + coal will <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page061">[pg + 061]</span><a name="Pg061" id="Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + protect him who carries it on his person from plague, carbuncle, + lightning, fever, and ague.<a id="noteref_197" name="noteref_197" + href="#note_197"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">197</span></span></a> In + Eastern Prussia, on St. John's Eve, people can foretell a marriage by + means of mugwort; they bend two stalks of the growing plant outward, + and then observe whether the stalks, after straightening themselves + again, incline towards each other or not.<a id="noteref_198" name= + "noteref_198" href="#note_198"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">198</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Orpine (</span><span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">Sedum + telephium</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">) used in + divination at Midsummer.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A similar mode of + divination has been practised both in England and in Germany with the + orpine (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Sedum telephium</span></span>), + a plant which grows on a gravelly or chalky soil about hedges, the + borders of fields, and on bushy hills. It flowers in August, and the + blossoms consist of dense clustered tufts of crimson or purple + petals; sometimes, but rarely, the flowers are white.<a id= + "noteref_199" name="noteref_199" href="#note_199"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">199</span></span></a> In + England the plant is popularly known as Midsummer Men, because people + used to plant slips of them in pairs on Midsummer Eve, one slip + standing for a young man and the other for a young woman. If the + plants, as they grew up, bent towards each other, the couple would + marry; if either of them withered, he or she whom it represented + would die.<a id="noteref_200" name="noteref_200" href= + "#note_200"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">200</span></span></a> In + Masuren, Westphalia, and Switzerland the method of forecasting the + future by means of the orpine is precisely the same.<a id= + "noteref_201" name="noteref_201" href="#note_201"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">201</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page062">[pg 062]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Vervain gathered for magical + purposes at Midsummer. Magical virtue of four-leaved clover on + Midsummer Eve.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another plant + which popular superstition has often associated with the summer + solstice is vervain.<a id="noteref_202" name="noteref_202" href= + "#note_202"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">202</span></span></a> In some + parts of Spain people gather vervain after sunset on Midsummer Eve, + and wash their faces next morning in the water in which the plants + have been allowed to steep overnight.<a id="noteref_203" name= + "noteref_203" href="#note_203"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">203</span></span></a> In + Belgium vervain is gathered on St. John's Day and worn as a safeguard + against rupture.<a id="noteref_204" name="noteref_204" href= + "#note_204"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">204</span></span></a> In + Normandy the peasants cull vervain on the Day or the Eve of St. John, + believing that, besides its medical properties, it possesses at this + season the power of protecting the house from thunder and lightning, + from sorcerers, demons, and thieves.<a id="noteref_205" name= + "noteref_205" href="#note_205"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">205</span></span></a> + Bohemian poachers wash their guns with a decoction of vervain and + southernwood, which they have gathered naked before sunrise on + Midsummer Day; guns which have been thus treated never miss the + mark.<a id="noteref_206" name="noteref_206" href= + "#note_206"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">206</span></span></a> In our + own country vervain used to be sought for its magical virtues on + Midsummer Eve.<a id="noteref_207" name="noteref_207" href= + "#note_207"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">207</span></span></a> In the + Tyrol they think that he who finds a four-leaved clover while the + vesper-bell is ringing on Midsummer Eve can work <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page063">[pg 063]</span><a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> magic from that time forth.<a id= + "noteref_208" name="noteref_208" href="#note_208"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">208</span></span></a> People + in Berry say that the four-leaved clover is endowed with all its + marvellous virtues only when it has been plucked by a virgin on the + night of Midsummer Eve.<a id="noteref_209" name="noteref_209" href= + "#note_209"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">209</span></span></a> In + Saintonge and Aunis the four-leaved clover, if it be found on the Eve + of St. John, brings good luck at play;<a id="noteref_210" name= + "noteref_210" href="#note_210"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">210</span></span></a> in + Belgium it brings a girl a husband.<a id="noteref_211" name= + "noteref_211" href="#note_211"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">211</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Camomile gathered for magical + purposes at Midsummer.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Kirchvers, in + Hesse, people run out to the fields at noon on Midsummer Day to + gather camomile; for the flowers, plucked at the moment when the sun + is at the highest point of his course, are supposed to possess the + medicinal qualities of the plant in the highest degree. In heathen + times the camomile flower, with its healing qualities, its yellow + calix and white stamens, is said to have been sacred to the kindly + and shining Balder and to have borne his name, being called + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Balders-brâ</span></span>, that is, Balder's + eyelashes.<a id="noteref_212" name="noteref_212" href= + "#note_212"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">212</span></span></a> In + Westphalia, also, the belief prevails that camomile is most potent as + a drug when it has been gathered on Midsummer Day;<a id="noteref_213" + name="noteref_213" href="#note_213"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">213</span></span></a> in + Masuren the plant must always be one of the nine different kinds of + plants that are culled on Midsummer Eve to form wreaths, and tea + brewed from the flower is a remedy for many sorts of maladies.<a id= + "noteref_214" name="noteref_214" href="#note_214"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">214</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Mullein (</span><span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">Verbascum</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">) + gathered for magical purposes at Midsummer.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thuringian + peasants hold that if the root of the yellow mullein (<span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Verbascum</span></span>) has been dug up in + silence with a ducat at midnight on Midsummer Eve, and is worn in a + piece of linen next to the skin, it will preserve the wearer from + epilepsy.<a id="noteref_215" name="noteref_215" href= + "#note_215"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">215</span></span></a> In + Prussia girls go out into the fields on Midsummer Day, gather + mullein, and hang it up over their beds. The girl <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page064">[pg 064]</span><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> whose flower is the first to wither will + be the first to die.<a id="noteref_216" name="noteref_216" href= + "#note_216"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">216</span></span></a> Perhaps + the bright yellow flowers of mullein, clustering round the stem like + lighted candles, may partly account for the association of the plant + with the summer solstice. In Germany great mullein (<span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Verbascum thapsus</span></span>) is called the + King's Candle; in England it is popularly known as High Taper. The + yellow, hoary mullein (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Verbascum + pulverulentum</span></span>) <span class="tei tei-q">“forms a golden + pyramid a yard high, of many hundreds of flowers, and is one of the + most magnificent of British herbaceous plants.”</span><a id= + "noteref_217" name="noteref_217" href="#note_217"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">217</span></span></a> We may + trace a relation between mullein and the sun in the Prussian custom + of bending the flower, after sunset, towards the point where the sun + will rise, and praying at the same time that a sick person or a sick + beast may be restored to health.<a id="noteref_218" name= + "noteref_218" href="#note_218"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">218</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Seeds of fir-cones, wild thyme, + elder-flowers, and purple loosestrife gathered for magical + purposes at Midsummer.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Bohemia + poachers fancy that they can render themselves invulnerable by + swallowing the seed from a fir-cone which they have found growing + upwards before sunrise on the morning of St. John's Day.<a id= + "noteref_219" name="noteref_219" href="#note_219"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">219</span></span></a> Again, + wild thyme gathered on Midsummer Day is used in Bohemia to fumigate + the trees on Christmas Eve in order that they may grow well;<a id= + "noteref_220" name="noteref_220" href="#note_220"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">220</span></span></a> in + Voigtland a tea brewed from wild thyme which has been pulled at noon + on Midsummer Day is given to women in childbed.<a id="noteref_221" + name="noteref_221" href="#note_221"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">221</span></span></a> The + Germans of Western Bohemia brew a tea or wine from elder-flowers, but + they say that the brew has no medicinal virtue unless the flowers + have been gathered on Midsummer Eve. They do say, too, that whenever + you see an elder-tree, you should take off your hat.<a id= + "noteref_222" name="noteref_222" href="#note_222"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">222</span></span></a> In the + Tyrol dwarf-elder serves to detect witchcraft in cattle, provided of + course that the shrub has been pulled up or the branches broken on + Midsummer Day.<a id="noteref_223" name="noteref_223" href= + "#note_223"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">223</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page065">[pg 065]</span><a name="Pg065" + id="Pg065" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Russian peasants regard the + plant known as purple loosestrife (<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lythrum salicaria</span></span>) with respect + and even fear. Wizards make much use of it. They dig the root up on + St. John's morning, at break of day, without the use of iron tools; + and they believe that by means of the root, as well as of the + blossom, they can subdue evil spirits and make them serviceable, and + also drive away witches and the demons that guard treasures.<a id= + "noteref_224" name="noteref_224" href="#note_224"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">224</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Magical properties attributed to + fern seed at Midsummer.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">More famous, + however, than these are the marvellous properties which popular + superstition in many parts of Europe has attributed to the fern at + this season. At midnight on Midsummer Eve the plant is supposed to + bloom and soon afterwards to seed; and whoever catches the bloom or + the seed is thereby endowed with supernatural knowledge and + miraculous powers; above all, he knows where treasures lie hidden in + the ground, and he can render himself invisible at will by putting + the seed in his shoe. But great precautions must be observed in + procuring the wondrous bloom or seed, which else quickly vanishes + like dew on sand or mist in the air. The seeker must neither touch it + with his hand nor let it touch the ground; he spreads a white cloth + under the plant, and the blossom or the seed falls into it. Beliefs + of this sort concerning fern-seed have prevailed, with trifling + variations of detail, in England, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, + and Russia.<a id="noteref_225" name="noteref_225" href= + "#note_225"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">225</span></span></a> In + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page066">[pg 066]</span><a name="Pg066" + id="Pg066" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Bohemia the magic bloom is + said to be golden, and to glow or sparkle like fire.<a id= + "noteref_226" name="noteref_226" href="#note_226"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">226</span></span></a> In + Russia, they say that at dead of night on Midsummer Eve the plant + puts forth buds like glowing coals, which on the stroke of twelve + burst open with a clap like thunder and light up everything near and + far.<a id="noteref_227" name="noteref_227" href= + "#note_227"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">227</span></span></a> In the + Azores they say that the fern only blooms at midnight on St. John's + Eve, and that no one ever sees the flower because the fairies + instantly carry it off. But if any one, watching till it opens, + throws a cloth over it, and then, when the magic hour has passed, + burns the blossoms carefully, the ashes will serve as a mirror in + which you can read the fate of absent friends; if your friends are + well and happy, the ashes will resume the shape of a lovely flower; + but if they are unhappy or dead, the ashes will remain cold and + lifeless.<a id="noteref_228" name="noteref_228" href= + "#note_228"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">228</span></span></a> In + Thuringia people think that he who has on his person or in his house + the male fern (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Aspidium filix + mas</span></span>) cannot be bewitched. They call it St. John's root + (<span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Johanniswurzel</span></span>), and say that it + blooms thrice in the year, on Christmas Eve, Easter Eve, and the day + of St. John the Baptist; it should be dug up when the sun enters the + sign <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page067">[pg 067]</span><a name= + "Pg067" id="Pg067" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of the lion. Armed + with this powerful implement you can detect a sorcerer at any + gathering, it may be a wedding feast or what not. All you have to do + is to put the root under the tablecloth unseen by the rest of the + company, and, if there should be a sorcerer among them, he will turn + as pale as death and get up and go away. Fear and horror come over + him when the fern-root is under the tablecloth. And when oxen, + horses, or other domestic cattle are bewitched by wicked people, you + need only take the root at full moon, soak it in water, and sprinkle + the cattle with the water, or rub them down with a cloth that has + been steeped in it, and witchcraft will have no more power over the + animals.<a id="noteref_229" name="noteref_229" href= + "#note_229"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">229</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Branches of hazel cut at Midsummer + to serve as divining-rods.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Once more, people + have fancied that if they cut a branch of hazel on Midsummer Eve it + would serve them as a divining rod to discover treasures and water. + This belief has existed in Moravia, Mecklenburg, and apparently in + Scotland.<a id="noteref_230" name="noteref_230" href= + "#note_230"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">230</span></span></a> In the + Mark of Brandenburg, they say that if you would procure the mystic + wand you must go to the hazel by night on Midsummer Eve, walking + backwards, and when you have come to the bush you must silently put + your hands between your legs and cut a fork-shaped stick; that stick + will be the divining-rod, and, as such, will detect treasures buried + in the ground. If you have any doubt as to the quality of the wand, + you have only to hold it in water; for in that case your true + divining-rod will squeak like a pig, but your spurious one will + not.<a id="noteref_231" name="noteref_231" href= + "#note_231"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">231</span></span></a> In + Bavaria they say that the divining-rod should be cut from a hazel + bush between eleven and twelve on St. John's Night, and that by means + of it you can discover not only veins of metal and <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page068">[pg 068]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> underground springs, but also thieves and + murderers and unknown ways. In cutting it you should say, + <span class="tei tei-q">“God greet thee, thou noble twig! With God + the Father I seek thee, with God the Son I find thee, with the might + of God the Holy Ghost I break thee. I adjure thee, rod and sprig, by + the power of the Highest that thou shew me what I order, and that as + sure and clear as Mary the Mother of God was a pure virgin when she + bare our Lord Jesus, in the name of God the Father, God the Son, and + God the Holy Ghost, Amen!”</span><a id="noteref_232" name= + "noteref_232" href="#note_232"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">232</span></span></a> In + Berlin and the neighbourhood they say that every seventh year there + grows a wonderful branch on a hazel bush, and that branch is the + divining-rod. Only an innocent child, born on a Sunday and nursed in + the true faith, can find it on St. John's Night; to him then all the + treasures of the earth lie open.<a id="noteref_233" name= + "noteref_233" href="#note_233"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">233</span></span></a> In the + Tyrol the divining-rod ought to be cut at new moon, but may be cut + either on St. John's Day or on Twelfth Night. Having got it you + baptize it in the name of one of the Three Holy Kings according to + the purpose for which you intend to use it: if the rod is to discover + gold, you name it Caspar; if it is to reveal silver, you call it + Balthasar; and if it is to point out hidden springs of water, you dub + it Melchior.<a id="noteref_234" name="noteref_234" href= + "#note_234"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">234</span></span></a> In + Lechrain the divining-rod is a yearling shoot of hazel with two + branches; a good time for cutting it is new moon, and if the sun is + rising, so much the better. As for the day of the year, you may take + your choice between St. John's Day, Twelfth Night, and Shrove + Tuesday. If cut with the proper form of words, the rod will as usual + discover underground springs and hidden treasures.<a id="noteref_235" + name="noteref_235" href="#note_235"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">235</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page069">[pg 069]</span><a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The divining-rod in Sweden obtained + on Midsummer Eve.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Midsummer Eve is + also the favourite time for procuring the divining-rod in Sweden. + Some say that it should then be cut from a mistletoe bough.<a id= + "noteref_236" name="noteref_236" href="#note_236"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">236</span></span></a> + However, other people in Sweden are of opinion that the divining-rod + (<span lang="sv" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="sv"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Slag ruta</span></span>) which is obtained on + Midsummer Eve ought to be compounded out of four different kinds of + wood, to wit, mistletoe, mountain-ash, the aspen, and another; and + they say that the mountain-ash which is employed for this purpose + should, like the mistletoe, be a parasite growing from the hollow + root of a fallen tree, whither the seed was carried by a bird or + wafted by the wind. Armed with this fourfold implement of power the + treasure-seeker proceeds at sundown to the spot where he expects to + find hidden wealth; there he lays the rod on the ground in perfect + silence, and when it lies directly over treasure, it will begin to + hop about as if it were alive.<a id="noteref_237" name="noteref_237" + href="#note_237"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">237</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The mythical springwort supposed to + bloom on Midsummer Eve.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A mystical plant + which to some extent serves the same purpose as the divining-rod is + the springwort, which is sometimes supposed to be caper-spurge + (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Euphorbia lathyris</span></span>). In the Harz + Mountains they say that many years ago there was a wondrous flower + called springwort or Johnswort, which was as rare as it was + marvellous. It bloomed only on St. John's Night (some say under a + fern) between the hours of eleven and twelve; but when the last + stroke of twelve was struck, the flower vanished away. Only in + mountainous regions, where many noble metals reposed in the bosom of + the earth, was the flower seen now and then in lonely meadows among + the hills. The spirits of the hills wished by means of it to shew to + men where their treasures were to be found. The flower itself was + yellow and shone like a lamp in the darkness of night. It never stood + still, but kept <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page070">[pg + 070]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + hopping constantly to and fro. It was also afraid of men and fled + before them, and no man ever yet plucked it unless he had been set + apart by Providence for the task. To him who was lucky enough to cull + it the flower revealed all the treasures of the earth, and it made + him rich, oh so rich and so happy!<a id="noteref_238" name= + "noteref_238" href="#note_238"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">238</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Another way of catching the + springwort. The white bloom of chicory.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">However, the usual + account given of the springwort is somewhat different. They say that + the way to procure it is this. You mark a hollow in a tree where a + green or black woodpecker has built its nest and hatched its young; + you plug up the hole with a wooden wedge; then you hide behind the + tree and wait. The woodpecker meantime has flown away but very soon + returns with the springwort in its bill. It flutters up to the + tree-trunk holding the springwort to the wedge, which at once, as if + struck by a hammer, jumps out with a bang. Now is your chance. You + rush from your concealment, you raise a loud cry, and in its fright + the bird opens its bill and drops the springwort. Quick as thought + you reach out a red or white cloth, with which you have taken care to + provide yourself, and catch the magic flower as it falls. The + treasure is now yours. Before its marvellous power all doors and + locks fly open; it can make the bearer of it invisible; and neither + steel nor lead can wound the man who carries it in the right-hand + pocket of his coat. That is why people in Swabia say of a thief who + cannot be caught, <span class="tei tei-q">“He must surely have a + springwort.”</span><a id="noteref_239" name="noteref_239" href= + "#note_239"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">239</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page071">[pg 071]</span><a name="Pg071" + id="Pg071" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> The superstition which + associates the springwort with the woodpecker is very ancient, for it + is recorded by Pliny. It was a vulgar belief, he tells us, that if a + shepherd plugged up a woodpecker's nest in the hollow of a tree with + a wedge, the bird would bring a herb which caused the wedge to slip + out of the hole; Trebius indeed affirmed that the wedge leaped out + with a bang, however hard and fast you might have driven it into the + tree.<a id="noteref_240" name="noteref_240" href= + "#note_240"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">240</span></span></a> Another + flower which possesses the same remarkable power of bursting open all + doors and locks is chicory, provided always that you cut the flower + with a piece of gold at noon or midnight on St. James's Day, the + twenty-fifth of July. But in cutting it you must be perfectly silent; + if you utter a sound, it is all up with you. There was a man who was + just about to cut the flower of the chicory, when he looked up and + saw a millstone hovering over his head. He fled for his life and + fortunately escaped; but had he so much as opened his lips, the + millstone would have dropped on him and crushed him as flat as a + pancake. However, it is only a rare white variety of the chicory + flower which can act as a picklock; the common bright blue flower is + perfectly useless for the purpose.<a id="noteref_241" name= + "noteref_241" href="#note_241"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">241</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The magical virtues ascribed to + plants at Midsummer may be thought to be derived from the sun, + then at the height of his power and glory. Hence it is possible + that the Midsummer bonfires stand in direct relation to the + sun.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many more examples + might perhaps be cited of the marvellous virtues which certain plants + have been supposed to acquire at the summer solstice, but the + foregoing instances may suffice to prove that the superstition is + widely spread, deeply rooted, and therefore probably very ancient in + Europe. Why should plants be thought to be endowed with these + wonderful properties on the longest day more than on any other day of + the year? It seems difficult or impossible to explain such a belief + except on the supposition that in some mystic way the plants catch + from the sun, then at the full height of his power and glory, some + fleeting effluence of radiant light and heat, which invests them for + a time with powers above the ordinary for the healing of diseases and + the unmasking and baffling of all the evil things that threaten the + life of man. That the supposition is not purely hypothetical will + appear from a folk-tale, to be noticed later on, in which the magic + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page072">[pg 072]</span><a name="Pg072" + id="Pg072" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> bloom of the fern is directly + derived from the sun at noon on Midsummer Day. And if the magic + flowers of Midsummer Eve thus stand in direct relation to the sun, + which many of them resemble in shape and colour, blooming in the + meadows like little yellow suns fallen from the blue sky, does it not + become probable that the bonfires kindled at the same time are the + artificial, as the flowers are the natural, imitations of the great + celestial fire then blazing in all its strength? At least analogy + seems to favour the inference and so far to support Mannhardt's + theory, that the bonfires kindled at the popular festivals of Europe, + especially at the summer solstice, are intended to reinforce the + waning or waxing fires of the sun. Thus if in our enquiry into these + fire-festivals the scales of judgment are loaded with the adverse + theories of Mannhardt and Westermarck, we may say that the weight, + light as it is, of the magic flowers of Midsummer Eve seems to + incline the trembling balance back to the side of Mannhardt.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">This consideration tends to bring us + back to an intermediate position between the rival theories of + Mannhardt and Westermarck.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nor is it, + perhaps, an argument against Mannhardt's view that the midsummer + flowers and plants are so often employed as talismans to break the + spells of witchcraft.<a id="noteref_242" name="noteref_242" href= + "#note_242"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">242</span></span></a> For + granted that employment, which is undeniable, we have still to + explain it, and that we can hardly do except by reference to the + midsummer sun. And what is here said of the midsummer flowers applies + equally to the midsummer bonfires. They too are used to destroy the + charms of witches and warlocks; but if they can do so, may it not be + in part because fires at midsummer are thought to burn with fiercer + fury than at other times by sympathy with the fiercer fervour of the + sun? This consideration would bring us back to an intermediate + position between the opposing theories, namely, to the view that + while the purely destructive aspect of fire is generally the most + prominent and apparently the most important at these festivals, we + must not overlook the additional force which by virtue of + homoeopathic or imitative magic the bonfires may be supposed both to + derive from and to impart to the sun, especially at the moment of the + summer solstice when his strength is greatest and begins to decline, + and when accordingly he can at once give and receive help to the + greatest advantage.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page073">[pg + 073]</span><a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Miscellaneous examples of the + baleful activity of witches at Midsummer and of the precautions + which it is necessary to take against them at that time. Witches + in Voigtland. The witches' Sabbath in Prussia on Walpurgis Night + and Midsummer Eve. Midsummer Eve a witching time among the South + Slavs.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To conclude this + part of our subject it may not be amiss to illustrate by a few more + miscellaneous examples the belief that Midsummer Eve is one of the + great days of the year in which witches and warlocks pursue their + nefarious calling; indeed in this respect Midsummer Eve perhaps + stands second only to the famous Walpurgis Night (the Eve of May + Day). For instance, in the neighbourhood of Lierre, in Belgium, the + people think that on the night of Midsummer Eve all witches and + warlocks must repair to a certain field which is indicated to them + beforehand. There they hold their infernal Sabbath and are passed in + review by a hellish magician, who bestows on them fresh powers. That + is why old women are most careful, before going to bed on that night, + to stop up doors and windows and every other opening in order to bar + out the witches and warlocks, who but for this sage precaution might + steal into the house and make the first trial of their new powers on + the unfortunate inmates.<a id="noteref_243" name="noteref_243" href= + "#note_243"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">243</span></span></a> At + Rottenburg, in Swabia, people thought that the devil and the witches + could do much harm on Midsummer Eve; so they made fast their shutters + and bunged up even the chinks and crannies, for wherever air can + penetrate, there the devil and witches can worm their way in. All + night long, too, from nine in the evening till break of day, the + church bells rang to disturb the dreadful beings at their evil work, + since there is perhaps no better means of putting the whole devilish + crew to flight than the sound of church bells.<a id="noteref_244" + name="noteref_244" href="#note_244"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">244</span></span></a> Down to + the second half of the nineteenth century the belief in witches was + still widespread in Voigtland, a bleak mountainous region of Central + Germany. It was especially on the Eve of May Day (Walpurgis), St. + Thomas's Day, St. John's Day, and Christmas Eve, as well as on + Mondays, that they were dreaded. Then they would come into a + neighbour's house to beg, borrow, or steal something, no matter what; + but woe to the poor wretch who suffered them to carry away so much as + a chip or splinter of wood; for they would certainly use it to his + undoing. On these witching nights the witches rode to their Sabbath + on baking-forks and the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page074">[pg + 074]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + dashers of churns; but if when they were hurtling through the + darkness any one standing below addressed one of the witches by name, + she would die within the year. To counteract and undo the spells + which witches cast on man and beast, people resorted to all kinds of + measures. Thus on the before-mentioned days folk made three crosses + on the doors of the byres or guarded them by hanging up St. John's + wort, marjoram, or other equally powerful talismans. Very often, too, + the village youth would carry the war into the enemy's quarters by + marching out in a body, cracking whips, firing guns, waving burning + besoms, shouting and making an uproar, all for the purpose of + frightening and driving away the witches.<a id="noteref_245" name= + "noteref_245" href="#note_245"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">245</span></span></a> In + Prussia witches and warlocks used regularly to assemble twice a year + on Walpurgis Night and the Eve of St. John. The places where they + held their infernal Sabbath were various; for example, one was + Pogdanzig, in the district of Schlochau. They generally rode on a + baking-fork, but often on a black three-legged horse, and they took + their departure up the chimney with the words, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Up and away and nowhere to stop!”</span> When they were + all gathered on the Blocksberg or Mount of the Witches, they held + high revelry, feasting first and then dancing on a tight rope + lefthanded-wise to the inspiring strains which an old warlock drew + from a drum and a pig's head.<a id="noteref_246" name="noteref_246" + href="#note_246"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">246</span></span></a> The + South Slavs believe that on the night of Midsummer Eve a witch will + slink up to the fence of the farmyard and say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The cheese to me, the lard to me, the butter to me, the + milk to me, but the cowhide to thee!”</span> After that the cow will + perish miserably and you will be obliged to bury the flesh and sell + the hide. To prevent this disaster the thing to do is to go out into + the meadows very early on Midsummer morning while the dew is on the + grass, collect a quantity of dew in a waterproof mantle, carry it + home, and having tethered your cow wash her down with the dew. After + that you have only to place a milkpail under her udders and to milk + away as hard as you can; the amount of milk that you will extract + from that cow's dugs is quite surprising. Again, the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page075">[pg 075]</span><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Slovenians about Görz and the Croats of + Istria believe that on the same night the witches wage pitched + battles with baptized folk, attacking them fiercely with broken + stakes of palings and stumps of trees. It is therefore a wise + precaution to grub up all the stumps in autumn and carry them home, + so that the witches may be weaponless on St. John's Night. If the + stumps are too heavy to be grubbed up, it is well to ram them down + tighter into the earth, for then the witches will not be able to pull + them up.<a id="noteref_247" name="noteref_247" href= + "#note_247"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">247</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page076">[pg 076]</span><a name= + "Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a> <a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter IX. Balder and the + Mistletoe.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Relation of the fire-festivals to + the myth of Balder.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The reader may + remember that the preceding account of the popular fire-festivals of + Europe was suggested by the myth of the Norse god Balder, who is said + to have been slain by a branch of mistletoe and burnt in a great + fire. We have now to enquire how far the customs which have been + passed in review help to shed light on the myth. In this enquiry it + may be convenient to begin with the mistletoe, the instrument of + Balder's death.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Veneration of the Druids for the + mistletoe.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From time + immemorial the mistletoe has been the object of superstitious + veneration in Europe. It was worshipped by the Druids, as we learn + from a famous passage of Pliny. After enumerating the different kinds + of mistletoe, he proceeds: <span class="tei tei-q">“In treating of + this subject, the admiration in which the mistletoe is held + throughout Gaul ought not to pass unnoticed. The Druids, for so they + call their wizards, esteem nothing more sacred than the mistletoe and + the tree on which it grows, provided only that the tree is an oak. + But apart from this they choose oak-woods for their sacred groves and + perform no sacred rites without oak-leaves; so that the very name of + Druids may be regarded as a Greek appellation derived from their + worship of the oak.<a id="noteref_248" name="noteref_248" href= + "#note_248"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">248</span></span></a> For + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page077">[pg 077]</span><a name="Pg077" + id="Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> they believe that whatever + grows on these trees is sent from heaven, and is a sign that the tree + has been chosen by the god himself. The mistletoe is very rarely to + be met with; but when it is found, they gather it with solemn + ceremony. This they do above all on the sixth day of the moon, from + whence they date the beginnings of their months, of their years, and + of their thirty years' cycle, because by the sixth day the moon has + plenty of vigour and has not run half its course. After due + preparations have been made for a sacrifice and a feast under the + tree, they hail it as the universal healer and bring to the spot two + white bulls, whose horns have never been bound before. A priest clad + in a white robe climbs the tree and with a golden sickle cuts the + mistletoe, which is caught in a white cloth. Then they sacrifice the + victims, praying that God may make his own gift to prosper with those + upon whom he has bestowed it. They believe that a potion prepared + from mistletoe will make barren animals to bring forth, and that the + plant is a remedy against all poison. So much of men's religion is + commonly concerned with trifles.”</span><a id="noteref_249" name= + "noteref_249" href="#note_249"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">249</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page078">[pg 078]</span><a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Medical and magical virtues ascribed + to mistletoe in ancient Italy.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In another passage + Pliny tells us that in medicine the mistletoe which grows on an oak + was esteemed the most efficacious, and that its efficacy was by some + superstitious people supposed to be increased if the plant was + gathered on the first day of the moon without the use of iron, and if + when gathered it was not allowed to touch the earth; oak-mistletoe + thus obtained was deemed a cure for epilepsy; carried about by women + it assisted them to conceive; and it healed ulcers most effectually, + if only the sufferer chewed a piece of the plant and laid another + piece on the sore.<a id="noteref_250" name="noteref_250" href= + "#note_250"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">250</span></span></a> Yet, + again, he says that mistletoe was supposed, like vinegar and an egg, + to be an excellent means of extinguishing a fire.<a id="noteref_251" + name="noteref_251" href="#note_251"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">251</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Agreement between the Druids and the + ancient Italians as to the valuable properties of + mistletoe.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If in these latter + passages Pliny refers, as he apparently does, to the beliefs current + among his contemporaries in Italy, it will follow that the Druids and + the Italians were to some extent agreed as to the valuable properties + possessed by mistletoe which grows on an oak; both of them deemed it + an effectual remedy for a number of ailments, and both of them + ascribed to it a quickening virtue, the Druids believing that a + potion prepared from mistletoe would fertilize barren cattle, and the + Italians holding that a piece of mistletoe carried about by a woman + would help her to conceive a child. Further, both peoples thought + that if the plant were to exert its medicinal properties it must be + gathered in a certain way and at a certain time. It might not be cut + with iron, hence the Druids cut it with gold; and it might not touch + the earth, hence the Druids caught it in a white cloth. In choosing + the time for gathering the plant, both peoples were determined by + observation of the moon; only they differed as to the particular day + of the moon, the Italians preferring the first, and the Druids the + sixth.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page079">[pg + 079]</span><a name="Pg079" id="Pg079" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Similar beliefs as to mistletoe + among the Ainos of Japan.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With these beliefs + of the ancient Gauls and Italians as to the wonderful medicinal + properties of mistletoe we may compare the similar beliefs of the + modern Ainos of Japan. We read that they, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“like many nations of the Northern origin, hold the + mistletoe in peculiar veneration. They look upon it as a medicine, + good in almost every disease, and it is sometimes taken in food and + at others separately as a decoction. The leaves are used in + preference to the berries, the latter being of too sticky a nature + for general purposes.... But many, too, suppose this plant to have + the power of making the gardens bear plentifully. When used for this + purpose, the leaves are cut up into fine pieces, and, after having + been prayed over, are sown with the millet and other seeds, a little + also being eaten with the food. Barren women have also been known to + eat the mistletoe, in order to be made to bear children. That + mistletoe which grows upon the willow is supposed to have the + greatest efficacy. This is because the willow is looked upon by them + as being an especially sacred tree.”</span><a id="noteref_252" name= + "noteref_252" href="#note_252"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">252</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Similar beliefs as to mistletoe + among the Torres Straits Islanders and the Walos of Senegambia. + These beliefs perhaps originate in a notion that the mistletoe + has fallen from heaven.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus the Ainos + agree with the Druids in regarding mistletoe as a cure for almost + every disease, and they agree with the ancient Italians that applied + to women it helps them to bear children. A similar belief as to the + fertilizing influence of mistletoe, or of similar plants, upon women + is entertained by the natives of Mabuiag, an island in Torres + Straits. These savages imagine that twins can be produced + <span class="tei tei-q">“by the pregnant woman touching or breaking a + branch of a loranthaceous plant (<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Viscum sp.</span></span>, probably <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">V. orientale</span></span>) parasitic on a tree, + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mader</span></span>. The wood of this tree is + much esteemed for making digging sticks and as firewood, no + twin-producing properties are inherent in it, nor is it regarded as + being infected with the properties of its twin-producing + parasite.”</span><a id="noteref_253" name="noteref_253" href= + "#note_253"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">253</span></span></a> Again, + the Druidical notion that the mistletoe was an <span class= + "tei tei-q">“all-healer”</span> or panacea may be compared with a + notion entertained by the Walos of Senegambia. These people + <span class="tei tei-q">“have much veneration for a sort of + mistletoe, which they call <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tob</span></span>; they carry leaves of it on + their persons <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page080">[pg + 080]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + when they go to war as a preservative against wounds, just as if the + leaves were real talismans (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">gris-gris</span></span>).”</span> + The French writer who records this practice adds: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Is it not very curious that the mistletoe should be in + this part of Africa what it was in the superstitions of the Gauls? + This prejudice, common to the two countries, may have the same + origin; blacks and whites will doubtless have seen, each of them for + themselves, something supernatural in a plant which grows and + flourishes without having roots in the earth. May they not have + believed, in fact, that it was a plant fallen from the sky, a gift of + the divinity?”</span><a id="noteref_254" name="noteref_254" href= + "#note_254"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">254</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Such a notion would explain the + ritual used in cutting mistletoe and other parasites.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This suggestion as + to the origin of the superstition is strongly confirmed by the + Druidical belief, reported by Pliny, that whatever grew on an oak was + sent from heaven and was a sign that the tree had been chosen by the + god himself.<a id="noteref_255" name="noteref_255" href= + "#note_255"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">255</span></span></a> Such a + belief explains why the Druids cut the mistletoe, not with a common + knife, but with a golden sickle,<a id="noteref_256" name= + "noteref_256" href="#note_256"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">256</span></span></a> and + why, when cut, it was not suffered to touch the earth; <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page081">[pg 081]</span><a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> probably they thought that the celestial + plant would have been profaned and its marvellous virtue lost by + contact with the ground. With the ritual observed by the Druids in + cutting the mistletoe we may compare the ritual which in Cambodia is + prescribed in a similar case. They say that when you see an orchid + growing as a parasite on a tamarind tree, you should dress in white, + take a new earthenware pot, then climb the tree at noon, break off + the plant, put it in the pot, and let the pot fall to the ground. + After that you make in the pot a decoction which confers the gift of + invulnerability.<a id="noteref_257" name="noteref_257" href= + "#note_257"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">257</span></span></a> Thus + just as in Africa the leaves of one parasitic plant are supposed to + render the wearer invulnerable, so in Cambodia a decoction made from + another parasitic plant is considered to render the same service to + such as make use of it, whether by drinking or washing. We may + conjecture that in both places the notion of invulnerability is + suggested by the position of the plant, which, occupying a place of + comparative security above the ground, appears to promise to its + fortunate possessor a similar security from some of the ills that + beset the life of man on earth. We have already met with many + examples of the store which the primitive mind sets on such vantage + grounds.<a id="noteref_258" name="noteref_258" href= + "#note_258"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">258</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The ancient beliefs and practices + concerning mistletoe have their analogies in modern European + folk-lore.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whatever may be + the origin of these beliefs and practices concerning the mistletoe, + certain it is that some of them have their analogies in the folk-lore + of modern European peasants. For example, it is laid down as a rule + in various parts of Europe that mistletoe may not be cut in the + ordinary way but must be shot or knocked down with stones from the + tree on which it is growing. Thus, in <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page082">[pg 082]</span><a name="Pg082" id="Pg082" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the Swiss canton of Aargau <span class= + "tei tei-q">“all parasitic plants are esteemed in a certain sense + holy by the country folk, but most particularly so the mistletoe + growing on an oak. They ascribe great powers to it, but shrink from + cutting it off in the usual manner. Instead of that they procure it + in the following manner. When the sun is in Sagittarius and the moon + is on the wane, on the first, third, or fourth day before the new + moon, one ought to shoot down with an arrow the mistletoe of an oak + and to catch it with the left hand as it falls. Such mistletoe is a + remedy for every ailment of children.”</span><a id="noteref_259" + name="noteref_259" href="#note_259"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">259</span></span></a> Here + among the Swiss peasants, as among the Druids of old, special virtue + is ascribed to mistletoe which grows on an oak: it may not be cut in + the usual way: it must be caught as it falls to the ground; and it is + esteemed a panacea for all diseases, at least of children. In Sweden, + also, it is a popular superstition that if mistletoe is to possess + its peculiar virtue, it must either be shot down out of the oak or + knocked down with stones.<a id="noteref_260" name="noteref_260" href= + "#note_260"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">260</span></span></a> + Similarly, <span class="tei tei-q">“so late as the early part of the + nineteenth century, people in Wales believed that for the mistletoe + to have any power, it must be shot or struck down with stones off the + tree where it grew.”</span><a id="noteref_261" name="noteref_261" + href="#note_261"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">261</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Medicinal virtues ascribed to + mistletoe by ancients and moderns. Mistletoe as a cure for + epilepsy.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Again, in respect + of the healing virtues of mistletoe the opinion of modern peasants, + and even of the learned, has to some extent agreed with that of the + ancients. The Druids appear to have called the plant, or perhaps the + oak on which it grew, the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“all-healer”</span>;<a id="noteref_262" name= + "noteref_262" href="#note_262"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">262</span></span></a> and + <span class="tei tei-q">“all-healer”</span> is said to be still a + name of the mistletoe in the modern Celtic speech of Brittany, Wales, + Ireland, and Scotland.<a id="noteref_263" name="noteref_263" href= + "#note_263"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">263</span></span></a> On St. + John's morning (Midsummer morning) peasants of Piedmont <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page083">[pg 083]</span><a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and Lombardy go out to search the + oak-leaves for the <span class="tei tei-q">“oil of St. John,”</span> + which is supposed to heal all wounds made with cutting + instruments.<a id="noteref_264" name="noteref_264" href= + "#note_264"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">264</span></span></a> + Originally, perhaps, the <span class="tei tei-q">“oil of St. + John”</span> was simply the mistletoe, or a decoction made from it. + For in Holstein the mistletoe, especially oak-mistletoe, is still + regarded as a panacea for green wounds and as a sure charm to secure + success in hunting;<a id="noteref_265" name="noteref_265" href= + "#note_265"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">265</span></span></a> and at + Lacaune, in the south of France, the old Druidical belief in the + mistletoe as an antidote to all poisons still survives among the + peasantry; they apply the plant to the stomach of the sufferer or + give him a decoction of it to drink.<a id="noteref_266" name= + "noteref_266" href="#note_266"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">266</span></span></a> Again, + the ancient belief that mistletoe is a cure for epilepsy has survived + in modern times not only among the ignorant but among the learned. + Thus in Sweden persons afflicted with the falling sickness think they + can ward off attacks of the malady by carrying about with them a + knife which has a handle of oak mistletoe;<a id="noteref_267" name= + "noteref_267" href="#note_267"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">267</span></span></a> and in + Germany for a similar purpose pieces of mistletoe used to be hung + round the necks of children.<a id="noteref_268" name="noteref_268" + href="#note_268"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">268</span></span></a> In the + French province of Bourbonnais a popular remedy for epilepsy is a + decoction of mistletoe which has been gathered on an oak on St. + John's Day and boiled with rye-flour.<a id="noteref_269" name= + "noteref_269" href="#note_269"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">269</span></span></a> So at + Bottesford in Lincolnshire a decoction of mistletoe is supposed to be + a palliative for this terrible disease.<a id="noteref_270" name= + "noteref_270" href="#note_270"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">270</span></span></a> Indeed + mistletoe was recommended as a remedy for the falling sickness by + high medical authorities in England and Holland down to the + eighteenth century.<a id="noteref_271" name="noteref_271" href= + "#note_271"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">271</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page084">[pg 084]</span><a name="Pg084" + id="Pg084" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> At Kirton-in-Lindsey, in + Lincolnshire, it is thought that St. Vitus's dance may be cured by + the water in which mistletoe berries have been boiled.<a id= + "noteref_272" name="noteref_272" href="#note_272"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">272</span></span></a> In the + Scotch shires of Elgin and Moray, down to the second half of the + eighteenth century, at the full moon of March people used to cut + withes of mistletoe or ivy, make circles of them, keep them all the + year, and profess to cure hectics and other troubles by means of + them.<a id="noteref_273" name="noteref_273" href= + "#note_273"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">273</span></span></a> In + Sweden, apparently, for other complaints a sprig of mistletoe is hung + round the patient's neck or a ring of it is worn on his finger.<a id= + "noteref_274" name="noteref_274" href="#note_274"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">274</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The medicinal virtues ascribed to + mistletoe seem to be mythical, being fanciful inferences from the + parasitic nature of the plant.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">However, the + opinion of the medical profession as to the curative virtues of + mistletoe has undergone a radical alteration. Whereas the Druids + thought that mistletoe cured everything, modern doctors appear to + think that it cures nothing.<a id="noteref_275" name="noteref_275" + href="#note_275"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">275</span></span></a> If they + are right, we must conclude that the ancient and widespread faith in + the medicinal virtue of mistletoe is a pure superstition based on + nothing better than the fanciful inferences which ignorance has drawn + from the parasitic nature of the plant, its position high up on the + branch of a tree seeming to protect it from the dangers to which + plants and animals are subject on the surface of the ground. From + this point of view we can perhaps understand why mistletoe has so + long and so persistently been prescribed as a cure for the falling + sickness. As mistletoe cannot fall to the ground because it is rooted + on the branch of a tree high above the earth, it seems to follow as a + necessary consequence that an epileptic patient cannot possibly fall + down in a fit so long as he carries a piece of mistletoe in his + pocket or a decoction of mistletoe in his stomach. Such a train of + reasoning would probably be regarded even now as cogent by a large + portion of the human species.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The belief that mistletoe + extinguishes fire seems based on a fancy that it falls on the + tree in a flash of lightning.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Again the ancient + Italian opinion that mistletoe extinguishes <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page085">[pg 085]</span><a name="Pg085" id="Pg085" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> fire appears to be shared by Swedish peasants, + who hang up bunches of oak-mistletoe on the ceilings of their rooms + as a protection against harm in general and conflagration in + particular.<a id="noteref_276" name="noteref_276" href= + "#note_276"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">276</span></span></a> A hint + as to the way in which mistletoe comes to be possessed of this + property is furnished by the epithet <span class= + "tei tei-q">“thunder-besom,”</span> which people of the Aargau canton + in Switzerland apply to the plant.<a id="noteref_277" name= + "noteref_277" href="#note_277"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">277</span></span></a> For a + thunder-besom is a shaggy, bushy excrescence on branches of trees, + which is popularly believed to be produced by a flash of + lightning;<a id="noteref_278" name="noteref_278" href= + "#note_278"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">278</span></span></a> hence + in Bohemia a thunder-besom burnt in the fire protects the house + against being struck by a thunder-bolt.<a id="noteref_279" name= + "noteref_279" href="#note_279"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">279</span></span></a> Being + itself a product of lightning it naturally serves, on homoeopathic + principles, as a protection against lightning, in fact as a kind of + lightning-conductor. Hence the fire which mistletoe in Sweden is + designed especially to avert from houses may be fire kindled by + lightning; though no doubt the plant is equally effective against + conflagration in general.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Other wonderful properties ascribed + to mistletoe; in particular it is thought to be a protection + against witchcraft.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Again, mistletoe + acts as a master-key as well as a lightning-conductor; for it is said + to open all locks.<a id="noteref_280" name="noteref_280" href= + "#note_280"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">280</span></span></a> + However, in the Tyrol it can only exert this power <span class= + "tei tei-q">“under certain circumstances,”</span> which are not + specified.<a id="noteref_281" name="noteref_281" href= + "#note_281"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">281</span></span></a> But + perhaps the most precious of all the virtues of mistletoe is that it + affords efficient protection against sorcery and witchcraft.<a id= + "noteref_282" name="noteref_282" href="#note_282"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">282</span></span></a> That, + no doubt, is the reason why in Austria a twig of mistletoe is laid on + the threshold as a preventive of nightmare;<a id="noteref_283" name= + "noteref_283" href="#note_283"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">283</span></span></a> and it + may be the reason why in the north of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page086">[pg 086]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> England they say that if you wish your dairy to + thrive you should give your bunch of mistletoe to the first cow that + calves after New Year's Day,<a id="noteref_284" name="noteref_284" + href="#note_284"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">284</span></span></a> for it + is well known that nothing is so fatal to milk and butter as + witchcraft. Similarly in Wales, for the sake of ensuring good luck to + the dairy, people used to give a branch of mistletoe to the first cow + that gave birth to a calf after the first hour of the New Year; and + in rural districts of Wales, where mistletoe abounded, there was + always a profusion of it in the farmhouses. When mistletoe was + scarce, Welsh farmers used to say, <span class="tei tei-q">“No + mistletoe, no luck”</span>; but if there was a fine crop of + mistletoe, they expected a fine crop of corn.<a id="noteref_285" + name="noteref_285" href="#note_285"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">285</span></span></a> In + Sweden mistletoe is diligently sought after on St. John's Eve, the + people <span class="tei tei-q">“believing it to be, in a high degree, + possessed of mystic qualities; and that if a sprig of it be attached + to the ceiling of the dwelling-house, the horse's stall, or the cow's + crib, the Troll will then be powerless to injure either man or + beast.”</span><a id="noteref_286" name="noteref_286" href= + "#note_286"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">286</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">A favourite time for gathering + mistletoe is Midsummer Eve.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With regard to the + time when the mistletoe should be gathered opinions have varied. The + Druids gathered it above all on the sixth day of the moon, the + ancient Italians apparently on the first day of the moon.<a id= + "noteref_287" name="noteref_287" href="#note_287"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">287</span></span></a> In + modern times some have preferred the full moon of March and others + the waning moon of winter when the sun is in Sagittarius.<a id= + "noteref_288" name="noteref_288" href="#note_288"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">288</span></span></a> But the + favourite time would seem to be Midsummer Eve or Midsummer Day. We + have seen that both in France and Sweden special virtues are ascribed + to mistletoe gathered at Midsummer.<a id="noteref_289" name= + "noteref_289" href="#note_289"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">289</span></span></a> The + rule in Sweden is that <span class="tei tei-q">“mistletoe must be cut + on the night of Midsummer Eve when sun and moon stand in the sign of + their might.”</span><a id="noteref_290" name="noteref_290" href= + "#note_290"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">290</span></span></a> Again, + in Wales it was believed that a sprig of mistletoe gathered on St. + John's Eve (Midsummer Eve), or at any time before the berries + appeared, would induce dreams of omen, both good <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page087">[pg 087]</span><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and bad, if it were placed under the + pillow of the sleeper.<a id="noteref_291" name="noteref_291" href= + "#note_291"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">291</span></span></a> Thus + mistletoe is one of the many plants whose magical or medicinal + virtues are believed to culminate with the culmination of the sun on + the longest day of the year. Hence it seems reasonable to conjecture + that in the eyes of the Druids, also, who revered the plant so + highly, the sacred mistletoe may have acquired a double portion of + its mystic qualities at the solstice in June, and that accordingly + they may have regularly cut it with solemn ceremony on Midsummer + Eve.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The two main incidents of Balder's + myth, namely the pulling of the mistletoe and the lighting of the + bonfire, are reproduced in the great Midsummer celebration of + Scandinavia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Be that as it may, + certain it is that the mistletoe, the instrument of Balder's death, + has been regularly gathered for the sake of its mystic qualities on + Midsummer Eve in Scandinavia, Balder's home.<a id="noteref_292" name= + "noteref_292" href="#note_292"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">292</span></span></a> The + plant is found commonly growing on pear-trees, oaks, and other trees + in thick damp woods throughout the more temperate parts of + Sweden.<a id="noteref_293" name="noteref_293" href= + "#note_293"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">293</span></span></a> Thus + one of the two main incidents of Balder's myth is reproduced in the + great midsummer festival of Scandinavia. But the other main incident + of the myth, the burning of Balder's body on a pyre, has also its + counterpart in the bonfires which still blaze, or blazed till lately, + in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden on Midsummer Eve.<a id="noteref_294" + name="noteref_294" href="#note_294"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">294</span></span></a> It does + not appear, indeed, that any effigy is burned in these bonfires; but + the burning of an effigy is a feature which might easily drop out + after its meaning was forgotten. And the name of Balder's balefires + (<span lang="sv" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="sv"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Balder's Bălar</span></span>), by which these + midsummer fires were formerly known in Sweden,<a id="noteref_295" + name="noteref_295" href="#note_295"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">295</span></span></a> puts + their connexion with Balder beyond the reach of doubt, and makes it + probable that in former times either a living representative or an + effigy of Balder was annually burned in them. Midsummer was the + season sacred to Balder, and the Swedish poet Tegner, in placing the + burning of Balder at midsummer,<a id="noteref_296" name="noteref_296" + href="#note_296"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">296</span></span></a> may + very well have followed an <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page088">[pg + 088]</span><a name="Pg088" id="Pg088" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> old + tradition that the summer solstice was the time when the good god + came to his untimely end.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Hence the myth of Balder was + probably the explanation given of a similar rite.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus it has been + shewn that the leading incidents of the Balder myth have their + counterparts in those fire-festivals of our European peasantry which + undoubtedly date from a time long prior to the introduction of + Christianity. The pretence of throwing the victim chosen by lot into + the Beltane fire,<a id="noteref_297" name="noteref_297" href= + "#note_297"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">297</span></span></a> and the + similar treatment of the man, the future Green Wolf, at the midsummer + bonfire in Normandy,<a id="noteref_298" name="noteref_298" href= + "#note_298"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">298</span></span></a> may + naturally be interpreted as traces of an older custom of actually + burning human beings on these occasions; and the green dress of the + Green Wolf, coupled with the leafy envelope of the young fellow who + trod out the midsummer fire at Moosheim,<a id="noteref_299" name= + "noteref_299" href="#note_299"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">299</span></span></a> seems + to hint that the persons who perished at these festivals did so in + the character of tree-spirits or deities of vegetation. From all this + we may reasonably infer that in the Balder myth on the one hand, and + the fire-festivals and custom of gathering mistletoe on the other + hand, we have, as it were, the two broken and dissevered halves of an + original whole. In other words, we may assume with some degree of + probability that the myth of Balder's death was not merely a myth, + that is, a description of physical phenomena in imagery borrowed from + human life, but that it was at the same time the story which people + told to explain why they annually burned a human representative of + the god and cut the mistletoe with solemn ceremony. If I am right, + the story of Balder's tragic end formed, so to say, the text of the + sacred drama which was acted year by year as a magical rite to cause + the sun to shine, trees to grow, crops to thrive, and to guard man + and beast from the baleful arts of fairies and trolls, of witches and + warlocks. The tale belonged, in short, to that class of nature myths + which are meant to be supplemented by ritual; here, as so often, myth + stood to magic in the relation of theory to practice.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">If a human representative of a + tree-spirit was burned in the bonfires, what kind of tree did he + represent? The oak the principal sacred tree of the + Aryans.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But if the + victims—the human Balders—who died by fire, whether in spring or at + midsummer, were put to death as living embodiments of tree-spirits or + deities of vegetation, it would seem that Balder himself must have + been a tree-spirit <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page089">[pg + 089]</span><a name="Pg089" id="Pg089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> or + deity of vegetation. It becomes desirable, therefore, to determine, + if we can, the particular kind of tree or trees, of which a personal + representative was burned at the fire-festivals. For we may be quite + sure that it was not as a representative of vegetation in general + that the victim suffered death. The idea of vegetation in general is + too abstract to be primitive. Most probably the victim at first + represented a particular kind of sacred tree. Now of all European + trees none has such claims as the oak to be considered as + pre-eminently the sacred tree of the Aryans. Its worship is attested + for all the great branches of the Aryan stock in Europe. We have seen + that it was not only the sacred tree, but the principal object of + worship of both Celts and Lithuanians.<a id="noteref_300" name= + "noteref_300" href="#note_300"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">300</span></span></a> The + roving Celts appear to have carried their worship of the oak with + them even to Asia; for in the heart of Asia Minor the Galatian senate + met in a place which bore the pure Celtic name of Drynemetum or + <span class="tei tei-q">“temple of the oak.”</span><a id= + "noteref_301" name="noteref_301" href="#note_301"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">301</span></span></a> Among + the Slavs the oak seems to have been the sacred tree of the great god + Perun.<a id="noteref_302" name="noteref_302" href= + "#note_302"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">302</span></span></a> + According to Grimm, the oak ranked first among the holy trees of the + Germans. It is certainly known to have been adored by them in the age + of heathendom, and traces of its worship have survived in various + parts of Germany almost to the present day.<a id="noteref_303" name= + "noteref_303" href="#note_303"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">303</span></span></a> Among + the ancient Italians the oak was sacred above all other trees.<a id= + "noteref_304" name="noteref_304" href="#note_304"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">304</span></span></a> The + image of Jupiter on the Capitol at Rome seems to have been originally + nothing but a natural oak-tree.<a id="noteref_305" name="noteref_305" + href="#note_305"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">305</span></span></a> At + Dodona, perhaps the oldest of all Greek sanctuaries, Zeus was + worshipped as immanent in the sacred oak, and the rustling of its + leaves in the wind was <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page090">[pg + 090]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> his + voice.<a id="noteref_306" name="noteref_306" href= + "#note_306"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">306</span></span></a> If, + then, the great god of both Greeks and Romans was represented in some + of his oldest shrines under the form of an oak, and if the oak was + the principal object of worship of Celts, Germans, and Lithuanians, + we may certainly conclude that this tree was venerated by the Aryans + in common before the dispersion; and that their primitive home must + have lain in a land which was clothed with forests of oak.<a id= + "noteref_307" name="noteref_307" href="#note_307"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">307</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Hence the tree represented by the + human victim who was burnt at the fire-festivals was probably the + oak.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, considering + the primitive character and remarkable similarity of the + fire-festivals observed by all the branches of the Aryan race in + Europe, we may infer that these festivals form part of the common + stock of religious observances which the various peoples carried with + them in their wanderings from their old home. But, if I am right, an + essential feature of those primitive fire-festivals was the burning + of a man who represented the tree-spirit. In view, then, of the place + occupied by the oak in the religion of the Aryans, the presumption is + that the tree so represented at the fire-festivals must originally + have been the oak. So far as the Celts and Lithuanians are concerned, + this conclusion will perhaps hardly be contested. But both for them + and for the Germans it is confirmed by a remarkable piece of + religious conservatism. The most primitive method known to man of + producing fire is by rubbing two pieces of wood against each other + till they ignite; and we have seen that this method is still used in + Europe for kindling sacred fires such as the need-fire, and that most + probably it was formerly resorted to at all the fire-festivals under + discussion. Now it is sometimes required that the need-fire, or other + sacred fire, should be made by the friction of a particular kind of + wood; and when the kind of wood is prescribed, whether among Celts, + Germans, or <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page091">[pg + 091]</span><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Slavs, that wood appears to be generally the oak.<a id="noteref_308" + name="noteref_308" href="#note_308"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">308</span></span></a> Thus we + have seen that amongst the Slavs of Masuren the new fire for the + village is made on Midsummer Day by causing a wheel to revolve + rapidly round an axle of oak till the axle takes fire.<a id= + "noteref_309" name="noteref_309" href="#note_309"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">309</span></span></a> When + the perpetual fire which the ancient Slavs used to maintain chanced + to go out, it was rekindled by the friction of a piece of oak-wood, + which had been previously heated by being struck with a grey (not a + red) stone.<a id="noteref_310" name="noteref_310" href= + "#note_310"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">310</span></span></a> In + Germany and the Highlands of Scotland the need-fire was regularly, + and in Russia and among the South Slavs it was sometimes, kindled by + the friction of oak-wood;<a id="noteref_311" name="noteref_311" href= + "#note_311"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">311</span></span></a> and + both in Wales and the Highlands of Scotland the Beltane fires were + lighted by similar means.<a id="noteref_312" name="noteref_312" href= + "#note_312"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">312</span></span></a> Now, if + the sacred fire was regularly kindled by the friction of oak-wood, we + may infer that originally the fire was also fed with the same + material. In point of fact, it appears that the perpetual fire of + Vesta at Rome was fed with oak-wood,<a id="noteref_313" name= + "noteref_313" href="#note_313"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">313</span></span></a> and + that oak-wood was the fuel consumed in the perpetual fire which + burned under the sacred oak at the great Lithuanian sanctuary of + Romove.<a id="noteref_314" name="noteref_314" href= + "#note_314"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">314</span></span></a> + Further, that oak-wood was formerly the fuel burned in the midsummer + fires may perhaps be inferred from the custom, said to be still + observed by peasants in many mountain districts of Germany, of making + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page092">[pg 092]</span><a name="Pg092" + id="Pg092" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> up the cottage fire on + Midsummer Day with a heavy block of oak-wood. The block is so + arranged that it smoulders slowly and is not finally reduced to + charcoal till the expiry of a year. Then upon next Midsummer Day the + charred embers of the old log are removed to make room for the new + one, and are mixed with the seed-corn or scattered about the garden. + This is believed to guard the food cooked on the hearth from + witchcraft, to preserve the luck of the house, to promote the growth + of the crops, and to preserve them from blight and vermin.<a id= + "noteref_315" name="noteref_315" href="#note_315"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">315</span></span></a> Thus + the custom is almost exactly parallel to that of the Yule-log, which + in parts of Germany, France, England, Servia, and other Slavonic + lands was commonly of oak-wood.<a id="noteref_316" name="noteref_316" + href="#note_316"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">316</span></span></a> At the + Boeotian festival of the Daedala, the analogy of which to the spring + and midsummer festivals of modern Europe has been already pointed + out, the great feature was the felling and burning of an oak.<a id= + "noteref_317" name="noteref_317" href="#note_317"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">317</span></span></a> The + general conclusion is, that at those periodic or occasional + ceremonies the ancient Aryans both kindled and fed the fire with the + sacred oak-wood.<a id="noteref_318" name="noteref_318" href= + "#note_318"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">318</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">If the human victims burnt at the + fire-festival represented the oak, the reason for pulling the + mistletoe may have been a belief that the life of the oak was in + the mistletoe, and that the tree could not perish either by fire + or water so long as the mistletoe remained intact among its + boughs.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But if at these + solemn rites the fire was regularly made of oak-wood, it follows that + any man who was burned in it as a personification of the tree-spirit + could have represented no tree but the oak. The sacred oak was thus + burned in duplicate; the wood of the tree was consumed in the fire, + and along with it was consumed a living man as a personification + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page093">[pg 093]</span><a name="Pg093" + id="Pg093" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of the oak-spirit. The + conclusion thus drawn for the European Aryans in general is confirmed + in its special application to the Scandinavians by the relation in + which amongst them the mistletoe appears to have stood to the burning + of the victim in the midsummer fire. We have seen that among + Scandinavians it has been customary to gather the mistletoe at + midsummer. But so far as appears on the face of this custom, there is + nothing to connect it with the midsummer fires in which human victims + or effigies of them were burned. Even if the fire, as seems probable, + was originally always made with oak-wood, why should it have been + necessary to pull the mistletoe? The last link between the midsummer + customs of gathering the mistletoe and lighting the bonfires is + supplied by Balder's myth, which can hardly be disjoined from the + customs in question. The myth suggests that a vital connexion may + once have been believed to subsist between the mistletoe and the + human representative of the oak who was burned in the fire. According + to the myth, Balder could be killed by nothing in heaven or earth + except the mistletoe; and so long as the mistletoe remained on the + oak, he was not only immortal but invulnerable. Now, if we suppose + that Balder was the oak, the origin of the myth becomes intelligible. + The mistletoe was viewed as the seat of life of the oak, and so long + as it was uninjured nothing could kill or even wound the oak. The + conception of the mistletoe as the seat of life of the oak would + naturally be suggested to primitive people by the observation that + while the oak is deciduous, the mistletoe which grows on it is + evergreen. In winter the sight of its fresh foliage among the bare + branches must have been hailed by the worshippers of the tree as a + sign that the divine life which had ceased to animate the branches + yet survived in the mistletoe, as the heart of a sleeper still beats + when his body is motionless. Hence when the god had to be killed—when + the sacred tree had to be burnt—it was necessary to begin by breaking + off the mistletoe. For so long as the mistletoe remained intact, the + oak (so people might think) was invulnerable; all the blows of their + knives and axes would glance harmless from its surface. But once tear + from the oak its sacred heart—the mistletoe—and the tree nodded + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page094">[pg 094]</span><a name="Pg094" + id="Pg094" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to its fall. And when in later + times the spirit of the oak came to be represented by a living man, + it was logically necessary to suppose that, like the tree he + personated, he could neither be killed nor wounded so long as the + mistletoe remained uninjured. The pulling of the mistletoe was thus + at once the signal and the cause of his death.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Ancient Italian belief that + mistletoe could not be destroyed by fire or water.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On this view the + invulnerable Balder is neither more nor less than a personification + of a mistletoe-bearing oak. The interpretation is confirmed by what + seems to have been an ancient Italian belief, that the mistletoe can + be destroyed neither by fire nor water;<a id="noteref_319" name= + "noteref_319" href="#note_319"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">319</span></span></a> for if + the parasite is thus deemed indestructible, it might easily be + supposed to communicate its own indestructibility to the tree on + which it grows, so long as the two remain in conjunction. Or to put + the same idea in mythical form we might tell how the kindly god of + the oak had his life securely deposited in the imperishable mistletoe + which grew among the branches; how accordingly so long as the + mistletoe kept its place there, the deity himself remained + invulnerable; and how at last a cunning foe, let into the secret of + the god's invulnerability, tore the mistletoe from the oak, thereby + killing the oak-god and afterwards burning his body in a fire which + could have made no impression on him so long as the incombustible + parasite retained its seat among the boughs.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Conception of a being whose life is + outside himself.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But since the idea + of a being whose life is thus, in a sense, outside himself, must be + strange to many readers, and has, indeed, not yet been recognized in + its full bearing on primitive superstition, it will be worth while to + illustrate it by examples drawn both from story and custom. The + result will be to shew that, in assuming this idea as the explanation + of Balder's relation to the mistletoe, I assume a principle which is + deeply engraved on the mind of primitive man.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page095">[pg 095]</span><a name= + "Pg095" id="Pg095" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc17" id="toc17"></a> <a name="pdf18" id="pdf18"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter X. The Eternal Soul in + Folk-Tales.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Belief that a man's soul may be + deposited for safety in a secure place outside his body, and that + so long as it remains there intact he himself is invulnerable and + immortal.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a former part + of this work we saw that, in the opinion of primitive people, the + soul may temporarily absent itself from the body without causing + death.<a id="noteref_320" name="noteref_320" href= + "#note_320"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">320</span></span></a> Such + temporary absences of the soul are often believed to involve + considerable risk, since the wandering soul is liable to a variety of + mishaps at the hands of enemies, and so forth. But there is another + aspect to this power of disengaging the soul from the body. If only + the safety of the soul can be ensured during its absence, there is no + reason why the soul should not continue absent for an indefinite + time; indeed a man may, on a pure calculation of personal safety, + desire that his soul should never return to his body. Unable to + conceive of life abstractly as a <span class="tei tei-q">“permanent + possibility of sensation”</span> or a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“continuous adjustment of internal arrangements to + external relations,”</span> the savage thinks of it as a concrete + material thing of a definite bulk, capable of being seen and handled, + kept in a box or jar, and liable to be bruised, fractured, or smashed + in pieces. It is not needful that the life, so conceived, should be + in the man; it may be absent from his body and still continue to + animate him by virtue of a sort of sympathy or action at a distance. + So long as this object which he calls his life or soul remains + unharmed, the man is well; if it is injured, he suffers; if it is + destroyed, he dies. Or, to put it otherwise, when a man is ill or + dies, the fact is explained by saying that the material object called + his life or soul, whether it be in his body or out of it, has either + sustained injury or been destroyed. But there may <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page096">[pg 096]</span><a name="Pg096" id="Pg096" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> be circumstances in which, if the life or + soul remains in the man, it stands a greater chance of sustaining + injury than if it were stowed away in some safe and secret place. + Accordingly, in such circumstances, primitive man takes his soul out + of his body and deposits it for security in some snug spot, intending + to replace it in his body when the danger is past. Or if he should + discover some place of absolute security, he may be content to leave + his soul there permanently. The advantage of this is that, so long as + the soul remains unharmed in the place where he has deposited it, the + man himself is immortal; nothing can kill his body, since his life is + not in it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">This belief is illustrated by + folk-tales told by many peoples.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Evidence of this + primitive belief is furnished by a class of folk-tales of which the + Norse story of <span class="tei tei-q">“The giant who had no heart in + his body”</span> is perhaps the best-known example. Stories of this + kind are widely diffused over the world, and from their number and + the variety of incident and of details in which the leading idea is + embodied, we may infer that the conception of an external soul is one + which has had a powerful hold on the minds of men at an early stage + of history. For folk-tales are a faithful reflection of the world as + it appeared to the primitive mind; and we may be sure that any idea + which commonly occurs in them, however absurd it may seem to us, must + once have been an ordinary article of belief. This assurance, so far + as it concerns the supposed power of disengaging the soul from the + body for a longer or shorter time, is amply corroborated by a + comparison of the folk-tales in question with the actual beliefs and + practices of savages. To this we shall return after some specimens of + the tales have been given. The specimens will be selected with a view + of illustrating both the characteristic features and the wide + diffusion of this class of tales.<a id="noteref_321" name= + "noteref_321" href="#note_321"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">321</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page097">[pg 097]</span><a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Stories of an external soul common + among Aryan peoples. The external soul in Hindoo stories. + Punchkin and the parrot. The ogre whose soul was in a + bird.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the first + place, the story of the external soul is told, in various forms, by + all Aryan peoples from Hindoostan to the Hebrides. A very common form + of it is this: A warlock, giant, or other fairyland being is + invulnerable and immortal because he keeps his soul hidden far away + in some secret place; but a fair princess, whom he holds enthralled + in his enchanted castle, wiles his secret from him and reveals it to + the hero, who seeks out the warlock's soul, heart, life, or death (as + it is variously called), and, by destroying it, simultaneously kills + the warlock. Thus a Hindoo story tells how a magician called Punchkin + held a queen captive for twelve years, and would fain marry her, but + she would not have him. At last the queen's son came to rescue her, + and the two plotted together to kill Punchkin. So the queen spoke the + magician fair, and pretended that she had at last made up her mind to + marry him. <span class="tei tei-q">“And do tell me,”</span> she said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“are you quite immortal? Can death never + touch you? And are you too great an enchanter ever to feel human + suffering?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“It is true,”</span> he + said, <span class="tei tei-q">“that I am not as others. Far, far + away, hundreds of thousands <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page098">[pg + 098]</span><a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + miles from this, there lies a desolate country covered with thick + jungle. In the midst of the jungle grows a circle of palm trees, and + in the centre of the circle stand six chattees full of water, piled + one above another: below the sixth chattee is a small cage, which + contains a little green parrot;—on the life of the parrot depends my + life;—and if the parrot is killed I must die. It is, however,”</span> + he added, <span class="tei tei-q">“impossible that the parrot should + sustain any injury, both on account of the inaccessibility of the + country, and because, by my appointment, many thousand genii surround + the palm trees, and kill all who approach the place.”</span> But the + queen's young son overcame all difficulties, and got possession of + the parrot. He brought it to the door of the magician's palace, and + began playing with it. Punchkin, the magician, saw him, and, coming + out, tried to persuade the boy to give him the parrot. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Give me my parrot!”</span> cried Punchkin. Then the boy + took hold of the parrot and tore off one of his wings; and as he did + so the magician's right arm fell off. Punchkin then stretched out his + left arm, crying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Give me my parrot!”</span> + The prince pulled off the parrot's second wing, and the magician's + left arm tumbled off. <span class="tei tei-q">“Give me my + parrot!”</span> cried he, and fell on his knees. The prince pulled + off the parrot's right leg, the magician's right leg fell off; the + prince pulled off the parrot's left leg, down fell the magician's + left. Nothing remained of him except the trunk and the head; but + still he rolled his eyes, and cried, <span class="tei tei-q">“Give me + my parrot!”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Take your parrot, + then,”</span> cried the boy; and with that he wrung the bird's neck, + and threw it at the magician; and, as he did so, Punchkin's head + twisted round, and, with a fearful groan, he died!<a id="noteref_322" + name="noteref_322" href="#note_322"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">322</span></span></a> In + another Hindoo tale an ogre is asked by his daughter, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Papa, where do you keep your soul?”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Sixteen miles away from this place,”</span> he said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“is a tree. Round the tree are tigers, and + bears, and scorpions, and snakes; on the top of the tree is a very + great fat snake; on his head is a little cage; in the cage is a bird; + and my soul is in that bird.”</span> The end of the ogre is like that + of the magician in the previous tale. As the bird's <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page099">[pg 099]</span><a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> wings and legs are torn off, the ogre's + arms and legs drop off; and when its neck is wrung he falls down + dead.<a id="noteref_323" name="noteref_323" href= + "#note_323"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">323</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The princess whose soul was in a + golden necklace. The prince whose soul was in a fish.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In another Hindoo + story a princess called Sodewa Bai was born with a golden necklace + about her neck, and the astrologer told her parents, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“This is no common child; the necklace of gold about her + neck contains your daughter's soul; let it therefore be guarded with + the utmost care; for if it were taken off, and worn by another + person, she would die.”</span> So her mother caused it to be firmly + fastened round the child's neck, and, as soon as the child was old + enough to understand, she told her its value, and warned her never to + let it be taken off. In course of time Sodewa Bai was married to a + prince who had another wife living. The first wife, jealous of her + young rival, persuaded a negress to steal from Sodewa Bai the golden + necklace which contained her soul. The negress did so, and, as soon + as she put the necklace round her own neck, Sodewa Bai died. All day + long the negress used to wear the necklace; but late at night, on + going to bed, she would take it off and put it by till morning; and + whenever she took it off, Sodewa Bai's soul returned to her and she + lived. But when morning came, and the negress put on the necklace, + Sodewa Bai died again. At last the prince discovered the treachery of + his elder wife and restored the golden necklace to Sodewa Bai.<a id= + "noteref_324" name="noteref_324" href="#note_324"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">324</span></span></a> In + another Hindoo story a holy mendicant tells a queen that she will + bear a son, adding, <span class="tei tei-q">“As enemies will try to + take away the life of your son, I may as well tell you that the life + of the boy will be bound up in the life of a big <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">boal</span></span> + fish which is in your tank, in front of the palace. In the heart of + the fish is a small box of wood, in the box is a necklace of gold, + that necklace is the life of your son.”</span> The boy was born and + received the name of Dalim. His mother was the Suo or younger queen. + But the Duo or elder queen hated the child, and learning the secret + of his life, she caused the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">boal</span></span> + fish, with which his life was bound up, to be caught. Dalim was + playing near the tank at the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page100">[pg 100]</span><a name="Pg100" id="Pg100" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> time, but <span class="tei tei-q">“the moment + the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">boal</span></span> fish was caught in the net, + that moment Dalim felt unwell; and when the fish was brought up to + land, Dalim fell down on the ground, and made as if he was about to + breathe his last. He was immediately taken into his mother's room, + and the king was astonished on hearing of the sudden illness of his + son and heir. The fish was by the order of the physician taken into + the room of the Duo queen, and as it lay on the floor striking its + fins on the ground, Dalim in his mother's room was given up for lost. + When the fish was cut open, a casket was found in it; and in the + casket lay a necklace of gold. The moment the necklace was worn by + the queen, that very moment Dalim died in his mother's room.”</span> + The queen used to put off the necklace every night, and whenever she + did so, the boy came to life again. But every morning when the queen + put on the necklace, he died again.<a id="noteref_325" name= + "noteref_325" href="#note_325"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">325</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Cashmeer stories of ogres whose + lives were in cocks, a pigeon, a starling, a spinning-wheel, and + a pillar. Cashmeer and Bengalee stories of ogres whose lives were + in bees.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a Cashmeer + story a lad visits an old ogress, pretending to be her grandson, the + son of her daughter who had married a king. So the old ogress took + him into her confidence and shewed him seven cocks, a spinning wheel, + a pigeon, and a starling. <span class="tei tei-q">“These seven + cocks,”</span> said she, <span class="tei tei-q">“contain the lives + of your seven uncles, who are away for a few days. Only as long as + the cocks live can your uncles hope to live; no power can hurt them + as long as the seven cocks are safe and sound. The spinning-wheel + contains my life; if it is broken, I too shall be broken, and must + die; but otherwise I shall live on for ever. The pigeon contains your + grandfather's life, and the starling your mother's; as long as these + live, nothing can harm your grandfather or your mother.”</span> So + the lad killed the seven cocks and the pigeon and the starling, and + smashed the spinning-wheel; and at the moment he did so the ogres and + ogresses perished.<a id="noteref_326" name="noteref_326" href= + "#note_326"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">326</span></span></a> In + another story from Cashmeer an ogre cannot die unless a particular + pillar in the verandah of his palace be broken. Learning the secret, + a prince struck the pillar again and again till it was broken in + pieces. And it was as if each <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page101">[pg 101]</span><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> stroke had fallen on the ogre, for he howled + lamentably and shook like an aspen every time the prince hit the + pillar, until at last, when the pillar fell down, the ogre also fell + down and gave up the ghost.<a id="noteref_327" name="noteref_327" + href="#note_327"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">327</span></span></a> In + another Cashmeer tale an ogre is represented as laughing very + heartily at the idea that he might possibly die. He said that + <span class="tei tei-q">“he should never die. No power could oppose + him; no years could age him; he should remain ever strong and ever + young, for the thing wherein his life dwelt was most difficult to + obtain.”</span> It was in a queen bee, which was in a honeycomb on a + tree. But the bees in the honeycomb were many and fierce, and it was + only at the greatest risk that any one could catch the queen. + However, the hero achieved the enterprise and crushed the queen bee; + and immediately the ogre fell stone dead to the ground, so that the + whole land trembled with the shock.<a id="noteref_328" name= + "noteref_328" href="#note_328"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">328</span></span></a> In some + Bengalee tales the life of a whole tribe of ogres is described as + concentrated in two bees. The secret was thus revealed by an old + ogress to a captive princess who pretended to fear lest the ogress + should die. <span class="tei tei-q">“Know, foolish girl,”</span> said + the ogress, <span class="tei tei-q">“that we ogres never die. We are + not naturally immortal, but our life depends on a secret which no + human being can unravel. Let me tell you what it is, that you may be + comforted. You know yonder tank; there is in the middle of it a + crystal pillar, on the top of which in deep waters are two bees. If + any human being can dive into the waters, and bring up to land the + two bees from the pillar in one breath, and destroy them so that not + a drop of their blood falls to the ground, then we ogres shall + certainly die; but if a single drop of blood falls to the ground, + then from it will start up a thousand ogres. But what human being + will find out this secret, or, finding it, will be able to achieve + the feat? You need not, therefore, darling, be sad; I am practically + immortal.”</span> As usual, the princess reveals the secret to the + hero, who kills the bees, and that same moment all the ogres drop + down dead, each on the spot where he happened to be standing.<a id= + "noteref_329" name="noteref_329" href="#note_329"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">329</span></span></a> In + another Bengalee story it is <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page102">[pg 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> said that all the ogres dwell in Ceylon, and + that all their lives are in a single lemon. A boy cuts the lemon in + pieces, and all the ogres die.<a id="noteref_330" name="noteref_330" + href="#note_330"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">330</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in a Siamese or + Cambodian story. Indian stories of a tree and a barley plant that + were life-tokens.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a Siamese or + Cambodian story, probably derived from India, we are told that + Thossakan or Ravana, the King of Ceylon, was able by magic art to + take his soul out of his body and leave it in a box at home, while he + went to the wars. Thus he was invulnerable in battle. When he was + about to give battle to Rama, he deposited his soul with a hermit + called Fire-eye, who was to keep it safe for him. So in the fight + Rama was astounded to see that his arrows struck the king without + wounding him. But one of Rama's allies, knowing the secret of the + king's invulnerability, transformed himself by magic into the + likeness of the king, and going to the hermit asked back his soul. On + receiving it he soared up into the air and flew to Rama, brandishing + the box and squeezing it so hard that all the breath left the King of + Ceylon's body, and he died.<a id="noteref_331" name="noteref_331" + href="#note_331"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">331</span></span></a> In a + Bengalee story a prince going into a far country planted with his own + hands a tree in the courtyard of his father's palace, and said to his + parents, <span class="tei tei-q">“This tree is my life. When you see + the tree green and fresh, then know that it is well with me; when you + see the tree fade in some parts, then know that I am in an ill case; + and when you see the whole tree fade, then know that I am dead and + gone.”</span><a id="noteref_332" name="noteref_332" href= + "#note_332"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">332</span></span></a> In + another Indian tale a prince, setting forth on his travels, left + behind him a barley plant, with instructions that it should be + carefully tended and watched; for if it flourished, he would be alive + and well, but if it drooped, then some mischance was about to happen + to him. And so it fell out. For the prince was beheaded, and as his + head rolled off, the barley plant snapped in two and the ear of + barley fell to the ground.<a id="noteref_333" name="noteref_333" + href="#note_333"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">333</span></span></a> In the + legend of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page103">[pg + 103]</span><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + origin of Gilgit there figures a fairy king whose soul is in the + snows and who can only perish by fire.<a id="noteref_334" name= + "noteref_334" href="#note_334"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">334</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in Greek stories. + Meleager and the firebrand. Nisus and his purple or golden hair. + Pterelaus and his golden hair. Modern Greek parallels. The + external soul in doves.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Greek tales, + ancient and modern, the idea of an external soul is not uncommon. + When Meleager was seven days old, the Fates appeared to his mother + and told her that Meleager would die when the brand which was blazing + on the hearth had burnt down. So his mother snatched the brand from + the fire and kept it in a box. But in after-years, being enraged at + her son for slaying her brothers, she burnt the brand in the fire and + Meleager expired in agonies, as if flames were preying on his + vitals.<a id="noteref_335" name="noteref_335" href= + "#note_335"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">335</span></span></a> Again, + Nisus King of Megara had a purple or golden hair on the middle of his + head, and it was fated that whenever the hair was pulled out the king + should die. When Megara was besieged by the Cretans, the king's + daughter Scylla fell in love with Minos, their king, and pulled out + the fatal hair from her father's head. So he died.<a id="noteref_336" + name="noteref_336" href="#note_336"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">336</span></span></a> + Similarly Poseidon made Pterelaus immortal by giving him a golden + hair on his head. But when Taphos, the home of Pterelaus, was + besieged by Amphitryo, the daughter of Pterelaus fell in love with + Amphitryo and killed her father by plucking out the golden hair with + which his life was bound up.<a id="noteref_337" name="noteref_337" + href="#note_337"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">337</span></span></a> In a + modern Greek folk-tale a man's strength lies in three golden hairs on + his head. When his mother pulls them out, he grows weak and timid and + is slain by his enemies.<a id="noteref_338" name="noteref_338" href= + "#note_338"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">338</span></span></a> Another + Greek story, in which we may perhaps detect a reminiscence of Nisus + and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page104">[pg 104]</span><a name= + "Pg104" id="Pg104" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Scylla, relates how a + certain king, who was the strongest man of his time, had three long + hairs on his breast. But when he went to war with another king, and + his own treacherous wife had cut off the three hairs, he became the + weakest of men.<a id="noteref_339" name="noteref_339" href= + "#note_339"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">339</span></span></a> In + another modern Greek story the life of an enchanter is bound up with + three doves which are in the belly of a wild boar. When the first + dove is killed, the magician grows sick; when the second is killed, + he grows very sick; and when the third is killed, he dies.<a id= + "noteref_340" name="noteref_340" href="#note_340"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">340</span></span></a> In + another Greek story of the same sort an ogre's strength is in three + singing birds which are in a wild boar. The hero kills two of the + birds, and then coming to the ogre's house finds him lying on the + ground in great pain. He shews the third bird to the ogre, who begs + that the hero will either let it fly away or give it to him to eat. + But the hero wrings the bird's neck, and the ogre dies on the + spot.<a id="noteref_341" name="noteref_341" href= + "#note_341"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">341</span></span></a> In a + variant of the latter story the monster's strength is in two doves, + and when the hero kills one of them, the monster cries out, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Ah, woe is me! Half my life is gone. + Something must have happened to one of the doves.”</span> When the + second dove is killed, he dies.<a id="noteref_342" name="noteref_342" + href="#note_342"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">342</span></span></a> In + another Greek story the incidents of the three golden hairs and three + doves are artificially combined. A monster has on his head three + golden hairs which open the door of a chamber in which are three + doves: when the first dove is killed, the monster grows sick; when + the second is killed, he grows worse; and when the third is killed, + he dies.<a id="noteref_343" name="noteref_343" href= + "#note_343"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">343</span></span></a> In + another Greek tale an old man's strength is in a <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page105">[pg 105]</span><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ten-headed serpent. When the serpent's + heads are being cut off, he feels unwell; and when the last head is + struck off, he expires.<a id="noteref_344" name="noteref_344" href= + "#note_344"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">344</span></span></a> In + another Greek story a dervish tells a queen that she will have three + sons, that at the birth of each she must plant a pumpkin in the + garden, and that in the fruit borne by the pumpkins will reside the + strength of the children. In due time the infants are born and the + pumpkins planted. As the children grow up, the pumpkins grow with + them. One morning the eldest son feels sick, and on going into the + garden they find that the largest pumpkin is gone. Next night the + second son keeps watch in a summer-house in the garden. At midnight a + negro appears and cuts the second pumpkin. At once the boy's strength + goes out of him, and he is unable to pursue the negro. The youngest + son, however, succeeds in slaying the negro and recovering the lost + pumpkins.<a id="noteref_345" name="noteref_345" href= + "#note_345"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">345</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in Italian + stories. Silvia's son. The dragon twin. The soul in a gem.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ancient Italian + legend furnishes a close parallel to the Greek story of Meleager. + Silvia, the young wife of Septimius Marcellus, had a child by the god + Mars. The god gave her a spear, with which he said that the fate of + the child would be bound up. When the boy grew up he quarrelled with + his maternal uncles and slew them. So in revenge his mother burned + the spear on which his life depended.<a id="noteref_346" name= + "noteref_346" href="#note_346"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">346</span></span></a> In one + of the stories of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pentamerone</span></span> a certain queen has a + twin brother, a dragon. The astrologers declared at her birth that + she would live just as long as the dragon and no longer, the death of + the one involving the death of the other. If the dragon were killed, + the only way to restore the queen to life would be to smear her + temples, breast, pulses, and nostrils with the blood of the + dragon.<a id="noteref_347" name="noteref_347" href= + "#note_347"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">347</span></span></a> In a + modern Roman version of <span class="tei tei-q">“Aladdin and the + Wonderful Lamp,”</span> the magician tells the princess, whom he + holds captive in a floating rock in mid-ocean, that he will never + die. The princess reports this to the prince her husband, who has + come to rescue her. The prince replies, <span class="tei tei-q">“It + is impossible <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page106">[pg + 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> but + that there should be some one thing or other that is fatal to him; + ask him what that one fatal thing is.”</span> So the princess asked + the magician, and he told her that in the wood was a hydra with seven + heads; in the middle head of the hydra was a leveret, in the head of + the leveret was a bird, in the bird's head was a precious stone, and + if this stone were put under his pillow he would die. The prince + procured the stone, and the princess laid it under the magician's + pillow. No sooner did the enchanter lay his head on the pillow than + he gave three terrible yells, turned himself round and round three + times, and died.<a id="noteref_348" name="noteref_348" href= + "#note_348"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">348</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Italian story of a wicked fairy + whose death was in an egg. A sorcerer Body-without-Soul whose + death was in an egg.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another Italian + tale sets forth how a great cloud, which was really a fairy, used to + receive a young girl as tribute every year from a certain city; and + the inhabitants had to give the girls up, for if they did not, the + cloud would throw things at them and kill them all. One year it fell + to the lot of the king's daughter to be handed over to the cloud, and + they took her in procession, to the roll of muffled drums, and + attended by her weeping father and mother, to the top of a mountain, + and left her sitting in a chair there all alone. Then the fairy cloud + came down on the top of the mountain, set the princess in her lap, + and began to suck her blood out of her little finger; for it was on + the blood of girls that this wicked fairy lived. When the poor + princess was faint with the loss of blood and lay like a log, the + cloud carried her away up to her fairy palace in the sky. But a brave + youth had seen all that happened from behind a bush, and no sooner + did the fairy spirit away the princess to her palace than he turned + himself into an eagle and flew after them. He lighted on a tree just + outside the palace, and looking in at the window he beheld a room + full of young girls all in bed; for these were the victims of former + years whom the fairy cloud had half killed by sucking their blood; + yet they called her mamma. When the fairy went away and left the + girls, the brave young man had food drawn up for them by ropes, and + he told them to ask the fairy how she might be killed and what was to + become of them when she died. It was a delicate question, but the + fairy answered it, saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“I <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page107">[pg 107]</span><a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> shall never die.”</span> However, when + the girls pressed her, she took them out on a terrace and said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Do you see that mountain far off there? On + that mountain is a tigress with seven heads. If you wish me to die, a + lion must fight that tigress and tear off all seven of her heads. In + her body is an egg, and if any one hits me with it in the middle of + my forehead, I shall die; but if that egg falls into my hands, the + tigress will come to life again, resume her seven heads, and I shall + live.”</span> When the young girls heard this they pretended to be + glad and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Good! certainly our mamma can + never die,”</span> but naturally they were discouraged. However, when + she went away again, they told it all to the young man, and he bade + them have no fear. Away he went to the mountain, turned himself into + a lion, and fought the tigress. Meantime the fairy came home, saying, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Alas! I feel ill!”</span> For six days the + fight went on, the young man tearing off one of the tigress's heads + each day, and each day the strength of the fairy kept ebbing away. + Then after allowing himself two days' rest the hero tore off the + seventh head and secured the egg, but not till it had rolled into the + sea and been brought back to him by a friendly dog-fish. When he + returned to the fairy with the egg in his hand, she begged and prayed + him to give it her, but he made her first restore the young girls to + health and send them away in handsome carriages. When she had done + so, he struck her on the forehead with the egg, and she fell down + dead.<a id="noteref_349" name="noteref_349" href= + "#note_349"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">349</span></span></a> + Similarly in a story from the western Riviera a sorcerer called + Body-without-Soul can only be killed by means of an egg which is in + an eagle, which is in a dog, which is in a lion; and the egg must be + broken on the sorcerer's forehead. The hero, who achieves the + adventure, has received the power of changing himself into a lion, a + dog, an eagle, and an ant from four creatures of these sorts among + whom he had fairly divided the carcase of a dead ass.<a id= + "noteref_350" name="noteref_350" href="#note_350"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">350</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page108">[pg 108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in Slavonic + stories. Russian story of Koshchei the Deathless, whose death was + in an egg.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Stories of the + same sort are current among Slavonic peoples. In some of them, as in + the biblical story of Samson and Delilah, the warlock is questioned + by a treacherous woman as to the place where his strength resides or + his life or death is stowed away; and his suspicions being roused by + her curiosity, he at first puts her off with false answers, but is at + last beguiled into telling her the truth, thereby incurring his doom + through her treachery. Thus a Russian story tells how a certain + warlock called Kashtshei or Koshchei the Deathless carried off a + princess and kept her prisoner in his golden castle. However, a + prince made up to her one day as she was walking alone and + disconsolate in the castle garden, and cheered by the prospect of + escaping with him she went to the warlock and coaxed him with false + and flattering words, saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“My dearest + friend, tell me, I pray you, will you never die?”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Certainly not,”</span> says he. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Well,”</span> says she, <span class="tei tei-q">“and + where is your death? is it in your dwelling?”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“To be sure it is,”</span> says he, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“it is in the broom under the threshold.”</span> + Thereupon the princess seized the broom and threw it on the fire, but + although the broom burned, the deathless Koshchei remained alive; + indeed not so much as a hair of him was singed. Balked in her first + attempt, the artful hussy pouted and said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“You do not love me true, for you have not told me where + your death is; yet I am not angry, but love you with all my + heart.”</span> With these fawning words she besought the warlock to + tell her truly where his death was. So he laughed and said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Why do you wish to know? Well then, out of + love I will tell you where it lies. In a certain field there stand + three green oaks, and under the roots of the largest oak is a worm, + and if ever this worm is found and crushed, that instant I shall + die.”</span> When the princess heard these words, she went straight + to her lover and told him all; and he searched till he found the oaks + and dug up the worm and crushed it. Then he hurried to the warlock's + castle, but only to learn from the princess that the warlock + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page109">[pg 109]</span><a name="Pg109" + id="Pg109" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> was still alive. Then she fell + to wheedling and coaxing Koshchei once more, and this time, overcome + by her wiles, he opened his heart to her and told her the truth. + <span class="tei tei-q">“My death,”</span> said he, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“is far from here and hard to find, on the wide ocean. In + that sea is an island, and on the island there grows a green oak, and + beneath the oak is an iron chest, and in the chest is a small basket, + and in the basket is a hare, and in the hare is a duck, and in the + duck is an egg; and he who finds the egg and breaks it, kills me at + the same time.”</span> The prince naturally procured the fateful egg + and with it in his hands he confronted the deathless warlock. The + monster would have killed him, but the prince began to squeeze the + egg. At that the warlock shrieked with pain, and turning to the false + princess, who stood by smirking and smiling, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Was it not out of love for you,”</span> said he, + <span class="tei tei-q">“that I told you where my death was? And is + this the return you make to me?”</span> With that he grabbed at his + sword, which hung from a peg on the wall; but before he could reach + it, the prince had crushed the egg, and sure enough the deathless + warlock found his death at the same moment.<a id="noteref_351" name= + "noteref_351" href="#note_351"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">351</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Other versions of the story of + Koshchei the Deathless. Death in the blue rose-tree.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In another version + of the same story, when the cunning warlock deceives the traitress by + telling her that his death is in the broom, she gilds the broom, and + at supper the warlock sees it shining under the threshold and asks + her sharply, <span class="tei tei-q">“What's that?”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Oh,”</span> says she, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“you see how I honour you.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Simpleton!”</span> says he, <span class="tei tei-q">“I + was joking. My death is out there fastened to the oak fence.”</span> + So next day when the warlock was out, the prince came and gilded the + whole fence; and in the evening when the warlock was at supper he + looked out of the window and saw the fence glittering like gold. + <span class="tei tei-q">“And pray what may that be?”</span> said he + to the princess. <span class="tei tei-q">“You see,”</span> said she, + <span class="tei tei-q">“how I respect you. If you are dear to me, + dear too is your death. That is why I have gilded the fence in which + your death resides.”</span> The speech pleased the warlock, and in + the fulness of his heart he revealed to her the fatal secret of the + egg. When the prince, with the help of some friendly animals, + obtained possession of the egg, he put it in his bosom and repaired + to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page110">[pg 110]</span><a name= + "Pg110" id="Pg110" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the warlock's house. + The warlock himself was sitting at the window in a very gloomy frame + of mind; and when the prince appeared and shewed him the egg, the + light grew dim in the warlock's eyes and he became all of a sudden + very meek and mild. But when the prince began to play with the egg + and to throw it from one hand to the other, the deathless Koshchei + staggered from one corner of the room to the other, and when the + prince broke the egg, Koshchei the Deathless fell down and + died.<a id="noteref_352" name="noteref_352" href= + "#note_352"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">352</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“In one of the descriptions of Koshchei's + death, he is said to be killed by a blow on the forehead inflicted by + the mysterious egg—that last link in the magic chain by which his + life is darkly bound. In another version of the same story, but told + of a snake, the fatal blow is struck by a small stone found in the + yolk of an egg, which is inside a duck, which is inside a hare, which + is inside a stone, which is on an island.”</span><a id="noteref_353" + name="noteref_353" href="#note_353"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">353</span></span></a> In + another Russian story the death of an enchantress is in a blue + rose-tree in a blue forest. Prince Ivan uproots the rose-tree, + whereupon the enchantress straightway sickens. He brings the + rose-tree to her house and finds her at the point of death. Then he + throws it into the cellar, crying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Behold + her death!”</span> and at once the whole building shakes, + <span class="tei tei-q">“and becomes an island, on which are people + who had been sitting in Hell, and who offer up thanks to Prince + Ivan.”</span><a id="noteref_354" name="noteref_354" href= + "#note_354"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">354</span></span></a> In + another Russian story a prince is grievously tormented by a witch who + has got hold of his heart, and keeps it seething in a magic + cauldron.<a id="noteref_355" name="noteref_355" href= + "#note_355"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">355</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in Bohemian and + Servian stories. True Steel, whose strength was in a bird.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a Bohemian tale + a warlock's strength lies in an egg which is in a duck, which is in a + stag, which is under a tree. A seer finds the egg and sucks it. Then + the warlock grows as weak as a child, <span class="tei tei-q">“for + all his strength had passed into the seer.”</span><a id="noteref_356" + name="noteref_356" href="#note_356"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">356</span></span></a> A + Servian story relates how a certain warlock called True Steel carried + off a prince's wife and kept her shut up in his cave. But the prince + contrived to get speech of her and told her that she must persuade + True Steel to reveal to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page111">[pg + 111]</span><a name="Pg111" id="Pg111" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> her + where his strength lay. So when True Steel came home, the prince's + wife said to him, <span class="tei tei-q">“Tell me, now, where is + your great strength?”</span> He answered, <span class="tei tei-q">“My + wife, my strength is in my sword.”</span> Then she began to pray and + turned to his sword. When True Steel saw that, he laughed and said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“O foolish woman! my strength is not in my + sword, but in my bow and arrows.”</span> Then she turned towards the + bow and arrows and prayed. But True Steel said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I see, my wife, you have a clever teacher who has taught + you to find out where my strength lies. I could almost say that your + husband is living, and it is he who teaches you.”</span> But she + assured him that nobody had taught her. When she found he had + deceived her again, she waited for some days and then asked him again + about the secret of his strength. He answered, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Since you think so much of my strength, I will tell you + truly where it is. Far away from here there is a very high mountain; + in the mountain there is a fox; in the fox there is a heart; in the + heart there is a bird, and in this bird is my strength. It is no easy + task, however, to catch the fox, for she can transform herself into a + multitude of creatures.”</span> So next day, when True Steel went + forth from the cave, the prince came and learned from his wife the + true secret of the warlock's strength. So away he hied to the + mountain, and there, though the fox, or rather the vixen, turned + herself into various shapes, he managed with the help of certain + friendly eagles, falcons, and dragons, to catch and kill her. Then he + took out the fox's heart, and out of the heart he took the bird and + burned it in a great fire. At that very moment True Steel fell down + dead.<a id="noteref_357" name="noteref_357" href= + "#note_357"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">357</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Servian story of the dragon of the + water-mill whose strength was in a pigeon. The fight with the + dragon.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In another Servian + story we read how a dragon resided in a water-mill and ate up two + king's sons, one after the other. The third son went out to seek his + brothers, and coming to the water-mill he found nobody in it but an + old woman. She revealed to him the dreadful character of the being + that kept the mill, and how he had devoured the prince's two elder + brothers, and she implored him to go away home before the same fate + should overtake him. But he was both <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page112">[pg 112]</span><a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> brave and cunning, and he said to her, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Listen well to what I am going to say to + you. Ask the dragon whither he goes and where his strength is; then + kiss all that place where he tells you his strength is, as if from + love, till you find it out, and afterwards tell me when I + come.”</span> So when the dragon came in, the old woman began to + question him, <span class="tei tei-q">“Where in God's name have you + been? Whither do you go so far? You will never tell me whither you + go.”</span> The dragon replied, <span class="tei tei-q">“Well, my + dear old woman, I do go far.”</span> Then the old woman coaxed him, + saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“And why do you go so far? Tell me + where your strength is. If I knew where your strength is, I don't + know what I should do for love; I would kiss all that place.”</span> + Thereupon the dragon smiled and said to her, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Yonder is my strength, in that fireplace.”</span> Then + the old woman began to fondle and kiss the fireplace; and the dragon + on seeing it burst into a laugh. <span class="tei tei-q">“Silly old + woman,”</span> he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“my strength is not + there. It is in the tree-fungus in front of the house.”</span> Then + the old woman began to fondle and kiss the tree; but the dragon + laughed again and said to her, <span class="tei tei-q">“Away, old + woman! my strength is not there.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Then where is it?”</span> asked the old woman. + <span class="tei tei-q">“My strength,”</span> said he, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“is a long way off, and you cannot go thither. Far in + another kingdom under the king's city is a lake; in the lake is a + dragon; in the dragon is a boar; in the boar is a pigeon, and in the + pigeon is my strength.”</span> The murder was now out; so next + morning when the dragon went away from the mill to attend to his + usual business of eating people up, the prince came to the old woman + and she let him into the secret of the dragon's strength. The prince + accordingly set off to find the lake in the far country and the other + dragon that lived in it. He found them both at last; the lake was a + still and lonely water surrounded by green meadows, where flocks of + sheep nibbled the sweet lush grass. The hero tucked up his hose and + his sleeves, and wading out into the lake called aloud on the dragon + to come forth and fight. Soon the monster emerged from the water, + slimy and dripping, his scaly back glistening in the morning sun. The + two grappled and wrestled from morning to afternoon of a long summer + day. What with the heat of the weather and the violence of his + exertions the dragon <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page113">[pg + 113]</span><a name="Pg113" id="Pg113" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> was + quite exhausted, and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Let me go, + prince, that I may moisten my parched head in the lake and toss you + to the sky.”</span> But the prince sternly refused; so the dragon + relaxed his grip and sank under the water, which bubbled and gurgled + over the place where he plunged into the depths. When he had + disappeared and the ripples had subsided on the surface, you would + never have suspected that under that calm water, reflecting the green + banks, the white, straying sheep, the blue sky, and the fleecy + gold-flecked clouds of a summer evening, there lurked so ferocious + and dangerous a monster. Next day the combat was renewed with the + very same result. But on the third day the hero, fortified by a kiss + from the fair daughter of the king of the land, tossed the dragon + high in air, and when the monster fell with a most tremendous thud on + the water he burst into little bits. Out of the pieces sprang a boar + which ran away as fast as it could lay legs to the ground. But the + prince sent sheep-dogs after it which caught it up and rent it in + pieces. Out of the pieces sprang a pigeon; but the prince let loose a + falcon, which stooped on the pigeon, seized it in its talons, and + brought it to the prince. In the pigeon was the life of the dragon + who kept the mill, so before inflicting on the monster the doom he so + richly merited, the prince questioned him as to the fate of his two + elder brothers who had perished at the hands, or rather under the + claws and fangs, of the dragon. Having ascertained how to restore + them to life and to release a multitude of other victims whom the + dragon kept prisoners in a vault under the water-mill, the prince + wrung the pigeon's neck, and that of course was the end of the dragon + and his unscrupulous career.<a id="noteref_358" name="noteref_358" + href="#note_358"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">358</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in a Lithuanian + story. The Soulless King whose soul was in a duck's egg. The + Soulless King. The water of life. The soul in the duck's + egg.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A Lithuanian story + relates how a prince married a princess and got with her a kingdom to + boot. She gave him the keys of the castle and told him he might enter + every chamber except one small room, of which the key had a bit of + twine tied to it. But one day, having nothing to do, he amused + himself by rummaging in all the rooms of the castle, and amongst the + rest he went into the little forbidden chamber. <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page114">[pg 114]</span><a name="Pg114" id="Pg114" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> In it he found twelve heads and a man + hanging on the hook of the door. The man said to the prince, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Oblige me by fetching me a glass of + beer.”</span> The prince fetched it and the man drank it. Then the + man said to the prince, <span class="tei tei-q">“Oblige me by + releasing me from the hook.”</span> The prince released him. Now the + man was a king without a soul, and he at once availed himself of his + liberty to come to an understanding with the coachman of the castle, + and between them they put the prince's wife in the coach and drove + off with her. The prince rode after them and coming up with the coach + called out, <span class="tei tei-q">“Halt, Soulless King! Step out + and fight!”</span> The King stepped out and the fight began. In a + trice the King had sliced the buttons off the prince's coat and + pinked him in the side. Then he stepped into the coach and drove off. + The prince rode after him again, and when he came up with the coach + he called out, <span class="tei tei-q">“Halt, Soulless King! Step out + and fight!”</span> The King stepped out and they fought again, and + again the King sliced off the prince's buttons and pinked him in the + side. Then, after carefully wiping and sheathing his sword, he said + to his discomfited adversary, <span class="tei tei-q">“Now look here. + I let you off the first time for the sake of the glass of beer you + gave me, and I let you off the second time because you let me down + from that infernal hook; but if you fight me a third time, by Gad + I'll make mince meat of you.”</span> Then he stepped into the coach, + told the coachman to drive on, jerked up the coach window with a + bang, and drove away like anything. But the prince galloped after him + and coming up with the coach for the third time he called out, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Halt, Soulless King! Step out and + fight!”</span> The King did step out, and at it the two of them went, + tooth and nail. But the prince had no chance. Before he knew where he + was, the King ran him through the body, whisked off his head, and + left him lying a heap of raw mince beside the road. His wife, or + rather his widow, said to the King, <span class="tei tei-q">“Let me + gather up the fragments that remain.”</span> The King said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Certainly.”</span> So she made up the mince + into a neat parcel, deposited it on the front seat of the coach, and + away they drove to the King's castle. Well to cut a long story short, + a brother-in-law of the deceased prince sent a hawk to fetch the + water of life; the hawk brought it in his beak; <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page115">[pg 115]</span><a name="Pg115" id="Pg115" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the brother-in-law poured the water on + the fragments of the prince, and the prince came to life again at + once safe and sound. Then he went to the King's castle and played on + a little pipe, and his wife heard it in the castle and said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“That is how my husband used to play, whom + the King cut in bits.”</span> So she went out to the gate and said to + him, <span class="tei tei-q">“Are you my husband?”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“That I am,”</span> said he, and he told her + to find out from the King where he kept his soul and then to come and + tell him. So she went to the King and said to him, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Where my husband's soul is, there must mine be + too.”</span> The King was touched by this artless expression of her + love, and he replied, <span class="tei tei-q">“My soul is in yonder + lake. In that lake lies a stone; in that stone is a hare; in the hare + is a duck, in the duck is an egg, and in the egg is my soul.”</span> + So the queen went and told her former husband, the prince, and gave + him plenty of money and food for the journey, and off he set for the + lake. But when he came to the lake, he did not know in which part of + it the stone was; so he roamed about the banks, and he was hungry, + for he had eaten up all the food. Then he met a dog, and the dog said + to him, <span class="tei tei-q">“Don't shoot me dead. I will be a + mighty helper to you in your time of need.”</span> So he let the dog + live and went on his way. Next he saw a tree with two hawks on it, an + old one and a young one, and he climbed up the tree to catch the + young one. But the old hawk said to him, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Don't take my young one. He will be a mighty helper to + you in your time of need.”</span> So the prince climbed down the tree + and went on his way. Then he saw a huge crab and wished to break off + one of his claws for something to eat, but the crab said to him, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Don't break off my claw. It will be a mighty + helper to you in your time of need.”</span> So he left the crab alone + and went on his way. And he came to people and got them to fish up + the stone for him from the lake and to bring it to him on the bank. + And there he broke the stone in two and out of the stone jumped a + hare. But the dog seized the hare and tore him, and out of the hare + flew a duck. The young hawk pounced on the duck and rent it, and out + of the duck fell an egg, and the egg rolled into the lake. But the + crab fetched the egg out of the lake and brought it to the prince. + Then the King fell ill. So the prince went to the King and + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page116">[pg 116]</span><a name="Pg116" + id="Pg116" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“You killed me. Now I will kill you.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Don't,”</span> said the King. <span class="tei tei-q">“I + will,”</span> said the prince. With that he threw the egg on the + ground, and the King fell out of the bed as dead as a stone. So the + prince went home with his wife and very happy they were, you may take + my word for it.<a id="noteref_359" name="noteref_359" href= + "#note_359"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">359</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in Teutonic + stories. Transylvanian story of a witch whose life was in a + light. German story of Soulless the cannibal, whose soul was in a + box. The helpful animals.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Amongst peoples of + the Teutonic stock stories of the external soul are not wanting. In a + tale told by the Saxons of Transylvania it is said that a young man + shot at a witch again and again. The bullets went clean through her + but did her no harm, and she only laughed and mocked at him. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Silly earthworm,”</span> she cried, + <span class="tei tei-q">“shoot as much as you like. It does me no + harm. For know that my life resides not in me but far, far away. In a + mountain is a pond, on the pond swims a duck, in the duck is an egg, + in the egg burns a light, that light is my life. If you could put out + that light, my life would be at an end. But that can never, never + be.”</span> However, the young man got hold of the egg, smashed it, + and put out the light, and with it the witch's life went out + also.<a id="noteref_360" name="noteref_360" href= + "#note_360"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">360</span></span></a> In this + last story, as in many other stories of the same type, the hero + achieves his adventure by the help of certain grateful animals whom + he had met and done a service to on his travels. The same incident + occurs in another German tale of this class which runs thus. Once + upon a time there was a young fellow called Body-without-Soul, or, + for short, Soulless, and he was a cannibal who would eat nothing but + young girls. Now it was a custom in that country that the girls drew + lots every year, and the one on whom the lot fell was handed over to + Soulless. In time it happened that the lot fell on the king's + daughter. The king was exceedingly sorry, but what could he do? Law + was law, and had to be obeyed. So they took the princess to the + castle where Soulless resided; and he shut her up in the larder and + fattened her for his dinner. But a brave soldier undertook to rescue + her, and off he set for the cannibal's castle. Well, as he trudged + along, what should he see but a fly, an eagle, a bear, and a lion + sitting in a field by the side of the road, and quarrelling about + their shares in a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page117">[pg + 117]</span><a name="Pg117" id="Pg117" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + dead horse. So he divided the carcase fairly between them, and as a + reward the fly and the eagle bestowed on him the power of changing + himself at will into either of their shapes. That evening he made + himself into an eagle, and flew up a high tree; there he looked + about, but could see nothing but trees. Next morning he flew on till + he came to a great castle, and at the gate was a big black board with + these words chalked up on it: <span class="tei tei-q">“Mr. Soulless + lives here.”</span> When the soldier read that he was glad, and + changed himself into a fly, and flew buzzing from window to window, + looking in at every one till he came to the one where the fair + princess sat a prisoner. He introduced himself at once and said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“I am come to free you, but first you must + learn where the soul of Soulless really is.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I don't know,”</span> replied the princess, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“but I will ask.”</span> So after much coaxing and + entreaty she learned that the soul of Soulless was in a box, and that + the box was on a rock in the middle of the Red Sea. When the soldier + heard that, he turned himself into an eagle again, flew to the Red + Sea, and came back with the soul of Soulless in the box. Arrived at + the castle he knocked and banged at the door as if the house was on + fire. Soulless did not know what was the matter, and he came down and + opened the door himself. When he saw the soldier standing at it, I + can assure you he was in a towering rage. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“What do you mean,”</span> he roared, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“by knocking at my door like that? I'll gobble you up on + the spot, skin and hair and all.”</span> But the soldier laughed in + his face. <span class="tei tei-q">“You'd better not do that,”</span> + said he, <span class="tei tei-q">“for here I've got your soul in the + box.”</span> When the cannibal heard that, all his courage went down + into the calves of his legs, and he begged and entreated the soldier + to give him his soul. But the soldier would not hear of it; he opened + the box, took out the soul, and flung it over his head; and that same + instant down fell the cannibal, dead as a door-nail.<a id= + "noteref_361" name="noteref_361" href="#note_361"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">361</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">German story of flowers that were + life-tokens.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another German + story, which embodies the notion of the external soul in a somewhat + different form, tells how once upon a time a certain king had three + sons and a daughter, and for each of the king's four children there + grew a flower in the king's garden, which was a life-flower; + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg 118]</span><a name="Pg118" + id="Pg118" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> for it bloomed and flourished + so long as the child lived, but drooped and withered away when the + child died. Now the time came when the king's daughter married a rich + man and went to live with him far away. But it was not long before + her flower withered in the king's garden. So the eldest brother went + forth to visit his brother-in-law and comfort him in his bereavement. + But when he came to his brother-in-law's castle he saw the corpse of + his murdered sister weltering on the ramparts. And his wicked + brother-in-law set before him boiled human hands and feet for his + dinner. And when the king's son refused to eat of them, his + brother-in-law led him through many chambers to a murder-hole, where + were all sorts of implements of murder, but especially a gallows, a + wheel, and a pot of blood. Here he said to the prince, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“You must die, but you may choose your kind of + death.”</span> The prince chose to die on the gallows; and die he did + even as he had said. So the eldest son's flower withered in the + king's garden, and the second son went forth to learn the fate of his + brother and sister. But it fared with him no better than with his + elder brother, for he too died on the gallows in the murder-hole of + his wicked brother-in-law's castle, and his flower also withered away + in the king's garden at home. Now when the youngest son was also come + to his brother-in-law's castle and saw the corpse of his murdered + sister weltering on the ramparts, and the bodies of his two murdered + brothers dangling from the gallows in the murder-hole, he said that + for his part he had a fancy to die by the wheel, but he was not quite + sure how the thing was done, and would his brother-in-law kindly shew + him? <span class="tei tei-q">“Oh, it's quite easy,”</span> said his + brother-in-law, <span class="tei tei-q">“you just put your head in, + so,”</span> and with that he popped his head through the middle of + the wheel. <span class="tei tei-q">“Just so,”</span> said the king's + youngest son, and he gave the wheel a twirl, and as it spun round and + round, the wicked brother-in-law died a painful death, which he + richly deserved. And when he was quite dead, the murdered brothers + and sister came to life again, and their withered flowers bloomed + afresh in the king's garden.<a id="noteref_362" name="noteref_362" + href="#note_362"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">362</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page119">[pg 119]</span><a name="Pg119" id="Pg119" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The warlock in the wood, whose heart + was in a bird.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In another German + story an old warlock lives with a damsel all alone in the midst of a + vast and gloomy wood. She fears that being old he may die and leave + her alone in the forest. But he reassures her. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Dear child,”</span> he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“I + cannot die, and I have no heart in my breast.”</span> But she + importuned him to tell her where his heart was. So he said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Far, far from here in an unknown and + lonesome land stands a great church. The church is well secured with + iron doors, and round about it flows a broad deep moat. In the church + flies a bird and in the bird is my heart. So long as the bird lives, + I live. It cannot die of itself, and no one can catch it; therefore I + cannot die, and you need have no anxiety.”</span> However the young + man, whose bride the damsel was to have been before the warlock + spirited her away, contrived to reach the church and catch the bird. + He brought it to the damsel, who stowed him and it away under the + warlock's bed. Soon the old warlock came home. He was ailing, and + said so. The girl wept and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Alas, daddy + is dying; he has a heart in his breast after all.”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Child,”</span> replied the warlock, + <span class="tei tei-q">“hold your tongue. I <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">can't</span></em> + die. It will soon pass over.”</span> At that the young man under the + bed gave the bird a gentle squeeze; and as he did so, the old warlock + felt very unwell and sat down. Then the young man gripped the bird + tighter, and the warlock fell senseless from his chair. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Now squeeze him dead,”</span> cried the damsel. Her + lover obeyed, and when the bird was dead, the old warlock also lay + dead on the floor.<a id="noteref_363" name="noteref_363" href= + "#note_363"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">363</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in Norse stories. + The giant whose heart was in a duck's egg.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the Norse tale + of <span class="tei tei-q">“the giant who had no heart in his + body,”</span> the giant tells the captive princess, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Far, far away in a lake lies an island, on that island + stands a church, in that church is a well, in that well swims a duck, + in that duck there is an egg, and in that egg there lies my + heart.”</span> The hero of the tale, with the help of some animals to + whom he had been kind, obtains the egg and squeezes it, at which + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page120">[pg 120]</span><a name="Pg120" + id="Pg120" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the giant screams piteously + and begs for his life. But the hero breaks the egg in pieces and the + giant at once bursts.<a id="noteref_364" name="noteref_364" href= + "#note_364"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">364</span></span></a> In + another Norse story a hill-ogre tells the captive princess that she + will never be able to return home unless she finds the grain of sand + which lies under the ninth tongue of the ninth head of a certain + dragon; but if that grain of sand were to come over the rock in which + the ogres live, they would all burst <span class="tei tei-q">“and the + rock itself would become a gilded palace, and the lake green + meadows.”</span> The hero finds the grain of sand and takes it to the + top of the high rock in which the ogres live. So all the ogres burst + and the rest falls out as one of the ogres had foretold.<a id= + "noteref_365" name="noteref_365" href="#note_365"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">365</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in Danish stories. + The warlock whose heart was in a duck's egg. The helpful + animals.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a Danish tale a + warlock carries off a princess to his wondrous subterranean palace; + and when she anxiously enquires how long he is likely to live, he + assures her that he will certainly survive her. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“No man,”</span> he says, <span class="tei tei-q">“can + rob me of my life, for it is in my heart, and my heart is not here; + it is in safer keeping.”</span> She urges him to tell her where it + is, so he says: <span class="tei tei-q">“Very far from here, in a + land that is called Poland, there is a great lake, and in the lake is + a dragon, and in the dragon is a hare, and in the hare is a duck, and + in the duck is an egg, and in the egg is my heart. It is in good + keeping, you may trust me. Nobody is likely to stumble upon + it.”</span> However, the hero of the tale, who is also the husband of + the kidnapped princess, has fortunately received the power of turning + himself at will into a bear, a dog, an ant, or a falcon as a reward + for having divided the carcase of a deer impartially between four + animals of these species; and availing himself of this useful art he + not only makes his way into the warlock's enchanted palace but also + secures the egg on which the enchanter's life depends. No sooner has + he <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page121">[pg 121]</span><a name= + "Pg121" id="Pg121" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> smashed the egg on the + enchanter's ugly face than that miscreant drops down as dead as a + herring.<a id="noteref_366" name="noteref_366" href= + "#note_366"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">366</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Danish story of the magician whose + heart was in a fish. The magician's heart.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another Danish + story tells how a lad went out into the world to look for service. He + met a man, who hired him for three years and said he would give him a + bushel of money for the first year, two bushels of money for the + second, and three bushels of money for the third. The lad was well + content, as you may believe, to get such good wages. But the man was + a magician, and it was not long before he turned the lad into a hare, + by pronouncing over him some strange words. For a whole year the lad + scoured the woods in the shape of a hare, and there was not a + sportsman in all the country round about that had not a shot at him. + But not one of them could hit him. At the end of the year the + magician spoke some other words over him and turned him back into + human form and gave him the bushel of money. But then the magician + mumbled some other words, and the lad was turned into a raven and + flew up into the sky. Again all the marksmen of the neighbourhood + pointed their guns at him and banged away; but they only wasted + powder and shot, for not one of them could hit him. At the end of the + year the magician changed him back into a man and gave him two + bushelfuls of money. But soon after he changed him into a fish, and + in the form of a fish the young man jumped into the brook and swam + down into the sea. There at the bottom of the ocean he saw a most + beautiful castle all of glass and in it a lovely girl all alone. + Round and round the castle he swam, looking into all the rooms and + admiring everything. At last he remembered the words the magician had + spoken when he turned him back into a man, and by repeating them he + was at once transformed into a stripling again. He walked into the + glass castle and introduced himself to the girl, and though at first + she was nearly frightened to death, she was soon very glad to have + him with her. From her he learned that she was no other than the + daughter of the magician, who kept her there for safety at the bottom + of the sea. The two now laid their heads together, and she told him + what to do. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg + 122]</span><a name="Pg122" id="Pg122" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + There was a certain king who owed her father money and had not the + wherewithal to pay; and if he did not pay by such and such a day, his + head was to be cut off. So the young man was to take service with the + king, offer him the bushels of money which he had earned in the + service of the magician, and go with him to the magician to pay his + debt. But he was to dress up as the court Fool so that the magician + would not know him, and in that character he was to indulge in + horse-play, smashing windows and so on, till the magician would fall + into such a rage that though the king had paid his debt to the last + farthing he would nevertheless be condemned to instant execution + unless he could answer the magician's questions. The questions would + be these, <span class="tei tei-q">“Where is my daughter?”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Would you know her if you saw her?”</span> + Now the magician would cause a whole line of phantom women to pass + by, so that the young man would not be able to tell which of them was + the sorcerer's daughter; but when her turn came to pass by she would + give him a nudge as a sign, and so he would know her. Then the + magician would ask, <span class="tei tei-q">“And where is my + heart?”</span> And the young man was to say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“In a fish.”</span> And the magician would ask, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Would you know the fish if you saw + it?”</span> And he would cause all sorts of fishes to pass by, and + the young man would have to say in which of them was the heart of the + magician. He would never be able of himself to tell in which of them + it was, but the girl would stand beside him, and when the right fish + passed by, she would nudge him and he was to catch it and rip it up, + and the magician would ask him no more questions. Everything turned + out exactly as she had said. The king paid his debt to the last + farthing; but the young man disguised as the court Fool cut such + capers and smashed so many glass windows and doors that the heaps of + broken glass were something frightful to contemplate. So there was + nothing for it but that the king, who was of course responsible for + the pranks of his Fool, should either answer the magician's questions + or die the death. While they were getting the axe and the block ready + in the courtyard, the trembling king was interrogated by the stern + magician. <span class="tei tei-q">“Where is my daughter?”</span> + asked the sorcerer. Here the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page123">[pg 123]</span><a name="Pg123" id="Pg123" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> court Fool cut in and said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“She is at the bottom of the sea.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Would you know her if you saw her?”</span> enquired the + magician. <span class="tei tei-q">“To be sure I would,”</span> + answered the Fool. So the magician caused a whole regiment of girls + to defile before him, one after the other; but they were mere + phantoms and apparitions. Almost the last of all came the magician's + daughter, and when she passed the young man she pinched his arm so + hard that he almost shrieked with pain. However, he dissembled his + agony and putting his arm round her waist held her fast. The magician + now played his last trump. <span class="tei tei-q">“Where is my + heart?”</span> said he. <span class="tei tei-q">“In a fish,”</span> + said the Fool. <span class="tei tei-q">“Would you know the fish if + you saw it?”</span> asked the magician. <span class="tei tei-q">“To + be sure I would,”</span> answered the Fool. Then all the fishes of + the sea swam past, and when the right one came last of all, the girl + nudged her lover; he seized the fish, and with one stroke of his + knife slit it from end to end. Out tumbled the magician's heart; the + young man seized it and cut it in two, and at the same moment the + magician fell dead.<a id="noteref_367" name="noteref_367" href= + "#note_367"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">367</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in Icelandic + stories. The king's son in the cave of the giantesses whose life + was in an egg. The swans' song. The life-egg. An Icelandic + parallel to Meleager.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Iceland they + say that once a king's son was out hunting in a wood with the + courtiers, when the mist came down so thick that his companions lost + sight of the prince, and though they searched the woods till evening + they could not find him. At the news the king was inconsolable, and + taking to his bed caused proclamation to be made that he who could + find and bring back his lost son should have half the kingdom. Now an + old man and his old wife lived together in a wretched hut, and they + had a daughter. She resolved to seek the lost prince and get the + promised reward. So her parents gave her food for the journey and a + pair of new shoes, and off she set. Well, she walked and better + walked for days, and at last she came towards evening to a cave and + going into it she saw two beds. One of them was covered with a cloth + of silver and the other with a cloth of gold; and in the bed with the + golden coverlet was the king's son fast asleep. She tried to wake + him, but all in vain. Then she noticed some runes carved on the + bedsteads, but she could not read them. So she went back to the mouth + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page124">[pg 124]</span><a name="Pg124" + id="Pg124" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of the cave and hid behind the + door. Hardly had she time to conceal herself when she heard a loud + noise and saw two giantesses, two great hulking louts they were, + stride into the cave. No sooner were they in than one said to the + other, <span class="tei tei-q">“Ugh, what a smell of human flesh in + our cave!”</span> But the other thought the smell might come from the + king's son. They went up to the bed where he was sleeping, and + calling two swans, which the girl had not perceived in the dim light + of the cave, they said:—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sing, sing, my + swans,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">That the king's son may + wake.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">So the swans sang + and the king's son awoke. The younger of the two hags offered him + food, but he refused it; then she asked him, if he would marry her, + but he said <span class="tei tei-q">“No, certainly not.”</span> Then + she shrieked and said to the swans:—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sing, sing, my + swans,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">That the king's son may + sleep.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The swans sang and + the king's son fell fast asleep. Then the two giantesses lay down in + the bed with the silver coverlet and slept till break of day. When + they woke in the morning, they wakened the prince and offered him + food again, but he again refused it; and the younger hag again asked + him if he would have her to wife, but he would not hear of it. So + they put him to sleep again to the singing of the swans and left the + cave. When they were gone a while, the girl came forth from her + hiding-place and waked the king's son to the song of the swans, and + he was glad to see her and to get the news. She told him that, when + the hag asked him again to marry her, he must say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Yes, but you must first tell me what is written on the + beds, and what you do by day.”</span> So when it drew to evening, the + girl hid herself again, and soon the giantesses came, lit a fire in + the cave, and cooked at it the game they had brought with them. And + the younger hag wakened the king's son and asked him if he would have + something to eat. This time he said <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Yes.”</span> And when he had finished his supper, the + giantess asked him if he would have her to wife. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“That I will,”</span> said he, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“but first you must tell me what the runes mean that are + carved on the bed.”</span> She said that they meant:—</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page125">[pg 125]</span><a name="Pg125" id="Pg125" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Run, run, my little + bed,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Run whither I + will.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He said he was + very glad to know it, but she must also tell him what they did all + day long out there in the wood. The hag told him that they hunted + beasts and birds, and that between whiles they sat down under an oak + and threw their life-egg from one to the other, but they had to be + careful, for if the egg were to break, they would both die. The + king's son thanked her kindly, but next morning when the giantess + asked him to go with them to the wood he said that he would rather + stay at home. So away went the giantesses by themselves, after they + had lulled him to sleep to the singing of the swans. But hardly were + their backs turned when out came the girl and wakened the prince and + told him to take his spear, and they would pursue the giantesses, and + when they were throwing their life-egg to each other he was to hurl + his spear at it and smash it to bits. <span class="tei tei-q">“But if + you miss,”</span> said she, <span class="tei tei-q">“it is as much as + your life is worth.”</span> So they came to the oak in the wood, and + there they heard a loud laugh, and the king's son climbed up the + tree, and there under the oak were the two giantesses, and one of + them had a golden egg in her hand and threw it to the other. Just + then the king's son hurled his spear and hit the egg so that it + burst. At the same time the two hags fell dead to the ground and the + slaver dribbled out of their mouths.<a id="noteref_368" name= + "noteref_368" href="#note_368"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">368</span></span></a> In an + Icelandic parallel to the story of Meleager the spae-wives or sibyls + come and foretell the high destiny of the infant Gestr as he lies in + his cradle. Two candles were burning beside the child, and the + youngest of the spae-wives, conceiving herself slighted, cried out, + <span class="tei tei-q">“I foretell that the child shall live no + longer than this candle burns.”</span> Whereupon the chief sibyl put + out the candle and gave it to Gestr's <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page126">[pg 126]</span><a name="Pg126" id="Pg126" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> mother to keep, charging her not to light it + again until her son should wish to die. Gestr lived three hundred + years; then he kindled the candle and expired.<a id="noteref_369" + name="noteref_369" href="#note_369"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">369</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in Celtic stories. + The giant whose soul was in a duck's egg.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The conception of + the external soul meets us also in Celtic stories. Thus a tale, told + by a blind fiddler in the island of Islay, relates how a giant + carried off a king's wife and his two horses and kept them in his + den. But the horses attacked the giant and mauled him so that he + could hardly crawl. He said to the queen, <span class="tei tei-q">“If + I myself had my soul to keep, those horses would have killed me long + ago.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“And where, my dear,”</span> + said she, <span class="tei tei-q">“is thy soul? By the books I will + take care of it.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“It is in the + Bonnach stone,”</span> said he. So on the morrow when the giant went + out, the queen set the Bonnach stone in order exceedingly. In the + dusk of the evening the giant came back, and he said to the queen, + <span class="tei tei-q">“What made thee set the Bonnach stone in + order like that?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Because thy soul is + in it,”</span> quoth she. <span class="tei tei-q">“I + perceive,”</span> said he, <span class="tei tei-q">“that if thou + didst know where my soul is, thou wouldst give it much + respect.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“That I would,”</span> said + she. <span class="tei tei-q">“It is not there,”</span> said he, + <span class="tei tei-q">“my soul is; it is in the threshold.”</span> + On the morrow she set the threshold in order finely, and when the + giant returned, he asked her, <span class="tei tei-q">“What brought + thee to set the threshold in order like that?”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Because thy soul is in it,”</span> said she. + <span class="tei tei-q">“I perceive,”</span> said he, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“that if thou knewest where my soul is, thou wouldst take + care of it.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“That I would,”</span> + said she. <span class="tei tei-q">“It is not there that my soul + is,”</span> said he. <span class="tei tei-q">“There is a great + flagstone under the threshold. There is a wether under the flag. + There is a duck in the wether's belly, and an egg in the belly of the + duck, and it is in the egg that my soul is.”</span> On the morrow + when the giant was gone, they raised the flagstone and out came the + wether. They opened the wether and out came the duck. They split the + duck, and out came the egg. And the queen took the egg and crushed it + in her hands, and at that very moment the giant, who was coming home + in the dusk, fell down dead.<a id="noteref_370" name="noteref_370" + href="#note_370"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">370</span></span></a> In + another Celtic tale, a sea beast has carried off a king's + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page127">[pg 127]</span><a name="Pg127" + id="Pg127" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> daughter, and an old smith + declares that there is no way of killing the beast but one. + <span class="tei tei-q">“In the island that is in the midst of the + loch is Eillid Chaisfhion—the white-footed hind, of the slenderest + legs, and the swiftest step, and though she should be caught, there + would spring a hoodie out of her, and though the hoodie should be + caught, there would spring a trout out of her, but there is an egg in + the mouth of the trout, and the soul of the beast is in the egg, and + if the egg breaks, the beast is dead.”</span> As usual the egg is + broken and the beast dies.<a id="noteref_371" name="noteref_371" + href="#note_371"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">371</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The herdsman of Cruachan and the + helpful animals. The simple giant and the wily woman.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In these Celtic + tales the helpful animals reappear and assist the hero in achieving + the adventure, though for the sake of brevity I have omitted to + describe the parts they play in the plot. They figure also in an + Argyleshire story, which seems however to be of Irish origin; for the + Cruachan of which we hear in it is not the rugged and lofty mountain + Ben Cruachan which towers above the beautiful Loch Awe, but Roscommon + Cruachan near Belanagare, the ancient palace of the kings of + Connaught, long famous in Irish tradition.<a id="noteref_372" name= + "noteref_372" href="#note_372"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">372</span></span></a> The + story relates how a big giant, King of Sorcha, stole away the wife + and the shaggy dun filly of the herdsman or king of Cruachan. So the + herdsman baked a bannock to take with him by the way, and set off in + quest of his wife and the filly. He went for a long, long time, till + at last his soles were blackened and his cheeks were sunken, the + yellow-headed birds were going to rest at the roots of the bushes and + the tops of the thickets, and the dark clouds of night were coming + and the clouds of day were departing; and he saw a house far from + him, but though it was far from him he did not take long to reach it. + He went in, and sat in the upper end of the house, but there was no + one within; and the fire was newly kindled, the house newly swept, + and the bed newly made; and who came in but the hawk of Glencuaich, + and she said to him, <span class="tei tei-q">“Are you here, young son + of Cruachan?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“I am,”</span> said he. + The hawk said to him, <span class="tei tei-q">“Do you know who was + here last night?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“I do not,”</span> + said he. <span class="tei tei-q">“There were here,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page128">[pg 128]</span><a name="Pg128" + id="Pg128" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> said she, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the big giant, King of Sorcha, your wife, and the shaggy + dun filly; and the giant was threatening terribly that if he could + get hold of you he would take the head off you.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I well believe it,”</span> said he. Then she gave him + food and drink, and sent him to bed. She rose in the morning, made + breakfast for him, and baked a bannock for him to take with him on + his journey. And he went away and travelled all day, and in the + evening he came to another house and went in, and was entertained by + the green-headed duck, who told him that the giant had rested there + the night before with the wife and shaggy dun filly of the herdsman + of Cruachan. And next day the herdsman journeyed again, and at + evening he came to another house and went in and was entertained by + the fox of the scrubwood, who told him just what the hawk of + Glencuaich and the green-headed duck had told him before. Next day + the same thing happened, only it was the brown otter of the burn that + entertained him at evening in a house where the fire was newly + kindled, the floor newly swept, and the bed newly made. And next + morning when he awoke, the first thing he saw was the hawk of + Glencuaich, the green-headed duck, the fox of the scrubwood, and the + brown otter of the burn all dancing together on the floor. They made + breakfast for him, and partook of it all together, and said to him, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Should you be at any time in straits, think + of us, and we will help you.”</span> Well, that very evening he came + to the cave where the giant lived, and who was there before him but + his own wife? She gave him food and hid him under clothes at the + upper end of the cave. And when the giant came home he sniffed about + and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“The smell of a stranger is in the + cave.”</span> But she said no, it was only a little bird she had + roasted. <span class="tei tei-q">“And I wish you would tell + me,”</span> said she, <span class="tei tei-q">“where you keep your + life, that I might take good care of it.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“It is in a grey stone over there,”</span> said he. So + next day when he went away, she took the grey stone and dressed it + well, and placed it in the upper end of the cave. When the giant came + home in the evening he said to her, <span class="tei tei-q">“What is + it that you have dressed there?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Your + own life,”</span> said she, <span class="tei tei-q">“and we must be + careful of it.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“I perceive that you + are very fond of me, but it is not <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page129">[pg 129]</span><a name="Pg129" id="Pg129" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> there,”</span> said he. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Where is it?”</span> said she. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“It is in a grey sheep on yonder hillside,”</span> said + he. On the morrow, when he went away, she got the grey sheep, dressed + it well, and placed it in the upper end of the cave. When he came + home in the evening he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“What is it that + you have dressed there?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Your own + life, my love,”</span> said she. <span class="tei tei-q">“It is not + there as yet,”</span> said he. <span class="tei tei-q">“Well!”</span> + said she, <span class="tei tei-q">“you are putting me to great + trouble taking care of it, and you have not told me the truth these + two times.”</span> He then said, <span class="tei tei-q">“I think + that I may tell it to you now. My life is below the feet of the big + horse in the stable. There is a place down there in which there is a + small lake. Over the lake are seven grey hides, and over the hides + are seven sods from the heath, and under all these are seven oak + planks. There is a trout in the lake, and a duck in the belly of the + trout, an egg in the belly of the duck, and a thorn of blackthorn + inside of the egg, and till that thorn is chewed small I cannot be + killed. Whenever the seven grey hides, the seven sods from the heath, + and the seven oak planks are touched I shall feel it wherever I shall + be. I have an axe above the door, and unless all these are cut + through with one blow of it the lake will not be reached; and when it + will be reached I shall feel it.”</span> Next day, when the giant had + gone out hunting on the hill, the herdsman of Cruachan contrived, + with the help of the friendly animals—the hawk, the duck, the fox, + and the otter—to get possession of the fateful thorn and to chew it + before the giant could reach him; and no sooner had he done so than + the giant dropped stark and stiff, a corpse.<a id="noteref_373" name= + "noteref_373" href="#note_373"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">373</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Argyleshire story of the + Bare-Stripping Hangman whose soul was in a duck's egg.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another + Argyleshire story relates how a certain giant, who lived in the Black + Corrie of Ben Breck, carried off three daughters of a king, one after + the other, at intervals of seven years. The bereaved monarch sent + champions to rescue his lost daughters, but though they surprised the + giant in his sleep and cut off his head, it was all to no purpose; + for as fast as they cut it off he put it on again and made after them + as if nothing had happened. So the champions fled away before him as + fast as they could lay legs to the ground, and the more agile of them + escaped, but the shorter-winded he <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page130">[pg 130]</span><a name="Pg130" id="Pg130" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> caught, bared them to the skin, and hanged them + on hooks against the turrets of his castle. So he went by the name of + the Bare-Stripping Hangman. Now this amiable man had announced his + intention of coming to fetch away the fourth and last of the king's + daughters, when another seven years should be up. The time was + drawing near, and the king, with the natural instincts of a father, + was in great tribulation, when as good luck would have it a son of + the king of Ireland, by name Alastir, arrived in the king's castle + and undertook to find out where the Bare-Stripping Hangman had hidden + his soul. To cut a long story short, the artful Hangman had hidden + his soul in an egg, which was in the belly of a duck, which was in + the belly of a salmon, which was in the belly of a swift-footed hind + of the cliffs. The prince wormed the secret from a little old man, + and by the help of a dog, a brown otter, and a falcon he contrived to + extract the egg from its various envelopes and crushed it to bits + between his hands and knees. So when he came to the giant's castle he + found the Bare-Stripping Hangman lying dead on the floor.<a id= + "noteref_374" name="noteref_374" href="#note_374"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">374</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Highland story of Headless + Hugh.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another Highland + story sets forth how Hugh, prince of Lochlin, was long held captive + by a giant who lived in a cave overlooking the Sound of Mull. At + last, after he had spent many years of captivity in that dismal cave, + it came to pass that one night the giant and his wife had a great + dispute, and Hugh overheard their talk, and learned that the giant's + soul was in a precious gem which he always wore on his forehead. So + the prince watched his opportunity, seized the gem, and having no + means of escape or concealment, hastily swallowed it. Like lightning + from the clouds, the giant's sword flashed from its scabbard and flew + between Hugh's head and his body to intercept the gem before it could + descend into the prince's stomach. But it was too late; and the giant + fell down, sword in hand, and expired without a gasp. Hugh had now + lost his head, it is true, but having the giant's soul in his body he + felt none the worse for the accident. So he buckled the giant's sword + at his side, mounted the grey filly, swifter than the east wind, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span><a name="Pg131" + id="Pg131" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> that never had a bridle, and + rode home. But the want of his head made a painful impression on his + friends; indeed they maintained that he was a ghost and shut the door + in his face, so now he wanders for ever in shades of darkness, riding + the grey filly fleeter than the wind. On stormy nights, when the wind + howls about the gables and among the trees, you may see him galloping + along the shore of the sea <span class="tei tei-q">“between wave and + sand.”</span> Many a naughty little boy, who would not go quietly to + bed, has been carried off by Headless Hugh on his grey filly and + never seen again.<a id="noteref_375" name="noteref_375" href= + "#note_375"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">375</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The Mackays the descendants of the + seal.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Sutherlandshire + at the present day there is a sept of Mackays known as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the descendants of the seal,”</span> who claim to be + sprung from a mermaid, and the story they tell in explanation of + their claim involves the notion of the external soul. They say that + the laird of Borgie used to go down to the rocks under his castle to + bathe. One day he saw a mermaid close in shore, combing her hair and + swimming about, as if she were anxious to land. After watching her + for a time, he noticed her cowl on the rocks beside him, and knowing + that she could not go to sea without it, he carried the cowl up to + the castle in the hope that she would follow him. She did so, but he + refused to give up the cowl and detained the sea-maiden herself and + made her his wife. To this she consented with great reluctance, and + told him that her life was bound up with the cowl, and that if it + rotted or was destroyed she would instantly die. So the cowl was + placed for safety in the middle of a great hay-stack, and there it + lay for years. One unhappy day, when the laird was from home, the + servants were working among the hay and found the cowl. Not knowing + what it was, they shewed it to the lady of the house. The sight + revived memories of her old life in the depths of the sea, so she + took the cowl, and leaving her child in its cot, plunged into the sea + and never <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page132">[pg + 132]</span><a name="Pg132" id="Pg132" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + came home to Borgie any more. Only sometimes she would swim close in + shore to see her boy, and then she wept because he was not of her own + kind that she might take him to sea with her. The boy grew to be a + man, and his descendants are famous swimmers. They cannot drown, and + to this day they are known in the neighbourhood as <span lang="gd" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="gd"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sliochd an roin</span></span>, that is, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the descendants of the seal.”</span><a id= + "noteref_376" name="noteref_376" href="#note_376"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">376</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in Irish and + Breton stories. The giant and the egg. The helpful animals. + Body-without-Soul. The helpful animals. The giant whose life was + in a box-tree.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In an Irish story + we read how a giant kept a beautiful damsel a prisoner in his castle + on the top of a hill, which was white with the bones of the champions + who had tried in vain to rescue the fair captive. At last the hero, + after hewing and slashing at the giant all to no purpose, discovered + that the only way to kill him was to rub a mole on the giant's right + breast with a certain egg, which was in a duck, which was in a chest, + which lay locked and bound at the bottom of the sea. With the help of + some obliging salmon, rams, and eagles, the hero as usual made + himself master of the precious egg and slew the giant by merely + striking it against the mole on his right breast.<a id="noteref_377" + name="noteref_377" href="#note_377"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">377</span></span></a> + Similarly in a Breton story there figures a giant whom neither fire + nor water nor steel can harm. He tells his seventh wife, whom he has + just married after murdering all her predecessors, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I am immortal, and no one can hurt me unless he crushes + on my breast an egg, which is in a pigeon, which is in the belly of a + hare; this hare is in the belly of a wolf, and this wolf is in the + belly of my brother, who dwells a thousand leagues from here. So I am + quite easy on that score.”</span> A soldier, the hero of the tale, + had been of service to an ant, a wolf, and a sea-bird, who in return + bestowed on him the power of turning himself into an ant, a wolf, or + a sea-bird at will. By means of this magical power the soldier + contrived to obtain the egg and crush it on the breast of the giant, + who immediately expired.<a id="noteref_378" name="noteref_378" href= + "#note_378"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">378</span></span></a> Another + Breton story tells of a giant who was called Body-without-Soul + because <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page133">[pg 133]</span><a name= + "Pg133" id="Pg133" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> his life did not + reside in his body. He himself dwelt in a beautiful castle which hung + between heaven and earth, suspended by four golden chains; but his + life was in an egg, and the egg was in a dove, and the dove was in a + hare, and the hare was in a wolf, and the wolf was in an iron chest + at the bottom of the sea. In his castle in the air he kept prisoner a + beauteous princess whom he had swooped down upon and carried off in a + magic chariot. But her lover turned himself into an ant and so + climbed up one of the golden chains into the enchanted castle, for he + had done a kindness to the king and queen of ants, and they rewarded + him by transforming him into an ant in his time of need. When he had + learned from the captive princess the secret of the giant's life, he + procured the chest from the bottom of the sea by the help of the king + of fishes, whom he had also obliged; and opening the chest he killed + first the wolf, then the hare, and then the dove, and at the death of + each animal the giant grew weaker and weaker as if he had lost a + limb. In the stomach of the dove the hero found the egg on which the + giant's life depended, and when he came with it to the castle he + found Body-without-Soul stretched on his bed at the point of death. + So he dashed the egg against the giant's forehead, the egg broke, and + the giant straightway expired.<a id="noteref_379" name="noteref_379" + href="#note_379"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">379</span></span></a> In + another Breton tale the life of a giant resides in an old box-tree + which grows in his castle garden; and to kill him it is necessary to + sever the tap-root of the tree at a single blow of an axe without + injuring any of the lesser roots. This task the hero, as usual, + successfully accomplishes, and at the same moment the giant drops + dead.<a id="noteref_380" name="noteref_380" href= + "#note_380"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">380</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in stories of + non-Aryan peoples. The ancient Egyptian story of the Two + Brothers. The heart in the flower of the Acacia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The notion of an + external soul has now been traced in folk-tales told by Aryan peoples + from India to Brittany and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page134">[pg + 134]</span><a name="Pg134" id="Pg134" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + Hebrides. We have still to shew that the same idea occurs commonly in + the popular stories of peoples who do not belong to the Aryan stock. + In the first place it appears in the ancient Egyptian story of + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Two Brothers.”</span> This story was + written down in the reign of Rameses II., about 1300 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> It is therefore older + than our present redaction of Homer, and far older than the Bible. + The outline of the story, so far as it concerns us here, is as + follows. Once upon a time there were two brethren; the name of the + elder was Anpu and the name of the younger was Bata. Now Anpu had a + house and a wife, and his younger brother dwelt with him as his + servant. It was Anpu who made the garments, and every morning when it + grew light he drove the kine afield. As he walked behind them they + used to say to him, <span class="tei tei-q">“The grass is good in + such and such a place,”</span> and he heard what they said and led + them to the good pasture that they desired. So his kine grew very + sleek and multiplied greatly. One day when the two brothers were at + work in the field the elder brother said to the younger, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Run and fetch seed from the village.”</span> So the + younger brother ran and said to the wife of his elder brother, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Give me seed that I may run to the field, + for my brother sent me saying, Tarry not.”</span> She said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Go to the barn and take as much as thou + wouldst.”</span> He went and filled a jar full of wheat and barley, + and came forth bearing it on his shoulders. When the woman saw him + her heart went out to him, and she laid hold of him and said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Come, let us rest an hour together.”</span> + But he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou art to me as a mother, and + my brother is to me as a father.”</span> So he would not hearken to + her, but took the load on his back and went away to the field. In the + evening, when the elder brother was returning from the field, his + wife feared for what she had said. So she took soot and made herself + as one who had been beaten. And when her husband came home, she said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“When thy younger brother came to fetch seed, + he said to me, Come, let us rest an hour together. But I would not, + and he beat me.”</span> Then the elder brother became like a panther + of the south; he sharpened his knife and stood behind the door of the + cow-house. And when the sun set and the younger brother came laden + with all the herbs of the field, as was his wont <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page135">[pg 135]</span><a name="Pg135" id="Pg135" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> every day, the cow that walked in front + of the herd said to him, <span class="tei tei-q">“Behold, thine elder + brother stands with a knife to kill thee. Flee before him.”</span> + When he heard what the cow said, he looked under the door of the + cow-house and saw the feet of his elder brother standing behind the + door, his knife in his hand. So he fled and his brother pursued him + with the knife. But the younger brother cried for help to the Sun, + and the Sun heard him and caused a great water to spring up between + him and his elder brother, and the water was full of crocodiles. The + two brothers stood, the one on the one side of the water and the + other on the other, and the younger brother told the elder brother + all that had befallen. So the elder brother repented him of what he + had done and he lifted up his voice and wept. But he could not come + at the farther bank by reason of the crocodiles. His younger brother + called to him and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Go home and tend the + cattle thyself. For I will dwell no more in the place where thou art. + I will go to the Valley of the Acacia. But this is what thou shalt do + for me. Thou shalt come and care for me, if evil befalls me, for I + will enchant my heart and place it on the top of the flower of the + Acacia; and if they cut the Acacia and my heart falls to the ground, + thou shalt come and seek it, and when thou hast found it thou shalt + lay it in a vessel of fresh water. Then I shall come to life again. + But this is the sign that evil has befallen me; the pot of beer in + thine hand shall bubble.”</span> So he went away to the Valley of the + Acacia, but his brother returned home with dust on his head and slew + his wife and cast her to the dogs.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Bata in the Valley of the Acacia. + How Bata died and was brought to life again.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For many days + afterwards the younger brother dwelt alone in the Valley of the + Acacia. By day he hunted the beasts of the field, but at evening he + came and laid him down under the Acacia, on the top of whose flower + was his heart. And many days after that he built himself a house in + the Valley of the Acacia. But the gods were grieved for him; and the + Sun said to Khnumu, <span class="tei tei-q">“Make a wife for Bata, + that he may not dwell alone.”</span> So Khnumu made him a woman to + dwell with him, who was perfect in her limbs more than any woman on + earth, for all the gods were in her. So she dwelt with him. But one + day a lock of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page136">[pg + 136]</span><a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> her + hair fell into the river and floated down to the land of Egypt, to + the house of Pharaoh's washerwomen. The fragrance of the lock + perfumed Pharaoh's raiment, and the washerwomen were blamed, for it + was said, <span class="tei tei-q">“An odour of perfume in the + garments of Pharaoh!”</span> So the heart of Pharaoh's chief + washerman was weary of the complaints that were made every day, and + he went to the wharf, and there in the water he spied the lock of + hair. He sent one down into the river to fetch it, and, because it + smelt sweetly, he took it to Pharaoh. Then Pharaoh's magicians were + sent for and they said, <span class="tei tei-q">“This lock of hair + belongs to a daughter of the Sun, who has in her the essence of all + the gods. Let messengers go forth to all foreign lands to seek + her.”</span> So the woman was brought from the Valley of the Acacia + with chariots and archers and much people, and all the land of Egypt + rejoiced at her coming, and Pharaoh loved her. But when they asked + her of her husband, she said to Pharaoh, <span class="tei tei-q">“Let + them cut down the Acacia and let them destroy it.”</span> So men were + sent with tools to cut down the Acacia. They came to it and cut the + flower upon which was the heart of Bata; and he fell down dead in + that evil hour. But the next day, when the earth grew light and the + elder brother of Bata was entered into his house and had sat down, + they brought him a pot of beer and it bubbled, and they gave him a + jug of wine and it grew turbid. Then he took his staff and his + sandals and hied him to the Valley of the Acacia, and there he found + his younger brother lying dead in his house. So he sought for the + heart of his brother under the Acacia. For three years he sought in + vain, but in the fourth year he found it in the berry of the Acacia. + So he threw the heart into a cup of fresh water. And when it was + night and the heart had sucked in much water, Bata shook in all his + limbs and revived. Then he drank the cup of water in which his heart + was, and his heart went into its place, and he lived as before.<a id= + "noteref_381" name="noteref_381" href="#note_381"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">381</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page137">[pg 137]</span><a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in Arabian + stories. The jinnee and the sparrow. The ogress and the + bottle.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Arabian + Nights</span></span> we read how Seyf el-Mulook, after wandering for + four months over mountains and hills and deserts, came to a lofty + palace in which he found the lovely daughter of the King of India + sitting alone on a golden couch in a hall spread with silken carpets. + She tells him that she is held captive by a jinnee, who had swooped + down on her and carried her off while she was disporting herself with + her female slaves in a tank in the great garden of her father the + king. Seyf el-Mulook then offers to smite the jinnee with the sword + and slay him. <span class="tei tei-q">“But,”</span> she replied, + <span class="tei tei-q">“thou canst not slay him unless thou kill his + soul.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“And in what place,”</span> + said he, <span class="tei tei-q">“is his soul?”</span> She answered, + <span class="tei tei-q">“I asked him respecting it many times; but he + would not confess to me its place. It happened, however, that I urged + him, one day, and he was enraged against me, and said to me, + <span class="tei tei-q">‘How often wilt thou ask me respecting my + soul? What is the reason of thy question respecting my soul?’</span> + So I answered him, <span class="tei tei-q">‘O Hátim, there remaineth + to me no one but thee, excepting God; and I, as long as I live, would + not cease to hold thy soul in my embrace; and if I do not take care + of thy soul, and put it in the midst of my eye, how can I live after + thee? If I knew thy soul, I would take care of it as of my right + eye.’</span> And thereupon he said to me, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘When I was born, the astrologers declared that the + destruction of my soul would be effected by the hand of one of the + sons of the human kings. I therefore took my soul, and put it into + the crop of a sparrow, and I imprisoned the sparrow in a little box, + and put this into another small box, and this I put within seven + other small boxes, and I put these within seven chests, and the + chests I put into a coffer of marble within the verge of this + circumambient ocean; for this part is remote from the countries of + mankind, and none of mankind can gain access to it.’</span> ”</span> + But Seyf el-Mulook got possession of the sparrow and strangled it, + and the jinnee fell upon the ground a heap of black ashes.<a id= + "noteref_382" name="noteref_382" href="#note_382"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">382</span></span></a> In a + modern <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg 138]</span><a name= + "Pg138" id="Pg138" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Arabian tale a king + marries an ogress, who puts out the eyes of the king's forty wives. + One of the blinded queens gives birth to a son whom she names + Mohammed the Prudent. But the ogress queen hated him and compassed + his death. So she sent him on an errand to the house of her kinsfolk + the ogres. In the house of the ogres he saw some things hanging from + the roof, and on asking a female slave what they were, she said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“That is the bottle which contains the life + of my lady the queen, and the other bottle beside it contains the + eyes of the queens whom my mistress blinded.”</span> A little + afterwards he spied a beetle and rose to kill it. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Don't kill it,”</span> cried the slave, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“for that is my life.”</span> But Mohammed the Prudent + watched the beetle till it entered a chink in the wall; and when the + female slave had fallen asleep, he killed the beetle in its hole, and + so the slave died. Then Mohammed took down the two bottles and + carried them home to his father's palace. There he presented himself + before the ogress queen and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“See, I + have your life in my hand, but I will not kill you till you have + replaced the eyes which you took from the forty queens.”</span> The + ogress did as she was bid, and then Mohammed the Prudent said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“There, take your life.”</span> But the + bottle slipped from his hand and fell, the life of the ogress escaped + from it, and she died.<a id="noteref_383" name="noteref_383" href= + "#note_383"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">383</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page139">[pg 139]</span><a name="Pg139" id="Pg139" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in Basque, Kabyle, + and Magyar stories.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A Basque story, + which closely resembles some of the stories told among Aryan peoples, + relates how a monster—a Body-without-Soul—detains a princess in + captivity, and is questioned by her as to how he might be slain. With + some reluctance he tells her, <span class="tei tei-q">“You must kill + a terrible wolf which is in the forest, and inside him is a fox, in + the fox is a pigeon; this pigeon has an egg in his head, and whoever + should strike me on the forehead with this egg would kill me.”</span> + The hero of the story, by name Malbrouk, has learned, in the usual + way, the art of turning himself at will into a wolf, an ant, a hawk, + or a dog, and on the strength of this accomplishment he kills the + animals, one after the other, and extracts the precious egg from the + pigeon's head. When the wolf is killed, the monster feels it and says + despondently, <span class="tei tei-q">“I do not know if anything is + going to happen to me. I am much afraid of it.”</span> When the fox + and the pigeon have been killed, he cries that it is all over with + him, that they have taken the egg out of the pigeon, and that he + knows not what is to become of him. Finally the princess strikes the + monster on the forehead with the egg, and he falls a corpse.<a id= + "noteref_384" name="noteref_384" href="#note_384"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">384</span></span></a> In a + Kabyle story an ogre declares that his fate is far away in an egg, + which is in a pigeon, which is in a camel, which is in the sea. The + hero procures the egg and crushes it between his hands, and the ogre + dies.<a id="noteref_385" name="noteref_385" href= + "#note_385"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">385</span></span></a> In a + Magyar folk-tale, an old witch detains a young prince called Ambrose + in the bowels of the earth. At last she confided <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page140">[pg 140]</span><a name="Pg140" id="Pg140" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to him that she kept a wild boar in a + silken meadow, and if it were killed, they would find a hare inside, + and inside the hare a pigeon, and inside the pigeon a small box, and + inside the box one black and one shining beetle: the shining beetle + held her life, and the black one held her power; if these two beetles + died, then her life would come to an end also. When the old hag went + out, Ambrose killed the wild boar, and took out the hare; from the + hare he took the pigeon, from the pigeon the box, and from the box + the two beetles; he killed the black beetle, but kept the shining one + alive. So the witch's power left her immediately, and when she came + home, she had to take to her bed. Having learned from her how to + escape from his prison to the upper air, Ambrose killed the shining + beetle, and the old hag's spirit left her at once.<a id="noteref_386" + name="noteref_386" href="#note_386"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">386</span></span></a> In + another Hungarian story the safety of the Dwarf-king resides in a + golden cockchafer, inside a golden cock, inside a golden sheep, + inside a golden stag, in the ninety-ninth island. The hero overcomes + all these golden animals and so recovers his bride, whom the + Dwarf-king had carried off.<a id="noteref_387" name="noteref_387" + href="#note_387"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">387</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in a Lapp story. + The giant whose life was in a hen's egg. The helpful + animals.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A Lapp story tells + of a giant who slew a man and took away his wife. When the man's son + grew up, he tried to rescue his mother and kill the giant, but fire + and sword were powerless to harm the monster; it seemed as if he had + no life in his body. <span class="tei tei-q">“Dear mother,”</span> at + last enquired the son, <span class="tei tei-q">“don't you know where + the giant has hidden away his life?”</span> The mother did not know, + but promised to ask. So one day, when the giant chanced to be in a + good humour, she asked him where he kept his life. He said to her, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Out yonder on a burning sea is an island, in + the island is a barrel, in the barrel is a sheep, in the sheep is a + hen, in the hen is an egg, and in the egg is my life.”</span> When + the woman's son heard this, he hired a bear, a wolf, a hawk, and a + diver-bird and set off in a boat to sail to the island in the burning + sea. He sat with the hawk and the diver-bird under an iron tent in + the middle of the boat, and he set the bear and the wolf to row. That + is why to this day the bear's hair is dark brown and the wolf has + dark-brown spots; for as they sat at the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page141">[pg 141]</span><a name="Pg141" id="Pg141" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> oars without any screen they were naturally + scorched by the tossing tongues of flame on the burning sea. However, + they made their way over the fiery billows to the island, and there + they found the barrel. In a trice the bear had knocked the bottom out + of it with his claws, and forth sprang a sheep. But the wolf soon + pulled the sheep down and rent it in pieces. From out the sheep flew + a hen, but the hawk stooped on it and tore it with his talons. In the + hen was an egg, which dropped into the sea and sank; but the + diver-bird dived after it. Twice he dived after it in vain and came + up to the surface gasping and spluttering; but the third time he + brought up the egg and handed it to the young man. Great was the + young man's joy. At once he kindled a great bonfire on the shore, + threw the egg into it, and rowed away back across the sea. On landing + he went away straight to the giant's abode, and found the monster + burning, just as he had left the egg burning on the island. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Fool that I was,”</span> lamented the dying + giant, <span class="tei tei-q">“to betray my life to a wicked old + woman,”</span> and with that he snatched at an iron tube through + which in happier days he had been wont to suck the blood of his human + victims. But the woman was too subtle for him, for she had taken the + precaution of inserting one end of the tube in the glowing embers of + the hearth; and so, when the giant sucked hard at the other end, he + imbibed only fire and ashes. Thus he burned inside as well as + outside, and when the fire went out the giant's life went out with + it.<a id="noteref_388" name="noteref_388" href= + "#note_388"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">388</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in Samoyed and + Kalmuck stories.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A Samoyed story + tells how seven warlocks killed a certain man's mother and carried + off his sister, whom they kept to serve them. Every night when they + came home the seven warlocks used to take out their hearts and place + them in a dish which the woman hung on the tent-poles. But the wife + of the man whom they had wronged stole the hearts of the warlocks + while they slept, and took them to her husband. By break of day he + went with the hearts to the warlocks, and found them at the point of + death. They all begged for their hearts; but he threw six of their + hearts to the ground, and six of the warlocks died. The seventh and + eldest warlock <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page142">[pg + 142]</span><a name="Pg142" id="Pg142" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + begged hard for his heart and the man said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“You killed my mother. Make her alive again, and I will + give you back your heart.”</span> The warlock said to his wife, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Go to the place where the dead woman lies. + You will find a bag there. Bring it to me. The woman's spirit is in + the bag.”</span> So his wife brought the bag; and the warlock said to + the man, <span class="tei tei-q">“Go to your dead mother, shake the + bag and let the spirit breathe over her bones; so she will come to + life again.”</span> The man did as he was bid, and his mother was + restored to life. Then he hurled the seventh heart to the ground, and + the seventh warlock died.<a id="noteref_389" name="noteref_389" href= + "#note_389"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">389</span></span></a> In a + Kalmuck tale we read how a certain khan challenged a wise man to shew + his skill by stealing a precious stone on which the khan's life + depended. The sage contrived to purloin the talisman while the khan + and his guards slept; but not content with this he gave a further + proof of his dexterity by bonneting the slumbering potentate with a + bladder. This was too much for the khan. Next morning he informed the + sage that he could overlook everything else, but that the indignity + of being bonneted with a bladder was more than he could stand; and he + ordered his facetious friend to instant execution. Pained at this + exhibition of royal ingratitude, the sage dashed to the ground the + talisman which he still held in his hand; and at the same instant + blood flowed from the nostrils of the khan, and he gave up the + ghost.<a id="noteref_390" name="noteref_390" href= + "#note_390"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">390</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in Tartar + poems.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a Tartar poem + two heroes named Ak Molot and Bulat engage in mortal combat. Ak Molot + pierces his foe through and through with an arrow, grapples with him, + and dashes him to the ground, but all in vain, Bulat could not die. + At last when the combat has lasted three years, a friend of Ak Molot + sees a golden casket hanging by a white thread from the sky, and + bethinks him that perhaps this casket contains Bulat's soul. So he + shot through the white thread with an arrow, and down fell the + casket. He opened it, and in the casket sat ten white birds, and one + of the birds was Bulat's soul. Bulat wept when he saw that his soul + was found in the casket. But one after the other the birds were + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page143">[pg 143]</span><a name="Pg143" + id="Pg143" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> killed, and then Ak Molot + easily slew his foe.<a id="noteref_391" name="noteref_391" href= + "#note_391"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">391</span></span></a> In + another Tartar poem, two brothers going to fight two other brothers + take out their souls and hide them in the form of a white herb with + six stalks in a deep pit. But one of their foes sees them doing so + and digs up their souls, which he puts into a golden ram's horn, and + then sticks the ram's horn in his quiver. The two warriors whose + souls have thus been stolen know that they have no chance of victory, + and accordingly make peace with their enemies.<a id="noteref_392" + name="noteref_392" href="#note_392"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">392</span></span></a> In + another Tartar poem a terrible demon sets all the gods and heroes at + defiance. At last a valiant youth fights the demon, binds him hand + and foot, and slices him with his sword. But still the demon is not + slain. So the youth asked him, <span class="tei tei-q">“Tell me, + where is your soul hidden? For if your soul had been hidden in your + body, you must have been dead long ago.”</span> The demon replied, + <span class="tei tei-q">“On the saddle of my horse is a bag. In the + bag is a serpent with twelve heads. In the serpent is my soul. When + you have killed the serpent, you have killed me also.”</span> So the + youth took the saddle-bag from the horse and killed the twelve-headed + serpent, whereupon the demon expired.<a id="noteref_393" name= + "noteref_393" href="#note_393"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">393</span></span></a> In + another Tartar poem a hero called Kök Chan deposits with a maiden a + golden ring, in which is half his strength. Afterwards when Kök Chan + is wrestling long with a hero and cannot kill him, a woman drops into + his mouth the ring which contains half his strength. Thus inspired + with fresh force he slays his enemy.<a id="noteref_394" name= + "noteref_394" href="#note_394"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">394</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in a Mongolian + story and Tartar poems.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a Mongolian + story the hero Joro gets the better of his enemy the lama Tschoridong + in the following way. The lama, who is an enchanter, sends out his + soul in the form of a wasp to sting Joro's eyes. But Joro catches the + wasp in his hand, and by alternately shutting and opening his hand + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page144">[pg 144]</span><a name="Pg144" + id="Pg144" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> he causes the lama alternately + to lose and recover consciousness.<a id="noteref_395" name= + "noteref_395" href="#note_395"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">395</span></span></a> In a + Tartar poem two youths cut open the body of an old witch and tear out + her bowels, but all to no purpose, she still lives. On being asked + where her soul is, she answers that it is in the middle of her + shoe-sole in the form of a seven-headed speckled snake. So one of the + youths slices her shoe-sole with his sword, takes out the speckled + snake, and cuts off its seven heads. Then the witch dies.<a id= + "noteref_396" name="noteref_396" href="#note_396"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">396</span></span></a> Another + Tartar poem describes how the hero Kartaga grappled with the + Swan-woman. Long they wrestled. Moons waxed and waned and still they + wrestled; years came and went, and still the struggle went on. But + the piebald horse and the black horse knew that the Swan-woman's soul + was not in her. Under the black earth flow nine seas; where the seas + meet and form one, the sea comes to the surface of the earth. At the + mouth of the nine seas rises a rock of copper; it rises to the + surface of the ground, it rises up between heaven and earth, this + rock of copper. At the foot of the copper rock is a black chest, in + the black chest is a golden casket, and in the golden casket is the + soul of the Swan-woman. Seven little birds are the soul of the + Swan-woman; if the birds are killed the Swan-woman will die + straightway. So the horses ran to the foot of the copper rock, opened + the black chest, and brought back the golden casket. Then the piebald + horse turned himself into a bald-headed man, opened the golden + casket, and cut off the heads of the seven birds. So the Swan-woman + died.<a id="noteref_397" name="noteref_397" href= + "#note_397"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">397</span></span></a> In a + Tartar story a chief called Tash Kan is asked where his soul is. He + answers that there are seven great poplars, and under the poplars a + golden well; seven <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Maralen</span></span> (?) come to drink the + water of the well, and the belly of one of them trails on the ground; + in this <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Maral</span></span> is a golden box, in the + golden box is a silver box, in the silver box are seven quails, the + head of one of the quails is golden and its tail silver; that quail + is Tash Kan's soul. The hero of the story gets possession of the + seven quails and wrings the necks of six of them. <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page145">[pg 145]</span><a name="Pg145" id="Pg145" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Then Tash Kan comes running and begs the + hero to let his soul go free. But the hero wrings the last quail's + neck, and Tash Kan drops dead.<a id="noteref_398" name="noteref_398" + href="#note_398"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">398</span></span></a> In + another Tartar poem the hero, pursuing his sister who has driven away + his cattle, is warned to desist from the pursuit because his sister + has carried away his soul in a golden sword and a golden arrow, and + if he pursues her she will kill him by throwing the golden sword or + shooting the golden arrow at him.<a id="noteref_399" name= + "noteref_399" href="#note_399"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">399</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in a Chinese + story.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A modern Chinese + story tells how an habitual criminal used to take his soul out of his + own body for the purpose of evading the righteous punishment of his + crimes. This bad man lived in Khien (Kwei-cheu), and the sentences + that had been passed on him formed a pile as high as a hill. The + mandarins had flogged him to death with sticks and flung his mangled + corpse into the river, but three days afterwards the scoundrel got + his soul back again, and on the fifth day he resumed his career of + villainy as if nothing had happened. The thing occurred again and + again, till at last it reached the ears of the Governor of the + province, who flew into a violent passion and proposed to the + Governor-General to have the rascal beheaded. And beheaded he was; + but in three days the wretch was alive again with no trace of + decapitation about him except a slender red thread round his neck. + And now, like a giant refreshed, he began a fresh series of + enormities. He even went so far as to beat his own mother. This was + more than she could bear, and she brought the matter before the + magistrate. She produced in court a vase and said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“In this vase my refractory son has hidden his soul. + Whenever he was conscious of having committed a serious crime, or a + misdeed of the most heinous kind, he remained at home, took his soul + out of his body, purified it, and put it in the vase. Then the + authorities only punished or executed his body of flesh and blood, + and not his soul. With his soul, refined by a long process, he then + cured his freshly mutilated body, which thus became able in three + days to recommence in the old way. Now, however, his crimes have + reached a climax, for he has beaten me, an old woman, and I cannot + bear it. I pray you, smash this vase, and <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page146">[pg 146]</span><a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> scatter his soul by fanning it away with a + windwheel; and if then you castigate his body anew, it is probable + that bad son of mine will really die.”</span> The mandarin took the + hint. He had the rogue cudgelled to death, and when they examined the + corpse they found that decay had set in within ten days.<a id= + "noteref_400" name="noteref_400" href="#note_400"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">400</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in a story told by + the Khasis of Assam.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Khasis of + Assam tell of a certain Kyllong, king of Madur, who pursued his + conquests on a remarkable principle. He needed few or no soldiers, + because he himself was a very strong man and nobody could kill him + permanently; they could, it is true, put him to death, but then he + came to life again immediately. The king of Synteng, who was much + afraid of him, once chopped him in pieces and threw the severed hands + and feet far away, thinking thus to get rid of him for good and all; + but it was to no purpose. The very next morning Kyllong came to life + again and stalked about as brisk as ever. So the king of Synteng was + very anxious to learn how his rival contrived thus to rise from the + dead; and he hit on a plan for worming out the secret. He chose the + fairest girl of the whole country, clad her in royal robes, put + jewels of gold and silver upon her, and said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“All these will I give thee and more besides, if thou + canst obtain for me King Kyllong's secret, and canst inform me how he + brings himself to life again after being killed.”</span> So he sent + the girl to the slave-market in King Kyllong's country; and the king + saw and loved her and took her to wife. So she caressed him and + coaxed him to tell her his secret, and in a fatal hour he was + beguiled into revealing it. He said, <span class="tei tei-q">“My life + depends upon these things. I must bathe every day and must wash my + entrails. After that, I take my food, and there is no one on earth + who can kill me unless he obtains possession of my entrails. Thus my + life hangs only on my entrails.”</span> His treacherous wife at once + sent word to the king of Synteng, who caused men to lie in wait while + Kyllong was bathing. As usual, Kyllong had laid his entrails on one + side of the bathing-place, while he disported himself in the water, + intending afterwards to wash them and replace them in his body. But + before he could do so, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page147">[pg + 147]</span><a name="Pg147" id="Pg147" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> one + of the liers-in-wait had seized the entrails and killed him. The + entrails he cut in pieces and gave to the dogs to eat. That was the + end of King Kyllong. He was never able to come to life again; his + country was conquered, and the members of the royal family were + scattered far and wide. Seven generations have passed since + then.<a id="noteref_401" name="noteref_401" href= + "#note_401"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">401</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in a Malay poem. + Bidasari and the golden fish.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A Malay poem + relates how once upon a time in the city of Indrapoora there was a + certain merchant who was rich and prosperous, but he had no children. + One day as he walked with his wife by the river they found a baby + girl, fair as an angel. So they adopted the child and called her + Bidasari. The merchant caused a golden fish to be made, and into this + fish he transferred the soul of his adopted daughter. Then he put the + golden fish in a golden box full of water, and hid it in a pond in + the midst of his garden. In time the girl grew to be a lovely woman. + Now the King of Indrapoora had a fair young queen, who lived in fear + that the king might take to himself a second wife. So, hearing of the + charms of Bidasari, the queen resolved to put her out of the way. She + lured the girl to the palace and tortured her cruelly; but Bidasari + could not die, because her soul was not in her. At last she could + stand the torture no longer and said to the queen, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“If you wish me to die, you must bring the box which is + in the pond in my father's garden.”</span> So the box was brought and + opened, and there was the golden fish in the water. The girl said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“My soul is in that fish. In the morning you + must take the fish out of the water, and in the evening you must put + it back into the water. Do not let the fish lie about, but bind it + round your neck. If you do this, I shall soon die.”</span> So the + queen took the fish out of the box and fastened it round her neck; + and no sooner had she done so, than Bidasari fell into a swoon. But + in the evening, when the fish was put back into the water, Bidasari + came to herself again. Seeing that she thus had the girl in her + power, the queen sent her home to her adopted parents. To save her + from further persecution her parents resolved to remove their + daughter from the city. So in a lonely and desolate spot they built a + house and brought Bidasari thither. There she dwelt alone, undergoing + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg 148]</span><a name="Pg148" + id="Pg148" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> vicissitudes that corresponded + with the vicissitudes of the golden fish in which was her soul. All + day long, while the fish was out of the water, she remained + unconscious; but in the evening, when the fish was put into the + water, she revived. One day the king was out hunting, and coming to + the house where Bidasari lay unconscious, was smitten with her + beauty. He tried to waken her, but in vain. Next day, towards + evening, he repeated his visit, but still found her unconscious. + However, when darkness fell, she came to herself and told the king + the secret of her life. So the king returned to the palace, took the + fish from the queen, and put it in water. Immediately Bidasari + revived, and the king took her to wife.<a id="noteref_402" name= + "noteref_402" href="#note_402"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">402</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in a story told in + Nias.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another story of + an external soul comes from Nias, an island to the west of Sumatra. + Once on a time a chief was captured by his enemies, who tried to put + him to death but failed. Water would not drown him nor fire burn him + nor steel pierce him. At last his wife revealed the secret. On his + head he had a hair as hard as a copper wire; and with this wire his + life was bound up. So the hair was plucked out, and with it his + spirit fled.<a id="noteref_403" name="noteref_403" href= + "#note_403"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">403</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in a Hausa story. + The king whose life was in a box. The helpful animals.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A Hausa story from + Northern Nigeria closely resembles some of the European tales which + we have noticed; for it contains not only the incident of the + external soul, but also the incident of the helpful animals, by whose + assistance the hero is able to slay the Soulless King and obtain + possession of the kingdom. The story runs thus. A certain man and his + wife had four daughters born to them in succession, but <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page149">[pg 149]</span><a name="Pg149" id="Pg149" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> every one of the baby girls mysteriously + disappeared on the day when she was to be weaned; so the parents fell + under the suspicion of having devoured them. Last of all there was + born to them a son, who to avoid accidents was left to wean himself. + One day, as he grew up, the son received a magic lotion from an old + woman, who told him to rub his eyes with it. He did so, and + immediately he saw a large house and entering it he found his eldest + sister married to a bull. She bade him welcome and so did her husband + the bull; and when he went away, the bull very kindly presented him + with a lock of his hair as a keepsake. In like manner the lad + discovered his other three sisters, who were living in wedlock with a + ram, a dog, and a hawk respectively. All of them welcomed him and + from the ram, the dog, and the hawk he received tokens of regard in + the shape of hair or feathers. Then he returned home and told his + parents of his adventure and how he had found his sisters alive and + married. Next day he went to a far city, where he made love to the + Queen and persuaded her to plot with him against the life of the King + her husband. So she coaxed the King to shew his affection for her by + <span class="tei tei-q">“taking his own life, and joining it to + hers.”</span> The unsuspecting husband, as usual, fell into the trap + set for him by his treacherous wife. He confided to her the secret of + his life. <span class="tei tei-q">“My life,”</span> said he, + <span class="tei tei-q">“is behind the city, behind the city in a + thicket. In this thicket there is a lake; in the lake is a rock; in + the rock is a gazelle; in the gazelle is a dove; and in the dove is a + small box.”</span> The Queen divulged the secret to her lover, who + kindled a fire behind the city and threw into it the hair and + feathers which he had received from the friendly animals, his + brothers-in-law. Immediately the animals themselves appeared and + readily gave their help in the enterprise. The bull drank up the + lake; the ram broke up the rock; the dog caught the gazelle; the hawk + captured the dove. So the youth extracted the precious box from the + dove and repaired to the palace, where he found the King already + dead. His Majesty had been ailing from the moment when the young man + left the city, and he grew steadily worse with every fresh success of + the adventurer who was to supplant him. So the hero became King and + married the false Queen; and his sisters' <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page150">[pg 150]</span><a name="Pg150" id="Pg150" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> husbands were changed from animals into men and + received subordinate posts in the government. The hero's parents, + too, came to live in the city over which he reigned.<a id= + "noteref_404" name="noteref_404" href="#note_404"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">404</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in a South + Nigerian story. The external soul in a story told by the Ba-Ronga + of South Africa. The Clan of the Cat.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A West African + story from Southern Nigeria relates how a king kept his soul in a + little brown bird, which perched on a tall tree beside the gate of + the palace. The king's life was so bound up with that of the bird + that whoever should kill the bird would simultaneously kill the king + and succeed to the kingdom. The secret was betrayed by the queen to + her lover, who shot the bird with an arrow and thereby slew the king + and ascended the vacant throne.<a id="noteref_405" name="noteref_405" + href="#note_405"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">405</span></span></a> A tale + told by the Ba-Ronga of South Africa sets forth how the lives of a + whole family were contained in one cat. When a girl of the family, + named Titishan, married a husband, she begged her parents to let her + take the precious cat with her to her new home. But they refused, + saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“You know that our life is attached + to it”</span>; and they offered to give her an antelope or even an + elephant instead of it. But nothing would satisfy her but the cat. So + at last she carried it off with her and shut it up in a place where + nobody saw it; even her husband knew nothing about it. One day, when + she went to work in the fields, the cat escaped from its place of + concealment, entered the hut, put on the warlike trappings of the + husband, and danced and sang. Some children, attracted by the noise, + discovered the cat at its antics, and when they expressed their + astonishment, the animal only capered the more and insulted them + besides. So they went to the owner and said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“There is somebody dancing in your house, and he insulted + us.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Hold your tongues,”</span> said + he, <span class="tei tei-q">“I'll soon put a stop to your + lies.”</span> So he went and hid behind the door and peeped in, and + there sure enough was the cat prancing about and singing. He fired at + it, and the animal dropped down dead. At the same moment his wife + fell to the ground in the field where she was at work; said she, + <span class="tei tei-q">“I have been killed at home.”</span> But she + had strength enough left to ask her husband to go with her to her + parents' village, taking with him the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page151">[pg 151]</span><a name="Pg151" id="Pg151" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> dead cat wrapt up in a mat. All her relatives + assembled, and bitterly they reproached her for having insisted on + taking the animal with her to her husband's village. As soon as the + mat was unrolled and they saw the dead cat, they all fell down + lifeless one after the other. So the Clan of the Cat was destroyed; + and the bereaved husband closed the gate of the village with a + branch, and returned home, and told his friends how in killing the + cat he had killed the whole clan, because their lives depended on the + life of the cat. In another Ronga story the lives of a whole clan are + attached to a buffalo, which a girl of the clan in like manner + insists on taking with her.<a id="noteref_406" name="noteref_406" + href="#note_406"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">406</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in stories told by + the North American Indians. The ogress whose life was in a + hemlock branch.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ideas of the same + sort meet us in stories told by the North American Indians. Thus in + one Indian tale the hero pounds his enemy to pieces, but cannot kill + him because his heart is not in his body. At last the champion learns + that his foe's heart is in the sky, at the western side of the + noonday sun; so he reaches up, seizes the heart, and crushes it, and + straightway his enemy expires. In another Indian myth there figures a + personage Winter whose song brings frost and snow, but his heart is + hidden away at a distance. However, his foe finds the heart and burns + it, and so the Snow-maker perishes.<a id="noteref_407" name= + "noteref_407" href="#note_407"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">407</span></span></a> A + Pawnee story relates how a wounded warrior was carried off by bears, + who healed him of his hurts. When the Indian was about to return to + his village, the old he-bear said to him, <span class="tei tei-q">“I + shall look after you. I shall give you a part of myself. If I am + killed, you shall be killed. If I grow old, you shall be old.”</span> + And the bear gave him a cap of bearskin, and at parting he put his + arms round the Indian and hugged him, and put his mouth against the + man's mouth and held the man's hands in his paws. The Indian who told + the tale conjectured that when the man died, the old bear died + also.<a id="noteref_408" name="noteref_408" href= + "#note_408"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">408</span></span></a> The + Navajoes tell of a certain mythical being called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Maiden that becomes a <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page152">[pg 152]</span><a name="Pg152" id="Pg152" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Bear,”</span> who learned the art of turning + herself into a bear from the prairie wolf. She was a great warrior + and quite invulnerable; for when she went to war she took out her + vital organs and hid them, so that no one could kill her; and when + the battle was over she put the organs back in their places + again.<a id="noteref_409" name="noteref_409" href= + "#note_409"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">409</span></span></a> The + Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia tell of an ogress, who could not + be killed because her life was in a hemlock branch. A brave boy met + her in the woods, smashed her head with a stone, scattered her + brains, broke her bones, and threw them into the water. Then, + thinking he had disposed of the ogress, he went into her house. There + he saw a woman rooted to the floor, who warned him, saying, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Now do not stay long. I know that you have + tried to kill the ogress. It is the fourth time that somebody has + tried to kill her. She never dies; she has nearly come to life. There + in that covered hemlock branch is her life. Go there, and as soon as + you see her enter, shoot her life. Then she will be dead.”</span> + Hardly had she finished speaking when sure enough in came the ogress, + singing as she walked:—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">I have the magical + treasure,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">I have the supernatural + power,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">I can return to + life.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such was her song. + But the boy shot at her life, and she fell dead to the floor.<a id= + "noteref_410" name="noteref_410" href="#note_410"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">410</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page153">[pg 153]</span><a name= + "Pg153" id="Pg153" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc19" id="toc19"></a> <a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XI. The External Soul in + Folk-Custom.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a> <a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 1. The External Soul in Inanimate + Things.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The external soul in + folk-custom.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus the idea + that the soul may be deposited for a longer or shorter time in some + place of security outside the body, or at all events in the hair, + is found in the popular tales of many races. It remains to shew + that the idea is not a mere figment devised to adorn a tale, but is + a real article of primitive faith, which has given rise to a + corresponding set of customs.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The soul removed from the body as + a precaution in seasons of danger. Souls of people collected in + a bag at a house-warming. Soul of a woman put in a + chopping-knife at childbirth.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We have seen + that in the tales the hero, as a preparation for battle, sometimes + removes his soul from his body, in order that his body may be + invulnerable and immortal in the combat. With a like intention the + savage removes his soul from his body on various occasions of real + or imaginary peril. Thus among the people of Minahassa in Celebes, + when a family moves into a new house, a priest collects the souls + of the whole family in a bag, and afterwards restores them to their + owners, because the moment of entering a new house is supposed to + be fraught with supernatural danger.<a id="noteref_411" name= + "noteref_411" href="#note_411"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">411</span></span></a> In + Southern Celebes, when a woman is brought to bed, the messenger who + fetches the doctor or the midwife always carries with him something + made of iron, such as a chopping-knife, which he delivers to the + doctor. The doctor must keep the thing in his house till the + confinement is over, when he gives it back, receiving a fixed sum + of money for doing so. The chopping-knife, or whatever it is, + represents the woman's soul, which at this critical time is + believed to be safer out of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page154">[pg 154]</span><a name="Pg154" id="Pg154" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> her body than in it. Hence the doctor must + take great care of the object; for were it lost, the woman's soul + would assuredly, they think, be lost with it.<a id="noteref_412" + name="noteref_412" href="#note_412"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">412</span></span></a> But + in Celebes the convenience of occasionally depositing the soul in + some external object is apparently not limited to human beings. The + Alfoors, or Toradjas, who inhabit the central district of that + island, and among whose industries the working of iron occupies a + foremost place, attribute to the metal a soul which would be apt to + desert its body under the blows of the hammer, if some means were + not found to detain it. Accordingly in every smithy of Poso—for + that is the name of the country of these people—you may see hanging + up a bundle of wooden instruments, such as chopping-knives, swords, + spear-heads, and so forth. This bundle goes by the name of + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">lamoa</span></span>, which is the general word + for <span class="tei tei-q">“gods,”</span> and in it the soul of + the iron that is being wrought in the smithy is, according to one + account, supposed to reside. <span class="tei tei-q">“If we did not + hang the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">lamoa</span></span> over the anvil,”</span> + they say, <span class="tei tei-q">“the iron would flow away and be + unworkable,”</span> on account of the absence of the soul.<a id= + "noteref_413" name="noteref_413" href="#note_413"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">413</span></span></a> + However, according to another interpretation these wooden models + are substitutes offered to the gods in room of the iron, whose soul + the covetous deities might otherwise abstract for their own use, + thus making the metal unmalleable.<a id="noteref_414" name= + "noteref_414" href="#note_414"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">414</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Soul of a child put for safety in + an empty coco-nut or a bag. Souls of people in ornaments, + horns, a column, and so forth. The souls of Egyptian kings in + portrait statues. A man's life bound up with the fire in his + lodge.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the Dyaks + of Pinoeh, a district of South-Eastern Borneo, when a child is + born, a medicine-man is sent for, who conjures the soul of the + infant into half a coco-nut, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page155">[pg 155]</span><a name="Pg155" id="Pg155" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> which he thereupon covers with a cloth and + places on a square platter or charger suspended by cords from the + roof. This ceremony he repeats at every new moon for a year.<a id= + "noteref_415" name="noteref_415" href="#note_415"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">415</span></span></a> The + intention of the ceremony is not explained by the writer who + describes it, but we may conjecture that it is to place the soul of + the child in a safer place than its own frail little body. This + conjecture is confirmed by the reason assigned for a similar custom + observed elsewhere in the Indian Archipelago. In the Kei Islands, + when there is a newly-born child in a house, an empty coco-nut, + split and spliced together again, may sometimes be seen hanging + beside a rough wooden image of an ancestor. The soul of the infant + is believed to be temporarily deposited in the coco-nut in order + that it may be safe from the attacks of evil spirits; but when the + child grows bigger and stronger, the soul will take up its + permanent abode in its own body. Similarly among the Esquimaux of + Alaska, when a child is sick, the medicine-man will sometimes + extract its soul from its body and place it for safe-keeping in an + amulet, which for further security he deposits in his own + medicine-bag. <a id="noteref_416" name="noteref_416" href= + "#note_416"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">416</span></span></a> It + seems probable that many amulets have been similarly regarded as + soul-boxes, that is, as safes in which the souls of the owners are + kept for greater security.<a id="noteref_417" name="noteref_417" + href="#note_417"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">417</span></span></a> An + old <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page156">[pg 156]</span><a name= + "Pg156" id="Pg156" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Mang'anje woman in + the West Shire district of British Central Africa used to wear + round her neck an ivory ornament, hollow, and about three inches + long, which she called her life or soul (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">moyo + wanga</span></span>). Naturally, she would not part with it; a + planter tried to buy it of her, but in vain.<a id="noteref_418" + name="noteref_418" href="#note_418"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">418</span></span></a> When + Mr. James Macdonald was one day sitting in the house of a Hlubi + chief, awaiting the appearance of that great man, who was busy + decorating his person, a native pointed to a pair of magnificent + ox-horns, and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Ntame has his soul in + these horns.”</span> The horns were those of an animal which had + been sacrificed, and they were held sacred. A magician had fastened + them to the roof to protect the house and its inmates from the + thunder-bolt. <span class="tei tei-q">“The idea,”</span> adds Mr. + Macdonald, <span class="tei tei-q">“is in no way foreign to South + African thought. A man's soul there may dwell in the roof of his + house, in a tree, by a spring of water, or on some mountain + scaur.”</span><a id="noteref_419" name="noteref_419" href= + "#note_419"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">419</span></span></a> Among + the natives of the Gazelle Peninsula in New Britain there is a + secret society which goes by the name of Ingniet or Ingiet. On his + entrance into it every man receives a stone in the shape either of + a human being or of an animal, and henceforth his soul is believed + to be knit up in a manner with the stone. If it breaks, it is an + evil omen for him; they say that the thunder has struck the stone + and that he who owns it will soon die. If nevertheless the man + survives the breaking of his soul-stone, they say that it was not a + proper soul-stone and he gets a new one instead.<a id="noteref_420" + name="noteref_420" href="#note_420"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">420</span></span></a> The + emperor Romanus Lecapenus was once informed by an astronomer that + the life of Simeon, prince of Bulgaria, was <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page157">[pg 157]</span><a name="Pg157" id="Pg157" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> bound up with a certain column in + Constantinople, so that if the capital of the column were removed, + Simeon would immediately die. The emperor took the hint and removed + the capital, and at the same hour, as the emperor learned by + enquiry, Simeon died of heart disease in Bulgaria.<a id= + "noteref_421" name="noteref_421" href="#note_421"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">421</span></span></a> The + deified kings of ancient Egypt appear to have enjoyed the privilege + of depositing their spiritual doubles or souls (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ka</span></span>) during their lifetime in a + number of portrait statues, properly fourteen for each king, which + stood in the chamber of adoration (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">pa + douaït</span></span>) of the temple and were revered as the + equivalents or representatives of the monarchs themselves.<a id= + "noteref_422" name="noteref_422" href="#note_422"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">422</span></span></a> Among + the Karens of Burma <span class="tei tei-q">“the knife with which + the navel string is cut is carefully preserved for the child. The + life of the child is supposed to be in some way connected with it, + for, if lost or destroyed, it is said the child will not be long + lived.”</span><a id="noteref_423" name="noteref_423" href= + "#note_423"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">423</span></span></a> Among + the Shawnee Indians of North America it once happened that an + eminent man was favoured with a special revelation by the Great + Spirit. Wisely refusing to hide the sacred light of revelation + under a bushel, he generously communicated a few sparks of the + illumination to John Tanner, a white man who lived for many years + as an Indian among the Indians. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Henceforth,”</span> said the inspired sage, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the fire must never be suffered to go out + in your lodge. Summer and winter, day and night, in the storm, or + when it is calm, you must remember that the life in your body, and + the fire in your lodge, are the same, and of the same date. If you + suffer your fire to be extinguished, at that moment your life will + be at its end.”</span><a id="noteref_424" name="noteref_424" href= + "#note_424"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">424</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Strength of people supposed to + reside in their hair.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Again, we have + seen that in folk-tales a man's soul or <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page158">[pg 158]</span><a name="Pg158" id="Pg158" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> strength is sometimes represented as bound up + with his hair, and that when his hair is cut off he dies or grows + weak. So the natives of Amboyna used to think that their strength + was in their hair and would desert them if it were shorn. A + criminal under torture in a Dutch Court of that island persisted in + denying his guilt till his hair was cut off, when he immediately + confessed. One man, who was tried for murder, endured without + flinching the utmost ingenuity of his torturers till he saw the + surgeon standing with a pair of shears. On asking what this was + for, and being told that it was to cut his hair, he begged they + would not do it, and made a clean breast. In subsequent cases, when + torture failed to wring a confession from a prisoner, the Dutch + authorities made a practice of cutting off his hair.<a id= + "noteref_425" name="noteref_425" href="#note_425"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">425</span></span></a> In + Ceram it is still believed that if young people have their hair cut + they will be weakened and enervated thereby.<a id="noteref_426" + name="noteref_426" href="#note_426"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">426</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Witches and wizards shaved to + deprive them of their power.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here in Europe + it used to be thought that the maleficent powers of witches and + wizards resided in their hair, and that nothing could make any + impression on these miscreants so long as they kept their hair on. + Hence in France it was customary to shave the whole bodies of + persons charged with sorcery before handing them over to the + torturer. Millaeus witnessed the torture of some persons at + Toulouse, from whom no confession could be wrung until they were + stripped and completely shaven, when they readily acknowledged the + truth of the charge. A woman also, who apparently led a pious life, + was put to the torture on suspicion of witchcraft, and bore her + agonies with incredible constancy, until complete depilation drove + her to admit her guilt. The noted inquisitor Sprenger contented + himself with shaving the head of the suspected witch or wizard; but + his more thorough-going colleague Cumanus shaved the whole bodies + of forty-one women before committing them all to the flames. He had + high authority for this rigorous scrutiny, since Satan himself, in + a sermon preached from the pulpit of North Berwick church, + comforted his many servants by assuring <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page159">[pg 159]</span><a name="Pg159" id="Pg159" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> them that no harm could befall them + <span class="tei tei-q">“sa lang as their hair wes on, and sould + newir latt ane teir fall fra thair ene.”</span><a id="noteref_427" + name="noteref_427" href="#note_427"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">427</span></span></a> + Similarly in Bastar, a province of India, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“if a man is adjudged guilty of witchcraft, he is + beaten by the crowd, his hair is shaved, the hair being supposed to + constitute his power of mischief, his front teeth are knocked out, + in order, it is said, to prevent him from muttering + incantations.... Women suspected of sorcery have to undergo the + same ordeal; if found guilty, the same punishment is awarded, and + after being shaved, their hair is attached to a tree in some public + place.”</span><a id="noteref_428" name="noteref_428" href= + "#note_428"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">428</span></span></a> So + among the Bhils of India, when a woman was convicted of witchcraft + and had been subjected to various forms of persuasion, such as + hanging head downwards from a tree and having pepper put into her + eyes, a lock of hair was cut from her head and buried in the + ground, <span class="tei tei-q">“that the last link between her and + her former powers of mischief might be broken.”</span><a id= + "noteref_429" name="noteref_429" href="#note_429"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">429</span></span></a> In + like manner among the Aztecs of Mexico, when wizards and witches + <span class="tei tei-q">“had done their evil deeds, and the time + came to put an end to their detestable life, some one laid hold of + them and cropped the hair on the crown of their heads, which took + from them all their power of sorcery and enchantment, and then it + was that by death they put an end to their odious + existence.”</span><a id="noteref_430" name="noteref_430" href= + "#note_430"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">430</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc23" id="toc23"></a> <a name="pdf24" id="pdf24"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 2. The External Soul in + Plants.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Life of a person supposed to be + bound up with that of a tree or plant. Birth-trees in + Africa.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Further it has + been shewn that in folk-tales the life of a person is sometimes so + bound up with the life of a plant that the withering of the plant + will immediately follow or be followed by the death of the + person.<a id="noteref_431" name="noteref_431" href= + "#note_431"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">431</span></span></a> + Similarly among the natives of the Pennefather River in Queensland, + when a visiter has made himself very agreeable and taken his + departure, an effigy of him about three or four feet long is cut on + some soft tree, such as the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Canarium + australasicum</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page160">[pg 160]</span><a name="Pg160" id="Pg160" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> so as to face in the direction taken by the + popular stranger. Afterwards from observing the state of the tree + the natives infer the corresponding state of their absent friend, + whose illness or death are apparently supposed to be portended by + the fall of the leaves or of the tree.<a id="noteref_432" name= + "noteref_432" href="#note_432"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">432</span></span></a> In + Uganda, when a new royal enclosure with its numerous houses was + built for a new king, barkcloth trees used to be planted at the + main entrance by priests of each principal deity and offerings were + laid under each tree for its particular god. Thenceforth + <span class="tei tei-q">“the trees were carefully guarded and + tended, because it was believed that as they grew and flourished, + so the king's life and power would increase.”</span><a id= + "noteref_433" name="noteref_433" href="#note_433"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">433</span></span></a> Among + the M'Bengas in Western Africa, about the Gaboon, when two children + are born on the same day, the people plant two trees of the same + kind and dance round them. The life of each of the children is + believed to be bound up with the life of one of the trees; and if + the tree dies or is thrown down, they are sure that the child will + soon die.<a id="noteref_434" name="noteref_434" href= + "#note_434"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">434</span></span></a> In + Sierra Leone also it is customary at the birth of a child to plant + a shoot of a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">malep</span></span>-tree, and they think that + the tree will grow with the child and be its god. If a tree which + has been thus planted withers away, the people consult a sorcerer + on the subject.<a id="noteref_435" name="noteref_435" href= + "#note_435"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">435</span></span></a> Among + the Wajagga of German East Africa, when a child is born, it is + usual to plant a cultivated plant of some sort behind the house. + The plant is thenceforth carefully tended, for they believe that + were it to wither away the child would die. When the navel-string + drops from the infant, it is buried under the plant. The species of + birth-plant varies with the clan; members of one clan, for example, + plant a particular sort of banana, members of another clan plant a + sugar-cane, and so on.<a id="noteref_436" name="noteref_436" href= + "#note_436"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">436</span></span></a> Among + the Swahili of East Africa, when a child is born, the afterbirth + and navel-string are buried in <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page161">[pg 161]</span><a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the courtyard and a mark is made on the spot. + Seven days afterwards, the hair of the child is shaved and + deposited, along with the clippings of its nails, in the same + place. Then over all these relics of the infant's person a coco-nut + is planted. As the tree grows up from the nut, the child likes to + point it out to his playfellows and tell them, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“This coco-nut palm is my navel.”</span> In planting + the coco-nut the parents say, <span class="tei tei-q">“May God + cause our child to grow up, that he or she may one day enjoy the + coco-nut milk of the tree which we plant here.”</span><a id= + "noteref_437" name="noteref_437" href="#note_437"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">437</span></span></a> + Though it is not expressly affirmed, we may perhaps assume that + such a birth-tree is supposed to stand in a sympathetic relation + with the life of the person. In the Cameroons, also, the life of a + person is believed to be sympathetically bound up with that of a + tree.<a id="noteref_438" name="noteref_438" href= + "#note_438"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">438</span></span></a> The + chief of Old Town in Calabar kept his soul in a sacred grove near a + spring of water. When some Europeans, in frolic or ignorance, cut + down part of the grove, the spirit was most indignant and + threatened the perpetrators of the deed, according to the king, + with all manner of evil.<a id="noteref_439" name="noteref_439" + href="#note_439"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">439</span></span></a> Among + the Fans of the French Congo, when a chief's son is born, the + remains of the navel-string are buried under a sacred fig-tree, and + <span class="tei tei-q">“thenceforth great importance is attached + to the growth of the tree; it is strictly forbidden to touch it. + Any attempt on the tree would be considered as an attack on the + human being himself.”</span><a id="noteref_440" name="noteref_440" + href="#note_440"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">440</span></span></a> Among + the Boloki of the Upper Congo a family has a plant with red leaves + (called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nkungu</span></span>) for its totem. When a + woman of the family is with child for the first time, one of the + totemic plants is planted near the hearth outside the house and is + never destroyed, otherwise it is believed that the child would be + born thin and weak and would remain puny and sickly. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The healthy life of the children and family is bound + up with the healthiness and life of the totem <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page162">[pg 162]</span><a name="Pg162" id="Pg162" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> tree as respected and preserved by the + family.”</span><a id="noteref_441" name="noteref_441" href= + "#note_441"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">441</span></span></a> Among + the Baganda of Central Africa a child's afterbirth was called the + second child and was believed to be animated by a spirit, which at + once became a ghost. The afterbirth was usually buried at the root + of a banana tree, and afterwards the tree was carefully guarded by + old women, who prevented any one from going near it; they tied + ropes of fibre from tree to tree to isolate it, and all the child's + excretions were thrown into this enclosure. When the fruit ripened, + it was cut by the old woman in charge. The reason for guarding the + tree thus carefully was a belief that if any stranger were to eat + of the fruit of the tree or to drink beer brewed from it, he would + carry off with him the ghost of the child's afterbirth, which had + been buried at the root of the banana-tree, and the living child + would then die in order to follow its twin ghost. Whereas a + grandparent of the child, by eating the fruit or drinking the beer, + averted this catastrophe and ensured the health of the child.<a id= + "noteref_442" name="noteref_442" href="#note_442"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">442</span></span></a> Among + the Wakondyo, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page163">[pg + 163]</span><a name="Pg163" id="Pg163" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + at the north-western corner of Lake Albert Nyanza, it is customary + to bury the afterbirth at the foot of a young banana-tree, and the + fruit of this particular tree may be eaten by no one but the woman + who assisted at the birth.<a id="noteref_443" name="noteref_443" + href="#note_443"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">443</span></span></a> The + reason for the custom is not mentioned, but probably, as among the + Baganda, the life of the child is supposed to be bound up with the + life of the tree, since the afterbirth, regarded as a spiritual + double of the infant, has been buried at the root of the tree.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Birth-trees among the Papuans, + Maoris, Fijians, Dyaks, and others.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some of the + Papuans unite the life of a new-born child sympathetically with + that of a tree by driving a pebble into the bark of the tree. This + is supposed to give them complete mastery over the child's life; if + the tree is cut down, the child will die.<a id="noteref_444" name= + "noteref_444" href="#note_444"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">444</span></span></a> After + a birth the Maoris used to bury the navel-string in a sacred place + and plant a young sapling over it. As the tree grew, it was a + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">tohu + oranga</span></span> or sign of life for the child; if it + flourished, the child would prosper; if it withered and died, the + parents augured the worst for their child.<a id="noteref_445" name= + "noteref_445" href="#note_445"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">445</span></span></a> In + the Chatham Islands, when the child of a leading man received its + name, it was customary to plant a tree, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the growth of which was to be as the growth of the + child,”</span> and during the planting priests chanted a + spell.<a id="noteref_446" name="noteref_446" href= + "#note_446"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">446</span></span></a> In + some parts of Fiji the navel-string of a male child is planted + together with a coco-nut or the slip of a breadfruit-tree, and the + child's life is supposed to be intimately connected with that of + the tree.<a id="noteref_447" name="noteref_447" href= + "#note_447"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">447</span></span></a> With + certain Malayo-Siamese families of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page164">[pg 164]</span><a name="Pg164" id="Pg164" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the Patani States it is customary to bury the + afterbirth under a banana-tree, and the condition of the tree is + afterwards regarded as ominous of the child's fate for good or + evil.<a id="noteref_448" name="noteref_448" href= + "#note_448"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">448</span></span></a> In + Southern Celebes, when a child is born, a coco-nut is planted and + watered with the water in which the afterbirth and navel-string + have been washed. As it grows up, the tree is called the + <span class="tei tei-q">“contemporary”</span> of the child.<a id= + "noteref_449" name="noteref_449" href="#note_449"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">449</span></span></a> So in + Bali a coco-palm is planted at the birth of a child. It is believed + to grow up equally with the child, and is called its <span class= + "tei tei-q">“life-plant.”</span><a id="noteref_450" name= + "noteref_450" href="#note_450"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">450</span></span></a> On + certain occasions the Dyaks of Borneo plant a palm-tree, which is + believed to be a complete index of their fate. If it flourishes, + they reckon on good fortune; but if it withers or dies, they expect + misfortune.<a id="noteref_451" name="noteref_451" href= + "#note_451"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">451</span></span></a> + Amongst the Dyaks of Landak and Tajan, districts of Dutch Borneo, + it is customary to plant a fruit-tree for a child, and henceforth + in the popular belief the fate of the child is bound up with that + of the tree. If the tree shoots up rapidly, it will go well with + the child; but if the tree is dwarfed or shrivelled, nothing but + misfortune can be expected for its human counterpart.<a id= + "noteref_452" name="noteref_452" href="#note_452"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">452</span></span></a> + According to another account, at the naming of children and certain + other festivals the Dyaks are wont to set a <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sawang</span></span>-plant, roots and all, + before a priestess; and when the festival is over, the plant is + replaced in the ground. Such a plant becomes thenceforth a sort of + prophetic index for the person in whose honour the festival was + held. If the plant thrives, the man will be fortunate; if it fades + or perishes, some evil will befall him.<a id="noteref_453" name= + "noteref_453" href="#note_453"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">453</span></span></a> The + Dyaks also believe that at the birth of every person on earth a + flower grows up in the spirit world and leads a life parallel to + his. If the flower flourishes, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page165">[pg 165]</span><a name="Pg165" id="Pg165" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the man enjoys good health, but if it droops, + so does he. Hence when he has dreamed bad dreams or has felt unwell + for several days, he infers that his flower in the other world is + neglected or sickly, and accordingly he employs a medicine-man to + tend the precious plant, weed the soil, and sweep it up, in order + that the earthly and unearthly life may prosper once more.<a id= + "noteref_454" name="noteref_454" href="#note_454"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">454</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Birth-trees in Europe. Marriage + oaks. Trees with which the fate of families or individuals is + thought to be bound up. The Edgewell oak. The old tree at Howth + Castle. The oak of the Guelphs.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is said that + there are still families in Russia, Germany, England, France, and + Italy who are accustomed to plant a tree at the birth of a child. + The tree, it is hoped, will grow with the child, and it is tended + with special care.<a id="noteref_455" name="noteref_455" href= + "#note_455"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">455</span></span></a> The + custom is still pretty general in the canton of Aargau in + Switzerland; an apple-tree is planted for a boy and a pear-tree for + a girl, and the people think that the child will flourish or + dwindle with the tree.<a id="noteref_456" name="noteref_456" href= + "#note_456"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">456</span></span></a> In + Mecklenburg the afterbirth is thrown out at the foot of a young + tree, and the child is then believed to grow with the tree.<a id= + "noteref_457" name="noteref_457" href="#note_457"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">457</span></span></a> In + Bosnia, when the children of a family have died one after the + other, the hair of the next child is cut with some ceremony by a + stranger, and the mother carries the shorn tresses into the garden, + where she ties them to a fine young tree, in order that her child + may grow and flourish like the tree.<a id="noteref_458" name= + "noteref_458" href="#note_458"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">458</span></span></a> At + Muskau, in Lausitz, it used to be customary for bride and + bridegroom on the morning of their wedding-day to plant a pair of + young oaks side by side, and as each of the trees flourished or + withered, so the good luck of the person who planted it was + believed to wax or wane.<a id="noteref_459" name="noteref_459" + href="#note_459"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">459</span></span></a> On a + promontory in Lake Keitele, in Finland, there used to stand an old + fir-tree, which according to tradition had been planted by the + first colonists to serve as a symbol or token of their fortune. + First-fruits of the harvest used to be offered to the tree + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg 166]</span><a name= + "Pg166" id="Pg166" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> before any one would + taste of the new crop; and whenever a branch fell, it was deemed a + sign that some one would die. More and more the crown of the tree + withered away, and in the same proportion the family whose + ancestors had planted the fir dwindled away, till only one old + woman was left. At last the tree fell, and soon afterwards the old + woman departed this life.<a id="noteref_460" name="noteref_460" + href="#note_460"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">460</span></span></a> When + Lord Byron first visited his ancestral estate of Newstead + <span class="tei tei-q">“he planted, it seems, a young oak in some + part of the grounds, and had an idea that as <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">it</span></em> + flourished so should <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">he</span></em>.”</span><a id="noteref_461" + name="noteref_461" href="#note_461"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">461</span></span></a> On a + day when the cloud that settled on the later years of Sir Walter + Scott lifted a little, and he heard that <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Woodstock</span></span> had sold for over + eight thousand pounds, he wrote in his journal: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I have a curious fancy; I will go set two or three + acorns, and judge by their success in growing whether I shall + succeed in clearing my way or not.”</span><a id="noteref_462" name= + "noteref_462" href="#note_462"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">462</span></span></a> Near + the Castle of Dalhousie, not far from Edinburgh, there grows an + oak-tree, called the Edgewell Tree, which is popularly believed to + be linked to the fate of the family by a mysterious tie; for they + say that when one of the family dies, or is about to die, a branch + falls from the Edgewell Tree. Thus, on seeing a great bough drop + from the tree on a quiet, still day in July 1874, an old forester + exclaimed, <span class="tei tei-q">“The laird's deid noo!”</span> + and soon after news came that Fox Maule, eleventh Earl of + Dalhousie, was dead.<a id="noteref_463" name="noteref_463" href= + "#note_463"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">463</span></span></a> At + Howth Castle in Ireland there is an old tree with which the + fortunes of the St. Lawrence family are supposed to be connected. + The branches of the tree are propped on strong supports, for + tradition runs that when the tree falls the direct line of the + Earls of Howth will become extinct.<a id="noteref_464" name= + "noteref_464" href="#note_464"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">464</span></span></a> On + the old road from Hanover to Osnabrück, at the village of + Oster-Kappeln, there used to stand an ancient oak, which put out + its last green shoot in the year 1849. The <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page167">[pg 167]</span><a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> tree was conjecturally supposed to be + contemporary with the Guelphs; and in the year 1866, so fatal for + the house of Hanover, on a calm summer afternoon, without any + visible cause, the veteran suddenly fell with a crash and lay + stretched across the highroad. The peasants regarded its fall as an + ill omen for the reigning family, and when King George V. heard of + it he gave orders that the giant trunk should be set up again, and + it was done with much trouble and at great expense, the stump being + supported in position by iron chains clamped to the neighbouring + trees. But the king's efforts to prop the falling fortunes of his + house were vain; a few months after the fall of the oak Hanover + formed part of the Prussian monarchy.<a id="noteref_465" name= + "noteref_465" href="#note_465"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">465</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The Life-tree of the Manchu + dynasty.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the midst of + the <span class="tei tei-q">“Forbidden City”</span> at Peking there + is a tiny private garden, where the emperors of the now fallen + Manchu dynasty used to take the air and refresh themselves after + the cares of state. In accordance with Chinese taste the garden is + a labyrinth of artificial rockeries, waterfalls, grottoes, and + kiosks, in which everything is as unlike nature as art can make it. + The trees in particular (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Arbor + vitae</span></span>), the principal ornament of the garden, exhibit + the last refinement of the gardener's skill, being clipped and + distorted into a variety of grotesque shapes. Only one of the trees + remained intact and had been spared these deformations for + centuries. Far from being stunted by the axe or the shears, the + tree was carefully tended and encouraged to shoot up to its full + height. <span class="tei tei-q">“It was the <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Life-tree of the Dynasty,’</span> and according to + legend the prosperity or fall of the present dynasty went hand in + hand with the welfare or death of the tree. Certainly, if we accept + the tradition, the days of the present reigning house must be + numbered, for all the care and attention lavished on the tree have + been for some years in vain. A glance at our illustration shews the + tree as it still surpasses all its fellows in height and size; but + it owes its pre-eminence only to the many artificial props which + hold it up. In reality the <span class="tei tei-q">‘Life-tree of + the Dynasty’</span> is dying, and might fall over night, if one of + its artificial props were suddenly to give way. For the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page168">[pg 168]</span><a name= + "Pg168" id="Pg168" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> superstitious + Chinese—and superstitious they certainly are—it is a very, very + evil omen.”</span><a id="noteref_466" name="noteref_466" href= + "#note_466"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">466</span></span></a> Some + twelve years have passed since this passage was written, and in the + interval the omen has been fulfilled—the Manchu dynasty has fallen. + We may conjecture that the old tree in the quaint old garden has + fallen too. So vain are all human efforts to arrest the decay of + royal houses by underpropping trees on which nature herself has + passed a sentence of death.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The myrtle-trees of the patricians + and plebeians at Rome. The oak of the Vespasian family.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Rome in the + ancient sanctuary of Quirinus there grew two old myrtle-trees, one + named the Patrician and the other the Plebeian. For many years, so + long as the patricians were in the ascendant, their myrtle-tree + flourished and spread its branches abroad, while the myrtle of the + plebeians was shrivelled and shrunken; but from the time of the + Marsian war, when the power of the nobles declined, their myrtle in + like manner drooped and withered, whereas that of the popular party + held up its head and grew strong.<a id="noteref_467" name= + "noteref_467" href="#note_467"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">467</span></span></a> + Thrice when Vespasia was with child, an old oak in the garden of + the Flavian family near Rome suddenly put forth branches. The first + branch was puny and soon withered away, and the girl who was born + accordingly died within the year; the second branch was long and + sturdy; and the third was like a tree. So on the third occasion the + happy father reported to his mother that a future emperor was born + to her as a grandchild. The old lady only laughed to think that at + her age she should keep her wits about her, while her son had lost + his; yet the omen of the oak came true, for the grandson was + afterwards the emperor Vespasian.<a id="noteref_468" name= + "noteref_468" href="#note_468"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">468</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Life of persons supposed to be + bound up with that of the cleft trees through which in their + youth they were passed as a cure for rupture. In England + ruptured children are passed through cleft ash-trees.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In England + children are sometimes passed through a cleft ash-tree as a cure + for rupture or rickets, and thenceforward a sympathetic connexion + is supposed to exist between them and the tree. An ash-tree which + had been used for this purpose grew at the edge of Shirley Heath, + on the road from Hockly House to Birmingham. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thomas Chillingworth, son of the owner of an adjoining + farm, now about thirty-four, was, when an infant of a year old, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page169">[pg 169]</span><a name= + "Pg169" id="Pg169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> passed through a + similar tree, now perfectly sound, which he preserves with so much + care that he will not suffer a single branch to be touched, for it + is believed the life of the patient depends on the life of the + tree, and the moment that it is cut down, be the patient ever so + distant, the rupture returns, and a mortification ensues, and + terminates in death, as was the case in a man driving a waggon on + the very road in question.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“It is + not uncommon, however,”</span> adds the writer, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“for persons to survive for a time the felling of the + tree.”</span><a id="noteref_469" name="noteref_469" href= + "#note_469"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">469</span></span></a> The + ordinary mode of effecting the cure is to split a young ash-sapling + longitudinally for a few feet and pass the child, naked, either + three times or three times three through the fissure at sunrise. In + the West of England it is said that the passage should be + <span class="tei tei-q">“against the sun.”</span> As soon as the + ceremony has been performed, the tree is bound tightly up and the + fissure plastered over with mud or clay. The belief is that just as + the cleft in the tree closes up, so the rupture in the child's body + will be healed; but that if the rift in the tree remains open, the + rupture in the child will remain too, and if the tree were to die, + the death of the child would surely follow.<a id="noteref_470" + name="noteref_470" href="#note_470"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">470</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The practice in Sussex.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Down to the + second half of the nineteenth century the remedy was still in + common use at Fittleworth and many other places in Sussex. The + account of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg + 170]</span><a name="Pg170" id="Pg170" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Sussex practice and belief is notable because it brings out very + clearly the sympathetic relation supposed to exist between the + ruptured child and the tree through which it has been passed. We + are told that the patient <span class="tei tei-q">“must be passed + nine times every morning on nine successive days at sunrise through + a cleft in a sapling ash-tree, which has been so far given up by + the owner of it to the parents of the child, as that there is an + understanding it shall not be cut down during the life of the + infant who is to be passed through it. The sapling must be sound at + heart, and the cleft must be made with an axe. The child on being + carried to the tree must be attended by nine persons, each of whom + must pass it through the cleft from west to east. On the ninth + morning the solemn ceremony is concluded by binding the tree + lightly with a cord, and it is supposed that as the cleft closes + the health of the child will improve. In the neighbourhood of + Petworth some cleft ash-trees may be seen, through which children + have very recently been passed. I may add, that only a few weeks + since, a person who had lately purchased an ash-tree standing in + this parish, intending to cut it down, was told by the father of a + child, who had some time before been passed through it, that the + infirmity would be sure to return upon his son if it were felled. + Whereupon the good man said, he knew that such would be the case; + and therefore he would not fell it for the world.”</span><a id= + "noteref_471" name="noteref_471" href="#note_471"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">471</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Sick children passed through cleft + trees, especially oaks, as a cure in Germany, France, Denmark, + Sweden, and Greece.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A similar cure + for various diseases, but especially for rupture and rickets, has + been commonly practised in other parts of Europe, as Germany, + France, Denmark, and Sweden; but in these countries the tree + employed for the purpose is usually not an ash but an oak; + sometimes a willow-tree is allowed or even prescribed instead. With + these exceptions the practice and the belief are nearly the same on + the Continent as in England: a young oak is split longitudinally + and the two sides held forcibly apart while the sick child is + passed through the cleft; then the opening in the tree is closed, + and bound up, and it is believed that as the cleft in the tree + heals by the parts <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page171">[pg + 171]</span><a name="Pg171" id="Pg171" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + growing together again, so the rupture in the child will be + simultaneously cured. It is often laid down that the ceremony must + be performed in the strictest silence; sometimes the time + prescribed is before sunrise, and sometimes the child must be + passed thrice through the cleft.<a id="noteref_472" name= + "noteref_472" href="#note_472"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">472</span></span></a> In + Oldenburg and Mecklenburg they say that the cure should be + performed on St. John's Eve (Midsummer Eve) by three men named + John, who assist each other in holding the split <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page172">[pg 172]</span><a name="Pg172" id="Pg172" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> oak-sapling open and passing the child + through it.<a id="noteref_473" name="noteref_473" href= + "#note_473"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">473</span></span></a> Some + people, however, prefer Good Friday or Christmas Eve as the season + for the performance of the ceremony.<a id="noteref_474" name= + "noteref_474" href="#note_474"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">474</span></span></a> In + Denmark copper coins are laid as an offering at the foot of the + tree through which sick persons have been passed; and threads, + ribbons, or bandages which have been worn by the sufferers are tied + to a branch of the tree.<a id="noteref_475" name="noteref_475" + href="#note_475"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">475</span></span></a> In + the Greek island of Ceos, when a child is sickly, the parents carry + it out into the country <span class="tei tei-q">“and the father + selects a young oak; this they split up from the root, then the + father is assisted by another man in holding the tree open whilst + the mother passes the child three times through, and then they bind + up the tree well, cover it all over with manure, and carefully + water it for forty days. In the same fashion they bind up the child + for a like period, and after the lapse of this time they expect + that it will be quite well.”</span><a id="noteref_476" name= + "noteref_476" href="#note_476"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">476</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Sympathetic relation thought to + exist between the child and the tree through which it has been + passed. The disease is apparently thought to be left behind on + the farther side of the cleft tree.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Mecklenburg, + as in England, the sympathetic relation thus established between + the tree and the child is so close that if the tree is cut down the + child will die.<a id="noteref_477" name="noteref_477" href= + "#note_477"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">477</span></span></a> In + the island of Rügen people believe that when a person who has been + thus cured of rupture dies, his soul passes into the same oak-tree + through which his body was passed in his youth.<a id="noteref_478" + name="noteref_478" href="#note_478"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">478</span></span></a> Thus + it seems that in ridding himself of the disease the sufferer is + supposed to transfer a certain vital part of his person to the tree + so that it is impossible to injure the tree without at the same + time injuring the man; and in Rügen this partial union is thought + to be completed by the transmigration of the man's soul at death + into the tree. Apparently the disease is conceived as something + physical, which clings to the patient but can be stripped off him + and left behind on the farther side of the narrow aperture through + which he has forced his way; when the aperture is closed by the + natural growth of the tree, the door is as it <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page173">[pg 173]</span><a name="Pg173" id="Pg173" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> were shut against the disease, which is + then unable to pursue and overtake the sufferer. Hence the idea at + the root of the custom is not so much that the patient has + transferred his ailment to the tree, as that the tree forms an + impervious barrier between him and the malady which had hitherto + afflicted him. This interpretation is confirmed by the following + parallels.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Creeping through cleft trees to + get rid of spirits in Armenia and Nias. Among the Bella Coola + Indians mourners creep through cleft trees to get rid of the + ghost.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In those parts + of Armenia which are covered with forests, many great and ancient + trees are revered as sacred and receive marks of homage. The people + burn lights before them, fumigate them with incense, sacrifice + cocks and wethers to them, and creep through holes in their trunks + or push lean and sickly children through them <span class= + "tei tei-q">“in order to put a stop to the influence of evil + spirits.”</span><a id="noteref_479" name="noteref_479" href= + "#note_479"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">479</span></span></a> + Apparently, they think that evil spirits cannot creep through the + cleft in the holy tree, and therefore that the sick who have + effected the passage are safe from their demoniacal pursuers. The + same conception of a fissure in a tree as an obstacle placed in the + path of pursuing spirits meets us in a number of savage customs. + Thus in the island of Nias, when a man is in training for the + priesthood, he has to be introduced to the various spirits between + whom and mankind it will be his office to mediate. A priest takes + him to an open window, and while the drums are beating points out + to him the great spirit in the sun who calls away men to himself + through death; for it is needful that the future priest should know + him from whose grasp he will often be expected to wrest the sick + and dying. In the evening twilight he is led to the graves and + shewn the envious spirits of the dead, who also are ever drawing + away the living to their own shadowy world. Next day he is + conducted to a river and shewn the spirit of the waters; and + finally they take him up to a mountain and exhibit to him the + spirits of the mountains, who have diverse shapes, some appearing + like swine, others like buffaloes, others like goats, and others + again like men with long hair on their bodies. When he has seen all + this, his education is complete, but on his return from the + mountain the new priest may not at once enter his own house. For + the people think that, were he to do so, the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page174">[pg 174]</span><a name="Pg174" id="Pg174" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> dangerous spirits by whom he is still + environed would stay in the house and visit both the family and the + pigs with sickness. Accordingly he betakes himself to other + villages and passes several nights there, hoping that the spirits + will leave him and settle on the friends who receive him into their + houses; but naturally he does not reveal the intention of his + visits to his hosts. Lastly, before he enters his own dwelling, he + looks out for some young tree by the way, splits it down the + middle, and then creeps through the fissure, in the belief that any + spirit which may still be clinging to him will thus be left + sticking to the tree.<a id="noteref_480" name="noteref_480" href= + "#note_480"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">480</span></span></a> + Again, among the Bilqula or Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia + <span class="tei tei-q">“the bed of a mourner must be protected + against the ghost of the deceased. His male relatives stick a + thorn-bush into the ground at each corner of their beds. After four + days these are thrown into the water. Mourners must rise early and + go into the woods, where they stick four thorn-bushes into the + ground, at the corners of a square, in which they cleanse + themselves by rubbing their bodies with cedar branches. They also + swim in ponds. After swimming they cleave four small trees and + creep through the clefts, following the course of the sun. This + they do on four subsequent mornings, cleaving new trees every day. + Mourners cut their hair short. The hair that has been cut off is + burnt. If they should not observe these regulations, it is believed + that they would dream of the deceased.”</span><a id="noteref_481" + name="noteref_481" href="#note_481"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">481</span></span></a> To + the savage, who fails to distinguish the visions of sleep from the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page175">[pg 175]</span><a name= + "Pg175" id="Pg175" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> appearances of + waking life, the apparition of a dead man in a dream is equivalent + to the actual presence of the ghost; and accordingly he seeks to + keep off the spiritual intruder, just as he might a creature of + flesh and blood, by fencing his bed with thorn-bushes. Similarly + the practice of creeping through four cleft trees is clearly an + attempt to shake off the clinging ghost and leave it adhering to + the trees, just as in Nias the future priest hopes to rid himself + in like manner of the dangerous spirits who have dogged his steps + from the mountains and the graves.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The Madangs of Borneo creep + through a cleft stick after a funeral in order to rid + themselves of the ghost.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This + interpretation of the custom is strongly confirmed by a funeral + ceremony which Dr. Charles Hose witnessed at the chief village of + the Madangs, a tribe of Kayans who occupy a hitherto unexplored + district in the heart of Borneo. <span class="tei tei-q">“Just + across the river from where we were sitting,”</span> says Dr. Hose, + <span class="tei tei-q">“was the graveyard, and there I witnessed a + funeral procession as the day was drawing to a close. The coffin, + which was a wooden box made from a tree-trunk, was decorated with + red and black patterns in circles, with two small wooden figures of + men placed at either end; it was lashed with rattans to a long + pole, and by this means was lifted to the shoulders of the bearers, + who numbered thirteen in all, and who then carried it to the + burying-ground. After the mourners had all passed over to the + graveyard, a man quickly cut a couple of small sticks, each five + feet long and about an inch in diameter. One of these he split + almost the whole way down, and forced the unsplit end into the + ground, when the upper part opened like a V, leaving sufficient + room for each person to pass through. He next split the top of the + other stick, and, placing another short stick in the cleft, made a + cross, which he also forced into the ground. The funeral procession + climbed the mound on which the cemetery was situated, passing + through the V of the cleft stick in single file. As soon as the + coffin had been placed on the stage erected for the purpose, the + people commenced their return, following on one another's heels as + quickly as possible, each spitting out the words, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pit balli krat balli jat tesip + bertatip!</span></span>’</span> (<span class="tei tei-q">‘Keep + back, and close out all things evil, and sickness’</span>) as they + passed through the V-shaped stick. The whole party having + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page176">[pg 176]</span><a name= + "Pg176" id="Pg176" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> left the graveyard, + the gate was closed by the simple process of tying the cleft ends + of the stick together, and a few words were then said to the + cross-stick, which they call <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ngring</span></span>, or the wall that + separates the living from the dead. All who had taken part in the + ceremony then went and bathed before returning to their homes, + rubbing their skins with rough pebbles, the old Mosaic idea of the + uncleanness of the dead, as mentioned in Numbers (chap. xix.), + evidently finding a place among their religious beliefs. It is + apparently a great relief to their minds to think that they can + shut out the spirit of the deceased. They believe that the spirit + of the dead is not aware that life has left the body until a short + time after the coffin has been taken to the graveyard, and then not + until the spirit has had leisure to notice the clothes, weapons, + and other articles belonging to its earthly estate, which are + placed with the coffin. But before this takes place the gate has + been closed.”</span><a id="noteref_482" name="noteref_482" href= + "#note_482"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">482</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The cleft stick or tree through + which a person passes is a barrier to part him from a dangerous + foe; the closing of the cleft is like shutting the door in the + face of a pursuer. But combined with this in the case of + ruptured patients seems to be the idea that the rupture heals + sympathetically as the cleft in the tree closes. Analogous + Roman cure for dislocation.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here the words + uttered by the mourners in passing through the cloven stick shew + clearly that they believe the stick to act as a barrier or fence, + on the further side of which they leave behind the ghost or other + dangerous spirit whose successful pursuit might entail sickness and + death on the survivors. Thus the passage of these Madang mourners + through the cleft stick is strictly analogous to the passage of + ruptured English children through a cleft ash-tree. Both are simply + ways of leaving an evil thing behind. Similarly the subsequent + binding up of the cloven stick in Borneo is analogous to the + binding up of the cloven ash-tree in England. Both are ways of + barricading the road against the evil which is dogging your steps; + having passed through the doorway you slam the door in the face of + your pursuer. Yet it seems probable that the intention of binding + up the cleft in a tree through which a ruptured patient has been + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page177">[pg 177]</span><a name= + "Pg177" id="Pg177" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> passed is not merely + that of shutting the door on the malady conceived as a personal + being; combined with this idea is perhaps the notion that in virtue + of the law of magical homoeopathy the rupture in the body of the + sufferer will close up exactly in the same measure as the cleft in + the tree closes up through the force of bandages and of natural + growth. That this shade of meaning attaches to the custom is + rendered probable by a comparison of an ancient Roman cure for + dislocation, which has been preserved for us by the grave authority + of the elder Cato. He recommended that a green reed, four or five + feet long, should be taken, split down the middle, and held by two + men to the dislocated bones while a curious and now unintelligible + spell was recited; then, when the spell had been recited and the + aperture in the reed had closed, the reed was to be tied to the + dislocated limb, and a perfect cure might be expected. Apparently + it was supposed that just as the two sides of the split reed came + together and coalesced after being held apart, so the dislocated + bones would come together and fit into their proper places.<a id= + "noteref_483" name="noteref_483" href="#note_483"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">483</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Other examples of creeping through + narrow openings after a death.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the usual + idea in passing through a narrow aperture as a cure or preventive + of evil would seem to be simply that of giving the slip to a + dangerous pursuer. With this intention, doubtless, the savage Thays + of Tonquin repair after a burial to the banks of a stream and there + creep through a triangle formed by leaning two reeds against each + other, while the sorcerer souses them with dirty water. All the + relations of the deceased must wash their garments in the stream + before they return home, and they may not set foot in the house + till they have shorn their hair <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page178">[pg 178]</span><a name="Pg178" id="Pg178" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> at the foot of the ladder. Afterwards the + sorcerer comes and sprinkles the whole house with water for the + purpose of expelling evil spirits.<a id="noteref_484" name= + "noteref_484" href="#note_484"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">484</span></span></a> Here + again we cannot doubt that the creeping through the triangle of + reeds is intended to rid the mourners of the troublesome ghost. So + when the Kamtchatkans had disposed of a corpse after their usual + fashion by throwing it to the dogs to be devoured, they purified + themselves as follows. They went into the forest and cut various + roots which they bent into rings, and through these rings they + crept twice. Afterwards they carried the rings back to the forest + and flung them away westward. The Koryaks, a people of the same + region, burn their dead and hold a festival in honour of the + departed a year after the death. At this festival, which takes + place on the spot where the corpse was burned, or, if that is too + far off, on a neighbouring height, they sacrifice two young + reindeer which have never been in harness, and the sorcerer sticks + a great many reindeer horns in the earth, believing that thereby he + is dispatching a whole herd of these animals to their deceased + friend in the other world. Then they all hasten home, and purify + themselves by passing between two poles planted in the ground, + while the sorcerer strikes them with a stick and adjures death not + to carry them off.<a id="noteref_485" name="noteref_485" href= + "#note_485"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">485</span></span></a> The + Tokoelawi in the interior of Central Celebes hold a great + sacrificial festival on the eighth day after the death of a man or + the ninth day after the death of a woman. When the guests return + homewards after the festival they pass under two poles placed in a + slanting direction against each other, and they may not look round + at the house where the death occurred. <span class="tei tei-q">“In + this way they take a final leave of the soul of the deceased. + Afterwards no more sacrifices are offered to the + soul.”</span><a id="noteref_486" name="noteref_486" href= + "#note_486"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">486</span></span></a> Among + the Toboengkoe, another tribe in the interior of Central Celebes, + when a man buries his wife, he goes to the grave by a different + road from that along which <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page179">[pg 179]</span><a name="Pg179" id="Pg179" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the corpse is carried; and on certain days + afterwards he bathes, and on returning from the bath must pass + through a teepee-shaped erection, which is formed by splitting a + pole up the middle and separating the two split pieces except at + the top. <span class="tei tei-q">“This he must do in order that his + second wife, if he has one, may not soon die.”</span><a id= + "noteref_487" name="noteref_487" href="#note_487"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">487</span></span></a> Here + the notion probably is that the jealous ghost of the dead wife + seeks to avenge herself on her living rival by carrying off her + soul with her to deadland. Hence to prevent this catastrophe the + husband tries to evade the ghost, first by going to the grave along + a different path, and second by passing under a cleft stick, + through which as usual the spirit cannot follow him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The intention of the custom + probably is to escape from the ghost of the dead.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the light of + the foregoing customs, as well as of a multitude of ceremonies + observed for a similar purpose in all parts of the world,<a id= + "noteref_488" name="noteref_488" href="#note_488"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">488</span></span></a> we + may safely assume that when people creep through rings after a + death or pass between poles after a sacrifice to the dead, their + intention simply is to interpose a barrier between themselves and + the ghost; they make their way through a narrow pass or aperture + through which they hope that the ghost will not be able to follow + them. To put it otherwise, they conceive that the spirit of the + dead is sticking to them like a burr, and that like a burr it may + be rubbed or scraped off and left adhering to the sides of the + opening through which they have squeezed themselves.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Passing through an archway in + order to escape from demons. Crawling under an arch of bramble + as a cure for various maladies. Crawling under arches of + various sorts as a cure or preventive of sickness.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Similarly, when + a pestilence is raging among the Koryaks, they kill a dog, wind its + guts about two poles, and pass between the poles,<a id= + "noteref_489" name="noteref_489" href="#note_489"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">489</span></span></a> + doubtless for the sake of giving the slip to the demon of the + plague in the same way that they give the slip to the ghost. When + the Kayans of Borneo have been dogged by an evil spirit on a + journey and are nearing their destination, they fashion a small + archway of boughs, light a fire under it, and pass in single file + under the archway and over the fire, spitting into the fire as they + pass. By this ceremony, we are told, <span class="tei tei-q">“they + thoroughly exorcise the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg + 180]</span><a name="Pg180" id="Pg180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + evil spirits and emerge on the other side free from all baleful + influences.”</span><a id="noteref_490" name="noteref_490" href= + "#note_490"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">490</span></span></a> Here, + to make assurance doubly sure, a fire as well as an archway is + interposed between the travellers and the dreadful beings who are + walking unseen behind. To crawl under a bramble which has formed an + arch by sending down a second root into the ground, is an English + and Welsh cure for whooping-cough, rheumatism, boils, and other + complaints. In some parts of the west of England they say that to + get rid of boils the thing to do is to crawl through such a natural + arch nine times against the sun; but in Devonshire the patient + should creep through the arch thrice with the sun, that is from + east to west. When a child is passed through it for whooping-cough, + the operators ought to say:</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">In bramble, out + cough,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Here I leave the + whooping-cough.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_491" name= + "noteref_491" href="#note_491"><span class="tei tei-noteref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">491</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Perigord and + other parts of France the same cure is employed for boils.<a id= + "noteref_492" name="noteref_492" href="#note_492"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">492</span></span></a> In + Bulgaria, when a person suffers from a congenital malady such as + scrofula, a popular cure is to take him to a neighbouring village + and there make him creep naked thrice through an arch, which is + formed by inserting the lower ends of two vine branches in the + ground and joining their upper ends together. When he has done so, + he hangs his clothes on a tree, and dons other garments. On his way + home the patient must also crawl under a ploughshare, which is held + high enough to let him pass.<a id="noteref_493" name="noteref_493" + href="#note_493"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">493</span></span></a> + Further, when <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page181">[pg + 181]</span><a name="Pg181" id="Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + whooping-cough is prevalent in a Bulgarian village, an old woman + will scrape the earth from under the root of a willow-tree. Then + all the children of the village creep through the opening thus + made, and a thread from the garment of each of them is hung on the + willow. Adults sometimes go through the same ceremony after + recovering from a dangerous illness.<a id="noteref_494" name= + "noteref_494" href="#note_494"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">494</span></span></a> + Similarly, when sickness is rife among some of the villages to the + east of Lake Nyassa, the inhabitants crawl through an arch formed + by bending a wand and inserting the two ends in the ground. By way + of further precaution they wash themselves on the spot with + medicine and water, and then bury the medicine and the evil + influence together in the earth. The same ceremony is resorted to + as a means of keeping off evil spirits, wild beasts, and + enemies.<a id="noteref_495" name="noteref_495" href= + "#note_495"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">495</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Custom in Uganda of causing a sick + man to pass through a cleft stick or a narrow opening in the + doorway.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Uganda + <span class="tei tei-q">“sometimes a medicine-man directed a sick + man to provide an animal, promising that he would come and transfer + the sickness to the animal. The medicine-man would then select a + plantain-tree near the house, kill the animal by it, and anoint the + sick man with its blood, on his forehead, on each side of his + chest, and on his legs above the knees. The plantain-tree selected + had to be one that was about to bear fruit, and the medicine-man + would split the stem from near the top to near the bottom, leaving + a few inches not split both at the top and at the bottom; the split + stem would be held open so that the sick man could step through it, + and in doing so he would leave his clothing at the plantain-tree, + and would run into the house without looking back. When he entered + the house, new clothes would be given him to wear. The plantain, + the clothing, and meat would be carried away by the medicine-man, + who would deposit the plantain-tree on waste land, but would take + the meat and clothing for himself. Sometimes the medicine-man would + kill the animal near the hut, lay a stout stick across the + threshold, and narrow the doorway by partially filling it with + branches of trees; he would then put some of the blood on either + side of the narrow entrance, and some on the stick across the + threshold, and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page182">[pg + 182]</span><a name="Pg182" id="Pg182" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + would also anoint with it the sick man, who would be taken outside + for the purpose. The patient would then re-enter the house, letting + his clothing fall off, as he passed through the doorway. The + medicine-man would carry away the branches, the stick, the + clothing, and the meat. The branches and the stick he would cast + upon waste land, but the meat and the clothing he would keep for + himself.”</span><a id="noteref_496" name="noteref_496" href= + "#note_496"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">496</span></span></a> Here + the notion of transferring the sickness to the animal is plainly + combined with, we may almost say overshadowed by the notion that + the ailment is left behind adhering to the cleft plantain-stem or + to the stick and branches of the narrow opening through which the + patient has made his way. That obviously is why the plantain-stem + or the stick and branches are thrown away on waste land, lest they + should infect other people with the sickness which has been + transferred to them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Similar custom practised by the + Kai of New Guinea and the Looboos of Sumatra for the purpose of + giving the slip to spiritual pursuers.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Kai of + German New Guinea attribute sickness to the agency either of ghosts + or of sorcerers, but suspicion always falls at first on ghosts, who + are deemed even worse than the sorcerers. To cure a sick man they + will sometimes cleave a stick in the middle, leaving the two ends + intact, and then oblige the sufferer to insert his head through the + cleft. After that they stroke his whole body with the stick from + head to foot. <span class="tei tei-q">“The stick with the + soul-stuff of the ghosts is then hurled away or otherwise + destroyed, whereupon the sick man is supposed to + recover.”</span><a id="noteref_497" name="noteref_497" href= + "#note_497"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">497</span></span></a> Here + the ghosts who cause the sickness are clearly supposed to be + scraped from the patient's body by means of the cleft stick, and to + be thrown away or destroyed with the implement. The Looboos, a + primitive tribe in the Mandailing district of Sumatra, stand in + great fear of the wandering spirits of the dead (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">soemangots</span></span>). But <span class= + "tei tei-q">“they know all sorts of means of protecting themselves + against the unwelcome visits of the spirits. For example, if a man + has lost his way in the forest, he thinks that this is the work of + such a spirit (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">soemangot</span></span>), who dogs the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page183">[pg 183]</span><a name= + "Pg183" id="Pg183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> wanderer and bedims + his sight. So in order to throw the malignant spirit off the track + he takes a rattan and splits it through the middle. By bending the + rattan an opening is made, through which he creeps. After that the + rattan is quickly stretched and the opening closes. By this + procedure the spirit (so they think) cannot find the opening again + and so cannot further follow his victim.”</span><a id="noteref_498" + name="noteref_498" href="#note_498"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">498</span></span></a> Here + therefore, the passage through a cleft stick is conceived in the + clearest way as an escape from a spiritual pursuer, and the closing + of the aperture when the fugitive has passed through it is nothing + but the slamming of the door in the face of his invisible foe.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Passing through cleft sticks in + connexion with puberty and circumcision.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A similar + significance is probably to be attached to other cases of + ceremonially passing through a cleft stick even where the intention + of the rite is not expressly alleged. Thus among the Ovambo of + German South-West Africa young women who have become marriageable + perform a variety of ceremonies; among other things they dance in + the large and the small cattle-kraal. On quitting the large + cattle-kraal after the dance, and on entering and quitting the + small cattle-kraal, they are obliged to pass, one after the other, + through the fork of a cleft stick, of which the two sides are held + wide open by an old man.<a id="noteref_499" name="noteref_499" + href="#note_499"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">499</span></span></a> Among + the Washamba of German East Africa, when a boy has been + circumcised, two women bring a long sugar-cane, which still bears + its leaves. The cane is split at some distance from its upper and + lower ends and the two sides are held apart so as to form a cleft + or opening; at the lower end of the cleft a <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">danga</span></span> ring is fastened. The + father and mother of the circumcised youth now place the sugar-cane + between them, touch the ring with their feet, and then slip through + the cleft; and after them the lad's aunt must also pass through the + cleft sugar-cane.<a id="noteref_500" name="noteref_500" href= + "#note_500"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">500</span></span></a> In + both these cases the passage through the cleft stick is probably + intended to give <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg + 184]</span><a name="Pg184" id="Pg184" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the slip to certain dangerous spirits, which are apt to molest + people at such critical seasons as puberty and circumcision.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Crawling through a ring or hoop as + a cure or preventive of disease. Passing sheep through a hoop + of rowan. Milking a cow through a natural wooden ring or + a</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 80%">“</span><span style="font-size: 80%">witch's + nest.</span><span style= + "font-size: 80%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 80%">Passing sick persons or animals through a ring + of yarn. Passing diseased children through a coil. Passing + through a hemlock ring during an epidemic. Passing through a + ring of red-hot iron to escape an evil spirit.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Again, the + passage through a ring or hoop is resorted to for like reasons as a + mode of curing or preventing disease. Thus in Sweden, when a + natural ring has been found in a tree, it is carefully removed and + treasured in the family; for sick and especially rickety children + are healed by merely passing through it.<a id="noteref_501" name= + "noteref_501" href="#note_501"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">501</span></span></a> A + young married woman in Sweden, who suffered from an infirmity, was + advised by a wise woman to steal three branches of willow, make + them into a hoop, and creep through it naked, taking care not to + touch the hoop and to keep perfectly silent. The hoop was + afterwards to be burnt. She carried out the prescription + faithfully, and her faith was rewarded by a perfect cure.<a id= + "noteref_502" name="noteref_502" href="#note_502"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">502</span></span></a> No + doubt her infirmity was thought to adhere to the hoop and to be + burnt with it. Similarly in Scotland children who suffered from + hectic fever and consumptive patients used to be healed by passing + thrice through a circular wreath of woodbine, which was cut during + the increase of the March moon and was let down over the body of + the sufferer from the head to the feet. Thus Jonet Stewart cured + sundry women by <span class="tei tei-q">“taking ane garland of + grene woodbynd, and causing the patient pas thryis throw it, quhilk + thairefter scho cut in nyne pieces, and cast in the fyre.”</span> + Another wise woman transmitted the sick <span class= + "tei tei-q">“throw are girth of woodbind thryis thre times, saying, + <span class="tei tei-q">‘I do this in name of the Father, the Sone, + and the Halie Ghaist.’</span> ”</span><a id="noteref_503" name= + "noteref_503" href="#note_503"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">503</span></span></a> The + Highlanders of Strathspey used to force all their sheep and lambs + to pass through a hoop of rowan-tree on All Saints' Day and Beltane + (the first of November and the first of May),<a id="noteref_504" + name="noteref_504" href="#note_504"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">504</span></span></a> + probably as a means of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page185">[pg + 185]</span><a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + warding off the witches and fairies, who are especially dreaded at + these seasons, and against whose malignant arts the rowan-tree + affords an efficient protection. In Oldenburg when a cow gives + little or no milk, they milk her through a hole in a branch. In + Eversten they say that this should be done through a ring which an + oak-tree has formed round the scar where a branch has been sawn + off. Others say the beast should be milked through a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“witch's nest,”</span> that is, through the boughs of a + birch-tree which have grown in a tangle. Such a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“witch's nest”</span> is also hung up in a pig's stye + to protect the pig against witchcraft.<a id="noteref_505" name= + "noteref_505" href="#note_505"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">505</span></span></a> Hence + the aim of milking a cow through a <span class="tei tei-q">“witch's + nest”</span> or through a natural wooden ring is no doubt to + deliver the poor creature from an artful witch who has been + draining away the milk into her own pail, as witches are too apt to + do. Again, in Oldenburg sick children, and also adults and animals, + are passed through a ring of rough unwashed yarn, just as it comes + from the reel. To complete the cure you should throw a hot coal + thrice through the ring, then spit through it thrice, and finally + bury the yarn under a stone, where you leave it to rot. The writer + who reports these remedies explains them as intended to strip the + witchcraft, as you might say, from the bodies of the victims, + whether human or animal, on whom the witch has cast her + spell.<a id="noteref_506" name="noteref_506" href= + "#note_506"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">506</span></span></a> Among + the Lushais of Assam <span class="tei tei-q">“five to ten days + after the child is born its body is said to be covered with small + pimples, its lips become black and its strength decreases. The + family then obtain a particular kind of creeping plant called + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">vawm</span></span>, which they make into a + coil. In the evening everything in the house that has a lid or + covering is uncovered, and the child is thrice passed through this + coil, which act is supposed to clear the <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page186">[pg 186]</span><a name="Pg186" id="Pg186" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> child's skin and restore its strength. After + this is finished, the parents go to bed and the pots or other + receptacles are covered again by any of the other members of the + family. The parents themselves must not replace any of these lids + for fear that they might shut up the spirit of the child in + them.”</span><a id="noteref_507" name="noteref_507" href= + "#note_507"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">507</span></span></a> When + the Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia fear the outbreak of an + epidemic, a medicine-man takes a large ring of hemlock branches and + causes every member of the tribe to pass through it. Each person + puts his head through the ring and then moves the ring downwards + over his body till it has almost reached his feet, when he steps + out of it, right foot first. They think that this prevents the + epidemic from breaking out.<a id="noteref_508" name="noteref_508" + href="#note_508"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">508</span></span></a> In + Asia Minor, <span class="tei tei-q">“if a person is believed to be + possessed by an evil spirit, one form of treatment is to heat an + iron-chain red-hot, form it into a ring and pass the afflicted + person through the opening, on the theory that the evil spirit + cannot pass the hot chain, and so is torn from his victim and left + behind.”</span><a id="noteref_509" name="noteref_509" href= + "#note_509"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">509</span></span></a> Here + the intention of the passage through the aperture is avowedly to + shake off a spiritual pursuer, who is deterred from further pursuit + not only by the narrowness of the opening but by the risk of + burning himself in the attempt to make his way through it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Crawling through holed stones as a + cure in Scotland and Cornwall.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But if the + intention of these ceremonies is essentially to rid the performer + of some harmful thing, whether a disease or a ghost or a demon, + which is supposed to be clinging to him, we should expect to find + that any narrow hole or opening would serve the purpose as well as + a cleft tree or stick, an arch or ring of boughs, or a couple of + posts fixed in the ground. And this expectation is not + disappointed. On the coast of Morven and Mull thin ledges of rock + may be seen pierced with large holes near the sea. Consumptive + people used to be brought thither, and after the tops of nine + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page187">[pg 187]</span><a name= + "Pg187" id="Pg187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> waves had been + caught in a dish and thrown on the patient's head, he was made to + pass through one of the rifted rocks thrice in the direction of the + sun.<a id="noteref_510" name="noteref_510" href= + "#note_510"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">510</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“On the farm of Crossapol in Coll there is + a stone called <span lang="gd" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "gd"><span style="font-style: italic">Clach Thuill</span></span>, + that is, the Hole Stone, through which persons suffering from + consumption were made to pass three times in the name of the + Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. They took meat with them each time, + and left some on the stone. The bird that took the food away had + the consumption laid upon it. Similar stones, under which the + patient can creep, were made use of in other islands.”</span><a id= + "noteref_511" name="noteref_511" href="#note_511"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">511</span></span></a> Here + it is manifest that the patient left his disease behind him on the + stone, since the bird which carried off the food from the stone + caught the disease. In the Aberdeenshire river Dee, at Cambus o' + May, near Ballater, there is a rock with a hole in it large enough + to let a person pass through. Legend runs that childless women used + to wade out to the stone and squeeze themselves through the hole. + It is said that a certain noble lady tried the effect of the charm + not very many years ago with indifferent success.<a id= + "noteref_512" name="noteref_512" href="#note_512"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">512</span></span></a> In + the parish of Madern in Cornwall, near the village of Lanyon, there + is a perforated stone called the <span lang="kw" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="kw"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mên-an-tol</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“holed stone,”</span> through which people formerly + crept as a remedy for pains in the back and limbs; and at certain + times of the year parents drew their children through the hole to + cure them of the rickets.<a id="noteref_513" name="noteref_513" + href="#note_513"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">513</span></span></a> The + passage through the stone was also deemed a cure for scrofula, + provided it was made against the sun and repeated three times or + three times three.<a id="noteref_514" name="noteref_514" href= + "#note_514"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">514</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Crawling through holed stones as a + cure in France.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Near the little + town of Dourgne, not far from Castres, in Southern France, there is + a mountain, and on the top of the mountain is a tableland, where a + number of large stones may be seen planted in the ground about a + cross and rising to a height of two to five feet above the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page188">[pg 188]</span><a name= + "Pg188" id="Pg188" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ground. Almost all + of them are pierced with holes of different sizes. From time + immemorial people used to assemble at Dourgne and the neighbourhood + every year on the sixth of August, the festival of St. Estapin. The + palsied, the lame, the blind, the sick of all sorts, flocked + thither to seek and find a cure for their various infirmities. Very + early in the morning they set out from the villages where they had + lodged or from the meadows where for want of better accommodation + they had been forced to pass the night, and went on pilgrimage to + the chapel of St. Estapin, which stands in a gorge at the southern + foot of the mountain. Having gone nine times in procession round + the chapel, they hobbled, limped, or crawled to the tableland on + the top of the mountain. There each of them chose a stone with a + hole of the requisite size and thrust his ailing member through the + hole. For there are holes to suit every complaint; some for the + head, some for the arm, some for the leg, and so on. Having + performed this simple ceremony they were cured; the lame walked, + the blind saw, the palsied recovered the use of their limbs, and so + on. The chapel of the saint is adorned with the crutches and other + artificial aids, now wholly superfluous, which the joyful pilgrims + left behind them in token of their gratitude and devotion.<a id= + "noteref_515" name="noteref_515" href="#note_515"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">515</span></span></a> About + two miles from Gisors, in the French department of Oise, there is a + dolmen called Trie or Trie- Chateau, consisting of three upright + stones with a fourth and larger stone laid horizontally on their + tops. The stone which forms the back wall of the dolmen is pierced + about the middle by an irregularly shaped hole, through which the + people of the neighbourhood used from time immemorial to pass their + sickly children in the firm belief that the passage through the + stone would restore them to health.<a id="noteref_516" name= + "noteref_516" href="#note_516"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">516</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Crawling through holed stones as a + cure in Bavaria, Austria, and Greece.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the church of + St. Corona at the village of Koppenwal, in Lower Bavaria, there is + a hole in the stone on which the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page189">[pg 189]</span><a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> altar rests. Through this hole, while service + was going on, the peasants used to creep, believing that having + done so they would not suffer from pains in their back at + harvest.<a id="noteref_517" name="noteref_517" href= + "#note_517"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">517</span></span></a> In + the crypt of the old cathedral at Freising in Bavaria there is a + tomb which is reputed to contain the relics of St. Nonnosius. + Between a pillar of the tomb and the wall there is a narrow + opening, through which persons afflicted with pains in the back + creep in order to obtain thereby some mitigation of their + pangs.<a id="noteref_518" name="noteref_518" href= + "#note_518"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">518</span></span></a> In + Upper Austria, above the Lake of Aber, which is a sheet of + dark-green water nestling among wooded mountains, there stands the + Falkenstein chapel of St. Wolfgang built close to the face of a + cliff that rises from a little green dale. A staircase leads up + from the chapel to a narrow, dark, dripping cleft in the rock, + through which pilgrims creep in a stooping posture <span class= + "tei tei-q">“in the belief that they can strip off their bodily + sufferings or sins on the face of the rock.”</span><a id= + "noteref_519" name="noteref_519" href="#note_519"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">519</span></span></a> Women + with child also crawl through the hole, hoping thus to obtain an + easy delivery.<a id="noteref_520" name="noteref_520" href= + "#note_520"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">520</span></span></a> In + the Greek island of Cythnos, when a child is sickly, the mother + will take it to a hole in a rock about half an hour distant from + Messaria. There she strips the child naked and pushes it through + the hole in the rock, afterwards throwing away the old garments and + clothing the child in new ones.<a id="noteref_521" name= + "noteref_521" href="#note_521"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">521</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Crawling through holed stones as a + cure in Asia Minor. Passing through various narrow openings as + a cure or preventive in India and Ireland.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Near Everek, on + the site of the ancient Caesarea in Asia Minor, there is a rifted + rock through which persons pass to rid themselves of a cough.<a id= + "noteref_522" name="noteref_522" href="#note_522"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">522</span></span></a> A + writer well acquainted with Asia Minor has described how he visited + <span class="tei tei-q">“a well-known pool of water tucked away in + a beautiful nook high up among the Anatolian mountains, and with a + wide reputation for sanctity and healing powers. We arrived just as + the last of a flock of three hundred sheep were being passed + through a peculiar hole in the thin ledge of a huge rock to deliver + them from a disease of the liver supposed to prevent the proper + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page190">[pg 190]</span><a name= + "Pg190" id="Pg190" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> laying on of + fat.”</span><a id="noteref_523" name="noteref_523" href= + "#note_523"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">523</span></span></a> Among + the Kawars of the Central Provinces in India a man who suffers from + intermittent fever will try to cure it by walking through a narrow + passage between two houses.<a id="noteref_524" name="noteref_524" + href="#note_524"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">524</span></span></a> In a + ruined church of St. Brandon, about ten miles from Dingle, in the + west of Ireland, there is a narrow window, through which sick women + pass thrice in order to be cured.<a id="noteref_525" name= + "noteref_525" href="#note_525"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">525</span></span></a> The + Hindoos of the Punjaub think that the birth of a son after three + girls is unlucky for the parents, and in order to avert the + ill-luck they resort to a number of devices. Amongst other things + they break the centre of a bronze plate and remove all but the rim; + then they pass the luckless child through the bronze rim. Moreover, + they make an opening in the roof of the room where the birth took + place, and then pull the infant out through the opening; and + further they pass the child under the sill of the door.<a id= + "noteref_526" name="noteref_526" href="#note_526"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">526</span></span></a> By + these passages through narrow apertures they apparently hope to rid + the child of the ill-luck which is either pursuing it or sticking + to it like a burr. For in this case, as in many similar ones, it + might be hard to say whether the riddance is conceived as an escape + from the pursuit of a maleficent spirit or as the abrasion of a + dangerous substance which adheres to the person of the + sufferer.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Crawling through holes in the + ground as a cure for disease. Passing through the yoke of a + chariot as a cure for skin disease.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another way of + ridding man and beast of the clinging infection of disease is to + pass them through a hole dug in the ground. This mode of cure was + practised in Europe during the Middle Ages, and has survived in + Denmark down to modern times. In a sermon preached by St. Eloi, + Bishop of Noyon, in the sixth century, he forbade the faithful to + practise lustrations and to drive their sheep through hollow trees + and holes in the earth, <span class="tei tei-q">“because by this + they seem to consecrate them to the devil.”</span><a id= + "noteref_527" name="noteref_527" href="#note_527"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">527</span></span></a> + Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, who died in 690 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>, decreed that + <span class="tei tei-q">“if any one for the health of his little + son shall pass through a hole in the ground and then close it + behind him with thorns, let him <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page191">[pg 191]</span><a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> do penance for eleven days on bread and + water.”</span><a id="noteref_528" name="noteref_528" href= + "#note_528"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">528</span></span></a> Here + the closing of the hole with thorns after the patient or his + representative has passed through is plainly intended to barricade + the narrow way against the pursuit of sickness personified as a + demon; hence it confirms the general interpretation here given of + these customs. Again, Burchard, Bishop of Worms, who died in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 1025, repeated the + same condemnation: <span class="tei tei-q">“Hast thou done what + certain women are wont to do? I mean those who have squalling + babes; they dig the earth and pierce it, and through that hole they + drag the babe, and they say that thus the squalling babe ceases to + squall. If thou has done this or consented unto it, thou shalt do + penance for fifteen days on bread and water.”</span><a id= + "noteref_529" name="noteref_529" href="#note_529"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">529</span></span></a> At + Fünen in Denmark, as late as the latter part of the nineteenth + century, a cure for childish ailments was to dig up several sods, + arrange them so as to form a hole, and then to pass the sick child + through it.<a id="noteref_530" name="noteref_530" href= + "#note_530"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">530</span></span></a> A + simplified form of this cure is adopted in Jutland. At twelve + o'clock on a Thursday night you go to a churchyard, dig up a + circular piece of turf, and make a hole in it large enough to + permit the passage through it of your infant progeny. Taking the + sod with you, go home, salute nobody on the way, and speak to + nobody. On getting to your house, take the child and pass it thrice + through the turf from right to left; then take the turf back to the + churchyard and replace it in position. If the turf takes root and + grows afresh, the child will recover; but if the turf withers, + there is no hope. Elsewhere it is at the hour of sunset rather than + of midnight that people cut the turf in the churchyard. The same + cure is applied to cattle which have been bewitched; though + naturally in that case you must cut a much bigger turf and make a + much bigger hole in it to let a horse or a cow through than is + necessary for an infant.<a id="noteref_531" name="noteref_531" + href="#note_531"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">531</span></span></a> Here, + again, the conception of a sympathetic relation, established + between <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page192">[pg + 192]</span><a name="Pg192" id="Pg192" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the sufferer and the thing which has rid him of his ailment, comes + out clearly in the belief, that if the turf through which the child + has been passed thrives, the child will thrive also, but that if + the turf withers, the child will die. Among the Corannas, a people + of the Hottentot race on the Orange River, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“when a child recovers from a dangerous illness, a + trench is dug in the ground, across the middle of which an arch is + thrown, and an ox made to stand upon it; the child is then dragged + under the arch. After this ceremony the animal is killed, and eaten + by married people who have children, none else being permitted to + participate of the feast.”</span><a id="noteref_532" name= + "noteref_532" href="#note_532"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">532</span></span></a> Here + the attempt to leave the sickness behind in the hole, which is + probably the essence of the ceremony, may perhaps be combined with + an endeavour to impart to the child the strength and vigour of the + animal. Ancient India seems also to have been familiar with the + same primitive notion that sickness could, as it were, be stripped + off the person of the sufferer by passing him through a narrow + aperture; for in the Rigveda it is said that Indra cured Apala of a + disease of the skin by drawing her through the yoke of the chariot; + <span class="tei tei-q">“thus the god made her to have a golden + skin, purifying her thrice.”</span><a id="noteref_533" name= + "noteref_533" href="#note_533"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">533</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page193">[pg 193]</span><a name="Pg193" id="Pg193" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Passing under a yoke or arch as a + rite of initiation.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the small + village of Damun, on the Kabenau river, in German New Guinea, a + traveller witnessed the natives performing a ceremony of + initiation, of which the following rite formed part. The candidates + for initiation, six in number, were boys and lads of various ages + from about four years of age to sixteen or seventeen. The company + betook themselves to the bed of a small stream, where at the end of + a gully a hollow in the rocks formed a natural basin. At the + entrance to the gully a sort of yoke, so the traveller calls it, + was erected by means of some poles, and from the cross-piece plants + were hung so as to make an arch. One of the men took up his station + in front of the arch, and as each candidate came up, the man seized + him, spat on his breast and back a clot of red spittle, and gave + him several severe blows with the stock of a plant. After that the + candidate, who had previously stripped himself naked, passed under + the leafy arch and bathed in the rocky pool at the other end of the + gully. All the time that this solemnity was proceeding another man + sat perched on a neighbouring rock, beating a drum and singing. + Only men took part in the ceremony.<a id="noteref_534" name= + "noteref_534" href="#note_534"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">534</span></span></a> + Though no explanation of the ceremony is given by the observer who + witnessed it, we may suppose that by passing under the yoke or arch + the novices were supposed to rid themselves of certain evil + influences, whether conceived as spiritual or not, which they left + behind them on the further side of the barrier. This interpretation + is confirmed by the bath which each candidate took immediately + afterwards. In short the whole purpose of the rite would seem to + have been purificatory.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The ancient Roman custom of + passing enemies under a yoke was probably in origin a ceremony + of purification rather than of degradation.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With the + preceding examples before us, it seems worth while to ask whether + the ancient Italian practice of making conquered enemies to pass + under a yoke may not in its <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page194">[pg 194]</span><a name="Pg194" id="Pg194" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> origin have been a purificatory ceremony, + designed to rid the foe of some uncanny powers before dismissing + him to his home. For apparently the ceremony was only observed with + prisoners who were about to be released;<a id="noteref_535" name= + "noteref_535" href="#note_535"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">535</span></span></a> had + it been a mere mark of ignominy, there seems to be no reason why it + should not have been inflicted also on men who were doomed to die. + This conjectural explanation of the ceremony is confirmed by the + tradition that the Roman Horatius was similarly obliged by his + fellow-countrymen to pass under a yoke as a form of purification + for the murder of his sister. The yoke by passing under which he + cleansed himself from his sister's blood was still to be seen in + Rome when Livy was writing his history under the emperor Augustus. + It was an ancient wooden beam spanning a narrow lane in an old + quarter of the city, the two ends of the beam being built into the + masonry of the walls on either side; it went by the name of the + Sister's Beam, and whenever the wood decayed and threatened to + fall, the venerable monument, which carried back the thoughts of + passers-by to the kingly age of Rome, was repaired at the public + expense.<a id="noteref_536" name="noteref_536" href= + "#note_536"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">536</span></span></a> If + our interpretation of these customs is right, it was the ghost of + his murdered sister whom the Roman hero gave the slip to by passing + under the yoke; and it may have been the angry ghosts of + slaughtered <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page195">[pg + 195]</span><a name="Pg195" id="Pg195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Romans from whom the enemy's soldiers were believed to be delivered + when they marched under the yoke before being dismissed by their + merciful conquerors to their homes.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Similarly the passage of a + victorious Roman army under a triumphal arch may have been + intended to purify the men from the stain of bloodshed by + interposing a barrier between the slayers and the angry ghosts + of the slain.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a former part + of this work we saw that homicides in general and victorious + warriors in particular are often obliged to perform a variety of + ceremonies for the purpose of ridding them of the dangerous ghosts + of their victims.<a id="noteref_537" name="noteref_537" href= + "#note_537"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">537</span></span></a> If + the ceremony of passing under the yoke was primarily designed, as I + have suggested, to free the soldiers from the angry ghosts of the + men whom they had slain, we should expect to find that the + victorious Romans themselves observed a similar ceremony after a + battle for a similar purpose. Was this the original meaning of + passing under a triumphal arch? In other words, may not the + triumphal arch have been for the victors what the yoke was for the + vanquished, a barrier to protect them against the pursuit of the + spirits of the slain? That the Romans felt the need of purification + from the taint of bloodshed after a battle appears from the opinion + of Masurius, mentioned by Pliny, that the laurel worn by soldiers + in a triumphal procession was intended to purge them from the + slaughter of the enemy.<a id="noteref_538" name="noteref_538" href= + "#note_538"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">538</span></span></a> A + special gate, the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Porta + Triumphalis</span></span>, was reserved for the entrance of a + victorious army into Rome;<a id="noteref_539" name="noteref_539" + href="#note_539"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">539</span></span></a> and + it would be in accordance with ancient religious views if this + distinction was originally not so much an honour conferred as a + precaution enforced to prevent the ordinary gates from being + polluted by the passage of thousands of blood-guilty men.<a id= + "noteref_540" name="noteref_540" href="#note_540"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">540</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page196">[pg 196]</span><a name= + "Pg196" id="Pg196" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc25" id="toc25"></a> <a name="pdf26" id="pdf26"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 3. The External Soul in + Animals.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Belief in a sympathetic relation + between a man and an animal such that the fate of the one + depends on that of the other. The external souls of Yakut + shamans in animals. Sympathetic relation between witches and + hares.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But in practice, + as in folk-tales, it is not merely with inanimate objects and + plants that a person is occasionally believed to be united by a + bond of physical sympathy. The same bond, it is supposed, may exist + between a man and an animal, so that the welfare of the one depends + on the welfare of the other, and when the animal dies the man dies + also. The analogy between the custom and the tales is all the + closer because in both of them the power of thus removing the soul + from the body and stowing it away in an animal is often a special + privilege of wizards and witches. Thus the Yakuts of Siberia + believe that every shaman or wizard keeps his soul, or one of his + souls, incarnate in an animal which is carefully concealed from all + the world. <span class="tei tei-q">“Nobody can find my external + soul,”</span> said one famous wizard, <span class="tei tei-q">“it + lies hidden far away in the stony mountains of Edzhigansk.”</span> + Only once a year, when the last snows melt and the earth turns + black, do these external souls of wizards appear in the shape of + animals among the dwellings of men. They wander everywhere, yet + none but wizards can see them. The strong ones sweep roaring and + noisily along, the weak steal about quietly and furtively. Often + they fight, and then the wizard whose external soul is beaten, + falls ill or dies. The weakest and most cowardly wizards are they + whose souls are incarnate in the shape of dogs, for the dog gives + his human double no peace, but gnaws his heart and tears his body. + The most powerful wizards are they whose external souls have the + shape of stallions, elks, black bears, eagles, or boars. Again, the + Samoyeds of the Turukhinsk region hold that every shaman has a + familiar spirit in the shape of a boar, which he leads about by a + magic belt. On the death of the boar the shaman himself dies; and + stories are told of battles between <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page197">[pg 197]</span><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> wizards, who send their spirits to fight + before they encounter each other in person.<a id="noteref_541" + name="noteref_541" href="#note_541"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">541</span></span></a> In + Yorkshire witches are thought to stand in such peculiarly close + relations to hares, that if a particular hare is killed or wounded, + a certain witch will at the same moment be killed or receive a hurt + in her body exactly corresponding to the wound in the hare.<a id= + "noteref_542" name="noteref_542" href="#note_542"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">542</span></span></a> + However, this fancy is probably a case of the general European + belief that witches have the power of temporarily transforming + themselves into certain animals, particularly hares and cats, and + that any hurts inflicted on such transformed animals are felt by + the witches who are concealed in the animals.<a id="noteref_543" + name="noteref_543" href="#note_543"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">543</span></span></a> But + the notion that a person can temporarily transform himself into an + animal differs from the notion that he can deposit his soul for a + longer or shorter period in an animal, while he himself retains the + human form; though in the cloudy mind of the peasant and the savage + the two ideas may not always be sharply distinguished. The Malays + believe that <span class="tei tei-q">“the soul of a person may pass + into another person or into an animal, or rather that such a + mysterious relation can arise between the two that the fate of the + one is wholly dependent on that of the other.”</span><a id= + "noteref_544" name="noteref_544" href="#note_544"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">544</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Melanesian conception of + the</span> <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">tamaniu</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">, + a person's external soul lodged in an animal or other + object.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the + Melanesians of Mota, one of the New Hebrides islands, the + conception of an external soul is carried out in the practice of + daily life. The Mota word for soul is <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">atai</span></span>. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The use of the word <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">atai</span></span> in Mota seems properly and + originally to have been to signify something peculiarly and + intimately connected with a person and sacred to him, something + that he has set his fancy upon when he has seen it in what has + seemed to him a wonderful manner, or some one has shewn it to him + as such. Whatever the thing might be the man believed it to be the + reflection of his own personality; he and his <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">atai</span></span> flourished, suffered, + lived, and died together. But the word must not be supposed to have + been borrowed from this use and <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page198">[pg 198]</span><a name="Pg198" id="Pg198" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> applied secondarily to describe the soul; the + word carries a sense with it which is applicable alike to that + second self, the visible object so mysteriously connected with the + man, and to this invisible second self which we call the soul. + There is another Mota word, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tamaniu</span></span>, which has almost if not + quite the same meaning as <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">atai</span></span> + has when it describes something animate or inanimate which a man + has come to believe to have an existence intimately connected with + his own. The word <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tamaniu</span></span> may be taken to be + properly <span class="tei tei-q">‘likeness,’</span> and the noun + form of the adverb <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tama</span></span>, as, like. It was not every + one in Mota who had his <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tamaniu</span></span>; only some men fancied + that they had this relation to a lizard, a snake, or it might be a + stone; sometimes the thing was sought for and found by drinking the + infusion of certain leaves and heaping together the dregs; then + whatever living thing was first seen in or upon the heap was the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tamaniu</span></span>. It was watched but not + fed or worshipped; the natives believed that it came at call, and + that the life of the man was bound up with the life of his + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tamaniu</span></span>, if a living thing, or + with its safety; should it die, or if not living get broken or be + lost, the man would die. Hence in case of sickness they would send + to see if the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tamaniu</span></span> was safe and well. This + word has never been used apparently for the soul in Mota; but in + Aurora in the New Hebrides it is the accepted equivalent. It is + well worth observing that both the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">atai</span></span> and the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tamaniu</span></span>, and it may be added the + Motlav <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">talegi</span></span>, is something which has a + substantial existence of its own, as when a snake or stone is a + man's <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">atai</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tamaniu</span></span>; a soul then when called + by these names is conceived of as something in a way + substantial.”</span><a id="noteref_545" name="noteref_545" href= + "#note_545"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">545</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Sympathetic relation between a man + and his</span> <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">tamaniu</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">(external + soul).</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From this + account, which we owe to the careful and accurate researches of the + Rev. Dr. Codrington, we gather that while every person in Mota has + a second self or external soul in a visible object called an + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">atai</span></span>, only some people have, it + may be, a second external soul in another visible object called a + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tamaniu</span></span>. We may conjecture that + persons who have a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tamaniu</span></span> in addition to an + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">atai</span></span> are more than <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page199">[pg 199]</span><a name="Pg199" id="Pg199" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> usually anxious as to the state of + their soul, and that they seek to put it in perfect security by + what we may call a system of double insurance, calculating that if + one of their external souls should die or be broken, they + themselves may still survive by virtue of the survival of the + other. Be that as it may, the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tamaniu</span></span> discharges two + functions, one of them defensive and the other offensive. On the + one hand, so long as it lives or remains unbroken, it preserves its + owner in life; and on the other hand it helps him to injure his + enemies. In its offensive character, if the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tamaniu</span></span> happens to be an eel, it + will bite its owner's enemy; if it is a shark, it will swallow him. + In its defensive character, the state of the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tamaniu</span></span> is a symptom or + life-token of the state of the man; hence when he is ill he will + visit and examine it, or if he cannot go himself he will send + another to inspect it and report. In either case the man turns the + animal, if animal it be, carefully over in order to see what is the + matter with it; should something be found sticking to its skin, it + is removed, and through the relief thus afforded to the creature + the sick man recovers. But if the animal should be found dying, it + is an omen of death for the man; for whenever it dies he dies + also.<a id="noteref_546" name="noteref_546" href= + "#note_546"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">546</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Soul of a Melanesian doctor in an + eagle-hawk and a rat.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Melanesia a + native doctor was once attending to a sick man. Just then + <span class="tei tei-q">“a large eagle-hawk came soaring past the + house, and Kaplen, my hunter, was going to shoot it; but the doctor + jumped up in evident alarm, and said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Oh, + don't shoot; that is my spirit’</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">niog</span></span>, literally, my shadow); + <span class="tei tei-q">‘if you shoot that, I will die.’</span> He + then told the old man, <span class="tei tei-q">‘If you see a rat + to-night, don't drive it away, 'tis my spirit (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">niog</span></span>), or a snake which will + come to-night, that also is my spirit.’</span> ”</span><a id= + "noteref_547" name="noteref_547" href="#note_547"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">547</span></span></a> It + does not appear whether the doctor in this case, like the giant or + warlock in the tales, kept his spirit <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page200">[pg 200]</span><a name="Pg200" id="Pg200" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> permanently in the bird or in the animal, or + whether he only transferred it temporarily to the creature for the + purpose of enabling him the better to work the cure, perhaps by + sending out his own soul in a bird or beast to find and bring back + the lost soul of the patient. In either case he seems to have + thought, like the giant or warlock in the stories, that the death + of the bird or the animal would simultaneously entail his own. A + family in Nauru, one of the Marshall Islands, apparently imagine + that their lives are bound up with a species of large fish, which + has a huge mouth and devours human beings; for when one of these + fish was killed, the members of the family cried, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Our guardian spirit is killed, now we must all + die!”</span><a id="noteref_548" name="noteref_548" href= + "#note_548"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">548</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The theory of an external soul + lodged in an animal is very prevalent in West Africa. The soul + of a chief in a hippopotamus or a black snake. Belief of the + Fans that every wizard unites his life to that of a wild animal + by a rite of blood brotherhood.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The theory of an + external soul deposited in an animal appears to be very prevalent + in West Africa, particularly in Nigeria, the Cameroons, and the + Gaboon.<a id="noteref_549" name="noteref_549" href= + "#note_549"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">549</span></span></a> In + the latter part of the nineteenth century two English missionaries, + established at San Salvador, the capital of the King of Congo, + asked the natives repeatedly whether any of them had seen the + strange, big, East African goat which Stanley had given to a chief + at Stanley Pool in 1877. But their enquiries were fruitless; no + native would admit that he had seen the goat. Some years afterwards + the missionaries discovered why they could obtain no reply to their + enquiry. All the people, it turned out, imagined that the + missionaries believed the spirit of the King of Salvador to be + contained in the goat, and that they wished to obtain possession of + the animal in order to exercise an evil influence on his + majesty.<a id="noteref_550" name="noteref_550" href= + "#note_550"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">550</span></span></a> The + belief from the standpoint of the Congo savages was natural enough, + since in that region some chiefs regularly link their fate to that + of an animal. Thus the Chief Bankwa of Ndolo, on the Moeko River, + had conferred this honour on a certain hippopotamus of the + neighbourhood, at which he would allow nobody to shoot.<a id= + "noteref_551" name="noteref_551" href="#note_551"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">551</span></span></a> At + the village of Ongek, in the Gaboon, a French missionary slept in + the hut of an old Fan chief. Awakened about two <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page201">[pg 201]</span><a name="Pg201" id="Pg201" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in the morning by a rustling of dry + leaves, he lit a torch, when to his horror he perceived a huge + black serpent of the most dangerous sort, coiled in a corner, with + head erect, shining eyes, and hissing jaws, ready to dart at him. + Instinctively he seized his gun and pointed it at the reptile, when + suddenly his arm was struck up, the torch was extinguished, and the + voice of the old chief said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Don't fire! + don't fire! I beg of you. In killing the serpent, it is me that you + would kill. Fear nothing. The serpent is my <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">elangela</span></span>.”</span> So saying he + flung himself on his knees beside the reptile, put his arms about + it, and clasped it to his breast. The serpent received his caresses + quietly, manifesting neither anger nor fear, and the chief carried + it off and laid it down beside him in another hut, exhorting the + missionary to have no fear and never to speak of the subject.<a id= + "noteref_552" name="noteref_552" href="#note_552"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">552</span></span></a> His + curiosity being excited by this adventure, the missionary, Father + Trilles, pursued his enquiries and ascertained that among the Fans + of the Gaboon every wizard is believed at initiation to unite his + life with that of some particular wild animal by a rite of + blood-brotherhood; he draws blood from the ear of the animal and + from his own arm, and inoculates the animal with his own blood, and + himself with the blood of the beast. Henceforth such an intimate + union is established between the two that the death of the one + entails the death of the other. The alliance is thought to bring to + the wizard or sorcerer a great accession of power, which he can + turn to his advantage in various ways. In the first place, like the + warlock in the fairy tales who has deposited his life outside of + himself in some safe place, the Fan wizard now deems himself + invulnerable. Moreover, the animal with which he has exchanged + blood has become his familiar, and will obey any orders he may + choose to give it; so he makes use of it to injure and kill his + enemies. For that reason the creature with whom he establishes the + relation of blood-brotherhood is never a tame or domestic animal, + but always a ferocious and dangerous wild beast, such as a leopard, + a black serpent, a crocodile, a hippopotamus, a wild boar, or a + vulture. Of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg + 202]</span><a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + all these creatures the leopard is by far the commonest familiar of + Fan wizards, and next to it comes the black serpent; the vulture is + the rarest. Witches as well as wizards have their familiars; but + the animals with which the lives of women are thus bound up + generally differ from those to which men commit their external + souls. A witch never has a panther for her familiar, but often a + venomous species of serpent, sometimes a horned viper, sometimes a + black serpent, sometimes a green one that lives in banana-trees; or + it may be a vulture, an owl, or other bird of night. In every case + the beast or bird with which the witch or wizard has contracted + this mystic alliance is an individual, never a species; and when + the individual animal dies the alliance is naturally at an end, + since the death of the animal is supposed to entail the death of + the man.<a id="noteref_553" name="noteref_553" href= + "#note_553"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">553</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Belief of the natives of the Cross + River that they stand in a vital relation to certain wild + animals, so that when the animal dies the man dies also.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Similar beliefs + are held by the natives of the Cross River valley within the German + provinces of the Cameroons. Groups of people, generally the + inhabitants of a village, have chosen various animals, with which + they believe themselves to stand on a footing of intimate + friendship or relationship. Amongst such animals are + hippopotamuses, elephants, leopards, crocodiles, gorillas, fish, + and serpents, all of them creatures which are either very strong or + can easily hide themselves in the water or a thicket. This power of + concealing themselves is said to be an indispensable condition of + the choice of animal familiars, since the animal friend or helper + is expected to injure his owner's enemy by stealth; for example, if + he is a hippopotamus, he will bob up suddenly out of the water and + capsize the enemy's canoe. Between the animals and their human + friends or kinsfolk such a sympathetic relation is supposed to + exist that the moment the animal dies the man dies also, and + similarly the instant the man <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page203">[pg 203]</span><a name="Pg203" id="Pg203" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> perishes so does the beast. From this it + follows that the animal kinsfolk may never be shot at or molested + for fear of injuring or killing the persons whose lives are knit up + with the lives of the brutes. This does not, however, prevent the + people of a village, who have elephants for their animal friends, + from hunting elephants. For they do not respect the whole species + but merely certain individuals of it, which stand in an intimate + relation to certain individual men and women; and they imagine that + they can always distinguish these brother elephants from the common + herd of elephants which are mere elephants and nothing more. The + recognition indeed is said to be mutual. When a hunter, who has an + elephant for his friend, meets a human elephant, as we may call it, + the noble animal lifts up a paw and holds it before his face, as + much as to say, <span class="tei tei-q">“Don't shoot.”</span> Were + the hunter so inhuman as to fire on and wound such an elephant, the + person whose life was bound up with the elephant would fall + ill.<a id="noteref_554" name="noteref_554" href= + "#note_554"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">554</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Similar belief of the Balong in + the Cameroons.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Balong of + the Cameroons think that every man has several souls, of which one + is in his body and another in an animal, such as an elephant, a + wild pig, a leopard, and so forth. When a man comes home, feeling + ill, and says, <span class="tei tei-q">“I shall soon die,”</span> + and dies accordingly, the people aver that one of his souls has + been killed in a wild pig or a leopard, and that the death of the + external soul has caused the death of the soul in his body. Hence + the corpse is cut open, and a diviner determines, from an + inspection of the inwards, whether the popular surmise is correct + or not.<a id="noteref_555" name="noteref_555" href= + "#note_555"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">555</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Belief of the Ibos in external + human souls which are lodged in animals.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A similar belief + in the external souls of living people is entertained by the Ibos, + an important tribe of the Niger delta, who inhabit a country west + of the Cross River. They think that a man's spirit can quit his + body for a time during life and take up its abode in an animal. + This is called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ishi anu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“to turn animal.”</span> A man who wishes to acquire + this power procures a certain drug from a wise man and mixes it + with his food. After that his soul goes out and enters <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page204">[pg 204]</span><a name="Pg204" id="Pg204" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> into the animal. If it should happen + that the animal is killed while the man's soul is lodged in it, the + man dies; and if the animal be wounded, the man's body will + presently be covered with boils. This belief instigates to many + deeds of darkness; for a sly rogue will sometimes surreptitiously + administer the magical drug to his enemy in his food, and having + thus smuggled the other's soul into an animal will destroy the + creature, and with it the man whose soul is lodged in it.<a id= + "noteref_556" name="noteref_556" href="#note_556"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">556</span></span></a> A + like belief is reported to prevail among the tribes of the Obubura + Hill district on the Cross River in Southern Nigeria. Once when Mr. + Partridge's canoe-men wished to catch fish near a town of the + Assiga tribe, the people objected, saying, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Our souls live in those fish, and if you kill them we + shall die.”</span><a id="noteref_557" name="noteref_557" href= + "#note_557"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">557</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Belief of the negroes of Calabar + that every person has an external or bush soul lodged in a wild + beast.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The negroes of + Calabar, at the mouth of the Niger, believe that every person has + four souls, one of which always lives outside of his or her body in + the form of a wild beast in the forest. This external soul, or bush + soul, as Miss Kingsley calls it, may be almost any animal, for + example, a leopard, a fish, or a tortoise; but it is never a + domestic animal and never a plant. Unless he is gifted with second + sight, a man cannot see his own bush soul, but a diviner will often + tell him what sort of creature his bush soul is, and after that the + man will be careful not to kill any animal of that species, and + will strongly object to any one else doing so. A man and his sons + have usually the same sort of animals for their bush souls, and so + with a mother and her daughters. But sometimes all the children of + a family take after the bush soul of their father; for example, if + his external soul is a leopard, all his sons and daughters will + have leopards for their external souls. And on the other hand, + sometimes they all take after their mother; for instance, if her + external soul is a tortoise, all the external souls of her sons and + daughters will be tortoises too. So intimately bound up is the life + of the man with that of the animal which he regards as his external + or bush soul, that the death or injury of the animal necessarily + entails the death or injury of the man. <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page205">[pg 205]</span><a name="Pg205" id="Pg205" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> And, conversely, when the man dies, his bush + soul can no longer find a place of rest, but goes mad and rushes + into the fire or charges people and is knocked on the head, and + that is an end of it. When a person is sick, the diviner will + sometimes tell him that his bush soul is angry at being neglected; + thereupon the patient will make an offering to the offended spirit + and deposit it in a tiny hut in the forest at the spot where the + animal, which is his external soul, was last seen. If the bush soul + is appeased, the patient recovers; but if it is not, he dies. Yet + the foolish bush soul does not understand that in injuring the man + it injures itself, and that it cannot long survive his + decease.<a id="noteref_558" name="noteref_558" href= + "#note_558"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">558</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Further particulars as to the + Calabar belief in bush souls.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such is the + account which Miss Kingsley gives of the bush souls of the Calabar + negroes. Some fresh particulars are furnished by Mr. Richard + Henshaw, Agent for Native Affairs at Calabar. He tells us that a + man may only marry a woman who has the same sort of bush soul as + himself; for example, if his bush soul is a leopard, his wife also + must have a leopard for her bush soul. Further, we learn from Mr. + Henshaw that a person's bush soul need not be that either of his + father or of his mother. For example, a child with a hippopotamus + for his bush soul may be born into a family, all the members of + which have wild pigs for their bush souls; this happens when the + child is a reincarnation of a man whose external soul was a + hippopotamus. In such a case, if the parents object to the + intrusion of an alien soul, they may call in a medicine-man to + check its growth and finally abolish it altogether, after which + they will give the child their own bush soul. Or they may leave the + matter over till the child comes of age, when he will choose a bush + soul for himself with the help of a medicine-man, who will also + select the piece of bush or water in which the chosen animal lives. + When a man dies, then the animal which contains his <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page206">[pg 206]</span><a name="Pg206" id="Pg206" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> external soul <span class= + "tei tei-q">“becomes insensible and quite unconscious of the + approach of danger. Thus a hunter can capture or kill him with + perfect ease.”</span> Sacrifices are often offered to prevent other + people from killing the animal in which a man's bush soul resides. + The tribes of Calabar which hold these beliefs as to the bush soul + are the Efik and Ekoi.<a id="noteref_559" name="noteref_559" href= + "#note_559"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">559</span></span></a> The + belief of the Calabar negroes in the external soul has been + described as follows by a missionary: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ukpong</span></span> is the native word we + have taken to translate our word <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">soul</span></em>. + It primarily signifies the shadow of a person. It also signifies + that which dwells within a man on which his life depends, but which + may detach itself from the body, and visiting places and persons + here and there, again return to its abode in the man.... Besides + all this, the word is used to designate an animal possessed of an + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ukpong</span></span>, so connected with a + person's <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ukpong</span></span>, that they mutually act + upon each other. When the leopard, or crocodile, or whatever animal + may be a man's <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ukpong</span></span>, gets sick or dies, the + like thing happens to him. Many individuals, it is believed, have + the power of changing themselves into the animals which are their + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ukpong</span></span>.”</span><a id= + "noteref_560" name="noteref_560" href="#note_560"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">560</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Belief of the Ekoi of Southern + Nigeria in external souls lodged in animals. Case of a chief + whose external soul was in a buffalo.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the Ekoi + of the Oban district, in Southern Nigeria, it is usual to hear a + person say of another that he or she <span class= + "tei tei-q">“possesses”</span> such and such an animal, meaning + that the person has the power to assume the shape of that + particular creature. It is their belief that by constant practice + and by virtue of certain hereditary secrets a man can quit his + human body and put on that of a wild beast. They say that in + addition to the soul which animates his human body <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page207">[pg 207]</span><a name="Pg207" id="Pg207" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> everybody has a bush soul which at + times he can send forth to animate the body of the creature which + he <span class="tei tei-q">“possesses.”</span> When he wishes his + bush soul to go out on its rambles, he drinks a magic potion, the + secret of which has been handed down from time immemorial, and some + of which is always kept ready for use in an ancient earthen pot set + apart for the purpose. No sooner has he drunk the mystic draught + than his bush soul escapes from him and floats away invisible + through the town into the forest. There it begins to swell and, + safe in the shadow of the trees, takes on the shape of the man's + animal double, it may be an elephant, a leopard, a buffalo, a wild + boar, or a crocodile. Naturally the potion differs according to the + kind of animal into which a man is temporarily converted. It would + be absurd, for example, to expect that the dose which turns you + into an elephant should also be able to turn you into a crocodile; + the thing is manifestly impossible. A great advantage of these + temporary conversions of a man into a beast is that it enables the + convert in his animal shape to pay out his enemy without being + suspected. If, for example, you have a grudge at a man who is a + well-to-do farmer, all that you have to do is to turn yourself by + night into a buffalo, an elephant, or a wild boar, and then, + bursting into his fields, stamp about in them till you have laid + the standing crops level with the ground. That is why in the + neighbourhood of large well-tilled farms, people prefer to keep + their bush souls in buffaloes, elephants, and wild boars, because + these animals are the most convenient means of destroying a + neighbour's crops. Whereas where the farms are small and ill-kept, + as they are round about Oban, it is hardly worth a man's while to + take the trouble of turning into a buffalo or an elephant for the + paltry satisfaction of rooting up a few miserable yams or such like + trash. So the Oban people keep their bush souls in leopards and + crocodiles, which, though of little use for the purpose of + destroying a neighbour's crops, are excellent for the purpose of + killing the man himself first and eating him afterwards. But the + power of turning into an animal has this serious disadvantage that + it lays you open to the chance of being wounded or even slain in + your animal skin before you have time to put it off and scramble + back into your human integument. <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page208">[pg 208]</span><a name="Pg208" id="Pg208" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> A remarkable case of this sort happened only + a few miles from Oban not long ago. To understand it you must know + that the chiefs of the Ododop tribe, who live about ten miles from + Oban, keep their bush souls, whenever they are out on a ramble, in + the shape of buffaloes. Well, one day the District Commissioner at + Oban saw a buffalo come down to drink at a stream which runs + through his garden. He shot at the beast and hit it, and it ran + away badly wounded. At the very same moment the head chief of the + Ododop tribe, ten miles away, clapped his hand to his side and + said, <span class="tei tei-q">“They have killed me at Oban.”</span> + Death was not instantaneous, for the buffalo lingered in pain for a + couple of days in the forest, but an hour or two before its dead + body was discovered by the trackers the chief expired. Just before + he died, with touching solicitude he sent a message warning all + people who kept their external souls in buffaloes to profit by his + sad fate and beware of going near Oban, which was not a safe place + for them. Naturally, when a man keeps his external soul from time + to time in a beast, say in a wild cow, he is not so foolish as to + shoot an animal of that particular sort, for in so doing he might + perhaps be killing himself. But he may kill animals in which other + people keep their external souls. For example, a wild cow man may + freely shoot an antelope or a wild boar; but should he do so and + then have reason to suspect that the dead beast is the animal + double of somebody with whom he is on friendly terms, he must + perform certain ceremonies over the carcase and then hurry home, + running at the top of his speed, to administer a particular + medicine to the man whom he has unintentionally injured. In this + way he may possibly be in time to save the life of his friend from + the effects of the deplorable accident.<a id="noteref_561" name= + "noteref_561" href="#note_561"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">561</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page209">[pg 209]</span><a name="Pg209" id="Pg209" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Belief of other tribes of Nigeria + in external souls lodged in animals.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Near Eket in + North Calabar there is a sacred lake, the fish of which are + carefully preserved because the people believe that their own souls + are lodged in the fish, and that with every fish killed a human + life would be simultaneously extinguished.<a id="noteref_562" name= + "noteref_562" href="#note_562"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">562</span></span></a> In + the Calabar River not very many years ago there used to be a huge + old crocodile, popularly supposed to contain the external soul of a + chief who resided in the flesh at Duke Town. Sporting vice-consuls + used from time to time to hunt the animal, and once a peculiarly + energetic officer contrived to hit it. Forthwith the chief was laid + up with a wound in his leg. He gave out that a dog had bitten him, + but no doubt the wise shook their heads and refused to be put off + with so flimsy a pretext.<a id="noteref_563" name="noteref_563" + href="#note_563"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">563</span></span></a> + Again, among several tribes on the banks of the Niger between + Lokoja and the delta there prevails <span class="tei tei-q">“a + belief in the possibility of a man possessing an <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">alter + ego</span></span> in the form of some animal such as a crocodile or + a hippopotamus. It is believed that such a person's life is bound + up with that of the animal to such an extent that, whatever affects + the one produces a corresponding impression upon the other, and + that if one dies the other must speedily do so too. It happened not + very long ago that an Englishman shot a hippopotamus close to a + native village; the friends of a woman who died the same night in + the village demanded and eventually obtained five pounds as + compensation for the murder of the woman.”</span><a id= + "noteref_564" name="noteref_564" href="#note_564"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">564</span></span></a> Among + the Montols of Northern Nigeria, <span class="tei tei-q">“in many + of the compounds there will be found a species of snake, of a + non-poisonous sort, which, when full grown, attains a length of + about five feet and a girth of eight or nine inches. These snakes + live in and about the compound. They are not specially fed by the + people of the place, nor are places provided for them to nest in. + They live generally in the roofs of the small granaries and huts + that make up the compound. They feed upon small mammals, and no + doubt serve a useful purpose in destroying vermin which might + otherwise eat the stored grain. They are not kept for the purpose + of destroying vermin, however. The Montols believe that at the + birth of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page210">[pg + 210]</span><a name="Pg210" id="Pg210" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + every individual of their race, male and female, one of these + snakes, of the same sex, is also born. If the snake be killed, his + human partner in life dies also and at the same time. If the wife + of a compound-owner gives birth to a son, shortly after the + interesting event, the snake of the establishment will be seen with + a young one of corresponding sex. From the moment of birth, these + two, the snake and the man, share a life of common duration, and + the measure of the one is the measure of the other. Hence every + care is taken to protect these animals from injury, and no Montol + would in any circumstances think of injuring or killing one. It is + said that a snake of this kind never attempts any injury to a man. + There is only one type of snake thus regarded.”</span><a id= + "noteref_565" name="noteref_565" href="#note_565"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">565</span></span></a> Among + the Angass, of the Kanna District in Northern Nigeria, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“when a man is born, he is endowed with two distinct + entities, life and a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kurua</span></span> (Arabic <span lang="ar" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ar"><span style= + "font-style: italic">rin</span></span>).... When the <span lang= + "ar" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ar"><span style= + "font-style: italic">rin</span></span> enters a man, its + counterpart enters some beast or snake at the same time, and if + either dies, so also does the body containing the counterpart. + This, however, in no wise prevents a man from killing any game, + etc., he may see, though he knows full well that he is causing + thereby the death of some man or woman. When a man dies, his life + and <span lang="ar" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "ar"><span style="font-style: italic">rin</span></span> both leave + him, though the latter is asserted sometimes to linger near the + place of death for a day or two.”</span><a id="noteref_566" name= + "noteref_566" href="#note_566"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">566</span></span></a> + Again, at the town of Paha, in the northern territory of the Gold + Coast, there are pools inhabited by crocodiles which are worshipped + by the people. The natives believe that for every death or birth in + the town a similar event takes place among the crocodiles.<a id= + "noteref_567" name="noteref_567" href="#note_567"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">567</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The conception of an external soul + lodged in an animal appears to be absent in South + Africa.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In South Africa + the conception of an external soul deposited in an animal, which is + so common in West Africa, appears to be almost unknown; at least I + have met with no clear traces of it in literature. The Bechuanas, + indeed, commonly believe that if a man wounds a crocodile, the man + will be ill as long as the crocodile is ill of its wound, and + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page211">[pg 211]</span><a name= + "Pg211" id="Pg211" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> that if the + crocodile dies, the man dies too. This belief is not, apparently, + confined to the Bechuana clan which has the crocodile for its + totem, but is shared by all the other clans; all of them certainly + hold the crocodile in respect.<a id="noteref_568" name= + "noteref_568" href="#note_568"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">568</span></span></a> It + does not appear whether the sympathetic relation between a man and + a crocodile is supposed by the Bechuanas to be lifelong, or only to + arise at the moment when the man wounds the animal; in the latter + case the shedding of the crocodile's blood might perhaps be thought + to establish a relationship of affinity or sympathy between the + two. The Zulus believe that every man is attended by an ancestral + spirit (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ihlozi</span></span>, or rather <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">idhlozi</span></span>) in the form of a + serpent, <span class="tei tei-q">“which specially guards and helps + him, lives with him, wakes with him, sleeps and travels with him, + but always under ground. If it ever makes its appearance, great is + the joy, and the man must seek to discover the meaning of its + appearance. He who has no <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ihlozi</span></span> + must die. Therefore if any one kills an <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ihlozi</span></span> serpent, the man whose + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ihlozi</span></span> it was dies, but the + serpent comes to life again.”</span><a id="noteref_569" name= + "noteref_569" href="#note_569"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">569</span></span></a> But + the conception <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page212">[pg + 212]</span><a name="Pg212" id="Pg212" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of a dead ancestor incarnate in a snake, on which the welfare or + existence of one of his living descendants depends, is rather that + of a guardian spirit than of an external soul.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The conception of an external soul + lodged in an animal occurs among the Indians of Central + America, some of whom call such a soul a</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">nagual</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Amongst the + Zapotecs of Central America, when a woman was about to be confined, + her relations assembled in the hut, and began to draw on the floor + figures of different animals, rubbing each one out as soon as it + was completed. This went on till the moment of birth, and the + figure that then remained sketched upon the ground was called the + child's <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tona</span></span> or second self. + <span class="tei tei-q">“When the child grew old enough, he + procured the animal that represented him and took care of it, as it + was believed that health and existence were bound up with that of + the animal's, in fact that the death of both would occur + simultaneously,”</span> or rather that when the animal died the man + would die too.<a id="noteref_570" name="noteref_570" href= + "#note_570"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">570</span></span></a> Among + the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page213">[pg 213]</span><a name= + "Pg213" id="Pg213" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Indians of Guatemala + and Honduras the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nagual</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">naual</span></span> is <span class= + "tei tei-q">“that animate or inanimate object, generally an animal, + which stands in a parallel relation to a particular man, so that + the weal and woe of the man depend on the fate of the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nagual</span></span>.”</span><a id= + "noteref_571" name="noteref_571" href="#note_571"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">571</span></span></a> + According to an old writer, many Indians of Guatemala <span class= + "tei tei-q">“are deluded by the devil to believe that their life + dependeth upon the life of such and such a beast (which they take + unto them as their familiar spirit), and think that when that beast + dieth they must die; when he is chased, their hearts pant; when he + is faint, they are faint; nay, it happeneth that by the devil's + delusion they appear in the shape of that beast (which commonly by + their choice is a buck, or doe, a lion, or tigre, or dog, or eagle) + and in that shape have been shot at and wounded.”</span><a id= + "noteref_572" name="noteref_572" href="#note_572"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">572</span></span></a> + Herrera's account of the way in which the Indians of Honduras + acquired their <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">naguals</span></span>, runs thus: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The devil deluded them, appearing in the shape of a + lion or a tiger, or a coyte, a beast like a wolf, or in the shape + of an alligator, a snake, or a bird, that province abounding in + creatures of prey, which they called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">naguales</span></span>, signifying keepers or + guardians, and when the bird died the Indian that was in league + with him died also, which often happened and was looked upon as + infallible. The manner of contracting this alliance was thus. The + Indian repaired to the river, wood, hill, or most obscure + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page214">[pg 214]</span><a name= + "Pg214" id="Pg214" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> place, where he + called upon the devils by such names as he thought fit, talked to + the rivers, rocks, or woods, said he went to weep that he might + have the same his predecessors had, carrying a cock or a dog to + sacrifice. In that melancholy fit he fell asleep, and either in a + dream or waking saw some one of the aforesaid birds or other + creatures, whom he entreated to grant him profit in salt, cacao, or + any other commodity, drawing blood from his own tongue, ears, and + other parts of his body, making his contract at the same time with + the said creature, the which either in a dream or waking told him, + <span class="tei tei-q">‘Such a day you shall go abroad asporting, + and I will be the first bird or other animal you shall meet, and + will be your <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nagual</span></span> and companion at all + times.’</span> Whereupon such friendship was contracted between + them, that when one of them died the other did not survive, and + they fancied that he who had no <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nagual</span></span> could not be + rich.”</span><a id="noteref_573" name="noteref_573" href= + "#note_573"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">573</span></span></a> The + Indians were persuaded that the death of their <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nagual</span></span> would entail their own. + Legend affirms that in the first battles with the Spaniards on the + plateau of Quetzaltenango the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">naguals</span></span> of the Indian chiefs + fought in the form of serpents. The <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nagual</span></span> of the highest chief was + especially conspicuous, because it had the form of a great bird, + resplendent in green plumage. The Spanish general Pedro de Alvarado + killed the bird with his lance, and at the same moment the Indian + chief fell dead to the ground.<a id="noteref_574" name= + "noteref_574" href="#note_574"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">574</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">In some tribes of South-Eastern + Australia the lives of the two sexes are thought to be bound up + with the lives of two different kinds of animals, as bats and + owls.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In many tribes + of South-Eastern Australia each sex used to regard a particular + species of animals in the same way that a Central American Indian + regarded his <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nagual</span></span>, but with this + difference, that whereas the Indian apparently knew the individual + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page215">[pg 215]</span><a name= + "Pg215" id="Pg215" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> animal with which + his life was bound up, the Australians only knew that each of their + lives was bound up with some one animal of the species, but they + could not say with which. The result naturally was that every man + spared and protected all the animals of the species with which the + lives of the men were bound up; and every woman spared and + protected all the animals of the species with which the lives of + the women were bound up; because no one knew but that the death of + any animal of the respective species might entail his or her own; + just as the killing of the green bird was immediately followed by + the death of the Indian chief, and the killing of the parrot by the + death of Punchkin in the fairy tale. Thus, for example, the + Wotjobaluk tribe of South-Eastern Australia <span class= + "tei tei-q">“held that <span class="tei tei-q">‘the life of + Ngŭnŭngŭnŭt (the Bat) is the life of a man, and the life of + Yártatgŭrk (the Nightjar) is the life of a woman,’</span> and that + when either of these creatures is killed the life of some man or of + some woman is shortened. In such a case every man or every woman in + the camp feared that he or she might be the victim, and from this + cause great fights arose in this tribe. I learn that in these + fights, men on one side and women on the other, it was not at all + certain which would be victorious, for at times the women gave the + men a severe drubbing with their yamsticks, while often women were + injured or killed by spears.”</span> The Wotjobaluk said that the + bat was the man's <span class="tei tei-q">“brother”</span> and that + the nightjar was his <span class="tei tei-q">“wife.”</span><a id= + "noteref_575" name="noteref_575" href="#note_575"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">575</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page216">[pg 216]</span><a name= + "Pg216" id="Pg216" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> The particular + species of animals with which the lives of the sexes were believed + to be respectively bound up varied somewhat from tribe to tribe. + Thus whereas among the Wotjobaluk the bat was the animal of the + men, at Gunbower Creek on the Lower Murray the bat seems to have + been the animal of the women, for the natives would not kill it for + the reason that <span class="tei tei-q">“if it was killed, one of + their lubras [women] would be sure to die in + consequence.”</span><a id="noteref_576" name="noteref_576" href= + "#note_576"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">576</span></span></a> In + the Kurnai tribe of Gippsland the emu-wren (<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Stipiturus malachurus</span></span>) was the + <span class="tei tei-q">“man's brother”</span> and the superb + warbler (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Malurus + cyaneus</span></span>) was the <span class="tei tei-q">“woman's + sister”</span>; at the initiation of young men into the tribal + mysteries the name of the emu-wren was invoked over the novices for + the purpose of infusing manly virtue into them.<a id="noteref_577" + name="noteref_577" href="#note_577"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">577</span></span></a> Among + the Yuin on the south-eastern coast of Australia, the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“woman's sister”</span> was the tree-creeper + (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Climacteris scandens</span></span>), and the + men had both the bat and the emu-wren for their <span class= + "tei tei-q">“brothers.”</span><a id="noteref_578" name= + "noteref_578" href="#note_578"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">578</span></span></a> In + the Kulin nation each sex had a pair of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“brothers”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sisters”</span>; the men had the bat and the emu-wren + for their <span class="tei tei-q">“brothers,”</span> and the women + had the superb warbler and the small nightjar for their + <span class="tei tei-q">“sisters.”</span><a id="noteref_579" name= + "noteref_579" href="#note_579"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">579</span></span></a> It is + notable that in South-Eastern Australia the animals thus associated + with the lives of men and women were generally flying creatures, + either birds or bats. However, in the Port Lincoln tribe of South + Australia the man's <span class="tei tei-q">“brother”</span> and + the woman's <span class="tei tei-q">“sister”</span> seem to have + been identified with the male and female respectively of a species + of lizard; for we read that <span class="tei tei-q">“a small kind + of lizard, the male of which is called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ibirri</span></span>, and the female + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">waka</span></span>, is said to have divided + the sexes in the human species; an event that would appear not to + be much approved of by the natives, since either sex has a mortal + hatred against the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page217">[pg + 217]</span><a name="Pg217" id="Pg217" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + opposite sex of these little animals, the men always destroying the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">waka</span></span> and the women the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ibirri</span></span>.”</span><a id= + "noteref_580" name="noteref_580" href="#note_580"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">580</span></span></a> But + whatever the particular sorts of creature with which the lives of + men and women were believed to be bound up, the belief itself and + the fights to which it gave rise are known to have prevailed over a + large part of South-Eastern Australia, and probably they extended + much farther.<a id="noteref_581" name="noteref_581" href= + "#note_581"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">581</span></span></a> The + belief was a very serious one, and so consequently were the fights + which sprang from it. Thus among some tribes of Victoria + <span class="tei tei-q">“the common bat belongs to the men, who + protect it against injury, even to the half-killing of their wives + for its sake. The fern owl, or large goatsucker, belongs to the + women, and, although a bird of evil omen, creating terror at night + by its cry, it is jealously protected by them. If a man kills one, + they are as much enraged as if it was one of their children, and + will strike him with their long poles.”</span><a id="noteref_582" + name="noteref_582" href="#note_582"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">582</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Bats regarded as the brothers of + men, and owls as the sisters of women.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The jealous + protection thus afforded by Australian men and women to bats and + owls respectively (for bats and owls seem to be the creatures + usually allotted to the two sexes)<a id="noteref_583" name= + "noteref_583" href="#note_583"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">583</span></span></a> is + not based upon purely selfish considerations. For each man believes + that not only his own life but the lives of his father, brothers, + sons, and so on are bound up with the lives of particular bats, and + that therefore in protecting the bat species he is protecting the + lives of all his male relations as well as his own. Similarly, each + woman believes that the lives of her mother, sisters, daughters, + and so forth, equally with her own, are bound up with the lives of + particular owls, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page218">[pg + 218]</span><a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + and that in guarding the owl species she is guarding the lives of + all her female relations besides her own. Now, when men's lives are + thus supposed to be contained in certain animals, it is obvious + that the animals can hardly be distinguished from the men, or the + men from the animals. If my brother John's life is in a bat, then, + on the one hand, the bat is my brother as well as John; and, on the + other hand, John is in a sense a bat, since his life is in a bat. + Similarly, if my sister Mary's life is in an owl, then the owl is + my sister and Mary is an owl. This is a natural enough conclusion, + and the Australians have not failed to draw it. When the bat is the + man's animal, it is called his brother; and when the owl is the + woman's animal, it is called her sister. And conversely a man + addresses a woman as an owl, and she addresses him as a bat.<a id= + "noteref_584" name="noteref_584" href="#note_584"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">584</span></span></a> So + with the other animals allotted to the sexes respectively in other + tribes. For example, among the Kurnai all emu-wrens were + <span class="tei tei-q">“brothers”</span> of the men, and all the + men were emu-wrens; all superb warblers were <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sisters”</span> of the women, and all the women were + superb warblers.<a id="noteref_585" name="noteref_585" href= + "#note_585"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">585</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc27" id="toc27"></a> <a name="pdf28" id="pdf28"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 4. A Suggested Theory of + Totemism.</span><a id="noteref_586" name="noteref_586" href= + "#note_586"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">586</span></span></a></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Sex totems and clan totems may + both be based on the notion that men and women keep their + external souls in their totems, whether these are animals, + plants, or what not.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But when a + savage names himself after an animal, calls <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page219">[pg 219]</span><a name="Pg219" id="Pg219" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> it his brother, and refuses to kill it, + the animal is said to be his totem. Accordingly in the tribes of + South-Eastern Australia which we have been considering the bat and + the owl, the emu-wren and the superb warbler, may properly be + described as totems of the sexes. But the assignation of a totem to + a sex is comparatively rare, and has hitherto been discovered + nowhere but in Australia. Far more commonly the totem is + appropriated not to a sex, but to a clan, and is hereditary either + in the male or female line. The relation of an individual to the + clan totem does not differ in kind from his relation to the sex + totem; he will not kill it, he speaks of it as his brother, and he + calls himself by its name. Now if the relations are similar, the + explanation which holds good of the one ought equally to hold good + of the other. Therefore the reason why a clan revere a particular + species of animals or plants (for the clan totem may be a plant) + and call themselves after it, would seem to be a belief that the + life of each individual of the clan is bound up with some one + animal or plant of the species, and that his or her death would be + the consequence of killing that particular animal, or destroying + that particular plant. This explanation of totemism squares very + well with Sir George Grey's definition of a totem or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kobong</span></span> in Western Australia. He + says: <span class="tei tei-q">“A certain mysterious connection + exists between a family and its <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kobong</span></span>, so that a member of the + family will never kill an animal of the species to which his + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kobong</span></span> belongs, should he find + it asleep; indeed he always kills it reluctantly, and never without + affording it a chance to escape. This arises from the family belief + that some one individual of the species is their nearest friend, to + kill whom would be a great crime, and to be carefully avoided. + Similarly, a native who has a vegetable for his <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kobong</span></span> may not gather it under + certain <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page220">[pg + 220]</span><a name="Pg220" id="Pg220" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + circumstances, and at a particular period of the + year.”</span><a id="noteref_587" name="noteref_587" href= + "#note_587"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">587</span></span></a> Here + it will be observed that though each man spares all the animals or + plants of the species, they are not all equally precious to him; + far from it, out of the whole species there is only one which is + specially dear to him; but as he does not know which the dear one + is, he is obliged to spare them all from fear of injuring the one. + Again, this explanation of the clan totem harmonizes with the + supposed effect of killing one of the totem species. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“One day one of the blacks killed a crow. Three or four + days afterwards a Boortwa (crow) [<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> a + man of the Crow clan] named Larry died. He had been ailing for some + days, but the killing of his <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">wingong</span></span> [totem] hastened his + death.”</span><a id="noteref_588" name="noteref_588" href= + "#note_588"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">588</span></span></a> Here + the killing of the crow caused the death of a man of the Crow clan, + exactly as, in the case of the sex-totems, the killing of a bat + causes the death of a Bat-man or the killing of an owl causes the + death of an Owl-woman. Similarly, the killing of his <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nagual</span></span> causes the death of a + Central American Indian, the killing of his bush soul causes the + death of a Calabar negro, the killing of his <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tamaniu</span></span> causes the death of a + Banks Islander, and the killing of the animal in which his life is + stowed away causes the death of the giant or warlock in the fairy + tale.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The savage may imagine his life to + be bound up with that of more animals than one at the same + time; for many savages think that every person has more souls + than one.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus it appears + that the story of <span class="tei tei-q">“The giant who had no + heart in his body”</span> may perhaps furnish the key to the + relation which is supposed to subsist between a man and his totem. + The totem, on this theory, is simply the receptacle in which a man + keeps his life, as Punchkin kept his life in a parrot, and Bidasari + kept her soul in a golden fish. It is no valid objection to this + view that when a savage has both a sex totem and a clan totem his + life must be bound up with two different animals, the death of + either of which <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page221">[pg + 221]</span><a name="Pg221" id="Pg221" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + would entail his own. If a man has more vital places than one in + his body, why, the savage may think, should he not have more vital + places than one outside it? Why, since he can put his life outside + himself, should he not transfer one portion of it to one animal and + another to another? The divisibility of life, or, to put it + otherwise, the plurality of souls, is an idea suggested by many + familiar facts, and has commended itself to philosophers like + Plato,<a id="noteref_589" name="noteref_589" href= + "#note_589"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">589</span></span></a> as + well as to savages. It finds favour also with the sages of China, + who tell us that every human being is provided with what may be + called a male soul (<span lang="zh" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="zh"><span style="font-style: italic">shen</span></span>) + and a female soul (<span lang="zh" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="zh"><span style="font-style: italic">kwei</span></span>), + which by their harmonious co-operation compose an organic unity. + However, some Chinese philosophers will have it that each of the + five viscera has its own separate male soul (<span lang="zh" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="zh"><span style= + "font-style: italic">shen</span></span>); and a Taoist treatise + written about the end of the tenth or beginning of the eleventh + century has even enriched science with a list of about three dozen + souls distributed over the various parts of the human frame; + indeed, not content with a bare catalogue of these souls, the + learned author has annexed to the name and surname of each a brief + description of its size and stature, of the kind of dress in which + it is clothed and the shape of hat it wears.<a id="noteref_590" + name="noteref_590" href="#note_590"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">590</span></span></a> It is + only when the notion of a soul, from being a quasi-scientific + hypothesis, becomes a theological dogma that its unity and + indivisibility are insisted upon as essential. The savage, + unshackled by dogma, is free to explain the facts of life by the + assumption of as many souls as he thinks necessary. Hence, for + example, the Caribs supposed that there was one soul in the head, + another in the heart, and other souls at all the places where an + artery is felt pulsating.<a id="noteref_591" name="noteref_591" + href="#note_591"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">591</span></span></a> Some + of the Hidatsa Indians explain the phenomena of gradual death, when + the extremities appear dead first, by supposing that man has four + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page222">[pg 222]</span><a name= + "Pg222" id="Pg222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> souls, and that they + quit the body, not simultaneously, but one after the other, + dissolution being only complete when all four have departed.<a id= + "noteref_592" name="noteref_592" href="#note_592"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">592</span></span></a> Some + of the Dyaks of Borneo and the Malays of the Peninsula believe that + every man has seven souls.<a id="noteref_593" name="noteref_593" + href="#note_593"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">593</span></span></a> The + Alfoors of Poso in Celebes are of opinion that he has three.<a id= + "noteref_594" name="noteref_594" href="#note_594"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">594</span></span></a> The + natives of Laos suppose that the body is the seat of thirty + spirits, which reside in the hands, the feet, the mouth, the eyes, + and so on.<a id="noteref_595" name="noteref_595" href= + "#note_595"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">595</span></span></a> + Hence, from the primitive point of view, it is perfectly possible + that a savage should have one soul in his sex totem and another in + his clan totem. However, as I have observed, sex totems have been + found nowhere but in Australia; so that as a rule the savage who + practises totemism need not have more than one soul out of his body + at a time.<a id="noteref_596" name="noteref_596" href= + "#note_596"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">596</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The Battas of Sumatra, who have + totemism, believe that every person has a soul which is always + outside of his body.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If this + explanation of the totem as a receptacle in which a man keeps his + soul or one of his souls is correct, we should expect to find some + totemic people of whom it is expressly said that every man amongst + them is believed to keep at least one soul permanently out of his + body, and that the destruction of this external soul is supposed to + entail the death of its owner. Such a people are the Battas of + Sumatra. The Battas are divided into exogamous clans (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">margas</span></span>) with descent in the male + line; and each clan is forbidden to eat <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page223">[pg 223]</span><a name="Pg223" id="Pg223" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the flesh of a particular animal. One clan + may not eat the tiger, another the ape, another the crocodile, + another the dog, another the cat, another the dove, another the + white buffalo, and another the locust. The reason given by members + of a clan for abstaining from the flesh of the particular animal is + either that they are descended from animals of that species, and + that their souls after death may transmigrate into the animals, or + that they or their forefathers have been under certain obligations + to the creatures. Sometimes, but not always, the clan bears the + name of the animal.<a id="noteref_597" name="noteref_597" href= + "#note_597"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">597</span></span></a> Thus + the Battas have totemism in full. But, further, each Batta believes + that he has seven or, on a more moderate computation, three souls. + One of these souls is always outside the body, but nevertheless + whenever it dies, however far away it may be at the time, that same + moment the man dies also.<a id="noteref_598" name="noteref_598" + href="#note_598"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">598</span></span></a> The + writer who mentions this belief says nothing <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page224">[pg 224]</span><a name="Pg224" id="Pg224" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> about the Batta totems; but on the + analogy of the Australian, Central American, and African evidence + we may conjecture that the external soul, whose death entails the + death of the man, is housed in the totemic animal or plant.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">If a totem is the receptacle in + which a man keeps his external soul, it is no wonder that + savages should conceal the secret from strangers.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Against this + view it can hardly be thought to militate that the Batta does not + in set terms affirm his external soul to be in his totem, but + alleges other grounds for respecting the sacred animal or plant of + his clan. For if a savage seriously believes that his life is bound + up with an external object, it is in the last degree unlikely that + he will let any stranger into the secret. In all that touches his + inmost life and beliefs the savage is exceedingly suspicious and + reserved; Europeans have resided among savages for years without + discovering some of their capital articles of faith, and in the end + the discovery has often been the result of accident.<a id= + "noteref_599" name="noteref_599" href="#note_599"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">599</span></span></a> Above + all, the savage lives in an intense and perpetual dread of + assassination by sorcery; the most trifling relics of his + person—the clippings of his hair and nails, his spittle, the + remnants of his food, his very name<a id="noteref_600" name= + "noteref_600" href="#note_600"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">600</span></span></a>—all + these may, he fancies, be turned by the <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page225">[pg 225]</span><a name="Pg225" id="Pg225" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> sorcerer to his destruction, and he is + therefore anxiously careful to conceal or destroy them. But if in + matters such as these, which are but the outposts and outworks of + his life, he is so shy and secretive, how close must be the + concealment, how impenetrable the reserve in which he enshrouds the + inner keep and citadel of his being! When the princess in the fairy + tale asks the giant where he keeps his soul, he often gives false + or evasive answers, and it is only after much coaxing and wheedling + that the secret is at last wrung from him. In his jealous reticence + the giant resembles the timid and furtive savage; but whereas the + exigencies of the story demand that the giant should at last reveal + his secret, no such obligation is laid on the savage; and no + inducement that can be offered is likely to tempt him to imperil + his soul by revealing its hiding-place to a stranger. It is + therefore no matter for surprise that the central mystery of the + savage's life should so long have remained a secret, and that we + should be left to piece it together from scattered hints and + fragments and from the recollections of it which linger in fairy + tales.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc29" id="toc29"></a> <a name="pdf30" id="pdf30"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 5. The Ritual of Death and + Resurrection.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">This view of totemism may help to + explain the rite of death and resurrection which forms part of + many initiatory ceremonies among savages.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This view of + totemism throws light on a class of religious rites of which no + adequate explanation, so far as I am aware, has yet been offered. + Amongst many savage tribes, especially such as are known to + practise totemism, it is customary for lads at puberty to undergo + certain initiatory rites, of which one of the commonest is a + pretence of killing the lad and bringing him to life again. Such + rites become intelligible if we suppose that their substance + consists in extracting the youth's soul in order to transfer it to + his totem. For the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page226">[pg + 226]</span><a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + extraction of his soul would naturally be supposed to kill the + youth or at least to throw him into a death-like trance, which the + savage hardly distinguishes from death. His recovery would then be + attributed either to the gradual recovery of his system from the + violent shock which it had received, or, more probably, to the + infusion into him of fresh life drawn from the totem. Thus the + essence of these initiatory rites, so far as they consist in a + simulation of death and resurrection, would be an exchange of life + or souls between the man and his totem. The primitive belief in the + possibility of such an exchange of souls comes clearly out in the + story of the Basque hunter who affirmed that he had been killed by + a bear, but that the bear had, after killing him, breathed its own + soul into him, so that the bear's body was now dead, but he himself + was a bear, being animated by the bear's soul.<a id="noteref_601" + name="noteref_601" href="#note_601"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">601</span></span></a> This + revival of the dead hunter as a bear is exactly analogous to what, + on the theory here suggested, is supposed to take place in the + ceremony of killing a lad at puberty and bringing him to life + again. The lad dies as a man and comes to life again as an animal; + the animal's soul is now in him, and his human soul is in the + animal. With good right, therefore, does he call himself a Bear or + a Wolf, etc., according to his totem; and with good right does he + treat the bears or the wolves, etc., as his brethren, since in + these animals are lodged the souls of himself and his kindred.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The rite of death and resurrection + among the Wonghi of New South Wales.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Examples of this + supposed death and resurrection at <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page227">[pg 227]</span><a name="Pg227" id="Pg227" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> initiation are as follows. In the Wonghi or + Wonghibon tribe of New South Wales <span class="tei tei-q">“the + youths on approaching manhood attend a meeting of the tribe. The + ceremonies of initiation are secret, and at them none but the men + of the tribe who have been initiated attend with the novices. At + the spot where the ceremonies are to be performed, a large oval + space is cleared. The old men of the tribe conduct the ceremonies, + and the <span class="tei tei-q">‘medicine man’</span> of the tribe + is the master of them. Part of the proceedings consists in knocking + out a tooth and giving a new designation to the novice, indicating + the change from youth to manhood. When the tooth is knocked out, a + loud humming noise is heard, which is made with an instrument of + the following description: a flat piece of wood is made with + serrated edges, and having a hole at one end, to which a string is + attached, and this swung round produces a humming noise. The + uninitiated are not even allowed to see this instrument. Women are + forbidden to be present at these ceremonies, and should one, by + accident or otherwise, witness them, the penalty is death. The + penalty for revealing the secrets is probably the same. When + everything is prepared the women and children are covered with + boughs, and the men retire, with the young fellows who are to be + initiated, to a little distance. It is said that the youths are + sent away a short distance one by one, and that they are each met + in turn by a Being, who, so far as I can understand, is believed to + be something between a blackfellow and a spirit. This Being, called + Thuremlin, it is said, takes the youth to a distance, kills him, + and in some instances cuts him up, after which he restores him to + life and knocks out a tooth. Their belief in the power of Thuremlin + is undoubted.”</span><a id="noteref_602" name="noteref_602" href= + "#note_602"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">602</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Use of the bull-roarer at + initiatory ceremonies in Australia. The sound of the + bull-roarer compared to thunder. Belief of the Dieri that by + sounding a bull-roarer a newly initiated young man produces a + supply of edible snakes and lizards.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The foregoing + account, while it applies strictly to one tribe only, may be + regarded as typical of the initiation ceremonies performed on young + men throughout the tribes of South-Eastern and Central Australia, + except that among the Central tribes the practice of knocking out a + tooth on these occasions is replaced by the equally mysterious and + much severer bodily mutilations of circumcision and subincision, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page228">[pg 228]</span><a name= + "Pg228" id="Pg228" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> which are not + practised by the tribes of the South-East.<a id="noteref_603" name= + "noteref_603" href="#note_603"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">603</span></span></a> The + instrument whose humming or booming sound accompanies the critical + operation of knocking out the tooth of the novice, is the now + well-known bull-roarer, which figures in many savage rites of + initiation. Its true nature is concealed from the women and + uninitiated lads, who are taught to believe that its sonorous and + long-drawn notes are the voice of the mythical being, often called + Daramulun, who lives in the sky, instituted the rites, and + superintends their performance. The hollow roar of the slat of + wood, as it is swung round and round, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“represents the muttering of thunder, and the thunder + is the voice of Daramulun, and therefore its sound is of the most + sacred character. Umbara once said to me, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Thunder is the voice of him (pointing upward to the + sky) calling on the rain to fall and make everything grow up + new.’</span> ”</span><a id="noteref_604" name="noteref_604" href= + "#note_604"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">604</span></span></a> This + supposed resemblance of the sound to <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page229">[pg 229]</span><a name="Pg229" id="Pg229" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> thunder probably explains a certain use which + the Dieri, a tribe of Central Australia, made of the instrument. + When <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page230">[pg 230]</span><a name= + "Pg230" id="Pg230" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> a young man had + passed through an initiatory rite, which consisted in cutting a row + of gashes in his back, he was given a bull-roarer, and when he went + out in search of game, he used to twirl the implement in the belief + that by doing so, while his wounds were still unhealed, he created + a good harvest of snakes, lizards, and other reptiles, which the + natives employ as food; but on the contrary they imagined that + these supplies of food would be cut off for ever, if a woman were + to see a bull-roarer which had been swung at the rites of + initiation.<a id="noteref_605" name="noteref_605" href= + "#note_605"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">605</span></span></a> No + doubt these savages, living in a parched wilderness where the + existence of plants and animals depends on rare and irregular + showers,<a id="noteref_606" name="noteref_606" href= + "#note_606"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">606</span></span></a> have + observed that <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page231">[pg + 231]</span><a name="Pg231" id="Pg231" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the fall of rain is regularly followed by a great and sudden + increase in the food supply, and that this increase is most marked + after violent thunder-storms. Hence by making a noise like thunder + with the help of bull-roarers they probably hope, on the principle + of imitative magic, to bring on a thunder-storm and with it a + fertilizing deluge of rain.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The bull-roarer used by the + Indians of New Mexico and Arizona to procure rain. The + bull-roarer used in Torres Straits Islands to produce wind and + good crops.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For the same + reason in the parched and torrid regions of Arizona and New Mexico + the Indians make great use of the bull-roarer in their ceremonies + for procuring rain. For example, when Captain Bourke was at the + Pueblo Indian village of Walpi in the month of August, 1881, he saw + the instrument in use at the snake dance. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The medicine-men twirled it rapidly, and with a + uniform motion, about the head and from front to rear, and + succeeded in faithfully imitating the sound of a gust of rain-laden + wind. As explained to me by one of the medicine-men, by making this + sound they compelled the wind and rain to come to the aid of the + crops. At a later date I found it in use among the Apache, and for + the same purpose.”</span><a id="noteref_607" name="noteref_607" + href="#note_607"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">607</span></span></a> The + Zuñi Indians of New Mexico whirl bull-roarers <span class= + "tei tei-q">“to create enthusiasm”</span> among the mythical beings + who are supposed to cause rain, or for the purpose of making them + gather in the air over the village.<a id="noteref_608" name= + "noteref_608" href="#note_608"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">608</span></span></a> In a + Zuñi rain-making ceremony, while one medicine-man whirls a + bull-roarer, another whips up a mixture of water and meal into + frothy suds symbolic of clouds, and a third plays a flute. + <span class="tei tei-q">“All this is an invocation to the gods for + rain—the one great and perpetual prayer of the people of this arid + land.”</span><a id="noteref_609" name="noteref_609" href= + "#note_609"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">609</span></span></a> This + supposed connexion of the instrument with thunder-storms explains + why the Navajos of the same torrid country say that the bull-roarer + should always be made of wood from a pine-tree that has been struck + by lightning;<a id="noteref_610" name="noteref_610" href= + "#note_610"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">610</span></span></a> and + why the Bakairi of Brazil call the unpretentious <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page232">[pg 232]</span><a name="Pg232" id="Pg232" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> instrument by a name that means + <span class="tei tei-q">“thunder and lightning.”</span><a id= + "noteref_611" name="noteref_611" href="#note_611"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">611</span></span></a> The + resemblance of the sound of the bull-roarer to the roaring of the + wind is doubtless the reason why in the Torres Straits Islands + wizards whirled bull-roarers in order to make the wind to + blow,<a id="noteref_612" name="noteref_612" href= + "#note_612"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">612</span></span></a> and + why, when Caffres wish for calm weather, they forbid boys to play + with bull-roarers, because they think that the booming noise + attracts a gale of wind.<a id="noteref_613" name="noteref_613" + href="#note_613"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">613</span></span></a> + Hence, as an instrument whose sound resembles the rumbling of + thunder, the roar of wind, and the patter of rain, the bull-roarer + is naturally swung by agricultural savages as a powerful means of + promoting the growth of the crops. In the island of Kiwai, off the + mouth of the Fly River in British New Guinea, bull-roarers are + whirled in order to ensure a good crop of yams, sweet potatoes, and + bananas.<a id="noteref_614" name="noteref_614" href= + "#note_614"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">614</span></span></a> + Similarly the Yabim of German New Guinea imagine that by twirling + bull-roarers while they mention the names of the dead they produce + a fine crop of taro.<a id="noteref_615" name="noteref_615" href= + "#note_615"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">615</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The whirling of bull-roarers by + young men with bleeding backs in Australia seems to have been a + rain-making ceremony.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But why among + the Dieri of Central Australia should the power of attracting rain + and so ensuring a supply of food be specially attributed to a young + man whose back has just been scored and whose wounds are still raw? + Perhaps the reason may be that the blood dripping from the gashes + is thought to resemble rain and therefore to be endowed with a + magical potency of drawing showers from the clouds. The conjecture + is confirmed by the observation that the Dieri actually do bleed + themselves avowedly for the purpose of making rain, and they are + not the only people in Australia and elsewhere who have resorted to + this singular mode of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page233">[pg + 233]</span><a name="Pg233" id="Pg233" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + putting an end to a drought.<a id="noteref_616" name="noteref_616" + href="#note_616"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">616</span></span></a> + Altogether the foregoing evidence seems to hint that the whole + virtue of the bull-roarer resides, as its English name implies, in + its voice, and that its original significance was simply that of a + magical instrument for causing thunder, wind, and rain.<a id= + "noteref_617" name="noteref_617" href="#note_617"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">617</span></span></a> When + these natural phenomena came to be personified as spirits, the + sound of the bull-roarer was naturally interpreted as their + voice.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The sound of the bull-roarer at + initiation is believed by Australian women and children to be + the voice of a spirit, who carries away the novices.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the tribes + on the Brisbane River in Queensland the weird sound of the + bull-roarers swung at initiation was believed by the women and + children to be made by the wizards in swallowing the boys and + bringing them up again as young men. The Ualaroi of the Upper + Darling River said that the boy met a ghost, who killed him and + brought him to life again as a young man. Among the natives on the + Lower Lachlan and Murray Rivers it was Thrumalun (Daramulun) who + was thought to slay and resuscitate the novices.<a id="noteref_618" + name="noteref_618" href="#note_618"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">618</span></span></a> In + the Arunta tribe of Central Australia, at the moment when the lads + are being circumcised, the bull-roarer sounds in the darkness all + round the ceremonial ground; and the awestruck women, listening in + the distance, believe that it is the voice of a spirit called + Twanyirika, who lives in wild and inaccessible regions and only + comes out when a youth is initiated. They think that the spirit + enters the body of the lad after the operation of circumcision has + been performed and carries him away into the bush, keeping him + there till his wound is healed. While the newly circumcised youth + is out in the wilds, carefully secluded from the sight of the women + and children, he constantly sounds the bull-roarer. When he has + recovered from the wound, the spirit leaves him and he returns to + camp an initiated, or rather partially initiated, man. He has + learned, at all events, the secret of Twanyirika; for no sooner is + he circumcised than an elder brother comes up to him, and placing + in his hands a bundle <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page234">[pg + 234]</span><a name="Pg234" id="Pg234" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of sacred sticks or stones (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">churinga</span></span>), says, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Here is Twanyirika, of whom you have heard so much. + They are <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">churinga</span></span> and will help you to + heal quickly; guard them well, or else you and your mothers and + sisters will be killed.”</span><a id="noteref_619" name= + "noteref_619" href="#note_619"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">619</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">In some Australian tribes the + women believe that lads at initiation are killed and brought to + life again by a spirit, whose voice is heard in the sound of + the bull-roarer.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In this account + nothing is said about killing the lad and bringing him to life + again; but a belief in the death and resurrection of the novices at + initiation is expressly affirmed to be part of the feminine creed + in other tribes of Central Australia. Thus in the Unmatjera tribe + both women and children believe that Twanyirika kills the youth and + afterwards brings him to life again during the period of + initiation. The rites of initiation in this tribe, as in the other + Central tribes, comprise the operations of circumcision and + subincision; and as soon as the second of these has been performed + on him, the young man receives from his father a sacred stick + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">churinga</span></span>), with which, he is + told, his spirit was associated in the remotest past. While he is + out in the bush recovering from his wounds, he must swing the + bull-roarer, or a being who lives up in the sky will swoop down and + carry him off.<a id="noteref_620" name="noteref_620" href= + "#note_620"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">620</span></span></a> In + the Urabunna tribe of Central Australia a lad at initiation + receives a bull-roarer, the very name of which (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">chimbaliri</span></span>) is never heard by + women and children. They are taught to believe that the sound of it + is the voice of a spirit called Witurna, who takes the boy away, + cuts out all his bowels, provides him with a new set, and brings + him back an initiated youth. The lad is warned that on no account + may he allow a woman or a child to see the sacred stick, else he + and his mother and sisters will fall down as dead as stones.<a id= + "noteref_621" name="noteref_621" href="#note_621"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">621</span></span></a> In + the Binbinga tribe, on the western coast of the Gulf of + Carpentaria, the women and children believe that the noise of the + bull-roarer at initiation is made by a spirit named Katajalina, who + lives in an ant-hill and comes <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page235">[pg 235]</span><a name="Pg235" id="Pg235" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> out and eats up the boy, afterwards restoring + him to life.<a id="noteref_622" name="noteref_622" href= + "#note_622"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">622</span></span></a> + Similarly among their neighbours the Anula the women imagine that + the droning sound of the bull-roarer is produced by a spirit called + Gnabaia, who swallows the lads at initiation and afterwards + disgorges them in the form of initiated men. In this tribe, after a + lad has been subincised as well as circumcised, he is presented + with a bull-roarer and informed that the instrument was originally + made by the whirlwind, that it is sacred or tabooed, and that it + may on no account be shewn to women or children.<a id="noteref_623" + name="noteref_623" href="#note_623"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">623</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">A drama of resurrection from the + dead used to be shewn to novices at initiation in some tribes + of New South Wales. Dr. Howitt's description of the scene. The + seeming dead man in the grave. The resurrection from the + grave.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the tribes + settled on the southern coast of New South Wales, of which the + Coast Murring tribe may be regarded as typical, the drama of + resurrection from the dead was exhibited in a graphic form to the + novices at initiation. Before they were privileged to witness this + edifying spectacle they had been raised to the dignity of manhood + by an old man, who promoted them to their new status by the simple + process of knocking a tooth out of the mouth of each with the help + of a wooden chisel and hammer. The ceremony of the resurrection has + been described for us in detail by an eye-witness, the late Dr. A. + W. Howitt, one of the best authorities on the customs of the + Australian aborigines. The scene selected for the sacred drama was + the bottom of a deep valley, where a sluggish stream wound through + a bed of tall sharp-edged sedge. Though the hour was between ten + and eleven o'clock in the morning, the sun had but just peeped over + the mountains which enclosed the valley like a wall on the east; + and while the upper slopes, clothed with a forest of tall rowan + trees, looked warm and bright in sunshine, which shot between the + grey stems and under the light feathery foliage of the trees, all + the bottom of the dell was still in deep shadow and dank with the + moisture of the night's rain. While the novices rested and warmed + themselves at a crackling fire, the initiated men laid their heads + together, prepared a stock of decorations made of stringy bark, and + dug a grave. There was some discussion as to the shape of the + grave, but the man who was to be buried in it decided the question + by declaring that he <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page236">[pg + 236]</span><a name="Pg236" id="Pg236" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + would be laid in it on his back at full length. He was a man of the + eagle-hawk totem and belonged to the tribal subdivision called + Yibai. So while two men under his directions were digging the grave + with sticks in the friable granitic soil, he superintended the + costume of the other actors in the drama. Sheets of bark were + beaten out into fleeces of stringy fibre, and in these garments six + performers were clothed from head to foot so that not even a + glimpse could be obtained of their faces. Four of them were tied + together by a cord which was fastened to the back of their heads, + and each of them carried two pieces of bark in his hands. The other + two walked free, but hobbled along bent double and supporting their + tottery steps on staves to mark the weight of years; for they + played the part of two medicine-men of venerable age and great + magical power. By this time the grave was ready, and the eagle-hawk + man stretched himself in it at full length on a bed of leaves, his + head resting on a rolled-up blanket, just as if he were a corpse. + In his two hands, crossed on his chest, he held the stem of a young + tree (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Persoonia + linearis</span></span>), which had been pulled up by the roots and + now stood planted on his chest, so that the top of it rose several + feet above the level of the ground. A light covering of dried + sticks filled the grave, and dead leaves, tufts of grass, and small + plants were artistically arranged over them so as to complete the + illusion. All being now ready, the novices were led by their + sisters' husbands to the grave and placed in a row beside it, while + a singer, perched on the trunk of a fallen tree at the head of the + grave, crooned a melancholy ditty, the song of Yibai. Though the + words of the song consisted merely of a monotonous repetition of + the words <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Burrin-burrin Yibai</span></span>, that is, + Stringy-bark Yibai, they were understood to refer to the eagle-hawk + totem, as well as to the tribal subdivision of the buried man. Then + to the slow, plaintive but well-marked air of the song the actors + began to move forward, winding among the trees, logs, and rocks. On + came the four disguised men, stepping in time to the music, swaying + from side to side, and clashing their bark clappers together at + every step, while beside them hobbled the two old men keeping a + little aloof to mark their superior dignity. They represented a + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page237">[pg 237]</span><a name= + "Pg237" id="Pg237" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> party of + medicine-men, guided by two reverend seniors, who had come on + pilgrimage to the grave of a brother medicine-man, him of the + eagle-hawk totem, who lay buried here in the lonely valley, now + illumined by the warm rays of the sun; for by this time the morning + was wearing on to noon. When the little procession, chanting an + invocation to Daramulun, had defiled from among the rocks and trees + into the open, it drew up on the side of the grave opposite to the + novices, the two old men taking up a position in the rear of the + dancers. For some time the dance and song went on till the tree + that seemed to grow from the grave began to quiver. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Look there!”</span> cried the sisters' husbands to the + novices, pointing to the trembling leaves. As they looked, the tree + quivered more and more, then was violently agitated and fell to the + ground, while amid the excited dancing of the dancers and the + chanting of the tuneful choir the supposed dead man spurned from + him the superincumbent mass of sticks and leaves, and springing to + his feet danced his magic dance in the grave itself, and exhibited + in his mouth the magic substances which he was supposed to have + received from Daramulun in person.<a id="noteref_624" name= + "noteref_624" href="#note_624"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">624</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">In some Australian tribes a + medicine-man at his initiation is thought to be killed and + raised again from the dead.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In some tribes + of Central and Northern Australia the initiation of a medicine-man + into the mysteries of his craft is supposed to be accomplished by + certain spirits, who kill him, cut out his internal organs, and + having provided him with a new set bring him to life again. + Sometimes the spirits kindly replace the man's human organs by + their own spiritual organs; sometimes along with the new organs + they insert magical stones in his body or even a serpent, and the + stones or the serpents naturally endow the new wizards with + marvellous powers. In some tribes the initiation takes place in a + cave, where the spirits dwell. After the man has been restored to + life with a new heart, a new pair of lungs, and so forth, he + returns to his people in a more or less dazed condition, which his + friends may at first mistake for insanity, though afterwards they + recognize <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page238">[pg + 238]</span><a name="Pg238" id="Pg238" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + its true character as inspiration.<a id="noteref_625" name= + "noteref_625" href="#note_625"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">625</span></span></a> One + eminent medical practitioner in the Unmatjera tribe assured Messrs. + Spencer and Gillen that when he came to himself after the + operation, which in his case was performed by an aged doctor, he + had completely forgotten who he was and all about his past life. + After a time his venerable friend led him back to the camp and + shewed it to him, and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“That woman + there is your wife,”</span> for she had gone clean out of his + head.<a id="noteref_626" name="noteref_626" href= + "#note_626"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">626</span></span></a> We + shall see presently that this temporary oblivion, a natural effect + of the shock to the nervous system produced by resuscitation from + the dead, is characteristic of novices under similar circumstances + in other lands. Among the Arunta of Alice Springs the cave where + the mystic initiation takes place is a limestone cavern in a range + of hills which rises to the north of the wide level expanse known + as the Emily plain. None of the ordinary natives would dare to set + foot in the awful grotto, which they believe to extend for miles + into the bowels of the earth and to be tenanted by certain + ancestral spirits, who live there in perpetual sunshine and amid + streams of running water, an earthly paradise by contrast with the + arid sun-scorched steppes and barren mountains outside. White men + have explored the cave, and if they perceived no spirits, they + found bats in plenty. The man who aspires to the rank of a wizard + lies down at the mouth of the cave and falls asleep; and as he + sleeps one of the ancestral spirits steals up to him and drives an + invisible spear through his neck from back to front. The point of + the spear comes out through the man's tongue, leaving a hole + through which you could put your little finger, and this hole the + man retains for the rest of his natural life, or at least so long + as he retains his magical powers; for if the hole should close up, + these spiritual gifts and graces would depart from him. A second + thrust from the invisible spear transfixes the man's head from ear + to ear; he drops down dead, and is immediately transported into the + depths of the cavern, where the spirits dissect his dead body, + extract the old viscera, and <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page239">[pg 239]</span><a name="Pg239" id="Pg239" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> replace them with a new set in the manner + already described.<a id="noteref_627" name="noteref_627" href= + "#note_627"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">627</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Notable features in the initiation + of Australian medicine-men.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In this account + of the manner in which medicine-men obtain their magical powers not + only are the supposed death and resurrection of the novice worthy + of attention, but also the exchange of internal organs which in the + Binbinga and Mara tribes is supposed to be effected between the man + and the spirit;<a id="noteref_628" name="noteref_628" href= + "#note_628"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">628</span></span></a> for + this exchange resembles that which, on the theory I have suggested, + may be thought to take place between a lad and his totem at the + ceremonies of initiation which mark the momentous transition from + boyhood to manhood. Further, the bodily mutilation which is the + visible sign of the medicine-man's initiation (for however the hole + may be made it certainly exists in the tongues of regular Arunta + practitioners) corresponds to the bodily mutilations of other + sorts, which in many savage tribes attest to the world that the + mutilated persons are fullgrown men. What the precise meaning of + such mutilations may be, still remains very obscure; but they seem + in some cases to be directly associated with the conception of + death and resurrection.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Rites of initiation in some tribes + of German New Guinea. The novices thought to be swallowed and + disgorged by a monster, whose voice is heard in the hum of the + bull-roarers.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This association + certainly comes out plainly in the rites of initiation through + which in some parts of New Guinea all lads must pass before they + attain to the status of adults. The rites are observed by a group + of tribes who occupy contiguous territories about Finsch Harbour + and Huon Gulf in German New Guinea. The tribes in question are the + Yabim, the Bukaua, the Kai, and the Tami. All of them except the + Kai belong to the Melanesian stock and are therefore presumably + immigrants from the adjoining islands; but the Kai, who inhabit the + rugged, densely wooded, and rainy mountains inland from Finsch + Harbour, belong to the aboriginal Papuan stock and differ from + their neighbours in speech as well as in appearance. Yet the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page240">[pg 240]</span><a name= + "Pg240" id="Pg240" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> rites of initiation + which all these tribes celebrate and the beliefs which they + associate with them are so similar that a single description will + apply accurately enough to them all. All of them, like many + Australian tribes, require every male member of the tribe to be + circumcised before he ranks as a full-grown man; and the tribal + initiation, of which circumcision is the central feature, is + conceived by them, as by some Australian tribes, as a process of + being swallowed and disgorged by a mythical monster, whose voice is + heard in the humming sound of the bull-roarer. Indeed the New + Guinea tribes not only impress this belief on the minds of women + and children, but enact it in a dramatic form at the actual rites + of initiation, at which no woman or uninitiated person may be + present. For this purpose a hut about a hundred feet long is + erected either in the village or in a lonely part of the forest. It + is modelled in the shape of the mythical monster; at the end which + represents his head it is high, and it tapers away at the other + end. A betel-palm, grubbed up with the roots, stands for the + backbone of the great being and its clustering fibres for his hair; + and to complete the resemblance the butt end of the building is + adorned by a native artist with a pair of goggle eyes and a gaping + mouth. When after a tearful parting from their mothers and women + folk, who believe or pretend to believe in the monster that + swallows their dear ones, the awe-struck novices are brought face + to face with this imposing structure, the huge creature emits a + sullen growl, which is in fact no other than the humming note of + bull-roarers swung by men concealed in the monster's belly. The + actual process of deglutition is variously enacted. Among the Tami + it is represented by causing the candidates to defile past a row of + men who hold bull-roarers over their heads; among the Kai it is + more graphically set forth by making them pass under a scaffold on + which stands a man, who makes a gesture of swallowing and takes in + fact a gulp of water as each trembling novice passes beneath him. + But the present of a pig, opportunely offered for the redemption of + the youth, induces the monster to relent and disgorge his victim; + the man who represents the monster accepts the gift vicariously, a + gurgling sound is heard, and <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page241">[pg 241]</span><a name="Pg241" id="Pg241" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the water which had just been swallowed + descends in a jet on the novice. This signifies that the young man + has been released from the monster's belly. However, he has now to + undergo the more painful and dangerous operation of circumcision. + It follows immediately, and the cut made by the knife of the + operator is explained to be a bite or scratch which the monster + inflicted on the novice in spewing him out of his capacious maw. + While the operation is proceeding, a prodigious noise is made by + the swinging of bull-roarers to represent the roar of the dreadful + being who is in the act of swallowing the young men.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The return of the novices after + initiation.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When, as + sometimes happens, a lad dies from the effect of the operation, he + is buried secretly in the forest, and his sorrowing mother is told + that the monster has a pig's stomach as well as a human stomach, + and that unfortunately her son slipped into the wrong stomach, from + which it was impossible to extricate him. After they have been + circumcised the lads must remain for some months in seclusion, + shunning all contact with women and even the sight of them. They + live in the long hut which represents the monster's belly; among + the Yabim they beguile the tedium of this enforced leisure by + weaving baskets and playing on certain sacred flutes, which are + never used except on these occasions. The instruments are of two + patterns. One is called the male and the other the female; and they + are believed to be married to each other. No woman may see these + mysterious flutes; if she did, she would die. When the long + seclusion is over, the lads, now ranking as initiated men, are + brought back with great pomp and ceremony to the village, where + they are received with sobs and tears of joy by the women, as if + the grave had given up its dead. At first the young men keep their + eyes rigidly closed or even sealed with a plaster of chalk, and + they appear not to understand the words of command which are given + them by an elder. Gradually, however, they come to themselves as if + awaking from a stupor, and next day they bathe and wash off the + crust of white chalk with which their bodies had been coated.<a id= + "noteref_629" name="noteref_629" href="#note_629"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">629</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page242">[pg 242]</span><a name="Pg242" id="Pg242" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The monster who is supposed to + swallow the novices is apparently conceived as a ghost or + ancestral spirit.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is highly + significant that all these tribes of New Guinea apply the same word + to the bull-roarer and to the monster, who is supposed to swallow + the novices at circumcision, and whose fearful roar is represented + by the hum of the harmless wooden instruments. The word in the + speech of the Yabim and Bukaua is <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">balum</span></span>; in that of the Kai it is + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ngosa</span></span>; and in that of the Tami + it is <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kani</span></span>. Further, it deserves to be + noted that in three languages out of the four the same word which + is applied to the bull-roarer and to the monster means also a ghost + or spirit of the dead, while in the fourth language (the Kai) it + signifies <span class="tei tei-q">“grandfather.”</span> From this + it seems to follow that the being who swallows and disgorges the + novices at initiation is believed to be a powerful ghost or + ancestral spirit, and that the bull-roarer, which bears his name, + is his material representative. That would explain the jealous + secrecy with which the sacred implement is kept from the sight of + women. While they are not in use, the bull-roarers are stowed away + in the men's club-houses, which no woman may enter; indeed no woman + or uninitiated person may set eyes on a bull-roarer under pain of + death.<a id="noteref_630" name="noteref_630" href= + "#note_630"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">630</span></span></a> + Similarly among the Tugeri or Kaya-Kaya, a large Papuan tribe on + the south coast of Dutch New <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page243">[pg 243]</span><a name="Pg243" id="Pg243" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Guinea, the name of the bull-roarer, which + they call <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sosom</span></span>, is given to a mythical + giant, who is supposed to appear every year with the south-east + monsoon. When he comes, a festival is held in his honour and + bull-roarers are swung. Boys are presented to the giant, and he + kills them, but considerately brings them to life again.<a id= + "noteref_631" name="noteref_631" href="#note_631"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">631</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The drama of death and + resurrection used to be enacted before young men at initiation + in some parts of Fiji.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In certain + districts of Viti Levu, the largest of the Fijian Islands, the + drama of death and resurrection used to be acted with much + solemnity before the eyes of young men at initiation. The + ceremonies were performed in certain sacred precincts of oblong + shape, enclosed by low walls or rows of stones but open to the sky. + Such a precinct was called a <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nanga</span></span>, and it might be described + as a temple dedicated to the worship of ancestors; for in it + sacrifices and prayers were offered to the ancestral spirits. For + example, the first-fruits of the yam harvest were regularly + presented with great ceremony to the souls of the dead in the + temple before the bulk of the crop was dug for the people's use, + and no man might taste of the new yams until this solemn offering + had been made. The yams so offered were piled up in the sacred + enclosure and left to rot there; if any man were so bold as to eat + of these dedicated fruits, it was believed that he would go + mad.<a id="noteref_632" name="noteref_632" href= + "#note_632"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">632</span></span></a> Any + initiated man had the right of approaching the ancestral spirits at + any time in their holy place, where he would pray to them for help + and protection and propitiate them by laying down his offering of a + pig, or yams, or eels, or cloth, or what not.<a id="noteref_633" + name="noteref_633" href="#note_633"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">633</span></span></a> Of + these offerings perhaps the most curious was that of the foreskins + of young men, who were circumcised as a sort of vicarious sacrifice + or atonement for <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page244">[pg + 244]</span><a name="Pg244" id="Pg244" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the recovery of a sick relative, it might be either their father or + one of their father's brothers. The bloody foreskins, stuck in the + cleft of a split reed, were presented to the ancestral gods in the + temple by the chief priest, who prayed for the sick man's + recovery.<a id="noteref_634" name="noteref_634" href= + "#note_634"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">634</span></span></a> The + temple or sacred enclosure was divided into two or three + compartments by cross walls of stones, and the inmost of these + compartments was the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nanga-tambu-tambu</span></span>, or Holy of + Holies.<a id="noteref_635" name="noteref_635" href= + "#note_635"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">635</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Description of the rite. The mimic + death. The mimic resurrection. The sacramental meal. The + intention of the rite.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In these + open-air temples of the dead the ceremony of initiating young men + was performed as a rule every year at the end of October or the + beginning of November, which was the commencement of the Fijian New + Year; hence the novices who were initiated at that season went by + the name of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Vilavou</span></span> or New Year's Men. The + exact time for celebrating the rite was determined by the flowering + of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ndrala</span></span> tree (<span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Erythrina</span></span>); but it roughly + coincided with the New Year of the Tahitians and Hawaiians, who + dated the commencement of the year by observation of the Pleiades. + The highlanders of Fiji, who alone celebrated these rites, did not + trouble their heads about the stars.<a id="noteref_636" name= + "noteref_636" href="#note_636"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">636</span></span></a> As a + preparation <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page245">[pg + 245]</span><a name="Pg245" id="Pg245" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + for the solemnity the heads of the novices were shaved and their + beards, if they had any, were carefully eradicated. On four + successive days they went in procession to the temple and there + deposited in the Holy of Holies their offerings of cloth and + weapons to the ancestral spirits. But on the fifth and great day of + the festival, when they again entered the sacred ground, they + beheld a sight which froze their souls with horror. Stretched on + the ground was a row of dead or seemingly dead and murdered men, + their bodies cut open and covered with blood, their entrails + protruding. At the further end sat the High Priest, regarding them + with a stony glare, and to reach him the trembling novices had to + crawl on hands and knees over the ghastly blood-bedabbled corpses + that lay between. Having done so they drew up in a line before him. + Suddenly he blurted out a piercing yell, at which the counterfeit + dead men started to their feet and ran down to the river to cleanse + themselves from the blood and guts of pigs with which they were + beslobbered. The High Priest now unbent his starched dignity, and + skipping from side to side cried in stridulous tones, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Where are the people of my enclosure? Are they gone to + Tonga Levu? Are they gone to the deep sea?”</span> He was soon + answered by a deep-mouthed chant, and back from the river marched + the dead men come to life, clean, fresh, and garlanded, swaying + their bodies in time to the music of their solemn hymn. They took + their places in front of the novices and a religious silence + ensued. Such was the drama of death and resurrection. It was + immediately followed by a sacramental meal. Four old men of the + highest order of initiates now entered the Holy of Holies. The + first bore a cooked yam carefully wrapt up in leaves so that no + part of it should touch the hands of the bearer: the second carried + a piece of baked pork similarly enveloped: the third held a + drinking-cup full of water and wrapt round with native cloth; and + the fourth bore a napkin of the same stuff. The first elder passed + along the row of novices putting the end of the yam into each of + their <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page246">[pg 246]</span><a name= + "Pg246" id="Pg246" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> mouths, and as he + did so each of them nibbled a morsel of the sacred food: the second + elder did the same with the hallowed pork: the third elder followed + with the holy water, with which each novice merely wetted his lips; + and the fourth elder wiped all their mouths with his napkin. Then + the high priest or one of the elders addressed the young men, + warning them solemnly against the sacrilege of betraying to the + profane vulgar any of the high mysteries which they had witnessed, + and threatening all such traitors with the vengeance of the gods. + The general intention of the initiatory rites seems to have been to + introduce the young men to the worshipful spirits of the dead at + their temple, and to cement the bond between them by a sacramental + meal.<a id="noteref_637" name="noteref_637" href= + "#note_637"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">637</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Initiatory rite in the island of + Rook: pretence that the novices are swallowed by the devil. + Secret society of the Duk-duk in New Britain. Novices supposed + to be killed. The new birth.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The people of + Rook, an island between New Guinea and New Britain, hold festivals + at which one or two disguised men, their heads covered with wooden + masks, go dancing through the village, followed by all the other + men. They demand that the circumcised boys who have not yet been + swallowed by Marsaba (the devil) shall be given up to them. The + boys, trembling and shrieking, are delivered to them, and must + creep between the legs of the disguised men. Then the procession + moves through the village again, and announces that Marsaba has + eaten up the boys, and will not disgorge them till he receives a + present of pigs, taro, and so forth. So all the villagers, + according to their means, contribute provisions, which are then + consumed in the name of Marsaba.<a id="noteref_638" name= + "noteref_638" href="#note_638"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">638</span></span></a> In + New Britain all males are members of an association called the + Duk-duk. The boys are admitted to it very young, but are not fully + initiated till their fourteenth year, when they receive from the + Tubuvan or Tubuan a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page247">[pg + 247]</span><a name="Pg247" id="Pg247" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + terrible blow with a cane, which is supposed to kill them. The + Tubuan and the Duk-duk are two disguised men who represent + cassowaries. They dance with a short hopping step in imitation of + the cassowary. Each of them wears a huge hat like an extinguisher, + woven of grass or palm-fibres; it is six feet high, and descends to + the wearer's shoulders, completely concealing his head and face. + From the neck to the knees the man's body is hidden by a crinoline + made of the leaves of a certain tree fastened on hoops, one above + the other. The Tubuan is regarded as a female, the Duk-duk as a + male. The former is supposed to breed and give birth to the + novices, who are accordingly looked upon as newly born. The female + masks are very plain compared with the male masks. Two of them are + regularly kept from year to year in order that they may annually + breed new Duk-duks. When they are wanted for this purpose they are + brought forth, decorated afresh, and provided with new leaf dresses + to match. According to one account, women and children may not look + upon one of these disguised men or they would die. So strong is + this superstition among them that they will run away and hide as + soon as they hear him coming, for they are aware of his approach + through a peculiar shrieking noise he utters as he goes along. In + the district of Berara, where red is the Duk-duk colour, the mere + sight of a red cloth is enough to make the women take to their + heels. The common herd are not allowed to know who the masker is. + If he stumbles and his hat falls to the ground, disclosing his + face, or his crinoline is torn to tatters by the bushes, his + attendants immediately surround him to hide his person from the + vulgar eye. According to one writer, indeed, the performer who + drops his mask, or lets it fall so that the sharp point at the top + sticks in the ground, is put to death. The institution of the + Duk-duk is common to the neighbouring islands of New Ireland and + the Duke of York.<a id="noteref_639" name="noteref_639" href= + "#note_639"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">639</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page248">[pg 248]</span><a name="Pg248" id="Pg248" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Initiatory rite in Halmahera: + pretence of begetting the novices anew.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the + Galelareese and Tobelorese of Halmahera, an island to the west of + New Guinea, boys go through a form of initiation, part of which + seems to consist in a pretence of begetting them anew. When a + number of boys have reached the proper age, their parents agree to + celebrate the ceremony at their common expense, and they invite + others to be present at it. A shed is erected, and two long tables + are placed in it, with benches to match, one for the men and one + for the women. When all the preparations have been made for a + feast, a great many skins of the rayfish, and some pieces of a wood + which imparts a red colour to water, are taken to the shed. A + priest or elder causes a vessel to be placed in the sight of all + the people, and then begins, with significant gestures, to rub a + piece of the wood with the ray-skin. The powder so produced is put + in the vessel, and at the same time the name of one of the boys is + called out. The same proceeding is repeated for each boy. Then the + vessels are filled with water, after which the feast begins. At the + third cock-crow the priest smears the faces and bodies of the boys + with the red water, which represents the blood shed at the + perforation of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hymen</span></em>. Towards daybreak the boys + are taken to the wood, and must hide behind the largest trees. The + men, armed with sword and shield, accompany them, dancing and + singing. The priest knocks thrice on each of the trees behind which + a boy is hiding. All day the boys stay in the wood, exposing + themselves to the heat of the sun as much as possible. In the + evening they bathe and return to the shed, where the women supply + them with food.<a id="noteref_640" name="noteref_640" href= + "#note_640"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">640</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page249">[pg 249]</span><a name="Pg249" id="Pg249" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The Kakian association in Ceram. + The rite of initiation: pretence of killing the novices.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the west of + Ceram boys at puberty are admitted to the Kakian association.<a id= + "noteref_641" name="noteref_641" href="#note_641"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">641</span></span></a> + Modern writers have commonly regarded this association as primarily + a political league instituted to resist foreign domination. In + reality its objects are purely religious and social, though it is + possible that the priests may have occasionally used their powerful + influence for political ends. The society is in fact merely one of + those widely-diffused primitive institutions, of which a chief + object is the initiation of young men. In recent years the true + nature of the association has been duly recognized by the + distinguished Dutch ethnologist, J. G. F. Riedel. The Kakian house + is an oblong wooden shed, situated under the darkest trees in the + depth of the forest, and is built to admit so little light that it + is impossible to see what goes on in it. Every village has such a + house. Thither the boys who are to be initiated are conducted + blindfold, followed by their parents and relations. Each boy is led + by the hand by two men, who act as his sponsors or guardians, + looking after him during the period of initiation. When all are + assembled before the shed, the high priest calls aloud upon the + devils. Immediately a hideous uproar is heard to proceed from the + shed. It is made by men with bamboo trumpets, who have been + secretly introduced into the building by a back door, but the women + and children think it is made by the devils, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page250">[pg 250]</span><a name="Pg250" id="Pg250" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and are much terrified. Then the + priests enter the shed, followed by the boys, one at a time. As + soon as each boy has disappeared within the precincts, a dull + chopping sound is heard, a fearful cry rings out, and a sword or + spear, dripping with blood, is thrust through the roof of the shed. + This is a token that the boy's head has been cut off, and that the + devil has carried him away to the other world, there to regenerate + and transform him. So at sight of the bloody sword the mothers weep + and wail, crying that the devil has murdered their children. In + some places, it would seem, the boys are pushed through an opening + made in the shape of a crocodile's jaws or a cassowary's beak, and + it is then said that the devil has swallowed them. The boys remain + in the shed for five or nine days. Sitting in the dark, they hear + the blast of the bamboo trumpets, and from time to time the sound + of musket shots and the clash of swords. Every day they bathe, and + their faces and bodies are smeared with a yellow dye, to give them + the appearance of having been swallowed by the devil. During his + stay in the Kakian house each boy has one or two crosses tattooed + with thorns on his breast or arm. When they are not sleeping, the + lads must sit in a crouching posture without moving a muscle. As + they sit in a row cross-legged, with their hands stretched out, the + chief takes his trumpet, and placing the mouth of it on the hands + of each lad, speaks through it in strange tones, imitating the + voice of the spirits. He warns the lads, under pain of death, to + observe the rules of the Kakian society, and never to reveal what + has passed in the Kakian house. The novices are also told by the + priests to behave well to their blood relations, and are taught the + traditions and secrets of the tribe.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The resurrection of the + novices.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meantime the + mothers and sisters of the lads have gone home to weep and mourn. + But in a day or two the men who acted as guardians or sponsors to + the novices return to the village with the glad tidings that the + devil, at the intercession of the priests, has restored the lads to + life. The men who bring this news come in a fainting state and + daubed with mud, like messengers freshly arrived from the nether + world. Before leaving the Kakian house, each lad receives from the + priest a stick adorned at both ends with <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page251">[pg 251]</span><a name="Pg251" id="Pg251" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> cock's or cassowary's feathers. The sticks + are supposed to have been given to the lads by the devil at the + time when he restored them to life, and they serve as a token that + the youths have been in the spirit land. When they return to their + homes they totter in their walk, and enter the house backward, as + if they had forgotten how to walk properly; or they enter the house + by the back door. If a plate of food is given to them, they hold it + upside down. They remain dumb, indicating their wants by signs + only. All this is to shew that they are still under the influence + of the devil or the spirits. Their sponsors have to teach them all + the common acts of life, as if they were new-born children. + Further, upon leaving the Kakian house the boys are strictly + forbidden to eat of certain fruits until the next celebration of + the rites has taken place. And for twenty or thirty days their hair + may not be combed by their mothers or sisters. At the end of that + time the high priest takes them to a lonely place in the forest, + and cuts off a lock of hair from the crown of each of their heads. + After these initiatory rites the lads are deemed men, and may + marry; it would be a scandal if they married before.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The secret society of</span> + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">Ndembo</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">in + the valley of the Lowe Congo.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the region of + the Lower Congo a simulation of death and resurrection is, or + rather used to be, practised by the members of a guild or secret + society called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ndembo</span></span>. The society had nothing + to do with puberty or circumcision, though the custom of + circumcision is common in the country. Young people and adults of + both sexes might join the guild; after initiation they were called + <span class="tei tei-q">“the Knowing Ones”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nganga</span></span>). To found a branch of + the society it was necessary to have an albino, who, whether a + child, lad, or adult, was the acknowledged head of the + society.<a id="noteref_642" name="noteref_642" href= + "#note_642"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">642</span></span></a> The + ostensible reason for starting a branch of the guild in a district + was commonly an epidemic of sickness, <span class="tei tei-q">“and + the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page252">[pg 252]</span><a name= + "Pg252" id="Pg252" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> idea was to go into + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ndembo</span></span> to die, and after an + indefinite period, from a few months to two or three years, to be + resurrected with a new body not liable to the sickness then + troubling the countryside. Another reason for starting a + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ndembo</span></span> was a dearth of children + in a district. It was believed that good luck in having children + would attend those who entered or died <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ndembo</span></span>. But the underlying idea + was the same, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> to get a <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘new body’</span> that would be healthy and perform its + functions properly.”</span> The quarters of the society were always + a stockaded enclosure in a great thick forest; a gate of planks + painted yellow and red gave access to it, and within there was an + assemblage of huts. The place was fenced to keep intruders from + prying into the mysteries of the guild, and it was near water. + Uninitiated persons might walk on the public roads through the + forest, but if they were caught in bye-paths or hunting in the + woods, they were flogged, fined, and sometimes killed. They might + not even look upon the persons of those who had <span class= + "tei tei-q">“died <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ndembo</span></span>”</span>; hence when these + sanctified persons were roving about the forest or going to the + river, the booming notes of a drum warned the profane vulgar to + keep out of their way.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Pretence of death as a preliminary + to resurrection.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the + stockade and the huts in the forest were ready to receive all who + wished to put off the old man or woman and to put on the new, one + of the initiates gave the sign and the aspirant after the higher + life dropped down like dead in some public place, it might be the + market or the centre of the town where there were plenty of people + to witness the edifying spectacle. The initiates immediately spread + a pall over him or her, beat the earth round about the pretended + corpse with plantain stalks, chanted incantations, fired guns, and + cut capers. Then they carried the seemingly dead body away into the + forest and disappeared with it into the stockade. The spectacle + proved infectious; one after another in the emotional, excitable + crowd of negroes followed the example, dropped down like dead, and + were carried off, sometimes in a real cataleptic state. In this way + fifty to a hundred or more novices might feign death and be + transported into the sacred enclosure. There they were supposed not + only to die but to rot till only a single <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page253">[pg 253]</span><a name="Pg253" id="Pg253" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> bone of their body remained, of which the + initiated had to take the greatest care in expectation of the + joyful resurrection that was soon to follow. However, though they + were both dead and rotten, they consumed a large quantity of food, + which their credulous relatives brought to them in baskets, toiling + with the loads on their backs over the long paths through the + forest in the sweltering heat of the tropical day. If the relations + failed to discharge this pious and indispensable duty, their + kinsman in the sacred enclosure ran a risk of dying in good + earnest, or rather of being spirited away to a distant town and + sold as a slave.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Seclusion of the novices.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Shut up within + the stockade for months or years, the men and women, boys and + girls, dispensed with the superfluity of clothes, rubbed their + naked bodies with red ochre or powdered camwood instead, and gave + themselves up to orgies of unbridled lust. Some feeble attempts + were made to teach them the rudiments of a secret language, but the + vocabulary was small and its principles lacking in ingenuity. The + time during which this seclusion lasted might vary from three + months to three years. When the circumstances which had furnished + the pretext for instituting the society had passed away, whether it + was that the epidemic had died out or that the birth-rate had + sensibly increased, murmurs would begin to be heard among friends + and relatives in the town, who did not see why they should be taxed + any longer to support a set of idle and dissolute ruffians in the + forest, and why they should trudge day after day in the sweat of + their brow to carry provisions to them. So the supplies would begin + to run short, and whenever that happened the mystery of the + resurrection was sure to follow very soon after.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Resurrection of the novices. + Pretence of the novices that they have forgotten + everything.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Accordingly it + would be announced that on a certain market-day the new initiates, + now raised from the dead, would reveal themselves in all their + glory to the astonished gaze of the public. The glad tidings were + received with enthusiasm, and crowds assembled from all the country + round about to welcome those who had come back from the world + beyond the grave. When all were gathered in eager expectancy in the + market-place, the sounds of distant music would be heard, and soon + the gay procession would defile into the open square and march + round it, while the dusky skins, reddened with camwood <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page254">[pg 254]</span><a name="Pg254" id="Pg254" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> powder, glistened in the sunshine, the + gay garments fluttered in the wind, and the tassels of palm-leaf + fibre dangled at every arm. In the crowd of spectators many parents + would recognize their children in the marching figures of the + procession, and girls and boys would point out their brothers and + sisters and eagerly call out their names. But in the stolid faces + of the initiates not an eye would gleam with recognition, not a + muscle would twitch with an involuntary expression of delight; for + having just been raised from the dead they were supposed to know + nothing of their former life, of friends and relations, of home and + country. There might be in the crowd a mother or a sister not seen + for years; or, more moving still, the novice might look in vain for + loved and remembered faces that would never be seen in the + market-place again. But whatever his feelings might be, he must + rigidly suppress them under pain of a flogging, a fine, or even + death. At last the parade was over and the procession broke up. + Then the old hands introduced the new hands to their own parents + and brothers and sisters, to their old homes and haunts. For still + the novices kept up the pretence that everything was new and + strange to them, that they could not speak their mother tongue, + that they did not know their own fathers and mothers, their own + town and their own houses; nay that they had forgotten even how to + eat their food. So everything and everybody had to be shewn to them + and their names and meanings explained. Their guides would lead + them about the town, pointing out the various roads and telling + where they led to—this one to the watering-place on the river, this + to the forest, that to the farms, and so on: they would take up the + commonest domestic utensils and shew what they were used for: they + would even chew the food and put it into the mouths of the novices, + like mother birds feeding their callow young. For some time + afterwards the resuscitated persons, attended by their mentors, + would go about the town and the neighbourhood acting in a strange + way like children or mad folk, seizing what they wanted and trying + to beat or even kill such as dared to refuse them anything. Their + guardian would generally restrain these sallies; but sometimes he + would arrange with <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page255">[pg + 255]</span><a name="Pg255" id="Pg255" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + his hopeful pupils to be out of sight when two or three of them + clubbed together to assault and rob an honest man, and would only + return in time to share the booty. After a while, however, the + excitement created by the resurrection would wear off; the dead + folk come to life were expected to have learned their lessons, and + if they forgot themselves, their memory was promptly refreshed by + the law.<a id="noteref_643" name="noteref_643" href= + "#note_643"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">643</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page256">[pg 256]</span><a name="Pg256" id="Pg256" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Bastian's account of the ritual of + death and resurrection in West Africa.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following + account of the rites, as practised in this part of Africa, was + given to Adolf Bastian by an interpreter. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The great fetish lives in the interior of the + forest-land, where nobody sees him and nobody can see him. When he + dies, the fetish priests carefully collect his bones in order to + bring them to life again, and they nourish them, that he may be + clothed anew in flesh and blood. But it is not good to speak of it. + In the land of Ambamba every one must die once, and when the fetish + priest shakes his calabash against a village, all the men and lads + whose hour is come fall into a state of lifeless torpidity, from + which they generally arise after three days. But if the fetish + loves a man he carries him away into the bush and buries him in the + fetish house, often for many years. When he comes to life again, he + begins to eat and drink as before, but his understanding is gone + and the fetish man must teach him and direct him in every motion, + like the smallest child. At first this can only be done with a + stick, but gradually his senses return, so that it is possible to + talk with him, and when his education is complete, the priest + brings him back to his parents. They would seldom recognize their + son but for the express assurances of the fetish priest, who + moreover recalls previous events to their memory. He who has not + gone through the ceremony of the new birth in Ambamba is + universally looked down upon and is not admitted to the + dances.”</span><a id="noteref_644" name="noteref_644" href= + "#note_644"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">644</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Acquisition of a patron animal or + guardian spirit in a dream.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the same part + of Africa we hear of a fetish called Malassi, the votaries of which + form a secret order of the usual sort with a variety of ranks to + which the initiates are promoted. <span class="tei tei-q">“The + candidate is plunged into a magic sleep within the temple-hut, and + while he sleeps he beholds a bird or other object with which his + existence is henceforth <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page257">[pg + 257]</span><a name="Pg257" id="Pg257" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + sympathetically bound up, just as the life of the young Indian is + bound up with the animal which he sees in his dream at puberty. All + who have been born again at initiation, after their return to a + normal state, bear the name of Swamie (a sacred designation also in + India) or, if they are women, Sumbo (Tembo), and wear as a token + the ring called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sase</span></span>, which consists of an iron + hoop with a fruit attached to it.”</span><a id="noteref_645" name= + "noteref_645" href="#note_645"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">645</span></span></a> + Similarly among the Fans of the Gaboon a young warrior acquires his + guardian spirit by dreaming. He is secluded in the forest, drinks a + fermented and intoxicating liquor, and smokes hemp. Then he falls + into a heavy sleep, and next morning he must describe exactly to + the fetish priest the animal, tree, mineral, or whatever it may + have been which he saw in his dream. This magical dream is repeated + on three successive nights; and after that the young man is sent + forth by the priest to seek and bring back the beast, bird, + reptile, or whatever it was of which he dreamed. The youth obeys, + reduces the animal or thing to cinders or ashes, and preserves + these calcined remains as a talisman which will protect him against + many dangers.<a id="noteref_646" name="noteref_646" href= + "#note_646"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">646</span></span></a> + However, in these rites there is no clear simulation of dying and + coming to life again.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Dapper's account of the ritual of + death and resurrection in the Belli-Paaro society.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Rites of death + and resurrection were formerly observed in Quoja, on the west coast + of Africa, to the north of the Congo. They are thus described by an + old writer:—<span class="tei tei-q">“They have another ceremony + which they call Belli-Paaro, but it is not for everybody. For it is + an incorporation in the assembly of the spirits, and confers the + right of entering their groves, that is to say, of going and eating + the offerings which the simple folk bring thither. The initiation + or admission to the Belli-Paaro is celebrated every twenty or + twenty-five years. The initiated recount marvels of the ceremony, + saying that they are roasted, that they entirely change their + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page258">[pg 258]</span><a name= + "Pg258" id="Pg258" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> habits and life, and + that they receive a spirit quite different from that of other + people and quite new lights. The badge of membership consists in + some lines traced on the neck between the shoulders; the lines seem + to be pricked with a needle. Those who have this mark pass for + persons of spirit, and when they have attained a certain age they + are allowed a voice in all public assemblies; whereas the + uninitiated are regarded as profane, impure, and ignorant persons, + who dare not express an opinion on any subject of importance. When + the time for the ceremony has come, it is celebrated as follows. By + order of the king a place is appointed in the forest, whither they + bring the youths who have not been marked, not without much crying + and weeping; for it is impressed upon the youths that in order to + undergo this change it is necessary to suffer death. So they + dispose of their property, as if it were all over with them. There + are always some of the initiated beside the novices to instruct + them. They teach them to dance a certain dance called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">killing</span></span>, and to sing verses in + praise of Belli. Above all, they are very careful not to let them + die of hunger, because if they did so, it is much to be feared that + the spiritual resurrection would profit them nothing. This manner + of life lasts five or six years, and is comfortable enough, for + there is a village in the forest, and they amuse themselves with + hunting and fishing. Other lads are brought thither from time to + time, so that the last comers have not long to stay. No woman or + uninitiated person is suffered to pass within four or five leagues + of the sacred wood. When their instruction is completed, they are + taken from the wood and shut up in small huts made for the purpose. + Here they begin once more to hold communion with mankind and to + talk with the women who bring them their food. It is amusing to see + their affected simplicity. They pretend to know no one, and to be + ignorant of all the customs of the country, such as the customs of + washing themselves, rubbing themselves with oil, and so forth. When + they enter these huts, their bodies are all covered with the + feathers of birds, and they wear caps of bark which hang down + before their faces. But after a time they are dressed in clothes + and taken to a great open place, where all the people of the + neighbourhood <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page259">[pg + 259]</span><a name="Pg259" id="Pg259" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + are assembled. Here the novices give the first proof of their + capacity by dancing a dance which is called the dance of Belli. + After the dance is over, the novices are taken to the houses of + their parents by their instructors.”</span><a id="noteref_647" + name="noteref_647" href="#note_647"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">647</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Miss Kingsley on the rites of + initiation into secret societies in West Africa.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Miss Kingsley + informs us that <span class="tei tei-q">“the great point of + agreement between all these West African secret societies lies in + the methods of initiation. The boy, if he belongs to a tribe that + goes in for tattooing, is tattooed, and is handed over to + instructors in the societies' secrets and formulae. He lives, with + the other boys of his tribe undergoing initiation, usually under + the rule of several instructors, and for the space of one year. He + lives always in the forest, and is naked and smeared with clay. The + boys are exercised so as to become inured to hardship; in some + districts, they make raids so as to perfect themselves in this + useful accomplishment. They always take a new name, and are + supposed by the initiation process to become new beings in the + magic wood, and on their return to their village at the end of + their course, they pretend to have entirely forgotten their life + before they entered the wood; but this pretence is not kept up + beyond the period of festivities given to welcome them home. They + all learn, to a certain extent, a new language, a secret language + only understood by the initiated. The same removal from home and + instruction from initiated members is observed also with the girls. + However, in their case, it is not always a forest-grove they are + secluded in, sometimes it is done in huts. Among the Grain Coast + tribes, however, the girls go into a magic wood until they are + married. Should they have to leave the wood for any temporary + reason, they must smear themselves with white clay. A similar + custom holds good in Okÿon, Calabar district, where, should a girl + have to leave the fattening-house, she must be covered with white + clay.”</span><a id="noteref_648" name="noteref_648" href= + "#note_648"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">648</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">purra</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">or</span> + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">poro</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">, + a secret society of Sierra Leone. The new birth. The</span> + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">semo</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">, + a secret society of Senegambia. Death and resurrection at + initiation.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the + natives of the Sherbro, an island lying close <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page260">[pg 260]</span><a name="Pg260" id="Pg260" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to the coast of Sierra Leone, there is + a secret society called the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">purra</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">poro</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“which is partly of a religious, but chiefly of a + political nature. It resembles free-masonry in excluding females, + and in obliging every member by a solemn oath, which I believe is + seldom violated, not to divulge the sacred mysteries, and to yield + a prompt and implicit obedience to every order of their superiors. + Boys of seven or eight years of age are admitted, or rather serve a + novitiate until they arrive at a proper age; for it is difficult to + procure exact information, and even somewhat dangerous to make many + inquiries. Every person on entering the society lays aside his + former name and assumes a new one; to call him by his old name + would produce a dispute. They have a superior or head <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">purra</span></span> man, assisted by a grand + council, whose commands are received with the most profound + reverence and absolute submission, both by the subordinate councils + and by individuals. Their meetings are held in the most retired + spots, amid the gloom of night, and carried on with inquisitorial + secrecy. When the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">purra</span></span> comes into a town, which + is always at night, it is accompanied with the most dreadful + howlings, screams, and other horrid noises. The inhabitants, who + are not members of the society, are obliged to secure themselves + within doors; should any one be discovered without, or attempting + to peep at what is going forward, he would inevitably be put to + death. To restrain the curiosity of the females, they are ordered + to continue within doors, clapping their hands incessantly, so long + as the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">purra</span></span> remains. Like the secret + tribunal, which formerly existed in Germany, it takes cognizance of + offences, particularly of witchcraft and murder, but above all of + contumacy and disobedience in any of its own members, and punishes + the guilty with death in so secret and sudden a manner, that the + perpetrators are never known: indeed, such is the dread created by + this institution, that they are never even inquired + after.”</span><a id="noteref_649" name="noteref_649" href= + "#note_649"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">649</span></span></a> When + the members of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">purra</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page261">[pg 261]</span><a name="Pg261" id="Pg261" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">poro</span></span> society visit a town, the + leader of the troop, whom an English writer calls <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Poro devil,”</span> draws discordant notes from a + sort of reed flute, the holes of which are covered with spiders' + webs. The only time when this devil and his rout make a prolonged + stay in the town is on the evening before the day on which the + newly initiated lads are to be brought back from the forest. Then + the leader and his satellites parade the streets for hours, while + all the uninitiated men, women, and children remain shut up in + their houses, listening to the doleful strains of the flute, which + signify that the devil is suffering the pangs of childbirth before + he brings forth the initiated lads; for he is supposed to have been + pregnant with them the whole of the rainy season ever since they + entered into the forest. When they come forth from the wood, they + wear four or five coils of twisted ferns round their waists in + token of their being initiated members of the order.<a id= + "noteref_650" name="noteref_650" href="#note_650"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">650</span></span></a> Among + the Soosoos of Senegambia there is a similar secret society called + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">semo</span></span>: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the natives who speak English call it African masonry. + As the whole ceremonies are kept very private, it is difficult to + discover in what they consist: but it is said that the novices are + met in the woods by the old men, who cut marks on several parts of + their bodies, but most commonly on the belly; they are also taught + a language peculiar to the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">semo</span></span>, and swear dreadful oaths + never to divulge the secrets revealed to them. The young men are + then made to live in the woods for twelve months, and are supposed + to be at liberty to kill any one who approaches and does not + understand the language of the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">semo</span></span>.... It is said, when women + are so unfortunate as to intrude upon the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">semo</span></span>, they kill them, cut off + their breasts, and hang them up by the side of the paths as a + warning <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page262">[pg + 262]</span><a name="Pg262" id="Pg262" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + to others. This circumstance is perhaps less deserving of credit, + because the Soosoos are fond of telling wonderful and horrid + stories respecting this institution. They say, for instance, that + when first initiated their throats are cut, and they continue dead + for some time; at length they are reanimated and initiated into the + mysteries of the institution, and are enabled to ramble about with + much more vigour than they possessed before.”</span><a id= + "noteref_651" name="noteref_651" href="#note_651"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">651</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Ritual of the new birth among the + Akikuyu of British East Africa.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While the belief + or the pretence of death and resurrection at initiation is common + among the negroes of West Africa, few traces of it appear to be + found among the tribes in the southern, central, and eastern parts + of that continent; and it is notable that in these regions secret + societies, which flourish in the West, are also conspicuously + absent. However, the Akikuyu of British East Africa <span class= + "tei tei-q">“have a curious custom which requires that every boy + just before circumcision must be born again. The mother stands up + with the boy crouching at her feet; she pretends to go through all + the labour pains, and the boy on being reborn cries like a babe and + is washed. He lives on milk for some days afterwards.”</span><a id= + "noteref_652" name="noteref_652" href="#note_652"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">652</span></span></a> A + fuller description of the ceremony was given by a member of the + Kikuyu tribe as follows: <span class="tei tei-q">“A day is + appointed, any time of year, by father and mother. If the father is + dead another elder is called in to act as proxy in his stead, or if + the mother is not living another woman to act in her place. Any + woman thus acting as representative is looked upon in future by the + boy as his own mother. A goat or sheep is killed in the afternoon + by any one, usually not by the father, and the stomach and + intestines reserved. The ceremony begins in the evening. A piece of + skin is cut in a circle, and passed over one shoulder of the + candidate and under the other arm. The stomach of the goat is + similarly treated and passed over the other shoulder and under the + other arm. All the boy's ornaments are removed, but not his + clothes. No men are allowed inside the hut, but women are present. + The mother sits on a hide on the floor with the boy between + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page263">[pg 263]</span><a name= + "Pg263" id="Pg263" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> her knees. The + sheep's gut is passed round the woman and brought in front of the + boy. The woman groans as in labour, another woman cuts the gut, and + the boy imitates the cry of a new-born infant. The women present + all applaud, and afterwards the assistant and the mother wash the + boy. That night the boy sleeps in the same hut as the + mother.”</span><a id="noteref_653" name="noteref_653" href= + "#note_653"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">653</span></span></a> Here + the cutting of the sheep's gut, which unites the mother to the boy, + is clearly an imitation of severing the navel string. Nor is it + boys alone who are born again among the Akikuyu. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Girls go through the rite of second birth as well as + boys. It is sometimes administered to infants. At one time the new + birth was combined with circumcision, and so the ceremony admitted + to the privileges and religious rites of the tribe. Afterwards + trouble took place on account of mere boys wishing to take their + place alongside of the young men and maintaining they were + justified in doing so. The old men then settled the matter by + separating the two. Unless the new birth has been administered the + individual is not in a position to be admitted to circumcision, + which is the outward sign of admittance to the nation. Any who have + not gone through the rite cannot inherit property, nor take any + part in the religious rites of the country.”</span><a id= + "noteref_654" name="noteref_654" href="#note_654"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">654</span></span></a> For + example, a man who has not been born again is disqualified for + carrying his dying father out into the wilds and for disposing of + his body after death. The new birth seems to take place usually + about the tenth year, but the age varies with the ability of the + father to provide a goat, whose guts are necessary to enable the + boy or girl to be born again in due form.<a id="noteref_655" name= + "noteref_655" href="#note_655"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">655</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Rites of initiation among the + Bondeis of East Africa. Rites of initiation among the Bushongo + of the Congo. The first ordeal. The second ordeal. The last + ordeal: the descent from the tree.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the + Bondeis, a tribe on the coast of German East Africa, opposite to + the island of Pemba, one of the rites of initiation into manhood + consists in a pretence of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page264">[pg + 264]</span><a name="Pg264" id="Pg264" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + slaying one of the lads with a sword; the entrails of a fowl are + placed on the boy's stomach to make the pretence seem more + real.<a id="noteref_656" name="noteref_656" href= + "#note_656"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">656</span></span></a> Among + the Bushongo, who inhabit a district of the Belgian Congo bounded + on the north and east by the Sankuru River and on the west by the + Kasai, young boys had formerly to undergo certain rites of + initiation, amongst which a simulation of killing them would seem + to have had a place, though in recent times the youths have been + allowed to escape the ordeal by the payment of a fine. The supreme + chief of the tribe, who in old days bore the title of God on Earth + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chembe Kunji</span></span>), used to assemble + all the lads who had just reached puberty and send them away into + the forest, where they remained for several months under the care + of one of his sons. During their seclusion they were deemed unclean + and might see no one; if they chanced to meet a woman, she had to + flee before them. By night the old men marched round the quarters + of the novices, raising hideous cries and whirling bull-roarers, + the noise of which the frightened lads took to be the voices of + ghosts. They wore nothing but a comb, and passed their leisure + hours in learning to make mats and baskets. After about a month + they had to submit to the first ordeal. A trench about ten feet + deep was dug in the ground and roofed over with sticks and earth so + as to form a dark tunnel. In the sides of the tunnel were cut + niches, and in each niche a man took post, whose business it was to + terrify the novices. For this purpose one of them was disguised in + the skin of a leopard, a second was dressed as a warrior with a + knife in his hand, a third was a smith with his furnace and red-hot + irons, and a fourth was masked to look like an ugly ape, while he + too gripped a knife in his hand. The novices generally recoiled in + dismay from each of these apparitions, and it was only by means of + reiterated taunts and threats that the elders forced them to + traverse the whole length of the tunnel. After the lapse of another + month the youths had to face another ordeal of a similar character. + A low tunnel, about three feet deep, was dug in the earth, and + sticks were inserted <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page265">[pg + 265]</span><a name="Pg265" id="Pg265" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + in it so that their tops projected from the surface of the ground. + At the end of the tunnel a calabash was set full of goat's blood. + By way of encouraging the timid novices the master of the + ceremonies himself crawled through the tunnel, his progress under + ground being revealed to the novices above ground by the vibrations + of the sticks with which he collided in the dark passage. Then + having bedabbled his nose, his mouth, and all the rest of his body + with the goat's blood, he emerged from the tunnel on hands and + knees, dripping with gore and to all appearance in the last stage + of exhaustion. Then he lay prostrate on his stomach in a state of + collapse; the elders declared him to be dead and carried him off. + The chief now ordered the lads to imitate the example set them by + the master of the ceremonies, but they begged and prayed to be + excused. At first the chief was inexorable, but in time he relented + and agreed to accept a fine of so many cowries as a ransom paid by + the youths for exemption from the ordeal. A month later the last of + the ordeals took place. A great trunk of a tree was buried with its + lower end in the earth and surrounded for three-quarters of its + circumference with arrows stuck in the ground so that the barbs + were pointed towards the tree. The chief and the leading men sat + down at the gap in the circle of arrows, so as to conceal the gap + from the eyes of the novices and other spectators, among whom the + women were allowed to be present. To the eyes of the uninitiated it + now seemed that the tree was surrounded by a bristling hedge of + arrows, to fall upon which would be death. All being ready the + master of the ceremonies climbed the tree amid breathless silence, + and having reached the top, which was decorated with a bunch of + leaves, he looked about him and asked the women, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Shall I come down?”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“No! no!”</span> they shrieked, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“you will be killed by the arrows.”</span> Then, + turning disdainfully from these craven souls, the gallant man + addressed himself to the youths and repeated his question, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Shall I come down?”</span> A shout of + <span class="tei tei-q">“Yes!”</span> gave the answer that might + have been expected from these heroic spirits. In response the + master of the ceremonies at once slid down the tree and, dropping + neatly to the ground just at the gap in the hedge of arrows, + presented himself unscathed to the gaze of the excited assembly. + The chief <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page266">[pg + 266]</span><a name="Pg266" id="Pg266" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + now ordered the young men to go up and do likewise. But the + dauntless courage with which they had contemplated the descent of + the master of the ceremonies entirely forsook them when it came to + their turn to copy his shining example. Their mothers, too, raised + a loud cry of protest, joining their prayers and entreaties to + those of their hopeful sons. After some discussion the chief + consented to accept a ransom, and the novices were dispensed from + the ordeal. Then they bathed and were deemed to have rid themselves + of their uncleanness, but they had still to work for the chief for + three months before they ranked as full-grown men and might return + to their villages.<a id="noteref_657" name="noteref_657" href= + "#note_657"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">657</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Rites of initiation among the + Indians of Virginia: pretence of the novices that they have + forgotten their former life.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the + Indians of Virginia, an initiatory ceremony, called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Huskanaw</span></span>, took place every + sixteen or twenty years, or oftener, as the young men happened to + grow up. The youths were kept in solitary confinement in the woods + for several months, receiving no food but an infusion of some + intoxicating roots, so that they went raving mad, and continued in + this state eighteen or twenty days. <span class="tei tei-q">“Upon + this occasion it is pretended that these poor creatures drink so + much of the water of Lethe that they perfectly lose the remembrance + of all former things, even of their parents, their treasure, and + their language. When the doctors find that they have drunk + sufficiently of the Wysoccan (so they call this mad potion), they + gradually restore them to their senses again by lessening the + intoxication of their diet; but before they are perfectly well they + bring them back into their towns, while they are still wild and + crazy through the violence of the medicine. After this they are + very fearful of discovering anything of their former remembrance; + for if such a thing should happen to any of them, they must + immediately be <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Huskanaw'd</span></span> again; and the second + time the usage is so severe that seldom any one escapes with life. + Thus they must pretend to have forgot the very use of their + tongues, so as not to be able to speak, nor understand anything + that is spoken, till they learn it again. Now, whether this be real + or counterfeit, I don't know; but certain it is that they + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page267">[pg 267]</span><a name= + "Pg267" id="Pg267" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> will not for some + time take notice of anybody nor anything with which they were + before acquainted, being still under the guard of their keepers, + who constantly wait upon them everywhere till they have learnt all + things perfectly over again. Thus they unlive their former lives, + and commence men by forgetting that they ever have been + boys.”</span><a id="noteref_658" name="noteref_658" href= + "#note_658"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">658</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Ritual of death and resurrection + at initiation into the secret societies of North America. The + medicine-bag as an instrument of death and resurrection. Ritual + of death and resurrection at initiation among the + Dacotas.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among some of + the Indian tribes of North America there exist certain religious + associations which are only open to candidates who have gone + through a pretence of being killed and brought to life again. In + 1766 or 1767 Captain Jonathan Carver witnessed the admission of a + candidate to an association called <span class="tei tei-q">“the + friendly society of the Spirit”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Wakon-Kitchewah</span></span>) among the + Naudowessies, a Siouan or Dacotan tribe in the region of the great + lakes. The candidate knelt before the chief, who told him that + <span class="tei tei-q">“he himself was now agitated by the same + spirit which he should in a few moments communicate to him; that it + would strike him dead, but that he would instantly be restored + again to life; to this he added, that the communication, however + terrifying, was a necessary introduction to the advantages enjoyed + by the community into which he was on the point of being admitted. + As he spoke this, he appeared to be greatly agitated; till at last + his emotions became so violent, that his countenance was distorted, + and his whole frame convulsed. At this juncture he threw something + that appeared both in shape and colour like a small bean, at the + young man, which seemed to enter his mouth, and he instantly fell + as motionless as if he had been shot.”</span> For a time the man + lay like dead, but under a shower of blows he shewed signs of + consciousness, and finally, discharging from his mouth the bean, or + whatever it was that the chief had thrown at him, he came to + life.<a id="noteref_659" name="noteref_659" href= + "#note_659"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">659</span></span></a> In + other tribes, for example, the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page268">[pg 268]</span><a name="Pg268" id="Pg268" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Ojebways, Winnebagoes, and Dacotas or Sioux, + the instrument by which the candidate is apparently slain is the + medicine-bag. The bag is made of the skin of an animal (such as the + otter, wild cat, serpent, bear, raccoon, wolf, owl, weasel), of + which it roughly preserves the shape. Each member of the society + has one of these bags, in which he keeps the odds and ends that + make up his <span class="tei tei-q">“medicine”</span> or charms. + <span class="tei tei-q">“They believe that from the miscellaneous + contents in the belly of the skin bag or animal there issues a + spirit or breath, which has the power, not only to knock down and + kill a man, but also to set him up and restore him to life.”</span> + The mode of killing a man with one of these medicine-bags is to + thrust it at him; he falls like dead, but a second thrust of the + bag restores him to life.<a id="noteref_660" name="noteref_660" + href="#note_660"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">660</span></span></a> Among + the Dacotas the institution of the medicine-bag or mystery-sack was + attributed to Onktehi, the great spirit of the waters, who ordained + that the bag should consist of the skin of the otter, raccoon, + weasel, squirrel, or loon, or a species of fish and of serpents. + Further, he decreed that the bag should contain four sorts of + medicines of magical qualities, which should represent fowls, + quadrupeds, herbs, and trees. Accordingly, swan's down, buffalo + hair, grass roots, and bark from the roots of trees are kept by the + Dacotas in their medicine-bags. From this combination there + proceeds a magical influence (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tonwan</span></span>) so powerful that no + human being can of his own strength withstand it. When the god of + the waters had prepared the first medicine-bag, he tested its + powers on four candidates for initiation, who all perished under + the shock. So he consulted with his wife, the goddess of the earth, + and by <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page269">[pg + 269]</span><a name="Pg269" id="Pg269" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + holding up his left hand and pattering on the back of it with the + right, he produced myriads of little shells, whose virtue is to + restore life to those who have been slain by the medicine-bag. + Having taken this precaution, the god chose four other candidates + and repeated the experiment of initiation with success, for after + killing them with the bag he immediately resuscitated them by + throwing one of the shells into their vital parts, while he chanted + certain words assuring them that it was only sport and bidding them + rise to their feet. That is why to this day every initiated Dacota + has one of these shells in his body. Such was the divine origin of + the medicine-dance of the Dacotas. The initiation takes place in a + special tent. The candidate, after being steamed in a vapour-bath + for four successive days, plants himself on a pile of blankets, and + behind him stands an aged member of the order. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Now the master of the ceremonies, with the joints of + his knees and hips considerably bent, advances with an unsteady, + uncouth hitching, sack in hand, wearing an aspect of desperate + energy, and uttering his <span class="tei tei-q">‘Heen, heen, + heen’</span> with frightful emphasis, while all around are + enthusiastic demonstrations of all kinds of wild passions. At this + point the sack is raised near a painted spot on the breast of the + candidate, at which the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tonwan</span></span> is discharged. At the + instant the brother from behind gives him a push and he falls dead, + and is covered with blankets. Now the frenzied dancers gather + around, and in the midst of bewildering and indescribable noises, + chant the words uttered by the god at the institution of the + ceremony, as already recorded. Then the master throws off the + covering, and chewing a piece of the bone of the Onktehi, spirts it + over him, and he begins to show signs of returning life. Then as + the master pats energetically upon the breast of the initiated + person, he, convulsed, strangling, struggling, and agonizing, + heaves up the shell which falls from his mouth on a sack placed in + readiness to receive it. Life is restored and entrance effected + into the awful mysteries. He belongs henceforth to the + medicine-dance, and has a right to enjoy the + medicine-feast.”</span><a id="noteref_661" name="noteref_661" href= + "#note_661"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">661</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page270">[pg 270]</span><a name="Pg270" id="Pg270" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Ritual of mimic death among the + Indians of Nootka Sound.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A ceremony + witnessed by the castaway John R. Jewitt during his captivity among + the Indians of Nootka Sound doubtless belongs to this class of + customs. The Indian king or chief <span class= + "tei tei-q">“discharged a pistol close to his son's ear, who + immediately fell down as if killed, upon which all the women of the + house set up a most lamentable cry, tearing handfuls of hair from + their heads, and exclaiming that the prince was dead; at the same + time a great number of the inhabitants rushed into the house armed + with their daggers, muskets, etc., enquiring the cause of their + outcry. These were immediately followed by two others dressed in + wolf skins, with masks over their faces representing the head of + that animal. The latter came in on their hands and feet in the + manner of a beast, and taking up the prince, carried him off upon + their backs, retiring in the same manner they + entered.”</span><a id="noteref_662" name="noteref_662" href= + "#note_662"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">662</span></span></a> In + another place Jewitt mentions that the young prince—a lad of about + eleven years of age—wore a mask in imitation of a wolf's + head.<a id="noteref_663" name="noteref_663" href= + "#note_663"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">663</span></span></a> Now, + as the Indians of this part of America are divided into totem + clans, of which the Wolf clan is one of the principal, and as the + members of each clan are in the habit of wearing some portion of + the totem animal about their person,<a id="noteref_664" name= + "noteref_664" href="#note_664"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">664</span></span></a> it is + probable that the prince belonged to the Wolf clan, and that the + ceremony described by Jewitt represented the killing of the lad in + order that he might be born anew as a wolf, much in the same way + that the Basque hunter supposed himself to have been killed and to + have come to life again as a bear.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Rite of death and resurrection at + initiation into the Nootka society of human wolves. Novice + brought back by an artificial totemic animal among the Niska + Indians.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This conjectural + explanation of the ceremony has, since it was first put forward, + been confirmed by the researches of Dr. Franz Boas among these + Indians; though it would seem <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page271">[pg 271]</span><a name="Pg271" id="Pg271" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> that the community to which the chief's son + thus obtained admission was not so much a totem clan as a secret + society called Tlokoala, whose members imitated wolves. The name + Tlokoala is a foreign word among the Nootka Indians, having been + borrowed by them from the Kwakiutl Indians, in whose language the + word means the finding of a <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">manitoo</span></span> or personal totem. The + Nootka tradition runs that this secret society was instituted by + wolves who took away a chief's son and tried to kill him, but, + failing to do so, became his friends, taught him the rites of the + society, and ordered him to teach them to his friends on his return + home. Then they carried the young man back to his village. They + also begged that whenever he moved from one place to another he + would kindly leave behind him some red cedar-bark to be used by + them in their own ceremonies; and to this custom the Nootka tribes + still adhere. Every new member of the society must be initiated by + the wolves. At night a pack of wolves, personated by Indians + dressed in wolf-skins and wearing wolf-masks, make their + appearance, seize the novice, and carry him into the woods. When + the wolves are heard outside the village, coming to fetch away the + novice, all the members of the society blacken their faces and + sing, <span class="tei tei-q">“Among all the tribes is great + excitement, because I am Tlokoala.”</span> Next day the wolves + bring back the novice dead, and the members of the society have to + revive him. The wolves are supposed to have put a magic stone into + his body, which must be removed before he can come to life. Till + this is done the pretended corpse is left lying outside the house. + Two wizards go and remove the stone, which appears to be quartz, + and then the novice is resuscitated.<a id="noteref_665" name= + "noteref_665" href="#note_665"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">665</span></span></a> Among + the Niska Indians of British Columbia, who are divided into four + principal clans with the raven, the wolf, the eagle, and the bear + for their respective totems, the novice at initiation is always + brought back by an artificial totem animal. Thus when a + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page272">[pg 272]</span><a name= + "Pg272" id="Pg272" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> man was about to be + initiated into a secret society called Olala, his friends drew + their knives and pretended to kill him. In reality they let him + slip away, while they cut off the head of a dummy which had been + adroitly substituted for him. Then they laid the decapitated dummy + down and covered it over, and the women began to mourn and wail. + His relations gave a funeral banquet and solemnly burnt the effigy. + In short, they held a regular funeral. For a whole year the novice + remained absent and was seen by none but members of the secret + society. But at the end of that time he came back alive, carried by + an artificial animal which represented his totem.<a id= + "noteref_666" name="noteref_666" href="#note_666"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">666</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">In these initiatory rites the + novice seems to be killed as a man and restored to life as an + animal.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In these + ceremonies the essence of the rite appears to be the killing of the + novice in his character of a man and his restoration to life in the + form of the animal which is thenceforward to be, if not his + guardian spirit, at least linked to him in a peculiarly intimate + relation. It is to be remembered that the Indians of Guatemala, + whose life was bound up with an animal, were supposed to have the + power of appearing in the shape of the particular creature with + which they were thus sympathetically united.<a id="noteref_667" + name="noteref_667" href="#note_667"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">667</span></span></a> Hence + it seems not unreasonable to conjecture that in like manner the + Indians of British Columbia may imagine that their life depends on + the life of some one of that species of creature to which they + assimilate themselves by their costume. At least if that is not an + article of belief with the Columbian Indians of the present day, it + may very well have been so with their ancestors in the past, and + thus may have helped to mould the rites and ceremonies both of the + totem clans and of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page273">[pg + 273]</span><a name="Pg273" id="Pg273" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + secret societies. For though these two sorts of communities differ + in respect of the mode in which membership of them is obtained—a + man being born into his totem clan but admitted into a secret + society later in life—we can hardly doubt that they are near akin + and have their root in the same mode of thought.<a id="noteref_668" + name="noteref_668" href="#note_668"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">668</span></span></a> That + thought, if I am right, is the possibility of establishing a + sympathetic relation with an animal, a spirit, or other mighty + being, with whom a man deposits for safe-keeping his soul or some + part of it, and from whom he receives in return a gift of magical + powers.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Honorific totems among the Carrier + Indians. Initiatory rites at the adoption of a honorific totem. + Simulated transformation of a novice into a bear. Pretence of + death and resurrection at initiation.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Carrier + Indians, who dwell further inland than the tribes we have just been + considering, are divided into four clans with the grouse, the + beaver, the toad, and the grizzly bear for their totems. But in + addition to these clan totems the tribe recognized a considerable + number of what Father Morice calls honorific totems, which could be + acquired, through the performance of certain rites, by any person + who wished to improve his social position. Each totem clan had a + certain number of honorific totems or crests, and these might be + assumed by any member of the clan who fulfilled the required + conditions; but they could not be acquired by members of another + clan. Thus the Grouse clan had for its honorific totems or crests + the owl, the moose, the weasel, the crane, the wolf, the full moon, + the wind, and so on; the Toad clan had the sturgeon, the porcupine, + the wolverine, the red-headed woodpecker, the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“darding knife,”</span> and so forth; the Beaver clan + had the mountain-goat for one of its <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page274">[pg 274]</span><a name="Pg274" id="Pg274" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> honorific totems; and the goose was a + honorific totem of the Grizzly Bear clan. But the common bear, as a + honorific totem or crest, might be assumed by anybody, whatever his + clan. The common possession of a honorific totem appears to have + constituted the same sort of bond among the Carrier Indians as the + membership of a secret society does among the coast tribes of + British Columbia; certainly the rites of initiation were similar. + This will be clear from Father Morice's account of the + performances, which I will subjoin in his own words. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The connection of the individual with his crest + appeared more especially during ceremonial dances, when the former, + attired, if possible, with the spoils of the latter, was wont to + personate it in the gaze of an admiring assemblage. On all such + occasions, man and totem were also called by the same name. The + adoption of any such 'rite' or crest was usually accompanied by + initiatory ceremonies or observances corresponding to the nature of + the crest, followed in all cases by a distribution of clothes to + all present. Thus whenever anybody resolved upon getting received + as <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lulem</span></span> or Bear, he would, + regardless of the season, divest himself of all his wearing apparel + and don a bear-skin, whereupon he would dash into the woods there + to remain for the space of three or four days and nights in + deference to the wonts of his intended totem animal. Every night a + party of his fellow-villagers would sally out in search of the + missing <span class="tei tei-q">‘bear.’</span> To their loud calls: + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Yi! + Kelulem</span></span> (Come on, Bear!) he would answer by angry + growls in imitation of the bear. The searching party making for the + spot where he had been heard, would find by a second call followed + by a similar answer that he had dexterously shifted to some + opposite quarter in the forest. As a rule, he could not be found, + but had to come back of himself, when he was speedily apprehended + and conducted to the ceremonial lodge, where he would commence his + first bear-dance in conjunction with all the other totem people, + each of whom would then personate his own particular totem. Finally + would take place the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">potlatch</span></span> [distribution of + property] of the newly initiated <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘bear,’</span> who would not forget to present his + captor with at least a whole dressed skin. The initiation to the + <span class="tei tei-q">‘Darding Knife’</span> was quite a + theatrical performance. A lance was prepared <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page275">[pg 275]</span><a name="Pg275" id="Pg275" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> which had a very sharp point so + arranged that the slightest pressure on its tip would cause the + steel to gradually sink into the shaft. In the sight of the + multitude crowding the lodge, this lance was pressed on the bare + chest of the candidate and apparently sunk in his body to the + shaft, when he would tumble down simulating death. At the same time + a quantity of blood—previously kept in the mouth—would issue from + the would-be corpse, making it quite clear to the uninitiated + gazers-on that the terrible knife had had its effect, when lo! upon + one of the actors striking up one of the chants specially made for + the circumstance and richly paid for, the candidate would gradually + rise up a new man, the particular <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">protégé</span></span> of the <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Darding Knife.’</span> ”</span><a id="noteref_669" + name="noteref_669" href="#note_669"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">669</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Significance of these initiatory + rites. Supposed invulnerability of men who have weapons for + their guardian spirits.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the former of + these two initiatory rites of the Carrier Indians the prominent + feature is the transformation of the man into his totem animal; in + the latter it is his death and resurrection. But in substance, + probably, both are identical. In both the novice dies as a man and + revives as his totem, whether that be a bear, a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“darding”</span> knife, or what not; in other words, he + has deposited his life or some portion of it in his totem, with + which accordingly for the future he is more or less completely + identified. Hard as it may be for us to conceive why a man should + choose to identify himself with a knife, whether <span class= + "tei tei-q">“darding”</span> or otherwise, we have to remember that + in Celebes it is to a chopping-knife or other iron tool that the + soul of a woman in labour is transferred for safety;<a id= + "noteref_670" name="noteref_670" href="#note_670"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">670</span></span></a> and + the difference between a chopping-knife and a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“darding”</span> knife, considered as a receptacle for + a human soul, is perhaps not very material. Among the Thompson + Indians of British Columbia warriors who had a knife, an arrow, or + any other weapon for their personal totem or guardian spirit, + enjoyed this signal advantage over their fellows that they were for + all practical purposes invulnerable. If an arrow did hit them, + which seldom happened, they vomited <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page276">[pg 276]</span><a name="Pg276" id="Pg276" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the blood up, and the hurt soon healed. Hence + these arrow-proof warriors rarely wore armour, which would indeed + have been superfluous, and they generally took the most dangerous + posts in battle. So convinced were the Thompson Indians of the + power of their personal totem or guardian spirit to bring them back + to life, that some of them killed themselves in the sure hope that + the spirit would immediately raise them up from the dead. Others, + more prudently, experimented on their friends, shooting them dead + and then awaiting more or less cheerfully their joyful + resurrection. We are not told that success crowned these + experimental demonstrations of the immortality of the soul.<a id= + "noteref_671" name="noteref_671" href="#note_671"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">671</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Initiatory rite of the Toukaway + Indians.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Toukaway + Indians of Texas, one of whose totems is the wolf, have a ceremony + in which men, dressed in wolf-skins, run about on all fours, + howling and mimicking wolves. At last they scratch up a living + tribesman, who has been buried on purpose, and putting a bow and + arrows in his hands, bid him do as the wolves do—rob, kill, and + murder.<a id="noteref_672" name="noteref_672" href= + "#note_672"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">672</span></span></a> The + ceremony probably forms part of an initiatory rite like the + resurrection from the grave of the old man in the Australian + rites.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Traces of the rite of death and + resurrection among more advanced peoples.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The simulation + of death and resurrection or of a new birth at initiation appears + to have lingered on, or at least to have left traces of itself, + among peoples who have advanced far beyond the stage of savagery. + Thus, after his investiture with the sacred thread—the symbol of + his order—a Brahman is called <span class="tei tei-q">“twice + born.”</span> Manu says, <span class="tei tei-q">“According to the + injunction of the revealed texts the first birth of an <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page277">[pg 277]</span><a name="Pg277" id="Pg277" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Aryan is from his natural mother, the + second happens on the tying of the girdle of Muñga grass, and the + third on the initiation to the performance to a Srauta + sacrifice.”</span><a id="noteref_673" name="noteref_673" href= + "#note_673"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">673</span></span></a> A + pretence of killing the candidate perhaps formed part of the + initiation to the Mithraic mysteries.<a id="noteref_674" name= + "noteref_674" href="#note_674"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">674</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The motive for attempting to + deposit the soul in a safe place outside of the body at puberty + may have been a fear of the dangers which, according to + primitive notions, attend the union of the sexes.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus, on the + theory here suggested, wherever totemism is found, and wherever a + pretence is made of killing and bringing to life again the novice + at initiation, there may exist or have existed not only a belief in + the possibility of permanently depositing the soul in some external + object—animal, plant, or what not—but an actual intention of so + doing. If the question is put, why do men desire to deposit their + life outside their bodies? the answer can only be that, like the + giant in the fairy tale, they think it safer to do so than to carry + it about with them, just as people deposit their money with a + banker rather than carry it on their persons. We have seen that at + critical periods the life or soul is sometimes temporarily stowed + away in a safe place till the danger is past. But institutions like + totemism are not resorted to merely on special occasions of danger; + they are systems into which every one, or at least every male, is + obliged to be initiated at a certain period of life. Now the period + of life at which initiation takes place is regularly puberty; and + this fact suggests that the special danger which totemism and + systems like it are intended to obviate is supposed not to arise + till sexual maturity has been attained, in fact, that the danger + apprehended is believed to attend the relation of the sexes to each + other. It would be easy to prove by a long array of facts that the + sexual relation is associated in the primitive mind with many + serious perils; but the exact nature of the danger apprehended is + still <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page278">[pg 278]</span><a name= + "Pg278" id="Pg278" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> obscure. We may hope + that a more exact acquaintance with savage modes of thought will in + time disclose this central mystery of primitive society, and will + thereby furnish the clue, not only to totemism, but to the origin + of the marriage system.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page279">[pg 279]</span><a name= + "Pg279" id="Pg279" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc31" id="toc31"></a> <a name="pdf32" id="pdf32"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XII. The Golden + Bough.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Balder's life or death in the + mistletoe.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus the view that + Balder's life was in the mistletoe is entirely in harmony with + primitive modes of thought. It may indeed sound like a contradiction + that, if his life was in the mistletoe, he should nevertheless have + been killed by a blow from the plant. But when a person's life is + conceived as embodied in a particular object, with the existence of + which his own existence is inseparably bound up, and the destruction + of which involves his own, the object in question may be regarded and + spoken of indifferently as his life or his death, as happens in the + fairy tales. Hence if a man's death is in an object, it is perfectly + natural that he should be killed by a blow from it. In the fairy + tales Koshchei the Deathless is killed by a blow from the egg or the + stone in which his life or death is secreted;<a id="noteref_675" + name="noteref_675" href="#note_675"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">675</span></span></a> the + ogres burst when a certain grain of sand—doubtless containing their + life or death—is carried over their heads;<a id="noteref_676" name= + "noteref_676" href="#note_676"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">676</span></span></a> the + magician dies when the stone in which his life or death is contained + is put under his pillow;<a id="noteref_677" name="noteref_677" href= + "#note_677"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">677</span></span></a> and the + Tartar hero is warned that he may be killed by the golden arrow or + golden sword in which his soul has been stowed away.<a id= + "noteref_678" name="noteref_678" href="#note_678"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">678</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page280">[pg 280]</span><a name="Pg280" id="Pg280" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The view that the mistletoe + contained the life of the oak may have been suggested by the + position of the parasite among the boughs. Indian parallel to + Balder and the mistletoe.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The idea that the + life of the oak was in the mistletoe was probably suggested, as I + have said, by the observation that in winter the mistletoe growing on + the oak remains green while the oak itself is leafless. But the + position of the plant—growing not from the ground but from the trunk + or branches of the tree—might confirm this idea. Primitive man might + think that, like himself, the oak-spirit had sought to deposit his + life in some safe place, and for this purpose had pitched on the + mistletoe, which, being in a sense neither on earth nor in heaven, + might be supposed to be fairly out of harm's way. In the first + chapter we saw that primitive man seeks to preserve the life of his + human divinities by keeping them poised between earth and heaven, as + the place where they are least likely to be assailed by the dangers + that encompass the life of man on earth. We can therefore understand + why it has been a rule both of ancient and of modern folk-medicine + that the mistletoe should not be allowed to touch the ground; were it + to touch the ground, its healing virtue would be gone.<a id= + "noteref_679" name="noteref_679" href="#note_679"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">679</span></span></a> This + may be a survival of the old superstition that the plant in which the + life of the sacred tree was concentrated should not be exposed to the + risk incurred by contact with the earth. In an Indian legend, which + offers a parallel to the Balder myth, Indra swore to the demon Namuci + that he would slay him neither by day nor by night, neither with + staff nor with bow, neither with the palm of the hand nor with the + fist, neither with the wet nor with the dry. But he killed him in the + morning twilight by sprinkling over him the foam of the sea.<a id= + "noteref_680" name="noteref_680" href="#note_680"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">680</span></span></a> The + foam of the sea is just such <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page281">[pg 281]</span><a name="Pg281" id="Pg281" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> an object as a savage might choose to put his + life in, because it occupies that sort of intermediate or nondescript + position between earth and sky or sea and sky in which primitive man + sees safety. It is therefore not surprising that the foam of the + river should be the totem of a clan in India.<a id="noteref_681" + name="noteref_681" href="#note_681"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">681</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Analogous superstitions attaching to + a parasitic rowan.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Again, the view + that the mistletoe owes its mystic character partly to its not + growing on the ground is confirmed by a parallel superstition about + the mountain-ash or rowan-tree. In Jutland a rowan that is found + growing out of the top of another tree is esteemed <span class= + "tei tei-q">“exceedingly effective against witchcraft: since it does + not grow on the ground witches have no power over it; if it is to + have its full effect it must be cut on Ascension Day.”</span><a id= + "noteref_682" name="noteref_682" href="#note_682"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">682</span></span></a> Hence + it is placed over doors to prevent the ingress of witches.<a id= + "noteref_683" name="noteref_683" href="#note_683"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">683</span></span></a> In + Sweden and Norway, also, magical properties are ascribed to a + <span class="tei tei-q">“flying-rowan”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">flögrönn</span></span>), that is to a rowan + which is found growing not in the ordinary fashion on the ground but + on another tree, or on a roof, or in a cleft of the rock, where it + has sprouted from seed scattered by birds. They say that a man who is + out in the dark should have a bit of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“flying-rowan”</span> with him to chew; else he runs a + risk of being bewitched and of being unable to stir from the + spot.<a id="noteref_684" name="noteref_684" href= + "#note_684"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">684</span></span></a> A + Norwegian story relates how once on a time a Troll so bewitched some + men who were ploughing in a field that they could not drive a + straight furrow; only one of the ploughmen was able to resist the + enchantment because by good luck his plough was made out of a + <span class="tei tei-q">“flying-rowan.”</span><a id="noteref_685" + name="noteref_685" href="#note_685"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">685</span></span></a> In + Sweden, too, the <span class="tei tei-q">“flying-rowan”</span> is + used to make the divining rod, which discovers hidden treasures. This + useful art has nowadays unfortunately <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page282">[pg 282]</span><a name="Pg282" id="Pg282" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> been almost forgotten, but three hundred years + ago it was in full bloom, as we gather from the following + contemporary account. <span class="tei tei-q">“If in the woods or + elsewhere, on old walls or on high mountains or rocks you perceive a + rowan-tree (<span lang="sv" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "sv"><span style="font-style: italic">runn</span></span>) which has + sprung from a seed that a bird has dropped from its bill, you must + either knock or break off that rod or tree in the twilight between + the third day and the night after Ladyday. But you must take care + that neither iron nor steel touches it and that in carrying it home + you do not let it fall on the ground. Then place it under the roof on + a spot under which you have laid various metals, and you will soon be + surprised to see how that rod under the roof gradually bends in the + direction of the metals. When your rod has sat there in the same spot + for fourteen days or more, you take a knife or an awl, which has been + stroked with a magnet, and with it you slit the bark on all sides, + and pour or drop the blood of a cock (best of all the blood from the + comb of a cock which is all of one colour) on the said slits in the + bark; and when the blood has dried, the rod is ready and will give + public proof of the efficacy of its marvellous + properties.”</span><a id="noteref_686" name="noteref_686" href= + "#note_686"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">686</span></span></a> Just as + in Scandinavia the parasitic rowan is deemed a countercharm to + sorcery, so in Germany the parasitic mistletoe is still commonly + considered a protection against witchcraft, and in Sweden, as we saw, + the mistletoe which is gathered on Midsummer Eve is attached to the + ceiling of the house, the horse's stall or the cow's crib, in the + belief that this renders the Troll powerless to injure man or + beast.<a id="noteref_687" name="noteref_687" href= + "#note_687"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">687</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page283">[pg 283]</span><a name="Pg283" id="Pg283" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The fate of the Hays believed to be + bound up with the mistletoe on Errol's oak.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The view that the + mistletoe was not merely the instrument of Balder's death, but that + it contained his life, is countenanced by the analogy of a Scottish + superstition. Tradition ran that the fate of the Hays of Errol, an + estate in Perthshire, near the Firth of Tay, was bound up with the + mistletoe that grew on a certain great oak. A member of the Hay + family has recorded the old belief as follows: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Among the low country families the badges are now almost + generally forgotten; but it appears by an ancient MS. and the + tradition of a few old people in Perthshire, that the badge of the + Hays was the mistletoe. There was formerly in the neighbourhood of + Errol, and not far from the Falcon stone, a vast oak of an unknown + age, and upon which grew a profusion of the plant: many charms and + legends were considered to be connected with the tree, and the + duration of the family of Hay was said to be united with its + existence. It was believed that a sprig of the mistletoe cut by a Hay + on Allhallowmas eve, with a new dirk, and after surrounding the tree + three times sunwise, and pronouncing a certain spell, was a sure + charm against all glamour or witchery, and an infallible guard in the + day of battle. A spray gathered in the same manner was placed in the + cradle of infants, and thought to defend them from being changed for + elf-bairns by the fairies. Finally, it was affirmed, that when the + root of the oak had perished, <span class="tei tei-q">‘the grass + should grow in the hearth of Errol, and a raven should sit in the + falcon's nest.’</span> The two most unlucky deeds which could be done + by one of the name of Hay were, to kill a white falcon, and to cut + down a limb from the oak of Errol. When the old tree was destroyed I + could never learn. The estate has been some time sold out of the + family of Hay, and of course it is said that the fatal oak was cut + down a short time before.”</span><a id="noteref_688" name= + "noteref_688" href="#note_688"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">688</span></span></a> The old + superstition is recorded in verses which are traditionally ascribed + to Thomas the Rhymer:—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">While the mistletoe bats + on Errol's aik,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">And that aik stands + fast,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">The Hays shall flourish, + and their good grey hawk</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Shall nocht flinch before + the blast.</span></span> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page284">[pg + 284]</span><a name="Pg284" id="Pg284" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">But when the root of the + aik decays,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">And the mistletoe dwines + on its withered breast,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">The grass shall grow on + Errol's hearthstane,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">And the corbie roup in the + falcon's nest.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_689" name= + "noteref_689" href="#note_689"><span class="tei tei-noteref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">689</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The life of the Lachlins and the + deer of Finchra.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The idea that the + fate of a family, as distinct from the lives of its members, is bound + up with a particular plant or tree, is no doubt comparatively modern. + The older view may have been that the lives of all the Hays were in + this particular mistletoe, just as in the Indian story the lives of + all the ogres are in a lemon; to break a twig of the mistletoe would + then have been to kill one of the Hays. Similarly in the island of + Rum, whose bold mountains the voyager from Oban to Skye observes to + seaward, it was thought that if one of the family of Lachlin shot a + deer on the mountain of Finchra, he would die suddenly or contract a + distemper which would soon prove fatal.<a id="noteref_690" name= + "noteref_690" href="#note_690"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">690</span></span></a> + Probably the life of the Lachlins was bound up with the deer on + Finchra, as the life of the Hays was bound up with the mistletoe on + Errol's oak, and the life of the Dalhousie family with the Edgewell + Tree.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The Golden Bough seems to have been + a glorified mistletoe.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is not a new + opinion that the Golden Bough was the mistletoe.<a id="noteref_691" + name="noteref_691" href="#note_691"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">691</span></span></a> True, + Virgil does not identify but only compares <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page285">[pg 285]</span><a name="Pg285" id="Pg285" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> it with mistletoe. But this may be only a + poetical device to cast a mystic glamour over the humble plant. Or, + more probably, his description was based on a popular superstition + that at certain times the mistletoe blazed out into a supernatural + golden glory. The poet tells how two doves, guiding Aeneas to the + gloomy vale in whose depth grew the Golden Bough, alighted upon a + tree, <span class="tei tei-q">“whence shone a flickering gleam of + gold. As in the woods in winter cold the mistletoe—a plant not native + to its tree—is green with fresh leaves and twines its yellow berries + about the boles; such seemed upon the shady holm-oak the leafy gold, + so rustled in the gentle breeze the golden leaf.”</span><a id= + "noteref_692" name="noteref_692" href="#note_692"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">692</span></span></a> Here + Virgil definitely describes the Golden Bough as growing on a + holm-oak, and compares it with the mistletoe. The inference is almost + inevitable that the Golden Bough was nothing but the mistletoe seen + through the haze of poetry or of popular superstition.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">If the Golden Bough was the + mistletoe, the King of the Wood at Nemi may have personated an + oak spirit and perished in an oak fire.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now grounds have + been shewn for believing that the priest of the Arician grove—the + King of the Wood—personified the tree on which grew the Golden + Bough.<a id="noteref_693" name="noteref_693" href= + "#note_693"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">693</span></span></a> Hence + if that tree was the oak, the King of the Wood must have been a + personification of the oak-spirit. It is, therefore, easy to + understand why, before he could be slain, it was necessary to break + the Golden Bough. As an oak-spirit, his life or death was in the + mistletoe on the oak, and so long as the mistletoe remained intact, + he, like Balder, could not die. To slay him, therefore, it was + necessary to break the mistletoe, and probably, as in the case of + Balder, to throw it at him. And to complete the parallel, it is only + necessary to suppose that the King of the Wood was formerly burned, + dead or alive, at the midsummer fire festival which, as we have seen, + was annually celebrated in the Arician grove.<a id="noteref_694" + name="noteref_694" href="#note_694"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">694</span></span></a> The + perpetual fire which burned in the grove, like the perpetual + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page286">[pg 286]</span><a name="Pg286" + id="Pg286" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> fire which burned in the + temple of Vesta at Rome and under the oak at Romove,<a id= + "noteref_695" name="noteref_695" href="#note_695"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">695</span></span></a> was + probably fed with the sacred oak-wood; and thus it would be in a + great fire of oak that the King of the Wood formerly met his end. At + a later time, as I have suggested, his annual tenure of office was + lengthened or shortened, as the case might be, by the rule which + allowed him to live so long as he could prove his divine right by the + strong hand. But he only escaped the fire to fall by the sword.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">A similar tragedy may have been + enacted over the human representative of Balder in Norway.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus it seems that + at a remote age in the heart of Italy, beside the sweet Lake of Nemi, + the same fiery tragedy was annually enacted which Italian merchants + and soldiers were afterwards to witness among their rude kindred, the + Celts of Gaul, and which, if the Roman eagles had ever swooped on + Norway, might have been found repeated with little difference among + the barbarous Aryans of the North. The rite was probably an essential + feature in the ancient Aryan worship of the oak.<a id="noteref_696" + name="noteref_696" href="#note_696"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">696</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The name of the Golden Bough may + have been applied to the mistletoe on account of the golden tinge + which the plant assumes in withering.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It only remains to + ask, Why was the mistletoe called the Golden Bough?<a id= + "noteref_697" name="noteref_697" href="#note_697"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">697</span></span></a> The + whitish-yellow of the mistletoe berries is hardly enough to account + for the name, for Virgil says that the bough was altogether golden, + stem as well as leaves.<a id="noteref_698" name="noteref_698" href= + "#note_698"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">698</span></span></a> Perhaps + the name may be derived from the rich golden yellow which a bough of + mistletoe assumes when it has been cut and kept for some months; the + bright tint is not confined to the leaves, but spreads to the stalks + as well, so that the whole branch appears to be indeed a Golden + Bough. Breton peasants hang up <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page287">[pg 287]</span><a name="Pg287" id="Pg287" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> great bunches of mistletoe in front of their + cottages, and in the month of June these bunches are conspicuous for + the bright golden tinge of their foliage.<a id="noteref_699" name= + "noteref_699" href="#note_699"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">699</span></span></a> In some + parts of Brittany, especially about Morbihan, branches of mistletoe + are hung over the doors of stables and byres to protect the horses + and cattle,<a id="noteref_700" name="noteref_700" href= + "#note_700"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">700</span></span></a> + probably against witchcraft.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The yellow hue of withered mistletoe + may partly explain why the plant is thought to disclose yellow + gold in the earth. Similarly fern-seed is thought to bloom like + gold or fire and to reveal buried treasures on Midsummer Eve. + Sometimes fern-seed is thought to bloom on Christmas night. The + wicked weaver of Rotenburg.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The yellow colour + of the withered bough may partly explain why the mistletoe has been + sometimes supposed to possess the property of disclosing treasures in + the earth;<a id="noteref_701" name="noteref_701" href= + "#note_701"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">701</span></span></a> for on + the principles of homoeopathic magic there is a natural affinity + between a yellow bough and yellow gold. This suggestion is confirmed + by the analogy of the marvellous properties popularly ascribed to the + mythical fern-seed or fern-bloom. We saw that fern-seed is popularly + supposed to bloom like gold or fire on Midsummer Eve.<a id= + "noteref_702" name="noteref_702" href="#note_702"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">702</span></span></a> Thus in + Bohemia it is said that <span class="tei tei-q">“on St. John's Day + fern-seed blooms with golden blossoms that gleam like + fire.”</span><a id="noteref_703" name="noteref_703" href= + "#note_703"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">703</span></span></a> Now it + is a property of this mythical fern-seed that whoever has it, or will + ascend a mountain holding it in his hand on Midsummer Eve, will + discover a vein of gold or will see the treasures of the earth + shining with a bluish flame.<a id="noteref_704" name="noteref_704" + href="#note_704"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">704</span></span></a> In + Russia they say that if you <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page288">[pg + 288]</span><a name="Pg288" id="Pg288" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + succeed in catching the wondrous bloom of the fern at midnight on + Midsummer Eve, you have only to throw it up into the air, and it will + fall like a star on the very spot where a treasure lies hidden.<a id= + "noteref_705" name="noteref_705" href="#note_705"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">705</span></span></a> In + Brittany treasure-seekers gather fern-seed at midnight on Midsummer + Eve, and keep it till Palm Sunday of the following year; then they + strew the seed on ground where they think a treasure is + concealed.<a id="noteref_706" name="noteref_706" href= + "#note_706"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">706</span></span></a> + Tyrolese peasants imagine that hidden treasures can be seen glowing + like flame on Midsummer Eve, and that fern-seed, gathered at this + mystic season, with the usual precautions, will help to bring the + buried gold to the surface.<a id="noteref_707" name="noteref_707" + href="#note_707"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">707</span></span></a> In the + Swiss canton of Freiburg people used to watch beside a fern on St. + John's night in the hope of winning a treasure, which the devil + himself sometimes brought to them.<a id="noteref_708" name= + "noteref_708" href="#note_708"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">708</span></span></a> In + Bohemia they say that he who procures the golden bloom of the fern at + this season has thereby the key to all hidden treasures; and that if + maidens will spread a cloth under the fast-fading bloom, red gold + will drop into it.<a id="noteref_709" name="noteref_709" href= + "#note_709"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">709</span></span></a> And in + the Tyrol and Bohemia if you place fern-seed among money, the money + will never decrease, however much of it you spend.<a id="noteref_710" + name="noteref_710" href="#note_710"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">710</span></span></a> + Sometimes the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page289">[pg + 289]</span><a name="Pg289" id="Pg289" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + fern-seed is supposed to bloom on Christmas night, and whoever + catches it will become very rich.<a id="noteref_711" name= + "noteref_711" href="#note_711"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">711</span></span></a> In + Styria they say that by gathering fern-seed on Christmas night you + can force the devil to bring you a bag of money.<a id="noteref_712" + name="noteref_712" href="#note_712"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">712</span></span></a> In + Swabia likewise you can, by taking the proper precautions, compel + Satan himself to fetch you a packet of fern-seed on Christmas night. + But for four weeks previously, and during the whole of the Advent + season, you must be very careful never to pray, never to go to + church, and never to use holy water; you must busy yourself all day + long with devilish thoughts, and cherish an ardent wish that the + devil would help you to get money. Thus prepared you take your stand, + between eleven and twelve on Christmas night, at the meeting of two + roads, over both of which corpses have been carried to the + churchyard. Here many people meet you, some of them dead and buried + long ago, it may be your parents or grandparents, or old friends and + acquaintances, and they stop and greet you, and ask, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“What are you doing here?”</span> And tiny little goblins + hop and dance about and try to make you laugh. But if you smile or + utter a single word, the devil will tear you to shreds and tatters on + the spot. If, however, you stand glum and silent and solemn, there + will come, after all the ghostly train has passed by, a man dressed + as a hunter, and that is the devil. He will hand you a paper cornet + full of fern-seed, which you must keep and carry about with you as + long as you live. It will give you the power of doing as much work at + your trade in a day as twenty or thirty ordinary men could do in the + same time. So you will grow very rich. But few people have the + courage to go through with the ordeal. The people of Rotenburg tell + of a weaver of their town, who lived some two hundred and fifty years + ago and performed prodigies of weaving by a simple application of + fern-seed which he had been so fortunate as to obtain, no doubt from + the devil, though that is not expressly alleged <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page290">[pg 290]</span><a name="Pg290" id="Pg290" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> by tradition. Rich in the possession of + this treasure, the lazy rascal worked only on Saturdays and spent all + the rest of the week playing and drinking; yet in one day he wove far + more cloth than any other skilled weaver who sat at his loom from + morning to night every day of the week. Naturally he kept his own + counsel, and nobody might ever have known how he did it, if it had + not been for what, humanly speaking, you might call an accident, + though for my part I cannot but regard it as the manifest finger of + Providence. One day—it was the octave of a festival—the fellow had + woven a web no less than a hundred ells long, and his mistress + resolved to deliver it to her customer the same evening. So she put + the cloth in a basket and away she trudged with it. Her way led her + past a church, and as she passed the sacred edifice, she heard the + tinkle of the holy bell which announced the elevation of the Host. + Being a good woman she put her basket down, knelt beside it, and + there, with the shadows gathering round her, committed herself to the + care of God and his good angels and received, along with the kneeling + congregation in the lighted church, the evening benediction, which + kept her and them from all the perils and dangers of the night. Then + rising refreshed she took up her basket. But what was her + astonishment on looking into it to find the whole web reduced to a + heap of yarn! The blessed words of the priest at the altar had undone + the cursed spell of the Enemy of Mankind.<a id="noteref_713" name= + "noteref_713" href="#note_713"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">713</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The golden or fiery fern-seed + appears to be an emanation of the sun's fire.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus, on the + principle of like by like, fern-seed is supposed to discover gold + because it is itself golden; and for a similar reason it enriches its + possessor with an unfailing supply of gold. But while the fern-seed + is described as golden, it is equally described as glowing and + fiery.<a id="noteref_714" name="noteref_714" href= + "#note_714"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">714</span></span></a> Hence, + when we consider that two great days for gathering the fabulous seed + are Midsummer Eve and Christmas—that is, the two solstices (for + Christmas is nothing but an old heathen celebration of the winter + solstice)—we are led to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page291">[pg + 291]</span><a name="Pg291" id="Pg291" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + regard the fiery aspect of the fern-seed as primary, and its golden + aspect as secondary and derivative. Fern-seed, in fact, would seem to + be an emanation of the sun's fire at the two turning-points of its + course, the summer and winter solstices. This view is confirmed by a + German story in which a hunter is said to have procured fern-seed by + shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day at noon; three drops of blood + fell down, which he caught in a white cloth, and these blood-drops + were the fern-seed.<a id="noteref_715" name="noteref_715" href= + "#note_715"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">715</span></span></a> Here + the blood is clearly the blood of the sun, from which the fern-seed + is thus directly derived. Thus it may be taken as probable that + fern-seed is golden, because it is believed to be an emanation of the + sun's golden fire.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Like fern-seed the mistletoe is + gathered at the solstices (Midsummer and Christmas) and is + supposed to reveal treasures in the earth; perhaps, therefore, it + too is deemed an emanation of the sun's golden fire. The bloom of + the oak on Midsummer Eve.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, like + fern-seed, the mistletoe is gathered either at Midsummer or + Christmas<a id="noteref_716" name="noteref_716" href= + "#note_716"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">716</span></span></a>—that + is, at the summer and winter solstices—and, like fern-seed, it is + supposed to possess the power of revealing treasures in the earth. On + Midsummer Eve people in Sweden make divining-rods of mistletoe, or of + four different kinds of wood one of which must be mistletoe. The + treasure-seeker places the rod on the ground after sun-down, and when + it rests directly over treasure, the rod begins to move as if it were + alive.<a id="noteref_717" name="noteref_717" href= + "#note_717"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">717</span></span></a> Now, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page292">[pg 292]</span><a name="Pg292" + id="Pg292" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> if the mistletoe discovers + gold, it must be in its character of the Golden Bough; and if it is + gathered at the solstices, must not the Golden Bough, like the golden + fern-seed, be an emanation of the sun's fire? The question cannot be + answered with a simple affirmative. We have seen that the old Aryans + perhaps kindled the solstitial and other ceremonial fires in part as + sun-charms, that is, with the intention of supplying the sun with + fresh fire; and as these fires were usually made by the friction or + combustion of oak-wood,<a id="noteref_718" name="noteref_718" href= + "#note_718"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">718</span></span></a> it may + have appeared to the ancient Aryan that the sun was periodically + recruited from the fire which resided in the sacred oak. In other + words, the oak may have seemed to him the original storehouse or + reservoir of the fire which was from time to time drawn out to feed + the sun. But if the life of the oak was conceived to be in the + mistletoe, the mistletoe must on that view have contained the seed or + germ of the fire which was elicited by friction from the wood of the + oak. Thus, instead of saying that the mistletoe was an emanation of + the sun's fire, it might be more correct to say that the sun's fire + was regarded as an emanation of the mistletoe. No wonder, then, that + the mistletoe shone with a golden splendour, and was called the + Golden Bough. Probably, however, like fern-seed, it was thought to + assume its golden aspect only at those stated times, especially + midsummer, when fire was drawn from the oak to light up the + sun.<a id="noteref_719" name="noteref_719" href= + "#note_719"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">719</span></span></a> At + Pulverbatch, in Shropshire, it was believed within living memory that + the oak-tree blooms on Midsummer Eve and the blossom withers before + daylight. A maiden who wishes to know her lot in marriage should + spread a white cloth under the tree at night, and in the morning she + will find a little dust, which is all that remains of the flower. She + should place the pinch of dust under her pillow, and then her future + husband will appear to her in her dreams.<a id="noteref_720" name= + "noteref_720" href="#note_720"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">720</span></span></a> This + fleeting bloom of the oak, if I am right, was probably the mistletoe + in its character of the Golden Bough. The conjecture is confirmed by + the observation <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page293">[pg + 293]</span><a name="Pg293" id="Pg293" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + that in Wales a real sprig of mistletoe gathered on Midsummer Eve is + similarly placed under the pillow to induce prophetic dreams;<a id= + "noteref_721" name="noteref_721" href="#note_721"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">721</span></span></a> and + further the mode of catching the imaginary bloom of the oak in a + white cloth is exactly that which was employed by the Druids to catch + the real mistletoe when it dropped from the bough of the oak, severed + by the golden sickle.<a id="noteref_722" name="noteref_722" href= + "#note_722"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">722</span></span></a> As + Shropshire borders on Wales, the belief that the oak blooms on + Midsummer Eve may be Welsh in its immediate origin, though probably + the belief is a fragment of the primitive Aryan creed. In some parts + of Italy, as we saw,<a id="noteref_723" name="noteref_723" href= + "#note_723"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">723</span></span></a> + peasants still go out on Midsummer morning to search the oak-trees + for the <span class="tei tei-q">“oil of St. John,”</span> which, like + the mistletoe, heals all wounds, and is, perhaps, the mistletoe + itself in its glorified aspect. Thus it is easy to understand how a + title like the Golden Bough, so little descriptive of its usual + appearance on the tree, should have been applied to the seemingly + insignificant parasite. Further, we can perhaps see why in antiquity + mistletoe was believed to possess the remarkable property of + extinguishing fire,<a id="noteref_724" name="noteref_724" href= + "#note_724"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">724</span></span></a> and why + in Sweden it is still kept in houses as a safeguard against + conflagration.<a id="noteref_725" name="noteref_725" href= + "#note_725"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">725</span></span></a> Its + fiery nature marks it out, on homoeopathic principles, as the best + possible cure or preventive of injury by fire.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Aeneas and the Golden Bough. Orpheus + and the willow.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These + considerations may partially explain why Virgil makes Aeneas carry a + glorified bough of mistletoe with him on his descent into the gloomy + subterranean world. The poet describes how at the very gates of hell + there stretched a vast and gloomy wood, and how the hero, following + the flight of two doves that lured him on, wandered into the depths + of the immemorial forest till he saw afar off through the shadows of + the trees the flickering light of the Golden Bough illuminating the + matted boughs overhead.<a id="noteref_726" name="noteref_726" href= + "#note_726"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">726</span></span></a> If the + mistletoe, as a yellow withered bough in the sad autumn woods, was + conceived to contain the seed of fire, what better companion could a + forlorn wanderer in the nether shades <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page294">[pg 294]</span><a name="Pg294" id="Pg294" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> take with him than a bough that would be a lamp + to his feet as well as a rod and staff to his hands? Armed with it he + might boldly confront the dreadful spectres that would cross his path + on his adventurous journey. Hence when Aeneas, emerging from the + forest, comes to the banks of Styx, winding slow with sluggish stream + through the infernal marsh, and the surly ferryman refuses him + passage in his boat, he has but to draw the Golden Bough from his + bosom and hold it up, and straightway the blusterer quails at the + sight and meekly receives the hero into his crazy bark, which sinks + deep in the water under the unusual weight of the living man.<a id= + "noteref_727" name="noteref_727" href="#note_727"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">727</span></span></a> Even in + recent times, as we have seen, mistletoe has been deemed a protection + against witches and trolls,<a id="noteref_728" name="noteref_728" + href="#note_728"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">728</span></span></a> and the + ancients may well have credited it with the same magical virtue. And + if the parasite can, as some of our peasants believe, open all + locks,<a id="noteref_729" name="noteref_729" href= + "#note_729"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">729</span></span></a> why + should it not have served as an <span class="tei tei-q">“open + Sesame”</span> in the hands of Aeneas to unlock the gates of death? + There is some reason to suppose that when Orpheus in like manner + descended alive to hell to rescue the soul of his dead wife Eurydice + from the shades, he carried with him a willow bough to serve as a + passport on his journey to and from the land of the dead; for in the + great frescoes representing the nether world, with which the master + hand of Polygnotus adorned the walls of a loggia at Delphi, Orpheus + was depicted sitting pensively under a willow, holding his lyre, now + silent and useless, in his left hand, while with his right he grasped + the drooping boughs of the tree.<a id="noteref_730" name= + "noteref_730" href="#note_730"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">730</span></span></a> If the + willow in the picture had indeed the significance which an ingenious + scholar has attributed to it,<a id="noteref_731" name="noteref_731" + href="#note_731"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">731</span></span></a> the + painter meant to represent the dead musician dreaming wistfully of + the time when the willow had carried him safe back across the Stygian + ferry to that bright world of love and music which he was now to see + no more. Again, on an ancient sarcophagus, which exhibits in + sculptured relief the parting of Adonis from Aphrodite, the hapless + youth, reclining in the lap of his leman, holds a <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page295">[pg 295]</span><a name="Pg295" id="Pg295" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> branch, which has been taken to signify + that he, too, by the help of the mystic bough, might yet be brought + back from the gates of death to life and love.<a id="noteref_732" + name="noteref_732" href="#note_732"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">732</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Trees thought by the savage to be + the seat of fire because he elicits it by friction from their + wood.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, too, we can + conjecture why Virbius at Nemi came to be confounded with the + sun.<a id="noteref_733" name="noteref_733" href= + "#note_733"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">733</span></span></a> If + Virbius was, as I have tried to shew, a tree-spirit, he must have + been the spirit of the oak on which grew the Golden Bough; for + tradition represented him as the first of the Kings of the Wood. As + an oak-spirit he must have been supposed periodically to rekindle the + sun's fire, and might therefore easily be confounded with the sun + itself. Similarly we can explain why Balder, an oak-spirit, was + described as <span class="tei tei-q">“so fair of face and so shining + that a light went forth from him,”</span><a id="noteref_734" name= + "noteref_734" href="#note_734"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">734</span></span></a> and why + he should have been so often taken to be the sun. And in general we + may say that in primitive society, when the only known way of making + fire is by the friction of wood, the savage must necessarily conceive + of fire as a property stored away, like sap or juice, in trees, from + which he has laboriously to extract it. The Senal Indians of + California <span class="tei tei-q">“profess to believe that the whole + world was once a globe of fire, whence that element passed up into + the trees, and now comes out whenever two pieces of wood are rubbed + together.”</span><a id="noteref_735" name="noteref_735" href= + "#note_735"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">735</span></span></a> + Similarly the Maidu Indians of California hold that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the earth was primarily a globe of molten matter, and + from that the principle of fire ascended through the roots into the + trunk and branches of trees, whence the Indians can extract it by + means of their drill.”</span><a id="noteref_736" name="noteref_736" + href="#note_736"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">736</span></span></a> In + Namoluk, one of the Caroline Islands, they say that the art of making + fire was taught men by the gods. Olofaet, the cunning master of + flames, gave fire to the bird <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">mwi</span></span> + and bade him carry it to earth in his bill. So the bird flew from + tree to tree and stored away the slumbering force of the fire in the + wood, from which men can elicit it by friction.<a id="noteref_737" + name="noteref_737" href="#note_737"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">737</span></span></a> In the + ancient <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page296">[pg 296]</span><a name= + "Pg296" id="Pg296" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Vedic hymns of India + the fire-god Agni <span class="tei tei-q">“is spoken of as born in + wood, as the embryo of plants, or as distributed in plants. He is + also said to have entered into all plants or to strive after them. + When he is called the embryo of trees or of trees as well as plants, + there may be a side-glance at the fire produced in forests by the + friction of the boughs of trees.”</span><a id="noteref_738" name= + "noteref_738" href="#note_738"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">738</span></span></a> In some + Australian languages the words for wood and fire are said to be the + same.<a id="noteref_739" name="noteref_739" href= + "#note_739"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">739</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Trees that have been struck by + lightning are deemed by the savage to be charged with a double + portion of fire.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A tree which has + been struck by lightning is naturally regarded by the savage as + charged with a double or triple portion of fire; for has he not seen + the mighty flash enter into the trunk with his own eyes? Hence + perhaps we may explain some of the many superstitious beliefs + concerning trees that have been struck by lightning. Thus in the + opinion of the Cherokee Indians <span class="tei tei-q">“mysterious + properties attach to the wood of a tree which has been struck by + lightning, especially when the tree itself still lives, and such wood + enters largely into the secret compounds of the conjurers. An + ordinary person of the laity will not touch it, for fear of having + cracks come upon his hands and feet, nor is it burned for fuel, for + fear that lye made from the ashes will cause consumption. In + preparing ballplayers for the contest, the medicine-man sometimes + burns splinters of it to coal, which he gives to the players to paint + themselves with, in order that they may be able to strike their + opponents with all the force of a thunderbolt. Bark or wood from a + tree struck by lightning, but still green, is beaten up and put into + the water in which seeds are soaked before planting, to insure a good + crop, but, on the other hand, any lightning-struck wood thrown into + the field will cause the crop to wither, and it is believed to have a + bad effect even to go into the field immediately after having been + near such a tree.”</span><a id="noteref_740" name="noteref_740" href= + "#note_740"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">740</span></span></a> + Apparently the Cherokees imagine that when wood struck by lightning + is soaked in <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page297">[pg + 297]</span><a name="Pg297" id="Pg297" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + water the fierce heat of the slumbering fire in its veins is tempered + to a genial warmth, which promotes the growth of the crops; but that + when the force of the fire has not been thus diluted it blasts the + growing corn. When the Thompson Indians of British Columbia wished to + set fire to the houses of their enemies, they shot at them arrows + which were either made from a tree that had been struck by lightning + or had splinters of such wood attached to them.<a id="noteref_741" + name="noteref_741" href="#note_741"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">741</span></span></a> They + seem to have thought that wood struck by lightning was so charged + with fire that it would ignite whatever it struck, the mere + concussion sufficing to explode it like gunpowder. Yet curiously + enough these Indians supposed that if they burned the wood of trees + that had been struck by lightning, the weather would immediately turn + cold.<a id="noteref_742" name="noteref_742" href= + "#note_742"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">742</span></span></a> Perhaps + they conceived such trees as reservoirs of heat, and imagined that by + using them up they would exhaust the supply and thus lower the + temperature of the atmosphere.<a id="noteref_743" name="noteref_743" + href="#note_743"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">743</span></span></a> Wendish + peasants of Saxony similarly refuse to burn in their stoves the wood + of trees that have been struck by lightning; but the reason they give + for their refusal is different. They say that with such fuel the + house would be burnt down.<a id="noteref_744" name="noteref_744" + href="#note_744"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">744</span></span></a> No + doubt they think that the electric flash, inherent in the wood, would + send such a roaring flame up the chimney that nothing could stand + before it. In like manner the Thonga of South Africa will not use + such wood as fuel nor warm themselves at a fire which has been + kindled with it; but what danger they apprehend from the wood we are + not told.<a id="noteref_745" name="noteref_745" href= + "#note_745"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">745</span></span></a> On the + contrary, when lightning sets fire to a tree, the Winamwanga of + Northern Rhodesia put out all the fires in the village and plaster + the fireplaces afresh, while the head men convey the + lightning-kindled fire to the chief, who prays over it. The chief + then sends out <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page298">[pg + 298]</span><a name="Pg298" id="Pg298" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + new fire to all his villages, and the villagers reward his messengers + for the boon. This shews that they look upon fire kindled by + lightning with reverence, and the reverence is intelligible, for they + speak of thunder and lightning as God himself coming down to + earth.<a id="noteref_746" name="noteref_746" href= + "#note_746"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">746</span></span></a> + Similarly the Maidu Indians of California believe that a Great Man + created the world and all its inhabitants, and that lightning is + nothing but the Great Man himself descending swiftly out of heaven + and rending the trees with his flaming arm.<a id="noteref_747" name= + "noteref_747" href="#note_747"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">747</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Theory that the sanctity of the oak + and the relation of the tree to the sky-god were suggested by the + frequency with which oaks are struck by lightning.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is a plausible + theory that the reverence which the ancient peoples of Europe paid to + the oak, and the connexion which they traced between the tree and + their sky-god,<a id="noteref_748" name="noteref_748" href= + "#note_748"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">748</span></span></a> were + derived from the much greater frequency with which the oak appears to + be struck by lightning than any other tree of our European forests. + Some remarkable statistics have been adduced in support of this view + by Mr. W. Warde Fowler.<a id="noteref_749" name="noteref_749" href= + "#note_749"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">749</span></span></a> + Observations, annually made in the forests of Lippe-Detmold for + seventeen years, yielded the result that while the woods were mainly + stocked with beech and only to a small extent with oak and Scotch + pine, yet far more oaks and Scotch pines were struck by lightning + than beeches, the number of stricken Scotch pines exceeding the + number of stricken beeches in the proportion of thirty-seven to one, + and the number of stricken oaks exceeding the number of stricken + beeches in the proportion <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page299">[pg + 299]</span><a name="Pg299" id="Pg299" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + no less than sixty to one. Similar results have been obtained from + observations made in French and Bavarian forests.<a id="noteref_750" + name="noteref_750" href="#note_750"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">750</span></span></a> In + short, it would seem from statistics compiled by scientific + observers, who have no mythological theories to maintain, that the + oak suffers from the stroke of lightning far oftener than any other + forest tree in Europe. However we may explain it, whether by the + easier passage of electricity through oakwood than through any other + timber,<a id="noteref_751" name="noteref_751" href= + "#note_751"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">751</span></span></a> or in + some other way, the fact itself may well have attracted the notice of + our rude forefathers, who dwelt in the vast forests which then + covered a large part of Europe; and they might naturally account for + it in their simple religious way by supposing that the great sky-god, + whom they worshipped and whose awful voice they heard in the roll of + thunder, loved the oak above all the trees of the wood and often + descended into it from the murky cloud in a flash of lightning, + leaving a token of his presence or of his passage in the riven and + blackened trunk and the blasted foliage. Such trees would thenceforth + be encircled by a nimbus of glory as the visible seats of the + thundering sky-god. Certain it is that, like some savages, both + Greeks and Romans identified their great god of the sky and of the + oak with the lightning flash which struck the ground; and they + regularly enclosed such a stricken spot and treated it thereafter as + sacred.<a id="noteref_752" name="noteref_752" href= + "#note_752"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">752</span></span></a> It + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page300">[pg 300]</span><a name="Pg300" + id="Pg300" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> is not rash to suppose that + the ancestors of the Celts and Germans in the forests of Central + Europe paid a like respect for like reasons to a blasted oak.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">This explanation of the Aryan + worship of the oak is preferable to the one formerly adopted by + the author.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This explanation + of the Aryan reverence for the oak and of the association of the tree + with the great god of the thunder and the sky, was suggested or + implied long ago by Jacob Grimm,<a id="noteref_753" name= + "noteref_753" href="#note_753"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">753</span></span></a> and has + been of late powerfully reinforced by Mr. W. Warde Fowler.<a id= + "noteref_754" name="noteref_754" href="#note_754"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">754</span></span></a> It + appears to be simpler and more probable than the explanation which I + formerly adopted, namely, that the oak was worshipped primarily for + the many benefits which our rude forefathers derived from the tree, + particularly for the fire which they drew by friction from its wood; + and that the connexion of the oak with the sky was an after-thought + based on the belief that the flash of lightning was nothing but the + spark which the sky-god up aloft elicited by rubbing two pieces of + oak wood against each other, just as his savage worshipper kindled + fire in the forest on earth.<a id="noteref_755" name="noteref_755" + href="#note_755"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">755</span></span></a> On that + theory the god of the thunder and the sky was derived from the + original god of the oak; on the present theory, which I now prefer, + the god of the sky and the thunder was the great original deity of + our Aryan ancestors, and his association with the oak was merely an + inference based on the frequency with which the oak was seen to be + struck by lightning. If the Aryans, as some think, roamed the wide + steppes of Russia or Central Asia with their flocks and herds before + they plunged into the gloom of the European forests, they may have + worshipped the god of the blue or cloudy firmament and the flashing + thunderbolt long before they thought of associating him with the + blasted oaks in their new home.<a id="noteref_756" name="noteref_756" + href="#note_756"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">756</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page301">[pg 301]</span><a name="Pg301" id="Pg301" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The sacredness of mistletoe was + perhaps due to a belief that the plant fell on the tree in a + flash of lightning.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Perhaps the new + theory has the further advantage of throwing light on the special + sanctity ascribed to mistletoe which grows on an oak. The mere rarity + of such a growth on an oak hardly suffices to explain the extent and + the persistence of the superstition. A hint of its real origin is + possibly furnished by the statement of Pliny that the Druids + worshipped the plant because they believed it to have fallen from + heaven and to be a token that the tree on which it grew was chosen by + the god himself.<a id="noteref_757" name="noteref_757" href= + "#note_757"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">757</span></span></a> Can + they have thought that the mistletoe dropped on the oak in a flash of + lightning? The conjecture is confirmed by the name thunder-besom + which is applied to mistletoe in the Swiss canton of Aargau,<a id= + "noteref_758" name="noteref_758" href="#note_758"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">758</span></span></a> for the + epithet clearly implies a close connexion between the parasite and + the thunder; indeed <span class="tei tei-q">“thunder-besom”</span> is + a popular name in Germany for any bushy nest-like excrescence growing + on a branch, because such a parasitic growth is actually believed by + the ignorant to be a product of lightning.<a id="noteref_759" name= + "noteref_759" href="#note_759"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">759</span></span></a> If + there is any truth in this conjecture, the real reason why the Druids + worshipped a mistletoe-bearing oak above all other trees of the + forest was a belief that every such oak had not only been struck by + lightning but bore among its branches a visible emanation of the + celestial fire; so that in cutting the mistletoe with mystic rites + they were securing for themselves all the magical properties of a + thunderbolt. If that was so, we must apparently conclude that the + mistletoe was deemed an emanation of the lightning rather than, as I + have thus far argued, of the midsummer sun. Perhaps, indeed, we might + combine the two seemingly divergent views by supposing that in the + old Aryan creed the mistletoe descended from the sun on Midsummer Day + in a flash of lightning. But such a combination is artificial and + unsupported, so far as I know, by any positive evidence. Whether on + mythical principles the two interpretations can really be reconciled + with each other or not, I will not presume to say; but even should + they prove to be discrepant, the inconsistency need not have + prevented our rude forefathers from embracing both of them at the + same time with an equal fervour of conviction; for like the great + majority of mankind the savage is above being <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page302">[pg 302]</span><a name="Pg302" id="Pg302" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> hidebound by the trammels of a pedantic + logic. In attempting to track his devious thought through the jungle + of crass ignorance and blind fear, we must always remember that we + are treading enchanted ground, and must beware of taking for solid + realities the cloudy shapes that cross our path or hover and gibber + at us through the gloom. We can never completely replace ourselves at + the standpoint of primitive man, see things with his eyes, and feel + our hearts beat with the emotions that stirred his. All our theories + concerning him and his ways must therefore fall far short of + certainty; the utmost we can aspire to in such matters is a + reasonable degree of probability.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Hence the stroke of mistletoe that + killed Balder may have been a stroke of lightning.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To conclude these + enquiries we may say that if Balder was indeed, as I have + conjectured, a personification of a mistletoe-bearing oak, his death + by a blow of the mistletoe might on the new theory be explained as a + death by a stroke of lightning. So long as the mistletoe, in which + the flame of the lightning smouldered, was suffered to remain among + the boughs, so long no harm could befall the good and kindly god of + the oak, who kept his life stowed away for safety between earth and + heaven in the mysterious parasite; but when once that seat of his + life, or of his death, was torn from the branch and hurled at the + trunk, the tree fell—the god died—smitten by a thunderbolt.<a id= + "noteref_760" name="noteref_760" href="#note_760"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">760</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The King of the Wood and the Golden + Bough.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And what we have + said of Balder in the oak forests of Scandinavia may perhaps, with + all due diffidence in a question so obscure and uncertain, be applied + to the priest of Diana, the King of the Wood, at Aricia in the oak + forests of Italy. He may have personated in flesh and blood the great + Italian god of the sky, Jupiter,<a id="noteref_761" name= + "noteref_761" href="#note_761"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">761</span></span></a> who had + kindly come down from heaven in the lightning flash to dwell among + men in the mistletoe—the thunder-besom—the Golden Bough—growing + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page303">[pg 303]</span><a name="Pg303" + id="Pg303" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> on the sacred oak beside the + still waters of the lake of Nemi. If that was so, we need not wonder + that the priest guarded with drawn sword the mystic bough which + contained the god's life and his own. The goddess whom he served and + married was herself, if I am right, no other than the Queen of + Heaven, the true wife of the sky-god. For she, too, loved the + solitude of the woods and the lonely hills, and sailing overhead on + clear nights in the likeness of the silver moon she looked down with + pleasure on her own fair image reflected on the calm, the burnished + surface of the lake, Diana's Mirror.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page304">[pg 304]</span><a name= + "Pg304" id="Pg304" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc33" id="toc33"></a> <a name="pdf34" id="pdf34"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XIII. Farewell to + Nemi.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Looking back at the end of the + journey.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We are at the end + of our enquiry, but as often happens in the search after truth, if we + have answered one question, we have raised many more; if we have + followed one track home, we have had to pass by others that opened + off it and led, or seemed to lead, to far other goals than the sacred + grove at Nemi. Some of these paths we have followed a little way; + others, if fortune should be kind, the writer and the reader may one + day pursue together. For the present we have journeyed far enough + together, and it is time to part. Yet before we do so, we may well + ask ourselves whether there is not some more general conclusion, some + lesson, if possible, of hope and encouragement, to be drawn from the + melancholy record of human error and folly which has engaged our + attention in these volumes.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The movement of human thought in the + past from magic to religion.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If then we + consider, on the one hand, the essential similarity of man's chief + wants everywhere and at all times, and on the other hand, the wide + difference between the means he has adopted to satisfy them in + different ages, we shall perhaps be disposed to conclude that the + movement of the higher thought, so far as we can trace it, has on the + whole been from magic through religion to science. In magic man + depends on his own strength to meet the difficulties and dangers that + beset him on every side. He believes in a certain established order + of nature on which he can surely count, and which he can manipulate + for his own ends. When he discovers his mistake, when he recognizes + sadly that both the order of nature which he had assumed and the + control which he had believed himself to exercise <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page305">[pg 305]</span><a name="Pg305" id="Pg305" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> over it were purely imaginary, he ceases + to rely on his own intelligence and his own unaided efforts, and + throws himself humbly on the mercy of certain great invisible beings + behind the veil of nature, to whom he now ascribes all those + far-reaching powers which he once arrogated to himself. Thus in the + acuter minds magic is gradually superseded by religion, which + explains the succession of natural phenomena as regulated by the + will, the passion, or the caprice of spiritual beings like man in + kind, though vastly superior to him in power.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The movement of thought from + religion to science.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But as time goes + on this explanation in its turn proves to be unsatisfactory. For it + assumes that the succession of natural events is not determined by + immutable laws, but is to some extent variable and irregular, and + this assumption is not borne out by closer observation. On the + contrary, the more we scrutinize that succession the more we are + struck by the rigid uniformity, the punctual precision with which, + wherever we can follow them, the operations of nature are carried on. + Every great advance in knowledge has extended the sphere of order and + correspondingly restricted the sphere of apparent disorder in the + world, till now we are ready to anticipate that even in regions where + chance and confusion appear still to reign, a fuller knowledge would + everywhere reduce the seeming chaos to cosmos. Thus the keener minds, + still pressing forward to a deeper solution of the mysteries of the + universe, come to reject the religious theory of nature as + inadequate, and to revert in a measure to the older standpoint of + magic by postulating explicitly, what in magic had only been + implicitly assumed, to wit, an inflexible regularity in the order of + natural events, which, if carefully observed, enables us to foresee + their course with certainty and to act accordingly. In short, + religion, regarded as an explanation of nature, is displaced by + science.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Contrast between the views of + natural order postulated by magic and by science + respectively.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But while science + has this much in common with magic that both rest on a faith in order + as the underlying principle of all things, readers of this work will + hardly need to be reminded that the order presupposed by magic + differs widely from that which forms the basis of science. The + difference flows naturally from the different modes in which the two + orders have been reached. For <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page306">[pg 306]</span><a name="Pg306" id="Pg306" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> whereas the order on which magic reckons is + merely an extension, by false analogy, of the order in which ideas + present themselves to our minds, the order laid down by science is + derived from patient and exact observation of the phenomena + themselves. The abundance, the solidity, and the splendour of the + results already achieved by science are well fitted to inspire us + with a cheerful confidence in the soundness of its method. Here at + last, after groping about in the dark for countless ages, man has hit + upon a clue to the labyrinth, a golden key that opens many locks in + the treasury of nature. It is probably not too much to say that the + hope of progress—moral and intellectual as well as material—in the + future is bound up with the fortunes of science, and that every + obstacle placed in the way of scientific discovery is a wrong to + humanity.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The scientific theory of the world + not necessarily final.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet the history of + thought should warn us against concluding that because the scientific + theory of the world is the best that has yet been formulated, it is + necessarily complete and final. We must remember that at bottom the + generalizations of science or, in common parlance, the laws of nature + are merely hypotheses devised to explain that ever-shifting + phantasmagoria of thought which we dignify with the high-sounding + names of the world and the universe. In the last analysis magic, + religion, and science are nothing but theories of thought; and as + science has supplanted its predecessors, so it may hereafter be + itself superseded by some more perfect hypothesis, perhaps by some + totally different way of looking at the phenomena—of registering the + shadows on the screen—of which we in this generation can form no + idea. The advance of knowledge is an infinite progression towards a + goal that for ever recedes. We need not murmur at the endless + pursuit:—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Fatti non foste a viver + come bruti</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ma per seguir virtute e + conoscenza.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The shadow across the path.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Great things will + come of that pursuit, though we may not enjoy them. Brighter stars + will rise on some voyager of the future—some great Ulysses of the + realms of thought—than shine on us. The dreams of magic may one day + be <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page307">[pg 307]</span><a name= + "Pg307" id="Pg307" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the waking realities + of science. But a dark shadow lies athwart the far end of this fair + prospect. For however vast the increase of knowledge and of power + which the future may have in store for man, he can scarcely hope to + stay the sweep of those great forces which seem to be making silently + but relentlessly for the destruction of all this starry universe in + which our earth swims as a speck or mote. In the ages to come man may + be able to predict, perhaps even to control, the wayward courses of + the winds and clouds, but hardly will his puny hands have strength to + speed afresh our slackening planet in its orbit or rekindle the dying + fire of the sun.<a id="noteref_762" name="noteref_762" href= + "#note_762"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">762</span></span></a> Yet the + philosopher who trembles at the idea of such distant catastrophes may + console himself by reflecting that these gloomy apprehensions, like + the earth and the sun themselves, are only parts of that + unsubstantial world which thought has conjured up out of the void, + and that the phantoms which the subtle enchantress has evoked to-day + she may ban to-morrow. They too, like so much that to common eyes + seems solid, may melt into air, into thin air.<a id="noteref_763" + name="noteref_763" href="#note_763"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">763</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The web of thought.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Without dipping so + far into the future, we may illustrate the course which thought has + hitherto run by likening it to <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page308">[pg 308]</span><a name="Pg308" id="Pg308" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> a web woven of three different threads—the + black thread of magic, the red thread of religion, and the white + thread of science, if under science we may include those simple + truths, drawn from observation of nature, of which men in all ages + have possessed a store. Could we then survey the web of thought from + the beginning, we should probably perceive it to be at first a + chequer of black and white, a patchwork of true and false notions, + hardly tinged as yet by the red thread of religion. But carry your + eye further along the fabric and you will remark that, while the + black and white chequer still runs through it, there rests on the + middle portion of the web, where religion has entered most deeply + into its texture, a dark crimson stain, which shades off insensibly + into a lighter tint as the white thread of science is woven more and + more into the tissue. To a web thus chequered and stained, thus shot + with threads of diverse hues, but gradually changing colour the + farther it is unrolled, the state of modern thought, with all its + divergent aims and conflicting tendencies, may be compared. Will the + great movement which for centuries has been slowly altering the + complexion of thought be continued in the near future? or will a + reaction set in which may arrest progress and even undo much that has + been done? To keep up our parable, what will be the colour of the web + which the Fates are now weaving on the humming loom of time? will it + be white or red? We cannot tell. A faint glimmering light illumines + the backward portion of the web. Clouds and thick darkness hide the + other end.</p> + + <div class="tei tei-tb"> + <hr style="width: 50%" /> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Nemi at evening: the</span> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">Ave + Maria</span></span> <span style="font-size: 80%">bell.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Our long voyage of + discovery is over and our bark has drooped her weary sails in port at + last. Once more we take the road to Nemi. It is evening, and as we + climb the long slope of the Appian Way up to the Alban Hills, we look + back and see the sky aflame with sunset, its golden glory resting + like the aureole of a dying saint over Rome and touching with a crest + of fire the dome of St. Peter's. The sight once seen can never be + forgotten, but we turn from it and pursue our way darkling along the + mountain side, till we come to Nemi and look down on the lake in its + deep hollow, now fast disappearing in the evening shadows. The + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page309">[pg 309]</span><a name="Pg309" + id="Pg309" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> place has changed but little + since Diana received the homage of her worshippers in the sacred + grove. The temple of the sylvan goddess, indeed, has vanished and the + King of the Wood no longer stands sentinel over the Golden Bough. But + Nemi's woods are still green, and as the sunset fades above them in + the west, there comes to us, borne on the swell of the wind, the + sound of the church bells of Ariccia ringing the Angelus. <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ave Maria!</span></span> Sweet and solemn they + chime out from the distant town and die lingeringly away across the + wide Campagnan marshes. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Le roi est mort, vive le roi! Ave + Maria!</span></span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page311">[pg 311]</span><a name= + "Pg311" id="Pg311" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc35" id="toc35"></a> <a name="pdf36" id="pdf36"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Notes.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc37" id="toc37"></a> <a name="pdf38" id="pdf38"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">I. Snake Stones.</span><a id= + "noteref_764" name="noteref_764" href="#note_764"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">764</span></span></a></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Snake Stones in the + Highlands.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The belief of + the Scottish Highlanders as to the so-called Snake Stones has been + recorded as follows by a good authority at the end of the + nineteenth century:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“A product called <span lang="gd" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="gd"><span style= + "font-style: italic">clach-nathrach</span></span>, serpent stone, + is found on the root of the long ling. It is of steel-grey colour, + has the consistency of soft putty when new and of hard putty when + old, and is as light as pumice-stone, which it resembles. It is of + a globular form, and from one to three inches in diameter. There is + a circular hole, about a quarter of an inch in width, through the + centre. This substance is said to be produced by the serpent + emitting spume round the root of a twig of heather. The <span lang= + "gd" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="gd"><span style= + "font-style: italic">clach-nathrach</span></span> is greatly prized + by the people, who transmit it as a talisman to their + descendants.”</span><a id="noteref_765" name="noteref_765" href= + "#note_765"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">765</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc39" id="toc39"></a> <a name="pdf40" id="pdf40"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">II. The Transformation of Witches + Into Cats.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Witches as cats among the + Oraons.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The European + belief that witches can turn themselves into cats, and that any + wounds inflicted on the witch-cat will afterwards be found on the + body of the witch herself,<a id="noteref_766" name="noteref_766" + href="#note_766"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">766</span></span></a> has + its exact parallel among the Oraons or Uraons, a primitive hill + tribe of Bengal. The following is the account given of the Oraon + belief by a Jesuit missionary, who laboured for years among these + savages and was intimately acquainted with their + superstitions:—</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page312">[pg + 312]</span><a name="Pg312" id="Pg312" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chordewa</span></span> is a witch rather than + a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bhut</span></span> [demon]. It is believed + that some women have the power to change their soul into a black + cat, who then goes about in the houses where there are sick people. + Such a cat has a peculiar way of mewing quite different from its + brethren, and is easily recognised. It steals quietly into the + house, licks the lips of the sick man and eats of the food that has + been prepared for him. The sick man soon gets worse and dies. They + say it is very difficult to catch the cat, as it has all the + nimbleness of its nature and the cleverness of a <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bhut</span></span>. However, they sometimes + succeed, and then something wonderful happens. The woman out of + whom the cat has come remains insensible, as it were in a state of + temporary death, until the cat re-enters her body. Any wound + inflicted on the cat will be inflicted on her; if they cut its ears + or break its legs or put out its eyes the woman will suffer the + same mutilation. The Uraons say that formerly they used to burn any + woman that was suspected to be a <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chordewa</span></span>.”</span><a id= + "noteref_767" name="noteref_767" href="#note_767"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">767</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc41" id="toc41"></a> <a name="pdf42" id="pdf42"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">III. African Balders.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">African parallels to + Balder.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In various parts + of Africa stories are told of men who could only be killed, like + Balder, by the stroke of an apparently insignificant weapon; and + some at least of these men were not mythical beings but real men of + flesh and blood who lived not long ago and whose memory is still + comparatively fresh among their people. The Wadoe of German East + Africa tell such a story of a great sorcerer, whom they now worship + as a dispenser of sunshine and rain. The legend and the worship are + reported as follows by a native African traveller:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The worshipful ghost in the + cave.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“If drought sets in, all the chiefs meet in council and + resolve: <span class="tei tei-q">‘This year we have had nothing but + sunshine; when we plant, the fruits will not ripen; therefore we + must betake ourselves to our spirits of the dead (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mizimu</span></span>).’</span> Then they take + some woollen stuff dyed blue and a red cloth, and set out together + on the way and go to the district Nguu, where their principal ghost + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mzimu</span></span>) resides, in order to lay + the matter before him. The ghost dwells in a very spacious cave. On + their coming the chiefs greet him. His answer consists in a humming + noise, which sounds like the patter of rain. If one among them is a + bad man, the ghost says to them, <span class="tei tei-q">‘There is + come with you in the caravan a rascal who wears such and such + clothes.’</span> If such a man there is, he is driven away. Now + they <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page313">[pg 313]</span><a name= + "Pg313" id="Pg313" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> tell the ghost all + that they wish to say, to wit: <span class="tei tei-q">‘This year + thou hast given us much sunshine; the fruits in the fields do not + grow tall, everywhere there is sickness, therefore we beg thee, + give us rain.’</span> Thereupon the ghost hums a second time, and + all are glad, because he has answered them. But if the ghost is + angry, he does not answer but holds his peace. If he has made them + glad and given an answer, much rain will fall; otherwise they + return as they went in sunshine.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The man who could only be killed + by the stalk of a gourd.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Originally this ghost was a man, a village elder + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">jumbe</span></span>) of Ukami. He was a great + sorcerer. One day people wished to conquer him, but they could do + him no harm, for neither lead nor sword nor arrow could pierce his + body. But he lived at strife with his wife. She said to his + enemies, <span class="tei tei-q">‘If you would kill my husband, I + will tell you how it can be done.’</span> They asked her, + <span class="tei tei-q">‘How can it be done?’</span> She answered, + <span class="tei tei-q">‘My husband is a great sorcerer; you all + know that.’</span> They answered, <span class="tei tei-q">‘That is + true.’</span> Then she said further, <span class="tei tei-q">‘If + you would kill him so that he dies on the spot, seek a stalk of a + gourd and smite him with it; then he will die at once, for that has + always been to him a forbidden thing.’</span><a id="noteref_768" + name="noteref_768" href="#note_768"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">768</span></span></a> They + sought the stalk of a gourd, and when they smote him with it, he + died at once without so much as setting one foot from the spot. But + of him and his departure there was nothing more to be seen, for + suddenly a great storm blew, and no man knew whither he had gone. + The storm is said to have carried him to that cave which is still + there to this day. After some days people saw in the cave his + weapons, clothes, and turban lying, and they brought word to the + folk in the town, <span class="tei tei-q">‘We have seen the clothes + of the elder in the cave, but of himself we have perceived + nothing.’</span> The folk went thither to look about, and they + found that it was so. So the news of this ghost spread, all the + more because people had seen the marvel that a man died and nobody + knew where he had gone. The wonderful thing in this wood is that + the spirits dwell in the midst of the wood and that everywhere a + bright white sand lies on the ground, as if people had gone thither + for the purpose of keeping everything clean. On many days they hear + a drumming and shouts of joy in this wood, as if a marriage feast + were being held there. That is the report about the ghost of + Kolelo.<a id="noteref_769" name="noteref_769" href= + "#note_769"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">769</span></span></a> All + village elders, who dwell in the interior, see in this ghost the + greatest ghost of all. All the chiefs (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mwene</span></span>) and headmen (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">pazi</span></span>) and the village elders + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">jumben</span></span>) of the clan + Kingaru<a id="noteref_770" name="noteref_770" href= + "#note_770"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">770</span></span></a> + respect that ghost.”</span><a id="noteref_771" name="noteref_771" + href="#note_771"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">771</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page314">[pg 314]</span><a name="Pg314" id="Pg314" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The man who could only be killed + by a splinter of bamboo.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Miss Alice + Werner, who kindly called my attention to this and the following + cases of African Balders, tells me that this worshipful ghost in + the cave appears to have been in his time a real man. Again, she + was assured by some natives that <span class="tei tei-q">“Chikumbu, + a Yao chief, who at one time gave the Administration some trouble, + was invulnerable by shot or steel; the only thing that could kill + him—since he had not been fortified against it by the proper + medicine—was a sharp splinter of bamboo. This reminds one of Balder + and the mistletoe.”</span><a id="noteref_772" name="noteref_772" + href="#note_772"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">772</span></span></a> + Again, a Nyanja chief named Chibisa, who was a great man in this + part of Africa when Livingstone travelled in it,<a id="noteref_773" + name="noteref_773" href="#note_773"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">773</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“stood firm upon his ant-heap, while his + men fell round him, shouting his war-song, until one who knew the + secret of a sand-bullet brought him down.”</span><a id= + "noteref_774" name="noteref_774" href="#note_774"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">774</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The man who could only be killed + by a copper needle.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Once more the + Swahili tell a story of an African Samson named Liongo who lived in + Shanga, while it was a flourishing city. By reason of his great + strength he oppressed the people exceedingly, and they sought to + kill him, but all in vain. At last they bribed his nephew, saying, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Go and ask your father what it is that + will kill him. When you know, come and tell us, and when he is dead + we will give you the kingdom.”</span> So the treacherous nephew + went to his uncle and asked him, <span class="tei tei-q">“Father, + what is it that can kill you?”</span> And his uncle said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“A copper needle. If any one stabs me in + the navel, I die.”</span> So the nephew went to the town and said + to the people, <span class="tei tei-q">“It is a copper needle that + will kill him.”</span> And they gave him a needle, and he went back + to his uncle; and while his uncle slept the wicked nephew stabbed + him with the needle in the navel. So he died, and they buried him, + and his grave is to be seen at Ozi to this day. But they seized the + nephew and killed him; they did not give the kingdom to that bad + young man.<a id="noteref_775" name="noteref_775" href= + "#note_775"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">775</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">These stories confirm the view + that Balder may have been a real man who was deified after + death.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When we compare + the story of Balder with these African stories, the heroes of which + were probably all real men, and when further we remember the + similar tale told of the Persian hero Isfendiyar, who may well have + been an historical personage,<a id="noteref_776" name="noteref_776" + href="#note_776"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">776</span></span></a> we + are confirmed <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page315">[pg + 315]</span><a name="Pg315" id="Pg315" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + in the suspicion that Balder himself may have been a real man, + admired and beloved in his lifetime and deified after his death, + like the African sorcerer, who is now worshipped in a cave and + bestows rain or sunshine on his votaries. On the whole I incline to + regard this solution of the Balder problem as more probable than + the one I have advocated in the text, namely that Balder was a + mythical personification of a mistletoe-bearing oak. The facts + which seem to incline the balance to the side of Euhemerism reached + me as my book was going to press and too late to be embodied in + their proper place in the volumes. The acceptance of this + hypothesis would not necessarily break the analogy which I have + traced between Balder in his sacred grove on the Sogne fiord of + Norway and the priest of Diana in the sacred grove of Nemi; indeed, + it might even be thought rather to strengthen the resemblance + between the two, since there is no doubt at all that the priests of + Diana at Nemi were men who lived real lives and died real + deaths.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc43" id="toc43"></a> <a name="pdf44" id="pdf44"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">IV. The Mistletoe and the Golden + Bough.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Two species of mistletoe, + the</span> <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">Viscum + album</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">and the</span> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">Loranthus + europaeus</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">. Common + mistletoe (</span><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">Viscum + album</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">).</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That Virgil + compares the Golden Bough to the mistletoe<a id="noteref_777" name= + "noteref_777" href="#note_777"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">777</span></span></a> is + certain and admitted on all hands. The only doubt that can arise is + whether the plant to which he compares the mystic bough is the + ordinary species of mistletoe (<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Viscum album</span></span>) or the species + known to botanists as <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Loranthus + europaeus</span></span>. The common mistletoe (<span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Viscum album</span></span>, L.) <span class= + "tei tei-q">“lives as a semi-parasite (obtaining carbon from the + air, but water, nitrogen, and mineral matter from the sap of its + host) on many conifers and broadleaved trees, and chiefly on their + branches. The hosts, or trees on which it lives, are, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">most + frequently</span></em>, the apple tree, both wild and cultivated + varieties; next, the silver-fir; <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">frequently</span></em>, birches, poplars + (except aspen), limes, willows, Scots pine, mountain-ash, and + hawthorn; <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">occasionally</span></em>, robinia, maples, + horse-chestnut, hornbeam, and aspen. It is very rarely found on + oaks, but has been observed on pedunculate oak at Thornbury, + Gloucestershire, and elsewhere in Europe, also on <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Quercus coccinea</span></span>, Moench., and + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Q. palustris</span></span>, Moench. The + alders, beech and spruce appear to be always free from mistletoe, + and it very rarely attacks pear-trees. It is commoner in Southern + Europe than in the North, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page316">[pg + 316]</span><a name="Pg316" id="Pg316" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + and is extremely abundant where cider is made. In the N.-W. + Himalayan districts, it is frequently found on apricot-trees, which + are the commonest fruit-trees there. Its white berries are eaten by + birds, chiefly by the missel-thrush (<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Turdus viscivorus</span></span>, L.), and the + seeds are either rubbed by the beak against branches of trees, or + voided on to them; the seeds, owing to the viscous nature of the + pulp surrounding them, then become attached to the + branches.”</span><a id="noteref_778" name="noteref_778" href= + "#note_778"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">778</span></span></a> The + large smooth pale-green tufts of the parasite, clinging to the + boughs of trees, are most conspicuous in winter, when they assume a + yellowish hue.<a id="noteref_779" name="noteref_779" href= + "#note_779"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">779</span></span></a> In + Greece at the present time mistletoe grows most commonly on firs, + especially at a considerable elevation (three thousand feet or + more) above the level of the sea.<a id="noteref_780" name= + "noteref_780" href="#note_780"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">780</span></span></a> + Throughout Italy mistletoe now grows on fruit-trees, almond-trees, + hawthorn, limes, willows, black poplars, and firs, but never, it is + said, on oaks.<a id="noteref_781" name="noteref_781" href= + "#note_781"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">781</span></span></a> In + England seven authentic cases of mistletoe growing on oaks are said + to be reported.<a id="noteref_782" name="noteref_782" href= + "#note_782"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">782</span></span></a> In + Gloucestershire mistletoe grows on the Badham Court oak, Sedbury + Park, Chepstow, and on the Frampton-on-Severn oak.<a id= + "noteref_783" name="noteref_783" href="#note_783"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">783</span></span></a> + Branches of oak with mistletoe growing on them were exhibited to + more than one learned society in France during the nineteenth + century; one of the branches was cut in the forest of Jeugny.<a id= + "noteref_784" name="noteref_784" href="#note_784"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">784</span></span></a> It is + a popular French superstition that mandragora or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the hand of glory,”</span> as it is called by the + people, may be found by digging at the root of a mistletoe-bearing + oak.<a id="noteref_785" name="noteref_785" href= + "#note_785"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">785</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page317">[pg 317]</span><a name="Pg317" id="Pg317" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">Loranthus + europaeus.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The species of + mistletoe known as <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Loranthus + europaeus</span></span> resembles the ordinary mistletoe in general + appearance, but its berries are bright yellow instead of white. + <span class="tei tei-q">“This species attacks chiefly oaks, + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Quercus cerris</span></span>, L., <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Q. sessiliflora</span></span>, Salisb., less + frequently, <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Q. pedunculata</span></span>, + Ehrh., and <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Castanea + vulgaris</span></span>, Lam.; also lime. It is found throughout + Southern Europe and as far north as Saxony, not in Britain. It + grows chiefly on the branches of standards over coppice.”</span> + The injury which it inflicts on its hosts is even greater than that + inflicted by the ordinary mistletoe; it often kills the branch on + which it settles. The seeds are carried to the trees by birds, + chiefly by the missel-thrush. In India many kinds of <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span> grow on various + species of forest trees, for example, on teak;<a id="noteref_786" + name="noteref_786" href="#note_786"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">786</span></span></a> one + variety (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Loranthus + vestitus</span></span>) grows on two species of oak, the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Quercus dilatata</span></span>, Lindl., and + the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Quercus incana</span></span>, + Roxb.<a id="noteref_787" name="noteref_787" href= + "#note_787"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">787</span></span></a> A + marked distinction between the two sorts of mistletoe is that + whereas ordinary mistletoe (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Viscum + album</span></span>) is evergreen, the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span> is deciduous.<a id= + "noteref_788" name="noteref_788" href="#note_788"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">788</span></span></a> In + Greece the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span> has + been observed on many old chestnut-trees at Stheni, near + Delphi.<a id="noteref_789" name="noteref_789" href= + "#note_789"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">789</span></span></a> In + Italy it grows chiefly on the various species of oaks and also on + chestnut-trees. So familiar is it on oaks that it is known as + <span class="tei tei-q">“oak mistletoe”</span> both in popular + parlance (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">visco quercino</span></span>) + and in druggists' shops (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">viscum + quernum</span></span>). Bird-lime is made from it in Italy.<a id= + "noteref_790" name="noteref_790" href="#note_790"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">790</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Both sorts of mistletoe known to + the ancients and designated by different words.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Both sorts of + mistletoe were known to the ancient Greeks and Romans, though the + distinctive terms which they applied to each appear not to be quite + certain. Theophrastus, and Pliny after him, seem to distinguish + three sorts of mistletoe, to which Theophrastus gives the names of + <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ixia</span></span>, <span lang="el" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hyphear</span></span>, and <span lang="el" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">stelis</span></span> respectively. He says + that the <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "el"><span style="font-style: italic">hyphear</span></span> and the + <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">stelis</span></span> grow on firs and pines, + and that the <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "el"><span style="font-style: italic">ixia</span></span> grows on + the oak (δρῦς), the terebinth, and many other kinds of trees. He + also observes that both the <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="el"><span style="font-style: italic">ixia</span></span> + and the <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "el"><span style="font-style: italic">hyphear</span></span> grow on + the ilex or holm-oak (πρῖνος), the same tree sometimes bearing both + species at the same time, the <span lang="el" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ixia</span></span> on the north and the + <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hyphear</span></span> on the south. He + expressly distinguishes the evergreen species of <span lang="el" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ixia</span></span> from the deciduous, which + seems to prove that he included <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page318">[pg 318]</span><a name="Pg318" id="Pg318" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> both the ordinary mistletoe (<span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Viscum album</span></span>) and the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span> under the general name + of <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "el"><span style="font-style: italic">ixia</span></span>.<a id= + "noteref_791" name="noteref_791" href="#note_791"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">791</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Doubts as to the identification of + the ancient names for mistletoe.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Modern writers + are not agreed as to the identification of the various species of + mistletoe designated by the names <span lang="el" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ixia</span></span>, <span lang="el" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hyphear</span></span>, and <span lang="el" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">stelis</span></span>. F. Wimmer, the editor of + Theophrastus in the Didot edition, takes <span lang="el" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hyphear</span></span> to be common mistletoe + (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Viscum album</span></span>), <span lang="el" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">stelis</span></span> to be <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus europaeus</span></span>, and + <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ixia</span></span> to be a general name which + includes the two species.<a id="noteref_792" name="noteref_792" + href="#note_792"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">792</span></span></a> On + the other hand F. Fraas, while he agrees as to the identification + of <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "el"><span style="font-style: italic">hyphear</span></span> and + <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">stelis</span></span> with common mistletoe and + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span> respectively, inclines + somewhat hesitatingly to regard <span lang="el" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ixia</span></span> or <span lang="el" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ixos</span></span> (as Dioscorides has it) as + a synonym for <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "el"><span style="font-style: italic">stelis</span></span> (the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span>).<a id="noteref_793" + name="noteref_793" href="#note_793"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">793</span></span></a> H. O. + Lenz, again, regards both <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hyphear</span></span> and <span lang="el" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">stelis</span></span> as synonyms for common + mistletoe (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Viscum album</span></span>), + while he would restrict <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="el"><span style="font-style: italic">ixia</span></span> + to the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span>.<a id="noteref_794" + name="noteref_794" href="#note_794"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">794</span></span></a> But + both these attempts to confine <span lang="el" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ixia</span></span> to the single deciduous + species <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span> seem + incompatible with the statement of Theophrastus, that <span lang= + "el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ixia</span></span> includes an evergreen as + well as a deciduous species.<a id="noteref_795" name="noteref_795" + href="#note_795"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">795</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Did Virgil compare the Golden + Bough to common mistletoe or to</span> <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">? + Some enquirers decide in favour of</span> <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We have now to + ask, Did Virgil compare the Golden Bough to the common mistletoe + (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Viscum album</span></span>) or to the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus europaeus</span></span>? Some modern + enquirers decide in favour of the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span>. Many years ago Sir + Francis Darwin wrote to me:<a id="noteref_796" name="noteref_796" + href="#note_796"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">796</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“I wonder whether <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus europaeus</span></span> would do for + your Golden Bough. It is a sort of mistletoe growing on oaks and + chestnuts in S. Europe. In the autumn it produces what are + described as bunches of pretty yellow berries. It is not evergreen + like the mistletoe, but deciduous, and as its leaves appear at the + same time as the oak <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page319">[pg + 319]</span><a name="Pg319" id="Pg319" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + leaves and drop at the same time in autumn, it must look like a + branch of the oak, more especially as it has rough bark with + lichens often growing on it. <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span> is said to be a + hundred years old sometimes.”</span> Professor P. J. Veth, after + quoting the passage from Virgil, writes that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“almost all translators (including Vondel) and + commentators of the Mantuan bard think that the mistletoe is here + meant, probably for the simple reason that it was better known to + them than <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Loranthus + europaeus</span></span>. I am convinced that Virgil can only have + thought of the latter. On the other side of the Alps the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span> is much commoner than + the mistletoe; on account of its splendid red blossoms, sometimes + twenty centimetres long, it is a far larger and more conspicuous + ornament of the trees; it bears really golden yellow fruit + (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Croceus fetus</span></span>), whereas the + berries of the mistletoe are almost white; and it attaches itself + by preference to the oak, whereas the mistletoe is very seldom + found on the oak.”</span><a id="noteref_797" name="noteref_797" + href="#note_797"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">797</span></span></a> + Again, Mr. W. R. Paton writes to me from Mount Athos:<a id= + "noteref_798" name="noteref_798" href="#note_798"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">798</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“The oak is here called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">dendron</span></span>, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the</span></em> + tree. As for the mistletoe there are two varieties, both called + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">axo</span></span> (ancient ἰξός). Both are + used to make bird-lime. The real <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Golden + Bough</span></span> is the variety with yellow berries and no + leaves. It is the parasite of the oak and rarely grows on other + trees. It is very abundant, and now in winter the oak-trees which + have adopted it seem from a distance to be draped in a golden + tissue. The other variety is our own mistletoe and is strictly a + parasite of the fir (a spruce fir, I don't know its scientific + name). It is also very abundant.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Reason for preferring common + mistletoe. Perhaps Virgil confused the two species.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus in favour + of identifying Virgil's mistletoe (<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">viscum</span></span>) with <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span> rather than with + common mistletoe it has been urged, first, that the berries of + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span> are bright yellow, + whereas those of the mistletoe are of a greenish white; and, + second, that the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span> + commonly grows on oaks, whereas mistletoe seldom does so, indeed in + Italy mistletoe is said never to be found on an oak. Both these + circumstances certainly speak strongly in favour of <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span>; since Virgil + definitely describes the berries as of a saffron-yellow + (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">croceus</span></span>) and says that the plant + grew on a holm-oak. Yet on the other hand Virgil tells us that the + plant put forth fresh leaves in the depths of winter (<span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">brumali frigore</span></span>, strictly + speaking, <span class="tei tei-q">“the cold of the winter + solstice”</span>); and this would best apply to the common + mistletoe, which is evergreen, whereas <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span> is deciduous.<a id= + "noteref_799" name="noteref_799" href="#note_799"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">799</span></span></a> + Accordingly, if we must decide between the two species, this single + circumstance appears to incline the balance in favour of + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page320">[pg 320]</span><a name= + "Pg320" id="Pg320" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> common mistletoe. + But is it not possible that Virgil, whether consciously or + unconsciously, confused the two plants and combined traits from + both in his description? Both parasites are common in Italy and in + appearance they are much alike except for the colour of the + berries. As a loving observer of nature, Virgil was probably + familiar by sight with both, but he may not have examined them + closely; and he might be excused if he thought that the parasite + which he saw growing, with its clusters of bright yellow berries, + on oaks in winter, was identical with the similar parasite which he + saw growing, with its bunches of greenish white berries and its + pale green leaves, on many other trees of the forest. The confusion + would be all the more natural if the Celts of northern Italy, in + whose country the poet was born, resembled the modern Celts of + Brittany in attaching bunches of the common mistletoe to their + cottages and leaving them there till the revolving months had + tinged the pale berries, leaves, and twigs with a golden yellow, + thereby converting the branch of mistletoe into a true Golden + Bough.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page321">[pg 321]</span><a name= + "Pg321" id="Pg321" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc45" id="toc45"></a> <a name="pdf46" id="pdf46"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Index.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aachen, effigy burnt at, i. 120, ii. <a href="#Pg025" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aargau, Swiss canton, of, Lenten fire-custom in, i. 119; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + superstition as to oak-mistletoe in, ii. <a href="#Pg082" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe called <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“thunder-besom”</span> in, <a href="#Pg085" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>, <a href= + "#Pg301" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">301</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + birth-trees in, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">165</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abeghian, Manuk, on creeping through cleft trees in Armenia, ii. + <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">172</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abensberg in Bavaria, burning the Easter Man at, i. 144 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abeokuta, use of bull-roarers at, ii. <a href="#Pg229" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aber, the Lake of, in Upper Austria, ii. <a href="#Pg189" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aberdeenshire, custom at reaping the last corn in, i. 12; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire in, 296; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + holed rock used by childless women in, ii. <a href="#Pg187" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aberfeldy, Hallowe'en fires near, i. 232 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aborigines of Victoria, their custom as to emu fat, i. 13 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abougit, Father X., S.J., on the ceremony of the new fire at + Jerusalem, i. 130 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abruzzi, new Easter fire in the, i. 122; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + water consecrated at Easter in the, 122 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer rites of fire and water in the, 209 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Acacia, the heart in the flower of the, ii. <a href="#Pg135" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Acarnanian story of Prince Sunless, i. 21 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Achern, St. John's fires at, i. 168 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Achterneed, in Ross-shire, Beltane cakes at, i. 153 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Acireale, in Sicily, Midsummer fires at, i. 210 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adder stones, i. 15 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Addison, Joseph, on witchcraft in Switzerland, ii. <a href= + "#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adonis and Aphrodite, ii. <a href="#Pg294" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">294</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aelst, Peter van, painter, ii. <a href="#Pg036" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aeneas and the Golden Bough, ii. <a href="#Pg285" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">285</a>, <a href="#Pg293" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">293</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Africa, girls secluded at puberty in, i. 22 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, 79 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + birth-trees in, ii. <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">160</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of bull-roarers in, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">229</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg232" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, British Central, the Anyanja of, i. 81 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, British East, i. 81; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ceremony of new fire in, 135 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Nandi of, ii. <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">229</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Akikuyu of, <a href="#Pg262" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">262</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, East, ceremony of the new fire in, i. 135; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Swahili of, ii. <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">160</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, German East, the Wajagga of, ii. <a href="#Pg160" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Washamba of, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">183</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Bondeis of, <a href="#Pg263" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">263</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Wadoe of, <a href="#Pg312" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">312</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, German South-West, the Ovambo of, ii. <a href="#Pg183" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, North, Midsummer fires in, i. 213 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, South, the Thonga of, ii. <a href="#Pg297" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">297</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, West, theory of an external soul embodied in an animal + prevalent in, ii. <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">200</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ritual of death and resurrection at initiation in, <a href= + "#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + African stories of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg148" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Balders, <a href="#Pg312" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">312</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Afterbirth buried under a tree, ii. <a href="#Pg160" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg162" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a>, <a href="#Pg163" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a>, <a href= + "#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a>, + <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">165</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of child animated by a ghost and sympathetically connected with a + banana-tree, <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">162</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + regarded as brother or sister of child, <a href="#Pg162" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + regarded as a second child, <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">162</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + regarded as a guardian spirit, <a href="#Pg223" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and navel-string regarded as guardian angels of the man, ii. + <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">162</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agaric growing on birch-trees, superstitions as to, i. 148 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aglu, New year fires at, i. 217 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Air thought to be poisoned at eclipses, i. 162 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aisne, Midsummer fires in the department of, i. 187 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aix, squibs at Midsummer in, i. 193; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer king at, i. 194, ii. <a href="#Pg025" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bathing at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">216</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page322">[pg 322]</span><a name= + "Pg322" id="Pg322" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agni, Hindoo deity, i. 99 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the fire-god, ii. <a href="#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">1</a>, <a href="#Pg296" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">296</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ague, Midsummer bonfires deemed a cure for, i. 162; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + leaps across the Midsummer bonfires thought to be a preventive + of, 174 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agweh, on the Slave Coast, custom of widows at, ii. <a href= + "#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ahlen, in Munsterland, i. 247 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ahriman, the devil of the Persians, i. 95 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aht or Nootka Indians of Vancouver Island, seclusion of girls at + puberty among the, i. 43 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ahura Mazda, the supreme being of the Persians, i. 95 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ain, Lenten fires in the department of, i. 114 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ainos of Japan, their mourning caps, i. 20; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their use of mugwort in exorcism, ii. <a href="#Pg060" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their veneration for mistletoe, <a href="#Pg079" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + A-Kamba of British East Africa, seclusion of girls at puberty + among the, i. 23 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Akikuyu of British East Africa, their dread of menstruous women, + i. 81; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ritual of the new birth among the, ii. <a href="#Pg262" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp, Roman version of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alaska, seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, i. 45 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Esquimaux of, ii. <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">155</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alastir and the Bare-Stripping Hangman, Argyleshire story of, ii. + <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">129</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Albania, Midsummer fires in, i. 212; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Albanian story of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg104" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Albert Nyanza, the Wakondyo of the, ii. <a href="#Pg162" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Albino head of secret society on the Lower Congo, ii. <a href= + "#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alders free from mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg315" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">315</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alfoors or Toradjas of Celebes, their custom at the smelting of + iron, ii. <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">154</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their doctrine of the plurality of souls, <a href="#Pg222" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Algeria, Midsummer fires in, i. 213 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alice Springs in Central Australia, ii. <a href="#Pg238" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Allan, John Hay, on the Hays of Errol, ii. <a href="#Pg283" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Allandur temple, at St. Thomas's Mount, Madras, ii. <a href= + "#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + All-healer, name applied to mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg077" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>, <a href= + "#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a>, + <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">82</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + All Saints' Day, omens on, i. 240; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the first of November, 225; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bonfires on, 246; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sheep passed through a hoop on, ii. <a href="#Pg184" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + All Souls, Feast of, i. 223 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 225 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Almond-trees, mistletoe on, ii. <a href="#Pg316" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + A-Louyi, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 28 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alsace, Midsummer fires in, i. 169; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cats burnt in Easter bonfires in, ii. <a href="#Pg040" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Althenneberg, in Bavaria, Easter fires at, i. 143 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Altmark, Easter bonfires in, i. 140, 142 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alum burnt at Midsummer, i. 214 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alungu, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 24 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alur, a tribe of the Upper Nile, i. 64 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alvarado, Pedro de, Spanish general, ii. <a href="#Pg214" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Amadhlozi</span></span>, ancestral spirits + in serpent form, ii. <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">211</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amambwe, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 24 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Amatongo</span></span>, plural of + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">itongo</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg302" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">302</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amazon, ordeals of young men among the Indians of the, i. 62 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ambamba, in West Africa, death, resurrection, and the new birth + in, ii. <a href="#Pg256" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">256</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amboyna, hair of criminals cut in, ii. <a href="#Pg158" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">158</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ambras, Midsummer customs at, i. 173 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + America, Central, the Mosquito territory in, i. 86 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + America, North, Indians of, not allowed to sit on bare ground in + war, i. 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, 41 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dread and seclusion of menstruous women among the Indians of, 87 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + stories of the external soul among the Indians of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + religious associations among the Indian tribes of, <a href= + "#Pg267" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">267</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, South, seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, i. + 56 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, 128; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 212 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ammerland, in Oldenburg, cart-wheel used as charm against + witchcraft in, i. 345 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amphitryo besieges Taphos, ii. <a href="#Pg103" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amulets, rings and bracelets as, i. 92; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as soul-boxes, ii. <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">155</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + degenerate into ornaments, <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">156</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ancestor, wooden image of, ii. <a href="#Pg155" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ancestors, worship of, in Fiji, ii. <a href="#Pg243" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ancestral spirits incarnate in serpents, ii. <a href="#Pg211" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anderson, Miss, of Barskimming, i. 171 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Andes, the Peruvian, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in the, i. + 128 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Andjra, a district of Morocco, i. 17; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in the, 213 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer rites of water in, 216; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + animals bathed at Midsummer in, ii. <a href="#Pg031" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page323">[pg 323]</span><a name= + "Pg323" id="Pg323" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Andreas, parish of, in the Isle of Man, i. 224, 305, 307 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Angass, the, of Northern Nigeria, their belief in external human + souls lodged in animals, ii. <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">210</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Angel, need-fire revealed by an, i. 287 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -man, effigy of, burnt at Midsummer, i. 167 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Angelus bell, the, i. 110, ii. <a href="#Pg047" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Angoniland, British Central Africa, customs as to girls at + puberty in, i. 25 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + customs as to salt in, 27 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Angus, superstitious remedy for the <span class="tei tei-q" + style="text-align: left">“quarter-ill”</span> in, i. 296 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anhalt, Easter bonfires in, i. 140 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Animal, bewitched, or part of it, burnt to compel the witch to + appear, i. 303, 305, 307 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 321 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sickness transferred to, ii. <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">181</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and man, sympathetic relation between, <a href="#Pg272" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">272</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Animal familiars of wizards and witches, ii. <a href="#Pg196" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg201" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Animals burnt alive as a sacrifice in England, Wales, and + Scotland, i. 300 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches transformed into, 315 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg311" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">311</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bewitched, buried alive, i. 324 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + live, burnt at Spring and Midsummer festivals, ii. <a href= + "#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the animals perhaps deemed embodiments of witches, <a href= + "#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg043" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the language of, learned by means of fern-seed, <a href="#Pg066" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external soul in, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">196</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + magical transformation of men into animals, <a href="#Pg207" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + helpful, in fairy tales. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Helpful" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Helpful</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Ankenmilch + bohren</span></span>, to make the need-fire, i. 270 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ankole, in Central Africa, i. 80 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Annam, dread of menstruous women in, i. 85; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of wormwood to avert demons in, ii. <a href="#Pg061" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anpu and Bata, ancient Egyptian story of, ii. <a href="#Pg134" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Anthemis + nobilis</span></span>, camomile, gathered at Midsummer, ii. + <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">63</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ant-hill, insane people buried in an, i. 64 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ants employed to sting girls at puberty, i. 61; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to sting young men, i. 62 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Antonius Mountain, in Thuringia, Christmas bonfire on the, i. 265 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Antwerp, wicker giants at, ii. <a href="#Pg035" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anula tribe of Northern Australia, their rites of initiation, ii. + <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">235</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anyanja of British Central Africa, their dread of menstruous + women, i. 81 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apaches, i. 21; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of bull-roarers among the, ii, <a href="#Pg230" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apala cured by Indra in the Rigveda, ii. <a href="#Pg192" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ape, a Batta totem, ii. <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">223</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aphrodite and Adonis, ii. <a href="#Pg294" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">294</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apollo, identified with the Celtic Grannus, i. 112 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Soranus, ii. <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">14</a>, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">15</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apollo's temple at Cumae, i. 99 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apple, divination by the sliced, i. 238; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and candle, biting at, 241, 242, 243, 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apple-tree as life-index of boy, ii. <a href="#Pg165" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -trees, torches thrown at, i. 108; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe on, ii. <a href="#Pg315" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">315</a>, <a href="#Pg316" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">316</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apples, dipping for, at Hallowe'en, i. 237, 239, 241, 242, 243, + 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apricot-trees, mistletoe on, ii. <a href="#Pg316" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + April, the twenty-seventh of, in popular superstitions of + Morocco, i. 17 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ceremony of the new fire in, 136 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg003" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Chinese festival of fire in, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">3</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arab women in Morocco, their superstitions as to plants at + Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">51</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arabia, tree-spirits in snake form in, ii. <a href="#Pg044" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arabian, modern, story of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg137" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Arabian Nights</span></span>, story of the + external soul in the, ii. <a href="#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">137</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arabs of Morocco, their Midsummer customs, i. 214 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aran, in the valley of the Garonne, Midsummer fires at, i. 193 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arch, child after an illness passed under an, ii. <a href= + "#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + young men at initiation passed under a leafy, <a href="#Pg193" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + triumphal, suggested origin of the, <a href="#Pg195" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Archer (<span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tirant</span></span>), effigy of, ii. + <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">36</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arches, novices at initiation passed under arches in Australia, + ii. <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Archways, passing under, as a means of escaping evil spirits or + sickness, ii. <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">179</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ardennes, the Belgian, bonfires on the first Sunday of Lent in + the, i. 107 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the French, Lenten fires and customs in the, 109 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in the, 188; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in the, 253; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cats burnt alive in Lenten bonfires, ii. <a href="#Pg040" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Argo, tree of which the ship was made, ii. <a href="#Pg094" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">94</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Argyleshire stories of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg127" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Argyrus, temple of Hercules at, i. 99 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aricia, the priest of, and the Golden Bough, i. 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the priest of Diana at, perhaps a personified Jupiter, ii. + <a href="#Pg302" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">302</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Arician" id="Index-Arician" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arician grove, the Midsummer festival of fire in the, ii. + <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">285</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the priest of the, a personification of an oak-spirit, <a href= + "#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">285</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ariminum, triumphal arch of Augustus at, ii. <a href="#Pg194" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">194</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arizona and New Mexico, use of bull-roarers in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page324">[pg 324]</span><a name= + "Pg324" id="Pg324" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arks, sacred, of the Cherokees, i. 11 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Armenia, were-wolves in, i. 316; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sick people creep through cleft trees in, ii. <a href="#Pg173" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Armenian church, bonfires at Candlemas in the, i. 131 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— idea of the sun as a wheel, i. 334 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arms of youths punctured to make them good hunters, i. 58 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arnstadt, witches burnt at, i. 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arran, the need-fire in, i. 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arrows used as a love-charm, i. 14 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Artemis Perasia, at Castabala in Cappadocia, ii. <a href="#Pg014" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Artemisia + absinthium</span></span>, wormwood, ii. <a href="#Pg058" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3, <a href="#Pg061" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">vulgaris</span></span>, mugwort, gathered at + Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg058" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">58</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Artois, mugwort at Midsummer in, ii. <a href="#Pg059" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arunta of Central Australia, their sacred pole, i. 7; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their dread of women at menstruation, 77; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + legend that the ancestors kept their spirits in their + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">churinga</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg218" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rites of initiation among the, <a href="#Pg233" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + initiation of medicine-men among the, <a href="#Pg238" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aryan god of the thunder and the oak, i. 265 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— peoples, stories of the external soul among, ii. <a href= + "#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aryans of Europe, importance of the Midsummer festival among the, + ii. <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">40</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the oak the chief sacred tree of the, <a href="#Pg089" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ascension Day, parasitic rowan should be cut on, ii. <a href= + "#Pg281" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Asceticism not primitive, i. 65 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ash Wednesday, effigy burnt on, i. 120 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ash-trees, children passed through cleft ash-trees as a cure for + rupture or rickets, ii. <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">168</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Ashes" id="Index-Ashes" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ashes in divination, i. 243, 244, 245. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Sticks-Charred" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Sticks, Charred</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of bonfires put in fowls' nests, i. 112, 338; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + increase fertility of fields, 141, 337; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + make cattle thrive, 141, 338; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + placed in a person's shoes, 156; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + administered to cattle to make them fat, ii. <a href="#Pg004" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">4</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of dead, disposal of the, i. 11 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Easter bonfire mixed with seed at sowing, i. 121 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Hallowe'en fires scattered, i. 233 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of holy fires a protection against demons, ii. <a href= + "#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a>, + <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">17</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Midsummer fires strewed on fields to fertilize them, i. + 170, 190, 203; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against conflagration, 174, 196; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against lightning, 187, 188; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against thunder, 190; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + put by people in their shoes, 191 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a cure for consumption, 194 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rubbed by people on their hair or bodies, 213, 214, 215; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + good for the eyes, 214 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ashes of the need-fire strewn on fields to protect the crops + against vermin, i. 274; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used as a medicine, 286 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of New Year's fire used to rub sore eyes, i. 218 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Yule log strewed on fields, i. 250; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used to heal swollen glands, 251 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ashur</span></span>, Arab New Year's Day, i. + 217, 218 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Asia Minor, the Celts in, ii. <a href="#Pg089" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cure for possession by an evil spirit in, <a href="#Pg186" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + creeping through rifted rocks in, <a href="#Pg189" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aspen, mistletoe on, ii. <a href="#Pg315" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">315</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Aspidium filix + mas</span></span>, the male fern, superstitions as to, ii. + <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">66</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ass, child passed under an, as a cure for whooping-cough, ii. + <a href="#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">192</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Assam, the Khasis of, ii. <a href="#Pg146" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">146</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Lushais of, <a href="#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">185</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Assiga, tribe of South Nigeria, ii. <a href="#Pg204" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Associations, religious, among the Indian tribes of North + America, ii. <a href="#Pg267" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">267</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Assyrian ritual, use of golden axe in, ii. <a href="#Pg080" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aston, W. G., quoted, i. 137 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the fire-walk in Japan, ii. <a href="#Pg010" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">10</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Astral spirit of a witch, i. 317 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Atai</span></span>, external soul in the + Mota language, ii. <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">197</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ath, in Hainaut, procession of giants at, ii. <a href="#Pg036" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athboy, in County Meath, i. 139 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athena, priestess of, uses a white umbrella, i. 20 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athenians offer cakes to Cronus, i. 153 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athens, ceremony of the new fire at Easter in, i. 130 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athis, in Normandy, Christmas bonfires at, i. 266 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athos, Mount, mistletoe at, ii. <a href="#Pg319" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">319</a>, <a href="#Pg320" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">320</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Atrae, city in Mesopotamia, i. 82 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aubrey, John, on the Midsummer fires, i. 197 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aufkirchen in Bavaria, burning the Easter Man at, i. 144 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + August, procession of wicker giants in, ii. <a href="#Pg036" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, first of, Festival of the Cross on the, i. 220 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— the eighteenth, feast of Florus and Laurus, i. 220 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— the sixth, festival of St. Estapin, ii. <a href="#Pg188" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Augustus, triumphal arch of Augustus at Ariminum, ii. <a href= + "#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page325">[pg 325]</span><a name= + "Pg325" id="Pg325" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aunis, wonderful herbs gathered on St. John's Eve in, ii. + <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">45</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + St. John's wort in, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">55</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + vervain gathered at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg062" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg063" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Saintonge, Midsummer fires in, i. 192 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aurora, in the New Hebrides, <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tamaniu</span></span> in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Australia, dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, i. 76 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + passing under an arch as a rite of initiation in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + initiation of young men in, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">227</a>, <a href="#Pg233" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of bull-roarers in, <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">228</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Central, pointing sticks or bones in, i. 14 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its desert nature, ii. <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">230</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, South-Eastern, sex totems among the natives of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Australian languages, words for fire and wood in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg296" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">296</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Austria, Midsummer fires in, i. 172 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log among the Servians of, 262 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire in Upper, 279; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fern-seed at Midsummer in, ii. <a href="#Pg065" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe used to prevent nightmare in, <a href="#Pg085" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Autumn fires, i. 220 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Auvergne, Lenten fires in, i. 111 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + story of a were-wolf in, 308 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Ave + Maria</span></span> bell, ii. <a href="#Pg047" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Avernus, Lake, and the Golden Bough, ii. <a href="#Pg285" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">285</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Awa-nkonde, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 28 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Awasungu, the + house of the,”</span> i. 28 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Awka in South Nigeria, i. 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Azemmur, in Morocco, Midsummer fires at, i. 214 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Azores, bonfires and divination on Midsummer Eve in the, i. 208 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fern-seed at Midsummer in the, ii. <a href="#Pg066" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aztecs, their punishment of witches and wizards, ii. <a href= + "#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baal and Beltane, i. 149 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 150 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 157 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Babine Lake in British Columbia, i. 47 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Backache at reaping, leaps over the Midsummer bonfire thought to + be a preventive of, i. 165, 168, 189, 344 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + set down to witchcraft, 343 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 345; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at harvest, mugwort a protection against, ii. <a href="#Pg059" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + creeping through a holed stone to prevent backache at harvest, + <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">189</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Badache</span></span>, double-axe, Midsummer + King of the, i. 194 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Badagas of the Neilgherry Hills, their fire-walk, ii. <a href= + "#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baden, Lenten fire-custom in, i. 117; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Easter bonfires in, 145; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 167 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Badham Court oak, in Gloucestershire, ii. <a href="#Pg316" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Badnyak</span></span>, Yule log, i. 259, 263 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Badnyi + Dan</span></span>, Christmas Eve, i. 258, 263 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bag, souls of persons deposited in a, ii. <a href="#Pg142" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a>, <a href="#Pg153" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>, <a href= + "#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Baganda" id="Index-Baganda" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baganda, children live apart from their parents among the, i. 23 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + seclusion of girls at puberty among the, 23 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + superstition as to women who do not menstruate, 24; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + abstain from salt in certain cases, 27 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their dread of menstruous women, 80 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their beliefs and customs concerning the afterbirth, ii. <a href= + "#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Uganda" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Uganda</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bahaus or Kayans of Central Borneo, i. 4 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bahima of Central Africa, their dread of menstruous women, i. 80 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bahr-el-Ghazal province, ceremony of the new fire in the, i. 134 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bakairi, the, of Brazil, call bull-roarers <span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“thunder and + lightning,”</span> ii. <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">231</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baking-forks, witches ride on, ii. <a href="#Pg073" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a>, <a href="#Pg074" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bakuba or Bushongo of the Congo, i. 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Balder, his body burnt, i. 102; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped in Norway, 104; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + camomile sacred to, ii. <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">63</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt at Midsummer, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">87</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer sacred to, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">87</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a tree-spirit or deity of vegetation, <a href="#Pg088" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + interpreted as a mistletoe-bearing oak, <a href="#Pg093" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his invulnerability, <a href="#Pg094" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">94</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + why Balder was thought to shine, <a href="#Pg293" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">293</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and the mistletoe, i. 101 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg076" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg302" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">302</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his life or death in the mistletoe, <a href="#Pg279" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a>, <a href="#Pg283" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + perhaps a real man deified, <a href="#Pg314" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">314</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the myth of, i. 101 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + reproduced in the Midsummer festival of Scandinavia, ii. <a href= + "#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + perhaps dramatized in ritual, <a href="#Pg088" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Indian parallel to, <a href="#Pg280" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">280</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + African parallels to, <a href="#Pg312" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">312</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Balder's Balefires, name formerly given to Midsummer bonfires in + Sweden, i. 172, ii. <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">87</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Grove, i. 104, ii. <a href="#Pg315" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">315</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Balders-brâ</span></span>, Balder's + eyelashes, a name for camomile, ii. <a href="#Pg063" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bâle, Lenten fire-custom in the canton of, i. 119 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Balefires, Balder's, at Midsummer in Sweden, i. 172 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bali, filing of teeth in, i. 68 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + birth-trees in, ii. <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">164</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Balkan Peninsula, need-fire in the, i. 281 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ball, game of, played to determine the King of Summer, i. 195 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ballyvadlea, in Tipperary, woman burnt as a witch at, i. 323 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page326">[pg 326]</span><a name= + "Pg326" id="Pg326" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Balnagown loch, in Lismore, i. 316 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Balong of the Cameroons, their external souls in animals, ii. + <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">203</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Balquhidder, hill of the fires at, i. 149; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Hallowe'en bonfires at, 232 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Balum</span></span>, New Guinea word + signifying bull-roarer, ghost, and mythical monster, ii. <a href= + "#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">242</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Banana-tree, afterbirth of child buried under a, ii. <a href= + "#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a>, + <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">163</a>, <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">164</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bancroft, H. H., on the external souls of the Zapotecs, ii. + <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">212</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Banivas of the Orinoco, their scourging of girls at puberty, i. + 66 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baraka</span></span>, blessed or magical + virtue, i. 216, 218, ii. <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">51</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Barclay, Sheriff, on Hallowe'en fires, i. 232 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bardney bumpkin, on witch as hare, i. 318 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bare-Stripping Hangman, Argyleshire story of the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Barker, W. G. M. Jones, on need-fire in Yorkshire, i. 286 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Barley plant, external soul of prince in a, ii. <a href="#Pg102" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ba-Ronga, the, of South Africa, their story of a clan whose + external souls were in a cat, ii. <a href="#Pg150" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Barotse" id="Index-Barotse" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Barotse or Marotse of the Zambesi, seclusion of girls at puberty + among the, i. 28, 29 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Barren cattle driven through fire, i. 203, 338 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— women hope to conceive through fertilizing influence of + vegetables, ii. <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">51</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Barricading the road against a ghostly pursuer, ii. <a href= + "#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Barsana, in North India, Holi bonfires at, ii. <a href="#Pg002" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a>, <a href= + "#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bartle Bay, in British New Guinea, festival of the wild mango + tree at, i. 7 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Basque hunter transformed into bear, ii. <a href="#Pg226" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a>, <a href="#Pg270" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">270</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— story of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg139" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bastar, province of India, treatment of witches in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bastian, Adolph, on rites of initiation in West Africa, ii. + <a href="#Pg256" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">256</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Basutos, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 31 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bata and Anpu, ancient Egyptian story of, ii. <a href="#Pg134" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bathing in the sea at Easter, i. 123; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Midsummer, 208, 210, 216, ii. <a href="#Pg029" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to be dangerous on Midsummer Day, <a href="#Pg026" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bats, the lives of men in, ii. <a href="#Pg215" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg217" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + called men's <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“brothers,”</span> <a href="#Pg215" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a>, <a href="#Pg216" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>, <a href= + "#Pg218" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Battas, their doctrine of the plurality of souls, ii. <a href= + "#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their totemic system, <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">224</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Battel, Andrew, on the colour of negro children at birth, ii. + <a href="#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">251</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bavaria, Easter bonfires in, i. 143 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + belief as to eclipses in, 162; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 164 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + leaf-clad mummer at Midsummer in, ii. <a href="#Pg026" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the divining-rod in, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">67</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + creeping through a holed stone or narrow opening in, <a href= + "#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Upper, use of mistletoe in, ii. <a href="#Pg085" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bavarian peasants, their belief as to hazel, ii. <a href="#Pg069" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bavili, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 31 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beal-fires on Midsummer Eve in Yorkshire, i. 198 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bean, King of the, i. 153 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beans, divination by, i. 209 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bear, external soul of warrior in a, ii. <a href="#Pg151" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Basque hunter transformed into, <a href="#Pg226" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a>, <a href="#Pg270" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">270</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + simulated transformation of novice into a, <a href="#Pg274" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">274</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— clan, ii. <a href="#Pg271" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">271</a>, <a href="#Pg272" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">272</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -dance of man who pretends to be a bear, ii. <a href="#Pg274" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">274</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bear's skin, Lapp women shoot blindfold at a, ii. <a href= + "#Pg280" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bearers to carry royal personages, i. 3 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beating girls at puberty, i. 61, 66 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as a form of purification, 61, 64 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beauce, festival of torches in, i. 113; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + story of a were-wolf in, 309 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Perche, Midsummer fires in, i. 188 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beaver clan, ii. <a href="#Pg272" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">272</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bechuana belief as to sympathetic relation of man to wounded + crocodile, ii. <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">210</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bee, external soul of an ogre in a, ii. <a href="#Pg101" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beech or fir used to make the Yule log, i. 249 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -tree burnt in Lenten bonfire, i. 115 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beeches, struck by lightning, proportion of, ii. <a href="#Pg298" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">298</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + free from mistletoe, <a href="#Pg315" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">315</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bees thought to be killed by menstruous women, i. 96; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ashes of bonfires used to cure ailments of, 142 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beetle, external soul in a, ii. <a href="#Pg138" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a>, <a href="#Pg140" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Begetting novices anew at initiation, pretence of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg248" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">248</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Behar, the fire-walk in, ii. <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">5</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Beifuss</span></span>, German name for + mugwort, ii. <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">60</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bel, the fires of, i. 147, 157, 158 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beleth, John, his <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Rationale + Divinorum Officiorum</span></span> quoted, i. 161 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page327">[pg 327]</span><a name= + "Pg327" id="Pg327" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Belford, in Northumberland, the Yule log at, i. 256 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Belgium, Lenten fires in, i. 107 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 194 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 249; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bathing on Midsummer Day in, ii. <a href="#Pg030" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, <a href="#Pg053" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mugwort gathered on St. John's Day or Eve in, <a href="#Pg059" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + vervain gathered on St. John's Day in, <a href="#Pg062" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg063" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the witches' Sabbath in, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">73</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Bella-Coola" id="Index-Bella-Coola" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at + puberty among the, i. 46; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom of mourners among the, ii. <a href="#Pg174" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Belli-Paaro society in West Africa, rites of initiation in the, + ii. <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">257</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bellochroy, i. 290 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bells worn by priest in exorcism, i. 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on his legs, ii. <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">8</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, church, silenced in Holy Week, i. 123, 125 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rung on Midsummer Eve, ii. <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">47</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rung to drive away witches, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">73</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beltane, popularly derived from Baal, i. 149 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 150 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the need-fire at, 293; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yellow Day of, 293; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sheep passed through a hoop at, ii. <a href="#Pg184" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Hallowe'en the two chief fire-festivals of the British + Celts, ii. <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">40</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— cakes, i. 148 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— carline, i. 148, 153 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Eve (the Eve of May Day), a witching time, i. 295 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— fire, pretence of throwing a man into the, i. 148, ii. + <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">25</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kindled by the friction of oak-wood, i. 148, 155, ii. <a href= + "#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— fires, i. 146 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Wales, 155 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Ireland, 157 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Nottinghamshire, 157 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Benametapa, the king of, in East Africa, i. 135 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bengal, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 68; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Oraons of, ii. <a href="#Pg311" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">311</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bengalee stories of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg101" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg102" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beni Ahsen, a tribe in Morocco, ii. <a href="#Pg031" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their Midsummer fires, i. 215 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Mgild, a Berber tribe of Morocco, their Midsummer fires, i. + 215 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Snous, the, of Morocco, their Midsummer rites, i. 216 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bent, J. Theodore, on passing sick children through a cleft oak, + ii. <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">172</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Berber belief as to water at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg031" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— tale, milk-tie in a, ii. <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">138</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Berbers of North Africa, their Midsummer customs, i. 213 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 219 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bergen, Midsummer bonfires at, i. 171 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bering Strait, the Esquimaux of, i. 91 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Berleburg, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, i. 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Berlin, the divining-rod at, ii. <a href="#Pg068" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">68</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bern, Midsummer fires in the canton of, i. 172; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in the canton of, 249; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches put to death in the canton of, ii. <a href="#Pg042" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Berry, Lenten fire custom in, i. 115; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 189; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 251 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, ii. <a href="#Pg063" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Besoms, blazing, flung aloft to make the corn grow high, i. 340; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used to drive away witches, ii. <a href="#Pg074" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bethlehem, new Easter fire carried to, i. 130 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Between the two + Beltane fires,”</span> i. 149 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beul, fire of, need-fire, i. 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bevan, Professor A. A., i. 83 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beverley, on the initiatory rites of the Virginian Indians, ii. + <a href="#Pg266" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">266</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bewitched animals burnt alive, i. 300 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + buried alive, 324 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— cow, mugwort applied to, ii. <a href="#Pg059" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— things burnt to compel the witch to appear, i. 322 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bhils of India, torture of witches among the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bhuiyars of Mirzapur, their dread of menstrual pollution, i. 84 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bhuiyas, a Dravidian tribe, fire-walk among the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bhut</span></span>, demon, ii. <a href= + "#Pg312" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">312</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bidasari and the golden fish, Malay story of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">147</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg220" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bilqula. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Bella-Coola" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Bella Coola</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Binbinga tribe of Northern Australia, their rites of initiation, + ii. <a href="#Pg234" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">234</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + initiation of medicine-man in the, <a href="#Pg239" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Binding up a cleft stick or tree a mode of barricading the road + against a ghostly pursuer, ii. <a href="#Pg176" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bir, a tribal hero, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">6</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Birch used to kindle need-fire, i. 291 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and plane, fire made by the friction of, i. 220 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, branches of, on Midsummer Day, i. 177, 196; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against witchcraft, ii. <a href="#Pg185" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— trees set up at Midsummer, i. 177; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used to keep off witches, ii. <a href="#Pg020" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe on, <a href="#Pg315" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">315</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bird, disease transferred to, ii. <a href="#Pg187" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + brings first fire to earth, <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">295</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bird-lime made from mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg317" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Birds, external souls in, ii. <a href="#Pg104" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a>, <a href="#Pg111" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a>, <a href= + "#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>, + <a href="#Pg142" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">142</a>, <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">144</a>, <a href="#Pg150" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + carry seed of mistletoe, <a href="#Pg316" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">316</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Birseck, Lenten fires at, i. 119 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Birth, the new, of novices at initiation, ii. <a href="#Pg247" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">247</a>, <a href= + "#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a>, + <a href="#Pg256" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">256</a>, <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">257</a>, <a href="#Pg261" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page328">[pg 328]</span><a name= + "Pg328" id="Pg328" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Birth-names of Central American Indians, ii. <a href="#Pg214" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -trees in Africa, ii. <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">160</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Europe, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">165</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Birthday of the Sun at the winter solstice, i. 246 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bisection of the year, Celtic, i. 223 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Black Corrie of Ben Breck, the giant of, in an Argyleshire tale, + ii. <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">129</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Forest, Midsummer fires in the, i. 168 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Isle, Ross-shire, i. 301 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— poplars, mistletoe on, ii. <a href="#Pg316" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a>, <a href="#Pg318" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">318</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— spauld, a disease of cattle, cure for, i. 325 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— three-legged horse ridden by witches, ii. <a href="#Pg074" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Blackening girls at puberty, i. 41, 60 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Blemishes, physical, transferred to witches, i. 160 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Blindness of Hother, ii. <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">279</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Block, the Yule, i. 247 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Blocksberg, the resort of witches, i. 171; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Mount of the Witches, ii. <a href="#Pg074" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Blood" id="Index-Blood" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Blood, girls at puberty forbidden to see, i. 46; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + disastrous effect of seeing menstruous, 77; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + drawn from women who do not menstruate, 81 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -brotherhood between men and animals among the Fans, ii. + <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">201</a>, <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">226</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -covenant between men and animals, ii. <a href="#Pg201" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a>, <a href="#Pg214" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a>, <a href= + "#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, human, used in rain-making ceremonies, ii. <a href="#Pg232" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, menstruous, dread of, i. 76; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + deemed fatal to cattle, 80; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + miraculous virtue attributed to, 82 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + medicinal application of, 98 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of St. John found on St. John's wort and other plants at + Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg056" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">56</a>, <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">57</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of sheep poured on image of god as a sin-offering, i. 82 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boa-constrictors, kings at death turn into, ii. <a href="#Pg212" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">212</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boas, Dr. Franz, on seclusion of Shuswap girls at puberty, i. 53; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on customs observed by mourners among the Bella Coola Indians, + ii. <a href="#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">174</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on initiation into the wolf society of the Nootka Indians, + <a href="#Pg270" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">270</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the relation between clans and secret societies, <a href= + "#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">273</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boar's skin, shoes of, worn by a king at inauguration, i. 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boars, familiar spirits of wizards in, ii. <a href="#Pg196" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + lives of persons bound up with those of, <a href="#Pg201" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a>, <a href="#Pg203" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a>, <a href= + "#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external human souls in, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">207</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bocage of Normandy, Midsummer fires in the, i. 185; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in the, 252; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + torchlight processions on Christmas Eve in the, 266 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Body-without-soul in a Ligurian story, ii. <a href="#Pg107" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a German story, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">116</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a Breton story, <a href="#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">132</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a Basque story, <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">139</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boeotian festival of the Great Daedala, ii. <a href="#Pg077" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bogota, rigorous training of the heir to the throne of, i. 19 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bohemia, water and fire consecrated at Easter in, i. 123 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bonfires on May Day in, 159; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 173 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire in, 278 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + charm to make corn grow high in, 340; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + offering to water-spirits on Midsummer Eve in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + simples gathered on St. John's Night in, <a href="#Pg049" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination by means of flowers on Midsummer Eve in, <a href= + "#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mugwort at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">59</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + elder-flowers gathered at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg064" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + wild thyme gathered on Midsummer Day in, <a href="#Pg064" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fern-seed at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">66</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“thunder + besoms”</span> in, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">85</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fern-seed on St. John's Day in, <a href="#Pg287" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a>, <a href="#Pg288" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">288</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bohemian poachers, their use of vervain, ii. <a href="#Pg062" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their use of seeds of fir-cones, <a href="#Pg064" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— story of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg110" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bohus, Midsummer fires in, i. 172 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Boidès</span></span>, bonfires, i. 111 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boiling bewitched animal or part of it to compel witch to appear, + i. 321 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 323 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— milk, omens drawn from, ii. <a href="#Pg008" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— resin, ordeal of, i. 311 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boils, crawling under a bramble as a cure for, ii. <a href= + "#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bolivia, the Chiriguanos of, i. 56; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yuracares of, 57 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fires on St. John's Eve in, 213; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + La Paz in, ii. <a href="#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">50</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boloki of the Upper Congo, birth-plants among the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of bull-roarers among the, <a href="#Pg229" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bondeis of German East Africa, rites of initiation among the, ii. + <a href="#Pg263" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">263</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bone used to point with in sorcery, i. 14; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + incident of, in folk-tales, 73 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of bird (eagle or swan), women at menstruation obliged to drink + out of, 45, 48, 49, 50, 73 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3, 90, 92 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bones burnt in the Easter bonfires, i. 142; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt in Midsummer fires, 203 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of dead husbands carried by their widows, i. 91 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bonfire Day in County Leitrim, i. 203 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Bonfires" id="Index-Bonfires" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bonfires supposed to protect against conflagrations, i. 107, 108; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + protect <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page329">[pg + 329]</span><a name="Pg329" id="Pg329" class="tei tei-anchor" + style="text-align: left"></a> houses against lightning and + conflagration, 344; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + lit by the persons last married, 107, 109; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against witchcraft, 108, 109, 154; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against sickness, 108, 109; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against sorcery, 156; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + quickening and fertilizing influence of, 336 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + omens of marriage drawn from, 338 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + protect fields against hail, 344; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at festivals in India, ii. <a href="#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">1</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Fires" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Fires</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bonfires, Midsummer, intended to drive away dragons, i. 161; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + protect cattle against witchcraft, 188; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to ensure good crops, 188, 336 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boniface, Archbishop of Mainz, i. 270 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bonnach stone in a Celtic story, ii. <a href="#Pg126" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bordes</span></span>, bonfires, i. 111 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 113 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Borlase, William, on Midsummer fires in Cornwall, i. 199 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Borneo, festivals in, i. 13; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + seclusion of girls at puberty in, 35 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + birth-custom in, ii. <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">154</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + trees and plants as life-indices in, <a href="#Pg164" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + creeping through a cleft stick after a funeral in, <a href= + "#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + giving the slip to an evil spirit in, <a href="#Pg179" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the Dyaks of, i. 5, ii. <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">222</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the Kayans of, i. 4 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bororo of Brazil, their use of bull-roarers, ii. <a href="#Pg230" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Borrow, witches come to, i. 322, 323, ii. <a href="#Pg073" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bosnia, need-fire in, i. 286; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + life-trees of children in, ii. <a href="#Pg165" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bossuet, Bishop, on the Midsummer bonfires, i. 182 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bottesford, in Lincolnshire, mistletoe deemed a remedy for + epilepsy at, ii. <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">83</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bottle, external soul of queen in a, ii. <a href="#Pg138" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bougainville, use of bull-roarers in, ii. <a href="#Pg229" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bough, the Golden, ii. <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">279</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and the priest of Aricia, i. 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a branch of mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg284" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">284</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg315" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">315</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Golden-Bough" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Golden Bough</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boulia district of Queensland, i. 14 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bourbonnais, mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bourdifailles</span></span>, bonfires, i. + 111 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bourke, Captain J. G., on the bull-roarer, ii. <a href="#Pg231" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bowels, novice at initiation supplied by spirits with a new set + of, ii. <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">235</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bowes, in Yorkshire, need-fire at, i. 287 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Box, external soul of king in a, ii. <a href="#Pg102" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a>, <a href="#Pg149" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external soul of cannibal in a, <a href="#Pg117" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boxes or arks, sacred, i. 11 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Box-tree, external soul of giant in a, ii. <a href="#Pg133" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boxwood blessed on Palm Sunday, i. 184, ii. <a href="#Pg047" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boy and girl produce need-fire by friction of wood, i. 281 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boys at initiation thought to be swallowed by wizards, ii. + <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brabant, Midsummer fires in, i. 194; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + St. Peter's bonfires in, 195; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + wicker giants in, ii. <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">35</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bracelets as amulets, i. 92 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Braemar Highlanders, their Hallowe'en fires, i. 233 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brahman, the Hindoo creator, i. 95 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brahman called <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“twice born,”</span> ii. <a href="#Pg276" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">276</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— boys forbidden to see the sun, i. 68 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— student, his observances at end of his studentship, i. 20 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brahmanic ritual at inauguration of a king, i. 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bramble, crawling under a, as a cure for whooping-cough, etc., + ii. <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">180</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brand, John, on the Yule log, i. 247, 255 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brandenburg, simples culled at Midsummer in, ii. <a href="#Pg048" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Brandons</span></span>, the Sunday of the, + i. 110; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + torches carried about fields and streets, 111 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brands of Midsummer fires a protection against lightning, + conflagration, and spells, i. 183; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against thunder, 191; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + lighted, carried round cattle, 341 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Braunrode in the Harz Mountains, Easter fires at, i. 142 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brazier, walking through a lighted, ii. <a href="#Pg003" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brazil, the Guaranis of, i. 56; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, 56, 59 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Uaupes of, 61; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ordeals undergone by young men among the Indians of, 62 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, 128; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fires of St. John in, 213; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Caripunas of, ii. <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">230</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Bororo of, <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">230</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Nahuqua of, <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">230</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Bakairi of, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bread, reverence for, i. 13 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Breadalbane, i. 149; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + treatment of mad cow in, 326 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Breadfruit-tree planted over navel-string of child, ii. <a href= + "#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Breath, scoring + above the,”</span> cutting a witch on the forehead, i. 315 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Breitenbrunn, the <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Charcoal Man”</span> at, ii. <a href="#Pg026" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brekinjska, in Slavonia, need-fire at, i. 282 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bresse, Midsummer bonfires in, i. 189 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brest, Midsummer fire-custom at, i. 184 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page330">[pg 330]</span><a name= + "Pg330" id="Pg330" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Breteuil, canton of, Midsummer fires in the, i. 187 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Breton belief that women can be impregnated by the moon, i. 76 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— stories of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg132" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brezina, in Slavonia, need-fire at, i. 282 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Briar-thorn, divination by, i. 242 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bri-bri Indians of Costa Rica, seclusion of women at menstruation + among the, i. 86 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bride not allowed to tread the earth, i. 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + last married, made to leap over bonfire, ii. <a href="#Pg022" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and bridegroom, mock, at bonfires, i. 109 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bride, parish of, in the Isle of Man, i. 306, 307 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bridegroom not to touch the ground with his feet, i. 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brie, Isle de France, effigy of giant burnt on Midsummer Eve at, + ii. <a href="#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">38</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brihaspati, Hindoo deity, i. 99 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Briony, wreaths of, at Midsummer, i. 210 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brisbane River in Queensland, use of bull-roarers on the, ii. + <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians + of, i. 46 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dread and seclusion of menstruous women among the Indians of, 89 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Kwakiutl of, ii. <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">186</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Koskimo Indians of, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">229</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rites of initiation among the Indians of, <a href="#Pg270" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">270</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Thompson Indians of, <a href="#Pg297" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">297</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Shuswap Indians of, <a href="#Pg297" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">297</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brittany, Midsummer fires in, i. 183 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + stones thrown into the Midsummer fires in, 240; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 253; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe hung over doors of stables and byres in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fern-seed used by treasure-seekers in, <a href="#Pg288" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">288</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Brochs</span></span>, prehistoric ruins, i. + 291 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brocken, in the Harz mountains, associated with witches, i. 160 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 171 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Broom, a protective against witchcraft, i. 210 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Brother”</span> + and <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“sister,”</span> titles given by men and women + to their sex totems, ii. <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">215</a>, <a href="#Pg216" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>, <a href="#Pg218" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brotherhood of the Green Wolf at Jumièges in Normandy, i. 185 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brothers, ancient Egyptian story of the Two, ii. <a href="#Pg134" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brown, Dr. George, quoted, i. 32 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on external soul in Melanesia, ii. <a href="#Pg199" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brughe, John, his cure for bewitched cattle, i. 324 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brund (or brand), the Christmas, the Yule log, i. 257 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brunswick, belief as to menstruous women in, i. 96; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Easter bonfires in, 140; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire in, 277 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Buchan, Hallowe'en fires in, i. 232 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Bûche de + Noël</span></span>, the Yule log, i. 249 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Buddha and the crocodile, Indian story, ii. <a href="#Pg102" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Buffalo, external souls of a clan in a, ii. <a href="#Pg151" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a Batta totem, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">223</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— clan in Uganda, i. 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Buffaloes, external human souls in, ii. <a href="#Pg207" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a>, <a href="#Pg208" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">208</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bühl, St. John's fires at, i. 168 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bukaua, the, of New Guinea, girls at puberty secluded among the, + i. 35; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their rites of initiation, ii. <a href="#Pg239" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bu-ku-rú</span></span>, ceremonial + uncleanness, i. 65 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 86 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Buléon, Mgr., quoted by Father H. Trilles, ii. <a href="#Pg202" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bulgaria, the Yule log in, i. 264 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire in, 281, 285; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + simples and flowers culled on St. John's Day in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + creeping through an arch of vines as a cure in, <a href="#Pg180" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + creeping under the root of a willow as a cure for whooping-cough + in, <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">180</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Simeon, prince of, ii. <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">156</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bullet blessed by St. Hubert used to shoot witches with, i. 315 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bullock, bewitched, burnt to cause the witch to appear, i. 303 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bull-roarers swung, i. 133; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sounded at initiation of lads, ii. <a href="#Pg227" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a>, <a href="#Pg228" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg233" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg240" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a>, <a href="#Pg241" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used as magical instruments to make rain, <a href="#Pg230" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sounded at festivals of the dead, <a href="#Pg230" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + made from trees struck by lightning, <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sounded to make the wind blow, <a href="#Pg232" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + called <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“thunder + and lightning,”</span> <a href="#Pg232" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">232</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sounded to promote the growth of the crops, <a href="#Pg232" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + originally magical instruments for making thunder, wind, and + rain, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not to be seen by women, <a href="#Pg234" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">234</a>, <a href="#Pg235" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a>, <a href="#Pg242" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">242</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + called by name which means a ghost or spirit of the dead, + <a href="#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">242</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + called by the same name as the monster who swallows lads at + initiation, <a href="#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">242</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kept in men's club-house, <a href="#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">242</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + named after dead men, <a href="#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">242</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, sound of, thought to resemble thunder, ii. <a href="#Pg228" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + supposed to increase the food supply, <a href="#Pg230" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + supposed to be the voice of a spirit, <a href="#Pg233" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a>, <a href="#Pg234" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>, <a href= + "#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burchard, Bishop of Worms, his condemnation of a heathen + practice, ii. <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">191</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bures</span></span>, bonfires, i. 110 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 111 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burford, in Oxfordshire, Midsummer giant and dragon at, ii. + <a href="#Pg037" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">37</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burghead, the burning of the Clavie at, i. 266 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the old rampart at, 267 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page331">[pg 331]</span><a name= + "Pg331" id="Pg331" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burgundy, Firebrand Sunday in, i. 114; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 254 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burma, the Karens of, ii. <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">157</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burne, Miss F. C., and Jackson, Miss G. F., on the fear of + witchcraft in Shropshire, i. 342 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Burning-The-Witches" id="Index-Burning-The-Witches" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burning the witches on May Day, i. 157, 159, 160; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of effigies in the Midsummer fires, 195; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the witches in the Hallowe'en fires, 232 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the Clavie at Burghead, 266 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of a bewitched animal or part of it to cause the witch to appear, + 303, 305, 307 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 321 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of human beings in the fires, ii. <a href="#Pg021" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of live animals at spring and Midsummer festivals, <a href= + "#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the animals perhaps deemed embodiments of witches, <a href= + "#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg043" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of human victims annually, <a href="#Pg286" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">286</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— discs thrown into the air, i. 116 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 119, 143, 165, 166, 168 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 172 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— the Easter Man, i. 144 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“—— the Old Wife + (Old Woman),”</span> i. 116, 120 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“—— the + Witches,”</span> i. 116, 118 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 154; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a popular name for the fires of the festivals, ii. <a href= + "#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— wheels rolled down hill, i. 116, 117 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 119, 141, 143, 161, 162 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 163 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 166, 173, 174, 201, 328, + 334, 337 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rolled over fields at Midsummer to fertilize them, 191, 340 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + perhaps intended to burn witches, 345 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burns, Robert, i. 207; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Hallowe'en, 234 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burnt sacrifices to stay cattle-plague in England, Wales, and + Scotland, i. 300 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burs, a preservative against witchcraft, i. 177 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burying bewitched animals alive, i. 324 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— girls at puberty in the ground, i. 38 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bushmen, their dread of menstruous women, i. 79; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their way of warming up the star Sirius, 332 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bushongo, royal persons among the, not allowed to set foot on the + ground, i. 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of bull-roarers among the, ii. <a href="#Pg229" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rites of initiation among the, <a href="#Pg264" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">264</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Butter thought to be improved by the Midsummer fires, i. 180; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bewitched, burnt at a cross-road, 322 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“—— + -churning,”</span> Swiss expression for kindling a need-fire, i. + 279 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Byron, Lord, and the oak, ii. <a href="#Pg166" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cabbages, divination by, at Hallowe'en, i. 242. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href="#Index-Kail" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Kail</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caesar on the fortification walls of the Gauls, i. 267; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on human sacrifices among the Celts of Gaul, ii. <a href="#Pg032" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caesarea. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> Everek + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caffre villages, women's tracks at, i. 80 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caffres of South Africa, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, + i. 30; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of bull-roarers among the, ii. <a href="#Pg229" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg232" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cages, girls at puberty confined in, i. 32 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 44, 45 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Cailleach + beal-tine</span></span>, the Beltane carline, i. 148 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cairnshee, in Kincardineshire, Midsummer fires on, i. 206 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caithness, need-fire in, i. 290 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cake, St. Michael's, i. 149, 154 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + salt, divination by, 238 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule or Christmas, 257, 259, 261 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cakes, Hallowe'en, i. 238, 241, 245; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Beltane, 148 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination by, 242, 243 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calabar, soul of chief in sacred grove at, ii. <a href="#Pg161" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + negroes of, their belief in external or bush souls lodged in + animals, <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">204</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg220" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a>, <a href="#Pg222" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the fattening-house for girls in, <a href="#Pg259" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calabria, holy water at Easter in, i. 123 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calamities, almost all, set down to witchcraft, ii. <a href= + "#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">19</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calendar, change in the Chinese, i. 137; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Mohammedan, 216 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 218 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Julian, used by Mohammedans, 218 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the reform of, in relation to floral superstitions, ii. <a href= + "#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calendars, conflict of, i. 218 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Calendeau</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">calignau</span></span>, the Yule-log, i. 250 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calf burnt alive to stop a murrain, i. 300 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + California, seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, + i. 41 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ordeals among the Indians of, 64; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Senal Indians of, ii. <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">295</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Maidu Indians of, <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">295</a>, <a href="#Pg298" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">298</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Callander, the parish of, Beltane fires in, i. 150 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Hallowe'en fires in, 231 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calves burnt to stop disease in the herds, i. 301, 306 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calymnos, a Greek island, superstition as to menstruous women in, + i. 96 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 212 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cambodia, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 70; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ritual at cutting a parasitic orchid in, ii. <a href="#Pg081" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cambodian or Siamese story of the external soul, ii. <a href= + "#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cambridgeshire, witch as cat in, i. 317 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cambus o' May, near Ballater, holed stone at, ii. <a href= + "#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cameroons, life of person bound up with tree in the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + theory of the external soul in, <a href="#Pg200" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a>, <a href="#Pg202" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page332">[pg 332]</span><a name= + "Pg332" id="Pg332" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Camomile (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anthemis nobilis</span></span>) burnt in + Midsummer fire, i. 213; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacred to Balder, ii. <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">63</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gathered at Midsummer, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">63</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Campbell, Rev. J. G., on <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">deiseal</span></span>, i. 151 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Campbell, Rev. John, on Coranna customs, ii. <a href="#Pg192" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a>, <a href= + "#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Campo di Giove, in the Abruzzi, Easter candles at, i. 122 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Candle, the Easter or Paschal, i. 121, 122, 125; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination by the flame of a, 229; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule or Christmas, 255, 256, 260; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external soul in a, ii. <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">125</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and apple, biting at, i. 241, 242, 243, 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Candlemas in the Armenian church, bonfires at, i. 131; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log at, 256 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— candles, i. 264 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Candles used to keep off witches, i. 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Canopus and Sirius in Bushman lore, i. 333 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Capart, Jean, on palettes found in Egyptian tombs, ii. <a href= + "#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, i. 37, 38 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caper-spurge (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Euphorbia lathyris</span></span>) identified + with mythical springwort, ii. <a href="#Pg069" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Capital of column, external soul in, ii. <a href="#Pg156" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Capitol at Rome, the oak of Jupiter on the, ii. <a href="#Pg089" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cappadocia, the fire-walk at Castabala in, ii. <a href="#Pg014" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Capri, feast of the Nativity of the Virgin in, i. 220 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Capricorn, time when the sun enters the tropic of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">1</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caps worn in mourning, i. 20 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cardiganshire, Hallowe'en in, i. 226 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caribs, their theory of the plurality of souls, ii. <a href= + "#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carinthia, new fire at Easter in, i. 124 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caripunas Indians of Brazil, use of bull-roarers among the, ii. + <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">230</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carmichael, Alexander, on need-fire, i. 293 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on snake stones, ii. <a href="#Pg311" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">311</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carn Brea, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, i. 199 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carnarvonshire, the cutty black sow in, i. 240 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carnival, effigy burnt at end of, i. 120; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + wicker giants at the, ii. <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">35</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carnmoor, in Mull, need-fire kindled on, i. 289 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carnwarth, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires at, i. 199 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caroline Islands, traditionary origin of fire in the, ii. + <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">295</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carpathian Mountains, Midsummer fires on the, i. 175; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire in the, 281; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Huzuls of the, ii. <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">49</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carrier Indians of North-Western America, funeral custom of the, + i. 11; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their dread and seclusion of menstruous women, 91 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their honorific totems, ii. <a href="#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">273</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carver, Captain Jonathan, his description of the rite of death + and resurrection, ii. <a href="#Pg267" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">267</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Casablanca, Midsummer fires at, i. 214 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cashmeer stories of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg100" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg138" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caspar, Balthasar, and Melchior, the Three Holy Kings, ii. + <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">68</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cassel, in France, wicker giants on Shrove Tuesday at, ii. + <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">35</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cassowaries, men disguised as, in Duk-duk ceremonies, ii. + <a href="#Pg247" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">247</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Castabala, in Cappadocia, the fire-walk at, ii. <a href="#Pg014" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Castiglione a Casauria, Midsummer customs at, i. 210 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Castle Ditches, in the Vale of Glamorgan, bonfires at, i. 156 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Castres, in Southern France, ii. <a href="#Pg187" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cat, a representative of the devil, ii. <a href="#Pg040" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + story of a clan whose souls were all in one, <a href="#Pg150" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a Batta totem, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">223</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href="#Index-Cats" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Cats</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caterpillars, bonfires as a protection against, i. 114 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Catholic Church, its consecration of the Midsummer festival to + St. John the Baptist, i. 181 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cato on a Roman cure for dislocation, ii. <a href="#Pg177" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Cats" id="Index-Cats" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cats burnt in bonfires, i. 109, ii. <a href="#Pg039" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">39</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + perhaps burnt as witches, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">41</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches changed into, i. 315 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 317, 318, 319 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg311" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">311</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cattle sacrificed at holy oak, i. 181; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + protected against sorcery by sprigs of mullein, 190; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fire carried round, 201, 206; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + driven out to pasture in spring and back in autumn, 223; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + acquire the gift of speech on Christmas Eve, 254; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + driven through the need-fire, 270 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + killed by fairy darts, 303; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + lighted brands carried round, 341; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to benefit by festivals of fire, ii. <a href="#Pg004" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">4</a>, <a href= + "#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">7</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fumigated with smoke of Midsummer herbs, <a href="#Pg053" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and sheep driven through, round, or between bonfires, i. 108, + 109, 141, 154, 157, 158, 159, 165, 175, 176, 179, 185, 188, 192, + 202, 203, 204, 301, ii. <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">8</a>, <a href="#Pg009" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">9</a>, <a href="#Pg011" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg013" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">13</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Cattle-Disease" id="Index-Cattle-Disease" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— disease, the Midsummer fires a protection against, i. 176; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + attributed to witchcraft, 302 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 343 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page333">[pg 333]</span><a name= + "Pg333" id="Pg333" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -plague, need-fire kindled as a remedy for, i. 270 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifice of an animal to stay a, 300 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -rearing tribes of South Africa, their dread of menstruous + women, i. 79 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cave, initiation of medicine-men by spirits in a, ii. <a href= + "#Pg237" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">237</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Cruachan, the <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Hell-gate of Ireland,”</span> i. 226 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cedar-bark, red, used in ceremonies of a secret society, ii. + <a href="#Pg271" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">271</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Celebes, Macassar in, i. 14; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + souls of persons removed for safety from their bodies in, ii. + <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">153</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Central, the Toradjas of, i. 311 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Southern, birth-trees in, ii. <a href="#Pg164" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Celibacy of the Vestal Virgins, i. 138 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Celtic bisection of the year, i. 223 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— population, their superstition as to Snake Stones, i. 15 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— stories of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg126" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Celts, their two great fire-festivals on the Eve of May Day and + Hallowe'en, i. 222, 224; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the oak worshipped by the, ii. <a href="#Pg089" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the British, their chief fire-festivals, Beltane and + Hallowe'en, ii. <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">40</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Brittany, their use of mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg320" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">320</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Gaul, their human sacrifices, ii. <a href="#Pg032" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the victims perhaps witches and wizards, <a href="#Pg041" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + W. Mannhardt's theory, <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">43</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Ireland, their new fire on Hallowe'en, i. 139 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of northern Italy, ii. <a href="#Pg320" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">320</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Celts (prehistoric implements) called <span class="tei tei-q" + style="text-align: left">“thunderbolts,”</span> i. 14 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Central Provinces of India, cure for fever in the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg190" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ceos, Greek island of, sick children passed through a cleft oak + in, ii. <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">172</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ceram, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 36; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + belief that strength of young people is in their hair in, ii. + <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">158</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rites of initiation to the Kakian association in, <a href= + "#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ceremony, magical, to ensure fertility of women, i. 23 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 31 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cetraro in Calabria, Easter custom at, i. 123 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ceylon, the king of, and his external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg102" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chaco, the Gran, i. 58; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + marriage custom of Indians of the, i. 75; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Indians of the, i. 98 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the Paraguayan, i. 56 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chadwick, Professor H. M., i. 103 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chaka, Zulu king, ii. <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">212</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chalk, white, bodies of newly initiated lads coated with, ii. + <a href="#Pg241" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">241</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chambers, E. K., on the Celtic bisection of the year, i. 223 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Charcoal + Man”</span> at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg026" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Charente Inférieure, department of, St. John's fires in the, i. + 192 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chariot, patient drawn through the yoke of a, ii. <a href= + "#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chariots used by sacred persons, i. 4 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Charlemagne, i. 270 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chaste young men kindle need-fire, i. 273 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chastity associated with abstinence from salt, i. 27 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Château-Tierry, Midsummer fires at, i. 187 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chatham Islands, birth-trees in the, ii. <a href="#Pg165" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chavandes</span></span>, bonfires, i. 109 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cheadle, in Staffordshire, the Yule log at, i. 256 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cheese, the Beltane, kept as a charm against the bewitching of + milk-produce, i. 154 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chêne-Doré</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the gilded oak,”</span> in + Perche, ii. <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">287</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chepstow oak, in Gloucestershire, ii. <a href="#Pg316" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cheremiss of the Volga, their Midsummer festival, i. 181 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cherokees, their sacred arks, i. 11 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their ideas as to trees struck by lightning, ii. <a href="#Pg296" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">296</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cherry-tree wood used for Yule log, i. 250 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -trees, torches thrown at, i. 108 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chervil-seed burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chesnitsa</span></span>, Christmas cake, i. + 261 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chester, Midsummer giants at, ii. <a href="#Pg037" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">37</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chevannes</span></span>, bonfires, i. 111 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cheyenne Indians, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 54 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— women secluded at menstruation, i. 89 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chiaromonte, Midsummer custom at, i. 210 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chibisa, an African chief, ii. <a href="#Pg314" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">314</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chicha</span></span>, a native intoxicant, + i. 57, 58 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chicory, the white flower of, opens all locks, ii. <a href= + "#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chief's daughter, ceremonies observed by her at puberty, i. 30, + 43 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chikumbu, a Yao chief, ii. <a href="#Pg314" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">314</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chilblains, the Yule log a preventive of, i. 250 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Childbirth, customs observed by women after, i. 20 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Childless couples leap over bonfires to procure offspring, i. + 214, 338 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page334">[pg 334]</span><a name= + "Pg334" id="Pg334" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Childless women creep through a holed stone, ii. <a href="#Pg187" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Children live apart from their parents among the Baganda, i. 23 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + born feet foremost, curative power attributed to, 295; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + passed across the Midsummer fires, 182, 189 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 192, 203; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + passed through holes in ground or turf to cure them, ii. <a href= + "#Pg190" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chillingworth, Thomas, passed through a cleft ash-tree for + rupture, ii. <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">168</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chimney, witches fly up the, ii. <a href="#Pg074" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -piece, divination by names on, i. 237 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + China, were-wolves in, i. 310 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + annual ceremony of the new fire in, 136 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg003" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of fire to bar ghosts in, <a href="#Pg017" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + spirits of plants in snake form in, <a href="#Pg044" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of mugwort in, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">60</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chinese festival of fire, ii. <a href="#Pg003" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + story of the external soul, <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">145</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + theories as to the human soul, <a href="#Pg221" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chinook Indians, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 43 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chippeway Indians, their dread and seclusion of menstruous women, + i. 90 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chiquites Indians of Paraguay, their theory of sickness, ii. + <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">226</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chirbury, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, i. 257 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chiriguanos of Bolivia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, + i. 56 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Choctaw women secluded at menstruation, i. 88 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chopping-knife, soul of woman in childbirth transferred for + safety to a, ii. <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">153</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chota Nagpur, the fire-walk in, ii. <a href="#Pg005" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chouquet, in Normandy, the Green Wolf at, i. 185 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Christbrand</span></span>, the Yule log, i. + 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Christenburg Crags, in Northumberland, Midsummer fires at, i. 198 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Christian Church, its treatment of witches, ii. <a href="#Pg042" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Christklotz</span></span>, the Yule log, i. + 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Christmas, an old pagan festival of the sun, i. 246, 331 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + new fire made by the friction of wood at, 264; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe gathered at, ii. <a href="#Pg291" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">291</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— cake, i. 257, 259, 261 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— candle, the, i. 255, 256, 260 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Eve, cattle acquire the gift of speech on, i. 254; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + trees fumigated with wild thyme on, ii. <a href="#Pg064" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the fern blooms at, <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">66</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches dreaded on, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">73</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sick children passed through cleft trees on, <a href="#Pg172" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">172</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— night, fern-seed blooms on, ii. <a href="#Pg289" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">289</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— pig, i. 259 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— visiter, the, i. 261 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 263, 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Church, the Christian, its treatment of witches, ii. <a href= + "#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— bells on Midsummer Eve, custom as to ringing, ii. <a href= + "#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rung to drive away witches, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">73</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Churches used as places of divination at Hallowe'en, i. 229 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Churinga</span></span>, sacred sticks and + stones of the Arunta, ii. <a href="#Pg218" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">218</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3, <a href="#Pg234" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chu-Tu-shi, a Chinese were-tiger, i. 310 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ciotat, Midsummer rites of fire and water at, i. 194 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Circumambulating fields with lighted torches, i. 233 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Circumcision, custom at, among the Washamba, ii. <a href="#Pg183" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of lads at initiation in Australia, <a href="#Pg227" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg233" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a>, <a href="#Pg234" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>, <a href= + "#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in New Guinea, <a href="#Pg240" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">240</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Fiji, <a href="#Pg243" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">243</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Rook, <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">246</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom of, on the Lower Congo, <a href="#Pg251" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a>, <a href="#Pg255" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Clach-nathrach</span></span>, serpent stone, + ii. <a href="#Pg311" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">311</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Clam shell, sacred, of the Omahas, i. 11 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Clan of the Cat, ii. <a href="#Pg150" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">150</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Clappers, used instead of church bells in Holy Week, i. 125; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + wooden, used in China, 137 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Classificatory system of relationship, ii. <a href="#Pg234" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg314" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">314</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Claudius, the emperor, i. 15 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Clavie, the burning of the, at Burghead, i. 266 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Clay plastered on girls at puberty, i. 31; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + white, bodies of novices at initiation smeared with, ii. <a href= + "#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg259" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cleary, Bridget, burnt as a witch in Tipperary, i. 323 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Michael, burns his wife as a witch, i. 323 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Clee, in Lincolnshire, the Yule log at, i. 257 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Hills, in Shropshire, fear of witchcraft in the, i. 342 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cleft stick, passage through a, in connexion with puberty and + circumcision, ii. <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">183</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Climacteris + scandens</span></span>, women's <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“sister”</span> among the Kulin, ii. <a href= + "#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Clodd, Edward, on the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg096" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Clog, the Yule, i. 247 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Clonmel, trial for witch-burning at, i. 324 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Clover, four-leaved, a counter-charm for witchcraft, i. 316; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + found at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">62</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Clue of yarn, divination by a, i. 235, 240, 241, 243 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Coal, magical, that turns to gold at Midsummer, ii. <a href= + "#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Coast Murring tribe of New South Wales, the drama of resurrection + exhibited to novices at initiation in the, ii. <a href="#Pg235" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page335">[pg 335]</span><a name= + "Pg335" id="Pg335" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cobern, effigy burnt at, i. 120 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Coblentz, i. 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Coccus + Polonica</span></span> and St. John's blood, ii. <a href="#Pg056" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cock, effigy of, in bonfire, i. iii; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a black, used as counter-charm to witchcraft, 321; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + white, burnt in Midsummer bonfire, ii. <a href="#Pg040" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external soul of ogre in a, <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">100</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + killed on harvest-field, <a href="#Pg280" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">280</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + red, killed to cure person struck by lightning, <a href="#Pg298" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">298</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— or hen, striking blindfold at a, ii. <a href="#Pg279" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cock's blood poured on divining-rod, ii. <a href="#Pg282" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">282</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cockchafer, external soul in a golden, ii. <a href="#Pg140" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cockchafers, witches as, i. 322 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Coco-nut, soul of child deposited in a, i. 154 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— palm planted over navel-string and afterbirth of child, ii. + <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">161</a>, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">163</a>, compare <a href="#Pg164" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + attracts lightning, <a href="#Pg299" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">299</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Codrington, Dr. R. H., on the Melanesian conception of the + external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">197</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Coel + Coeth</span></span>, Hallowe'en bonfire, i. 239 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cohen, S. S., i. 128 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Coil, sick children passed through a, ii. <a href="#Pg185" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cold food, festival of the, in China, i. 137 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cole, Lieut.-Colonel H. W. G., on a custom of the Lushais, ii. + <a href="#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">185</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Colic, popular remedies for, i. 17; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + leaping over bonfires as a preventive of, 107, 195 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 344; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + attributed to witchcraft, 344 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Coll, the Hole Stone in the island of, ii. <a href="#Pg187" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Colleda, an old Servian goddess, i. 259 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cologne, St. John's fourteen Midsummer victims at, ii. <a href= + "#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Colombia, the Goajiras of, i. 34 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Guacheta in, 74 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Combe d'Ain, i. 114 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Comminges, Midsummer fires in, i. 192 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Community, welfare of, bound up with the life of the divine king, + i. 1 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + purified in the persons of its representatives, ii. <a href= + "#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">24</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Condé, in Normandy, i. 266 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Conductivity, electric, of various kinds of wood, ii. <a href= + "#Pg299" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">299</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Conflagrations, bonfires supposed to protect against, i. 107, + 108, 140, 142, 344; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + brands of Midsummer bonfires thought to be a protection against, + 165, 174, 183, 188, 196; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log a protection against, 248 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 250, 255, 256, 258; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer flowers a protection against, ii. <a href="#Pg048" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mountain arnica a protection against, <a href="#Pg058" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + oak-mistletoe a protection against, <a href="#Pg085" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Conflict of calendars, solar and lunar, i. 218 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Congo, seclusion of girls at puberty on the Lower, i. 31; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + birth-trees on the, 161 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + theory of the external soul on the, ii. <a href="#Pg200" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of bull-roarers on the, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">229</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the French, the Fans of, ii. <a href="#Pg161" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the Lower, rites of initiation on the, ii. <a href="#Pg251" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Connaught, Midsummer fires in, i. 203; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cave of Cruachan in, 226; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + palace of the kings of, ii. <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">127</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Connemara, Midsummer fires in, i. 203 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Constance, the Lake of, ii. <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">26</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Constantinople, column at, ii. <a href="#Pg157" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Consumption, ashes of the Midsummer fires a cure for, i. 194 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + transferred to bird, ii. <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">187</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Consumptive patients passed through holes in stones or rocks, ii. + <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">186</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Continence as preparation for walking through fire, ii. <a href= + "#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Conty, Lenten fires at, i. 113 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Conway, Professor R. S., on the etymology of Soranus, ii. + <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">15</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cook, A. B., on the oak of Errol, ii. <a href="#Pg284" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">284</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cook, menstruous women not allowed to, i. 80, 82, 84, 90 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Copper needle, story of man who could only be killed by a, ii. + <a href="#Pg314" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">314</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Corannas, a Hottentot people, children after an illness passed + under an arch among the, ii. <a href="#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">192</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cords tied tightly round the bodies of girls at puberty, i. 92 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Corea, custom observed after childbirth by women in, i. 20; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of torches to ensure good crops in, 340 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cormac, on Beltane fires, i. 157 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cor-mass, procession of wicker giants at Dunkirk, ii. <a href= + "#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Corn, charm to make the corn grow tall, i. 18; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thrown on the man who brings in the Yule log, 260, 262, 264; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + blazing besoms flung aloft to make the corn grow high, 340 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -spirit in last standing corn, i. 12; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human representatives of, put to death, ii. <a href="#Pg025" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in animal shape, <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">43</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cornel-tree wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 286 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cornwall, Snake Stones in, i. 15, 16 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 199 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt sacrifices to stay cattle-disease in, 300 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + holed stone through which people used to creep in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Corpse, priest of Earth forbidden to see a, i. 4 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page336">[pg 336]</span><a name= + "Pg336" id="Pg336" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Corpus Christi Day, processions on, i. 165 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Corrèze and Creuse, departments of, St. John's fires in the, i. + 190 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Corsica, Midsummer fires in, i. 209 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cos, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, i. 130; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 212 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cosquin, E., on helpful animals and external souls in folk-tales, + ii. <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">133</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Cosse de + Nau</span></span>, the Yule log, i. 251 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Costa Rica, Indians of, their customs in fasts, i. 20; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ceremonial uncleanness among the, 65 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Bri-bri Indians of, 86; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Guatusos of, ii. <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">230</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Coudreau, H., quoted, i. 63 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Coulommiers, in France, notion as to mistletoe at, ii. <a href= + "#Pg316" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Counter-charm for witchcraft, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“scoring above the breath,”</span> i. 316 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Couples married within the year obliged to dance by torchlight, + i. 115, 339 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Coventry, Midsummer giants at, ii. <a href="#Pg037" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">37</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cows, witches steal milk from, i. 343; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe given to, ii. <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">86</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + milked through a hole in a branch or a <span class="tei tei-q" + style="text-align: left">“witch's nest,”</span> <a href="#Pg185" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crackers burnt to frighten ghosts, ii. <a href="#Pg017" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>, <a href="#Pg018" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cracow, Midsummer fires in the district of, i. 175 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cream, ceremony for thickening, i. 262 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Creek Indians, their dread of menstruous women, i. 88 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Creeping through a tunnel as a remedy for an epidemic, i. 283 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + through cleft trees as cure for various maladies, ii. <a href= + "#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + through narrow openings in order to escape ghostly pursuers, + <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">177</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Creuse and Corrèze, departments of, St. John's fires in the, i. + 190 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Criminals shorn to make them confess, ii. <a href="#Pg158" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">158</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Croatia, Midsummer fires in, i. 178 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Croats of Istria, their belief as to the activity of witches on + Midsummer Eve, ii. <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crocodile, a Batta totem, ii. <a href="#Pg223" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crocodiles, fat of, i. 14; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. <a href="#Pg201" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a>, <a href= + "#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>, + <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">206</a>, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">209</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external human souls in, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">207</a>, <a href="#Pg209" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cronus, cakes offered to, i. 153 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crops supposed to be spoiled by menstruous women, i. 79, 96; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + leaping over bonfires to ensure good, 107; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires thought to ensure good, 188, 336; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + torches swung by eunuchs to ensure good, 340; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bull-roarers sounded to promote the growth of the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg232" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cross River natives, their lives bound up with those of certain + animals, ii. <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">202</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg204" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -roads, ceremonies at, i. 24; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches at, 160 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires lighted at, 172, 191; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination at, 229; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bewitched things burnt at, 322 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crosses chalked up to protect houses and cattle-stalls against + witches, i. 160 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, ii. <a href="#Pg074" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crow, hooded, sacrifice to, i. 152 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Crowdie</span></span>, a dish of milk and + meal, i. 237 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Crown" id="Index-Crown" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crown or garland of flowers in Midsummer bonfire, i. 184, 185, + 188, 192; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Roses, festival of the, 195. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Flowers" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Flowers</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cruachan, the herdsman or king of, Argyleshire story of, ii. + <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">127</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Connaught, the cave of, i. 226 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Cryptocerus + atratus</span></span>, F., stinging ants, i. 62 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cuissard, Ch., on Midsummer fires, i. 182 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cumae, the Sibyl at, i. 99 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cumanus, inquisitor, ii. <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">158</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cumberland, Midsummer fires in, i. 197 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cups, special, used by girls at puberty, i. 50, 53 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Curative powers ascribed to persons born feet foremost, i. 295 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cures, popular, prescribed by Marcellus of Bordeaux, i. 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cursing a mist in Switzerland, i. 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cuzco, ceremony of the new fire in, i. 132 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cycle of thirty years (Druidical), ii. <a href="#Pg077" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cycles of sixty years (Boeotian, Indian, and Tibetan), ii. + <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">77</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cythnos, Greek island, sickly children pushed through a hole in a + rock in, ii. <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">189</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Czechs cull simples at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg049" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dacotas or Sioux, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. + <a href="#Pg268" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">268</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Daedala, Boeotian festival of the Great, ii. <a href="#Pg077" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dairy, mistletoe used to make the dairy thrive, ii. <a href= + "#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Daizan, king of Atrae, i. 83 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dalhousie Castle, the Edgewell Tree at, ii. <a href="#Pg166" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dalmatia, the Yule log in, i. 263 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dalyell, J. G., on Beltane, i. 149 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Damun, in German New Guinea, ceremony of initiation at, ii. + <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Danae, the story of, i. 73 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dance at Sipi in Northern India, i. 12; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of young women at puberty, ii. <a href="#Pg183" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the grave at initiation, <a href="#Pg237" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">237</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in honour of the big or grey wolf, <a href="#Pg276" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">276</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page337">[pg 337]</span><a name= + "Pg337" id="Pg337" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dances of fasting men and women at festival, i. 8 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Duk-duk society, 11; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of girls at puberty, 28, 29, 30, 37, 42, 50, 58, 59; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + round bonfires, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114, 116, 120, 131, 142, 145, + 148, 153 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 159, 166, 172, 173, 175, + 178, 182, 183, 185, 187, 188, 189, 191, 193, 194, 195, 198, 246, + ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">2</a>, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">39</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + masked, bull-roarers used at, <a href="#Pg230" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of novices at initiation, <a href="#Pg258" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">258</a>, <a href="#Pg259" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dancing with the fairies at Hallowe'en, i. 227 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dandelions gathered at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg049" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Danger apprehended from the sexual relation, ii. <a href="#Pg277" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">277</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dangers thought to attend women at menstruation, i. 94 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Danish stories of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg120" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— story of a girl who was forbidden to see the sun, i. 70 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Danserosse</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">danseresse</span></span>, a stone, i. 110 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Danube, worship of Grannus on the, i. 112 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Danzig, the immortal lady of, i. 100 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Daphne + gnidium</span></span> gathered at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg051" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dapper, O., on ritual of death and resurrection at initiation in + the Belli-Paaro society, ii. <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">257</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Daramulun" id="Index-Daramulun" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Daramulun, a mythical being who instituted and superintends the + initiation of lads in Australia, ii. <a href="#Pg228" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>, <a href="#Pg233" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a>, <a href= + "#Pg237" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">237</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his voice heard in the sound of the bull-roarer, <a href="#Pg228" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Thrumalun" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Thrumalun</a> and <a href="#Index-Thuremlin" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Thuremlin</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Darding + Knife,”</span> pretence of death and resurrection at initiation + to the, ii. <a href="#Pg274" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">274</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Darling River, the Ualaroi of the, ii. <a href="#Pg233" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Darma Rajah, Hindoo god, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">6</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Darowen, in Wales, Midsummer fires at, i. 201 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Darwin, Charles, on the cooling of the sun, ii. <a href="#Pg307" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">307</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Darwin, Sir Francis, on the Golden Bough, ii. <a href="#Pg318" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">318</a>, <a href= + "#Pg319" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">319</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dashers of churns, witches ride on, ii. <a href="#Pg073" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Date of Chinese festival changed, i. 137 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dathi, king of Ireland, and his Druid, i. 228 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Davies, J. Ceredig, as to witches in Wales, i. 321 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dawn of the Day, prayers to the, i. 50 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 53; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + prayer of adolescent girl to the, 98 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dawson, James, on sex totems in Victoria, ii. <a href="#Pg216" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dead, festival of the, i. 223 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 225 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + souls of the, sit round the Midsummer fire, 183, 184; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifice of reindeer to the, ii. <a href="#Pg178" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">178</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + incarnate in serpents, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">211</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bull-roarers sounded at festivals of the, <a href="#Pg230" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + first-fruits offered to the souls of the, <a href="#Pg243" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Death, carrying + out,”</span> i. 119; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the burying + of,”</span> 119; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + effigies of, burnt in spring fires, ii. <a href="#Pg021" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + omens of, <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">54</a>, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">64</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + customs observed by mourners after a death in order to escape + from the ghost, <a href="#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">174</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + identified with the sun, <a href="#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">174</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Death and resurrection, ritual of, ii. <a href="#Pg225" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Australia, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">227</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in New Guinea, <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">239</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Fiji, <a href="#Pg243" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">243</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Rook, <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">246</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in New Britain, <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">246</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Ceram, <a href="#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">249</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Africa, <a href="#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">251</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in North America, <a href="#Pg266" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">266</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + traces of it elsewhere, <a href="#Pg276" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">276</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Debregeasia + velutina</span></span>, used to kindle fire by friction, ii. + <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">8</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + December, the last day of, Hogmanay, i. 266; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the twenty-first, St. Thomas's Day, 266 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Decle, L., quoted, i. 4 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dee, holed stone used by childless women in the Aberdeenshire, + ii. <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">187</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Deer and the family of Lachlin, superstition concerning, ii. + <a href="#Pg284" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">284</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Deffingin, in Swabia, Midsummer bonfires at, i. 166 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dehon, P., on witches as cats among the Oraons, ii. <a href= + "#Pg312" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">312</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Deiseal" id="Index-Deiseal" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Deiseal</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">deisheal</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">dessil</span></span>, the right-hand turn, + in the Highlands of Scotland, i. 150 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 154 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Delagoa Bay, the Thonga of, i. 29 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Delaware Indians, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 54 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Delivery, charms to ensure women an easy, i. 49, 50 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 52; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + women creep through a rifted rock to obtain an easy, ii. <a href= + "#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Delmenhorst, in Oldenburg, Easter fires at, i. 142 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Delos, new fire brought from, i. 136 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Delphi, perpetual fire at, ii. <a href="#Pg091" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 7; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the picture of Orpheus at, <a href="#Pg294" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">294</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Stheni, near, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Demeter, the torches of, i. 340 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + serpents in the worship of, ii. <a href="#Pg044" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Demnat, in the Atlas, New Year rites at, i. 217, 218 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Demon supposed to attack girls at puberty, i. 67 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + festival of fire instituted to ban a, ii. <a href="#Pg003" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Demons" id="Index-Demons" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Demons attack women at puberty and childbirth, i. 24 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + expelled at the New Year, 134 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + abroad on Midsummer Eve, 172; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ashes of holy <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page338">[pg + 338]</span><a name="Pg338" id="Pg338" class="tei tei-anchor" + style="text-align: left"></a> fires a protection against, ii. + <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">8</a>, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">17</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + vervain a protection against, <a href="#Pg062" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + guard treasures, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">65</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Evil-Spirits" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Evil Spirits</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Déné or Tinneh Indians, their dread and seclusion of menstruous + women, i. 91 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Western, tattooing among the, 98 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Tinneh" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Tinneh</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Denham + Tracts</span></span>, on need-fire in Yorkshire, i. 287 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Denmark, fires on St. John's Eve in, i. 171; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + passing sick children through a hole in the ground in, 190, 191; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or + rickets in, ii. <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">170</a>, <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">172</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dessil.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Deiseal" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Deiseal</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Deux-Sèvres, department of, Midsummer fires in the, i. 191; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fires on All Saints' Day in the, 245 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Devil, the, seen on Midsummer Eve, i. 208 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Devil's bit, St. John's wort, ii. <a href="#Pg055" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Devils, ghosts, and hobgoblins abroad on Midsummer Eve, i. 202 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Devonshire, need-fire in, i. 288; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + animals burnt alive as a sacrifice in, 302; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + belief in witchcraft in, 302; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + crawling under a bramble as a cure for whooping-cough in, ii. + <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">180</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dew, rolling in the, at Midsummer, i. 208, with <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Midsummer a protection against witchcraft, ii. <a href= + "#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Diana and Juno, ii. <a href="#Pg302" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">302</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Diana, priest of, at Nemi, ii. <a href="#Pg315" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">315</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Diana's Mirror, the Lake of Nemi, ii. <a href="#Pg303" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">303</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dieri of Central Australia, their dread of women at menstruation, + i. 77; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of bull-roarers among the, ii. <a href="#Pg229" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg232" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bleed themselves to make rain, <a href="#Pg232" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dijon, Lenten fires at, i, 114 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dingle, church of St. Brandon near, ii. <a href="#Pg190" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Diodorus Siculus, on the human sacrifices of the Celts, ii. + <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">32</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dioscorides on mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg318" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">318</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dipping for apples at Hallowe'en, i. 237, 239, 241, 242, 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Discs, burning, thrown into the air, i. 116 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 119, 143, 165, 166, 168 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 172, 328, 334; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burning, perhaps directed at witches, 345 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Disease, walking through fire as a remedy for, ii. <a href= + "#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">7</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + conceived as something physical that can be stripped off the + patient and left behind, <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">172</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Diseases of cattle ascribed to witchcraft, i. 343 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dish, external soul of warlock in a, ii. <a href="#Pg141" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dishes, special, used by girls at puberty, i. 47, 49 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dislocation, Roman cure for, ii. <a href="#Pg177" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Divination on St. John's Night (Midsummer Eve), i. 173, ii. + <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">46</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3, <a href="#Pg050" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a>, <a href="#Pg052" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg061" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>, <a href="#Pg064" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a>, <a href= + "#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Midsummer in Spain and the Azores, i. 208 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Hallowe'en, 225, 228 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by stones at Hallowe'en fires, 230 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 239, 240; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by stolen kail, 234 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 241; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by clue of yarn, 235, 240, 241, 243; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by hemp seed, 235, 241, 245; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by winnowing-basket, 236; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by thrown shoe, 236; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by wet shirt, 236, 241; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by white of eggs, 236 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 238; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by apples in water, 237; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by a ring, 237; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by names on chimney-piece, 237; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by three plates or basins, 237 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 240, 244; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by nuts in fire, 237, 239, 241, 242, 245; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by salt cake, or salt herring, 238 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by the sliced apple, 238; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by eavesdropping, 238, 243, 244; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by knife, 241; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by briar-thorn, 242; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by melted lead, 242; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by cabbages, 242; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by cake at Hallowe'en, 242, 243; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by ashes, 243, 244, 245; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by salt, 244; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by raking a rick, 247; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + magic dwindles into, 336. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Divining-Rod" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Divining-rod</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Divine personages not allowed to touch the ground with their + feet, i. 2 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to see the sun, 18 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + suspended for safety between heaven and earth, 98 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Divining-Rod" id="Index-Divining-Rod" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Divining-rod cut on Midsummer Eve, ii. <a href="#Pg067" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + made of hazel, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">67</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg291" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">291</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + made of mistletoe in Sweden, <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">69</a>, <a href="#Pg291" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">291</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + made of four sorts of wood, <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">69</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + made of willow, <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">69</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + made out of a parasitic rowan, <a href="#Pg281" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Divisibility of life, doctrine of the, ii. <a href="#Pg221" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dobischwald, in Silesia, need-fire at, i. 278 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dodona, Zeus and his sacred oak at, ii. <a href="#Pg049" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dog not allowed to enter priest's house, i. 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + beaten to ensure woman's fertility, 69; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + charm against the bite of a mad, ii. <a href="#Pg056" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a Batta totem, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">223</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Star, or Sirius, supposed by the ancients to cause the heat of + summer, i. 332 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dolac, need-fire at, i. 286 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dolmen, sick children passed through a hole in a, ii. <a href= + "#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dommartin, Lenten fires at, i. 109 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Door, separate, for girls at puberty, i. 43, 44 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Doorie, hill of, at Burghead, i. 267 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Doors, separate, used by menstruous women, i. 84 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Doorway, creeping through narrow opening in, as a cure, ii. + <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">181</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page339">[pg 339]</span><a name= + "Pg339" id="Pg339" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dosadhs, an Indian caste, the fire-walk among the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dosuma, king of, not allowed to touch the ground, i. 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Douay, procession of the giants at, ii. <a href="#Pg033" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Double-axe, Midsummer king of the, i. 194 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dourgne, in Southern France, crawling through holed stones near, + ii. <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">187</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dove, the ceremony of the fiery, at Easter in Florence, i. 126; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a Batta totem, ii. <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">223</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Doves, external soul of magicians in, ii. <a href="#Pg104" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Aeneas led by doves to the Golden Bough, <a href="#Pg285" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">285</a>, <a href="#Pg316" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dragon at Midsummer, effigy of, ii. <a href="#Pg037" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">37</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external soul of a queen in a, <a href="#Pg105" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the water-mill, Servian story of the, <a href="#Pg111" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dragons driven away by smoke of Midsummer bonfires, i. 161; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + St. Peter's fires lighted to drive away, 195 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Draguignan, in the department of Var, Midsummer fires at, i. 193 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Draupadi, the heroine of the <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mahabharata</span></span>, ii. <a href= + "#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">7</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dread and seclusion of menstruous women, i. 76 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dread of witchcraft in Europe, 342 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dream, guardian spirit or animal acquired in a, ii. <a href= + "#Pg256" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dreaming on flowers on Midsummer Eve, i. 175 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dreams, oracular, i. 238, 242; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of love on Midsummer Eve, ii. <a href="#Pg052" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a>, <a href="#Pg054" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + prophetic, on the bloom of the oak, <a href="#Pg292" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">292</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + prophetic, on mistletoe, <a href="#Pg293" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">293</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Driving away the witches on Walpurgis Night, i. 160; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Midsummer, 170, 171 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Drobede (Draupadi), the heroine of the epic <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mahabharata</span></span>, ii. <a href= + "#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">7</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Drömling district, in Hanover, need-fire in, i. 277 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Drought attributed to misconduct of young girls, i. 31 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Druid, etymology of the word, i. 76 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Druidical custom of burning live animals, ii. <a href="#Pg038" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the animals perhaps deemed embodiments of witches, <a href= + "#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg043" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + festivals, so-called, of the Scotch Highlanders, i. 147, 206 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— sacrifices, W. Mannhardt's theory of the, ii. <a href="#Pg043" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Druidism, so-called, remains of, i. 233, 241; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and the Christian Church in relation to witchcraft, ii. <a href= + "#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Druid's Glass, the, i. 16; prediction, the, 229 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Druids' Hill, the, i. 229 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Druids, their superstition as to <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“serpents' eggs,”</span> i. 15; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their human sacrifices, ii. <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">32</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in relation to the Midsummer festival, <a href="#Pg033" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg045" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their worship of the mistletoe and the oak, <a href="#Pg076" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg301" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">301</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their cycle of thirty years, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">77</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + catch the mistletoe in a white cloth, <a href="#Pg293" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">293</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Ireland, i. 157 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Drynemetum, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the + temple of the oak,”</span> ii. <a href="#Pg089" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Duck baked alive as a sacrifice in Suffolk, i. 304 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Duck's egg, external soul in a, ii. <a href="#Pg109" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg115" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">115</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg116" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a>, <a href="#Pg119" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg120" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a>, <a href="#Pg126" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>, <a href= + "#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>, + <a href="#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">132</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Duk-duk, secret society of New Britain, i. 11, ii. <a href= + "#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Duke of York Island, ii. <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">199</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Duk-duk society in, <a href="#Pg247" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">247</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + exogamous classes in, <a href="#Pg248" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">248</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Duke Town, on the Calabar River, ii. <a href="#Pg209" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dukkala, New Year customs in, i. 218 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dumbartonshire, Hallowe'en in, i. 237 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dunbeath, in Caithness, i. 291 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dunkeld, i. 232 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dunkirk, procession of giants on Midsummer Day at, ii. <a href= + "#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Durandus, G. (W. Durantis), his <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Rationale + Divinorum Officiorum</span></span>, i. 161 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Durham, Easter candle in the cathedral of, i. 122 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Durris, parish of, Kincardineshire, Midsummer fires in the, i. + 206 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dusk of the Evening, prayers to the, i. 53 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Düsseldorf, Shrove Tuesday custom in the district of, i. 120 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dutch names for mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg319" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">319</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dwarf-elder at Midsummer detects witchcraft, ii. <a href="#Pg064" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dyaks of Borneo, trees and plants as life indices among the, ii. + <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">164</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their doctrine of the plurality of souls, <a href="#Pg222" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Landak and Tajan, marriage custom of the, i. 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + birth-trees among the, ii. <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">164</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Pinoeh, their custom at a birth, ii. <a href="#Pg154" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eagle, sacrifice to, i. 152 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— bone, used to drink out of, i. 45 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— clan, ii. <a href="#Pg271" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">271</a>, <a href="#Pg272" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">272</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -hawk, external soul of medicine-man in, ii. <a href="#Pg199" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -spirits and buried treasures, i. 218 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Earth, taboos observed by the priest of, in Southern Nigeria, i. + 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + prayers to, 50; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and heaven, between, 1 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Easter, fern-seed blooms at, ii. <a href="#Pg292" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">292</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— candle, i. 121, 122, 125 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page340">[pg 340]</span><a name= + "Pg340" id="Pg340" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— ceremonies in the New World, i. 127 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— eggs, i. 108, 143, 144 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Eve, new fire on, i. 121, 124, 126, 158; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the fern blooms at, ii. <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">66</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— fires, i. 120 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Man, burning the, i. 144 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Monday, fire-custom on, i. 143 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Mountains, bonfires on, i. 140, 141 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Saturday, new fire on, i. 121, 122, 124, 127, 128, 130; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the divining-rod baptized on, ii. <a href="#Pg069" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Sunday, red eggs on, i. 122 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eavesdropping, divination by, i. 238, 243, 244 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Echternach in Luxemburg, Lenten fire-custom at, i. 116 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eclipses attributed to monster biting the sun or moon, i. 70; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + air thought to be poisoned at, 162 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to be caused by a monster attacking the luminary, 162 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Edda</span></span>, the prose, story of + Balder in, i. 101; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the poetic, story of Balder in, 102 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eddesse, in Hanover, need-fire at, i. 275 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Edersleben, Midsummer fire-custom at, i. 169 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Edgewell Tree, oak at castle of Dalhousie, ii. <a href="#Pg166" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a>, <a href= + "#Pg284" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">284</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Effect, supposed, of killing a totem animal, ii. <a href="#Pg220" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Effigies burnt in bonfires, i. 106, 107, 116, 118 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 119 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 121, 122, 159, 167; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Judas burnt at Easter, 121, 127 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 130 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt in the Midsummer fires, 172 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 195; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of witches burnt in the fires, 342, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">19</a>, <a href="#Pg043" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of human beings burnt in the fires, <a href="#Pg021" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of giants burnt in the summer fires, <a href="#Pg038" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Effigy of absent friend cut in a tree, ii. <a href="#Pg159" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Efik, a tribe of Calabar, their belief in external or bush souls, + ii. <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">206</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egede, Hans, on impregnation by the moon, i. 76 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egg broken in water, divination by means of, i. 208 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eggs, charm to ensure plenty of, i. 112, 338; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + begged for at Midsummer, 169; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination by white of, 236 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 238; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external souls of fairy beings in, ii. <a href="#Pg106" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg110" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a>, <a href="#Pg125" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a>, <a href= + "#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg140" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Easter, i. 108, 122, 143, 144 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egypt, the Flight into, ii. <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">69</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + deified kings of, their souls deposited during life in portrait + statues, <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">157</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egyptian, ancient, story of the external soul, ii. <a href= + "#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— doctrine of the <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ka</span></span> or external soul, ii. + <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">157</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— tombs, plaques or palettes of schist in, ii. <a href="#Pg155" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egyptians, human sacrifices among the, ii. <a href="#Pg286" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">286</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eifel Mountains, Lenten fires in the, i. 115 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 336 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Cobern in the, 120; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + St. John's fires in the, 169; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in the, 248; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer flowers in the, ii. <a href="#Pg048" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eighty-one (nine times nine), men make need-fire, i. 289, 294, + 295 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eket, in North Calabar, ii. <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">209</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ekoi, a tribe of Calabar, their belief in external or bush souls, + ii. <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">206</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Elangela</span></span>, external soul in Fan + language, ii. <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">201</a>, <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">226</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elbe, the river, dangerous on Midsummer Day, ii. <a href="#Pg026" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elder-flowers gathered at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg064" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elecampane in a popular remedy, i. 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Electric conductivity of various kinds of wood, ii. <a href= + "#Pg299" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">299</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elephant hunters, custom of, i. 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elephants, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>, + <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">203</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external human souls in, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">207</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elgin, medical use of mistletoe in, ii. <a href="#Pg084" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elk clan of the Omaha Indians, i. 11 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elm wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 299 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Embers of bonfires planted in fields, i. 117, 121; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + stuck in cabbage gardens, 174, 175; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + promote growth of crops, 337. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Ashes" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Ashes</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">and</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Sticks-Charred" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Sticks, charred</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Midsummer fires a protection against conflagration, i. 188; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against lightning, 190 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Emily plain of Central Australia, ii. <a href="#Pg238" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Emmenthal, in Switzerland, superstition as to Midsummer Day in + the, ii. <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">27</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of orpine at Midsummer in the, <a href="#Pg062" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Emu fat not allowed to touch the ground, i. 13 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -wren, called men's <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“brother”</span> among the Kurnai, ii. + <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">215</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg216" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>, <a href="#Pg218" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Encounter Bay tribe in South Australia, their dread of women at + menstruation, i. 76 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Energy, sanctity and uncleanness, different forms of the same + mysterious, i. 97 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + England, belief as to menstruous women in, i. 96 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 196 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 255 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the need-fire in, 286 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer giants in, ii. <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">36</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination by orpine at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg061" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fern-seed <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page341">[pg + 341]</span><a name="Pg341" id="Pg341" class="tei tei-anchor" + style="text-align: left"></a> at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg065" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the north of, mistletoe used to make the dairy thrive in, + <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">85</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + birth-trees in, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">165</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + children passed through cleft ash-trees as a cure for rupture or + rickets in, <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">168</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + oak-mistletoe in, <a href="#Pg316" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">316</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + English cure for whooping-cough, rheumatism, and boils, ii. + <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">180</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ensival, bonfires at, i. 108 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Entrails, external soul in, ii. <a href="#Pg146" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">146</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg152" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Epic of Kings</span></span>, Firdusi's, i. + 104 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Epidemic, creeping through a tunnel as a remedy for an, i. 283 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Epilepsy, yellow mullein a protection against, ii. <a href= + "#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe a cure for, <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">78</a>, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">83</a>, <a href="#Pg084" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Épinal, Lenten fires at, i. 109 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eriskay, fairies at Hallowe'en in, i. 226; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + salt cake at Hallowe'en in, 238 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Errol, the Hays of, their fate bound up with oak-mistletoe, ii. + <a href="#Pg283" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">283</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Escouvion" id="Index-Escouvion" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Escouvion</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Scouvion</span></span>, the Great and the + Little, i. 108 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Esquimaux, their superstition as to various meats, i. 13 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + seclusion of girls at puberty among the, 55; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ceremony of the new fire among the, 134; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their custom at eclipses, 162 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Alaska, child's soul deposited in a bag among the, ii. + <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">155</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Bering Strait, their belief as to menstruous women, i. 91 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Esthonia, bathing at Midsummer in, ii. <a href="#Pg029" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + flowers gathered for divination and magic at Midsummer in, + <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">53</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Esthonians, Midsummer fires among the, i. 179 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Oesel cull St. John's herbs on St. John's Day, ii. <a href= + "#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eteobutads as umbrella-bearers at the festival of Scira, i. 20 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eton, Midsummer fires at, i. 197 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eunuchs perform a ceremony for the fertility of the fields, i. + 340 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Euphorbia + lathyris</span></span>, caper-spurge, ii. <a href="#Pg069" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Euripides, his play on Meleager, ii. <a href="#Pg103" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Europe, superstitions as to menstruous women in, i. 96 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the fire-festivals of, 106 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + great dread of witchcraft in, 342; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + birth-trees in, ii. <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">165</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + belief in, that strength of witches and wizards is in their hair, + <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">158</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eurydice, Orpheus and, ii. <a href="#Pg294" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">294</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eve of Samhain (Hallowe'en) in Ireland, i. 139 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Everek (Caesarea), in Asia Minor, creeping through a rifted rock + at, ii. <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">189</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Evil eye, protection against, i. 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— spirit, mode of cure for possession by an, ii. <a href= + "#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Evil-Spirits" id="Index-Evil-Spirits" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Evil spirits driven away at the New Year, i. 134 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kept off by fire, 282, 285 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + St. John's herbs a protection against, ii. <a href="#Pg049" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kept off by flowers gathered at Midsummer, <a href="#Pg053" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + creeping through cleft trees to escape the pursuit of, <a href= + "#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Demons" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Demons</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ewe negroes, their dread of menstruous women, i. 82 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Exogamous classes in Duke of York island, ii. <a href="#Pg248" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">248</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Exorcizing vermin with torches, i. 340 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Exorcism of evil spirits, i. 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and ordeals, 66; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Easter, 123; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of St. John's wort in, ii. <a href="#Pg055" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of mugwort in, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">60</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by vervain, <a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">62</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Expulsion of demons, annual, i. 135 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + External soul in folk-tales, ii. <a href="#Pg095" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in folk-custom, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">153</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in inanimate things, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">153</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in plants, <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">159</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in animals, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">196</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kept in totem, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">220</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> Souls, External + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Extinction of common fires before the kindling of the need-fire, + i. 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 279, 283, 285, 288, 289, + 289 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 291, 291 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 292, 294, 297, 298 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ceremonial, of fires, ii. <a href="#Pg297" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">297</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eye, the evil, cast on cattle, i. 302, 303; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + oleander a protection against the, ii. <a href="#Pg051" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eyes, looking through flowers at the Midsummer fire, thought to + be good for the, i. 162, 163, 165 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 171, 174 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 344; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ashes or smoke of Midsummer fire supposed to benefit the, 214 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sore, attributed to witchcraft, 344; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mugwort a protection against sore, ii. <a href="#Pg059" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of newly initiated lads closed, <a href="#Pg241" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eyre, E. J., on menstruous women in Australia, i. 77 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Faery + dairts”</span> thought to kill cattle, i. 303 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Failles</span></span>, bonfires, i. 111 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fair, great, at Uisnech in County Meath, i. 158 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fairies let loose at Hallowe'en, i. 224 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + carry off men's wives, 227; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Hallowe'en, dancing with the, 227; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to kill cattle by their darts, 303; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + active on Hallowe'en and May Day, ii. <a href="#Pg184" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4, <a href="#Pg185" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fairy changelings, i. 151 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe a protection against, ii. <a href="#Pg283" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Falcon stone, at Errol, in Perthshire, ii. <a href="#Pg283" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Falkenstein chapel of St. Wolfgang, creeping through a rifted + rock near the, ii. <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">189</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Falling sickness, mistletoe a remedy for, ii. <a href="#Pg083" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>, <a href= + "#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page342">[pg 342]</span><a name= + "Pg342" id="Pg342" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Famenne in Namur, Lenten fires in, i. 108 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Familiar spirits of wizards in boars, ii. <a href="#Pg196" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fans of the French Congo, birth-trees among the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of the Gaboon, their theory of the external soul, ii. <a href= + "#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg226" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + guardian spirits acquired in dreams among the, <a href="#Pg257" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of West Africa, custom at end of mourning among the, ii. + <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">18</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fast at puberty, ii. <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">222</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fasting of girls at puberty, i. 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 66; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of women at menstruation, 93, 94; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as preparation for gathering magical plants, ii. <a href="#Pg045" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a>, <a href= + "#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg058" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— men and women at a dancing festival, i. 8 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fasts imposed on heirs to thrones in South America, i. 19; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rules observed in, 20 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fat of emu not allowed to touch the ground, i. 13; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of crocodiles and snakes as unguent, 14 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fattening-house for girls in Calabar, ii. <a href="#Pg259" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Feast of Florus and Lauras on August 18th, i. 220; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the Nativity of the Virgin, 220 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of All Souls, 223 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 225 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fechenots</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fechenottes</span></span>, Valentines, i. + 110 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Feet foremost, children born, curative power attributed to, i. + 295 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fen-hall, i. 102 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ferintosh district, in Scotland, i. 227 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fern in a popular remedy, i. 17; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the male (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aspidium filix mas</span></span>), + superstitions as 10, ii. <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">66</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— owl or goatsucker, sex totem of women, ii. <a href="#Pg217" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -seed gathered on Midsummer Eve, magical properties ascribed + to, ii. <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">65</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + blooms on Midsummer Eve, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">287</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + blooms on Christmas Night, <a href="#Pg288" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">288</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + reveals treasures in the earth, <a href="#Pg287" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + brought by Satan on Christmas night, <a href="#Pg289" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">289</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gathered at the solstices, Midsummer Eve and Christmas, <a href= + "#Pg290" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">290</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + procured by shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day, <a href= + "#Pg291" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">291</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + blooms at Easter, <a href="#Pg292" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">292</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Feronia, Italian goddess, ii. <a href="#Pg014" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ferrara, synod of, denounces practice of gathering fern-seed, ii. + <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">66</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fertility of women, magical ceremony to ensure, i. 23 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 31; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of fields, processions with lighted torches to ensure the, 233 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the land supposed to depend on the number of human beings + sacrificed, ii. <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">32</a>, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">33</a>, <a href="#Pg042" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fertilization of mango trees, ceremony for the, i. 10 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fertilizing fields with ashes of Midsummer fires, i. 170 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Festival of the cold food in China, i. 137; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Chinese, shifted in the calendar, 137; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the Cross on August 1st, 220; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the Dead, 223 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 225 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fetish, the great, in West Africa, ii. <a href="#Pg256" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fever, leaping over the Midsummer bonfires as a preventive of, i. + 166, 173, 194; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires a protection against, 190; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire kindled to prevent, 297; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cure for, in India, ii. <a href="#Pg190" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">190</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fey</span></span>, devoted, i. 231 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fez, Midsummer custom at, i. 216, ii. <a href="#Pg031" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Field-mice, burning torches as a protection against, i. 114, 115 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and moles driven away by torches, ii. <a href="#Pg340" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">340</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fields, cultivated, menstruous women not allowed to enter, i. 79; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + protected against insects by menstruous women, 98 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + processions with torches through, 107 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 110 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 113 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 179, 339 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + protected against witches, 121; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + made fruitful by bonfires, 140; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fertilized by ashes of Midsummer fires, 170; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fertilized by burning wheel rolled over them, 191, 340 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + protected against hail by bonfires, 344 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fig-trees, charm to benefit, i. 18; sacred among the Fans, ii. + <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">161</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fights between men and women about their sex totems, ii. <a href= + "#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a>, + <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Figo</span></span>, bonfire, i. 111 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fiji, brides tattooed in, i. 34 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the fire-walk in, ii. <a href="#Pg010" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">10</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + birth-trees in, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">163</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the drama of death and resurrection exhibited to novices at + initiation in, <a href="#Pg243" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">243</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Filey, in Yorkshire, the Yule log and candle at, i. 256 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Finchra, mountain in Rum, ii. <a href="#Pg284" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">284</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fingan Eve in the Isle of Man, i. 266 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Finistère, bonfires on St. John's Day in, i. 183 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Finland, Midsummer fires in, i. 180 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fir-tree as life-index in, ii. <a href="#Pg165" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Finsch Harbour in German New Guinea, ii. <a href="#Pg239" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fir-branches, prayers to, i. 51; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Midsummer, 177; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer mummers clad in, ii. <a href="#Pg025" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -cones, seeds of, gathered on St. John's Day, ii. <a href= + "#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -tree as life-index, ii. <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">165</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe on fir-trees, <a href="#Pg315" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">315</a>, <a href="#Pg316" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 278, 282 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— or beech used to make the Yule log, i. 249 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page343">[pg 343]</span><a name= + "Pg343" id="Pg343" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Firdusi's <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Epic of + Kings</span></span>, i. 104 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Fire" id="Index-Fire" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fire, girls at puberty forbidden to see or go near, i. 29, 45, + 46; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + menstruous women not allowed to touch or see, 84, 85; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + extinguished at menstruation, 87; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in fire-festivals, different possible explanations of its use, + 112 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + made by flints or by flint and steel, 121, 124, 126, 127, 145, + 146, 159; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + made by a burning-glass, 121, 127; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + made by a metal mirror, 132, 137, 138 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + made by the friction of wood, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 144 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 148, 155, 169 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 175, 177, 179, 220, 264, + 270 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 335 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + ii. <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">8</a>, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">90</a>, <a href="#Pg295" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not to be blown up with breath, i. 133; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + year called a fire, 137; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to grow weak with age, 137; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + pretence of throwing a man into, 148, 186, ii. <a href="#Pg025" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + carried round houses, corn, cattle, and women after + child-bearing, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">151</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used to drive away witches and demons at Midsummer, <a href= + "#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as a protection against evil spirits, <a href="#Pg282" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">282</a>, <a href="#Pg285" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">285</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + made by means of a wheel, <a href="#Pg335" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">335</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg091" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as a destructive and purificatory agent, i. 341; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used as a charm to produce sunshine, 341 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + employed as a barrier against ghosts, ii. <a href="#Pg017" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as a purificatory agency, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">19</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used to burn or ban witches, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">19</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + extinguished by mistletoe, <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">78</a>, <a href="#Pg084" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg293" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">293</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of oak-wood used to detect a murderer, <a href="#Pg092" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + life of man bound up with a, <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">157</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + perpetual, of oak-wood, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">285</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + conceived by savages as a property stored like sap in trees, + <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">295</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + primitive ideas as to the origin of, <a href="#Pg295" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, living, made by friction of wood, i. 220 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, new, kindled on Easter Saturday, i. 121 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + festivals of new, 131 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + made by the friction of wood at Christmas, 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“—— of + heaven,”</span> term applied to Midsummer bonfire, i. 334, 335 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -drill used to kindle need-fire, i. 292 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fire-festivals of Europe, i. 106 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + interpretation of the, 328 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg015" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at the solstices, i. 331 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + solar theory of the, 331 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + purificatory theory of the, 341 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + regarded as a protection against witchcraft, 342; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the purificatory theory of the, more probable than the solar + theory, 346; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + elsewhere than in Europe, ii. <a href="#Pg001" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">1</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in India, <a href="#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">1</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg005" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in China, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">3</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Japan, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">9</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Fiji, <a href="#Pg010" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">10</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Tahiti, the Marquesas Islands, and Trinidad, <a href="#Pg011" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Africa, <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">11</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in classical antiquity in Cappadocia and Italy, <a href="#Pg014" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their relation to Druidism, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">33</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg045" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fire-god, Armenian, i. 131 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the Iroquois, prayers to the, 299 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -walk, the, ii. <a href="#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">1</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a remedy for disease, <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">7</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the meaning of the, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">15</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Firebrand, external soul of Meleager in a, ii. <a href="#Pg103" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Firebrands, the Sunday of the, i. 110, 114 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Fires" id="Index-Fires" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fires extinguished as preliminary to obtaining new fire, i. 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + annually extinguished and relit, 132 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to burn the witches on the Eve of May Day (Walpurgis Night), 159 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + autumn, 220 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the need-fire, 269 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + extinguished before the lighting of the need-fire, 270, 271, 272, + 273, 274, 275, 276, 277 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 279, 283, 285, 288, 289 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 291, 291 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 292, 294, 297, 298 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the fire-festivals explained as sun-charms, 329, 331 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + explained as purificatory, 329 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 341 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the burning of human beings in the, ii. <a href="#Pg021" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + perpetual, fed with oak-wood, <a href="#Pg091" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + with pinewood, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">91</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 7; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the solstitial, perhaps sun-charms, <a href="#Pg292" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">292</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + extinguished and relighted from a flame kindled by lightning, + <a href="#Pg297" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">297</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href="#Index-Fire" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Fire</a>, <a href= + "#Index-Bonfires" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Bonfires</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the Beltane, i. 146 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the Easter, i. 120 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Hallowe'en, i. 222 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 230 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the Lenten, i. 106 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Midsummer, i. 160 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against witches, 180; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + supposed to stop rain, 188, 336; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + supposed to be a preventive of backache in reaping, 189, 344 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against fever, 190 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Midwinter, i. 246 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of St. John in France, i. 183, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— on the Eve of Twelfth Day, i. 107 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + First-born lamb, wool of, used as cure for colic, i. 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— sons make need-fire, i. 294; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + special magical virtue attributed to, 295 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + First-fruits offered to the souls of the dead, ii. <a href= + "#Pg243" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fish frightened or killed by proximity of menstruous women, i. + 77, 93; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external soul in a, ii. <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">99</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg122" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + golden, external soul of girl in a, <a href="#Pg147" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">147</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + lives of people bound up with, <a href="#Pg200" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a>, <a href="#Pg202" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>, <a href= + "#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a>, + <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">209</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fisheries supposed to be spoiled by menstruous women, i. 77, 78, + 90 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 93 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fison, Rev. Lorimer, on Fijian religion, ii. <a href="#Pg244" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 2, 3, <a href="#Pg246" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page344">[pg 344]</span><a name= + "Pg344" id="Pg344" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fittleworth, in Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of + rupture at, ii. <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">169</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Flames of bonfires, omens drawn from, i. 159, 165, 336 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Flanders, Midsummer fires in, i. 194; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 249; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + wicker giants in, ii. <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">35</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Flax, leaping over bonfires to make the flax grow tall, i. 119; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + charms to make flax grow tall, 165, 166, 173, 174, 176, 180 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— crop, omens of the, drawn from Midsummer bonfires, i. 165 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— seed sown in direction of flames of bonfire, i. 140, 337 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fleabane as a cure for headache, i. 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fleas, leaping over Midsummer fires to get rid of, i. 211, 212, + 217 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Flight into Egypt, the, ii. <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">69</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Flints, fire kindled by, i. 121, 124, 126, 127, 145, 146, 159 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Floor, sitting on the, at Christmas, i. 261 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Florence, ceremony of the new fire at Easter in, i. 126 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Florus and Laurus, feast of, on August 18th, i. 220 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Flowers" id="Index-Flowers" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Flowers thrown on bonfire, ii. <a href="#Pg008" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external souls in, <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">117</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Crown" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Crown</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and herbs cast into the Midsummer bonfires, i. 162, 163, 172, + 173 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— at Midsummer thrown on roofs as a protection against + lightning, i. 169; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + festival of, 177 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as talismans, 183; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in fires, 184, 188, 190; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + wreaths of, hung over doors and windows, 201; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + placed on mouths of wells, ii. <a href="#Pg028" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination from, <a href="#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">50</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— on Midsummer Eve, blessed by St. John, i. 171; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the magic flowers of Midsummer Eve, ii. <a href="#Pg045" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used in divination, <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">52</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used to dream upon, <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">52</a>, <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">54</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Flutes, sacred, played at initiation, ii. <a href="#Pg241" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fly River, in British New Guinea, ii. <a href="#Pg232" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Flying-rowan”</span> (parasitic rowan), + superstitions in regard to, ii. <a href="#Pg281" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used to make a divining-rod, <a href="#Pg281" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">281</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Foam of the sea, the demon Namuci killed by the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg280" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the totem of a clan in India, <a href="#Pg281" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fo-Kien, province of China, festival of fire in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Folgareit, in the Tyrol, Midsummer custom at, ii. <a href= + "#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Folk-custom, external soul in, ii. <a href="#Pg153" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -tales, the external soul in, ii. <a href="#Pg095" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Follies of Dunkirk, ii. <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">34</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Food, sacred, not allowed to touch the ground, i. 13 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + girls at puberty not allowed to handle, 23, 28, 36, 40 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 42 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Foods, forbidden, i. 4, 7, 19, 36 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, + 45, 47, 48, 49, 54, 56, 57, 58, 68, 77, 78, 94 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Fool's + Stone”</span> in ashes of Midsummer fire, i. 195 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Forbidden thing of clan, ii. <a href="#Pg313" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">313</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Forchheim, in Bavaria, the burning of Judas at Easter in, i. 143 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Foreskins of young men offered to ancestral spirits in Fiji, ii. + <a href="#Pg243" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">243</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Forespeaking men and cattle, i. 303 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Forgetfulness of the past after initiation, ii. <a href="#Pg238" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a>, <a href= + "#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">254</a>, + <a href="#Pg256" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">256</a>, <a href="#Pg258" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">258</a>, <a href="#Pg259" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a>, <a href="#Pg266" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Forked shape of divining-rod, ii. <a href="#Pg067" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Forlorn + fire,”</span> need-fire, i. 292 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Foulères</span></span>, bonfires, i. 111 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Foulkes, Captain, quoted, ii. <a href="#Pg210" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Four kinds of wood used to make the divining-rod, ii. <a href= + "#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a>, + <a href="#Pg291" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">291</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fourdin, E., on the procession of the giants at Ath, ii. <a href= + "#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Four-leaved clover, a counter-charm for witchcraft, i. 316; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Midsummer useful for magic, ii. <a href="#Pg062" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fowler, W. Warde, on Midsummer custom, i. 206 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sexta luna,</span></span> ii. <a href= + "#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the ceremony of passing under the yoke, <a href="#Pg195" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the oak and the thunder-god, <a href="#Pg298" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">298</a>, <a href="#Pg299" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">299</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, <a href="#Pg300" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">300</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fowls' nests, ashes of bonfires put in, i, 112, 338 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fox prayed to spare lambs, i. 152 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Foxes burnt in Midsummer fires, ii. <a href="#Pg039" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">39</a>, <a href="#Pg041" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches turn into, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">41</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Foxwell, Ernest, on the fire-walk in Japan, ii. <a href="#Pg010" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">10</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fraas, F., on the various sorts of mistletoe known to the + ancients, ii. <a href="#Pg318" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">318</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Frampton-on-Severn in Gloucestershire, ii. <a href="#Pg316" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + France, Lenten fires in, i. 109 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 181 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fires on All Saints' Day in, 245 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 249 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + wonderful herbs gathered on St. John's Eve (Midsummer Eve) in, + ii. <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">45</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mugwort (herb of St. John) at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg058" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fern-seed at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">65</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + judicial treatment of sorcerers in, <a href="#Pg158" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">158</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + birth-trees in, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">165</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or + rickets in, <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">170</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-French" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">French</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Franche-Comté, Lenten fires in, i. 110 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fires of St. John in, 189; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 254 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page345">[pg 345]</span><a name= + "Pg345" id="Pg345" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Franken, Middle, fire custom at Easter in, i. 143 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Frankenstein, precautions against witches in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fraser Lake in British Columbia, i. 47 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Freiburg, in Switzerland, Lenten fires in, i. 119; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fern and treasure on St. John's Night in, ii. <a href="#Pg288" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">288</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Freising, in Bavaria, creeping through a narrow opening in the + cathedral of, ii. <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">189</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-French" id="Index-French" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + French cure for whooping-cough, ii. <a href="#Pg192" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Islands, use of bull-roarers in, ii. <a href="#Pg229" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— peasants, their superstition as to a virgin and a flame, i. + 137 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Friction of wood, fire made by the, i. 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, + 138, 144 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 148, 155, 169 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 175, 177, 179, 220, 264, + 270 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 335 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + ii. <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">8</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the most primitive mode of making fire, <a href="#Pg090" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>, <a href="#Pg295" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Friendly + Society of the Spirit”</span> among the Naudowessies, ii. + <a href="#Pg267" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">267</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Frigg or Frigga, the goddess, and Balder, i. 101, 102 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fringes worn over the eyes by girls at puberty, i. 47, 48 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fruit-trees threatened, i. 114; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires lit under, 215; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + shaken at Christmas to make them bear fruit, 248; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fumigated with smoke of need-fire, 280; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fertilized by burning torches, 340 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Fuga + daemonum</span></span>, St. John's wort, ii. <a href="#Pg055" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fulda, the Lord of the Wells at, ii. <a href="#Pg028" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fumigating crops with smoke of bonfires, i. 201, 337 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— sheep and cattle, ii. <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">12</a>, <a href="#Pg013" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">13</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fumigation of pastures at Midsummer to drive away witches and + demons, i. 170; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of fruit-trees, nets, and cattle with smoke of need-fire, 280; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of byres with juniper, 296; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of trees with wild thyme on Christmas Eve, ii. <a href="#Pg064" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fünen, in Denmark, cure for childish ailments at, ii. <a href= + "#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Funeral, customs observed by mourners after a funeral in order to + escape from the ghost, ii. <a href="#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">174</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— ceremony among the Michemis, i. 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Furnace, walking through a fiery, ii. <a href="#Pg003" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Furness, W. H., on passing under an archway, ii. <a href="#Pg179" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 180 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gabb, W. M., on ceremonial uncleanness, i. 65 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gablonz, in Bohemia, Midsummer bed of flowers at, ii. <a href= + "#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gaboon, birth-trees in the, ii. <a href="#Pg160" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + theory of the external soul in, <a href="#Pg200" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gacko, need-fire at, i. 286 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gaidoz, H., on the custom of passing sick people through cleft + trees, ii. <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">171</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gage, Thomas, on <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">naguals</span></span> among the Indians of + Guatemala, ii. <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">213</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gaj, in Slavonia, need-fire at, i. 282 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Galatian senate met in Drynemetum, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“the temple of the oak,”</span> ii. <a href= + "#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Galatians kept their old Celtic speech, ii. <a href="#Pg089" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Galela, dread of women at menstruation in, i. 79 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Galelareese of Halmahera, their rites of initiation, ii. <a href= + "#Pg248" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">248</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gallic Councils, their prohibition of carrying torches, i. 199 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gallows Hill, magical plants gathered on the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -rope used to kindle need-fire, i. 277 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gandersheim, in Brunswick, need-fire at, i. 277 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gap, in the High Alps, cats roasted alive in the Midsummer fire + at, ii. <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">39</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gardner, Mrs. E. A., i. 131 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Garlands of flowers placed on wells at Midsummer, ii. <a href= + "#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thrown on trees, a form of divination, <a href="#Pg053" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Garlic roasted at Midsummer fires, i. 193 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Garonne, Midsummer fires in the valley of the, i. 193 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gatschet, A. S., on the Toukawe Indians, ii. <a href="#Pg276" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">276</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gaul, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“serpents' + eggs”</span> in ancient, i. 15; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human sacrifices in ancient, ii. <a href="#Pg032" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gauls, their fortification walls, i. 267 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain, the Ingniet society in the, ii. + <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">156</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gem, external soul of magician in a, ii. <a href="#Pg105" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external soul of giant in a, <a href="#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">130</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Geneva, Midsummer fires in the canton of, i. 172 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Genius</span></span>, the Roman, ii. + <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">212</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Geranium burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gerhausen, i. 166 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + German stories of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg116" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Germans, human sacrifices offered by the ancient, ii. <a href= + "#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the oak sacred among the, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">89</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Germany, Lenten fires in, i. 115 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Easter bonfires in, 140 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom at eclipses in, 162 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Midsummer fires in, 163 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 247 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + belief in the transformation of witches into animals in, 321 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + colic, sore eyes, and stiffness of the <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page346">[pg 346]</span><a name="Pg346" id="Pg346" class= + "tei tei-anchor" style="text-align: left"></a> back attributed to + witchcraft in, 344 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mugwort at Midsummer in, ii. <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">59</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + orpine gathered at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg062" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fern-seed at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">65</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, <a href="#Pg083" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the need-fire kindled by the friction of oak in, <a href="#Pg091" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + oak-wood used to make up cottage fires on Midsummer Day in, + <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">91</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + birth-trees in, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">165</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture in, + <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">170</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gestr and the spae-wives, Icelandic story of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gewar, King of Norway, i. 103 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ghost, oracular, in a cave, ii. <a href="#Pg312" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">312</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ghosts extracted from wooden posts, i. 8; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fire used to get rid of, ii. <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">17</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mugwort a protection against, <a href="#Pg059" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kept off by thorn bushes, <a href="#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">174</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + creeping through cleft sticks to escape from, <a href="#Pg174" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Giant who had no heart in his body, stories of the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg119" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mythical, supposed to kill and resuscitate lads at initiation, + <a href="#Pg243" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">243</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Giant-fennel burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Giants of wicker-work at popular festivals in Europe, ii. + <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">33</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt in the summer bonfires, <a href="#Pg038" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Giggenhausen, in Bavaria, burning the Easter Man at, i. 144 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gion shrine in Japan, i. 138 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gippsland, the Kurnai of, ii. <a href="#Pg216" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Giraldus Cambrensis on transformation of witches into hares, i. + 315 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Girdle of wolf's hide worn by were-wolves, i. 310 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of St. John, mugwort, ii. <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">59</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Girdles of mugwort worn on St. John's Day or Eve as preservative + against backache, sore eyes, ghosts, magic, and sickness, ii. + <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">59</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Girkshausen, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, i. 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Girl at puberty said to be wounded by a snake, i. 56; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to be swallowed by a serpent, 57 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and boy produce need-fire by friction of wood, 281 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Girls at puberty, secluded, i. 22 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to touch the ground, 22, 33, 35, 36, 60; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to see the sun, 22, 35, 36, 37, 41, 44, 46, 47, 68; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to handle food, 23, 28, 36, 40 sq., 42; half buried + in ground, 38 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to scratch themselves with their fingers, 38, 39, 41, + 42, 44, 47, 50, 53, 92; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to lie down, 44; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gashed on back, breast, and belly, 60; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + stung by ants, 61; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + beaten severely, 61, 66 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + supposed to be attacked by a demon, 67 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not to see the sky, 69; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + forbidden to break bones of hares, 73 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gisors, crawling through a holed stone near, ii. <a href="#Pg188" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Givoy + agon</span></span>, living fire, made by the friction of wood, i. + 220 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Glamorgan, the Vale of, Beltane and Midsummer fires in the, i. + 154; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 201, 338 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Glands, ashes of Yule log used to cure swollen, i. 251 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Glanvil, Joseph, on a witch in the form of a cat, i. 317 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Glass, the Magician's or Druid's, i. 16 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Glatz, precautions against witches on Walpurgis Night in, ii. + <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">20</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Glawi, in the Atlas, New Year fires at, i. 217 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Glencuaich, the hawk of, in a Celtic tale, ii. <a href="#Pg127" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Glenorchy, the Beltane cake in, i. 149 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Glory, the Hand + of,”</span> mandragora, ii. <a href="#Pg316" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">316</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gloucestershire, mistletoe growing on oaks in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg316" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gnabaia, a spirit who swallows and disgorges lads at initiation, + ii. <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">235</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Gnid-eld</span></span>, need-fire, i. 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Goajiras of Colombia, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 34 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Goatsucker or fern owl, sex totem of women, ii. <a href="#Pg217" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + God, Aryan, of the thunder and the oak, i. 265 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— on Earth, title of supreme chief of the Bushongo, ii. <a href= + "#Pg264" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">264</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Godolphin, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, i. 199 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gold, the flower of chicory to be cut with, ii. <a href="#Pg071" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + root of marsh mallow to be dug with, <a href="#Pg080" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + buried, revealed by mistletoe and fern-seed, <a href="#Pg287" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg291" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">291</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— coin, magic plant to be dug up with a, ii. <a href="#Pg057" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Golden" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Golden</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Golden" id="Index-Golden" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Golden axe, sacred tamarisk touched with, ii. <a href="#Pg080" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Golden-Bough" id="Index-Golden-Bough" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Golden Bough, the, ii. <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">279</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and the priest of Aricia, i. 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a branch of mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg284" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">284</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg315" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">315</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Virgil's account of the, <a href="#Pg284" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">284</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg286" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">286</a>, <a href="#Pg293" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">293</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg315" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">315</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + origin of the name, <a href="#Pg286" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">286</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— fish, girl's external soul in a, ii. <a href="#Pg147" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">147</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg220" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— knife, horse slain in sacrifice with a, ii. <a href="#Pg080" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— ring, half a hero's strength in a, ii. <a href="#Pg143" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— sickle, mistletoe cut by Druids with a, ii. <a href="#Pg077" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>, <a href= + "#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacred olive at Olympia cut with a, <a href="#Pg080" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page347">[pg 347]</span><a name= + "Pg347" id="Pg347" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Golden sword and golden arrow, external soul of a hero in a, ii. + <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">145</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Goldie, Rev. Hugh, on the <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ukpong</span></span> or external soul in + Calabar, ii. <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">206</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Goliath, effigy of, ii. <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">36</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Goluan</span></span>, Midsummer, i. 199 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Good Friday, Judas driven out of church on, i. 146; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the divining-rod cut on, ii. <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">68</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sick children passed through cleft trees on, <a href="#Pg172" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">172</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Goodrich-Freer, A., quoted, i. 154 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Googe, Barnabe, i. 124 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gooseberry bushes, wild, custom as to, ii. <a href="#Pg048" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gorillas, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Görz, belief as to witches at Midsummer about, ii. <a href= + "#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grain Coast, West Africa, initiation of girls on the, ii. + <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">259</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grammont, in Belgium, festival of the <span class="tei tei-q" + style="text-align: left">“Crown of Roses”</span> at, i. 195; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log at, 249 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Granada (South America), youthful rulers secluded in, i. 19 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grand Halleux, bonfires at, i. 107 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Grannas-mias</span></span>, torches, i. 111 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Granno, invocation of, i. 111 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Granno-mio</span></span>, a torch, i. 111 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grannus, a Celtic deity, identified with Apollo, i. 111 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grant, the great laird of, not exempt from witchcraft, i. 342 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grass, ceremony to make grass plentiful, i. 136 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gratz, puppet burned on St. John's Eve at, i. 173 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grave, dance at initiation in, ii. <a href="#Pg237" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">237</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Great Man, who created the world and comes down in the form of + lightning, ii. <a href="#Pg298" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">298</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Greece, Midsummer fires in, i. 211 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe in, ii. <a href="#Pg316" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">316</a>, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Greek belief as to menstruous women, i. 98 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Church, ritual of the new fire at Easter in the, i. 128 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— stories of girls who were forbidden to see the sun, i. 72 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">103</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Greeks deemed sacred the places which were struck by lightning, + ii. <a href="#Pg299" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">299</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Green Wolf, Brotherhood of the, ii. <a href="#Pg015" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Jumièges in Normandy, i. 185 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg025" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a>, <a href= + "#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Greenlanders, their notion that women can conceive by the moon, + i. 75 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gregor, Rev. Walter, ii. <a href="#Pg284" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">284</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on virtue of children born feet foremost, i. 295 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“quarter-ill,”</span> 296 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the bewitching of cattle, 303 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Greig, James S., ii. <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">187</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Greta, river in Yorkshire, i. 287 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grey, Sir George, on the <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kobong</span></span> or totem, ii. <a href= + "#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grimm, J., on need-fire, i. 270 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 272 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the relation of the Midsummer fires to Balder, ii. <a href= + "#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the sanctity of the oak, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">89</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the oak and lightning, <a href="#Pg300" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">300</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grisons, threatening a mist in the, i. 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grizzly Bear clan, ii. <a href="#Pg274" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">274</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Groot, J. J. M. de, on mugwort in China, ii. <a href="#Pg060" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grottkau, precautions against witches in, ii. <a href="#Pg020" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ground, sacred persons not allowed to set foot on, i. 2 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not to sit on bare, 4, 5, 12; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + girls at puberty not allowed to touch the, 22, 33, 35, 36, 60; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + magical plants not to touch the, ii. <a href="#Pg051" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe not allowed to touch the, <a href="#Pg280" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grouse clan, ii. <a href="#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">273</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grove, Miss Florence, on withered mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg287" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grove, Balder's, i. 104, ii. <a href="#Pg315" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">315</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacred grove of Nemi, <a href="#Pg315" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">315</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + soul of chief in sacred, <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">161</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Arician" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Arician</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grubb, Rev. W. B., i. 57 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grün, in Bohemia, mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer at, ii. + <a href="#Pg058" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">58</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Guacheta in Colombia, i. 74 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Guaranis of Brazil, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 56 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Guaraunos of the Orinoco, uncleanness of menstruous women among + the, i. 85 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Guardian angels, afterbirth and navel-string regarded as a man's, + ii. <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">162</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— spirit, afterbirth and seed regarded as, ii. <a href="#Pg223" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + acquired in a dream, <a href="#Pg256" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">256</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Guatemala, the <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nagual</span></span> or external soul among + the Indians of, ii. <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">212</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Guatusos of Costa Rica, use of bull-roarers among the, ii. + <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">230</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Guayquiries of the Orinoco, their beliefs as to menstruous women, + i. 85 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Guelphs, the oak of the, ii. <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">166</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Guiana, British, the Macusis of, i. 60; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ordeals undergone by young men among the Indians of, 63 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, French, the Wayanas of, i. 63 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Guizing</span></span> at Christmas in + Lerwick, i. 268 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Guleesh and the fairies at Hallowe'en, i. 277 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gunn, David, kindles need-fire, i. 291 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Guns fired to drive away witches, ii. <a href="#Pg074" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gwalior, Holi fires in, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">2</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hadji Mohammad shoots a were-wolf, i. 312 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page348">[pg 348]</span><a name= + "Pg348" id="Pg348" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Haida Indians of Queen Charlotte Islands, girls at puberty + secluded among the, i. 44 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hail, bonfires thought to protect fields against, i. 344; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ceremonies to avert, 144, 145; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires a protection against, 176; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mountain arnica a protection against, ii. <a href="#Pg057" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and thunderstorms caused by witches, i. 344 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hainan, island, i. 137 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hainaut, province of Belgium, fire customs in, i. 108; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + procession of giants in, ii. <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">36</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hair, unguent for, i. 14; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + prohibition to cut, 28; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of girls at puberty shaved, 31, 56, 57, 59; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Hindoo ritual of cutting a child's, 99 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the Virgin or St. John looked for in ashes of Midsummer fire, + 182 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 190, 191; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external soul in, ii. <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">103</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg148" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + strength of people bound up with their, <a href="#Pg158" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">158</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of criminals, witches, and wizards shorn to make them confess, + <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">158</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of children tied to trees, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">165</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of novices cut at initiation, <a href="#Pg245" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a>, <a href="#Pg251" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and nails of child buried under a tree, ii. <a href="#Pg161" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hairy Stone, the, at Midsummer, i. 212 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Halberstadt district, need-fire in the, i. 273 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hall, C. F., among the Esquimaux, i. 13, 134 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Rev. G. R., quoted, i. 198 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hallowe'en, new fire at, in Ireland, i. 139; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + an old Celtic festival of New Year, 224 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination at, 225, 228 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches, hobgoblins, and fairies let loose at, 226 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 245; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches and fairies active on, ii. <a href="#Pg184" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4, <a href="#Pg185" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Beltane, the two chief fire festivals of the British + Celts, ii. <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">40</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— cakes, i. 238, 241, 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— fires, i. 222 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 230 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Wales, 156 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Halmahera, rites of initiation in, ii. <a href="#Pg248" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">248</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Haltwhistle, in Northumberland, burnt sacrifice at, i. 301 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hamilton, Gavin, quoted, i. 47 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hammocks, girls at puberty hung up in, i. 56, 59, 60, 61, 66 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Hand of + Glory,”</span> mandragora, ii. <a href="#Pg316" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hannibal despoils the shrine on Soracte, ii. <a href="#Pg015" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hanover, the need-fire in, i. 275; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Easter bonfires in, 140; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom on St. John's Day about, ii. <a href="#Pg056" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hare, pastern bone of a, in a popular remedy, i. 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hares, witches in the form of, i. 157; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches changed into, 315 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 316 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg041" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hares and witches in Yorkshire, ii. <a href="#Pg197" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hareskin Tinneh, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 48 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Harris, Slope of Big Stones in, i. 227 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hartland, E. S., on the life-token, ii. <a href="#Pg119" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Haruvarus, degenerate Brahmans, their fire-walk, ii. <a href= + "#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">9</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Harz district, Easter bonfires in the, i. 140; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in the, 169 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Mountains, Easter fires in the, i. 142; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire in the, 276; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + springwort in the, ii. <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">69</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Hats" id="Index-Hats" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hats, special, worn by girls at puberty, i. 45, 46, 47, 92. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Hoods" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Hoods</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hausa story of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg148" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hawaiians, the New Year of the, ii. <a href="#Pg244" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hawkweed gathered at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg057" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hawthorn, mistletoe on, ii. <a href="#Pg315" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">315</a>, <a href="#Pg316" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Haxthausen, A. von, i. 181 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hays of Errol, their fate bound up with an oak-tree and the + mistletoe growing on it, ii. <a href="#Pg283" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">283</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hazebrouch, in France, wicker giants on Shrove Tuesday at, ii. + <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">35</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hazel, the divining-rod made of, ii. <a href="#Pg067" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + never struck by lightning, <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">69</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— rods to drive cattle with, i. 204 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Headache, cure for, i. 17; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mugwort a protection against, ii. <a href="#Pg059" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Headdress, special, worn by girls at first menstruation, i. 92 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Headless Hugh, Highland story of, ii. <a href="#Pg130" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— horsemen in India, ii. <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">131</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heads or faces of menstruous women covered, i. 22, 24, 25, 29, + 31, 44 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 48 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 55, 90 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hearne, Samuel, quoted, i. 90 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heart of bewitched animal burnt or boiled to compel the witch to + appear, i. 321 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hearts of diseased cattle cut out and hung up as a remedy, i. 269 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 325 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heaven, the Queen of, ii. <a href="#Pg303" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">303</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and earth, between, i. 1 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 98 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hector, first chief of Lochbuy, ii. <a href="#Pg131" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heiberg, Sigurd K., i. 171 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heifer sacrificed at kindling need-fire, i. 290 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Helensburgh, in Dumbartonshire, Hallowe'en at, i. 237 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Hell-gate of + Ireland,”</span> i. 226 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Helmsdale, in Sutherland, need-fire at, i. 295 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Helpful" id="Index-Helpful" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Helpful animals in fairy tales, ii. <a href="#Pg107" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>, <a href="#Pg117" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a>, <a href= + "#Pg120" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a>, + <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">127</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg130" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>, <a href="#Pg132" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>, <a href= + "#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a>, + <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">139</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, <a href="#Pg140" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg149" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hemlock branch, external soul of ogress in a, ii. <a href= + "#Pg152" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page349">[pg 349]</span><a name= + "Pg349" id="Pg349" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hemlock branches, passing through a ring of, in time of sickness, + ii. <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">186</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— stone in Nottinghamshire, i. 157 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hemorrhoids, root of orpine a cure for, ii. <a href="#Pg062" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hemp, how to make hemp grow tall, i. 109; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + leaping over the Midsummer bonfire to make the hemp grow tall, + 166, 168 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— seed, divination by, i. 235, 241, 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hen and chickens imitated by a woman and her children at + Christmas, i. 260 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Henderson, William, on need-fire, i. 288 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on a remedy for cattle-disease, 296 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on burnt sacrifice of ox, 301 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hen's egg, external soul of giant in a, ii. <a href="#Pg140" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Henshaw, Richard, on external or bush souls in Calabar, ii. + <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">205</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hephaestus worshipped in Lemnos, i. 138 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Herb, a magic, gathered at Hallowe'en, i. 228 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of St. John, mugwort, ii. <a href="#Pg058" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">58</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Herbs thrown across the Midsummer fires, i. 182, 201; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + wonderful, gathered on St. John's Eve or Day, ii. <a href= + "#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of St. John, wonderful virtues ascribed to, <a href="#Pg046" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">46</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and flowers cast into the Midsummer bonfires, i. 162, 163, + 172, 173 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hercules at Argyrus, temple of, i. 99 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Herdsmen dread witches and wolves, i. 343 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Herefordshire, Midsummer fires in, i. 199; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 257 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Herndon, W. L., quoted, i. 62 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hernia, cure for, i. 98 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Herodias, cursed by Slavonian peasants, i. 345 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Herrera, A. de, on <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">naguals</span></span> among the Indians of + Honduras, ii. <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">213</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Herrick, Robert, on the Yule log, i. 255 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Herring, salt, divination by, i. 239 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Herzegovina, the Yule log in, i. 263; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire in, 288 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hesse, Lenten fire-custom in, i. 118; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Easter fires in, 140; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + wells decked with flowers on Midsummer Day in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hewitt, J. N. B., on need-fire of the Iroquois, i. 299 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hiaina district of Morocco, ii. <a href="#Pg051" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hidatsa Indians, their theory of the plurality of souls, ii. + <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">221</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Hieracium + pilosella</span></span>, mouse-ear hawk-weed, gathered at + Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">57</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Higgins, Rev. J. C., i. 207 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + High Alps, department of the, Midsummer fires in the, ii. + <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">39</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + High Priest, the Fijian, ii. <a href="#Pg245" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">245</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Highland story of Headless Hugh, ii. <a href="#Pg130" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Highlanders" id="Index-Highlanders" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Highlanders of Scotland, their medicinal applications of + menstruous blood, i. 98 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their belief in the power of witches to destroy cattle, 343 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their belief concerning snake stones, ii. <a href="#Pg311" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">311</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Highlands" id="Index-Highlands" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Highlands of Scotland, snake stones in the, i. 16; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Beltane fires in the, 146 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination at Hallowe'en in the, 229, 234 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire and Beltane fire kindled by the friction of oak in the, + ii. <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hildesheim, Easter rites of fire and water at, i. 124; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Easter bonfires at, 141; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the need-fire at, 272 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + hawk-weed gathered on Midsummer Day at, ii. <a href="#Pg057" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hill of the Fires in the Highlands of Scotland, i. 149 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Ward, in County Meath, i. 139 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Himalayan districts, mistletoe in the, ii. <a href="#Pg316" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hindoo maidens secluded at puberty, i. 68 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— marriage custom, i. 75 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— ritual, abstinence from salt in, i. 27; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as to cutting a child's hair, 99 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— stories of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg097" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— use of menstruous fluid, i. 98 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— women, their restrictions at menstruation, i. 84 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hindoos of Southern India, their Pongol festival, ii. <a href= + "#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">1</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the Punjaub, their custom of passing unlucky children through + narrow openings, <a href="#Pg190" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">190</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hippopotamus, external soul of chief in, ii. <a href="#Pg200" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + lives of persons bound up with those of hippopotamuses, <a href= + "#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a>, + <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">202</a>, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">205</a>, <a href="#Pg209" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hirpi Sorani, their fire-walk, ii. <a href="#Pg014" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hlubi chief, his external soul in a pair of ox-horns, ii. + <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">156</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, on Hallowe'en in Wales, i. 239 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hogg, Alexander, i. 206 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hogmanay, the last day of the year, i. 224, 266 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hohenstaufen Mountains in Wurtemberg, Midsummer fires in the, i. + 166 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hole in tongue of medicine-man, ii. <a href="#Pg238" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a>, <a href="#Pg239" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Holed stones which people creep through as a cure, ii. <a href= + "#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Holes in rocks or stones, sick people passed through, ii. + <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">186</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Holi, a festival of Northern India, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Holiness or taboo conceived as a dangerous physical substance + which needs to be insulated, i. 6 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page350">[pg 350]</span><a name= + "Pg350" id="Pg350" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Holland, Easter fires in, i. 145 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hollantide Eve (Hallowe'en) in the Isle of Man, i. 244 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hollertau, Bavaria, Easter fires in the, i. 122 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hollis, A. C., ii. <a href="#Pg262" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">262</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Holly-tree, children passed through a cleft, ii. <a href="#Pg169" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Holm-oak, the Golden Bough growing on a, ii. <a href="#Pg285" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">285</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Holy Apostles, church of the, at Florence, i. 126 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Land, fire flints brought from the, i. 126 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Holies, the Fijian, ii. <a href="#Pg244" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a>, <a href="#Pg245" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Sepulchre, church of the, at Jerusalem, ceremony of the new + fire in the, i. 128 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Homesteads protected by bonfires against lightning and + conflagration, i. 344 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Homoeopathic or imitative magic, i. 49, 133, ii. <a href="#Pg287" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Homoeopathy, magical, ii. <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">177</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Homolje mountains in Servia, i. 282 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Honduras, the <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nagual</span></span> or external soul among + the Indians of, ii. <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">213</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg226" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Honorific totems of the Carrier Indians, ii. <a href="#Pg273" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">273</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Hoods" id="Index-Hoods" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hoods worn by women after childbirth, i. 20; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worn by girls at puberty, 44 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 48 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 55; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worn by women at menstruation, 90. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href="#Index-Hats" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Hats</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hoop, crawling through a, as a cure or preventive of disease, ii. + <a href="#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">184</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of rowan-tree, sheep forced through a, <a href="#Pg184" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hoopoe brings the mythical springwort, ii. <a href="#Pg070" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">70</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Horatius purified for the murder of his sister, ii. <a href= + "#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">194</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hornbeam, mistletoe on, ii. <a href="#Pg315" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">315</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Horse, the White, effigy carried through Midsummer fire, i. 203 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witch in the shape of a, 319 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— sacrifice in ancient India, ii. <a href="#Pg080" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Horse's head thrown into Midsummer fire, ii. <a href="#Pg040" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Horse-chestnut, mistletoe on, ii. <a href="#Pg315" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">315</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Horses used by sacred persons, i. 4 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not to be touched or ridden by menstruous women, 88 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 96; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + driven through the need-fire, 276, 297 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hos, the, of Togoland (West Africa), their dread of menstruous + women, i. 82 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hose, Dr. Charles, on creeping through a cleft stick after a + funeral, ii. <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">175</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and W. McDougall, on the <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ngarong</span></span> or secret helper of + the Ibans, ii. <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">224</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hother, Hodr, or Hod, the blind god, and Balder, i. 101 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg279" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hottentots drive their sheep through fire, ii. <a href="#Pg011" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + House-communities of the Servians, i. 259 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Houses protected by bonfires against lightning and conflagration, + i. 344; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + made fast against witches on Midsummer Eve, ii. <a href="#Pg073" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“—— of the + soul”</span> in Isaiah, ii. <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">155</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Housman, Professor A. E., on the feast of the Nativity of the + Virgin, i. 220 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Houstry, in Caithness, need-fire at, i. 291 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Howitt, A. W., on seclusion of menstruous women, i. 78; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on killing a totem animal, ii. <a href="#Pg220" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on secrecy of totem names, <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">225</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the drama of resurrection at initiation, <a href="#Pg235" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Howitt, Miss E. B., ii. <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">226</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Howth, the western promontory of, Midsummer fire on, i. 204 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Castle, life-tree of the St. Lawrence family at, ii. <a href= + "#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Huahine, one of the Tahitian islands, ii. <a href="#Pg011" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hudson Bay Territory, the Chippeways of, i. 90 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hughes, Miss E. P., on the fire-walk in Japan, ii. <a href= + "#Pg010" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">10</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Human beings burnt in the fires, ii. <a href="#Pg021" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— divinities put to death, i. 1 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— sacrifices at fire-festivals, i. 106; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + traces of, 146, 148, 150 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 186, ii. <a href= + "#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + offered by the ancient Germans, ii. <a href="#Pg028" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + among the Celts of Gaul, <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">32</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the victims perhaps witches and wizards, <a href="#Pg041" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Mannhardt's theory, <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">43</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— victims annually burnt, ii. <a href="#Pg286" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">286</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hungarian story of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg140" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hungary, Midsummer fires in, i. 178 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hunt, Holman, his picture of the new fire at Jerusalem, i. 130 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hunt, Robert, on burnt sacrifices, i. 303 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hunters avoid girls at puberty, i. 44, 46; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + luck of, spoiled by menstruous women, 87, 89, 90, 91, 94 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Huon Gulf in German New Guinea, ii. <a href="#Pg239" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hupa Indians of California, seclusion of girls among the, i. 42 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hurons of Canada, custom of their women at menstruation, i. 88 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Huskanaw</span></span>, initiatory ceremony + of the Virginian Indians, ii. <a href="#Pg266" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hut burnt at Midsummer, i. 215 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hutchinson, W., quoted, i. 197 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Huts, special, for menstruous women, i. 79, 82, 85 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Huzuls of the Carpathians kindle new fire at Christmas, i. 264; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gather simples on St. John's Night, ii. <a href="#Pg049" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hyaenas, men turned into, i. 313 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page351">[pg 351]</span><a name= + "Pg351" id="Pg351" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Hypericum + perforatum</span></span>, St. John's wort, gathered at Midsummer, + ii. <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">54</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-St-Johns-Wort" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">St. John's Wort</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hyphear</span></span>, a kind of mistletoe, + ii. <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">317</a>, <a href="#Pg318" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">318</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hyrrockin, a giantess, i. 102 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ibans of Borneo, their <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ngarong</span></span> or secret helper, ii. + <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">224</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ibos of the Niger delta, their belief in external human souls + lodged in animals, ii. <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">203</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ibrahim Pasha, i. 129 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Icelandic stories of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg123" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Icolmkill, the hill of the fires in, i. 149 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ideler, L., on the Arab year before Mohammed, i. 217 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Idhlozi</span></span>, ancestral spirit in + serpent form, ii. <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">211</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iglulik, Esquimaux of, i. 134 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ilmenau, witches burnt at, i. 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iluvans of Malabar, marriage custom of, i. 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Image of god carried through fire, ii. <a href="#Pg004" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">4</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + reason for carrying over a fire, <a href="#Pg024" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">24</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Images, colossal, filled with human victims and burnt, ii. + <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">32</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Imitative magic, i. 329, ii. <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Immortality, the burdensome gift of, i. 99 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the soul, experimental demonstration of the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg276" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">276</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Immortelles, wreaths of, on Midsummer Day, i. 177 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Implements, magical, not allowed to touch the ground, i. 14 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Impregnation of women by the sun, i. 74 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by the moon, 75 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“—— rite”</span> + at Hindoo marriages, i. 75 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Inauguration of a king in Brahmanic ritual, i. 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Inca, fast of the future, i. 19 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Incas of Peru, their ceremony of the new fire, i. 132 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Incantation recited at kindling need-fire, i. 290 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Inconsistency and vagueness of primitive thought, ii. <a href= + "#Pg301" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">301</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + India, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 68 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fire-festivals in, ii. <a href="#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">1</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sixty years' cycle in, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">77</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the horse-sacrifice in ancient, <a href="#Pg080" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + torture of suspected witches in, <a href="#Pg159" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ancient, traditional cure of skin disease in, <a href="#Pg192" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span> in, <a href="#Pg317" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Indian Archipelago, birth-custom in the, ii. <a href="#Pg155" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— legend parallel to Balder myth, ii. <a href="#Pg280" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Indians of Costa Rica, their customs in fasts, i. 20 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Granada seclude their future rulers, i. 19 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Indians of North America, not allowed to sit on bare ground in + war, i. 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + seclusion of girls among the, 41 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + imitate lightning by torches, 340 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rites of initiation into religious associations among the, ii. + <a href="#Pg267" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">267</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Index of + Superstitions,”</span> i. 270 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Indra and Apala, in the Rigveda, ii. <a href="#Pg192" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and the demon Namuci, Indian legend of, ii. <a href="#Pg280" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Indrapoora, story of the daughter of a merchant of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">147</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Infants tabooed, i. 5, 20 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ingleborough in Yorkshire, i. 288 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ingleton, in Yorkshire, need-fire at, i. 288 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ingniet or Ingiet, a secret society of New Britain, ii. <a href= + "#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Initiation, rites in German New Guinea, ii. <a href="#Pg193" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at puberty, pretence of killing the novice and bringing him to + life again during, <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">225</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Australia, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">227</a>, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">233</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in New Guinea, <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">239</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Fiji, <a href="#Pg243" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">243</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Rook, <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">246</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in New Britain, <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">246</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Halmahera, <a href="#Pg248" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">248</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Fiji apparently intended to introduce the novices to the + worshipful spirits of the dead, <a href="#Pg246" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Ceram, <a href="#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">249</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Africa, <a href="#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">251</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in North America, <a href="#Pg266" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">266</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of young men, bull-roarers sounded at the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg233" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of a medicine-man in Australia, <a href="#Pg237" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">237</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Inn, effigies burnt at Midsummer in the valley of the river, i. + 172 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Innerste, river, i. 124 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Innuits (Esquimaux), i. 14 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Insanity, burying in an ant-hill as a cure for, i. 64 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Inspired men walk through fire unharmed, ii. <a href="#Pg005" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Insulation of women at menstruation, i. 97 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Interpretation of the fire-festivals, i. 328 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg015" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Inverness-shire, Beltane cakes in, i. 153 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Invulnerability conferred by a species of mistletoe, ii. <a href= + "#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + conferred by decoction of a parasitic orchid, <a href="#Pg081" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Balder, <a href="#Pg094" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">94</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + attained through blood-brotherhood with animal, <a href="#Pg201" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to be attained through initiation, <a href="#Pg275" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">275</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg276" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">276</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Invulnerable warlock or giant, stories of the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ipswich witches, i. 304 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iran, marriage custom in, i. 75 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ireland, the Druid's Glass in, i. 16; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + new fire at Hallowe'en in, 139, 225; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Beltane fires in, 157 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 201 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fairies at Hallowe'en <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page352">[pg + 352]</span><a name="Pg352" id="Pg352" class="tei tei-anchor" + style="text-align: left"></a> in, 226 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Hallowe'en customs in, 241 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches as hares in, 315 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bathing at Midsummer in, ii. <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">29</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cure for whooping-cough in, <a href="#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">192</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Irish story of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg132" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iron not to be used in digging fern root, ii. <a href="#Pg065" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe gathered without the use of, <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not to be used in cutting certain plants, <a href="#Pg081" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom observed by the Toradjas at the working of, <a href= + "#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iron-wort, bunches of, held in the smoke of the Midsummer fires, + i. 179 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iroquois, ceremony of the new fire among the, i. 133 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire among the, 299 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isaiah, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“houses + of the soul”</span> in, ii. <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">155</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isfendiyar and Rustem, i. 104 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 314 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Island, need-fire kindled in an, i. 290 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 291 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isle de France, Midsummer giant burnt in, ii. <a href="#Pg038" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Isle-Man" id="Index-Isle-Man" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Man, Beltane fires in the, i. 157. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Man-Isle" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Man, Isle of</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Istria, the Croats of, ii. <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Italian stories of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg105" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ancient practice of passing conquered enemies under a yoke, + <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Italians, the oak the chief sacred tree among the ancient, ii. + <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">89</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Italy, birth-trees in, ii. <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">165</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe in, <a href="#Pg316" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">316</a>, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Itongo</span></span>, plural <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">amatongo</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg202" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ivory Coast, totemism among the Siena of the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ivy to dream on, i. 242 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ixia</span></span>, a kind of mistletoe, ii. + <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">317</a>, <a href="#Pg318" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">318</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jablanica, need-fire at, i. 286 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jack-in-the-Green, ii. <a href="#Pg037" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">37</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jaffa, new Easter fire carried to, i. 130 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jakkaneri, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, ii. + <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">9</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + James, M. R., on the Sibyl's Wish, i. 100 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + James and Philip, the Apostles, feast of, i. 158 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jamieson, J., on the <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“quarter-ill,”</span> i. 296 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + January, the Holi festival in, ii. <a href="#Pg001" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">1</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the fire-walk in, <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">8</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— the sixth, the nativity of Christ on, i. 246 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Janus and Jupiter, ii. <a href="#Pg302" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">302</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Japan, the Ainos of, i. 20, ii. <a href="#Pg060" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the fire-walk in, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">9</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Japanese ceremony of new fire, i. 137 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Java, birth-trees in, ii. <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">161</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jebel Bela mountain, in the Sudan, i. 313 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jerusalem, ceremony of the new fire, at Easter in, i. 128 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jeugny, the forest of, ii. <a href="#Pg316" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">316</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jevons, Dr. F. B., on the Roman <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">genius</span></span>, ii. + <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">212</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jewitt, John R., on ritual of mimic death among the Nootka + Indians, ii. <a href="#Pg270" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">270</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Johanniswurzel</span></span>, the male fern, + ii. <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">66</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Johnstone, Rev. A., quoted, i. 233 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Jônee</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">joanne</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">jouanne</span></span>, the Midsummer fire + (the fire of St. John), i. 189 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Joyce, P. W., on driving cattle through fires, i. 159 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the bisection of the Celtic year, 223 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Judas, effigies of, burnt in Easter fires, i. 121, 127 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 130 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 143, 146, ii. <a href= + "#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + driven out of church on Good Friday, i. 146 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— candle, i. 122 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— fire at Easter, i. 123, 144 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Julian calendar used by Mohammedans, i. 218 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + July, procession of giants at Douay in, ii. <a href="#Pg033" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— the twenty-fifth, St. James's Day, flower of chicory cut on, + ii. <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">71</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jumièges, in Normandy, Brotherhood of the Green Wolf at, i. 185 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg025" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jumping over a wife, significance of, i. 23 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + June, the fifteenth of, St. Vitus's Day, i. 335 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— the fire-walk in, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">6</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Juniper burnt in need-fire, i. 288; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used to fumigate byres, 296 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Juno and Diana, ii. <a href="#Pg302" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">302</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jupiter represented by an oak-tree on the Capitol, ii. <a href= + "#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + perhaps personified by the King of the Wood, the priest of Diana + at Nemi, <a href="#Pg302" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">302</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Jupiter and Janus, <a href="#Pg302" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">302</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, cycle of sixty years based on the sidereal revolution of the + planet, ii. <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">77</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jura, fire-custom at Lent in the, i. 114 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Mountains, Midsummer bonfires in the, i. 188 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in the, 249 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jurby, parish of, in the Isle of Man, i. 305 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jutland, sick children and cattle passed through holes in turf + in, ii. <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">191</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + superstitions about a parasitic rowan in, <a href="#Pg281" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ka</span></span>, external soul or double in + ancient Egypt, ii. <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">157</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kabadi, a district of British New Guinea, i. 35 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page353">[pg 353]</span><a name= + "Pg353" id="Pg353" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kabenau river, in German New Guinea, ii. <a href="#Pg193" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kabyle tale, milk-tie in a, ii. <a href="#Pg138" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the external soul in a, <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">139</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kahma, in Burma, annual extinction of fires in, i. 136 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kai of New Guinea, their seclusion of women at menstruation, i. + 79; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their use of a cleft stick as a cure, ii. <a href="#Pg182" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their rites of initiation, <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">239</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Kail" id="Index-Kail" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kail, divination by stolen, i. 234 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kakian association in Ceram, rites of initiation in the, ii. + <a href="#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">249</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kalmuck story of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg142" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kamenagora in Croatia, Midsummer fires at, i. 178 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kamtchatkans, their purification after a death, ii. <a href= + "#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">178</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kanna district, Northern Nigeria, ii. <a href="#Pg210" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kappiliyans of Madura, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 69 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Karens of Burma, their custom at childbirth, ii. <a href="#Pg157" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kasai River, ii. <a href="#Pg264" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">264</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Katajalina, a spirit who eats up boys at initiation and restores + them to life, ii. <a href="#Pg234" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">234</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Katrine, Loch, i. 231 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kauffmann, Professor F., i. 102 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 103 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">97</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kaupole, a Midsummer pole in Eastern Prussia, ii. <a href= + "#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kawars, of India, their cure for fever, ii. <a href="#Pg190" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kaya-Kaya or Tugeri of Dutch New Guinea, their use of + bull-roarers, ii. <a href="#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">242</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kayans or Bahaus of Central Borneo, i. 4 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom observed by them after a funeral, ii. <a href="#Pg175" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their way of giving the slip to a demon, <a href="#Pg179" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Keating, Geoffrey, Irish historian, quoted, i. 139; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Beltane fires, 158 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Keating, W. H., quoted, i. 89 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kei Islands, birth-custom in the, ii. <a href="#Pg155" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Keitele, Lake, in Finland, ii. <a href="#Pg165" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kemble, J. M., on need-fire, i. 288 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kerry, Midsummer fires in, i. 203 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kersavondblok</span></span>, the Yule log, + i. 249 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kersmismot</span></span>, the Yule log, i. + 249 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khambu caste in Sikkhim, their custom after a funeral, ii. + <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">18</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kharwars of Mirzapur, their dread of menstruous women, i. 84 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khasis of Assam, story of the external soul told by the, i. 146 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khnumu, Egyptian god, fashions a wife for Bata, ii. <a href= + "#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khonds, human sacrifices among the, ii. <a href="#Pg286" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">286</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kia blacks of Queensland, their treatment of girls at puberty, i. + 39 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kidd, Dudley, on external souls of chiefs, ii. <a href="#Pg156" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kildare, Midsummer fires in, i. 203 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kilkenny, Midsummer fires in, i. 203 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Killin, the hill of the fires at, i. 149 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Killing a totem animal, ii. <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">220</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— the novice and bringing him to life again at initiation, + pretence of, ii. <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">225</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + King, nominal, chosen at Midsummer, i. 194, ii. <a href="#Pg025" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + presides at summer bonfire, <a href="#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">38</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Queen of Roses, i. 195 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of the Bean, i. 153 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Summer chosen on St. Peter's Day, i. 195 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of the Wood at Nemi put to death, i. 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the Arician grove a personification of an oak-spirit, ii. + <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">285</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the priest of Diana at Aricia, perhaps personified Jupiter, + <a href="#Pg302" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">302</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Kings" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Kings</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kingaru, clan of the Wadoe, ii. <a href="#Pg313" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">313</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Kings" id="Index-Kings" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kings, sacred or divine, put to death, i. 1 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + subject to taboos, 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and priests, their sanctity analogous to the uncleanness of + women at menstruation, i. 97 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Uganda, their life bound up with barkcloth trees, ii. + <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">160</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kings, The Epic of</span></span>, i. 104 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kingsley, Miss Mary H., on external or bush souls, ii. <a href= + "#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on rites of initiation in West Africa, <a href="#Pg259" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kingussie, in Inverness-shire, Beltane cakes at, i. 153 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kinship created by the milk-tie, ii. <a href="#Pg138" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kirchmeyer, Thomas, author of <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Regnum + Papisticum</span></span>, i. 124, 125 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his account of Midsummer customs, 162 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kirghiz story of girl who might not see the sun, i. 74 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kirk Andreas, in the Isle of Man, i. 306 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kirkmichael, in Perthshire, Beltane fires and cakes at, i. 153 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kirton Lindsey, in Lincolnshire, i. 318; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + medical use of mistletoe at, ii. <a href="#Pg084" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kitching, Rev. A. L., on cure for lightning stroke, ii. <a href= + "#Pg298" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">298</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kiwai, island off New Guinea, use of bull-roarers in, ii. + <a href="#Pg232" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">232</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kiziba, to the west of Victoria Nyanza, theory of the afterbirth + in, ii. <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">162</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kloo, in the Queen Charlotte Islands, i. 45 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Knawel, St. John's blood on root of, ii. <a href="#Pg056" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page354">[pg 354]</span><a name= + "Pg354" id="Pg354" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Knife, divination by, i. 241; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + soul of child bound up with, ii. <a href="#Pg157" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Darding + Knife,”</span> honorific totem of the Carrier Indians, <a href= + "#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">273</a>, + <a href="#Pg274" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">274</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kobong</span></span>, totem, in Western + Australia, ii. <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">219</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Köhler, Joh., lights need-fire and burnt as a witch, i. 270 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Köhler, Reinhold, on the external soul in folk-tales, ii. + <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">97</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kolelo, in East Africa, ii. <a href="#Pg313" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">313</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Konz on the Moselle, custom of rolling a burning wheel down hill + at, i. 118, 163 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 337 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kooboos of Sumatra, their theory of the afterbirth and + navel-string, ii. <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">162</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Koppenwal, church of St. Corona at, ii. <a href="#Pg188" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Koran, passage of, used as a charm, i. 18 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Koryaks, their festivals of the dead and subsequent purification, + ii. <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">178</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their custom in time of pestilence, <a href="#Pg179" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Koshchei the Deathless, Russian story of, ii. <a href="#Pg108" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Koskimo Indians of British Columbia, use of bull-roarers among + the, ii. <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">229</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kreemer, J., on the Looboos of Sumatra, ii. <a href="#Pg182" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kroeber, A. L., quoted, i. 41 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kruijt, A. C., on Toradja custom as to the working of iron, ii. + <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">154</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kuga</span></span>, an evil spirit, i. 282 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kuhn, Adalbert, on need-fire, i. 273; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Midsummer fire, 335; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the divining-rod, ii. <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">67</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kühnau, R., on precautions against witches in Silesia, ii. + <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">20</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kukunjevac, in Slavonia, need-fire at, i. 282 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kulin nation of South-Eastern Australia, sex totems in the, ii. + <a href="#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">216</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— tribe of Victoria, ii. <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">226</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kumaon, in North-West India, the Holi festival in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kupalo, image of, burnt or thrown into stream on St. John's + Night, i. 176; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + effigy of, carried across fire and thrown into water, ii. + <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">5</a>, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">23</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kupalo's Night, Midsummer Eve, i. 175, 176 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kurnai, a tribe of Gippsland, sex totems and fights concerning + them among the, ii. <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">215</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg216" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Küstendil, in Bulgaria, need-fire at, i. 281 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kwakiutl, Indians of British Columbia, their story of an ogress + whose life was in a hemlock branch, ii. <a href="#Pg152" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + pass through a hemlock ring in time of epidemic, <a href="#Pg186" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kylenagranagh, the hill of, in Ireland, i. 324 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + La Manche, in Normandy, Lenten fire-custom in, i. 115 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + La Paz, in Bolivia, Midsummer fires at, i. 213; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer flowers at, ii. <a href="#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">50</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lacaune, belief as to mistletoe at, ii. <a href="#Pg083" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lachlan River, in Australia, ii. <a href="#Pg233" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lachlins of Rum and deer, superstition concerning, ii. <a href= + "#Pg284" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">284</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ladyday, ii. <a href="#Pg282" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">282</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lahn, the Yule log in the valley of the, i. 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lamb burnt alive to save the rest of the flock, i. 301 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lammas, the first of August, superstitious practice at, i. 98 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lamoa</span></span>, gods in Poso, ii. + <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">154</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lancashire, Hallowe'en customs in, i. 244 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Landak, district of Dutch Borneo, i. 5, ii. <a href="#Pg164" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lanercost, Chronicle of, i. 286 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lang, Andrew, on the fire-walk, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the bull-roarer, <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">228</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Language of animals learned by means of fern-seed, ii. <a href= + "#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">L'ánṣăra</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">El Anṣarah</span></span>), Midsummer Day in + North Africa, i. 213, 214 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lanyon, in Cornwall, holed stone near, ii. <a href="#Pg187" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laon, Midsummer fires near, i. 187 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laos, custom of elephant hunters in, i. 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the natives of, their doctrine of the plurality of souls, ii. + <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">222</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lapps, their rule as to menstruous women, i. 91; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their story of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg140" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their custom of shooting arrows at skin of dead bear, <a href= + "#Pg280" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Larkspur, looking at Midsummer bonfires through bunches of, i. + 163, 165 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Larrakeeyah tribe of South Australia, their treatment of girls at + puberty, i. 38 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laurus and Florus, feast of, on August 18th, i. 220 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lausitz, Midsummer fires in, i. 170; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + marriage oaks in, ii. <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">165</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lawgivers, ancient, on the uncleanness of women at menstruation, + i. 95 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lead, melted, divination by, i. 242 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leaf-clad mummer on Midsummer Day, ii. <a href="#Pg025" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leaping over bonfires to ensure good crops, i. 107; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as a preventive of colic, 107, 195 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 344; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to make the flax grow tall, 119, 165, 166, 166 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 168, 173, 174, 337; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to ensure a happy marriage, 107, 108; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to ensure a plentiful harvest, 155, 156; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to be free from backache at reaping, 165, 168; + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page355">[pg 355]</span><a name= + "Pg355" id="Pg355" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as a preventive of fever, 166, 173, 194; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + for luck, 171, 189; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in order to be free from ague, 174; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in order to marry and have many children, 204, 338 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as cure of sickness, 214; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to procure offspring, 214, 338; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + over ashes of fire as remedy for skin diseases, ii. <a href= + "#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + after a burial to escape the ghost, <a href="#Pg018" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a panacea for almost all ills, <a href="#Pg020" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as a protection against witchcraft, <a href="#Pg040" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leaping of women over the Midsummer bonfires to ensure an easy + delivery, i. 194, 339 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leaps of lovers over the Midsummer bonfires, i. 165, 166, 168, + 174 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leather, Mrs. Ella Mary, on the Yule log, i. 257 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lebanon, peasants of the, their dread of menstruous women, i. 83 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lech, Midsummer fires in the valley of the, i. 166 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lechrain, the divining rod in, ii. <a href="#Pg068" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">68</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lecky, W. E. H., on the treatment of magic and witchcraft by the + Christian Church, ii. <a href="#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">42</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lee, the laird of, his <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“cureing stane,”</span> i. 325 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Leeting</span></span> the witches, i. 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Legends of persons who could not die, i. 99 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Legs and thighs of diseased cattle cut off and hung up as a + remedy, i. 296 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 325 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leine, river, i. 124 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leinster, Midsummer fires in, i. 203 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leitrim, Midsummer fires in County, i. 203; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination at Hallowe'en in, 242; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire in, 297; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witch as hare in, 318 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lemnos, worship of Hephaestus in, i. 138 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lemon, external souls of ogres in a, ii. <a href="#Pg102" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lengua Indians of the Paraguayan Chaco, i. 75 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + seclusion of girls at puberty among the, 56; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + masquerade of boys among, 57 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lent, the first Sunday in, fire-festival on, i. 107 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bonfires on, 107 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lenten fires, i. 106 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lenz, H. O., on ancient names for mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg318" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">318</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leobschütz, in Silesia, Midsummer fires at, i. 170 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leonard, Major A. G., on souls of people in animals, ii. <a href= + "#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leopard the commonest familiar of Fan wizards, ii. <a href= + "#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leopards, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a>, + <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">202</a>, <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">203</a>, <a href="#Pg204" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a>, <a href="#Pg205" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>, <a href= + "#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external human souls in, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">207</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lerwick, Christmas <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">guizing</span></span> at, i. 268 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + procession with lighted tar-barrels on Christmas Eve at, 268; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + celebration of Up-helly-a' at, 269 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lesachthal (Carinthia), new fire at Easter in the, i. 124 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lesbos, fires on St. John's Eve in, i. 211 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leslie, David, on Caffre belief as to spirits of the dead + incarnate in serpents, ii. <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">211</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, <a href="#Pg212" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">212</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + L'Étoile, Lenten fires at, i. 113 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lettermore Island, Midsummer fires in, i. 203 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Letts of Russia, Midsummer fires among the, i. 177 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gather aromatic plants on Midsummer Day, ii. <a href="#Pg050" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lewis, Professor W. J., i. 127 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lewis, island of, custom of fiery circle in the, i. 151 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire in the, 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lexicon Mythologicum</span></span>, author + of, on the Golden Bough, ii. <a href="#Pg284" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">284</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lhwyd, Edward, on snake stones, i. 16 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + License, annual period of, i. 135; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Midsummer festival, 180, 339 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Liège, Lenten fires near, i. 108 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lierre, in Belgium, the witches' Sabbath at, ii. <a href="#Pg073" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Life of community bound up with life of divine king, i. 1 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the water of, ii. <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">114</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of woman bound up with ornament, <a href="#Pg156" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of a man bound up with the capital of a column, <a href="#Pg156" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of a man bound up with fire in hut, <a href="#Pg157" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of child bound up with knife, <a href="#Pg157" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of children bound up with trees, <a href="#Pg160" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the divisibility of, <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">221</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href="#Index-Soul" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Soul</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -indices, trees and plants as, ii. <a href="#Pg160" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -tokens in fairy tales, ii. <a href="#Pg118" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -tree of the Manchu dynasty at Peking, ii. <a href="#Pg167" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -trees of kings of Uganda, ii. <a href="#Pg160" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ligho, a heathen deity of the Letts, i. 177, 178 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Light, girls at puberty not allowed to see the, i. 57; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external soul of witch in a, ii. <a href="#Pg116" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Lightning" id="Index-Lightning" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lightning, charred sticks of Easter fire used as a talisman + against, i. 121, 124, 140 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 145, 146; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Easter candle a talisman against, 122; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + brands of the Midsummer bonfires a protection against, 166 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 183; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + flowers thrown on roofs at Midsummer as a protection against, + 169; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + charred sticks of bonfires a protection against, 174, 187, 188, + 190; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ashes of Midsummer fires a protection against, 187, 188, 190; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + torches interpreted as imitations <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page356">[pg 356]</span><a name="Pg356" id="Pg356" class= + "tei tei-anchor" style="text-align: left"></a> of, 340 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bonfires a protection against, 344; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a magical coal a protection against, ii. <a href="#Pg061" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + pine-tree struck by, used to make bull-roarer, <a href="#Pg231" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + superstitions about trees struck by, <a href="#Pg296" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">296</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to be caused by a great bird, <a href="#Pg297" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">297</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + strikes oaks oftener than any other tree of the European forests, + <a href="#Pg298" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">298</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + regarded as a god descending out of heaven, <a href="#Pg298" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">298</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mode of treating persons who have been struck by, <a href= + "#Pg298" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">298</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + places struck by lightning enclosed and deemed sacred, <a href= + "#Pg299" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">299</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Thunder" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Thunder</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lightning and thunder, the Yule log a protection against, i. 248, + 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 258, 264; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mountain arnica a protection against, ii. <a href="#Pg057" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lillooet Indians of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at + puberty among the, i. 52 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Limburg, processions, with torches in, i. 107 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 194; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 249 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lime-kiln in divination, i. 235, 243 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -tree, the bloom of the, gathered at Midsummer, ii. <a href= + "#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe on limes, <a href="#Pg315" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">315</a>, <a href="#Pg316" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">316</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 281, 283, 286 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lincolnshire, the Yule log in, i. 257; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches as cats and hares in, 318; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + calf buried to stop a murrain in, 326; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy and St. Vitus's dance in, ii. 83 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lindenbrog, on need-fire, i. 335 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lint seed, divination by, i. 235 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Liongo, an African Samson, ii. <a href="#Pg314" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">314</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lion, the sun in the sign of the, ii. <a href="#Pg066" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lismore, witch as hare in, i. 316 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lithuania, Midsummer fires in, i. 176; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sanctuary at Romove in, ii. <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lithuanians, their custom before first ploughing in spring, i. + 18; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their worship of the oak, ii. <a href="#Pg089" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their story of the external soul, <a href="#Pg113" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lives of a family bound up with a fish, ii. <a href="#Pg200" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + with a cat, <a href="#Pg150" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">150</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Living fire made by friction of wood, i. 220; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the need-fire, 281, 286 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Livonia, story of a were-wolf in, i. 308 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Livonians cull simples on Midsummer Day, ii. <a href="#Pg049" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lizard, external soul in, ii. <a href="#Pg199" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sex totem in the Port Lincoln tribe of South Australia, <a href= + "#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + said to have divided the sexes in the human species, <a href= + "#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Loaf thrown into river Neckar on St. John's Day, ii. <a href= + "#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Loango, rule as to infants in, i. 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + girls secluded at puberty in, 22 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Loch Katrine, i. 231 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Tay, i. 232 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lock and key in a charm, i. 283 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Locks opened by springwort, ii. <a href="#Pg070" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">70</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and by the white flower of chicory, <a href="#Pg071" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe a master-key to open all, <a href="#Pg085" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Locust, a Batta totem, ii. <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">223</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Log, the Yule, i. 247 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Logierait, in Perthshire, Beltane festival in, i. 152 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Hallowe'en fires in, 231 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Loiret, Lenten fires in the department of, i. 114 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Loki and Balder, i. 101 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lokoja on the Niger, ii. <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">209</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lombardy, belief as to the <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“oil of St. John”</span> on St. John's Morning + in, ii. <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">82</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + London, the immortal girl of, i. 99; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 196 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Longridge Fell, <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">leeting</span></span> the witches at, i. 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Looboos of Sumatra creep through a cleft rattan to escape a + demon, ii. <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">182</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Looking at bonfires through mugwort a protection against headache + and sore eyes, ii. <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">59</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Loranthus + europaeus</span></span>, a species of mistletoe, ii. <a href= + "#Pg315" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">315</a>, + <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">317</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + called <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“oak + mistletoe”</span> (<span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="it"><span style= + "font-style: italic">visco quercino</span></span>) in Italy, + <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">vestitus</span></span>, in India, ii. + <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lord of the Wells at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg028" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lorne, the Beltane cake in, i. 149 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lorraine, Midsummer fires in, i. 169; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 253; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer customs in, ii. <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">47</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Loudoun, in Ayrshire, i. 207 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Louis XIV. at Midsummer bonfire in Paris, ii. <a href="#Pg039" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">39</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Love-charm of arrows, i. 14 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lovers leap over the Midsummer bonfires, i. 165, 166, 168, 174 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Low Countries, the Yule log in the, i. 249 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lowell, Percival, his fire-walk, ii. <a href="#Pg010" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">10</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lübeck, church of St. Mary at, i. 100 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lucerne, Lenten fire-custom in the canton of, i. 118 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bathing at Midsummer in, ii. <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">30</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Luchon, in the Pyrenees, serpents burnt alive at the Midsummer + festival in, ii. <a href="#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">38</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg043" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lucian, on the Platonic doctrine of the soul, ii. <a href= + "#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Luck, leaping over the Midsummer fires for good, i. 171, 189 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Luckiness of the right hand, i. 151 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lunar calendar of Mohammedans, i. 216 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 218 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page357">[pg 357]</span><a name= + "Pg357" id="Pg357" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lungs or liver of bewitched animal burnt or boiled to compel the + witch to appear, i. 321 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lushais of Assam, sick children passed through a coil among the, + ii. <a href="#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">185</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lussac, in Poitou, Midsummer fires at, i. 191 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Luther, Martin, burnt in effigy at Midsummer, i. 167, 172 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg023" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Luxemburg, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Burning the Witch”</span> in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Lythrum + salicaria</span></span>, purple loosestrife, gathered at + Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mabuiag, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 36 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, 78 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + girls at puberty in, 92 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + belief as to a species of mistletoe in, ii. <a href="#Pg079" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mac Crauford, the great arch witch, i. 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Macassar in Celebes, magical unguent in, i. 14 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Macdonald, Rev. James, on the story of Headless Hugh, ii. + <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">131</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on external soul in South Africa, <a href="#Pg156" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Macdonell, A. A., on Agni, ii. <a href="#Pg296" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">296</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + McDougall, W., and C. Hose, on creeping through a cleft stick + after a funeral, ii. <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">176</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Macedonia, Midsummer fires among the Greeks of, i. 212; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bonfires on August 1st in, 220; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire among the Serbs of Western, 281; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + St. John's flower at Midsummer in, ii. <a href="#Pg050" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Macedonian peasantry burn effigies of Judas at Easter, i. 131 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + McGregor, A. W., on the rite of new birth among the Akikuyu, ii. + <a href="#Pg263" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">263</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mackay, Alexander, on need-fire, i. 294 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mackays, sept of the <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“descendants of the seal,”</span> ii. <a href= + "#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mackenzie, E., on need-fire, i. 288 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mackenzie, Sheriff David J., i. 268 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Macphail, John, on need-fire, i. 293 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Macusis of British Guiana, seclusion of girls at puberty among + the, i. 60 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Madangs of Borneo, custom observed by them after a funeral, ii. + <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">175</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Madern, parish of, Cornwall, holed stone in, ii. <a href="#Pg187" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Madonie Mountains, in Sicily, Midsummer fires on the, i. 210 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Madras Presidency, the fire-walk in the, ii. <a href="#Pg006" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">6</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Madura, the Kappiliyans of, i. 69; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Parivarams of, 69 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maeseyck, processions with torches at, i. 107 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Magic, homoeopathic or imitative, i. 49, 133, 329, ii. <a href= + "#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a>, + <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">287</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dwindles into divination, i. 336; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + movement of thought from magic through religion to science, ii. + <a href="#Pg304" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">304</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Magic and ghosts, mugwort a protection against, ii. <a href= + "#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and science, different views of natural order postulated by + the two, ii. <a href="#Pg305" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">305</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— flowers of Midsummer Eve, ii. <a href="#Pg045" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Magical bone in sorcery, i. 14 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— implements not allowed to touch the ground, i. 14 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— influence of medicine-bag, ii. <a href="#Pg268" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">268</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— virtues of plants at Midsummer apparently derived from the + sun, ii. <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">71</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Magician's apprentice, Danish story of the, ii. <a href="#Pg121" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Glass, the, i. 16 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Magyars, Midsummer fires among the, i. 178 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + stories of the external soul among the, ii. <a href="#Pg139" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mahabharata</span></span>, Draupadi and her + five husbands in the, ii. <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">7</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Maiden-flax”</span> at Midsummer, ii. + <a href="#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">48</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maidu Indians of California, seclusion of girls at puberty among + the, i. 42; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their notion as to fire in trees, ii. <a href="#Pg295" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their idea of lightning, <a href="#Pg298" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">298</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maimonides, on the seclusion of menstruous women, i. 83 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Makalanga, a Bantu tribe, i. 135 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Makral</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the witch,”</span> i. 107 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Malabar, the Iluvans of, i. 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Tiyans of, 68 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Malassi, a fetish in West Africa, ii. <a href="#Pg256" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Malay belief as to sympathetic relation between man and animal, + ii. <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">197</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— story of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg147" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">147</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Malayo-Siamese families of the Patani States, their custom as to + the afterbirth, ii. <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">163</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Malays of the Peninsula, their doctrine of the plurality of + souls, ii. <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">222</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Male and female souls in Chinese philosophy, ii. <a href="#Pg221" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Malkin Tower, witches at the, i. 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Malta, fires on St. John's Eve in, i. 210 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Malurus + cyaneus</span></span>, superb warbler, women's <span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“sister,”</span> among the + Kurnai, ii. <a href="#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">216</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Man and animal, sympathetic relation between, ii. <a href= + "#Pg272" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">272</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Man-Isle" id="Index-Man-Isle" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Man, the Isle of, Midsummer fires in, i. 201, 337; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + old New Year's Day in, 224 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Hallowe'en customs in, 243 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bonfires on St. Thomas's Day in, 266; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cattle burnt alive to stop a murrain in, 325 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mugwort gathered on Midsummer Eve in, ii. <a href="#Pg059" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Isle-Man" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Isle of Man</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page358">[pg 358]</span><a name= + "Pg358" id="Pg358" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Manchu dynasty, the life-tree of the, ii. <a href="#Pg167" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mandragora, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the + hand of glory,”</span> ii. <a href="#Pg316" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">316</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mang'anje woman, her external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg157" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mango tree, festival of wild, i. 7 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ceremony for the fertilization of the, 10 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Manitoo</span></span>, personal totem, ii. + <a href="#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">273</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mannhardt, W., on fire-customs, i. 106 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on burning leaf-clad representative of spirit of vegetation, 25; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his theory that the fires of the fire-festivals are charms to + secure sunshine, 329, 331 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on torches as imitations of lightning, 340 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Hirpi Sorani, ii. <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">15</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the human victims sacrificed by the Celts, <a href="#Pg033" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his theory of the Druidical sacrifices, <a href="#Pg043" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his solar theory of the bonfires at the European fire-festivals, + <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">72</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on killing a cock on the harvest-field, <a href="#Pg280" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Mantis + religiosus</span></span>, a totem, ii. <a href="#Pg248" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">248</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Manu, Hindoo lawgiver, on the uncleanness of women at + menstruation, i. 95; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Laws of, on the three births of the Aryan, ii. <a href= + "#Pg276" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">276</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Manx mummers at Hallowe'en, i. 224 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maoris, birth-trees among the, ii. <a href="#Pg163" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mara tribe of Northern Australia, initiation of medicine-men in + the, ii. <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">239</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Marake</span></span>, an ordeal of being + stung by ants and wasps, i. 63 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marcellus of Bordeaux, his medical treatise, i. 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + March, the month of, the fire-walk in, ii. <a href="#Pg006" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">6</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe cut at the full moon of, <a href="#Pg084" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>, <a href="#Pg086" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— moon, woodbine cut in the increase of the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Margas</span></span>, exogamous totemic + clans of the Battas of Sumatra, ii. <a href="#Pg222" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marilaun, A. Kerner von, on mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg318" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">318</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marjoram burnt at Midsummer, i. 214; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gathered at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">51</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a talisman against witchcraft, <a href="#Pg074" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mark of Brandenburg, need-fire in the, i. 273; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + simples culled at Midsummer in the, ii. <a href="#Pg048" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + St. John's blood in the, <a href="#Pg056" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">56</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the divining-rod in the, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">67</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marotse. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Barotse" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Barotse</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marquesas Islands, the fire-walk in the, ii. <a href="#Pg011" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marriage, leaping over bonfires to ensure a happy, i. 107, 108, + 110; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + omens of, drawn from Midsummer bonfires, 168, 174, 178, 185, 189; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + omens of, drawn from bonfires, 338 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + omens of, from flowers, ii. <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">52</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg061" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + oak-trees planted at, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">165</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Married, the person last, lights the bonfire, i. 107, 109, 111, + 119, 339; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + young man last married provides wheel to be burnt, 116; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the person last married officiates at Midsummer fire, 192; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + men married within the year collect fuel for Midsummer fire, 192 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + married men kindle need-fire, 289; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + last married bride made to leap over bonfire, ii. <a href= + "#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mars and Silvia, ii. <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">105</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marsaba, a devil who swallows lads at initiation, ii. <a href= + "#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marseilles, drenching people with water at Midsummer in, i. 193; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer king of the double-axe at, 194; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log at, 250; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer flowers at, ii. <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">46</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marshall Islands, belief in the external soul in the, ii. + <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">200</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marsi, the ancient, i. 209 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Martin of Urzedow, i. 177 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Martin, M., on <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">dessil</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">deiseal</span></span>), i. 151 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on need-fire, 289 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marwaris, of India, Holi festival among the, ii. <a href="#Pg002" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marxberg, the, on the Moselle, i. 118 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Masai, peace-making ceremony among the, ii. <a href="#Pg139" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mask, not to wear a, i. 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Masked dances, bull-roarers used at, ii. <a href="#Pg230" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Masks worn by girls at puberty, i. 31, 52; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worn at Duk-duk ceremonies in New Britain, ii. <a href="#Pg247" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">247</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worn by members of a secret society, <a href="#Pg270" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">270</a>, <a href="#Pg271" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">271</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Masquerade of boys among the Lengua Indians, i. 57 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Masuren, a district of Eastern Prussia, Midsummer fire kindled by + the revolution of a wheel at, i. 177, 335 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, ii. <a href="#Pg052" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a>, <a href= + "#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination by orpine at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg061" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + camomile gathered at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg063" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fire kindled by friction of oak at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg091" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Matabeles fumigate their gardens, i. 337 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Matacos, Indian tribe of the Gran Chaco, their custom of + secluding girls at puberty, i. 58 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mataguayos, Indian tribe of the Gran Chaco, their custom of + secluding girls at puberty, i. 58 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Matthes, B. F., on sympathetic relation between man and animal, + ii. <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">197</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mauhes, Indians of Brazil, seclusion of girls at puberty among + the, i. 59; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ordeal of young men among the, 62 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maundy Thursday, i. 125 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maurer, Konrad, on Icelandic story of the external soul, ii. + <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">125</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + May Day in the Isle of Man, i. 157; + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page359">[pg 359]</span><a name= + "Pg359" id="Pg359" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sheep burnt as a sacrifice on, 306; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches active on, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">19</a>, <a href="#Pg184" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4, <a href="#Pg185" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Eve of, Snake Stones thought to be formed on, i. 15; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a witching time, 295; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches active on, ii. <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">73</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + May-tree carried about, i. 120, ii. <a href="#Pg022" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mayo, County, story of Guleesh in, i. 228 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + M'Bengas of the Gaboon, birth-trees among the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mbengga, in Fiji, the fire-walk in, ii. <a href="#Pg010" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">10</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Meakin, Budgett, on Midsummer fires in Morocco, i. 214 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Meath, County, Hill of Ward in, i. 139; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Uisnech in, 158 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Meaux, Midsummer bonfires in the diocese of, i. 182 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mecklenburg, need-fire in, i. 274 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + simples gathered at Midsummer in, ii. <a href="#Pg048" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mugwort at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">60</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the divining-rod in, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">67</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + treatment of the afterbirth in, <a href="#Pg165" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + children passed through a cleft oak as a cure in, <a href= + "#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom of striking blindfold at a half-buried cock in, <a href= + "#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Medicine-bag, instrument of pretended death and resurrection at + initiation, ii. <a href="#Pg268" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">268</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -man in Australia, initiation of, ii. <a href="#Pg237" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">237</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Megara besieged by Minos, ii. <a href="#Pg103" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Meinersen, in Hanover, i. 275 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Meissen or Thuringia, horse's head thrown into Midsummer fire in, + ii. <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">40</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Melanesian conception of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg197" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Papuan stocks in New Guinea, ii. <a href="#Pg239" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Meleager and the firebrand, story of, ii. <a href="#Pg103" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and the olive-leaf, <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">103</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Melur, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, ii. <a href= + "#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Men disguised as women, i. 107 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and women eat apart, i. 81 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mên-an-tol</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“holed stone”</span> in + Cornwall, ii. <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">187</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Menomini Indians, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. + <a href="#Pg268" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">268</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Menstruation, seclusion of girls at the first, i. 22 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the first, attributed to defloration by a spirit, 24; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + reasons for secluding women at, 97 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Menstruous blood, the dread of, i. 76. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Blood" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Blood</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— energy, beneficent applications of, i. 98 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— fluid, medicinal applications of the, i. 98 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Menstruous" id="Index-Menstruous" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Menstruous women keep their heads or faces covered, i. 22, 24, + 25, 29, 31, 44 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 48 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 55, 90, 92; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to cross or bathe in rivers, 77; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to go near water, 77; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + supposed to spoil fisheries, 77, 78, 90 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 93; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + painted red, or red and white, 78; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to use the ordinary paths, 78, 80, 84, 89, 90; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to approach the sea, 79; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to enter cultivated fields, 79; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + obliged to occupy special huts, 79, 82, 85 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + supposed to spoil crops, 79, 96; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to cook, 80, 82, 84, 90; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to drink milk, 80, 84; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to handle salt, 81 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 84; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kept from wells, 81, 82, 97; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + obliged to use separate doors, 84; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to lie on high beds, 84; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to touch or see fire, 84, 85; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to cross the tracks of animals, 84, 91, 93; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + excluded from religious ceremonies, 85; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to eat with men, 85, 90; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to spoil the luck of hunters, 87, 89, 90, 91, 94; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to ride horses, 88 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 96; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to walk on ice of rivers and lakes, 90; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dangers to which they are thought to be exposed, 94; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to touch beer, wine or vinegar, 96; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to salt or pickle meat, 96 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to cross running streams, 97; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to draw water at wells, 97; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used to protect fields against insects, 98 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dreaded and secluded in Australia, i. 76 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the Torres Straits Islands, 78 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in New Guinea, 79, + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Galela, 79, + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Sumatra, 79, + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Africa, 79 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + among the Jews and in Syria, 83 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in India, 84 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Annam, 85, + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in America, 85 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mequinez, Midsummer custom at, i. 216 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Merolla, J., on seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 31 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Merrakech, in Morocco, Midsummer custom at, i. 216; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + New Year fires at, 217 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mesopotamia, Atrae in, i. 82 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mespelaer, St. Peter's fires at, i. 195 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Messaria, in Cythnos, ii. <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">189</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Metz, F., on the fire-walk, ii. <a href="#Pg009" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">9</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Metz, cats burnt alive in Midsummer fire at, ii. <a href="#Pg039" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">39</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mexican ceremony of new fire, i. 132 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— representation of the sun as a wheel, i. 334 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mexico, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, i. 127 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Zapotecs of, ii. 212 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Michael, in the Isle of Man, i. 307 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Michaelmas, cakes baked at, i. 149. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-St-Michael" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">St. Michael</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Michemis, a Tibetan tribe, a funeral ceremony among the, i. 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Middle Ages, the Yule log in the, i. 252; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the need-fire in the, 270 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page360">[pg 360]</span><a name= + "Pg360" id="Pg360" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Midsummer" id="Index-Midsummer" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Midsummer, wells crowned with flowers at, ii. <a href="#Pg028" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bathing at, <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">29</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacred to Balder, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">87</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-St-John" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">St. + John's Day</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— bonfire called <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“fire of heaven,”</span> i. 334; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + intended to drive away dragons, 161 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“—— + Brooms”</span> in Sweden, ii. <a href="#Pg054" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Day, charm for fig-trees on, i. 18; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + water claims human victims on, 26 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in ancient Rome, 178; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + regarded as unlucky, ii. <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">29</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Eve, Snake Stones thought to be formed on, i. 15; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Trolls and evil spirits abroad on, 172; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches active on, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">19</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the season for gathering wonderful herbs and flowers, <a href= + "#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the magic flowers of, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">45</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination on, <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">46</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3, <a href="#Pg050" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a>, <a href="#Pg052" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg061" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>, <a href="#Pg064" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a>, <a href= + "#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dreams of love on, <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">52</a>, <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">54</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fernseed blooms at, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">65</a>, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">287</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the divining-rod cut at, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">67</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + activity of witches and warlocks on, <a href="#Pg073" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + treasures bloom in the earth on, <a href="#Pg288" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">288</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the oak thought to bloom on, <a href="#Pg292" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">292</a>, <a href="#Pg293" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">293</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— festival common to peoples on both sides of the Mediterranean, + i. 219, ii. <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">31</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the most important of the year among the primitive Aryans of + Europe, <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">40</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its relation to Druidism, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">45</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Midsummer-Fires" id="Index-Midsummer-Fires" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— fires, i. 160 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Wales, 156 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— flowers and plants used as talismans against witchcraft, ii. + <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">72</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Men, orpine, ii. <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">61</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— mummers clad in green fir branches, ii. <a href="#Pg025" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Midwinter fires, i. 246 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mijatovich, Chedo, on the <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zadrooga</span></span> or Servian + house-community, i. 259 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mikado not allowed to set foot on ground, i. 2 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the sun not allowed to shine on him, 18 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Milk, girls at puberty forbidden to drink, i. 22, 30; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + libations of, 30; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not to be drunk by menstruous women, 80, 84; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + stolen by witches from cows, 176, 343, ii. <a href="#Pg074" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + omens drawn from boiling, <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">8</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + libations of, poured on fire, <a href="#Pg008" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a>, <a href="#Pg009" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">9</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + libations of, poured into a stream, <a href="#Pg009" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">9</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + poured on sick cattle, <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">13</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and butter thought to be improved by the Midsummer fires, i. + 180; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + stolen by witches at Midsummer, 185; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witchcraft fatal to, ii. <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">86</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -tie as a bond of kinship, ii. <a href="#Pg138" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -vessels not to be touched by menstruous women, i. 80 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Milking cows through a hole in a branch or a <span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“witch's nest,”</span> ii. + <a href="#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">185</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Millaeus on judicial torture, ii. <a href="#Pg158" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">158</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Miller's wife a witch, story of the, i. 319 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Miming, a satyr of the woods, i. 103 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Minahassa, in Celebes, ceremony at a house-warming in, ii. + <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">153</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Minangkabauers of Sumatra, their belief as to menstruous women, + i. 79; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of bull-roarers among the, ii. <a href="#Pg229" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Minos, king of Crete, besieges Megara, ii. <a href="#Pg103" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mint, flowers of, gathered on St. John's Day, ii. <a href= + "#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mirzapur, the Bhuiyars of, i. 84 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Misfortune burnt in Midsummer fires, i. 215; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + got rid of by leaping over Midsummer fires, 215 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Missel-thrush and mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg316" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Mist-healing,”</span> Swiss expression for + kindling a need-fire, i. 279 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mistletoe, the divining-rod made of, ii. <a href="#Pg069" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a>, <a href="#Pg291" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">291</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped by the Druids, <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">76</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg301" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">301</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cut on the sixth day of the moon, <a href="#Pg077" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + makes barren animals and women to bring forth, <a href="#Pg077" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>, <a href= + "#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>, + <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">79</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cut with a golden sickle, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg080" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to have fallen from the sky, <a href="#Pg077" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg080" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + called the <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“all-healer,”</span> <a href="#Pg077" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg079" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a>, <a href= + "#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + an antidote to all poison, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg083" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gathered on the first day of the moon, <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not to touch the earth, <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">78</a>, <a href="#Pg080" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a cure for epilepsy, <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">78</a>, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">83</a>, <a href="#Pg084" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + extinguishes fire, <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">78</a>, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">84</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg293" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">293</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + venerated by the Ainos of Japan, <a href="#Pg079" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + growing on willow specially efficacious, <a href="#Pg079" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + confers invulnerability, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">79</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its position as a parasite on a tree the source of superstitions + about it, <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">80</a>, <a href="#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">81</a>, <a href="#Pg084" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not to be cut but shot or knocked down with stones, <a href= + "#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the folk-lore of modern European peasants, <a href="#Pg081" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + medical virtues ascribed to, <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">82</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + these virtues a pure superstition, <a href="#Pg084" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cut when the sun is in Sagittarius, <a href="#Pg082" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>, <a href="#Pg086" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + growing on oak a panacea for green wounds, <a href="#Pg083" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mystic qualities ascribed to mistletoe at Midsummer (St. John's + Day or Eve), <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">83</a>, <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">86</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cut at the full moon of March, <a href="#Pg084" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>, <a href="#Pg086" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + called <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“thunder-besom”</span> in Aargau, <a href= + "#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>, + <a href="#Pg301" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">301</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a masterkey to open all locks, <a href="#Pg085" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against witchcraft, <a href="#Pg085" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + given to first cow that calves after New Year, <a href="#Pg086" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gathered especially at Midsummer, <a href="#Pg086" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + grows on oaks in Sweden, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">87</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ancient Italian belief that mistletoe could be destroyed neither + by fire nor water, <a href="#Pg094" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">94</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Balder's life or death in the, <a href="#Pg279" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a>, <a href="#Pg283" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + life of oak in, <a href="#Pg280" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">280</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to touch the ground, <a href="#Pg280" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against witchcraft and Trolls, <a href="#Pg282" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">282</a>, <a href= + "#Pg283" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a>, + <a href="#Pg294" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">294</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against fairy changelings, <a href="#Pg283" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + hung over doors of stables and byres <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page361">[pg 361]</span><a name="Pg361" id="Pg361" class= + "tei tei-anchor" style="text-align: left"></a> in Brittany, + <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">287</a>; thought to disclose treasures in the + earth, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">287</a>, <a href="#Pg291" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">291</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gathered at the solstices, Midsummer and Christmas, <a href= + "#Pg291" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">291</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + traditional privilege of, <a href="#Pg291" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">291</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + growing on a hazel, <a href="#Pg291" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">291</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + growing on a thorn, <a href="#Pg291" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">291</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + life of the oak conceived to be in the, <a href="#Pg292" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">292</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + perhaps conceived as a germ or seed of fire, <a href="#Pg292" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">292</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sanctity of mistletoe perhaps explained by the belief that the + plant has fallen on the tree in a flash of lightning, <a href= + "#Pg301" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">301</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + two species of, <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Viscum album</span></span> and <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Loranthus + europaeus</span></span>, <a href="#Pg315" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">315</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + found most commonly on apple-trees, <a href="#Pg315" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">315</a>, compare <a href= + "#Pg316" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + growing on oaks in England, <a href="#Pg316" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">316</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + seeds of, deposited by missel-thrush, <a href="#Pg316" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ancient names of, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">317</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Virgil on, <a href="#Pg318" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">318</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Dutch names for, <a href="#Pg319" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">319</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mistletoe and Balder, i. 101 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg076" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg302" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">302</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and the Golden Bough, ii. <a href="#Pg315" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">315</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mitchell, Sir Arthur, on a barbarous cure for murrain, i. 326 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mithr, Armenian fire-god, i. 131 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mithraic mysteries, initiation into the, ii. <a href="#Pg277" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">277</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mizimu</span></span>, spirits of the dead, + ii. <a href="#Pg312" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">312</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mlanje, in British Central Africa, ii. <a href="#Pg314" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">314</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mnasara tribe of Morocco, i. 214 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mogk, Professor Eugen, i. 330 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mohammedan calendar lunar, i. 216 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 218 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— New Year festival in North Africa, i. 217 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— peoples of North Africa, Midsummer fires among the, i. 213 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moharram, first Mohammedan month, i. 217 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moles and field-mice driven away by torches, i. 115, ii. <a href= + "#Pg340" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">340</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Molsheim in Baden, i. 117 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mondays, witches dreaded on, ii. <a href="#Pg073" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mongolian story, milk-tie in a, i. 138 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the external soul in a, ii. <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">143</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Monster supposed to swallow and disgorge novices at initiation, + ii. <a href="#Pg240" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">240</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg242" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">242</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mont des Fourches, in the Vosges, i. 318 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Montaigne on ceremonial extinction of fires, i. 135 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Montanus, on the Yule log, i. 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Montenegro, the Yule log in, i. 263 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Montezuma not allowed to set foot on ground, i. 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Montols of Northern Nigeria, their belief in their sympathetic + relation to snakes, ii. <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">209</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moon, impregnation of women by the, i. 75 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the sixth day of the, mistletoe cut on, 77; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the first day of the, mistletoe gathered on, 78; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the full, transformation of were-wolves at, 314 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mooney, James, on Cherokee ideas as to trees struck by lightning, + ii. <a href="#Pg296" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">296</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moore, <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Manx + Surnames,</span></span> quoted by Sir John Rhys, i. 306 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moors, their superstition as to the <span class="tei tei-q" + style="text-align: left">“sultan of the oleander,”</span> i. 18 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moosheim, in Wurtemberg, leaf-clad mummer at, ii. <a href= + "#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moravia, fires to burn the witches in, i. 160; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 175; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the divining-rod in, ii. <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">67</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moravians cull simples at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg049" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>, <a href="#Pg054" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moray, remedy for a murrain in the county of, i. 326 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Morayshire, medical use of mistletoe in, ii. <a href="#Pg084" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Morbihan in Brittany, ii. <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moresin, Thomas, on St. Peter's fires in Scotland, i. 207 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Morice, Father A. G., on customs and beliefs of the Carrier + Indians as to menstruous women, i. 91 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the honorific totems of the Carrier Indians, ii. <a href= + "#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">273</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Morlaks, the Yule log among the, i. 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Morlanwelz, bonfires at, i. 107 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Morning star, the rising of the, i. 40, 133 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Morocco, magical virtue ascribed to rain-water in, i. 17 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 213 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + water thought to acquire marvellous virtue at Midsummer in, ii. + <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">30</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + magical plants gathered at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg051" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Morven, i. 290; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + consumptive people passed through rifted rocks in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moscow, annual new fire in villages near, i. 139 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moselle, bonfires on the, i. 109; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Konz on the, 118, 163 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moses on the uncleanness of women at menstruation, i. 95 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mosquito territory, Central America, seclusion of menstruous + women in the, i. 86 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mota, in the New Hebrides, conception of the external soul in, + ii. <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">197</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Motherwort, garlands of, at Midsummer, i. 162 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moulin, parish of, in Perthshire, Hallowe'en fires in, i. 230 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moulton, Professor J. H., on the etymology of Soranus, ii. + <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">15</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg057" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against thunder, lightning, hail, and conflagration, + <a href="#Pg058" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">58</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page362">[pg 362]</span><a name= + "Pg362" id="Pg362" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mountain-ash, parasitic, used to make the divining rod, ii. + <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">69</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe on, <a href="#Pg315" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">315</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Rowan" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Rowan</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— scaur, external soul in, ii. <a href="#Pg156" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mourne Mountains, i. 159 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mourners tabooed, i. 20; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + step over fire after funeral in China, ii. <a href="#Pg017" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + purified by fire, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">17</a>, <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">18</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + customs observed by, among the Bella Coola Indians, <a href= + "#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mourning, the great, for Isfendiyar, i. 105 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mouse-ear hawkweed (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + style="text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hieracium pilosella</span></span>) gathered + at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">57</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Movement of thought from magic through religion to science, ii. + <a href="#Pg304" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">304</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mugwort (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Artemisia vulgaris</span></span>), wreaths + of, at Midsummer, i. 163, 165, 174; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a preventive of sore eyes, 174; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a preservative against witchcraft, 177; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against thunder, ghosts, magic, and witchcraft, ii. + <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">59</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gathered on Midsummer Day or Eve, ii. <a href="#Pg058" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thrown into the Midsummer fires, <a href="#Pg059" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used in exorcism, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">60</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mull, the need-fire in, i. 148, 289 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Beltane cake in, 149; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + remedy for cattle-disease in, 325; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + consumptive people passed through rifted rocks in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mullein, sprigs of, passed across Midsummer fires protect cattle + against sickness and sorcery, i. 190; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bunches of, passed across Midsummer fires and fastened on + cattle-shed, 191; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + yellow (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Verbascum</span></span>), gathered at + Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">63</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + yellow hoary (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Verbascum pulverulentum</span></span>), its + golden pyramid of blooms, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">64</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + great (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Verbascum thapsus</span></span>), called + King's Candle or High Taper, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">64</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mummers at Hallowe'en in the Isle of Man, i. 224 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Munster, the King of, i. 139; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 203 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Münsterberg, precautions against witches in, ii. <a href="#Pg020" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Münsterland, Easter fires in, i. 141; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 247 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Muralug, dread of women at menstruation in, i. 78 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Murderer, fire of oak-wood used to detect a, ii. <a href="#Pg092" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Murrain, need-fire kindled as a remedy for, i. 278, 282, 290 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt sacrifices to stay a, in England, Wales, and Scotland, 300 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + calf burnt alive to stop a, 300 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cattle buried to stop a, 326. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Cattle-Disease" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Cattle disease</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Murray, the country of, i. 154 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Murray River, in Australia, ii. <a href="#Pg233" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + natives of, their dread of menstruous women, i. 77 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Muskau, in Lausitz, marriage oaks at, ii. <a href="#Pg165" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Myrtle-trees of the Patricians and Plebeians at Rome, ii. + <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">168</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Myths dramatized in ritual, i. 105 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Na Ivilankata, a Fijian clan, ii. <a href="#Pg010" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">10</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nagas of North-Eastern India, their ceremony of the new fire, i. + 136 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nagual</span></span>, external soul, among + the Indians of Guatemala and Honduras, ii. <a href="#Pg212" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">212</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg220" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a>, <a href="#Pg226" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nahuqua Indians of Brazil, their use of bull-roarers, ii. + <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">230</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Names on chimney-piece, divination by, i. 237; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of savages kept secret, ii. <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">224</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + new, taken by novices after initiation, <a href="#Pg259" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Namoluk, one of the Caroline Islands, traditionary origin of fire + in, ii. <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">295</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Namuci and Indra, legend of, ii. <a href="#Pg280" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Namur, Lenten fires in, i. 108 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nandi, the, of British East Africa, their custom of driving sick + cattle round a fire, ii. <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">13</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of bull-roarers among the, <a href="#Pg229" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nanga</span></span>, sacred enclosure in + Fiji, ii. <a href="#Pg243" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">243</a>, <a href="#Pg244" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">244</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nanna, the wife of Balder, i. 102, 103 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nanny, a Yorkshire witch, i. 317 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Naples, feast of the Nativity of the Virgin at, i. 220 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Narrow openings, creeping through, in order to escape ghostly + pursuers, ii. <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">177</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nathuram, image supposed to make women fruitful, ii. <a href= + "#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nativity of the Virgin, feast of the, i. 220 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Naudowessies, Indian tribe of North America, ritual of death and + resurrection among the, ii. <a href="#Pg267" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">267</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Naueld</span></span>, need-fire, i. 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nauru, in the Marshall Islands, lives of people bound up with a + fish in, ii. <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">200</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Navajoes, their story of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg151" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of bull-roarers among the, <a href="#Pg230" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Navel-string buried under a plant or tree, ii. <a href="#Pg160" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg161" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a>, <a href="#Pg163" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + regarded as brother or sister of child, <a href="#Pg162" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ndembo</span></span>, secret society on the + Lower Congo, ii. <a href="#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">251</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ndolo, on the Moeko River, West Africa, ii. <a href="#Pg200" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Neckar, the river, requires three human victims at Midsummer, ii. + <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">26</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + loaf thrown into the river, <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">28</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Necklace, girl's soul in a, ii. <a href="#Pg099" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page363">[pg 363]</span><a name= + "Pg363" id="Pg363" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Need-fire, i. 269 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kindled as a remedy for cattle-plague, 270 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 343; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cattle driven through the, 270 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + derivation of the name, 270 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kindled by the friction of a wheel, 270, 273, 289 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 292; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kindled with oak-wood, 271, 272, 275, 276, 278, 281, 289 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 294; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + called <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“wild-fire,”</span> 272, 273, 277; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kindled by fir-wood, 278, 282; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kindled as a remedy for witchcraft, 280, 292 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 293, 295; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + called <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“living + fire,”</span> 281, 286; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + healing virtue ascribed to, 281, 286; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kindled by lime-wood, 281, 283, 286; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kindled by poplar-wood, 282; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + regarded as a barrier interposed between cattle and an evil + spirit, 282, 285 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kindled by cornel-tree wood, 286; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + revealed by an angel from heaven, 287; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used to heat water, 289; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kindled on an island, 290 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 291 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kindled by birch-wood, 291; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kindled between two running streams, 292; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kindled to prevent fever, 297; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + probable antiquity of the, 297 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kindled by elm-wood, 299; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the parent of the periodic fire-festivals, 299, 343; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used by Slavonic peoples to combat vampyres, 344; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sometimes kindled by the friction of fir, plane, birch, lime, + poplar, cornel-wood, ii. <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">91</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Need-fire, John Ramsay's account of, i. 147 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Lindenbrog on, 335 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Negro children pale at birth, ii. <a href="#Pg251" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg259" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Neil, R. A., on Gaelic name for mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg082" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Neilgherry Hills, the Badagas of the, ii. <a href="#Pg008" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Todas of the, i. 136 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Neisse, precautions against witches in, ii. <a href="#Pg020" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nellingen in Lorraine, simples gathered on Midsummer Day at, ii. + <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">47</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nemi, the King of the Wood at, i. 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Lake of, annual tragedy enacted at, ii. <a href="#Pg286" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">286</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacramental bread at, <a href="#Pg286" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">286</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Virbius at, <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">295</a>; at evening, <a href="#Pg308" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">308</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacred grove of, <a href="#Pg315" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">315</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + priests of Diana at, <a href="#Pg315" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">315</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nerthus, old German goddess, ii. <a href="#Pg028" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nestelknüpfen</span></span>, i. 346 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nets fumigated with smoke of need-fire, i. 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nettles, Indians beaten with, as an ordeal, i. 64 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Neuchatel, Midsummer fires in the canton of, i. 172 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Neumann, J. B., on the Batta doctrine of souls, ii. <a href= + "#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Neustadt, in Silesia, Midsummer fires at, i. 170; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + near Marburg, the need-fire at, 270 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + New birth of novices at initiation, ii. <a href="#Pg247" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">247</a>, <a href="#Pg251" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a>, <a href= + "#Pg256" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a>, + <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">257</a>, <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">261</a>, <a href="#Pg262" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— body obtained at initiation, ii. <a href="#Pg252" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">252</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Britain, the Duk-duk society of i. 11, ii. <a href="#Pg246" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— fire kindled on Easter Saturday, i. 121 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + made at the New Year, 134 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 138, 140; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + made by the friction of wood at Christmas, 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Guinea, British, festival of wild mango in, i. 7; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom observed after childbirth in, 20; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + seclusion of girls at puberty in, 35; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, 79; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Toaripi of, 84; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of bull-roarers in, ii. <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">228</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Guinea, German, the Kai of, ii. <a href="#Pg182" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ceremony of initiation in, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">193</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yabim of, <a href="#Pg232" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">232</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rites of initiation in, <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">239</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Hebrides, conception of the external soul in the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Ireland, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 32 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Duk-duk society in, ii. <a href="#Pg247" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">247</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Mexico, the Zuni Indians of, i. 132; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and Arizona, use of bull-roarers in, ii. <a href="#Pg230" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— South Wales, dread of women at menstruation in, i. 78; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Wongh tribe of, ii. <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">227</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the drama of resurrection at initiation in, <a href="#Pg235" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— water at Easter, i. 123 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— World, Easter ceremonies in the, i. 127 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + magical virtue of plants at Midsummer in the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Year, new fire made at the, i. 134 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 138, 140; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + festival of Mohammedans in North Africa, 217 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Celtic, on November first, 224 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Fijian, Tahitian, and Hawaiian, ii. <a href="#Pg244" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Newstead, Byron's oak at, ii. <a href="#Pg166" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nganga</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the Knowing Ones,”</span> + initiates, ii. <a href="#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">251</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ngarong</span></span>, secret helper, of the + Ibans of Borneo, ii. <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">224</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nguu, district of German East Africa, ii. <a href="#Pg312" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">312</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nias, story of the external soul told in the island of, ii. + <a href="#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">148</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ceremonies performed by candidates for the priesthood in, + <a href="#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">173</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Niceros and the were-wolf, story of, i. 313 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nidugala, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, ii. <a href= + "#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nieder-Lausitz, the Midsummer log in, ii. <a href="#Pg092" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Niederehe, in the Eifel Mountains, Midsummer flowers at, ii. + <a href="#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">48</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page364">[pg 364]</span><a name= + "Pg364" id="Pg364" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Niger, belief as to external human souls lodged in animals on + the, ii. <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">209</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nigeria, the Ibo of Southern, i. 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + theory of the external soul in, ii. <a href="#Pg200" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a>, <a href="#Pg203" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a>, + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nigerian, South, story of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg150" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Night-jars, the lives of women in, ii. <a href="#Pg215" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + called women's <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“sisters,”</span> <a href="#Pg216" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nikclerith, Neane, buries cow alive, i. 324 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nile, the Alur of the Upper, i. 64 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nine, ruptured child passed nine times on nine successive + mornings through a cleft ash-tree and attended by nine persons, + ii. <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">170</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— bonfires on Midsummer Eve an omen of marriage, i. 174, 185, + 189, 339 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— different kinds of wood burnt in the Beltane fires, i. 155; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used for the Midsummer bonfires, 172, 201; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt in the need-fire, 271, 278; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used to kindle need-fire, 278, 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— grains of oats in divination, i. 243 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— leaps over Midsummer fire, i. 193 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— men employed to make fire by the friction of wood, i. 148, 155 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— ridges of ploughed land in divination, i. 235 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— sorts of flowers on Midsummer Eve, to dream on, i. 175; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gathered, ii. <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">52</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— times to crawl under a bramble as a cure, ii. <a href="#Pg180" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— times nine men make need-fire, i. 289, 294, 295 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— (thrice three) times passed through a girth of woodbine, ii. + <a href="#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">184</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + passed through a holed stone, <a href="#Pg187" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— turns round a rick, i. 243 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Niska Indians of British Columbia, rites of initiation among the, + ii. <a href="#Pg271" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">271</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nisus and his purple or golden hair, story of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nkimba</span></span>, secret society on the + Lower Congo, ii. <a href="#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">255</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nocturnal creatures the sex totems of men and women, ii. <a href= + "#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nograd-Ludany, in Hungary, Midsummer fires at, i. 179 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Noguès, J. L. M., on the wonderful herbs of St. John's Eve, ii. + <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">45</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nootka Indians of Vancouver Island, seclusion of girls at puberty + among the, i. 43 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. <a href="#Pg270" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">270</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nord, the department of, giants at Shrove Tuesday in, ii. + <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">35</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Norden, E., on the Golden Bough, ii. <a href="#Pg284" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">284</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nore, A. de, on the Yule log, i. 250 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 253 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Norfolk, use of orpine for divination in, ii. <a href="#Pg061" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Norman peasants gather seven kinds of plants on St. John's Day, + ii. <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">51</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Normandy, Midsummer fires in, i. 185 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 252; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + torch-light processions on Christmas Eve in, 266; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + processions with torches on the Eve of Twelfth Day, in, 340; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + wonderful herbs and flowers gathered at Midsummer in, ii, + <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">46</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + wreaths of mugwort in, <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">59</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + vervain gathered at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg062" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Norrland, Midsummer bonfires in, i. 172 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Norse stories of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg119" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + North American Indians, their personal totems, ii. <a href= + "#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5, <a href="#Pg226" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Berwick, Satan preaches at, ii. <a href="#Pg158" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">158</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Northamptonshire, sacrifice of a calf in, i. 300 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Northumberland, Midsummer fires in, i. 197 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination at Hallowe'en in, 245; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 256; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire in, 288 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ox burnt alive in, to stop a murrain, 301 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Norway, bonfires on Midsummer Eve in, i. 171; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the need-fire in, 280; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + superstitions about a parasitic rowan in, ii. <a href="#Pg281" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Norwich, Easter candle in the cathedral of, i. 122 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nottinghamshire, the Hemlock Stone in, i. 157 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">Nouer + l'aiguilette</span></span>, i. 346 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nouzon, in the Ardennes, the Yule log at, i. 253 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + November the first, old New Year's Day in the Isle of Man, i. 224 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the first of, All Saints' Day, 225 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Novice at initiation killed as a man and brought to life as an + animal, ii. <a href="#Pg272" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">272</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Novices (lads) at initiation supposed to be swallowed and + disgorged by a spirit or monster, ii. <a href="#Pg235" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a>, <a href="#Pg240" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg242" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">242</a>, <a href="#Pg246" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + supposed to be newly born, <a href="#Pg247" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">247</a>, <a href="#Pg251" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a>, <a href="#Pg256" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a>, <a href= + "#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a>, + <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">261</a>, <a href="#Pg262" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">262</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + begotten anew, <a href="#Pg248" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">248</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nurtunjas</span></span>, sacred poles among + the Arunta, ii. <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">219</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nut-water brewed at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg047" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nuts passed across Midsummer fires, i. 190; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in fire, divination by, 237, 239, 241, 242, 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nyanja chief, ii. <a href="#Pg314" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">314</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nyanja-speaking tribes of Angoniland, their customs as to girls + at puberty, i. 25 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page365">[pg 365]</span><a name= + "Pg365" id="Pg365" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nyassa, Lake, i. 28, 81; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + people to the east of, crawl through an arch as a precaution + against sickness, evil spirits, etc., ii. <a href="#Pg181" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oak associated with thunder, i. 145; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped by the Druids, ii. <a href="#Pg076" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg301" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">301</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the principal sacred tree of the Aryans, <a href="#Pg089" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human representatives of the oak perhaps originally burnt at the + fire-festivals, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">90</a>, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">92</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or + rickets, <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">170</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + life of, in mistletoe, <a href="#Pg280" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">280</a>, <a href="#Pg292" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">292</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + struck by lightning oftener than any other tree of the European + forest, <a href="#Pg298" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">298</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + supposed to bloom on Midsummer Eve, <a href="#Pg292" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">292</a>, <a href="#Pg293" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">293</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and thunder, Aryan god of the, i. 265 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -leaves, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“oil + of St. John”</span> found on St. John's Morning upon, ii. + <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">82</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— log a protection against witchcraft, ii. <a href="#Pg092" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -mistletoe an <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“all-healer”</span> or panacea, ii. <a href= + "#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>, + <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">79</a>, <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">82</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a remedy for epilepsy, <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">78</a>, <a href="#Pg083" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to be shot down with an arrow, <a href="#Pg082" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a panacea for green wounds, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">83</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against conflagration, <a href="#Pg085" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#Pg293" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">293</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Errol, fate of the Hays bound up with the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg283" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of the Guelphs, ii. <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">166</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Romove, ii. <a href="#Pg286" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">286</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of the Vespasian family at Rome, ii. <a href="#Pg168" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— planted by Byron, ii. <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">166</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -spirit, the priest of the Arician grove a personification of + an, ii. <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">285</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— tree worshipped by the Cheremiss, i. 181 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -trees planted at marriage, ii. <a href="#Pg165" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— twigs and leaves used to keep off witches, ii. <a href= + "#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -wood used to kindle the need-fire, i. 148, 271, 272, 275, + 276, 278, 281, 289 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg090" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used to kindle the Beltane fires, i. 148, 155; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used to kindle Midsummer fire, 169, 177, ii. <a href="#Pg091" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used for the Yule log, i. 248, 250, 251, 257, 258, 259, 260, 263, + 264 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + ii. <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">92</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fire of, used to detect a murderer, <a href="#Pg092" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + perpetual fires of, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">285</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oaks planted by Sir Walter Scott, ii. <a href="#Pg166" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe growing on, in Sweden, <a href="#Pg087" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe growing on, in England and France, <a href="#Pg316" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oath not to hurt Balder, i. 101 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oats, nine grains of, in divination, i. 243 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oban district, Southern Nigeria, belief as to external human + souls lodged in animals in the, ii. <a href="#Pg206" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oberland, in Central Germany, the Yule log in the, i. 248 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Obermedlingen, in Swabia, fire kindled on St. Vitus's Day at, i. + 335 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Obubura district of S. Nigeria, ii. <a href="#Pg204" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + October, ceremony of the new fire in, i. 136; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the last day of (Hallowe'en), 139 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Odessa, New Easter fire carried to, i. 130 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Odin, Othin, or Woden, the father of Balder, i. 101, 102, 103 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ododop tribe of Southern Nigeria, ii. <a href="#Pg208" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">208</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oels, in Silesia, Midsummer fires at, i. 170 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oeniadae, the ancient, i. 21 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oesel, Midsummer fires in the island of, i. 180; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + St. John's herbs in the island of, ii. <a href="#Pg049" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Offenburg, in the Black Forest, Midsummer fires at, i. 168 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ogboni, a secret society on the Slave Coast, ii. <a href="#Pg229" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ogre whose soul was in a bird, story of the, ii. <a href="#Pg098" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Oil of St. + John”</span> found on St. John's morning, ii. <a href="#Pg082" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on oaks at Midsummer, <a href="#Pg293" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">293</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oise, French department of, dolmen in, ii. <a href="#Pg188" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ojebways, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. + <a href="#Pg268" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">268</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Olala, secret society of the Niska Indians, ii. <a href="#Pg271" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">271</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Olaus Magnus, on were-wolves, i. 308 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Old + Wife”</span> (<span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Old Woman”</span>), burning the, i. 116, 120 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oldenburg, the immortal dame of, i. 100; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Shrove Tuesday customs in, 120; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Easter bonfires in, 140; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burning or boiling portions of animals or things to force witch + to appear in, 321 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witch as toad in, 323; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + children passed through a cleft oak as a cure in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom as to milking cows in, <a href="#Pg185" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sick children passed through a ring of yarn in, <a href="#Pg185" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Olea + chrysophilla</span></span>, used as fuel for bonfire, ii. + <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">11</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Oleander, the + Sultan of the,”</span> i. 18, ii. <a href="#Pg051" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gathered at Midsummer, <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">51</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Olive, the sacred, at Olympia, ii. <a href="#Pg080" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Olofaet, a fire-god, ii. <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">295</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Olympia, the sacred olive at, ii. <a href="#Pg080" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + white poplar used for sacrifices to Zeus at, <a href="#Pg090" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg091" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 7 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Omaha tribe, Elk clan of the, i. 11 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— women secluded at menstruation, i. 88 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page366">[pg 366]</span><a name= + "Pg366" id="Pg366" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Omens from birds and beasts, i. 56; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + from the smoke of bonfires, 116, 131, 337; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + from flames of bonfires, 140, 142, 159, 165, 336, 337; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + from cakes rolled down hill, 153; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + from boiling milk, ii. <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">8</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + from intestines of sheep, <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">13</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of death, ii. <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">54</a>, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">64</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of marriage drawn from Midsummer bonfires, i. 168, 174, 178, + 185, 189, 339; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + drawn from bonfires, 338 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + from flowers, ii. <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">52</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg061" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Onktehi, the great spirit of the waters among the Dacotas, ii. + <a href="#Pg268" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">268</a>, <a href="#Pg269" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">269</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oran, bathing at Midsummer in, i. 216 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Orange River, the Corannas of the, ii. <a href="#Pg192" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Oraons" id="Index-Oraons" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oraons or Uraons of Bengal, their belief as to the transformation + of witches into cats, ii. <a href="#Pg311" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">311</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ordeal of stinging ants undergone by girls at puberty, i. 61, and + by young men, 62 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of boiling resin, 311 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ordeals as an exorcism, i. 66; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + undergone by novices at initiation among the Bushongo, ii. + <a href="#Pg264" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">264</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Order of nature, different views of the, postulated by magic and + science, ii. <a href="#Pg305" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">305</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Organs, internal, of medicine-man replaced by a new set at + initiation, ii. <a href="#Pg237" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">237</a>, <a href="#Pg238" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">238</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Origin of fire, primitive ideas as to the, ii. <a href="#Pg295" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Orinoco, the Banivas of the, i. 66; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Guaraunos of the, 85; the Guayquiries of the, 85; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Tamanaks of the, 61 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ornament, external soul of woman in an ivory, ii. <a href= + "#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ornaments, amulets degenerate into, ii. <a href="#Pg156" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Orne, Midsummer fires in the valley of the, i. 185 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oro, West African bogey, ii. <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">229</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Orpheus and the willow, ii. <a href="#Pg294" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">294</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Orpine (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sedum telephium</span></span>) at Midsummer, + i. 196; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used in divination at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg061" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Orvieto, Midsummer fires at, i. 210 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oster-Kappeln, in Hanover, the oak of the Guelphs at, ii. + <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">166</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Osterode, Easter bonfires at, i. 142 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ot Danoms of Borneo, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. + 35 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Otati tribe of Queensland, their treatment of girls at puberty, + i. 38 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ovambo, of German South-West Africa, custom observed by young + women at puberty among the, ii. <a href="#Pg183" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Owls, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sex totem of women, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">217</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + called women's <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“sisters,”</span> <a href="#Pg218" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ox burnt alive to stop a murrain, i. 301 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -horns, external soul of chief in pair of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ozieri, in Sardinia, bonfires on St. John's Eve at, i. 209 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Padua, story of a were-wolf in, i. 309 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Paha, on the Gold Coast, ii. <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">210</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pale colour of negro children at birth, ii. <a href="#Pg251" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg259" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Palettes or plaques of schist in Egyptian tombs, ii. <a href= + "#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Palm-branches, consecrated, at Easter, i. 121 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Sunday, palm-branches consecrated on, i. 144, ii. <a href= + "#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a>, + <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">85</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + boxwood blessed on, i. 184, ii. <a href="#Pg047" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fern-seed used on, <a href="#Pg288" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">288</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -trees as life-indices, ii. <a href="#Pg161" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a>, <a href="#Pg163" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a>, <a href= + "#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Papuan and Melanesian stocks in New Guinea, ii. <a href="#Pg239" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Papuans, life-trees among the, ii. <a href="#Pg163" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Paraguay, the Chiquites Indians of, ii. <a href="#Pg226" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Parallelism between witches and were-wolves, i. 315, 321 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Parasitic mountain-ash (rowan) used to make the divining-rod, ii. + <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">69</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— orchid growing on a tamarind, ritual at cutting, ii. <a href= + "#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— rowan, superstitions about a, ii. <a href="#Pg281" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Paris, effigy of giant burnt in summer fire at, ii. <a href= + "#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cats burnt alive at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg039" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">39</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Parivarams of Madura, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 69 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Parrot, external soul of warlock in a, ii. <a href="#Pg097" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Punchkin, story of the, ii. <a href="#Pg097" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Parsees, their customs as to menstruous women, i. 85 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Partridge, C., ii. <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">204</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Paschal candle, i. 121, 122 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 125 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Mountains, i. 141 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Passage over or through fire a stringent form of purification, + ii. <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">24</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + through a cleft stick in connexion with puberty and circumcision, + <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">183</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Passes, Indians of Brazil, seclusion of girls at puberty among + the, i. 59 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Passing over fire to get rid of ghosts, ii. <a href="#Pg017" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + through cleft trees and other harrow openings to get rid of + ghosts, etc., <a href="#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">173</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + under a yoke as a purification, <a href="#Pg193" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page367">[pg 367]</span><a name= + "Pg367" id="Pg367" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Passing children through cleft trees, ii. <a href="#Pg168" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + children, sheep, and cattle through holes in the ground, ii. + <a href="#Pg190" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">190</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pastern-bone of a hare in a popular remedy, i. 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pastures fumigated at Midsummer to drive away witches and demons, + i. 170 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Patani States, custom as to the after-birth in the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Paths, separate, for men and women, i. 78, 80, 89 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Patiko, in the Uganda Protectorate, dread of lightning at, ii. + <a href="#Pg298" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">298</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Paton, W. R., on the Golden Bough, ii. <a href="#Pg319" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">319</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Patriarch of Jerusalem kindles the new fire at Easter, i. 129 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Patrician myrtle-tree at Rome, ii. <a href="#Pg168" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Patschkau, precautions against witches near, ii. <a href="#Pg020" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pâturages, processions with torches at, i. 108 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pawnee story of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg151" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pawnees, human sacrifices among the, ii. <a href="#Pg286" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">286</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pazzi family at Florence, i. 126 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peace-making ceremony among the Masai, ii. <a href="#Pg139" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pear-tree as life-index of girl, ii. <a href="#Pg165" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -trees, torches thrown at, i. 108; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rarely attacked by mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg315" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">315</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peas, boiled, distributed by young married couples, i. 111 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pebbles thrown into Midsummer fires, i. 183 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peguenches, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 59 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peking, life-tree of the Manchu dynasty at, ii. <a href="#Pg167" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pelops at Olympia, ii. <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">90</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pemba, island of, ii. <a href="#Pg263" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">263</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pendle, the forest of, i. 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pennant, Thomas, on Beltane fires and cakes in Perthshire, i. + 152; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Hallowe'en fires in Perthshire, 230 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pennefather River in Queensland, ii. <a href="#Pg159" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + treatment of girls at puberty on the, i. 38 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Penny-royal burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213, 214; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gathered at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">51</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pentamerone</span></span>, the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Penzance, Midsummer fires at, i. 199 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Perche, Midsummer fires in, i. 188; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + St. John's herb gathered on Midsummer Eve in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">46</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chêne-Doré</span></span> in, <a href= + "#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Perforating arms and legs of young men, girls, and dogs as a + ceremony, i. 58 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pergine, in the Tyrol, fern-seed at, ii. <a href="#Pg288" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">288</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Perigord, the Yule log in, i. 250 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 253; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + magic herbs gathered at Midsummer in, ii. <a href="#Pg046" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">46</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + crawling under a bramble as a cure for boils in, <a href="#Pg180" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Perkunas, Lithuanian god, his perpetual fire, ii. <a href= + "#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Péronne, mugwort at Midsummer near, ii. <a href="#Pg058" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Persians celebrate a festival of fire at the winter solstice, i. + 269 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Perthshire, Beltane fires and cakes in, i. 152 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + traces of Midsummer fires in, 206; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Hallowe'en bonfires in, 230 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire in, 296 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peru, ceremony of the new fire in, i. 132 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Perun, the oak sacred to the god, ii. <a href="#Pg089" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Petronius, his story of the were-wolf, i. 313 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pett, Grace, a witch, i. 304 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Petworth, in Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture + at, ii. <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">170</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phalgun, a Hindoo month, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">2</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Philip and James, the Apostles, feast of, i. 158 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Piazza del Limbo at Florence, i. 126 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Picardy, Lenten fire-customs in, i. 113; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 187 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Piedmont, belief as to the <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“oil of St. John”</span> on St. John's morning + in, ii. <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">82</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pietro in Guarano (Calabria), Easter custom at, i. 123 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pig, roast, at Christmas, i. 259; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt sacrifice of a, 302 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pigeon, external soul of ogre in a, ii. <a href="#Pg100" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external soul of dragon in a, <a href="#Pg112" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">112</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pigeon's egg, external soul of fairy being in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg139" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pigeons deposit seed of mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg316" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pigs sacrificed, i. 9; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + driven through Midsummer fire, 179; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + driven through the need-fire, 272, 273, 274 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 275 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 276 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 277, 278, 279, 297; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + offered to monster who swallows novices at initiation, ii. + <a href="#Pg240" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">240</a>, <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">246</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pilgrimages on Yule Night in Sweden, i. 20 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pillar, external soul of ogre in a, ii. <a href="#Pg100" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pima Indians, their purification for manslaughter, i. 21 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pines, Scotch, struck by lightning, proportion of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg298" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">298</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pinewood, fire of, at Soracte, ii. <a href="#Pg014" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a>, <a href="#Pg091" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pinoeh, district of South-Eastern Borneo, ii. <a href="#Pg154" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pippin, king of the Franks, i. 270 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pitlochrie, in Perthshire, i. 230 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page368">[pg 368]</span><a name= + "Pg368" id="Pg368" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pitrè, Giuseppe, on St. John's Day in Sicily, ii. <a href= + "#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Placci, Carlo, i. 127 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Place de Noailles at Marseilles, Midsummer flowers in the, ii. + <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">46</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plane and birch, fire made by the friction of, i. 220 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plantain-tree, creeping through a cleft, as a cure, ii. <a href= + "#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plants, spirits of, in the form of snakes, ii. <a href="#Pg044" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external soul in, <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">159</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and trees as life-indices, <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">160</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plaques or palettes of schist in Egyptian tombs, ii. <a href= + "#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plates or basins, divination by three, i. 237 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 240, 244 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plato, on the distribution of the soul in the body, ii. <a href= + "#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plebeian myrtle-tree at Rome, ii. <a href="#Pg168" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pleiades, beginning of year determined by observation of the, ii. + <a href="#Pg244" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">244</a>, <a href="#Pg245" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">245</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pliny on <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“serpents' eggs,”</span> i. 15; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on medicinal plants, 17; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the touch of menstruous women, 96; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, ii. <a href="#Pg014" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the mythical springwort, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">71</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Druidical worship of mistletoe, <a href="#Pg076" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the virtues of mistletoe, <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">78</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the birds which deposit seeds of mistletoe, <a href="#Pg316" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the different kinds of mistletoe, <a href="#Pg317" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plough, piece of Yule log inserted in the, i. 251, 337 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ploughing in spring, custom at the first, i. 18 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ploughshare, crawling under a, as a cure, ii. <a href="#Pg180" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plum-tree wood used for Yule log, i. 250 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plurality of souls, doctrine of the, ii. <a href="#Pg221" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plutarch, on oak-mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg318" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">318</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pogdanzig, witches' Sabbath at, ii. <a href="#Pg074" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pointing sticks or bones in magic, i. 14 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Poitou, Midsummer fires in, i. 182, 190 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 340 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fires on All Saints' Day in, 246; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 251 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mugwort at Midsummer in, ii. <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">59</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Poix, Lenten fires at, i. 113 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Poland, need-fire in, i. 281 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Polaznik</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">polazenik</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">polažaynik</span></span>, Christmas visiter, + i. 261, 263, 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pole, sacred, of the Arunta, i. 7 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Poles, passing between two poles after a death, ii. <a href= + "#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">178</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + passing between two poles in order to escape sickness or evil + spirit, ii. <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">179</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pollution, menstrual, widespread fear of, i. 76 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Polygnotus, his picture of Orpheus under the willow, ii. <a href= + "#Pg294" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">294</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pomerania, hills called the Blocksberg in, i. 171 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pommerol, Dr., i. 112 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pond, G. H., on ritual of death and resurrection among the + Dacotas, ii. <a href="#Pg269" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">269</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pongol or Feast of Ingathering in Southern India, ii. <a href= + "#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">1</a>, + <a href="#Pg016" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">16</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pontesbury, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, i. 257 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Popinjay, shooting at a, i. 194 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Popish Kingdome, The</span></span>, of + Thomas Kirchmeyer, i. 125 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 162 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Poplar, the white, used in sacrificing to Zeus at Olympia, ii. + <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">90</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg091" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 7; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + black, mistletoe on, <a href="#Pg318" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">318</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 282 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Porcupine as charm to ensure women an easy delivery, i. 49 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Port Lincoln tribe of South Australia, their superstition as to + lizards, ii. <a href="#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">216</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Porta + Triumphalis</span></span> at Rome, ii. <a href="#Pg195" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Portrait statues, external souls of Egyptian kings deposited in, + ii. <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">157</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Portreach, sacrifice of a calf near, i. 301 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Poseidon makes Pterelaus immortal, ii. <a href="#Pg103" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + priest of, uses a white umbrella, i. 20 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Posidonius, Greek traveller in Gaul, ii. <a href="#Pg032" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Poso in Central Celebes, custom at the working of iron in, ii. + <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">154</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Alfoors of, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">222</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Possession by an evil spirit cured by passing through a red-hot + chain, ii. <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">186</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Potawatomi women secluded at menstruation, i. 89 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Potlatch</span></span>, distribution of + property, ii. <a href="#Pg274" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">274</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pots used by girls at puberty broken, i. 61, 69 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Powers, extraordinary, ascribed to first-born children, i. 295 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Požega district of Slavonia, need-fire in, i. 282 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prättigau in Switzerland, Lenten fire-custom at, i. 119 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prayers of adolescent girls to the Dawn of Day, i. 50 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 53, 98 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + for rain, 133 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pretence of throwing a man into fire, i. 148, 186, ii. <a href= + "#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Priapus, image of, at need-fire, i. 286 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Priest of Aricia and the Golden Bough, i. 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Earth, taboos observed by the, 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Diana at Aricia, the King of the Wood, perhaps personified + Jupiter, ii. <a href="#Pg302" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">302</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Nemi, <a href="#Pg315" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">315</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Priestesses not allowed to step on ground, i. 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Priests expected to pass through fire, ii. <a href="#Pg002" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a>, <a href= + "#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a>, + <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">8</a>, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">9</a>, <a href="#Pg014" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Primitive thought, its vagueness and inconsistency, ii. <a href= + "#Pg301" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">301</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page369">[pg 369]</span><a name= + "Pg369" id="Pg369" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prince Sunless, i. 21 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Wales Island, Torres Strait, treatment of girls at puberty + in, i. 40 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Princess royal, ceremonies at the puberty of a, i. 29, 30 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Procession with lighted tar-barrels on Christmas Eve, i. 268 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Processions with lighted torches through fields, gardens, + orchards, etc., i. 107 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 110 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 113 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 141, 179, 233 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 266, 339 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Corpus Christi Day, 165; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to the Midsummer bonfires, 184, 185, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + across fiery furnaces, ii. <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">4</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of giants (effigies) at popular festivals in Europe, <a href= + "#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Profligacy at Holi festival in India, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prophecy, the Norse Sibyl's, i. 102 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Proserpine River in Queensland, i. 39 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Provence, Midsummer fires in, i. 193 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 249 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prussia, Midsummer fires in, i. 176 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mullein gathered at Midsummer in, ii. <a href="#Pg063" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches' Sabbath in, <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">74</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Eastern, herbs gathered at Midsummer in, ii. <a href="#Pg048" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, <a href="#Pg053" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>, <a href= + "#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + belief as to mistletoe growing on a thorn in, <a href="#Pg291" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">291</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prussian custom before first ploughing in spring, i. 18 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prussians, the old, worshipped serpents, ii. <a href="#Pg043" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pterelaus and his golden hair, ii. <a href="#Pg103" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Puberty, girls secluded at, i. 22 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fast and dream at, ii. <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">222</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + pretence of killing the novice and bringing him to life again + during initiatory rites at, <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">225</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pueblo Indians of Arizona and New Mexico, use of bull-roarers + among the, ii. <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">230</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pulayars of Travancore, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. + 69 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pulverbatch, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, i. 257; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + belief as the bloom of the oak on Midsummer Eve at, ii. <a href= + "#Pg292" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">292</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pumpkin, external soul in a, ii. <a href="#Pg105" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Punchkin and the parrot, story of, ii. <a href="#Pg097" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg215" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a>, <a href="#Pg220" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Punjaub, supernatural power ascribed to the first-born in the, i. + 295; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + passing unlucky children through narrow openings in the, ii. + <a href="#Pg190" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">190</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Purification by stinging with ants, i. 61 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by beating, 61, 64 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of mourners by fire, ii. <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">17</a>, <a href="#Pg018" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + after a death, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">178</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by passing under a yoke, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">193</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Purificatory theory of the fires of the fire-festivals, i. 329 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 341, ii. <a href="#Pg016" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">16</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + more probable than the solar theory, i. 346 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Purple loosestrife (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + style="text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lythrum salicaria</span></span>) gathered at + Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Purra</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">poro</span></span>, secret society in Sierra + Leone, ii. <a href="#Pg260" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">260</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Puttenham, George, on the Midsummer giants, ii. <a href="#Pg036" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pyrenees, Midsummer fires in the French, i. 193 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Quarter-ill, a disease of cattle, i. 296 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Quedlinburg, in the Harz Mountains, need-fire at, i. 276 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Queen Charlotte Islands, the Haida Indians of, i. 44 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Heaven, ii. <a href="#Pg303" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">303</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Summer, i. 195 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Queen's County, Midsummer fires in, i. 203; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination at Hallowe'en in, 242 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Queensland, sorcery in, i. 14; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + seclusion of girls at puberty in, 37 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dread of women at menstruation in, 78; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + natives of, their mode of ascertaining the fate of an absent + friend, ii. <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">159</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of bull-roarers in, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">233</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Quimba</span></span>, a secret society on + the Lower Congo, ii. <a href="#Pg256" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">256</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Quimper, Midsummer fires at, i. 184 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Quirinus, sanctuary of, at Rome, ii. <a href="#Pg168" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Races at fire-festivals, i. 111; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to Easter bonfire, 122; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Easter fires, 144; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + with torches at Midsummer, 175. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Torch-Races" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Torch-races</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Radium, bearing of its discovery on the probable duration of the + sun, ii. <a href="#Pg307" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">307</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rahu, a tribal god in India, ii. <a href="#Pg005" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rain, Midsummer bonfires supposed to stop, i. 188, 336; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bull-roarers used as magical instruments to make, ii. <a href= + "#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -clouds, smoke made in imitation of, i. 133 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -makers (mythical), i. 133 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -water in Morocco, magical virtues ascribed to, i. 17 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Raking a rick in the devil's name, i. 243; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the ashes, a mode of divination, 243 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ralston, W. R. S., on sacred fire of Perkunas, ii. <a href= + "#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rama, his battle with the King of Ceylon, ii. <a href="#Pg102" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rampart, old, of Burghead, i. 267 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ramsay, John, of Ochtertyre, on Beltane fires, i. 146 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Midsummer fires, 206; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Hallowe'en fires, 230 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on burying cattle alive, 325 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rarhi, Brahmans of Bengal, their seclusion of girls at puberty, + i. 68 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page370">[pg 370]</span><a name= + "Pg370" id="Pg370" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rat, external soul of medicine-man in, ii. <a href="#Pg199" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rattan, creeping through a split, to escape a malignant spirit, + ii. <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">183</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rattle used at a festival, i. 28 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rattles to frighten ghosts, i. 52 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Raven clan, ii. <a href="#Pg271" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">271</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ray-fish, cure for wound inflicted by a, i. 98 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Raymi, a festival of the summer solstice, i. 132 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Reapers throw sickles blindfold at last sheaf, ii. <a href= + "#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Reaping, girdle of rye a preventive of weariness in, i. 190 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Reay, in Sutherland, the need-fire at, i. 294 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Red earth or paint smeared on girls at puberty, i. 30, 31; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + girl's face painted red at puberty, 49 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 54; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + women at menstruation painted, 78 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and white, girls at puberty painted, i. 35, 38, 39, 40; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + women at menstruation painted, 78 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -hot iron chain, passing persons possessed by evil spirits + through a, ii. <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">186</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Island, i. 39 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— ochre round a woman's mouth, mark of menstruation, i. 77 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Redemption from the fire, i. 110 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Reed, W. A., on a superstition as to a parasitic plant, ii. + <a href="#Pg282" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">282</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Reed, split, used in cure for dislocation, ii. <a href="#Pg177" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Reef, plain of, in Tiree, i. 316 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Regaby, in the Isle of Man, i. 224 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Reindeer sacrificed to the dead, ii. <a href="#Pg178" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">178</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, O. Frh. von, on the Yule log, i. 249 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Reiskius, Joh., on the need-fire, i. 271 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Religion, movement of thought from magic through religion to + science, ii. <a href="#Pg304" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">304</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Religious associations among the Indians of North America, ii. + <a href="#Pg266" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">266</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Remedies, magical, not allowed to touch the ground, i. 14 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Renewal of fire, annual, in China, i. 137. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href="#Index-Fire" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Fire</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rengen, in the Eifel Mountains, Midsummer flowers at, ii. + <a href="#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">48</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Resoliss, parish of, in Ross-shire, burnt sacrifice of a pig in, + i. 301 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Resurrection, ritual of death and, ii. <a href="#Pg225" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Reuzes, wicker giants in Brabant and Flanders, ii. <a href= + "#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Revin, Midsummer fires at, i. 188 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhenish Prussia, Lenten fires in, i. 115 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rheumatism, crawling under a bramble as a cure for, ii. <a href= + "#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhine, the Lower, need-fire on, i. 278; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + St. John's wort on, ii. <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">54</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhodesia, the Winamwanga of, ii. <a href="#Pg297" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">297</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Rhodomyrtus + tomentosus</span></span>, used to kindle fire by friction, ii. + <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">8</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhön Mountains, Lenten custom in the, i. 117 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhys, Sir John, on Beltane fires, i. 157; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on driving cattle through fires, 159; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on old New Year's Day in the Isle of Man, 224; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Hallowe'en bonfires in Wales, 239 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on burnt sacrifices in the Isle of Man, 305 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on alleged Welsh name for mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg286" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">286</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ribble, the, i. 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ribwort gathered at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg049" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rickard, R. H., quoted, i. 34 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rickets, children passed through cleft ash-trees as a cure for, + ii. <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">168</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + children passed through cleft oaks as a cure for, <a href= + "#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + children passed through a holed stone as a cure for, <a href= + "#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rickety children passed through a natural wooden ring, ii. + <a href="#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">184</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Riedel, J. G. F., on the Kakian association in Ceram, ii. + <a href="#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">249</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rif, province of Morocco, Midsummer fires in, i. 214 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 215; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bathing at Midsummer in, 216 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Riga, Midsummer festival at, i. 177 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Right hand, luckiness of the, i. 151 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— turn (<span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">deiseal</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">dessil</span></span>) in the Highlands of + Scotland, i. 150 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 154 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rigveda, how Indra cured Apala in the, ii. <a href="#Pg193" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Ring" id="Index-Ring" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ring, crawling through a, as a cure or preventive of disease, ii. + <a href="#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">184</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination by a, i. 237; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worn by initiates as token of the new birth, ii. <a href="#Pg257" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Rings" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Rings</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ringhorn, Balder's ship, i. 102 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ringing church bells on Midsummer Eve, custom as to, ii. <a href= + "#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Rings" id="Index-Rings" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rings as amulets, i. 92; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mourners creep through, ii. <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">178</a>, <a href="#Pg179" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href="#Index-Ring" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Ring</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rio de Janeiro, i. 59 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Negro, ordeals of young men among the Indians of the, i. 63 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Risley, Sir Herbert H., on Indian fire-walk, ii. <a href="#Pg005" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ritual, myths dramatized in, i. 105; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of death and resurrection, ii. <a href="#Pg225" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rivers, Dr. W. H. R., on <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tamaniu</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg199" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rivers, menstruous women not allowed to cross or bathe in, i. 77, + 97; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + claim human victims at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg026" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bathing in, at Midsummer, <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">30</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page371">[pg 371]</span><a name= + "Pg371" id="Pg371" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rizano, in Dalmatia, the Yule log at, i. 263 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Robertson, Rev. James, quoted, i. 150 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Robinson, C. H., on human life bound up with that of an animal, + ii. <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">209</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rochholz, C. L., on need-fire, i. 270 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rocks, sick people passed through holes in, ii. <a href="#Pg186" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg189" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Roman belief as to menstruous women, i. 98 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— cure for dislocation, ii. <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">177</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Romans deemed sacred the places which were struck by lightning, + ii. <a href="#Pg299" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">299</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Romanus Lecapenus, emperor, ii. <a href="#Pg156" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rome, the sacred fire of Vesta at, i. 138, ii. <a href="#Pg091" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer Day in ancient, i. 178; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + myrtle-trees of the Patricians and Plebeians at, ii. <a href= + "#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + oak of the Vespasian family at, <a href="#Pg168" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Romove, sacred oak and perpetual fire at, ii. <a href="#Pg091" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href= + "#Pg286" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">286</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Roof of house, the external soul in, ii. <a href="#Pg156" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rook, the island of, initiation of young men in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Roscher, Dr. W. H., on the Roman ceremony of passing under a + yoke, ii. <a href="#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">194</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Roscoe, Rev. J., on life-trees of kings of Uganda, ii. <a href= + "#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on passing through a cleft stick or a narrow opening as a cure, + <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">181</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Roscommon, County, divination at Hallowe'en in, i. 243 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rose-tree, death in a blue, ii. <a href="#Pg110" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Roses, festival of the Crown of, i. 195; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the King and Queen of, 195 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ross-shire, Beltane cakes in, i. 153; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt sacrifice of a pig in, 301 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rotenburg on the Neckar, offering to the river on St. John's Day, + ii. <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">28</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the wicked weaver of, <a href="#Pg289" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">289</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rottenburg, in Swabia, burning the Angel-man at, i. 167; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + precautions against witches on Midsummer Eve at, ii. <a href= + "#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Roumanians of Transylvania, their belief as to the sacredness of + bread, i. 13 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Rowan" id="Index-Rowan" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rowan, parasitic, esteemed effective against witchcraft, ii. + <a href="#Pg281" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">281</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + superstitions about a, <a href="#Pg281" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">281</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + how it is to be gathered, <a href="#Pg282" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">282</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not to be touched with iron and not to fall on the ground, + <a href="#Pg282" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">282</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -tree a protection against witches, i. 154, 327 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, ii. <a href="#Pg184" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4, <a href="#Pg185" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + hoop of, sheep passed through a, <a href="#Pg184" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> Mountain-ash + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rubens, painter, ii. <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">33</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rucuyennes of Brazil, ordeal of young men among the, i. 63 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rue aux Ours at Paris, effigy of giant burnt in the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rue burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rügen, sick persons passed through a cleft oak in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">172</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rum, island of, and the Lachlin family, ii. <a href="#Pg284" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">284</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rupert's Day, effigy burnt on, i. 119 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rupt in the Vosges, Lenten fires at, i. 109; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log at, 254 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rupture, children passed through cleft ash-trees or oaks as a + cure for, ii. <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">168</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg170" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Russia, Midsummer fires in, i. 176, ii. <a href="#Pg040" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire in, i. 281, ii. <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">91</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + treatment of the effigy of Kupalo in, <a href="#Pg023" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Letts of, <a href="#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">50</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + purple loose-strife gathered at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg065" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fern-seed at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">65</a>, <a href="#Pg066" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a>, <a href="#Pg287" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + birth-trees in, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">165</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Russian feast of Florus and Laurus, i. 220 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— story of Koshchei the deathless, ii. <a href="#Pg108" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rustem and Isfendiyar, i. 104 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ruthenia, Midsummer bonfires in, i. 176 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rye, girdles of, a preventive of weariness in reaping, i. 190 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saale, the river, claims a human victim on Midsummer Day, ii. + <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">26</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saaralben in Lorraine, ii. <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">47</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sabbaths of witches on the Eve of May Day and Midsummer Eve, i. + 171 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + 3, 181, ii. <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">73</a>, <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">74</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sacramental bread at Nemi, ii. <a href="#Pg286" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">286</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— meal at initiation in Fiji, ii. <a href="#Pg245" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sacred flutes played at initiation, ii. <a href="#Pg241" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— kings put to death, i. 1 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— persons not allowed to set foot on the ground, i. 2 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not to see the sun, i. 18 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— stick (<span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">churinga</span></span>), ii. <a href= + "#Pg234" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sacrifice of cattle at holy oak, i. 181; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of heifer at kindling need-fire, 290; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of an animal to stay a cattle-plague, 300 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of reindeer to the dead, ii. <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">178</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sacrifices, human, at fire-festivals, i. 106; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + traces of, 146, 148, 150 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 186, ii. <a href= + "#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + offered by the ancient Germans, <a href="#Pg028" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + among the Celts of Gaul, <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">32</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the victims perhaps witches and wizards, <a href="#Pg041" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + W. Mannhardt's theory, <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">43</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Sacrificial + fonts”</span> in Sweden, i. 172 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sada</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Saza</span></span>, Persian festival of fire + at the winter solstice, i. 269 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sage, divination by sprigs of red, on Midsummer Eve, ii. <a href= + "#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page372">[pg 372]</span><a name= + "Pg372" id="Pg372" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sagittarius, mistletoe cut when the sun is in the sign of, ii. + <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">82</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sahagun, B. de, on the treatment of witches and wizards among the + Aztecs, ii. <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">159</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saibai, island of Torres Strait, treatment of girls at puberty + in, i. 40 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sail Dharaich, Sollas, in North Uist, need-fire at, i. 294 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Antony, wood of, i. 110 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Brandon, church of, in Ireland, sick women pass through a + window of the, ii. <a href="#Pg190" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">190</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Christopher, name given to Midsummer giant at Salisbury, ii. + <a href="#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">38</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Columb Kill, festival of, i. 241 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Corona, church of, at Koppenwal, holed stone in the, ii. + <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">188</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saint-Denis-des-Puits, the oak of, ii. <a href="#Pg287" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Eloi, Bishop of Noyon, his denunciation of heathen practices, + ii. <a href="#Pg190" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">190</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Estapin, festival of, on August the sixth, ii. <a href= + "#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. George's Day, i. 223 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Hubert blesses bullets with which to shoot witches, i. 315 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. James's Day (July the twenty-fifth), the flower of chicory + cut on, ii. <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">71</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Jean, in the Jura, Midsummer fire-custom at, i. 189 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-St-John" id="Index-St-John" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. John blesses the flowers on Midsummer Eve, i. 171; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his hair looked for in ashes of Midsummer fire, 182 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 190; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fires of, in France, 183, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + prayers to, at Midsummer, 210; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + claims human victims on St. John's Day (Midsummer Day), ii. + <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">27</a>, <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">29</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + print of his head on St. John's Eve, <a href="#Pg057" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + oil of, found on oak leaves, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">83</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the Knights of, i. 194 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Grand Master of the Order of, i. 211 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— the Baptist associated by the Catholic Church with Midsummer + Day, i. 160, 181 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. John's blood found on St. John's wort and other plants at + Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg056" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">56</a>, <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">57</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. John's College, Oxford, the Christmas candle at, i. 255 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Day, Midsummer fires on, i. 167 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 171 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 178, 179; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fire kindled by friction of wood on, 281; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fern-seed blooms on, ii. <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">287</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Midsummer" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Midsummer</a>. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Eve (Midsummer Eve) in Malta, i. 210 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + wonderful herbs gathered on, ii. <a href="#Pg045" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sick children passed through cleft trees on, <a href="#Pg171" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. John's fires among the South Slavs, i. 178; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + among the Esthonians, 180. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Midsummer-Fires" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Midsummer fires</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— flower at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">50</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gathered on St. John's Eve (Midsummer Eve), <a href="#Pg057" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— girdle, mugwort, ii. <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">59</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— herbs gathered at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg046" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">46</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg049" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against evil spirits, <a href="#Pg049" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Night (Midsummer Eve), precautions against witches on, ii. + <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">20</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— oil on oaks at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg293" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">293</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— root (<span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Johanniswurzel</span></span>), the male + fern, ii. <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">66</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-St-Johns-Wort" id="Index-St-Johns-Wort" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— wort (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hypericum perforatum</span></span>), + garlands of, at Midsummer, i. 169 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3, 196; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gathered on St. John's Day or Eve (Midsummer Day or Eve), ii. + <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">49</a>, <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">54</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against thunder, witches, and evil spirits, <a href= + "#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a>, + <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">55</a>, <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">74</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thrown into the Midsummer bonfires, <a href="#Pg055" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Juan Capistrano, in California, ordeal of nettles and ants + among the Indians of, i. 64 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Julien, church of, at Ath, ii. <a href="#Pg036" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Just, in Cornwall, Midsummer fire-custom at, i. 200 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Lawrence family, their lives bound up with an old tree at + Howth castle, ii. <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">166</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Martin invoked to disperse a mist, i. 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Mary at Lübeck, church of, i. 100 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-St-Michael" id="Index-St-Michael" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Michael's cake, i. 149, 154 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Nonnosius, relics of, in the cathedral of Freising, Bavaria, + ii. <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">188</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Patrick and the Beltane fires, i. 157 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Patrick's Chair, i. 205 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Mount, i. 205 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Peter, the Eve of, Midsummer fires in Ireland on, i. 202 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and St. Paul, celebration of their day in London, i. 196 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Peter's at Rome, new fire at Easter in, i. 125 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Day, bonfires in Belgium on, i. 194 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bonfires at Eton on, 197; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fires in Scotland on, 207 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Eve, bonfires on, i. 195, 198, 199 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gathering herbs on, ii. <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">45</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Rochus's day, need-fire kindled on, i. 282 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Thomas's day (21st December), bonfires on, i. 266; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches dreaded on, ii. <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">73</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Mount, near Madras, the fire-walk at, ii. <a href="#Pg008" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saint-Valery in Picardy, i. 113 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page373">[pg 373]</span><a name= + "Pg373" id="Pg373" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Vitus's dance, mistletoe a cure for, ii. <a href="#Pg084" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Day, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“fire of + heaven”</span> kindled on, i. 335 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Wolfgang, Falkenstein chapel of, ii. <a href="#Pg189" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saintes-Maries, Midsummer custom at, i. 194 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saintonge, the Yule log in, i. 251 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + wonderful herbs gathered on St. John's Eve in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + St. John's wort in, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">55</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + vervain gathered at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg062" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n. 4</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg063" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Aunis, Midsummer fires in, i. 192 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Salee, in Morocco, Midsummer fires at, i. 214, 216 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Salisbury, Midsummer giants at, ii. <a href="#Pg037" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">37</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Salop (Shropshire), fear of witchcraft in, i. 342 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Salt, prohibition to eat, i. 19, 20; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used in a ceremony after marriage, 25 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + abstinence from, associated with a rule of chastity, 26 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + prohibition to taste, 60, 68, 69; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not to be handled by menstruous women, 81 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 84; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination by, 244 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— cake, divination by, i. 238 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samhain, Eve of, in Ireland, i. 139, 225, 226; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + All Saints' Day in Ireland, 225 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Samhanach</span></span>, Hallowe'en bogies, + i. 227 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Samhnagan</span></span>, Hallowe'en fires, + i. 230 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samland fishermen will not go to sea on Midsummer Day, ii. + <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">26</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samoan story of woman who was impregnated by the sun, i. 74 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samoyed shamans, their familiar spirits in boars, ii. <a href= + "#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— story of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg141" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samson, effigy of, ii. <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">36</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + an African, <a href="#Pg314" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">314</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + San Salvador in West Africa, ii. <a href="#Pg200" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sanctity and uncleanness not clearly differentiated in the + primitive mind, i. 97 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sanctuary of Balder, i. 104 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sand, souls of ogres in a grain of, ii. <a href="#Pg120" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sandhill, in Northumberland, Midsummer fires at, i. 198 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sangerhausen, i. 169 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sangro, river, i. 210 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sankuru River, ii. <a href="#Pg264" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">264</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Santa Catalina Istlavacan, birth-names of the Indians of, ii. + <a href="#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">214</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Maria Piedigrotta at Naples, i. 221 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sapor, king of Persia, i. 82 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sarajevo, need-fire near, i. 286 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sardinia, Midsummer fires in, i. 209 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Satan preaches a sermon in the church of North Berwick, ii. + <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">158</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + brings fern-seed on Christmas night, <a href="#Pg289" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">289</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Satapatha Brahmana</span></span>, on the sun + as Death, ii. <a href="#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">174</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saturday, Easter, new fire on, i. 121, 122, 124, 127, 128, 130; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + second-sight of persons born on a, 285 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saturnalia at puberty of a princess royal, i. 30 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + license of the, ii. <a href="#Pg291" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">291</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saucers, divination by seven, i. 209 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Savage, secretiveness of the, ii. <a href="#Pg224" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dread of sorcery, <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">224</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saxo Grammaticus, Danish historian, i. 102 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his account of Balder, 103 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saxons of Transylvania, story of the external soul among the, ii. + <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">116</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saxony, fires to burn the witches in, i. 160; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Wends of, ii. <a href="#Pg297" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">297</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, Lower, the need-fire in, i. 272 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scania, Midsummer fires in, i. 172 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Schaffhausen, St. John's three Midsummer victims at, ii. <a href= + "#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Schar mountains of Servia, need-fire in the, i. 281 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Scharholz</span></span>, Midsummer log in + Germany, ii. <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">92</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Schaumburg, Easter bonfires in, i. 142 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Schlegel, G., on Chinese festival of fire, ii. <a href="#Pg005" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Schlich, W., on mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg315" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">315</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus europaeus</span></span>, <a href= + "#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Schlochau, district of, witches' Sabbath in, ii. <a href="#Pg074" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Schöllbronn in Baden, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“thunder poles”</span> at, i. 145 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Schoolcraft, Henry R., on renewal of fire, i. 134 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Schürmann, C. W., on the Port Lincoln tribe of South Australia, + ii. <a href="#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">216</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schvannes</span></span>, bonfires, i. 111 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Schweina, in Thuringia, Christmas bonfire at, i. 265 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Schwenda, witches burnt at, i. 6 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Science, movement of thought from magic through religion to, ii. + <a href="#Pg304" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">304</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and magic, different views of natural order postulated by the + two, <a href="#Pg305" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">305</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scira, an Athenian festival, i. 20 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Scoring above + the breath,”</span> cutting a witch on the forehead, i. 315 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + counter-spell to witchcraft, 343 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scotch Highlanders, their belief in bogies at Hallowe'en, i. 227; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their belief as to Snake Stones, ii. <a href="#Pg311" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">311</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scotland, sacred wells in, i. 12; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Celts called <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“thunder-bolts”</span> in, 14 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Snake Stones in, 15 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg311" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">311</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worship of Grannus in, i. 112; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Beltane fires in, 146 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 206 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination at Hallowe'en in, 229, 234 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire in, 289 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page374">[pg 374]</span><a name= + "Pg374" id="Pg374" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + animals burnt alive as a sacrifice in, 302; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“scoring above + the breath,”</span> a counter-charm for witchcraft in, 315 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches as hares in, 315 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + St. John's wort in, ii. <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">54</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the divining-rod in, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">67</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Highlands" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Highlands</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">and</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Highlanders" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Highlanders</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scots pine, mistletoe on, ii. <a href="#Pg315" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">315</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scott, Sir Walter, on the fear of witchcraft, i. 343; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + oaks planted by, ii. <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">166</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scourging girls at puberty, i. 66 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Scouvion</span></span>, i. 108. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Escouvion" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Escouvion</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scratching the person with the fingers forbidden to girls at + puberty, i. 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 47, 50, 53, 92 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scrofula, vervain a cure for, ii. <a href="#Pg062" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + creeping through an arch of vines as a cure for, <a href="#Pg180" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + passage through a holed stone a cure for, <a href="#Pg187" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scylla, daughter of Nisus, the story of her treachery, ii. + <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">103</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scythes and bill-hooks set out to cut witches as they fall from + the clouds, i. 345 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sea, menstruous women not allowed to approach the, i. 79; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bathing in the, at Easter, 123; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bathing in the, at Midsummer, 208, 210, ii. <a href="#Pg030" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + demands a human victim on Midsummer Day, <a href="#Pg026" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seal, descendants of the, in Sutherlandshire, ii. <a href= + "#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seats placed for souls of dead at the Midsummer fires, i. 183, + 184 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 22 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>,; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in folk-tales, 70 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + reasons for the, 76 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of novices at initiation, ii. <a href="#Pg233" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a>, <a href="#Pg241" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a>, <a href= + "#Pg250" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">250</a>, + <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">253</a>, <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">257</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg258" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a>, <a href="#Pg259" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a>, <a href= + "#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>, + <a href="#Pg264" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">264</a>, <a href="#Pg266" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">266</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of women at menstruation, i. 76 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Secret language learnt at initiation, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a>, <a href="#Pg255" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg259" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a>, <a href="#Pg261" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— societies and totem clans, related to each other, ii. <a href= + "#Pg272" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">272</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Secretiveness of the savage, ii. <a href="#Pg224" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sedbury Park oak, in Gloucestershire, ii. <a href="#Pg316" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Sedum + telephium</span></span>, orpine, used in divination at Midsummer, + ii. <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">61</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seed-corn, charred remains of Midsummer log mixed with the, ii. + <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">92</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seeman, Berthold, on St. John's blood, ii. <a href="#Pg056" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seler, Professor E., on nagual, ii. <a href="#Pg213" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Semo</span></span>, a secret society of + Senegambia, ii. <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">261</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Senal Indians of California, their notion as to fire stored in + trees, ii. <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">295</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Senegambia, the Walos of, ii. <a href="#Pg079" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + secret society in, <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">261</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sennar, a province of the Sudan, human hyaenas in, i. 313 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Separation of children from their parents among the Baganda, i. + 23 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + September, eve of the first of, new fire on the, i. 139; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the eighth, feast of the Nativity of the Virgin, 220; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the fire-walk in, ii. <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">9</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Serpent" id="Index-Serpent" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Serpent, girls at puberty thought to be visited by a, i. 31; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + supposed to swallow girl at puberty, 57; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ten-headed, external soul in a, ii. <a href="#Pg104" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + twelve-headed, external soul of demon in a, <a href="#Pg143" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external soul of chief in a, <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">201</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Snake" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Snake</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Serpents burnt alive at the Midsummer festival in Luchon, ii. + <a href="#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">38</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg043" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches turn into, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">41</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worshipped by the old Prussians, <a href="#Pg043" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the worship of Demeter, <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">44</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the familiars of witches, <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">202</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + spirits of the dead incarnate in, <a href="#Pg211" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Serpents' eggs (glass beads) in ancient Gaul, i. 15 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Servia, Midsummer fire custom in, i. 178; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 258 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire in, 281, 282 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Servian stories of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg110" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Servians, house-communities of the, i. 259 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Setonje, in Servia, need-fire at, i. 282 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seven bonfires, lucky to see, i. 107, 108 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— leaps over Midsummer fire, i. 213 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— sorts of plants gathered at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg051" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— years, a were-wolf for, i. 310 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 316 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Sex-Totems" id="Index-Sex-Totems" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sex totems among the natives of South-Eastern Australia, ii. + <a href="#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">214</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + called <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“brother”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q" + style="text-align: left">“sister”</span> by men and women + respectively, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">215</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sexes, danger apprehended from the relation of the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg277" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">277</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seyf el-Mulook and the jinnee, the story of, ii. <a href="#Pg137" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sgealoir, the burying-ground of, i. 294 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sgreball</span></span>, three pence, i. 139 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sham-fights at New Year, i. 135 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shamans of the Yakuts and Samoyeds keep their external souls in + animals, ii. <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">196</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shamash, the Assyrian sun-god, ii. <a href="#Pg080" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shanga, city in East Africa, ii. <a href="#Pg314" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">314</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shawnee prophet, ii. <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">157</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sheaf, the last cut at harvest, the Yule log wrapt up in, i. 248; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + reapers blindfold throw sickles at the, ii. <a href="#Pg279" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sheaves of wheat or barley burnt in Midsummer fires, i. 215 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sheep made to tread embers of extinct Midsummer fires, i. 182; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + driven over <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page375">[pg + 375]</span><a name="Pg375" id="Pg375" class="tei tei-anchor" + style="text-align: left"></a> ashes of Midsummer fires, 192; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt to stop disease in the flock, 301; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt alive as a sacrifice in the Isle of Man, 306; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witch in shape of a black, 316; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + driven through fire, ii. <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">11</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + omens drawn from the intestines of, <a href="#Pg013" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">13</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + passed through a hole in a rock to rid them of disease, <a href= + "#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shells used in ritual of death and resurrection, ii. <a href= + "#Pg267" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">267</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, <a href="#Pg269" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">269</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sherbro, Sierra Leone, secret society in the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shirley Heath, cleft ash-tree at, ii. <a href="#Pg168" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shirt, wet, divination by, i. 236, 241 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shoe, divination by thrown, i. 236 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shoes of boar's skin worn by king at inauguration, i. 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + magical plants at Midsummer put in, ii. <a href="#Pg054" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a>, <a href="#Pg060" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a>, <a href= + "#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day, ii. <a href="#Pg291" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">291</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— at witches in the clouds, i. 345 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Shot-a-dead”</span> by fairies, i. 303 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shropshire, the Yule log in, i. 257; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fear of witchcraft in, 342 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the oak thought to bloom on Midsummer Eve in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg292" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">292</a>, + <a href="#Pg293" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">293</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shrove Tuesday, effigies burnt on, i. 120; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + straw-man burnt on, ii. <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">22</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + wicker giants on, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">35</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cats burnt alive on, <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">40</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the divining-rod cut on, <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">68</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom of striking a hen dead on, <a href="#Pg279" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shuswap Indians of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at + puberty among the, i. 53 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + girls at puberty forbidden to eat anything that bleeds, 94; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fence themselves with thorn bushes against ghosts, ii. <a href= + "#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + personal totems among the, <a href="#Pg276" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">276</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their belief as to trees struck by lightning, <a href="#Pg297" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">297</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Siam, king of, not allowed to set foot on ground, i. 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tree-spirit in serpent form in, ii. <a href="#Pg044" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Siamese, their explanation of a first menstruation, i. 24; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their story of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg102" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Siberia, marriage custom in, i. 75; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external souls of shamans in, ii. <a href="#Pg196" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sibyl, the Norse, her prophecy, i. 102 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sibyl's wish, the, i. 99 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sicily, Midsummer fires in, i. 210; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + St. John's Day (Midsummer Day) regarded as dangerous and unlucky + in, ii. <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">29</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bathing at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">29</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + St. John's wort in, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">55</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sickness, bonfires a protection against, i. 108, 109; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + transferred to animal, ii. <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">181</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sieg, the Yule log in the valley of the, i. 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Siena, the, of the Ivory Coast, their totemism, ii. <a href= + "#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sierck, town on the Moselle, i. 164 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sierra Leone, birth-trees in, ii. <a href="#Pg160" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + secret society in, <a href="#Pg260" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">260</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sieve, divination by, i. 236 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sikkhim, custom after a funeral in, ii. <a href="#Pg018" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Silence compulsory on girls at puberty, i. 29, 57; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in ritual, 123, 124, ii. <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">63</a>, <a href="#Pg067" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a>, <a href="#Pg171" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a>, <a href= + "#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Silesia, Spachendorf in, i. 119; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fires to burn the witches in, 160; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 170 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 175; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire in, 278; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches as cats in, 319 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, ii. <a href="#Pg053" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Silius Italicus, on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, ii. + <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">14</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sill of door, unlucky children passed under the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg190" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Silver sixpence or button used to shoot witches with, i. 316 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Silvia and Mars, story of, ii. <a href="#Pg102" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Simeon, prince of Bulgaria, his life bound up with the capital of + a column, ii. <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">156</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Simla, i. 12 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Simurgh and Rustem, i. 104 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sin-offering, i. 82 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Singhalese, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 69 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Singleton, Miss A. H., ii. <a href="#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">192</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Siouan tribes of North America, names of clans not used in + ordinary conversation among the, ii. <a href="#Pg224" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sioux or Dacotas, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. + <a href="#Pg268" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">268</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sipi in Northern India, i. 12 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sirius, how the Bushmen warm up the star, i. 332 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sister's Beam (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sororium tigillum</span></span>) at Rome, + ii. <a href="#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">194</a>, <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">195</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sisyphus, the stone of, i. 298 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sixpence, silver, witches shot with a, i. 316 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sixth day of the moon, mistletoe cut on the, ii. <a href="#Pg077" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sixty years, cycles of, ii. <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">77</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Skin disease, traditional cure of, in India, ii. <a href="#Pg192" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + leaping over ashes of fire as remedy for, 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sky, girls at puberty not allowed to look at the, i. 43, 45, 46, + 69 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Skye, island of, i. 289; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the need-fire in, 148 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Slane, the hill of, i. 158 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Slave Coast, custom of widows on the, ii. <a href="#Pg018" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of bull-roarers on the, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">229</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Slavonia, the Yule log in, i. 262 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire in, 282 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page376">[pg 376]</span><a name= + "Pg376" id="Pg376" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Slavonian (South) peasants, the measures they take to bring down + witches from the clouds, i. 345 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Slavonic peoples, need-fire among, i. 280 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 344 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— stories of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg108" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Slavs, the oak a sacred tree among the, ii. <a href="#Pg089" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + oak wood used to kindle sacred fires among the, <a href="#Pg091" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the South, Midsummer fires among the, i. 178; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log among the, 247, 258 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination from flowers at Midsummer among the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their belief in the activity of witches at Midsummer, <a href= + "#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire sometimes kindled by the friction of oak-wood among + the, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sleep, magic, at initiation, ii. <a href="#Pg256" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sligo, the Druids' Hill in County, i. 229 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Slope of Big Stones in Harris, i. 227 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Slovenians, their belief in the activity of witches on Midsummer + Eve, ii. <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Smith, a spectral, i. 136 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Smoke made in imitation of rain-clouds, i. 133; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used to stupefy witches in the clouds, 345; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used to fumigate sheep and cattle, ii. <a href="#Pg012" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">12</a>, <a href="#Pg013" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">13</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of bonfires, omens drawn from the, i. 116, 131, 337; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + intended to drive away dragons, 161; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + allowed to pass over corn, 201, 337 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Midsummer bonfires a preservative against ills, i. 188; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against disease, 192; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + beneficial effects of, 214 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Midsummer herbs a protection against thunder and lightning, + ii. <a href="#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">48</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used to fumigate cattle, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">53</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of need-fire used to fumigate fruit-trees, nets, and cattle, + i. 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Smyth, R. Brough, on menstruous women in Australia, i. 13 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Snake" id="Index-Snake" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Snake said to wound a girl at puberty, i. 56; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + seven-headed, external soul of witch in a, ii. <a href="#Pg144" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external soul of medicine-man in, <a href="#Pg199" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Serpent" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Serpent</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Stones, superstitions as to, i. 15 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + belief of the Scottish Highlanders concerning, ii. <a href= + "#Pg311" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">311</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Snakes, fat of, i. 14; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to congregate on Midsummer Eve or the Eve of May Day, 15 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + charm against, 17; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + spirits of plants and trees in the form of, ii. <a href="#Pg044" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sympathetically related to human beings, <a href="#Pg209" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Snow, external soul of a king in, ii. <a href="#Pg102" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Societies, secret, and clans, totemic, related to each other, ii. + <a href="#Pg272" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">272</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sodewa Bai and the golden necklace, story of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Soemara, in Celebes, were-wolf at, i. 312 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sofala in East Africa, i. 135 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sogamoso, heir to the throne of, not allowed to see the sun, i. + 19 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sogne Fiord in Norway, Balder's Grove on the, i. 104, ii. + <a href="#Pg315" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">315</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Solar festival in spring, ii. <a href="#Pg003" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— theory of the fires of the fire-festivals, i. 329, 331 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg015" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg072" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">72</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Solstice, the summer, new fire kindled at the, i. 132, 133; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its importance for primitive man, 160 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the winter, celebrated as the Birthday of the Sun, i. 246; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Persian festival of fire at the, 269 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Solstices, the old pagan festivals of the two, consecrated as the + birthdays of Christ and St. John the Baptist, i. 181 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + festivals of fire at the, 246, 247, 331 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fern-seed gathered at the, ii. <a href="#Pg290" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">290</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe gathered at the, <a href="#Pg291" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">291</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Solstitial fires perhaps sun-charms, ii. <a href="#Pg292" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">292</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Soma, Hindoo deity, i. 99 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Somme, the river, i. 113; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the department of, mugwort at Midsummer in, ii. <a href="#Pg058" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Somersetshire, Midsummer fires in, i. 199 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sonnerat, French traveller, on the fire-walk in India, ii. + <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">6</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Soosoos of Senegambia, their secret society, ii. <a href="#Pg261" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Soracte, fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani on Mount, ii. <a href= + "#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Soranian Wolves at, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">91</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 7 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Soranian + Wolves”</span> (<span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Hirpi + Sorani</span></span>), ii. <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">14</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Soracte, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">91</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Soranus, Italian god, ii. <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">14</a>, <a href="#Pg015" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg016" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">16</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sorcerers, Midsummer herbs a protection against, ii. <a href= + "#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + detected by St. John's wort, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">55</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + detected by fern root, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">67</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Sorcery" id="Index-Sorcery" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sorcery, pointing sticks or bones in, i. 14; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bonfires a protection against, 156; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sprigs of mullein protect cattle against, 190; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe a protection against, ii. <a href="#Pg085" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + savage dread of, <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">224</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Witchcraft" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Witchcraft</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and witchcraft, Midsummer plants and flowers a protection + against, ii. <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">45</a>, <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">46</a>, <a href="#Pg049" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>, <a href="#Pg054" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a>, <a href= + "#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a>, + <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">59</a>, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">60</a>, <a href="#Pg062" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a>, <a href="#Pg064" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a>, <a href= + "#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a>, + <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">66</a>, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">67</a>, <a href="#Pg072" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">72</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sorcha, the King of, in a Celtic tale, ii. <a href="#Pg127" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Soul" id="Index-Soul" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Soul, the notion of, a quasi-scientific hypothesis, ii. <a href= + "#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the unity and indivisibility of the, a theological dogma, + <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">221</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of chief in sacred grove, ii. <a href="#Pg161" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page377">[pg 377]</span><a name= + "Pg377" id="Pg377" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Soul of child deposited in a coco-nut, ii. <a href="#Pg154" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + deposited in a bag, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">155</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bound up with knife, <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">157</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of iron, ii. <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">154</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of ruptured person passes into cleft oak-tree, ii. <a href= + "#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">172</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of woman at childbirth deposited in a chopping-knife, ii. + <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">153</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— the external, in folk-tales, ii. <a href="#Pg095" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in parrot, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">97</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in bird, <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">98</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in necklace, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">99</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a fish, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">99</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg122" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in cock, pigeon, starling, spinning-wheel, pillar, <a href= + "#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a bee, <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">101</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a lemon, <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">102</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a tree, <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">102</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a barley plant, <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">102</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a box, <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">102</a>, <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">117</a>, <a href="#Pg143" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4, <a href="#Pg149" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a firebrand, <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">103</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in hair, <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">103</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in snow, <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">103</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in two or three doves, <a href="#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">104</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a ten-headed serpent, <a href="#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">104</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a pumpkin, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">105</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a spear, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">105</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a dragon, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">105</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a gem, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">105</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in an egg, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">107</a>, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">125</a>, <a href="#Pg127" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a>, <a href="#Pg140" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a duck's egg, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">109</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg115" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">115</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg116" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a>, <a href="#Pg119" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg120" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a>, <a href="#Pg126" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>, <a href= + "#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>, + <a href="#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">132</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a blue rose-tree, <a href="#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">110</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a bird, <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">111</a>, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">119</a>, <a href="#Pg142" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a>, <a href="#Pg150" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a pigeon, <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">112</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a light, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">116</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a flower, <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">117</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in grain of sand, <a href="#Pg120" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">120</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a stone, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">125</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg156" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a thorn, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">129</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a gem, <a href="#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">130</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a pigeon's egg, <a href="#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">132</a>, <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">139</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a dove's egg, <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">133</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a box-tree, <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">133</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the flower of the acacia, <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">135</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a sparrow, <a href="#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">137</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a beetle, <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">138</a>, <a href="#Pg140" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">140</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a bottle, <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">138</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a golden cock-chafer, <a href="#Pg140" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">140</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a dish, <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">141</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a precious stone, <a href="#Pg142" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">142</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a bag, <a href="#Pg142" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">142</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a white herb, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">143</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a wasp, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">143</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a twelve-headed serpent, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">143</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a golden ring, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">143</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in seven little birds, <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">144</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a seven-headed snake, <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">144</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a quail, <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">144</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a vase, <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">145</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a golden sword and a golden arrow, <a href="#Pg145" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in entrails, <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">147</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a golden fish, <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">147</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg220" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a hair as hard as copper, <a href="#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">148</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a cat, <a href="#Pg150" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">150</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a bear, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">151</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a buffalo, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">151</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in inanimate things, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">153</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a hemlock branch, <a href="#Pg152" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">152</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in folk-custom, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">153</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a mountain scaur, <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">156</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in ox-horns, <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">156</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in roof of house, <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">156</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a tree, <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">156</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a spring of water, <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">156</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in capital of column, <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">156</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in a portrait statue, <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">157</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in plants, <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">159</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in animals, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">196</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of shaman or medicine-man in animal, <a href="#Pg196" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>, <a href="#Pg199" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kept in totem, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">220</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -boxes, amulets as, ii. <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">155</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -stones, ii. <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">156</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -stuff of ghosts, ii. <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">182</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Soulless King, whose soul was in a duck's egg, Lithuanian story + of the, ii. <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">113</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Souls of dead sit round the Midsummer fire, i. 183, 184; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of people at a house-warming collected in a bag, ii. <a href= + "#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + male and female, in Chinese philosophy, <a href="#Pg221" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the plurality of, <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">221</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human, transmigrate into their totemic animals, <a href="#Pg223" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sow, the cropped black, at Hallowe'en, i. 239, 240 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sower, the Wicked, driving away, i. 107, 118 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sowerby, James, on mouse-ear hawk-weed, ii. <a href="#Pg057" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on orpine, <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">61</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on yellow hoary mullein, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">64</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the Golden Bough, <a href="#Pg284" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">284</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on mistletoe, <a href="#Pg316" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">316</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sowing hemp seed, divination by, i. 235 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spachendorf, in Silesia, effigy burnt at, i. 119 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spae-wives and Gestr, Icelandic story of the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spain, Midsummer fires and customs in, i. 208; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bathing at Midsummer in, ii. <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">29</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + vervain gathered at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg062" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spark Sunday in Switzerland, i. 118 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sparks of Yule log prognosticate chickens, lambs, foals, calves, + etc., i. 251, 262, 263, 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sparrow, external soul of a jinnee in a, ii. <a href="#Pg137" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spear used to help women in hard labour, i. 14; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external soul in a, ii. <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">105</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Speicher, in the Eifel, St. John's fires at, i. 169 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spell recited at kindling need-fire, i. 290; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of witchcraft broken by suffering, 304 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spells cast on cattle, i. 301, 302; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cast by witches on union of man and wife, 346 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spencer (B.) and Gillen (F. J.) on initiation of medicine-man, + ii. <a href="#Pg238" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">238</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spinning-wheel, external soul of ogress in a, ii. <a href= + "#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spirit or god of vegetation, effigies of, burnt in spring, ii. + <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">21</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + reasons for burning, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">23</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + leaf-clad representative of, burnt, <a href="#Pg025" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spirits of the hills, their treasures, ii. <a href="#Pg069" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of plants and trees in the form of snakes, ii. <a href= + "#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of water propitiated at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg031" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spree, the river, requires its human victim on Midsummer Day, ii. + <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">26</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spreewald, the Wends of the, ii. <a href="#Pg048" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sprenger, the inquisitor, ii. <a href="#Pg158" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">158</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page378">[pg 378]</span><a name= + "Pg378" id="Pg378" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spring of water, external soul in a, ii. <a href="#Pg156" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Springs, underground, detected by divining-rod, ii. <a href= + "#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Springwort, mythical plant, procured at Midsummer, ii. <a href= + "#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + reveals treasures, opens all locks, and makes the bearer + invisible and invulnerable, <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">69</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sproat, G. M., on seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 43 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spruce trees free from mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg315" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">315</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Squeals of pigs necessary for fruitfulness of mangoes, i. 9 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Squirrels burnt in the Easter bonfires, i. 142, ii. <a href= + "#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stabbing a transformed witch or werewolf in order to compel him + or her to reveal himself or herself, i. 315 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Staffordshire, the Yule log in, i. 256 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stamfordham, in Northumberland, need-fire at, i. 288 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Starling, external soul of ogress in a, ii. <a href="#Pg100" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stebbing, E. B., on <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + style="text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus vestitus</span></span> in India, + ii. <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">317</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Steinen, Professor K. von den, on the bull-roarer, ii. <a href= + "#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Stelis</span></span>, a kind of mistletoe, + ii. <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">317</a>, <a href="#Pg318" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">318</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sterile beasts passed through Midsummer fires, i. 203, 338 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sternberg, in Mecklenburg, need-fire at, i. 274 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stewart, Jonet, a wise woman, ii. <a href="#Pg184" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stewart, W. Grant, on witchcraft, i. 342 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stheni, near Delphi, ii. <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Sticks-Charred" id="Index-Sticks-Charred" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sticks, charred, of bonfires, protect fields against hail, i. 144 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, charred, of Candlemas bonfires, superstitious uses of, i. 131 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, charred, of Easter fire, superstitious uses of, i. 121; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + preserve wheat from blight and mildew, 143 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, charred, of Midsummer bonfires, planted in the fields, i. + 165, 166, 173, 174; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a charm against lightning and foul weather, 174; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kept to make the cattle thrive, 180; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thrown into wells to improve the water, 184; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against thunder, 184, 192; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against lightning, 187, 188, 190 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, sacred, whittled, i. 138 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stiffness of back set down to witchcraft, i. 343 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 345 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stinging girls and young men with ants, i. 61, 62 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— with ants as a form of purification, i. 61 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Stipiturus + malachurus</span></span>, emu-wren, men's <span class="tei tei-q" + style="text-align: left">“brother”</span> among the Kurnai, ii. + <a href="#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">216</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stolen kail, divination by, i. 234 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stone, look of a girl at puberty thought to turn things to, i. + 46; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Hairy, at Midsummer, 212; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external soul in a, ii. <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">125</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg156" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + precious, external soul of khan in a, <a href="#Pg142" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + magical, put into body of novice at initiation, <a href="#Pg271" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">271</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stones thrown into Midsummer fire, i. 183, 191, 212; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + placed round Midsummer fires, 190; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + carried by persons on their heads at Midsummer, 205, 212; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Hallowe'en fires, divination by, 230 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 239, 240; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used for curing cattle, 324, 325; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sick people passed through holes in, ii. <a href="#Pg186" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + magical, inserted by spirits in the body of a new medicine-man, + <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">235</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stoole, near Downpatrick, Midsummer ceremony at, i. 205 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stow, John, on Midsummer fires in London, i. 196 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Strabo, on the Hirpi Sorani, ii. <a href="#Pg014" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the human sacrifices of the Celts, <a href="#Pg032" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Strackerjan, L., on fear of witchcraft in Oldenburg, i. 343 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Strap of wolf's hide used by were-wolves, i. 310 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Strathpeffer, in Ross-shire, i. 153 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Strathspey, sheep passed through a hoop of rowan in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Straw tied round trees to make them fruitful, i. 115 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Streams, menstruous women not allowed to cross running, i. 97; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire kindled between two running, 292 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Strength of people bound up with their hair, ii. <a href="#Pg158" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">158</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Striking or throwing blindfold, ii. <a href="#Pg279" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Striped Petticoat Philosophy, + The</span></span>, i. 6. + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stromberg Hill, burning wheel rolled down the, i. 163 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Strutt, Joseph, on Midsummer fires in England, i. 196 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stseelis Indians of British Columbia, dread and seclusion of + menstruous women among the, i. 89 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stuart, Mrs. A., on withered mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg287" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Lake in British Columbia, i. 47 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stukeley, W., on a Christmas custom at York, ii. <a href="#Pg291" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">291</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Styria, fern-seed on Christmas night in, ii. <a href="#Pg289" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">289</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Styx, the passage of Aeneas across the, ii. <a href="#Pg294" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">294</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Subincision at initiation of lads in Australia, ii. <a href= + "#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg234" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>, <a href="#Pg235" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sub-totems in Australia, ii. <a href="#Pg275" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">275</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sudan, ceremony of new fire in the, i. 134; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human hyaenas in, 313 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sudeten mountains in Silesia, i. 170 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page379">[pg 379]</span><a name= + "Pg379" id="Pg379" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Suffering, intensity of, a means to break the spell of + witchcraft, i. 304 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Suffolk, belief as to menstruous women in, i. 96 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + duck baked alive as a sacrifice in, 303 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Suk of British East Africa, their dread of menstruous women, i. + 81 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Sultan of the + Oleander,”</span> i. 18 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sumatra, the Minangkabauers of, i. 79; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Kooboos of, ii. <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">162</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Looboos of, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">182</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + totemism among the Battas of, <a href="#Pg222" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of bull-roarers in, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">229</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Summer, King of, chosen on St. Peter's Day, i. 195 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sun, rule not to see the, i. 18 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + priest of the, uses a white umbrella, 20 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not to shine on girls at puberty, 22, 35, 36, 37, 41, 44, 46, 47, + 68; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not to be seen by Brahman boys for three days, 68 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + impregnation of women by the, 74 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + made to shine on women at marriage, 75; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sheep and lambs sacrificed to the, 132; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + temple of the, at Cuzco, 132; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Birthday of the, at the winter solstice, 246; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Christmas an old heathen festival of the birth of the, 331 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + symbolized by a wheel, 334 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 335; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the sign of the lion, ii. <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">66</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + magical virtues of plants at Midsummer derived from the, <a href= + "#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the sign of Sagittarius, <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">82</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + calls men to himself through death, <a href="#Pg173" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a>, <a href="#Pg174" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fern-seed procured by shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day, + <a href="#Pg291" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">291</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the ultimate cooling of the, <a href="#Pg307" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">307</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sun-charms, i. 331; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the solstitial and other ceremonial fires perhaps sun-charms, ii. + <a href="#Pg292" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">292</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -god, ii. <a href="#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">1</a>, <a href="#Pg016" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">16</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sundal, in Norway, need-fire in, i. 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sunday, children born on a Sunday can see treasures in the earth, + ii. <a href="#Pg288" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">288</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of the Firebrands, i. 110 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— in Lent, the first, fire-festival on the, i. 107 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sung-yang, were-tiger in, i. 310 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sunless, Prince, i. 21 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sunshine, use of fire as a charm to produce, i. 341 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Superb warbler, called women's <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“sister”</span> among the Kurnai, ii. <a href= + "#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg216" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>, <a href="#Pg218" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Superstitions, Index of, i. 270; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + about trees struck by lightning, ii. <a href="#Pg296" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">296</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Surenthal in Switzerland, new fire made by friction at Midsummer + in the, i. 169 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sûrya, the sun-god, ii. <a href="#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">1</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture in, ii. + <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">169</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sutherland, the need-fire in, i. 294 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sutherlandshire, sept of the Mackays, <span class="tei tei-q" + style="text-align: left">“the descendants of the seal,”</span> + in, ii. <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">131</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Swabia, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“burning + the witch”</span> in, i. 116; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom of throwing lighted discs in, 116 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Easter fires in, 144 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom at eclipses in, 162 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Midsummer fires in, 166 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches as hares and horses in, 318 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the divining-rod in, ii. <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">68</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fern-seed brought by Satan on Christmas night in, <a href= + "#Pg289" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">289</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Swahili of East Africa, their ceremony of the new fire, i. 133, + 140; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + birth-trees among the, ii. <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">160</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their story of an African Samson, ii. <a href="#Pg314" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">314</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Swallows, stones found in stomachs of, i. 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Swan-woman, Tartar story of the, ii. <a href="#Pg144" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Swan's bone, used by menstruous women to drink out of, i. 48, 49, + 50, 90, 92 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Swans' song in a fairy tale, ii. <a href="#Pg124" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">124</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Swanton, J. R., quoted, i. 45 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sweden, customs observed on Yule Night in, i. 20 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Easter bonfires in, 146; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bonfires on the Eve of May Day in, 159, 336; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 172; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the need-fire in, 280; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bathing at Midsummer in, ii. <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">29</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Midsummer + Brooms”</span> in, <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">54</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the divining-rod in, <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">69</a>, <a href="#Pg291" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">291</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe to be shot or knocked down with stones in, <a href= + "#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, <a href="#Pg083" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + medical use of mistletoe in, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">84</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe used as a protection against conflagration in, <a href= + "#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>, + <a href="#Pg293" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">293</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe cut at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg086" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mystic properties ascribed to mistletoe on St. John's Eve in, + <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">86</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Balder's balefires in, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">87</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or + rickets in, <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">170</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + crawling through a hoop as a cure in, <a href="#Pg184" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + superstitions about a parasitic rowan in, <a href="#Pg281" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Switzerland, Lenten fires in, i. 118 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + new fire kindled by friction of wood in, 169 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 172; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 249; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire in, 279 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 336; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + people warned against bathing at Midsummer in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the belief in witchcraft in, <a href="#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">42</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination by orpine at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg061" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sympathetic relation between cleft tree and person who has been + passed through it, ii. <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">170</a>, <a href="#Pg171" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg172" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">172</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + between man and animal, <a href="#Pg272" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">272</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Syria, restrictions on menstruous women in, i. 84 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Syrmia, the Yule log in, i. 262 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tabari, Arab chronicler, i. 82 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page380">[pg 380]</span><a name= + "Pg380" id="Pg380" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Taboo conceived as a dangerous physical substance which needs to + be insulated, i. 6 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tabooed men, i. 7 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— persons kept from contact with the ground, i. 2 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— things kept from contact with the ground, i. 7 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— women, i. 8 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Taboos regulating the lives of divine kings, i. 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + observed by priest of Earth in Southern Nigeria, 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tacitus, on human sacrifices offered by the ancient Germans, ii. + <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">28</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the goddess Nerthus, <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">28</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tahiti, king and queen of, not allowed to set foot on the ground, + i. 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the fire-walk in, ii. <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">11</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tahitians, the New Year of the, ii. <a href="#Pg244" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tajan and Landak, districts of Dutch Borneo, i. 5, ii. <a href= + "#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Talbot, P. Amaury, on external human souls in animals, ii. + <a href="#Pg208" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">208</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg209" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Talegi</span></span>, Motlav word for + external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">198</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tales of maidens forbidden to see the sun, i. 70 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Talismans of cities, i. 83 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Talmud, the, on menstruous women, i. 83 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tamanaks of the Orinoco, their treatment of girls at puberty, i. + 61 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tamaniu</span></span>, external soul in the + Mota language, ii. <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">198</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg220" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tamarisk, Isfendiyar slain with a branch of a, i. 105 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tami, the, of German New Guinea, their rites of initiation, ii. + <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">239</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tanganyika, Lake, tribes of, i. 24 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tanner, John, and the Shawnee sage, ii. <a href="#Pg157" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tantad</span></span>, Midsummer bonfire, i. + 183 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Taoist treatise on the soul, ii. <a href="#Pg221" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tapajos, tributary of the Amazon, i. 62 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Taphos besieged by Amphitryo, ii. <a href="#Pg103" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tara, new fire in the King's house at, i. 158 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tar-barrels, burning, swung round pole at Midsummer, i. 169; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt at Midsummer, 180; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + procession with lighted, on Christmas Eve, 268 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tarbolton, in Ayrshire, annual bonfire at, i. 207 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tartar stories of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg142" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg144" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tartars after a funeral leap over fire, ii. <a href="#Pg018" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tattooing, medicinal use of, i. 98 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at initiation, ii. <a href="#Pg258" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">258</a>, <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">259</a>, <a href="#Pg261" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tay, Loch, i. 232 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tcheou, dynasty of China, i. 137 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Teak, <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span> on, ii. <a href= + "#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Teanlas, Hallowe'en fires in Lancashire, i. 245 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Teeth filed as preliminary to marriage, i. 68 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tegner, Swedish poet, on the burning of Balder, ii. <a href= + "#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Tein + Econuch</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“forlorn fire,”</span> need-fire, i. 292 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tein-eigin</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">teine-eigin</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tin-egin</span></span>), need-fire, i. 147, + 148, 289, 291, 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Teine + Bheuil</span></span>, fire of Beul, need-fire, i. 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tent burnt at Midsummer, i. 215 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Termonde in Belgium, Midsummer fires at, i. 194 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tessier, on the burning wheel at Konz, i. 164 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tests undergone by girls at puberty, i. 25 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Teutates, Celtic god, ii. <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">80</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Teutonic stories of the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg116" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Texas, the Toukaway Indians of, ii. <a href="#Pg276" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">276</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Thahu</span></span>, curse or pollution, i. + 81 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thays of Tonquin, their customs after a burial, ii. <a href= + "#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thebes, in Greece, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, i. 130 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, his denunciation of a heathen + practice, ii. <a href="#Pg190" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">190</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Theophrastus on the different kinds of mistletoe, ii. <a href= + "#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Therapia, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, i. 131 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thief wears a toad's heart to escape detection, i. 302 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thiers, J. B., on the Yule log, i. 250; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on gathering herbs at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg045" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on belief concerning wormwood, <a href="#Pg061" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thieves detected by divining-rod, ii. <a href="#Pg068" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">68</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thighs of diseased cattle cut off and hung up as a remedy, i. 296 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thirty years' cycle of the Druids, ii. <a href="#Pg077" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thlinkeet Indians. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Tlingit" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Tlingit</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thomas, N. W., ii. <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">210</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thomas the Rhymer, verses ascribed to, ii. <a href="#Pg283" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thompson Indians of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at + puberty among the, i. 49 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their dread of menstruous women, 89 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + prayer of adolescent girl among the, 98 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + supposed invulnerability of initiated men among the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg275" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">275</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their ideas as to wood of trees struck by lightning, <a href= + "#Pg297" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">297</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thomsdorf, in Germany, i. 99 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thomson, Basil, ii. <a href="#Pg244" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">244</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thonga, the, of Delagoa Bay, seclusion of girls at puberty among + the, i. 29 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + will not use the wood of trees struck by lightning, ii. <a href= + "#Pg297" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">297</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + think lightning caused by a bird, <a href="#Pg297" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">297</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page381">[pg 381]</span><a name= + "Pg381" id="Pg381" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thor, a Norse god, i. 103 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thorn, external soul in a, ii. <a href="#Pg129" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe on a, <a href="#Pg291" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">291</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— bushes used to keep off ghosts, ii. <a href="#Pg174" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thought, the web of, ii. <a href="#Pg307" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">307</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Threatening fruit-trees, i. 114 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Three Holy Kings, the divining-rod baptized in the name of the, + ii. <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">68</a> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— leaps over bonfire, i. 214, 215 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Threshold, shavings from the, burnt, ii. <a href="#Pg053" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thrice to crawl under a bramble as a cure, ii. <a href="#Pg180" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to pass through a wreath of woodbine, <a href="#Pg184" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Throwing or striking blindfold, ii. <a href="#Pg279" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Thrumalun" id="Index-Thrumalun" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thrumalun, a mythical being who kills and resuscitates novices at + initiation, ii. <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Daramulun" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Daramulun</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">and</span></span> <a href="#Index-Thuremlin" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Thuremlin</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thrushes deposit seeds of mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg316" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Thunder" id="Index-Thunder" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thunder associated with the oak, i. 145; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires a protection against, 176; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + charred sticks of Midsummer bonfire a protection against, 184, + 192; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ashes of Midsummer fires a protection against, 190; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + brands from the Midsummer fires a protection against, 191; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + certain flowers at Midsummer a protection against, ii. <a href= + "#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a>, + <a href="#Pg058" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">58</a>, <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">59</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the sound of bull-roarers thought to imitate, <a href="#Pg228" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Lightning" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Lightning</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thunder and lightning, the Yule log a protection against, i. 248, + 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 258, 264; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bonfires a protection against, 344; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + smoke of Midsummer herbs a protection against, ii. <a href= + "#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + vervain a protection against, <a href="#Pg062" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + name given to bull-roarers, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">231</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and the oak, the Aryan god of the, i. 265 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“—— + -besom,”</span> name applied to mistletoe and other bushy + excrescences on trees, ii. <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#Pg301" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">301</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against thunderbolts, <a href="#Pg085" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -bird, the mythical, i. 44 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“—— + -bolts,”</span> name given to celts, i. 14 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“—— + -poles,”</span> oak sticks charred in Easter bonfires, i. 145 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thunderstorms and hail caused by witches, i. 344; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer flowers a protection against, ii. <a href="#Pg048" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Thuremlin" id="Index-Thuremlin" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thuremlin, a mythical being who kills lads at initiation and + restores them to life, ii. <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">227</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Daramulun" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Daramulun</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thuringia, custom at eclipses in, i. 162 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 169, ii. <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">40</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Schweina in, i. 265; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + belief as to magical properties of the fern in, ii. <a href= + "#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thursday, Maundy, i. 125 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thurso, witches as cats at, i. 317 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thurston, E., on the fire-walk, ii. <a href="#Pg009" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">9</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thyme burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + wild, gathered on Midsummer Day, ii. <a href="#Pg064" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tibet, sixty years' cycle in, ii. <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ticunas of the Amazon, ordeal of young men among the, i. 62 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tiger, a Batta totem, ii. <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">223</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tiger's skin at inauguration of a king, i. 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Timmes of Sierra Leone, their secret society, ii. <a href= + "#Pg260" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">260</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Tinneh" id="Index-Tinneh" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tinneh Indians, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 47 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their dread and seclusion of menstruous women, 91 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tinnevelly, the Kappiliyans of, i. 69 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tipperary, county of, were-wolves in, i. 310 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + woman burnt as a witch in, 323 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tiree, the need-fire in, i. 148; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Beltane cake in, 149; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witch as sheep in, 316 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tivor</span></span>, god or victim, i. 103 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tiyans of Malabar, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 68 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tlactga or Tlachtga in Ireland, i. 139 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Tlingit" id="Index-Tlingit" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tlingit (Thlinkeet) Indians of Alaska, seclusion of girls at + puberty among the, i. 45 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tlokoala, a secret society of the Nootka Indians, ii. <a href= + "#Pg271" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">271</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Toad, witch in form of a, i. 323 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— clan, ii. <a href="#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">273</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -stools thrown into Midsummer bonfires as a charm, i. 172 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Toad's heart worn by a thief to prevent detection, i. 302 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Toads burnt alive in Devonshire, i. 302 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Toaripi of New Guinea, their rule as to menstruous women, i. 84 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tobas, Indian tribe of the Gran Chaco, their custom of secluding + girls at puberty, i. 59 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tobelorese of Halmahera, their rites of initiation, ii. <a href= + "#Pg248" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">248</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Toboengkoe, the, of Central Celebes, custom observed by widower + among the, ii. <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">178</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tocandeira</span></span>, native name for + the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cryptocerus atratus</span></span>, F., ant, + i. 62 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Todas of the Neilgherry Hills, their ceremony of the new fire, i. + 136 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tokio, the fire-walk at, ii. <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">9</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tokoelawi of Central Celebes, custom observed by mourners among + the, ii. <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">178</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tomori, the Gulf of, in Celebes, i. 312 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tongue of medicine-man, hole in, ii. <a href="#Pg238" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a>, <a href="#Pg239" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page382">[pg 382]</span><a name= + "Pg382" id="Pg382" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tonquin, the Thays of, their burial customs, ii. <a href="#Pg177" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tonwan</span></span>, magical influence of + medicine-bag, ii. <a href="#Pg268" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">268</a>, <a href="#Pg269" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">269</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tooth of novice knocked out at initiation, ii. <a href="#Pg227" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a>, <a href= + "#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Toradjas of Central Celebes, were-wolves among the, i. 311 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their custom at the smelting of iron, ii. <a href="#Pg154" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Torch-Races" id="Index-Torch-Races" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Torch-races at Easter, i. 142; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Midsummer, 175 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Torches interpreted as imitations of lightning, i. 340 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, burning, carried round folds and lands at Midsummer, i. 206; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + applied to fruit-trees to fertilize them, 340 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Demeter, i. 340 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, processions with lighted, i. 141, 141 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 233 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + through fields, gardens, orchards, and streets, 107 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 110 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 113 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 179, 339 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Midsummer, 179; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Christmas Eve, 266 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Torres Straits Islands, seclusion of girls at puberty in the, i. + 36 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 39 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in the, 78 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of bull-roarers in the, ii. <a href="#Pg228" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, <a href="#Pg232" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tortoises, external human souls lodged in, ii. <a href="#Pg204" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Torture, judicial, of criminals, witches, and wizards, ii. + <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">158</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Totem, transference of man's soul to his, ii. <a href="#Pg219" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg225" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + supposed effect of killing a, <a href="#Pg220" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the receptacle in which a man keeps his external soul, <a href= + "#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the individual or personal, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">222</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5, <a href="#Pg224" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg226" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Sex-Totems" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Sex totem</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— animal, artificial, novice at initiation brought back by, ii. + <a href="#Pg271" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">271</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + transformation of man into his, <a href="#Pg275" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">275</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— clans and secret societies, related to each other, ii. + <a href="#Pg272" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">272</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— names kept secret, ii. <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">225</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— plants among the Fans, ii. <a href="#Pg161" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Totemism, suggested theory of, ii. <a href="#Pg218" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Totems, honorific, of the Carrier Indians, ii. <a href="#Pg273" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">273</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + personal, among the North American Indians, <a href="#Pg273" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">273</a>, <a href= + "#Pg276" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">276</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + multiplex, of the Australians, <a href="#Pg275" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">275</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Touch of menstruous women thought to convey pollution, i. 87, 90 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Toukaway Indians of Texas, ceremony of mimic wolves among the, + ii. <a href="#Pg276" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">276</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Toulouse, torture of sorcerers at, ii. <a href="#Pg158" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">158</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Touraine, Midsummer fires in, i. 182 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Train, Joseph, on Beltane fires in Isle of Man, i. 157 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Transference of a man's soul to his totem, ii. <a href="#Pg219" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg225" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Transformation of men into wolves at the full moon, i. 314 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of witches into animals, 315 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg311" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">311</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of men into animals, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">207</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of man into his totem animal, <a href="#Pg275" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">275</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Transmigration of soul of ruptured person into cleft oak-tree, + ii. <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">172</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of human souls into totem animals, <a href="#Pg223" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Transylvania, the Roumanians of, i. 13; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + story of the external soul among the Saxons of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + belief as to children born on a Sunday in, <a href="#Pg288" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">288</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Travancore, women deemed liable to be attacked by demons in, i. + 24 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Pulayars of, 69 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Travexin, in the Vosges, witch as hare at, i. 318 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Treasures guarded by demons, ii. <a href="#Pg065" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + found by means of fern-seed, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">65</a>, <a href="#Pg287" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + discovered by divining-rod, <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">68</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + revealed by springwort, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">70</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + revealed by mistletoe, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">287</a>, <a href="#Pg291" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">291</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bloom in the earth on Midsummer Eve, <a href="#Pg288" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">288</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trebius, on the springwort, ii. <a href="#Pg071" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tree burnt in the Midsummer bonfire, i. 173 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 180, 183; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + external soul in a, ii. <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">102</a>, <a href="#Pg156" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -creeper (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Climacteris scandens</span></span>), women's + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“sister”</span> + among the Yuin, ii. <a href="#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">216</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -spirit, effigies of, burnt in bonfires, ii. <a href="#Pg021" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human representatives of, put to death, <a href="#Pg025" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human representative of the, perhaps originally burnt at the + fire-festivals, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">90</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— spirits bless women with offspring, ii. <a href="#Pg022" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the form of serpents, <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">44</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trees, men changed into, by look of menstruous women, i. 79; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt in spring fires, 115 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 116, 142; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt in Midsummer fires, 173 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 185, 192, 193, 209; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt at Holi festival in India, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt in bonfires, <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">22</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + lives of people bound up with, <a href="#Pg159" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + hair of children tied to, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">165</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the fate of families or individuals bound up with, <a href= + "#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + creeping through cleft trees as cure for various maladies, + <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">170</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fire thought by savages to be stored like sap in, <a href= + "#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + struck by lightning, superstitions about, <a href="#Pg296" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">296</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and plants as life-indices, ii. <a href="#Pg160" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tréfoir</span></span>, the Yule log, i. 249 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tréfouet</span></span>, the Yule log, i. 252 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, 253 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tregonan, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, i. 199 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trench cut in ground at Beltane, i. 150, 152 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page383">[pg 383]</span><a name= + "Pg383" id="Pg383" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trevelyan, Marie, on Midsummer fires, i. 201; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Hallowe'en, 226 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on St. John's wort in Wales, ii. <a href="#Pg055" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on burnt sacrifices in Wales, <a href="#Pg301" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">301</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Treves, the archbishop of, i. 118 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Triangle of reeds, passage of mourners through a, ii. <a href= + "#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trie-Chateau, dolmen near Gisors, ii. <a href="#Pg188" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trilles, Father H., on the theory of the external soul among the + Fans, ii. <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">201</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trinidad, the fire-walk in, ii. <a href="#Pg011" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Triumphal arch, suggested origin of the, ii. <a href="#Pg195" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trolls, efforts to keep off the, i. 146; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and evil spirits abroad on Midsummer Eve, 172; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer flowers a protection against, ii. <a href="#Pg054" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rendered powerless by mistletoe, <a href="#Pg086" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>, <a href="#Pg283" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a>, <a href= + "#Pg294" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">294</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + True Steel, whose heart was in a bird, ii. <a href="#Pg110" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trumpets sounded at initiation of young men, ii. <a href="#Pg249" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— penny, at the feast of the Nativity of the Virgin, i. 221, 222 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tsetsaut tribe of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty + among the, i. 46 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tsimshian girls at puberty, rules observed by, i. 44 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tubuan or Tubuvan, man disguised as cassowary in Duk-duk + ceremonies, ii. <a href="#Pg247" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">247</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tugeri or Kaya-Kaya of Dutch New Guinea, ii. <a href="#Pg242" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">242</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their use of bull-roarers, <a href="#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">242</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tui Nkualita, a Fijian chief, founder of the fire-walk, ii. + <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">11</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tulsi</span></span> plant, its miraculous + virtue, ii. <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">5</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tummel, the valley of the, i. 231 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tunis, New Year fires at, i. 217; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gold sickle and fillet said to be found in, ii. <a href="#Pg080" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tunnel, creeping through a, as a remedy for an epidemic, i. 283 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Turf, sick children and cattle passed through holes in, ii. + <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">191</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Turks of Siberia, marriage custom of the, i. 75 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Turukhinsk region, Samoyeds of the, ii. <a href="#Pg196" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tutu, island of Torres Strait, treatment of girls at puberty in, + i. 41 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Twanyirika, a spirit whose voice is heard in the sound of the + bull-roarer, ii. <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kills and resuscitates lads at initiation, <a href="#Pg234" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Twelfth Day, Eve of, the bonfires of, i. 107; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + processions with torches on, 340 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Night, the King of the Bean on, i. 153 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cake, 184; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log on, 248, 250, 251; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the divining-rod cut on, ii. <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">68</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Twelve Nights, remains of Yule log scattered on fields during + the, i. 248; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + between Christmas and Epiphany, were-wolves abroad during the, + 310 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Twice + born”</span> Brahman, ii. <a href="#Pg276" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">276</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Twin brothers in ritual, i. 278 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -producing virtue ascribed to a kind of mistletoe, ii. + <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">79</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Twins and their afterbirths counted as four children, ii. + <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">162</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Twins, father of, i. 24 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Two Brothers, ancient Egyptian story of the, ii. <a href="#Pg134" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tyrol, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“burning + the witch”</span> in the, i. 116; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fires to burn the witches in the, 160; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in the, 172 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + magical plants culled on Midsummer Eve in the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + St. John's wort in the, <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">54</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer in the, <a href="#Pg058" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of four-leaved clover in the, <a href="#Pg062" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dwarf-elder gathered at Midsummer in the, <a href="#Pg064" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the divining-rod in the, <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">68</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe used to open all locks in the, <a href="#Pg085" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + belief as to mistletoe growing on a hazel in the, <a href= + "#Pg291" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">291</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tyrolese peasants use fern-seed to discover buried gold and to + prevent money from decreasing, ii. <a href="#Pg288" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">288</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— story of a girl who was forbidden to see the sun, i. 72 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ualaroi, the, of the Darling River, their belief as to + initiation, ii. <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uaupes of Brazil, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 61 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Uganda" id="Index-Uganda" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uganda, kings of, not allowed to set foot on ground, i. 3 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + life of the king of, bound up with barkcloth trees, ii. <a href= + "#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + passage of sick man through a cleft stick or a narrow opening in, + <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">181</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cure for lightning-stroke in, <a href="#Pg298" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">298</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Baganda" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Baganda</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uisnech, in County Meath, great fair at, i. 158 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uist, Beltane cakes in, i. 154 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, North, need-fire in, i. 293 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, South, fairies at Hallowe'en in, i. 226; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + salt cake at Hallowe'en in, 238 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uiyumkwi tribe, their treatment of girls at puberty, i. 39 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ukami, in German East Africa, ii. <a href="#Pg313" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">313</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ukpong</span></span>, external soul in + Calabar, ii. <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">206</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ulad Bu Aziz, Arab tribe in Morocco, their Midsummer fires, i. + 214 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Umbrellas in ritual, i. 20 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 31 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uncleanness, ceremonial, among the Indians of Costa Rica, i. 65 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and sanctity not clearly differentiated in the primitive mind, 97 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page384">[pg 384]</span><a name= + "Pg384" id="Pg384" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uncleanness of women at menstruation, i. 76 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Menstruous" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Menstruous</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Unguent made from fat of crocodiles and snakes, i. 14 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Universal healer, name given to mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg077" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Unlucky, Midsummer Day regarded as, ii. <a href="#Pg029" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— children passed through narrow openings, ii. <a href="#Pg190" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Unmasking a were-wolf or witch by wounding him or her, i. 315, + 321 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Unmatjera tribe of Central Australia, their rites of initiation, + ii. <a href="#Pg234" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">234</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + initiation of a medicine-man in the, <a href="#Pg238" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Up-helly-a', at Lerwick, i. 269 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uraons. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href="#Index-Oraons" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Oraons</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Urabunna tribe of Central Australia, their rites of initiation, + ii. <a href="#Pg234" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">234</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ustrels</span></span>, a species of vampyre + in Bulgaria, i. 284 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vagney, in the Vosges, Christmas custom at, i. 254 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vagueness and inconsistency of primitive thought, ii. <a href= + "#Pg301" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">301</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Val di Ledro, effigy burnt in the, at Carnival, i. 120 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Valais, the canton of, Midsummer fires in, i. 172; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cursing a mist in, 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Valenciennes, Lenten fire-custom at, i. 114 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Valentines at bonfires, i. 109 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vallancey, General Charles, on Hallowe'en customs in Ireland, i. + 241 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vallée des Bagnes, cursing a mist in the, i. 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vampyres, need-fire kindled as a safeguard against, i. 284 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 344 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vapour bath, i. 40 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Var, Midsummer fires in the French department of, i. 193 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Varro, on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, ii. <a href="#Pg014" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vase, external soul of habitual criminal in a, ii. <a href= + "#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vecoux, in the Vosges, i. 254 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vedic hymns, the fire-god Agni in the, ii. <a href="#Pg295" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vegetables at Midsummer, their fertilizing influence on women, + ii. <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">51</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vegetation, spirit of, burnt in effigy, ii. <a href="#Pg021" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + reasons for burning, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">23</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + leaf-clad representative of, burnt, <a href="#Pg025" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -spirits, W. Mannhardt's view that the victims burnt by the + Druids represented, ii. <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">43</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Velten, C., on an African Balder, ii. <a href="#Pg312" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">312</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Verbascum</span></span>, mullein, gathered + at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">63</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its relation to the sun, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">64</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Verbena + officinalis</span></span>, vervain, gathered at Midsummer, ii. + <a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">62</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Verges, in the Jura, Lenten fire-custom at, i. 114 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vermin exorcized with torches, i. 340 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Versipellis</span></span>, a were-wolf, i. + 314 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vervain, garlands or chaplets of, at Midsummer, i. 162, 163, 165; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt in the Midsummer fires, 195; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used in exorcism, ii. 62 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against thunder and lightning, sorcerers, demons, + and thieves, 62; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gathered at Midsummer, 62 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vespasian family, the oak of the, ii. <a href="#Pg168" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vesper-bell on Midsummer Eve, ii. <a href="#Pg062" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vessels, special, used by menstruous women, i. 86, 90; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used by girls at puberty, 93 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vesta, sacred fire in the temple of, annually kindled, i. 138; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the fire of, at Rome, fed with oak-wood, ii. <a href="#Pg091" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href= + "#Pg286" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">286</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vestal Virgins relit the sacred fire of Vesta, i. 138; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their rule of celibacy, 138 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vestini, the ancient, i. 209 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Veth, P. J., on the Golden Bough, ii. <a href="#Pg319" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">319</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Victims, human, claimed by St. John on St. John's Day (Midsummer + Day), i. 27, 29; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + claimed by water at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg026" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Victoria, aborigines of, their custom as to emu fat, i. 13; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their dread of women at menstruation, 77 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— sex totems in, ii. <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vidovec in Croatia, Midsummer fires at, i. 178 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vienne, department of, Midsummer fires in the, i. 191; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 251 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Vilavou</span></span>, New Year's Men, name + given to newly initiated lads in Fiji, ii. <a href="#Pg244" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Village surrounded with a ring of fire as a protection against an + evil spirit, i. 282 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vimeux, Lenten fires at, i. 113 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vintage, omens of, i. 164 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vipers sacred to balsam trees in Arabia, ii. <a href="#Pg044" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Virbius at Nemi interpreted as an oak-spirit, ii. <a href= + "#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Virgil, on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, ii. <a href= + "#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his account of the Golden Bough, <a href="#Pg284" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">284</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg286" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">286</a>, <a href="#Pg293" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">293</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg315" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">315</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Virgin, the, blesses the fruits of the earth, i. 118; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the hair of the Holy, found in ashes of Midsummer fire, 182 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 191; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + feast of the Nativity of the, 220 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and child supposed to sit on the Yule log, 253 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page385">[pg 385]</span><a name= + "Pg385" id="Pg385" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Virgins of the Sun at Cuzco, i. 132; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Vestal, and the sacred fire, 136 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Virginia, rites of initiation among the Indians of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg266" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Virginity, test of, by blowing up a flame, i. 137 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Virility supposed to be lost by contact with menstruous women, i. + 81 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Viscum + album</span></span>, common mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg315" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">315</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Viscum + quernum</span></span>, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Visiter, the Christmas, i. 261 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 263, 264 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Viti Levu, the largest of the Fijian Islands, ii. <a href= + "#Pg243" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vitrolles, bathing at Midsummer in, i. 194 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vogel Mountains, i. 118 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Voigtland, bonfires on Walpurgis Night in, i. 160; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tree and person thrown into water on St. John's Day in, ii. + <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">27</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, <a href="#Pg053" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg057" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + wild thyme gathered at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg064" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + precautions against witches in, <a href="#Pg073" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Volga, the Cheremiss of the, i. 181 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Volksmarsen in Hesse, Easter fires at, i. 140 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Voluspa</span></span>, the Sibyl's prophecy + in the, i. 102 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Voralberg, in the Tyrol, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“burning the witch”</span> at, i. 116 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vorges, near Laon, Midsummer fires at, i. 187 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vosges, Midsummer fires in the, i. 188, 336; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in the, 254; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cats burnt alive on Shrove Tuesday in the, ii. <a href="#Pg040" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Mountains, Lenten fires in the, i. 109; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches as hares in the, 318; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + magic herbs culled on Eve of St. John in the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Vrid-eld</span></span>, need-fire, i. 280 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vultures, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a>, + <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">202</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wadai, ceremony of the new fire in, i. 134, 140 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wadoe, the, of German East Africa, ii. <a href="#Pg312" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">312</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wafiomi, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 28 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wagstadt in Silesia, Judas ceremony at, i. 146 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wajagga, the, of German East Africa, birth-plants among the, ii. + <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">160</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wakelbura tribe (Australia), dread and seclusion of women at + menstruation in the, i. 78 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wakondyo, their custom as to the afterbirth, ii. <a href="#Pg162" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Wales" id="Index-Wales" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wales, Snake Stones in, i. 15 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Beltane fires and cakes in, 155 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires in, 200 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination at Hallowe'en in, 229, 240 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Hallowe'en fires in, 239 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 258; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt sacrifices to stop cattle-disease in, 301; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches as hares in, 315 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + belief as to witches in, 321 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bewitched things burnt in, 322; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, ii. <a href="#Pg053" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + St. John's wort in, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">55</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe to be shot or knocked down with stones in, <a href= + "#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe cut at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg086" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe used to make the dairy thrive in, <a href="#Pg086" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Beltane fire kindled by the friction of oak-wood in, <a href= + "#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe gathered at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg293" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">293</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Walhalla, i. 101 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Walking over fire as a rite, ii. <a href="#Pg003" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Walls, fortified, of the ancient Gauls, i. 267 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Walnut, branches of, passed across Midsummer fires and fastened + on cattle-sheds, i. 191 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Walos of Senegambia, their belief as to a sort of mistletoe, ii. + <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">79</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Walpi, Pueblo Indian village, use of bull-roarers at, ii. + <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Walpurgis Day, i. 143 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Night, witches abroad on, i. 159 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a witching time, 295; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + precautions against witches on, ii. <a href="#Pg020" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witches active on, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">73</a>, <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">74</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wangen in Baden, Lenten fire-custom at, i. 117 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wanyamwezi, their belief as to wounded crocodiles, ii. <a href= + "#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Warlock, the invulnerable, stories of, ii. <a href="#Pg097" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Warriors tabooed, i. 5 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Warwickshire, the Yule log in, i. 257 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Washamba, the, of German East Africa, their custom at + circumcision, ii. <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">183</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Washington State, seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians + of, i. 43 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wasmes, processions with torches at, i. 108 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wasp, external soul of enchanter in a, ii. <a href="#Pg143" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wasps, young men stung with, as an ordeal, i. 63 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wassgow mountains, the need-fire in the, i. 271 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Water from sacred wells, i. 12; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + menstruous women not to go near, 77; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + consecrated at Easter, 122 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 125; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + turned to wine at Easter, 124; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + improved by charred sticks of Midsummer fires, 184; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Midsummer, people drenched with, 193 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + heated in need-fire and sprinkled on cattle, 289; + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page386">[pg 386]</span><a name= + "Pg386" id="Pg386" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + claims human victims at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg026" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + supposed to acquire certain marvellous properties at Midsummer, + <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">29</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + haunted and dangerous at Midsummer, <a href="#Pg031" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Water of life, ii. <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">114</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of springs thought to acquire medicinal qualities on Midsummer + Eve, i. 172 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, rites of, at Midsummer festival in Morocco, i. 216; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at New Year in Morocco, 218 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— spirits, offerings to, at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg028" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wayanas of French Guiana, ordeals among the, i. 63 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Weariness, magical plants placed in shoes a charm against, ii. + <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">54</a>, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">60</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Weaver, the wicked, of Rotenburg, ii. <a href="#Pg289" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">289</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Weeks, Rev. John H., on rites of initiation on the Lower Congo, + ii. <a href="#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">255</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Weeping of girl at puberty, i. 24, 29 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Weidenhausen, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, i. 248 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wells, sacred, in Scotland, i. 12; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + menstruous women kept from, 81, 96 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + charred sticks of Midsummer fires thrown into, 184; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + crowned with flowers at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg028" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, holy, resorted to on Midsummer Eve in Ireland, i. 205 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, the Lord of the, ii. <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">28</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Welsh cure for whooping-cough, ii. <a href="#Pg180" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>, <a href="#Pg192" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— name, alleged, for mistletoe, ii. <a href="#Pg286" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">286</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Wales" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Wales</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wends, their faith in Midsummer herbs, ii. <a href="#Pg054" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Saxony, their idea as to wood of trees struck by lightning, + ii. <a href="#Pg297" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">297</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of the Spreewald gather herbs and flowers at Midsummer, ii. + <a href="#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">48</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their belief as to the divining-rod, <a href="#Pg068" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">68</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wensley-dale, the Yule log in, i. 256 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Were-tigers in China and the East Indies, i. 310 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 313 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -wolf, how a man becomes a, i. 310 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + story in Petronius, 313 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -wolves compelled to resume their human shape by wounds + inflicted on them, i. 308 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + put to death, 311; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and the full moon, 314 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and witches, parallelism between, 315, 321 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Werner, Miss Alice, on a soul-box, ii. <a href="#Pg156" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on African Balders, <a href="#Pg314" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">314</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Westenberg, J. C., on the Batta theory of souls, ii. <a href= + "#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Westermarck, Dr. Edward, on New Year rites in Morocco, i. 218; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Midsummer festival in North Africa, 219; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his theory that the fires of the fire-festivals are purificatory, + 329 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on water at Midsummer, ii. <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">31</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Westphalia, Easter fires in, i. 140; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 248; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + divination by orpine at Midsummer in, ii. <a href="#Pg061" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + camomile gathered at Midsummer in, <a href="#Pg063" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Midsummer log of oak in, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">92</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wetteren, wicker giants at, ii. <a href="#Pg035" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Wetterpfähle</span></span>, oak sticks + charred in Easter bonfires, i. 145 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wexford, Midsummer fires in, i. 203 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Whalton, in Northumberland, Midsummer fires at, i. 198 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wheat thrown on the man who brings in the Christmas log, i. 260, + 262, 264; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + protected against mice by mugwort, ii. <a href="#Pg058" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wheel, fire kindled by the rotation of a, i. 177, 179, 270, 273, + 289 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 292, 335 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg091" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as a symbol of the sun, i. 334 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 335; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as a charm against witchcraft, 345 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, burning, rolled down hill, i. 116, 117 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 119, 141, 143, 161, 162 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 163 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 166, 173, 174, 201, 328, + 334, 337 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 338; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thrown into the air at Midsummer, 179; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rolled over fields at Midsummer to fertilize them, 191, 340 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + perhaps intended to burn witches, 345 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wherry, Mrs., i. 108 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2, ii. <a href="#Pg036" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Whips cracked to drive away witches, ii. <a href="#Pg074" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Whitby, the Yule log at, i. 256 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + White, Rev. G. E., on passing through a ring of red-hot iron, ii. + <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">186</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on passing sheep through a rifted rock, <a href="#Pg189" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + White birds, ten, external soul in, ii. <a href="#Pg142" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— bulls sacrificed by Druids at cutting the mistletoe, ii. + <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">77</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— chalk, bodies of newly initiated lads coated with, ii. + <a href="#Pg241" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">241</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— clay, bodies of novices at initiation smeared with, ii. + <a href="#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">255</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg257" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— cloth, fern-seed caught in a, i. 65, ii. <a href="#Pg291" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">291</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + springwort caught in a, i. 70; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe caught in a, ii. <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg293" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">293</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + used to catch the Midsummer bloom of the oak, <a href="#Pg292" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">292</a>, <a href= + "#Pg293" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">293</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— cock burnt in Midsummer bonfire, ii. <a href="#Pg040" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— herb, external souls of two brothers in a, ii. <a href= + "#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— horse, effigy of, carried through Midsummer fire, i. 203 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Sunday, i. 117 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Whiteborough, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, i. 199 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Whooping-cough cured by crawling under a bramble, ii. <a href= + "#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Bulgarian <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page387">[pg + 387]</span><a name="Pg387" id="Pg387" class="tei tei-anchor" + style="text-align: left"></a> cure for, <a href="#Pg181" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + child passed under an ass as a cure for, <a href="#Pg192" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wicked Sower, driving away the, i. 107, 118 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wicken (rowan) tree, a protection against witchcraft, i. 326, 327 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wicker giants at popular festivals in Europe, ii. <a href= + "#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt in summer bonfires, <a href="#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">38</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wiesensteig, in Swabia, witch as horse at, i. 319 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Wild + fire,”</span> the need-fire, i. 272, 273, 277 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wilde, Lady, her description of Midsummer fires in Ireland, i. + 204 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wilken, G. A., on the external soul, ii. <a href="#Pg096" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wilkes, Charles, on seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 43 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Will-fire, or need-fire, i. 288, 297 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Willow, mistletoe growing on, ii. <a href="#Pg079" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a>, <a href="#Pg315" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">315</a>, <a href= + "#Pg316" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + children passed through a cleft willow-tree as a cure, <a href= + "#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + crawling through a hoop of willow branches as a cure, <a href= + "#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + crawling under the root of a willow as a cure, <a href="#Pg181" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Orpheus and the, <a href="#Pg294" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">294</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wimmer, F., on the various sorts of mistletoe known to the + ancients, ii. <a href="#Pg318" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">318</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Winamwanga, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 24 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their custom as to lightning-kindled fire, ii. <a href="#Pg297" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">297</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wind, bull-roarers sounded to raise a, ii. <a href="#Pg232" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Window, magic flowers to be passed through the, ii. <a href= + "#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wine thought to be spoiled by menstruous women, i. 96 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Winenthal in Switzerland, new fire made by friction at Midsummer + in the, i. 169 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Winnebagoes, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. + <a href="#Pg268" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">268</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Winnowing-basket, divination by, i. 236 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Winter solstice, Persian festival of fire at the, i. 269 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Winter's + Grandmother,”</span> burning the, i. 116 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Winterbottom, Thomas, on a secret society of Sierra Leone, ii. + <a href="#Pg260" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">260</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wintun Indians of California, seclusion of girls among the, i. 42 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Witch, burning the, i. 116, 118 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + effigy of, burnt in bonfire, 159; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + compelled to appear by burning an animal or part of an animal + which she has bewitched, 303, 305, 307 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 321 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in form of a toad, 323. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Witches" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Witches</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Witch, MacCrauford, the great arch, i. 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“—— + -shot,”</span> a sudden stiffness in the back, i. 343 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 345 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Witch's herb, St. John's wort, ii. <a href="#Pg056" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“—— + nest,”</span> a tangle of birch-branches, ii. <a href="#Pg185" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Witchcraft" id="Index-Witchcraft" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Witchcraft, bonfires a protection against, i. 108, 109; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + holy water a protection against, 123; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cattle driven through Midsummer fire as a protection against, + 175; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burs and mugwort a preservative against, 177, ii. <a href= + "#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires a protection against, i. 185, 188; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a broom a protection against, 210; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire kindled to counteract, 280, 292 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 293, 295; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Devonshire, 302; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + great dread of, in Europe, 340; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the fire-festivals regarded as a protection against, 342; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + stiffness in the back attributed to, 343 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, 345; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + colic and sore eyes attributed to, 344; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a wheel a charm against, 345 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to be the source of almost all calamities, ii. <a href= + "#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">19</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + leaping over bonfires as a protection against, <a href="#Pg040" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + its treatment by the Christian Church, <a href="#Pg042" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and sorcery, Midsummer herbs and flowers a protection against, + <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">45</a>, <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">46</a>, <a href="#Pg049" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>, <a href="#Pg054" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a>, <a href= + "#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a>, + <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">59</a>, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">60</a>, <a href="#Pg062" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a>, <a href="#Pg064" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a>, <a href= + "#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a>, + <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">66</a>, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">67</a>, <a href="#Pg072" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">72</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + St. John's wort a protection against, <a href="#Pg054" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dwarf-elder used to detect, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">64</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fern root a protection against, <a href="#Pg067" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mistletoe a protection against, <a href="#Pg085" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg282" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">282</a>, <a href="#Pg283" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a>, <a href= + "#Pg294" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">294</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fatal to milk and butter, <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">86</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + oak log a protection against, <a href="#Pg092" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the rowan a protection against, i. 327 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, ii. <a href="#Pg184" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4, <a href="#Pg185" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a>, <a href="#Pg281" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + children passed through a ring of yarn as a protection against, + <a href="#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">185</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“witch's + nest”</span> (tangle of birch-branches) a protection against, + <a href="#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">185</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Sorcery" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Sorcery</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Witches" id="Index-Witches" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Witches not allowed to touch the bare ground, i. 5 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt and beheaded, 6; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + effigies of, burnt in bonfires, 107, 116 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 118 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 342, ii. <a href="#Pg043" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + charm to protect fields against, i. 121; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Beltane fires a protection against, 154; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cast spells on cattle, 154; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + steal milk from cows, 154, 176, 343, ii. <a href="#Pg074" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the form of hares and cats, i. 157, 315 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, 316 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 317, 318, 319 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg041" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>, <a href= + "#Pg311" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">311</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt on May Day, i. 157, 159, 160; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fires to burn the witches on the Eve of May Day (Walpurgis + Night), 159 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg020" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + abroad on Walpurgis Night, i. 159 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kept out by crosses, 160 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + driving away the, 160, 170, 171; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + resort to the Blocksberg, 171; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Midsummer fires a protection against, 176, 180; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + steal milk <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page388">[pg + 388]</span><a name="Pg388" id="Pg388" class="tei tei-anchor" + style="text-align: left"></a> and butter at Midsummer, 185; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Midsummer Eve, 210, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">19</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + active on Hallowe'en and May Day, <a href="#Pg019" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">19</a>, <a href="#Pg073" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg184" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 4, <a href="#Pg185" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt in Hallowe'en fires, i. 232 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + abroad at Hallowe'en, 226, 245; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log a protection against, 258; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to cause cattle disease, 302 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + transformed into animals, 315 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as cockchafers, 322; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + come to borrow, 322, 323, ii. <a href="#Pg073" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + cause hail and thunder-storms, i. 344; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + brought down from the clouds by shots and smoke, 345 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burning missiles hurled at, 345; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt or banned by fire, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">19</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gather noxious plants on Midsummer Eve, <a href="#Pg047" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gather St. John's wort on St. John's Eve, <a href="#Pg056" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + purple loosestrife a protection against, <a href="#Pg065" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tortured in India, <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">159</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + animal familiars of, <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">202</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Burning-The-Witches" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Burning the Witches”</span></a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Witches at Ipswich, i. 304 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and hares in Yorkshire, ii. <a href="#Pg197" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and were-wolves, parallelism between, i. 315. 321 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and wizards thought to keep their strength in their hair, ii. + <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">158</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + put to death by the Aztecs, <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">159</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and wolves the two great foes dreaded by herdsmen in Europe, + i. 343 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“——, Burning + the,”</span> a popular name for the fires of the festivals, ii. + <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">43</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Witches' Sabbath on the Eve of May Day and Midsummer Eve, i. 171 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3, 181, ii. <a href= + "#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a>, + <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">74</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Withershins,”</span> against the sun, in + curses and excommunication, i. 234 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Witurna, a spirit whose voice is heard in the sound of the + bull-roarer, ii. <a href="#Pg234" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">234</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wizards gather baleful herbs on the Eve of St. John, ii. <a href= + "#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + gather purple loosestrife at Midsummer, <a href="#Pg065" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + animal familiars of, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">196</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg201" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Woden, Odin, or Othin, the father of Balder, i. 101, 102, 103 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wolf, Brotherhood of the Green, at Jumièges in Normandy, i. 185 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg015" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg025" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— clan in North-Western America, ii. <a href="#Pg270" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">270</a>, <a href="#Pg271" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">271</a>, <a href= + "#Pg272" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">272</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— masks worn by members of a Wolf secret society, ii. <a href= + "#Pg270" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">270</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— society among the Nootka Indians, rite of initiation into the, + ii. <a href="#Pg270" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">270</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wolf's hide, strap of, used by were-wolves, i. 310 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wolfeck, in Austria, leaf-clad mummer on Midsummer Day at, ii. + <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">25</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wolfenbüttel, need-fire near, i. 277 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wolves and witches, the two great foes dreaded by herdsmen in + Europe, i. 343 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Woman burnt alive as a witch in Ireland in 1895, i. 323 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Women in hard labour, charm to help, i. 14; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + after childbirth tabooed, 20; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + who do not menstruate supposed to make gardens barren, 24; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + impregnated by the sun, 74 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + impregnated by the moon, 75 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at menstruation painted red, 78; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + leap over Midsummer bonfires to ensure an easy delivery, 194, + 339; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fertilized by tree-spirits, ii. <a href="#Pg022" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + barren, hope to conceive through fertilizing influence of + vegetables, <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">51</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + creep through a rifted rock to obtain an easy delivery, <a href= + "#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + not allowed to see bull-roarers, <a href="#Pg234" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>, <a href="#Pg235" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a>, <a href= + "#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">242</a>. + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See also</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Menstruous" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Menstruous women</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wonghi or Wonghibon tribe of New South Wales, ritual of death and + resurrection at initiation among the, ii. <a href="#Pg227" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wood, the King of the, at Nemi, i. 2, 285, 286, 295, 302, 309 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Woodbine, sick children passed through a wreath of, ii. <a href= + "#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Woodpecker brings the mythical springwort, ii. <a href="#Pg070" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">70</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wootton-Wawen, in Warwickshire, the Yule log at, i. 257 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Working for + need-fire,”</span> a proverb, i. 287 <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Worms, popular cure for, i. 17 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wormwood (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Artemisia absinthium</span></span>), ii. + <a href="#Pg058" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">58</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 3; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burnt to stupefy witches, i. 345; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + superstitions concerning, ii. <a href="#Pg061" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Worship of ancestors in Fiji, ii. <a href="#Pg243" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the oak explained by the frequency with which oaks are struck + by lightning, <a href="#Pg298" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">298</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Worth, R. N., on burnt sacrifices in Devonshire, i. 302 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Worthen, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, i. 257 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wotjobaluk, of South-Eastern Australia, sex totems among the, ii. + <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">215</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wounding were-wolves in order to compel them to resume their + human shape, i. 308 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wounds, St. John's wort a balm for, ii. <a href="#Pg055" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wreath of woodbine, sick children passed through a, ii. <a href= + "#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wreaths of flowers thrown across the Midsummer fires, i. 174; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + superstitious uses made of the singed wreaths, 174; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + hung over doors and windows at Midsummer, 201 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wurtemberg, Midsummer fires in, i. 166; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + leaf-clad mummer at Midsummer in, ii. <a href="#Pg026" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Würzburg, Midsummer fires at, i. 165 + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page389">[pg 389]</span><a name= + "Pg389" id="Pg389" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yabim, the, of New Guinea, girls at puberty secluded among the, + i. 35; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of bull-roarers among the, ii. <a href="#Pg232" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rites of initiation among the, <a href="#Pg239" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yaguas, Indians of the Amazon, girls at puberty secluded among + the, i. 59 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yakut shamans keep their external souls in animals, ii. <a href= + "#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yakuts leap over fire after a burial, ii. <a href="#Pg018" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yam, island of Torres Strait, treatment of girls at puberty in, + i. 41 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yap, seclusion of girls at puberty in the island of, i. 36 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yaraikanna, the, of Northern Queensland, seclusion of girls at + puberty among the, i. 37 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yarn, divination by, i. 235, 240, 241, 243; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sick children passed through a ring of, ii. <a href="#Pg185" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yarra river in Victoria, i. 92 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Year called a fire, i. 137 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yellow Day of Beltane, i. 293 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— snow, the year of the, i. 294 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yibai, tribal subdivision of the Coast Murring tribe, ii. + <a href="#Pg236" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">236</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yoke, purification by passing under a, ii. <a href="#Pg193" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ancient Italian practice of passing conquered enemies under a, + <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">93</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + York, custom formerly observed at Christmas in the cathedral at, + ii. <a href="#Pg291" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">291</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yorkshire, belief as to menstruous women in, i. 96 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Beal-fires on Midsummer Eve in, 198; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Yule log in, 256 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + need-fire in, 286 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + witch as hare in, 317, ii. <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">197</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yoruba-speaking negroes of the Slave Coast, use of bull-roarers + among the, ii. <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">229</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Young, Hugh W., on the rampart of Burghead, i. 268 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Young, Issobell, buries ox and cat alive, i. 325 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ypres, wicker giants at, ii. <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">35</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yucatan, fire-walk among the Indians of, ii. <a href="#Pg013" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">13</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg016" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">16</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yuin, the, of South-Eastern Australia, their sex totems, ii. + <a href="#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">216</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + totem names kept secret among, <a href="#Pg225" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yukon, the Lower, i. 55 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yule cake, i. 257, 259, 261 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— candle, i. 255, 256, 260 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— log, i. 247 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Germany, 247 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + made of oak-wood, 248, 250, 251, 257, 258, 259, 260, 263, 264 + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. <a href="#Pg092" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against conflagration, i. 248 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 250, 255, 256, 258; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against thunder and lightning, 248, 249, 250, 252, + 253, 254, 258, 264; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Switzerland, 249; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Belgium, 249; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in France, 249 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + helps cows to calve, 250, 338; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in England, 255 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Wales, 258; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + among the Servians, 258 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a protection against witches, 258; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Albania, 264; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + privacy of the ceremonial of the, 328; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + explained as a sun-charm, 332; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + made of fir, beech, holly, yew, crab-tree, or olive, ii. <a href= + "#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 2 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yule Night in Sweden, customs observed on, i. 20 <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yuracares of Bolivia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. + 57 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zadrooga,</span></span> Servian + house-community, i. 259 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zambesi, the Barotse of the, i. 28 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zapotecs, supreme pontiff of the, not allowed to set foot on + ground, i. 2; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the sun not allowed to shine on him, i. 19; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their belief that their lives were bound up with those of + animals, ii. <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">212</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zemmur, the, of Morocco, their Midsummer custom, i. 215 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zerdusht and Isfendiyar, i. 104 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zeus and his sacred oak at Dodona, ii. <a href="#Pg049" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + wood of white poplar used at Olympia in sacrificing to, <a href= + "#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1, <a href="#Pg091" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 7 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Danae, i. 74 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Hephaestus, i. 136 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zimbales, a province of the Philippines, superstition as to a + parasitic plant in, ii. <a href="#Pg282" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">282</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> 1 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zoroaster, on the uncleanness of women + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at menstruation, i. 95 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zoznegg, in Baden, Easter fires at, i. 145 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zulus, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 22, 30; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fumigate their gardens with medicated smoke, 337; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their custom of fumigating sick cattle, ii. <a href="#Pg013" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">13</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their belief as to ancestral spirits incarnate in serpents, + <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">211</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zülz, in Silesia, Midsummer fires at, i. 170 + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zuñi Indians of New Mexico, their new fires at the solstices, i. + 132 <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + use of bull-roarers among the, ii. <a href="#Pg230" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zurich, effigies burnt at, i. 120 + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-back" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc47" id="toc47"></a> <a name="pdf48" id="pdf48"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1> + + <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"> + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href= + "#noteref_1">1.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ch. E. Gover, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Pongol Festival in Southern India,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Royal Asiatic Society</span></span>, N.S., v. (1870) pp. 96 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href= + "#noteref_2">2.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Crooke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular Religion and + Folk-lore of Northern India</span></span> (Westminster, 1896), ii. + 314 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; Captain G. R. Hearn, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Passing through the Fire at + Phalon,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Man</span></span>, v. (1905) pp. 154 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> On the custom of walking + through fire, or rather over a furnace, see Andrew Lang, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Modern + Mythology</span></span> (London, 1897), pp. 148-175; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Athenaeum</span></span>, 26th August and 14th + October, 1899; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xii. (1901) pp. + 452-455; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xiv. (1903) pp. + 87-89. Mr. Lang was the first to call attention to the wide + prevalence of the rite in many parts of the world.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href= + "#noteref_3">3.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pandit Janardan Joshi, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">North Indian Notes + and Queries</span></span>, iii. pp. 92 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, § + 199 (September, 1893); W. Crooke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular Religion and + Folk-lore of Northern India</span></span> (Westminster, 1896), ii. + 318 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href= + "#noteref_4">4.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. T. Atkinson, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on the History of Religion in the Himalayas of + the N.W. Provinces,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Asiatic Society of + Bengal</span></span>, liii. Part i. (Calcutta, 1884) p. 60. Compare + W. Crooke, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern + India</span></span> (Westminster, 1896), ii. 313 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href= + "#noteref_5">5.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, vol. i. pp. 136 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href= + "#noteref_6">6.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Schlegel, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Uranographie + Chinoise</span></span> (The Hague and Leyden, 1875), pp. 143 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“La fête de fouler le feu célébrée en Chine + et par les Chinois à Java,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Internationales + Archiv für Ethnographie</span></span>, ix. (1896) pp. 193-195. + Compare J. J. M. de Groot, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Religious System of China</span></span>, + vi. (Leyden, 1910) pp. 1292 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> According to Professor + Schlegel, the connexion between this festival and the old custom of + solemnly extinguishing and relighting the fire in spring is + unquestionable.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href= + "#noteref_7">7.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Dying God</span></span>, p. 262.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href= + "#noteref_8">8.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">(Sir) H. H. Risley, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tribes and Castes of + Bengal, Ethnographic Glossary</span></span> (Calcutta, 1891-1892), + i. 255 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Compare W. Crooke, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular + Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India</span></span> + (Westminster, 1896), i. 19; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tribes and Castes of + the North-Western Provinces and Oudh</span></span> (Calcutta, + 1896), ii. 355. According to Sir Herbert Risley, the trench filled + with smouldering ashes is so narrow (only a span and a quarter + wide) <span class="tei tei-q">“that very little dexterity would + enable a man to walk with his feet on either edge, so as not to + touch the smouldering ashes at the bottom.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href= + "#noteref_9">9.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Crooke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tribes and Castes of + the North-Western Provinces and Oudh</span></span>, ii. 82.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href= + "#noteref_10">10.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M. J. Walhouse, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Passing through the Fire,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indian + Antiquary</span></span>, vii. (1878) pp. 126 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + Compare J. A. Dubois, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mœurs, Institutions et Cérémonies des Peuples + de l'Inde</span></span> (Paris, 1825), ii. 373; E. Thurston, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ethnographic Notes in Southern + India</span></span> (Madras, 1906), pp. 471-486; G. F. D'Penha, in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indian + Antiquary</span></span>, xxxi. (1902) p. 392; <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Fire-walking in Ganjam,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Madras Government + Museum Bulletin</span></span>, vol. iv. No. 3 (Madras, 1903), pp. + 214-216. At Akka timanhully, one of the many villages which help to + make up the town of Bangalore in Southern India, one woman at least + from every house is expected to walk through the fire at the + village festival. Captain J. S. F. Mackenzie witnessed the ceremony + in 1873. A trench, four feet long by two feet wide, was filled with + live embers. The priest walked through it thrice, and the women + afterwards passed through it in batches. Capt. Mackenzie remarks: + <span class="tei tei-q">“From the description one reads of walking + through fire, I expected something sensational. Nothing could be + more tame than the ceremony we saw performed; in which there never + was nor ever could be the slightest danger to life. Some young + girl, whose soles were tender, might next morning find that she had + a blister, but this would be the extent of harm she could + receive.”</span> See Captain J. S. F. Mackenzie, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Village Feast,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indian + Antiquary</span></span>, iii. (1874) pp. 6-9. But to fall on the + hot embers might result in injuries which would prove fatal, and + such an accident is known to have occurred at a village in Bengal. + See H. J. Stokes, <span class="tei tei-q">“Walking through + Fire,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Indian Antiquary</span></span>, ii. (1873) pp. + 190 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> At Afkanbour, five days' + march from Delhi, the Arab traveller Ibn Batutah saw a troop of + fakirs dancing and even rolling on the glowing embers of a wood + fire. See <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah</span></span> (Paris, + 1853-1858), ii. 6 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, iii. 439.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" href= + "#noteref_11">11.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sonnerat, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyage aux Indes + orientales et à la Chine</span></span> (Paris, 1782), i. 247 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12" href= + "#noteref_12">12.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Madras Government Museum, + Bulletin</span></span>, vol. iv. No. 1 (Madras, 1901), pp. 55-59; + E. Thurston, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ethnographic Notes in Southern + India</span></span> (Madras, 1906), pp. 471-474. One of the places + where the fire-festival in honour of Draupadi takes place annually + is the Allandur Temple, at St. Thomas's Mount, near Madras. Compare + <span class="tei tei-q">“Fire-walking Ceremony at the Dharmaraja + Festival,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic + Society</span></span>, vol. ii. No. 1 (October, 1910), pp. + 29-32.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_13" name="note_13" href= + "#noteref_13">13.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Thurston, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Castes and Tribes of + Southern India</span></span> (Madras, 1909), i. 98 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ethnographic Notes in + Southern India</span></span> (Madras, 1906), pp. 476 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_14" name="note_14" href= + "#noteref_14">14.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Thurston, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Castes and Tribes of + Southern India</span></span> (Madras, 1909), i. 100 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_15" name="note_15" href= + "#noteref_15">15.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. Metz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Tribes inhabiting + the Neilgherry Hills</span></span>, Second Edition (Mangalore, + 1864), p. 55.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_16" name="note_16" href= + "#noteref_16">16.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“A Japanese + Fire-walk,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">American Anthropologist</span></span>, New + Series, v. (1903) pp. 377-380. The ceremony has been described to + me by two eye-witnesses, Mr. Ernest Foxwell of St. John's College, + Cambridge, and Miss E. P. Hughes, formerly Principal of the + Teachers' Training College, Cambridge. Mr. Foxwell examined the + feet of the performers both before and after their passage through + the fire and found no hurt. The heat was so great that the sweat + ran down him as he stood near the bed of glowing charcoal. He + cannot explain the immunity of the performers. He informs me that + the American writer Percival Lowell walked in the fire and was + burned so severely that he was laid up in bed for three weeks; + while on the other hand a Scotch engineer named Hillhouse passed + over the hot charcoal unscathed. Several of Miss Hughes's Japanese + pupils also went through the ordeal with impunity, but one of them + burned a toe. Both before and after walking through the fire the + people dipped their feet in a white stuff which Miss Hughes was + told was salt. Compare W. G. Aston, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Shinto</span></span> + (London, 1905), p. 348: <span class="tei tei-q">“At the present day + plunging the hand into boiling water, walking barefoot over a bed + of live coals, and climbing a ladder formed of sword-blades set + edge upwards are practised, not by way of ordeal, but to excite the + awe and stimulate the piety of the ignorant + spectators.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_17" name="note_17" href= + "#noteref_17">17.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Basil Thomson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">South Sea + Yarns</span></span> (Edinburgh and London, 1894), pp. 195-207. + Compare F. Arthur Jackson, <span class="tei tei-q">“A Fijian Legend + of the Origin of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Vilavilairevo</span></span> or Fire + Ceremony,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Polynesian + Society</span></span>, vol. iii. No. 2 (June, 1894), pp. 72-75; R. + Fulton, <span class="tei tei-q">“An Account of the Fiji + Fire-walking Ceremony, or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Vilavilairevo</span></span>, + with a probable explanation of the mystery,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Transactions and + Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute</span></span>, xxxv. + (1902) pp. 187-201; Lieutenant Vernon H. Haggard, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xiv. (1903) pp. 88 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_18" name="note_18" href= + "#noteref_18">18.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">S. P. Langley, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Fire-walk Ceremony in Tahiti,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Report of the + Smithsonian Institution for 1901</span></span> (Washington, 1902), + pp. 539-544; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xiv. (1901) pp. + 446-452; <span class="tei tei-q">“More about Fire-walking,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Polynesian Society</span></span>, vol. x. No. 1 (March, + 1901), pp. 53 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> In his <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Modern + Mythology</span></span> (pp. 162-165) Andrew Lang quotes from + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Polynesian Society's Journal</span></span>, vol. ii. No. 2, pp. + 105-108, an account of the fire-walk by Miss Tenira Henry, which + seems to refer to Raiatea, one of the Tahitian group of + islands.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_19" name="note_19" href= + "#noteref_19">19.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Annales de l'Association de la Propagation de + la Foi</span></span>, lxix. (1897) pp. 130-133. But in the ceremony + here described the chief performer was a native of Huahine, one of + the Tahitian group of islands. The wood burned in the furnace was + hibiscus and native chestnut (<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Inocarpus edulis</span></span>). Before + stepping on the hot stones the principal performer beat the edge of + the furnace twice or thrice with <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ti</span></span> + leaves (dracaena).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_20" name="note_20" href= + "#noteref_20">20.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Les Missions Catholiques</span></span>, x. + (1878) pp. 141 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. Lang, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Modern + Mythology</span></span>, p. 167, quoting Mr. Henry R. St. + Clair.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_21" name="note_21" href= + "#noteref_21">21.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Peter Kolben, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Present State of + the Cape of Good Hope</span></span>, Second Edition (London, 1738), + i. 129-133.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_22" name="note_22" href= + "#noteref_22">22.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. C. Hollis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Nandi</span></span> (Oxford, 1909), pp. 45 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_23" name="note_23" href= + "#noteref_23">23.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. Joseph Shooter, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Kafirs of + Natal</span></span> (London, 1857), p. 35.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_24" name="note_24" href= + "#noteref_24">24.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diego de Landa, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Relation des choses + de Yucatan</span></span> (Paris, 1864), pp. 231, 233.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_25" name="note_25" href= + "#noteref_25">25.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Strabo, xii. 2. 7, p. 537. Compare + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adonis, + Attis, Osiris</span></span>, Second Edition, pp. 89, 134 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_26" name="note_26" href= + "#noteref_26">26.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> vii. 19; Virgil, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> + xi. 784 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> with the comment of + Servius; Strabo, v. 2. 9, p. 226; Dionysius Halicarnasensis, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antiquit. + Rom.</span></span> iii. 32. From a reference to the custom in + Silius Italicus (v. 175 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>) it seems that the men + passed thrice through the furnace holding the entrails of the + sacrificial victims in their hands. The learned but sceptical Varro + attributed their immunity in the fire to a drug with which they + took care to anoint the soles of their feet before they planted + them in the furnace. See Varro, cited by Servius, on Virgil, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> xi. 787. The whole subject + has been treated by W. Mannhardt (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antike Wald- und + Feldkulte</span></span>, Berlin, 1877, pp. 327 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>), + who compares the rites of these <span class="tei tei-q">“Soranian + Wolves”</span> with the ceremonies performed by the brotherhood of + the Green Wolf at Jumièges in Normandy. See above, vol. i. pp. 185 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_27" name="note_27" href= + "#noteref_27">27.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. Preller (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Römische + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> i. 268), following G. + Curtius, would connect the first syllable of Soranus and Soracte + with the Latin <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">sol</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“sun.”</span> However, this etymology + appears to be at the best very doubtful. My friend Prof. J. H. + Moulton doubts whether <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Soranus</span></span> can be connected with + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sol</span></span>; he tells me that the + interchange of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">r</span></span> is + rare. He would rather connect <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Soracte</span></span> with the Greek ὕραξ, + <span class="tei tei-q">“a shrew-mouse.”</span> In that case Apollo + Soranus might be the equivalent of the Greek Apollo Smintheus, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the Mouse Apollo.”</span> Professor R. S. + Conway also writes to me (11th November 1902) that <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Soranus</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Soracte</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“have nothing to do with <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sol</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">r</span></span> and + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l</span></span> are not confused in + Italic.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_28" name="note_28" href= + "#noteref_28">28.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Livy, xxvi. 11. About this time the + Carthaginian army encamped only three miles from Rome, and Hannibal + in person, at the head of two thousand cavalry, rode close up to + the walls and leisurely reconnoitered them. See Livy, xxvi. 10; + Polybius, ix. 5-7.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_29" name="note_29" href= + "#noteref_29">29.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg001" class= + "tei tei-ref">1</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_30" name="note_30" href= + "#noteref_30">30.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg015" class= + "tei tei-ref">15</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_31" name="note_31" href= + "#noteref_31">31.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, pp. <a href="#Pg013" class= + "tei tei-ref">13</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_32" name="note_32" href= + "#noteref_32">32.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg008" class= + "tei tei-ref">8</a>, compare p. <a href="#Pg003" class= + "tei tei-ref">3</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_33" name="note_33" href= + "#noteref_33">33.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. J. M. de Groot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Religious System + of China</span></span>, i. (Leyden, 1892), p. 355; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span> vi. + (Leyden, 1910) p. 942.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_34" name="note_34" href= + "#noteref_34">34.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. H. Gray, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">China</span></span> + (London, 1878), i. 287, 305; J. J. M. de Groot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> i. 32, vi. 942.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_35" name="note_35" href= + "#noteref_35">35.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. J. M. de Groot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> i. 137, vi. 942.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_36" name="note_36" href= + "#noteref_36">36.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. G. Gmelin, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reise durch + Sibirien</span></span> (Göttingen, 1751-1752), i. 333.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_37" name="note_37" href= + "#noteref_37">37.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. L. Priklonski, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ueber das Schamenthum bei den Jakuten,”</span> in A. + Bastian's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Allerlei aus Volks- und + Menschenkunde</span></span> (Berlin, 1888), i. 219. Compare Vasilij + Priklonski, <span class="tei tei-q">“Todtengebräuche der + Jakuten,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Globus</span></span>, lix. (1891) p. 85.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_38" name="note_38" href= + "#noteref_38">38.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. A. H. Louis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Gates of + Thibet</span></span> (Calcutta, 1894), p. 116.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_39" name="note_39" href= + "#noteref_39">39.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Allegret, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Les Idées religieuses des Fañ (Afrique + Occidentale),”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Revue de l'Histoire des + Religions</span></span>, l. (1904) p. 220.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_40" name="note_40" href= + "#noteref_40">40.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. B. Ellis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Ewe-speaking + Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa</span></span> (London, + 1890), p. 160.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_41" name="note_41" href= + "#noteref_41">41.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, pp. 162, 163, 211, 212, 214, + 215, 217.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_42" name="note_42" href= + "#noteref_42">42.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See the references above, vol. i. p. + 342 note 2.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_43" name="note_43" href= + "#noteref_43">43.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See the references above, vol. i. p. + 342 note 3.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_44" name="note_44" href= + "#noteref_44">44.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 52 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 127; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Scapegoat</span></span>, pp. 157 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + Compare R. Kühnau, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schlesische Sagen</span></span> (Berlin, + 1910-1913), iii. p. 69, No. 1428: <span class="tei tei-q">“In the + county of Glatz the people believe that on Walpurgis Night (the Eve + of May Day) the witches under cover of the darkness seek to harm + men in all sorts of ways. To guard themselves against them the + people set small birch trees in front of the house-door on the + previous day, and are of opinion that the witches must count all + the leaves on these little trees before they can get into the + house. While they are still at this laborious task, the day dawns + and the dreaded guests must retire to their own realm”</span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, iii. p. 39, No. 1394: + <span class="tei tei-q">“On St. John's Night (between the 23rd and + 24th of June) the witches again busily bestir themselves to force + their way into the houses of men and the stalls of cattle. People + stick small twigs of oak in the windows and doors of the houses and + cattle-stalls to keep out the witches. This is done in the + neighbourhood of Patschkau and generally in the districts of + Frankenstein, Münsterberg, Grottkau, and Neisse. In the same + regions they hang garlands, composed of oak leaves intertwined with + flowers, at the windows. The garland must be woven in the house + itself and may not be carried over any threshold; it must be hung + out of the window on a nail, which is inserted there.”</span> + Similar evidence might be multiplied almost indefinitely.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_45" name="note_45" href= + "#noteref_45">45.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Golden Bough</span></span>, Second Edition + (London, 1900), ii. 314-316.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_46" name="note_46" href= + "#noteref_46">46.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Dying God</span></span>, pp. 249 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_47" name="note_47" href= + "#noteref_47">47.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, vol. i. p. 117, compare pp. + 143, 144.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_48" name="note_48" href= + "#noteref_48">48.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, vol. i. p. 120.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_49" name="note_49" href= + "#noteref_49">49.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, ii. 56 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_50" name="note_50" href= + "#noteref_50">50.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, vol. i. pp. 120, 167.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_51" name="note_51" href= + "#noteref_51">51.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, vol. i. pp. 115 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 116, 142, 173 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 185, 191, 192, 193, + 209.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_52" name="note_52" href= + "#noteref_52">52.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, vol. i. p. 120.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_53" name="note_53" href= + "#noteref_53">53.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, vol. i. p. 116. But the effigy + is called the Witch.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_54" name="note_54" href= + "#noteref_54">54.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The chapter has since been expanded + into the four volumes of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Dying God</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spirits of the Corn + and of the Wild</span></span>, and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Scapegoat</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_55" name="note_55" href= + "#noteref_55">55.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Dying God</span></span>, p. 262.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_56" name="note_56" href= + "#noteref_56">56.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, pp. <a href="#Pg009" class= + "tei tei-ref">9</a>, <a href="#Pg010" class="tei tei-ref">10</a>, + <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref">14</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_57" name="note_57" href= + "#noteref_57">57.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Among the Klings of Southern India the + ceremony of walking over a bed of red-hot ashes is performed by a + few chosen individuals, who are prepared for the rite by a + devil-doctor or medicine-man. The eye-witness who describes the + ceremony adds: <span class="tei tei-q">“As I understood it, they + took on themselves and expiated the sins of the Kling community for + the past year.”</span> See the letter of Stephen Ponder, quoted by + Andrew Lang, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Modern Mythology</span></span> (London, 1897), + p. 160.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_58" name="note_58" href= + "#noteref_58">58.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Dying God</span></span>, pp. 205 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spirits of the Corn + and of the Wild</span></span>, i. 216 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_59" name="note_59" href= + "#noteref_59">59.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, vol. i. p. 120.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_60" name="note_60" href= + "#noteref_60">60.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, vol. i. p. 186.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_61" name="note_61" href= + "#noteref_61">61.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, vol. i. p. 148.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_62" name="note_62" href= + "#noteref_62">62.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, vol. i. p. 233.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_63" name="note_63" href= + "#noteref_63">63.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, vol. i. p. 194.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_64" name="note_64" href= + "#noteref_64">64.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, p. 524.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_65" name="note_65" href= + "#noteref_65">65.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des + Königreichs Bayern</span></span> (Munich, 1860-1867), iii. 956; W. + Mannhardt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, p. 524. In the + neighbourhood of Breitenbrunn the lad who collects fuel at this + season has his face blackened and is called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Charcoal Man”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bavaria</span></span>, etc., ii. 261).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_66" name="note_66" href= + "#noteref_66">66.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Birlinger, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Volksthümliches aus + Schwaben</span></span> (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1861-1862), ii. 121 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, § 146; W. Mannhardt, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, pp. 524 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_67" name="note_67" href= + "#noteref_67">67.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Meier, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche Sagen, + Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben</span></span> (Stuttgart, 1852), + pp. 428 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, §§ 120, 122; O. Freiherr + von Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Das festliche Jahr</span></span> (Leipsic, + 1863), p. 194; J. A. E. Köhler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Volksbrauch, + Aberglauben, Sagen und andre alte Ueberlieferungen im + Voigtlande</span></span> (Leipsic, 1867), p. 176; J. V. Grohmann, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und + Mähren</span></span> (Prague and Leipsic, 1864), p. 49, § 311; W. + J. A. Tettau und J. D. H. Temme, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Volkssagen + Ost-preussens, Litthauens und West-preussens</span></span> (Berlin, + 1837), pp. 277 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; K. Haupt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagenbuch der + Lausitz</span></span> (Leipsic, 1862-1863), i. 48; R. Eisel, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagenbuch + des Voigtlandes</span></span> (Gera, 1871), p. 31, Nr. 62.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_68" name="note_68" href= + "#noteref_68">68.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Montanus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die deutschen + Volksfeste, Volksbräuche und deutscher Volksglaube</span></span> + (Iserlohn, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), p. 34.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_69" name="note_69" href= + "#noteref_69">69.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Hoffmann-Krayer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Feste und Bräuche des + Schweizervolkes</span></span> (Zurich, 1913), p. 163.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_70" name="note_70" href= + "#noteref_70">70.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. H. Meyer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Badisches + Volksleben</span></span> (Strasburg, 1900), p. 507.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_71" name="note_71" href= + "#noteref_71">71.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. A. E. Köhler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">loc. + cit.</span></span> Tacitus tells us that the image of the goddess + Nerthus, her vestments, and chariot were washed in a certain lake, + and that immediately afterwards the slaves who ministered to the + goddess were swallowed by the lake (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Germania</span></span>, 40). The statement may + perhaps be understood to mean that the slaves were drowned as a + sacrifice to the deity. Certainly we know from Tacitus + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Germania</span></span>, 9 and 39) that the + ancient Germans offered human sacrifices.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_72" name="note_72" href= + "#noteref_72">72.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Meier, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche Sagen, + Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben</span></span> (Stuttgart, 1852), + p. 429, § 121.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_73" name="note_73" href= + "#noteref_73">73.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">O. Frh. von Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen</span></span> + (Prague, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), p. 311.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_74" name="note_74" href= + "#noteref_74">74.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Karl Lynker, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche Sagen und + Sitten in hessischen Gauen</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (Cassel and Göttingen, 1860), pp. 253, 254, §§ 335, 336.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_75" name="note_75" href= + "#noteref_75">75.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. H. Meyer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Badisches + Volksleben</span></span> (Strasburg, 1900), p. 506.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_76" name="note_76" href= + "#noteref_76">76.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Giuseppe Pitrè, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spettacoli e Feste + Popolari Siciliane</span></span> (Palermo, 1881), p. 313.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_77" name="note_77" href= + "#noteref_77">77.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> i. 489 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + iii. 487; A. Wuttke, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Der deutsche + Volksaberglaube</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Berlin, 1869), p. 77 § 92; + O. Freiherr von Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Das festliche + Jahr</span></span> (Leipsic, 1863), p. 193; F. J. Vonbun, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beiträge + zur deutschen Mythologie</span></span> (Chur, 1862), p. 133; P. + Drechsler, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sitte, Brauch und Volksglaube in + Schlesien</span></span> (Leipsic, 1903-1906), i. 143 § 161; Karl + Haupt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sagenbuch der Lausitz</span></span> (Leipsic, + 1862-1863), i. 248, No. 303; F. J. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aus dem inneren und + äusseren Leben der Ehsten</span></span> (St. Petersburg, 1876), p. + 415; L. Lloyd, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Peasant Life in Sweden</span></span> (London, + 1870), pp. 261 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Paul Sébillot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le Folk-lore de + France</span></span> (Paris, 1904-1907), ii. 160 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; T. + F. Thiselton Dyer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">British Popular Customs</span></span> (London, + 1876), pp. 322 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 329 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> For + more evidence, see above, vol. i. pp. 193, 194, 205 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 208, 210, 216; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Adonis, Attis, Osiris</span></span>, Second + Edition, pp. 204 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_78" name="note_78" href= + "#noteref_78">78.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Le Baron de Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Calendrier Belge</span></span> (Brussels, + 1861-1862), i. 420 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; E. Monseur, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le Folklore + Wallon</span></span> (Brussels, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), p. 130; P. + Sébillot, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Le Folk-lore de France</span></span>, ii. 374 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_79" name="note_79" href= + "#noteref_79">79.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Hoffmann-Krayer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Feste und Bräuche des + Schweizervolkes</span></span> (Zurich, 1913), p. 163. See above, p. + 27.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_80" name="note_80" href= + "#noteref_80">80.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Westermarck, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Midsummer Customs in Morocco,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xvi. (1905) pp. 31 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ceremonies and Beliefs connected with + Agriculture, certain Dates of the Solar Year, and the Weather in + Morocco</span></span> (Helsingfors, 1913), pp. 84-86; E. Doutté, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Magie et + Religion dans l'Afrique du Nord</span></span> (Algiers, 1908), pp. + 567 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> See also above, vol. i. p. + 216.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_81" name="note_81" href= + "#noteref_81">81.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, vol. i. pp. 213-219.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_82" name="note_82" href= + "#noteref_82">82.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Westermarck, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ceremonies and + Beliefs connected with Agriculture, certain Dates of the Solar + Year, and the Weather in Morocco</span></span> (Helsingfors, 1913), + pp. 94 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_83" name="note_83" href= + "#noteref_83">83.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This has been rightly pointed out by + Dr. Edward Westermarck (<span class="tei tei-q">“Midsummer Customs + in Morocco,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xvi. (1905) p. + 46).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_84" name="note_84" href= + "#noteref_84">84.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Caesar, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bell. + Gall.</span></span> vi. 15; Strabo, iv. 4. 5, p. 198; Diodorus + Siculus, v. 32. See W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, pp. 525 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_85" name="note_85" href= + "#noteref_85">85.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Strabo, iv. 4. 4, p. 197: τὰς δὲ + φονικὰς δίκας μάλιστα τούτοις [<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + the Druids] ἐπετέτραπτο δικάζειν, ὅταν τε φορὰ τούτων ᾖ, φορὰν καὶ + τῆς χώρας νομίζουσιν ὑπάρχειν. On this passage see W. Mannhardt, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, pp. 529 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + and below, pp. 42 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_86" name="note_86" href= + "#noteref_86">86.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, ii. 80 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_87" name="note_87" href= + "#noteref_87">87.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Madame Clément, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histoire des fêtes + civiles et religieuses du département du + Nord</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Cambrai, 1836), pp. + 193-200; A. de Nore, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Coutumes, Mythes et Traditions des Provinces + de France</span></span>, (Paris and Lyons, 1846), pp. 323 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; F. W. Fairholt, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gog and + Magog, the Giants in Guildhall, their real and legendary + History</span></span> (London, 1859), pp. 78-87; W. Mannhardt, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, p. 523, note. It is + said that the giantess made her first appearance in 1665, and that + the children were not added to the show till the end of the + seventeenth century. In the eighteenth century the procession took + place on the third Sunday in June, which must always have been + within about a week of Midsummer Day (H. Gaidoz, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Le dieu gaulois du soleil et le symbolisme de la + roue,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Revue Archéologique</span></span>, iii. série + iv. 32 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_88" name="note_88" href= + "#noteref_88">88.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Gentleman's Magazine</span></span>, xxix. + (1759), pp. 263-265; Madame Clément, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histoire des fêtes + civiles et religieuses du département du + Nord</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> pp. 169-175; A. de Nore, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coutumes, + Mythes et Traditions des Provinces de France</span></span>, pp. + 328-332. Compare John Milner, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The History, Civil and Ecclesiastical, and + Survey of the Antiquities of Winchester</span></span> (Winchester, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), i. 8 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + note 6; John Brand, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Popular Antiquities of Great + Britain</span></span> (London, 1882-1883), i. 325 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + James Logan, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Scottish Gael or Celtic + Manners</span></span>, edited by Rev. Alex. Stewart (Inverness, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), ii. 358. According + to the writer in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Gentleman's Magazine</span></span> the + name of the procession was the Cor-mass.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_89" name="note_89" href= + "#noteref_89">89.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Madame Clément, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histoire des fêtes + civiles et religieuses</span></span>, etc., <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">de la Belgique + méridionale</span></span>, etc. (Avesnes, 1846), p. 252; Le Baron + de Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Calendrier Belge</span></span> (Brussels, + 1861-1862), i. 123-126. We may conjecture that the Flemish + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Reuze</span></span>, like the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Reuss</span></span> of Dunkirk, is only + another form of the German <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Riese</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“giant.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_90" name="note_90" href= + "#noteref_90">90.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. W. Fairholt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gog and Magog, the + Giants in Guildhall, their real and legendary History</span></span> + (London, 1859), pp. 64-78. For the loan of this work and of the one + cited in the next note I have to thank Mrs. Wherry, of St. Peter's + Terrace, Cambridge.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_91" name="note_91" href= + "#noteref_91">91.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Fourdin, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“La foire d'Ath,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annales du Cercle + Archéologique de Mons</span></span>, ix. (Mons, 1869) pp. 7, 8, 12, + 36 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The history of the festival + has been carefully investigated, with the help of documents by M. + Fourdin. According to him, the procession was religious in its + origin and took its rise from a pestilence which desolated Hainaut + in 1215 (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> pp. 1 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>). + He thinks that the effigies of giants were not introduced into the + procession till between 1450 and 1460 (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 8).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_92" name="note_92" href= + "#noteref_92">92.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">George Puttenham, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Arte of English + Poesie</span></span> (London, 1811, reprint of the original edition + of London, 1589), book iii. chapter vi. p. 128. On the history of + the English giants and their relation to those of the continent, + see F. W. Fairholt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Gog and Magog, the Giants in Guildhall, their + real and legendary History</span></span> (London, 1859).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_93" name="note_93" href= + "#noteref_93">93.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Joseph Strutt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Sports and + Pastimes of the People of England</span></span>, New Edition, by W. + Hone (London, 1834), pp. xliii.-xlv.; F. W. Fairholt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gog and Magog, the + Giants in Guildhall</span></span> (London, 1859), pp. 52-59.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_94" name="note_94" href= + "#noteref_94">94.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. W. Fairholt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 59-61.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_95" name="note_95" href= + "#noteref_95">95.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. W. Fairholt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 61-63.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_96" name="note_96" href= + "#noteref_96">96.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Felix Liebrecht, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Des Gervasius von + Tilbury Otia Imperialia</span></span> (Hanover, 1856), pp. 212 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. de Nore, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coutumes, Mythes, et + Traditions des Provinces de France</span></span>, pp. 354 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, p. 514.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_97" name="note_97" href= + "#noteref_97">97.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, pp. 514, 523.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_98" name="note_98" href= + "#noteref_98">98.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Athenaeum</span></span>, 24th July 1869, p. + 115; W. Mannhardt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, pp. 515 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + From a later account we learn that about the year 1890 the custom + of lighting a bonfire and dancing round it was still observed at + Bagnères de Luchon on Midsummer Eve, but the practice of burning + live serpents in it had been discontinued. The fire was kindled by + a priest. See <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xii. (1901) pp. + 315-317.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_99" name="note_99" href= + "#noteref_99">99.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Breuil, <span class="tei tei-q">“Du + culte de St.-Jean Baptiste,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mémoires de la + Société des Antiquaires de Picardie</span></span>, viii. (1845) pp. + 187 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Collin de Plancy, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dictionnaire Infernal</span></span> (Paris, + 1825-1826), iii. 40; A. de Nore, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coutumes, Mythes et + Traditions des Provinces de France</span></span>, pp. 355 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; J. W. Wolf, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beiträge zur + deutschen Mythologie</span></span> (Göttingen and Leipsic, + 1852-1857), ii. 388; E. Cortet, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Essai sur les Fêtes + Religieuses</span></span> (Paris, 1867), pp. 213 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Laisnel de la Salle, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Croyances et Légendes du Centre de la + France</span></span> (Paris, 1875), i. 82; W. Mannhardt, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, p. 515.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_100" name="note_100" + href="#noteref_100">100.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tessier, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mémoires et + Dissertations publiés par la Société Royale des Antiquaires de + France</span></span>, v. (1823) p. 388; W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, p. 515.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_101" name="note_101" + href="#noteref_101">101.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Alexandre Bertrand, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">La Religion des + Gaulois</span></span> (Paris, 1897), p. 407.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_102" name="note_102" + href="#noteref_102">102.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> i. 519; W. Mannhardt, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, p. 515.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_103" name="note_103" + href="#noteref_103">103.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, p. 515; Montanus, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + deutschen Volksfesten, Volksbräuche und deutscher + Volksglaube</span></span> (Iserlohn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), p. 34.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_104" name="note_104" + href="#noteref_104">104.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, p. 515.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_105" name="note_105" + href="#noteref_105">105.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Meyrac, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Traditions, Coutumes, + Légendes, et Contes des Ardenness</span></span> (Charleville, + 1890), p. 68.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_106" name="note_106" + href="#noteref_106">106.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, vol. i. p. 142.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_107" name="note_107" + href="#noteref_107">107.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Strabo, iv. 4. 5, p. 198, καὶ ἄλλα δὲ + ἀνθρωποθυσιῶν εἴδη λέγεται; καὶ γὰρ κατετόξευόν τινας καὶ + ἀνεσταύρουν ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς καὶ κατασκευάσαντες κολοσσὸν χόρτου καὶ + ξύλων, ἐμβαλόντες εἰς τοῦτον βοσκήματα καὶ θηρία παντοῖα καὶ + ἀνθρώπους ὡλοκαύτουν.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_108" name="note_108" + href="#noteref_108">108.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg039" class= + "tei tei-ref">39</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_109" name="note_109" + href="#noteref_109">109.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Marie Trevelyan, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-lore and + Folk-stories of Wales</span></span> (London, 1909), pp. 214, 301 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Ulrich Jahn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hexenwesen und + Zauberei in Pommern</span></span> (Breslau, 1886), p. 7; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Volkssagen aus + Pommern und Rügen</span></span> (Stettin, 1886), p. 353, No. + 446.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_110" name="note_110" + href="#noteref_110">110.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, vol. i. p. 315 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_111" name="note_111" + href="#noteref_111">111.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The treatment of magic and witchcraft + by the Christian Church is described by W. E. H. Lecky, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History + of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in + Europe</span></span>, New Edition (London, 1882), i. 1 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + Four hundred witches were burned at one time in the great square of + Toulouse (W. E. H. Lecky, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> ii. 38). Writing at the + beginning of the eighteenth century Addison observes: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Before I leave Switzerland I cannot but observe, that + the notion of witchcraft reigns very much in this country. I have + often been tired with accounts of this nature from very sensible + men, who are most of them furnished with matters of fact which have + happened, as they pretend, within the compass of their own + knowledge. It is certain there have been many executions on this + account, as in the canton of Berne there were some put to death + during my stay at Geneva. The people are so universally infatuated + with the notion, that if a cow falls sick, it is ten to one but an + old woman is clapt up in prison for it, and if the poor creature + chance to think herself a witch, the whole country is for hanging + her up without mercy.”</span> See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Works of Joseph + Addison</span></span>, with notes by R. Hurd, D.D. (London, 1811), + vol. ii., <span class="tei tei-q">“Remarks on several Parts of + Italy,”</span> p. 196.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_112" name="note_112" + href="#noteref_112">112.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Strabo, iv. 4. 4, p. 197. See the + passage quoted above, p. <a href="#Pg032" class= + "tei tei-ref">32</a>, note 2.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_113" name="note_113" + href="#noteref_113">113.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, pp. 532-534.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_114" name="note_114" + href="#noteref_114">114.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Spirits of the Corn and of the + Wild</span></span>, i. 270-305.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_115" name="note_115" + href="#noteref_115">115.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Some of the serpents worshipped by the + old Prussians lived in hollow oaks, and as oaks were sacred among + the Prussians, the serpents may possibly have been regarded as + genii of the trees. See Simon Grunau, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Preussischer + Chronik</span></span>, herausgegeben von Dr. M. Perlbach, i. + (Leipsic, 1876) p. 89; Christophor Hartknoch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Alt und Neues + Preussen</span></span> (Frankfort and Leipsic, 1684), pp. 143, 163. + Serpents played an important part in the worship of Demeter, but we + can hardly assume that they were regarded as embodiments of the + goddess. See <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Spirits of the Corn and of the + Wild</span></span>, ii. 17 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_116" name="note_116" + href="#noteref_116">116.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For example, in China the spirits of + plants are thought to assume the form of snakes oftener than that + of any other animal. Chinese literature abounds with stories + illustrative of such transformations. See J. J. M. de Groot, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Religious System of China</span></span>, iv. (Leyden, 1901) pp. + 283-286. In Siam the spirit of the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">takhien</span></span> tree is said to appear + sometimes in the shape of a serpent and sometimes in that of a + woman. See Adolph Bastian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Voelker des Oestlichen + Asien</span></span>, iii. (Jena, 1867) p. 251. The vipers that + haunted the balsam trees in Arabia were regarded by the Arabs as + sacred to the trees (Pausanias, ix. 28. 4); and once in Arabia, + when a wood hitherto untouched by man was burned down to make room + for the plough, certain white snakes flew out of it with loud + lamentations. No doubt they were supposed to be the dispossessed + spirits of the trees. See J. Wellhausen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reste Arabischen + Heidentums</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Berlin, 1897), pp. 108 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_117" name="note_117" + href="#noteref_117">117.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. L. M. Noguès, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les mœurs d'autrefois + en Saintonge et en Aunis</span></span> (Saintes, 1891), p. 71. + Amongst the superstitious practices denounced by the French writer + J. B. Thiers in the seventeenth century was <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the gathering of certain herbs between the Eve of St. + John and the Eve of St. Peter and keeping them in a bottle to heal + certain maladies.”</span> See J. B. Thiers, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Traité des + Superstitions</span></span> (Paris, 1679), p. 321.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_118" name="note_118" + href="#noteref_118">118.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. de Nore, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coutumes, Mythes et + Traditions des Provinces de France</span></span> (Paris and Lyons, + 1846), pp. 150 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_119" name="note_119" + href="#noteref_119">119.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Jules Lecœur, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Esquisses du Bocage + Normand</span></span> (Condé-sur-Noireau, 1883-1887), ii. 8, 244; + Amélie Bosquet, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">La Normandie romanesque et + merveilleuse</span></span> (Paris and Rouen, 1845), p. 294.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_120" name="note_120" + href="#noteref_120">120.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">De la Loubere, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Du Royaume de + Siam</span></span> (Amsterdam, 1691), i. 202. The writer here + mentions an Italian mode of divination practised on Midsummer Eve. + People washed their feet in wine and threw the wine out of the + window. After that, the first words they heard spoken by passers-by + were deemed oracular.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_121" name="note_121" + href="#noteref_121">121.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aubin-Louis Millin, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyage dans les + Départements du Midi de la France</span></span> (Paris, 1807-1811), + iii. 344 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_122" name="note_122" + href="#noteref_122">122.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Alexandre Bertrand, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">La Religion des + Gaulois</span></span> (Paris, 1897), p. 124. In French the name of + St. John's herb (<span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "fr"><span style="font-style: italic">herbe de la + Saint-Jean</span></span>) is usually given to <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">millepertius</span></span>, that is, St. + John's wort, which is quite a different flower. See below, pp. + <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref">54</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + But <span class="tei tei-q">“St. John's herb”</span> may well be a + general term which in different places is applied to different + plants.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_123" name="note_123" + href="#noteref_123">123.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bruno Stehle, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Aberglauben, Sitten und Gebräuche in + Lothringen,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Globus</span></span>, lix. (1891) p. 379.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_124" name="note_124" + href="#noteref_124">124.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. F. Sauvé, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le Folk-lore des + Hautes-Vosges</span></span> (Paris, 1889), pp. 168 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_125" name="note_125" + href="#noteref_125">125.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">I. V. Zingerle, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Wald, Bäume, Kräuter,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + deutsche Mythologie und Sittenkunde</span></span>, i. (1853) pp. + 332 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sitten, + Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (Innsbruck, 1871), p. 158, §§ 1345, 1348.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_126" name="note_126" + href="#noteref_126">126.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Christian Schneller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Märchen und Sagen aus + Wälschtirol</span></span> (Innsbruck, 1867), p. 237, § 24.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_127" name="note_127" + href="#noteref_127">127.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. H. Schmitz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sitten und Bräuche, + Lieder, Sprüchwörter und Räthsel des Eifler Volkes</span></span> + (Treves, 1856-1858), i. 40.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_128" name="note_128" + href="#noteref_128">128.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. H. Schmitz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> i. 42.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_129" name="note_129" + href="#noteref_129">129.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Kuhn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Märkische Sagen und + Märchen</span></span> (Berlin, 1843), p. 330.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_130" name="note_130" + href="#noteref_130">130.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">K. Bartsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagen, Märchen und + Gebräuche aus Mecklenburg</span></span> (Vienna, 1879-1880), ii. p. + 287, § 1436.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_131" name="note_131" + href="#noteref_131">131.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. von Schulenburg, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wendische Volkssagen + und Gebräuche aus dem Spreewald</span></span> (Leipsic, 1880), p. + 254.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_132" name="note_132" + href="#noteref_132">132.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M. Prätorius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deliciae + Prussicae</span></span> (Berlin, 1871), pp. 24 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + Kaupole is probably identical in name with Kupole or Kupalo, as to + whom see <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Dying God</span></span>, pp. 261 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_133" name="note_133" + href="#noteref_133">133.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Alois John, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sitte, Brauch und + Volksglaube im deutschen Westböhmen</span></span> (Prague, 1905), + p. 86.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_134" name="note_134" + href="#noteref_134">134.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. F. Kaindl, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Huzulen</span></span> (Vienna, 1894), pp. 78, 90, 93, 105; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Zauberglaube bei den Huzulen,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Globus</span></span>, + lxxvi. (1899) p. 256.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_135" name="note_135" + href="#noteref_135">135.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dr. F. Tetzner, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Die Tschechen und Mährer in Schlesien,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Globus</span></span>, lxxviii. (1900) p. + 340.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_136" name="note_136" + href="#noteref_136">136.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. B. Holzmayer, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Osiliana,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Verhandlungen der + gelehrten Estnischen Gesellschaft</span></span>, vii. Heft 2 + (Dorpat, 1872), p. 62.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_137" name="note_137" + href="#noteref_137">137.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Einhorn, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Wiederlegunge der Abgötterey: der ander (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sic</span></span>) + Theil,”</span> printed at Riga in 1627, and reprinted in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Scriptores rerum Livonicarum</span></span>, + ii. (Riga and Leipsic, 1848) pp. 651 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_138" name="note_138" + href="#noteref_138">138.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. G. Kohl, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + deutsch-russischen Ostseeprovinzen</span></span> (Dresden and + Leipsic, 1841), ii. 26.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_139" name="note_139" + href="#noteref_139">139.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Strausz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Bulgaren</span></span> (Leipsic, 1898), pp. 348, 386.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_140" name="note_140" + href="#noteref_140">140.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. S. Krauss, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Volksglaube und + religiöser Brauch der Südslaven</span></span> (Münster i. W., + 1890), p. 34.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_141" name="note_141" + href="#noteref_141">141.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. F. Abbott, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Macedonian + Folk-lore</span></span> (Cambridge, 1903), pp. 54, 58.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_142" name="note_142" + href="#noteref_142">142.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. A. Weddell, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyage dans le Nord + de la Bolivie et dans les parties voisines du Pérou</span></span> + (Paris and London, 1853), p. 181.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_143" name="note_143" + href="#noteref_143">143.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Westermarck, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Midsummer Customs in Morocco,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xvi. (1905) p. 35; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ceremonies and + Beliefs connected with Agriculture, certain Dates of the Solar + Year, and the Weather in Morocco</span></span> (Helsingfors, 1913), + pp. 88 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_144" name="note_144" + href="#noteref_144">144.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Lecœur, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Esquisses du Bocage + Normand</span></span> (Condé-sur-Noireau, 1883-1887), ii. 9.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_145" name="note_145" + href="#noteref_145">145.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">K. Bartsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagen, Märchen und + Gebräuche aus Mecklenburg</span></span> (Vienna, 1879-1890), ii. + 285.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_146" name="note_146" + href="#noteref_146">146.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. A. E. Köhler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Volksbrauch, + Aberglauben, Sagen und andre alte Ueberlieferungen im + Voigtlande</span></span> (Leipsic, 1867), p. 376.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_147" name="note_147" + href="#noteref_147">147.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">O. Freiherr von Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen</span></span> + (Prague, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), p. 312.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_148" name="note_148" + href="#noteref_148">148.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">loc. + cit.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_149" name="note_149" + href="#noteref_149">149.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M. Töppen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aberglauben aus + Masuren</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Danzig, 1867), p. 72.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_150" name="note_150" + href="#noteref_150">150.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">loc. + cit.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_151" name="note_151" + href="#noteref_151">151.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. A. E. Köhler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Volksbrauch</span></span>, etc., <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">im + Voigtlande</span></span>, p. 376.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_152" name="note_152" + href="#noteref_152">152.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Lemke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Volksthümliches in + Ostpreussen</span></span> (Mohrungen, 1884-1887), i. 20.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_153" name="note_153" + href="#noteref_153">153.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Drechsler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sitte, Brauch und + Volksglaube in Schlesien</span></span> (Leipsic, 1903-1906), i. 144 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_154" name="note_154" + href="#noteref_154">154.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Le Baron de Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Calendrier Belge</span></span> (Brussels, + 1861-1862), i. 423.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_155" name="note_155" + href="#noteref_155">155.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Marie Trevelyan, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-lore and + Folk-stories of Wales</span></span> (London, 1909), p. 252.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_156" name="note_156" + href="#noteref_156">156.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M. Töppen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aberglauben aus + Masuren</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> p. 72.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_157" name="note_157" + href="#noteref_157">157.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M. Töppen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 71.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_158" name="note_158" + href="#noteref_158">158.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aus dem inneren und + äussern Leben der Ehsten</span></span> (St. Petersburg, 1876), pp. + 362 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_159" name="note_159" + href="#noteref_159">159.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. Lloyd, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Peasant Life in + Sweden</span></span> (London, 1870), pp. 267 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_160" name="note_160" + href="#noteref_160">160.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Willibald Müller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beiträge zur + Volkskunde der Deutschen in Mähren</span></span> (Vienna and + Olmütz, 1893), p. 264.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_161" name="note_161" + href="#noteref_161">161.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. von Schulenburg, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wendisches + Volksthum</span></span> (Berlin, 1882), p. 145.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_162" name="note_162" + href="#noteref_162">162.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Montanus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die deutschen + Volksfeste, Volksbräuche und deutscher Volksglaube</span></span> + (Iserlohn, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), p. 145; A. Wuttke, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Der + deutsche Volksaberglaube</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (Berlin, 1869), p. 100, § 134; I. V. Zingerle, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Wald, Bäume, Kräuter,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + deutsche Mythologie und Sittenkunde</span></span>, i. (1853) p. + 329; A. Schlossar, <span class="tei tei-q">“Volksmeinung und + Volksaberglaube aus der deutschen Steiermark,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Germania</span></span>, N.R., xxiv. (1891) p. + 387; E. Meier, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus + Schwaben</span></span> (Stuttgart, 1852), p. 428; J. Brand, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular + Antiquities of Great Britain</span></span> (London, 1882-1883), i. + 307, 312; T. F. Thiselton Dyer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-lore of + Plants</span></span> (London, 1889), pp. 62, 286; Rev. Hilderic + Friend, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Flowers and Flower Lore</span></span>, Third + Edition (London, 1886), pp. 147, 149, 150, 540; G. Finamore, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Credenze, + Usi e Costumi Abruzzesi</span></span> (Palermo, 1890), pp. 161 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; G. Pitrè, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spettacoli e Feste + Popolari Siciliane</span></span> (Palermo, 1881), p. 309. One + authority lays down the rule that you should gather the plant + fasting and in silence (J. Brand, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 312). According to Sowerby, the <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hypericum perforatum</span></span> flowers in + England about July and August (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English + Botany</span></span>, vol. v. London, 1796, p. 295). We should + remember, however, that in the old calendar Midsummer Day fell + twelve days later than at present. The reform of the calendar + probably put many old floral superstitions out of joint.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_163" name="note_163" + href="#noteref_163">163.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bingley, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tour round North + Wales</span></span> (1800), ii. 237, quoted by T. F. Thiselton + Dyer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">British Popular Customs</span></span> (London, + 1876), p. 320. Compare Marie Trevelyan, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-lore and + Folk-stories of Wales</span></span> (London, 1909), p. 251: + <span class="tei tei-q">“St. John's, or Midsummer Day, was an + important festival. St. John's wort, gathered at noon on that day, + was considered good for several complaints. The old saying went + that if anybody dug the devil's bit at midnight on the eve of St. + John, the roots were then good for driving the devil and witches + away.”</span> Apparently by <span class="tei tei-q">“the devil's + bit”</span> we are to understand St. John's wort.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_164" name="note_164" + href="#noteref_164">164.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. L. M. Noguès, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les mœurs d'autrefois + en Saintonge et en Aunis</span></span> (Saintes, 1891), pp. 71 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_165" name="note_165" + href="#noteref_165">165.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Alois John, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sitte, Brauch und + Volksglaube im deutschen Westböhmen</span></span> (Prague, 1905), + p. 84. They call the plant <span class="tei tei-q">“witch's + herb”</span> (<span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hexenkraut</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_166" name="note_166" + href="#noteref_166">166.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">James Sowerby, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English + Botany</span></span>, vol. v. (London, 1796), p. 295.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_167" name="note_167" + href="#noteref_167">167.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Montanus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die deutschen + Volksfeste, Volksbräuche und deutscher Volksglaube</span></span> + (Iserlohn, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), p. 35.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_168" name="note_168" + href="#noteref_168">168.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">T. F. Thiselton Dyer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-lore of + Plants</span></span> (London, 1889), p. 286; K. Bartsch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagen, + Märchen und Gebräuche aus Mecklenburg</span></span>, ii. p. 291, § + 1450<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">a</span></span>. The Germans of Bohemia + ascribe wonderful virtues to the red juice extracted from the + yellow flowers of St. John's wort (W. Müller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beiträge zur + Volkskunde der Deutschen in Mähren</span></span>, Vienna and + Olmütz, 1893, p. 264).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_169" name="note_169" + href="#noteref_169">169.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">K. Bartsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. p. 286, § 1433. The blood is also a + preservative against many diseases (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. p. 290, § 1444).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_170" name="note_170" + href="#noteref_170">170.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Kuhn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Märkische Sagen und + Märchen</span></span> (Berlin, 1843), p. 387, § 105.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_171" name="note_171" + href="#noteref_171">171.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die gestriegelte + Rockenphilosophie</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">5</span></span> + (Chemnitz, 1759), pp. 246 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Montanus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die deutschen + Volksfesten, Volksbräuche und deutscher Volksglaube</span></span>, + p. 147.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_172" name="note_172" + href="#noteref_172">172.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Berthold Seeman, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Viti, An Account of a + Government Mission to the Vitian or Fijian Islands in the years + 1860-61</span></span> (Cambridge, 1862), p. 63.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_173" name="note_173" + href="#noteref_173">173.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">James Sowerby, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English + Botany</span></span>, vol. xvi. (London, 1803) p. 1093.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_174" name="note_174" + href="#noteref_174">174.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">K. Seifart, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagen, Märchen, + Schwänke und Gebräuche aus Stadt und Stift + Hildesheim</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Hildesheim, 1889), p. 177, + § 12.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_175" name="note_175" + href="#noteref_175">175.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. L. Rochholz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutscher Glaube und + Brauch</span></span> (Berlin, 1867), i. 9.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_176" name="note_176" + href="#noteref_176">176.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. V. Grohmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aberglauben und + Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren</span></span> (Prague and Leipsic, + 1864), p. 98, § 681.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_177" name="note_177" + href="#noteref_177">177.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Wuttke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Der deutsche + Volksaberglaube</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Berlin, 1869), p. 100, § + 134.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_178" name="note_178" + href="#noteref_178">178.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. A. E. Köhler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Volksbrauch, + Aberglauben, Sagen und andre alte Ueberlieferungen im + Voigtlande</span></span> (Leipsic, 1867), p. 376. The belief and + practice are similar at Grün, near Asch, in Western Bohemia. See + Alois John, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sitte, Brauch und Volksglaube im deutschen + Westböhmen</span></span> (Prague, 1905), p. 84.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_179" name="note_179" + href="#noteref_179">179.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. Panzer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beitrag zur deutschen + Mythologie</span></span> (Munich, 1848-1855), ii. 299; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bavaria, Landes- und + Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern</span></span>, iii. (Munich, + 1865), p. 342; I. V. Zingerle, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sitten, Bräuche und + Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (Innsbruck, 1871), p. 160, § 1363.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_180" name="note_180" + href="#noteref_180">180.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 1013; A. de Gubernatis, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mythologie des Plantes</span></span> (Paris, + 1878-1882), i. 189 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Rev. Hilderic Friend, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Flowers + and Flower Lore</span></span>, Third Edition (London, 1886), p. 75. + In England mugwort is very common in waste ground, hedges, and the + borders of fields. It flowers throughout August and later. The root + is woody and perennial. The smooth stems, three or four feet high, + are erect, branched, and leafy, and marked by many longitudinal + purplish ribs. The pinnatified leaves alternate on the stalk; they + are smooth and dark green above, cottony and very white below. The + flowers are in simple leafy spikes or clusters; the florets are + purplish, furnished with five stamens and five awl-shaped female + flowers, which constitute the radius. The whole plant has a weak + aromatic scent and a slightly bitter flavour. Its medical virtues + are of no importance. See James Sowerby, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English + Botany</span></span>, xiv. (London, 1802) p. 978. Altogether it is + not easy to see why such an inconspicuous and insignificant flower + should play so large a part in popular superstition. Mugwort + (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Artemisia vulgaris</span></span>) is not to be + confounded with wormwood (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Artemisia + absinthium</span></span>), which is quite a different flower in + appearance, though it belongs to the same genus. Wormwood is common + in England, flowering about August. The flowers are in clusters, + each of them broad, hemispherical, and drooping, with a + buff-coloured disc. The whole plant is of a pale whitish green and + clothed with a short silky down. It is remarkable for its intense + bitterness united to a peculiar strong aromatic odour. It is often + used to keep insects from clothes and furniture, and as a medicine + is one of the most active bitters. See James Sowerby, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English + Botany</span></span>, vol. xviii. (London, 1804) p. 1230.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_181" name="note_181" + href="#noteref_181">181.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Breuil, <span class="tei tei-q">“Du + culte de St.-Jean-Baptiste,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mémoires de la + Société des Antiquaires de Picardie</span></span>, viii. (1845) p. + 224, note 1, quoting the curé of Manancourt, near Péronne.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_182" name="note_182" + href="#noteref_182">182.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. Pineau, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le folk-lore du + Poitou</span></span> (Paris, 1892), p. 499.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_183" name="note_183" + href="#noteref_183">183.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. V. Grohmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aberglauben und + Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren</span></span> (Prague and Leipsic, + 1864), pp. 90 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, §§ 635-637.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_184" name="note_184" + href="#noteref_184">184.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. Panzer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beitrag zur deutschen + Mythologie</span></span>, i. p. 249, § 283; J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 1013; I. V. Zingerle, + in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für deutsche Mythologie und + Sittenkunde</span></span>, i. (1853) p. 331. and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ib.</span></span> iv. + (1859) p. 42 (quoting a work of the seventeenth century); F. J. + Vonbun, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Beiträge zur deutschen + Mythologie</span></span> (Chur, 1862), p. 133, note 1. See also + above, vol. i. pp. 162, 163, 165, 174, 177.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_185" name="note_185" + href="#noteref_185">185.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. de Gubernatis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mythologie der + Plantes</span></span> (Paris, 1878-1882), i. 190, quoting Du + Cange.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_186" name="note_186" + href="#noteref_186">186.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. de Nore, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coutumes, Mythes et + Traditions des Provinces de France</span></span> (Paris and Lyons, + 1846), p. 262.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_187" name="note_187" + href="#noteref_187">187.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Jules Lecœur, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Esquisses du Bocage + Normand</span></span> (Condé-sur-Noireau, 1883-1886), ii. 8.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_188" name="note_188" + href="#noteref_188">188.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Joseph Train, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historical and + Statistical Account of the Isle of Man</span></span> (Douglas, Isle + of Man, 1845), ii. 120.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_189" name="note_189" + href="#noteref_189">189.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Le Baron de Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Calendrier Belge</span></span> (Brussels, + 1861-1862), i. 422.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_190" name="note_190" + href="#noteref_190">190.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. J. M. de Groot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Religious System + of China</span></span>, vi. (Leyden, 1910) p. 1079, compare p. + 947.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_191" name="note_191" + href="#noteref_191">191.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. J. M. de Groot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> vi. 947.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_192" name="note_192" + href="#noteref_192">192.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. J. M. de Groot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> vi. 946 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_193" name="note_193" + href="#noteref_193">193.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. John Batchelor, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Ainu and their + Folk-lore</span></span> (London, 1901), p. 318, compare pp. 315 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 329, 370, 372.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_194" name="note_194" + href="#noteref_194">194.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für deutsche Mythologie und + Sittenkunde</span></span>, iv. (1859) p. 42; Montanus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die deutschen + Volksfeste</span></span>, p. 141. The German name of mugwort + (<span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Beifuss</span></span>) is said to be derived + from this superstition.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_195" name="note_195" + href="#noteref_195">195.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">K. Bartsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagen, Märchen, und + Gebräuche aus Mecklenburg</span></span> (Vienna, 1879-1880), ii. + 290, § 1445.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_196" name="note_196" + href="#noteref_196">196.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Montanus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die deutschen + Volksfeste</span></span>, p. 141.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_197" name="note_197" + href="#noteref_197">197.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Brand, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular Antiquities + of Great Britain</span></span> (London, 1882-1883), i. 334 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, quoting Lupton, Thomas + Hill, and Paul Barbette. A precisely similar belief is recorded + with regard to wormwood (<span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">armoise</span></span>) by the French writer J. + B. Thiers, who adds that only small children and virgins could find + the wonderful coal. See J. B. Thiers, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Traité des + Superstitions</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">5</span></span> (Paris, 1741), i. 300. In + Annam people think that wormwood puts demons to flight; hence they + hang up bunches of its leaves in their houses at the New Year. See + Paul Giran, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Magie et Religion Annamites</span></span> + (Paris, 1912), p. 118, compare pp. 185, 256.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_198" name="note_198" + href="#noteref_198">198.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Lemke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Volksthümliches in + Ostpreussen</span></span> (Mohrungen, 1884-1887), i. 21. As to + mugwort (German <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "de"><span style="font-style: italic">Beifuss</span></span>, French + <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">armoise</span></span>), see further A. de + Gubernatis, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mythologie des Plantes</span></span>, ii. 16 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> iii. 356 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_199" name="note_199" + href="#noteref_199">199.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">James Sowerby, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English + Botany</span></span>, vol. xix. (London, 1804) p. 1319.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_200" name="note_200" + href="#noteref_200">200.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">John Aubrey, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Remains of Gentilisme + and Judaisme</span></span> (London, 1881), pp. 25 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; J. + Brand, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Popular Antiquities of Great + Britain</span></span> (London, 1882-1883), i. 329 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + Rev. Hilderic Friend, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Flowers and Flower Lore</span></span>, Third + Edition (London, 1886), p. 136; D. H. Moutray Read, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Hampshire Folk-lore,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xxii. (1911) p. 325. + Compare J. Sowerby, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">English Botany</span></span>, vol. xix. + (London, 1804), p. 1319: <span class="tei tei-q">“Like all + succulent plants this is very tenacious of life, and will keep + growing long after it has been torn from its native spot. The + country people in Norfolk sometimes hang it up in their cottages, + judging by its vigour of the health of some absent friend.”</span> + It seems that in England the course of love has sometimes been + divined by means of sprigs of red sage placed in a basin of + rose-water on Midsummer Eve (J. Brand, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> i. 333).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_201" name="note_201" + href="#noteref_201">201.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M. Töppen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aberglauben aus + Masuren</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Danzig, 1867), pp. 71 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. Kuhn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagen, Gebräuche und + Märchen aus Westfalen</span></span> (Leipsic, 1859), ii. 176, § + 487; E. Hoffmann-Krayer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Feste und Bräuche des + Schweizervolkes</span></span> (Zurich, 1913), p. 163. In + Switzerland the species employed for this purpose on Midsummer day + is <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Sedum reflexum</span></span>. + The custom is reported from the Emmenthal. In Germany a root of + orpine, dug up on St. John's morning and hung between the + shoulders, is sometimes thought to be a cure for hemorrhoids + (Montanus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die deutschen Volksfeste</span></span>, p. + 145). Perhaps the <span class="tei tei-q">“oblong, tapering, + fleshy, white lumps”</span> of the roots (J. Sowerby, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English + Botany</span></span>, vol. xix. London, 1804, p. 1319) are thought + to bear some likeness to the hemorrhoids, and to heal them on the + principle that the remedy should resemble the disease.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_202" name="note_202" + href="#noteref_202">202.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, vol. i. pp. 162, 163, 165. + In England vervain (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Verbena + officinalis</span></span>) grows not uncommonly by road sides, in + dry sunny pastures, and in waste places about villages. It flowers + in July. The flowers are small and sessile, the corolla of a very + pale lilac hue, its tube enclosing the four short curved stamens. + The root of the plant, worn by a string round the neck, is an old + superstitious medicine for scrofulous disorders. See James Sowerby, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English + Botany</span></span>, vol. xi. (London, 1800) p. 767.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_203" name="note_203" + href="#noteref_203">203.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dr. Otero Acevado, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le + Temps</span></span>, September 1898. See above, vol. i. p. 208, + note 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_204" name="note_204" + href="#noteref_204">204.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Le Baron de Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Calendrier Belge</span></span> (Brussels, + 1861-1862), i. 422.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_205" name="note_205" + href="#noteref_205">205.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. de Nore, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coutumes, Mythes et + Traditions des Provinces de France</span></span>, p. 262; Amélie + Bosquet, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">La Normandie romanesque et + merveilleuse</span></span>, p. 294; J. Lecœur, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Esquisses du Bocage + Normand</span></span>, i. 287, ii. 8. In Saintonge and Aunis the + plant was gathered on Midsummer Eve for the purpose of evoking or + exorcising spirits (J. L. M. Noguès, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les mœurs d'autrefois + en Saintonge et en Aunis</span></span>, p. 72).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_206" name="note_206" + href="#noteref_206">206.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. V. Grohmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aberglauben und + Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren</span></span>, p. 207, § 1437.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_207" name="note_207" + href="#noteref_207">207.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Kuhn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagen, Gebräuche und + Märchen aus Westfalen</span></span> (Leipsic, 1859), ii. 177, + citing Chambers, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Edinburgh Journal</span></span>, 2nd July + 1842.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_208" name="note_208" + href="#noteref_208">208.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">I. V. Zingerle, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sitten, Bräuche und + Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (Innsbruck, 1871), p. 107, § 919.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_209" name="note_209" + href="#noteref_209">209.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Laisnel de la Salle, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Croyances et Légendes + du Centre de la France</span></span> (Paris, 1875), i. 288.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_210" name="note_210" + href="#noteref_210">210.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. L. M. Noguès, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les mœurs d'autrefois + en Saintonge et en Aunis</span></span>, pp. 71 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_211" name="note_211" + href="#noteref_211">211.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Le Baron de Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Calendrier Belge</span></span>, i. 423.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_212" name="note_212" + href="#noteref_212">212.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Kolbe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hessische + Volks-Sitten und Gebräuche</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (Marburg, 1888), p. 72; Sophus Bugge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Studien über die + Entstehung der nordischen Götter- und Heldensagen</span></span> + (Munich, 1889), pp. 35, 295 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Fr. Kauffmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Balder</span></span> + (Strasburg, 1902), pp. 45, 61. The flowers of common camomile + (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anthemis nobilis</span></span>) are white with + a yellow disk, which in time becomes conical. The whole plant is + intensely bitter, with a peculiar but agreeable smell. As a + medicine it is useful for stomachic troubles. In England it does + not generally grow wild. See James Sowerby, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English + Botany</span></span>, vol. xiv. (London, 1802) p. 980.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_213" name="note_213" + href="#noteref_213">213.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Kuhn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagen, Gebräuche und + Märchen aus Westfalen</span></span> (Leipsic, 1859), ii. 177, § + 488.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_214" name="note_214" + href="#noteref_214">214.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M. Töppen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aberglauben aus + Masuren</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Danzig, 1867), p. 71.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_215" name="note_215" + href="#noteref_215">215.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Witzschel, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagen, Sitten und + Gebräuche aus Thüringen</span></span> (Vienna, 1878), p. 289, § + 139.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_216" name="note_216" + href="#noteref_216">216.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. J. A. von Tettau und J. D. H. + Temme, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Volkssagen Ostpreussens, Litthauens und + Westpreussens</span></span> (Berlin, 1837), p. 283.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_217" name="note_217" + href="#noteref_217">217.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">James Sowerby, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English + Botany</span></span>, vol. vii. (London, 1798), p. 487. As to great + mullein or high taper, see <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, vol. viii. (London, 1799), + p. 549.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_218" name="note_218" + href="#noteref_218">218.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tettau und Temme, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">loc. + cit.</span></span> As to mullein at Midsummer, see also above, vol. + i. pp. 190, 191.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_219" name="note_219" + href="#noteref_219">219.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. V. Grohmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aberglauben und + Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren</span></span>, p. 205, § 1426.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_220" name="note_220" + href="#noteref_220">220.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. V. Grohmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 93, § 648.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_221" name="note_221" + href="#noteref_221">221.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. A. E. Köhler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Volksbrauch, + Aberglauben, Sagen und andre alte Ueberlieferungen im + Voigtlande</span></span> (Leipsic, 1867), p. 377.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_222" name="note_222" + href="#noteref_222">222.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Alois John, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sitte, Brauch und + Volksglaube im deutschen Westböhmen</span></span> (Prague, 1905), + p. 84.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_223" name="note_223" + href="#noteref_223">223.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. N. Ritter von Alpenburg, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mythen + und Sagen Tirols</span></span> (Zurich, 1857), p. 397.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_224" name="note_224" + href="#noteref_224">224.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Russwurm, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Aberglaube aus Russland,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + deutsche Mythologie und Sittenkunde</span></span>, iv. (1859) pp. + 153 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The purple loosestrife is + one of our most showy English wild plants. In July and August it + may be seen flowering on the banks of rivers, ponds, and ditches. + The separate flowers are in axillary whorls, which together form a + loose spike of a reddish variable purple. See James Sowerby, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English + Botany</span></span>, vol. xv. (London, 1802) p. 1061.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_225" name="note_225" + href="#noteref_225">225.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Brand, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular + Antiquities</span></span>, i. 314 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + Hilderic Friend, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Flowers and Flower Lore</span></span>, Third + Edition (London, 1886), pp. 60, 78, 150, 279-283; Miss C. S. Burne + and Miss G. F. Jackson, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Shropshire Folk-lore</span></span> (London, + 1883), p. 242; Marie Trevelyan, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-lore and + Folk-stories of Wales</span></span> (London, 1909), pp. 89 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; J. B. Thiers, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Traité des + Superstitions</span></span> (Paris, 1679), p. 314; J. Lecœur, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Esquisses + du Bocage Normand</span></span>, i. 290; P. Sébillot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coutumes populaires + de la Haute-Bretagne</span></span> (Paris, 1886), p. 217; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Traditions et + Superstitions de la Haute-Bretagne</span></span> (Paris, 1882), ii. + 336; A. Wuttke, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Der deutsche + Volksaberglaube</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Berlin, 1869), pp. 94 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, § 123; F. J. Vonbun, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beiträge + zur deutschen Mythologie</span></span> (Chur, 1862), pp. 133 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; Montanus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die deutschen + Volksfesten</span></span>, p. 144; K. Bartsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagen, Märchen und + Gebräuche aus Mecklenburg</span></span>, ii. 288, § 1437; M. + Töppen, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aberglauben aus + Masuren</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> p. 72; A. Schlossar, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Volksmeinung und Volksaberglaube aus der + deutschen Steiermark,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Germania</span></span>, N.R., xxiv. (1891) p. + 387; Theodor Vernaleken, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mythen und Bräuche des Volkes in + Oesterreich</span></span> (Vienna, 1859), p. 309; J. N. Ritter von + Alpenburg, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mythen und Sagen Tirols</span></span> (Zurich, + 1857), pp. 407 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; I. V. Zingerle, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sitten, + Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (Innsbruck, 1871), p. 103, § 882, p. 158, § 1350; Christian + Schneller, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Märchen und Sagen aus + Wälschtirol</span></span> (Innsbruck, 1867), p. 237; J. V. + Grohmann, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und + Mähren</span></span>, p. 97, §§ 673-677; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fest-Kalendar aus Böhmen</span></span> + (Prague, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), pp. 311 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. Müller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beiträge zur + Volkskunde der Deutschen in Mähren</span></span> (Vienna and + Olmutz, 1893), p. 265; R. F. Kaindl, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Huzulen</span></span> (Vienna, 1894), p. 106; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Zauberglaube bei den Huzulen,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Globus</span></span>, lxxvi. (1899) p. 275; P. + Drechsler, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sitte, Brauch und Volksglaube in + Schlesien</span></span> (Leipsic, 1903-1906), i. 142, § 159; G. + Finamore, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Credenze, Usi e Costumi + Abruzzesi</span></span> (Palermo, 1890), p. 161; C. Russwurm, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Aberglaube in Russland,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für deutsche Mythologie und + Sittenkunde</span></span>, iv. (1859) pp. 152 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. + de Gubernatis, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mythologie des Plantes</span></span> (Paris, + 1878-1882), ii. 144 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> The practice of gathering + ferns or fern seed on the Eve of St. John was forbidden by the + synod of Ferrara in 1612. See J. B. Thiers, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Traité des + Superstitions</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">5</span></span> (Paris, 1741), i. 299 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> In a South Slavonian story + we read how a cowherd understood the language of animals, because + fern-seed accidentally fell into his shoe on Midsummer Day (F. S. + Krauss, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sagen und Märchen der Südslaven</span></span>, + Leipsic, 1883-1884, ii. 424 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, No. 159). On this subject + I may refer to my article, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Language of + Animals,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Archaeological Review</span></span>, i. + (1888) pp. 164 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_226" name="note_226" + href="#noteref_226">226.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. V. Grohmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 97, §§ 673, 675.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_227" name="note_227" + href="#noteref_227">227.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für deutsche Mythologie und + Sittenkunde</span></span>, iv. (1859) pp. 152 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. + de Gubernatis, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mythologie des Plantes</span></span>, ii. + 146.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_228" name="note_228" + href="#noteref_228">228.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M. Longworth Dames and E. Seemann, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Folk-lore of the Azores,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xiv. (1903) pp. 142 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_229" name="note_229" + href="#noteref_229">229.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">August Witzschel, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagen, Sitten und + Gebräuche aus Thüringen</span></span> (Vienna, 1878), p. 275, § + 82.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_230" name="note_230" + href="#noteref_230">230.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Müller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beiträge zur + Volkskunde der Deutschen in Mähren</span></span> (Vienna and + Olmutz, 1893), p. 265; K. Bartsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagen, Märchen und + Gebräuche aus Mecklenburg</span></span>, ii. p. 285, § 1431, p. + 288, § 1439; J. Napier, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore, or Superstitious Beliefs in the + West of Scotland</span></span> (Paisley, 1879), p. 125.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_231" name="note_231" + href="#noteref_231">231.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Kuhn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Märkische Sagen und + Märchen</span></span> (Berlin, 1843), p. 330. As to the + divining-rod in general, see A. Kuhn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Herabkunft des + Feuers und des Göttertranks</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (Gütersloh, 1886), pp. 181 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 813 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + S. Baring-Gould, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curious Myths of the Middle Ages</span></span> + (London, 1884), pp. 55 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> Kuhn plausibly suggests + that the forked shape of the divining-rod is a rude representation + of the human form. He compares the shape and magic properties of + mandragora.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_232" name="note_232" + href="#noteref_232">232.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. Panzer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beitrag zur deutschen + Mythologie</span></span> (Munich, 1848-1855), i. 296 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_233" name="note_233" + href="#noteref_233">233.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Krause, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Abergläubische Kuren und sonstiger Aberglaube in + Berlin und nächster Umgebung,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + Ethnologie</span></span>, xv. (1883) p. 89.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_234" name="note_234" + href="#noteref_234">234.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. N. Ritter von Alpenburg, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mythen + und Sagen Tirols</span></span> (Zurich, 1857), p. 393.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_235" name="note_235" + href="#noteref_235">235.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Karl Freiherr von Leoprechting, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aus dem + Lechrain</span></span> (Munich, 1855), p. 98. Some people in Swabia + say that the hazel branch which is to serve as a divining-rod + should be cut at midnight on Good Friday, and that it should be + laid on the altar and mass said over it. If that is done, we are + told that a Protestant can use it to quite as good effect as a + Catholic. See E. Meier, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus + Schwaben</span></span> (Stuttgart, 1852), pp. 244 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + No. 268. Some of the Wends of the Spreewald agree that the + divining-rod should be made of hazel-wood, and they say that it + ought to be wrapt in swaddling-bands, laid on a white plate, and + baptized on Easter Saturday. Many of them, however, think that it + should be made of <span class="tei tei-q">“yellow willow.”</span> + See Wilibald von Schulenburg, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Wendische Volkssagen und Gebräuche aus dem + Spreewald</span></span> (Leipsic, 1880), pp. 204 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> A + remarkable property of the hazel in the opinion of Bavarian + peasants is that it is never struck by lightning; this immunity it + has enjoyed ever since the day when it protected the Mother of God + against a thunderstorm on her flight into Egypt. See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bavaria, Landes- und + Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern</span></span>, i. (Munich, 1860) + p. 371.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_236" name="note_236" + href="#noteref_236">236.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> iii. 289, referring to + Dybeck's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Runa</span></span>, 1844, p. 22, and 1845, p. + 80.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_237" name="note_237" + href="#noteref_237">237.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. Lloyd, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Peasant Life in + Sweden</span></span> (London, 1870), pp. 266 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_238" name="note_238" + href="#noteref_238">238.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Heinrich Pröhle, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Harzsagen</span></span> (Leipsic, 1859), i. + 99, No. 23.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_239" name="note_239" + href="#noteref_239">239.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 812 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + iii. 289; A. Kuhn, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Herabkunft des Feuers und des + Göttertranks</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Gütersloh, 1886), pp. + 188-193; Walter K. Kelly, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curiosities of Indo-European Tradition and + Folk-lore</span></span> (London, 1863), pp. 174-178; J. F. L. + Woeste, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Volksüberlieferungen in der Grafschaft + Mark</span></span> (Iserlohn, 1848), p. 44; A. Kuhn und W. + Schwartz, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Norddeutsche Sagen, Märchen und + Gebräuche</span></span> (Leipsic, 1848), p. 459, No. 444; Ernst + Meier, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus + Schwaben</span></span> (Stuttgart, 1852), pp. 240 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + No. 265; C. Russwurm, <span class="tei tei-q">“Aberglaube in + Russland,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für deutsche Mythologie und + Sittenkunde</span></span>, iv. (Göttingen, 1859) p. 153; J. V. + Grohmann, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und + Mähren</span></span> (Prague and Leipsic, 1864), p. 88, No. 623; + Paul Drechsler, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sitte, Brauch und Volksglaube in + Schlesien</span></span> (Leipsic, 1903-1906), ii. 207 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> In + Swabia some people say that the bird which brings the springwort is + not the woodpecker but the hoopoe (E. Meier, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 240). Others associate the springwort with + other birds. See H. Pröhle, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Harzsagen</span></span> (Leipsic, 1859), ii. + 116, No. 308; A. Kuhn, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Herabkunft des + Feuers</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> p. 190. It is from its + power of springing or bursting open all doors and locks that the + springwort derives its name (German <span lang="de" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Springwurzel</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_240" name="note_240" + href="#noteref_240">240.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> x. 40.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_241" name="note_241" + href="#noteref_241">241.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ernst Meier, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche Sagen, + Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben</span></span> (Stuttgart, 1852), + pp. 238 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, No. 264.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_242" name="note_242" + href="#noteref_242">242.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg045" class= + "tei tei-ref">45</a>, <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref">46</a>, + <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref">49</a>, <a href="#Pg054" + class="tei tei-ref">54</a>, <a href="#Pg055" class= + "tei tei-ref">55</a>, <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref">59</a>, + <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>, <a href="#Pg062" + class="tei tei-ref">62</a>, <a href="#Pg064" class= + "tei tei-ref">64</a>, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref">65</a>, + <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref">66</a>, <a href="#Pg067" + class="tei tei-ref">67</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_243" name="note_243" + href="#noteref_243">243.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Le Baron de Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Calendrier Belge</span></span> (Brussels, + 1861-1862), i. 423 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_244" name="note_244" + href="#noteref_244">244.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Anton Birlinger, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Völksthumliches aus + Schwaben</span></span>, Freiburg im Breisgau, (1861-1862), i. 278, + § 437.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_245" name="note_245" + href="#noteref_245">245.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Robert Eisel, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagenbuch des + Voigtlandes</span></span> (Gera, 1871), p. 210, Nr. 551.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_246" name="note_246" + href="#noteref_246">246.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. J. A. von Tettau und J. D. H. + Temme, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Volkssagen Ostpreussens, Litthauens und + Westpreussens</span></span> (Berlin, 1837), pp. 263 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_247" name="note_247" + href="#noteref_247">247.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. S. Krauss, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Volksglaube und + religiöser Brauch der Südslaven</span></span> (Münster i. W., + 1890), p. 128.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_248" name="note_248" + href="#noteref_248">248.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pliny derives the name Druid from the + Greek <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "el"><span style="font-style: italic">drus</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“oak.”</span> He did not know that the + Celtic word for oak was the same (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">daur</span></span>), and that therefore Druid, + in the sense of priest of the oak, might be genuine Celtic, not + borrowed from the Greek. This etymology is accepted by some modern + scholars. See G. Curtius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Grundzüge der Griechischen + Etymologie</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">5</span></span> (Leipsic, 1879), pp. 238 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. Vaniček, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Griechisch-Lateinisch + Etymologisches Wörterbuch</span></span> (Leipsic, 1877), pp. 368 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; (Sir) John Rhys, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Celtic + Heathendom</span></span> (London and Edinburgh, 1888), pp. 221 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> However, this derivation is + disputed by other scholars, who prefer to derive the name from a + word meaning knowledge or wisdom, so that Druid would mean + <span class="tei tei-q">“wizard”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“magician.”</span> See J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> iii. 305; Otto Schrader, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Reallexikon der Indogermanischen + Altertumskunde</span></span> (Strasburg, 1901), pp. 638 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; H. D'Arbois de Jubainville, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les + Druides et les Dieux Celtiques à forme d'animaux</span></span> + (Paris, 1906), pp. 1, 11, 83 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> The last-mentioned scholar + formerly held that the etymology of Druid was unknown. See his + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cours de + Littérature Celtique</span></span>, i. (Paris, 1883) pp. + 117-127.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_249" name="note_249" + href="#noteref_249">249.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> xvi. 249-251. In the first edition of this book + I understood Pliny to say that the Druidical ceremony of cutting + the mistletoe fell in the sixth month, that is, in June; and hence + I argued that it probably formed part of the midsummer festival. + But in accordance with Latin usage the words of Pliny (<span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sexta luna</span></span>, literally + <span class="tei tei-q">“sixth moon”</span>) can only mean + <span class="tei tei-q">“the sixth day of the month.”</span> I have + to thank my friend Mr. W. Warde Fowler for courteously pointing out + my mistake to me. Compare my note in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Athenaeum</span></span>, November 21st, 1891, + p. 687. I also misunderstood Pliny's words, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">et saeculi post tricesimum + annum, quia jam virium abunde habeat nec sit sui + dimidia</span></span>,”</span> applying them to the tree instead of + to the moon, to which they really refer. After <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">saeculi</span></span> we must understand + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">principium</span></span> from the preceding + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">principia</span></span>. With the thirty + years' cycle of the Druids we may compare the sixty years' cycle of + the Boeotian festival of the Great Daedala (Pausanias, ix. 3. 5; + see <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 140 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>), which, like the Druidical + rite in question, was essentially a worship, or perhaps rather a + conjuration, of the sacred oak. Whether any deeper affinity, based + on common Aryan descent, may be traced between the Boeotian and the + Druidical ceremony, I do not pretend to determine. In India a cycle + of sixty years, based on the sidereal revolution of Jupiter, has + long been in use. The sidereal revolution of Jupiter is + accomplished in approximately twelve solar years (more exactly 11 + years and 315 days), so that five of its revolutions make a period + of approximately sixty years. It seems, further, that in India a + much older cycle of sixty lunar years was recognized. See Christian + Lassen, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Indische Alter-thumskunde</span></span>, + i.<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Leipsic, 1867), pp. 988 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; Prof. F. Kielhorn + (Göttingen), <span class="tei tei-q">“The Sixty-year Cycle of + Jupiter,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Indian Antiquary</span></span>, xviii. + (1889) pp. 193-209; J. F. Fleet, <span class="tei tei-q">“A New + System of the Sixty-year Cycle of Jupiter,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ibid.</span></span> + pp. 221-224. In Tibet the use of a sixty-years' cycle has been + borrowed from India. See W. Woodville Rockhill, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Tibet,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society for + 1891</span></span> (London, 1891), p. 207 note 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_250" name="note_250" + href="#noteref_250">250.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> xxiv. 11 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_251" name="note_251" + href="#noteref_251">251.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> xxxiii. 94.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_252" name="note_252" + href="#noteref_252">252.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. John Batchelor, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Ainu and their + Folk-lore</span></span> (London, 1901), p. 222.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_253" name="note_253" + href="#noteref_253">253.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological + Expedition to Torres Straits</span></span>, v. (Cambridge, 1904) + pp. 198 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_254" name="note_254" + href="#noteref_254">254.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M. le baron Roger (ancien Gouverneur + de la Colonie française du Sénégal), <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notice sur le Gouvernement, les Mœurs, et les + Superstitions des Nègres du pays de Walo,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bulletin de la + Société de Géographie</span></span>, viii. (Paris, 1827) pp. 357 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_255" name="note_255" + href="#noteref_255">255.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg077" class= + "tei tei-ref">77</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_256" name="note_256" + href="#noteref_256">256.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Compare + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Times</span></span>, 2nd April, 1901, p. 9: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Tunis correspondent of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Temps</span></span> + reports that in the course of certain operations in the Belvedere + Park in Tunis the workmen discovered a huge circle of enormous + stumps of trees ranged round an immense square stone showing + signs of artistic chisel work. In the neighbourhood were found a + sort of bronze trough containing a gold sickle in perfect + preservation, and a sarcophagus containing a skeleton. About the + forehead of the skeleton was a gold band, having in the centre + the image of the sun, accompanied by hieratic signs, which are + provisionally interpreted as the monogram of Teutates. The + discovery of such remains in North Africa has created a + sensation.”</span> As to the Celtic god Teutates and the human + sacrifices offered to him, see Lucan, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pharsalia</span></span>, i. 444 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>:</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Et quibus immitis placatur + sanguine diro</span><br /> + <span style="font-style: italic">Teutates horrensque feris + altaribus Hesus.</span></span>”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Compare (Sir) + John Rhys, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Celtic Heathendom</span></span> (London and + Edinburgh, 1888), pp. 44 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 232. Branches of the + sacred olive at Olympia, which were to form the victors' crowns, + had to be cut with a golden sickle by a boy whose parents were + both alive. See the Scholiast on Pindar, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Olymp.</span></span> iii. 60, p. 102, ed. + Aug. Boeck (Leipsic, 1819). In Assyrian ritual it was laid down + that, before felling a sacred tamarisk to make magical images out + of the wood, the magician should pray to the sun-god Shamash and + touch the tree with a golden axe. See C. Fossey, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">La Magie + Assyrienne</span></span> (Paris, 1902), pp. 132 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + Some of the ancients thought that the root of the marsh-mallow, + which was used in medicine, should be dug up with gold and then + preserved from contact with the ground (Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> xx. 29). At the great horse-sacrifice in + ancient India it was prescribed by ritual that the horse should + be slain by a golden knife, because <span class="tei tei-q">“gold + is light”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“by means of the + golden light the sacrificer also goes to the heavenly + world.”</span> See <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Satapatha-Brâhmana</span></span>, + translated by Julius Eggeling, Part v. (Oxford, 1900) p. 303 + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sacred + Books of the East</span></span>, vol. xliv.). It has been a rule + of superstition both in ancient and modern times that certain + plants, to which medical or magical virtues were attributed, + should not be cut with iron. See the fragment of Sophocles's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Root-cutters</span></span>, quoted by + Macrobius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Saturn</span></span>. v. 19. 9 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Virgil, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> iv. 513 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Ovid, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Metamorph.</span></span> vii. 227; Pliny, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> xxiv. 68, 103, 176; and above, p. 65 (as to + purple loosestrife in Russia). On the objection to the use of + iron in such cases compare F. Liebrecht, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Des Gervasius von + Tilbury Otia Imperialia</span></span> (Hanover, 1856), pp. 102 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taboo and the + Perils of the Soul</span></span>, pp. 225 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></p> + </dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_257" name="note_257" + href="#noteref_257">257.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Étienne Aymonier, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes sur les Coutumes et Croyances Superstitieuses + des Cambodgiens,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cochinchine Française, Excursions et + Reconnaissance</span></span> No. 16 (Saigon, 1883), p. 136.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_258" name="note_258" + href="#noteref_258">258.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, vol. i. pp. 2 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_259" name="note_259" + href="#noteref_259">259.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ernst Meier, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Über Pflanzen und Kräuter,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + deutsche Mythologie und Sittenkunde</span></span>, i. (Göttingen, + 1853), pp. 443 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The sun enters the sign of + Sagittarius about November 22nd.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_260" name="note_260" + href="#noteref_260">260.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> iii. 533, referring to + Dybeck, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Runa</span></span>, 1845, p. 80.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_261" name="note_261" + href="#noteref_261">261.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Marie Trevelyan, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-lore and + Folk-stories of Wales</span></span> (London, 1909), p. 87.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_262" name="note_262" + href="#noteref_262">262.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> xvi. 250, <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Omnia sanantem appellantes suo + vocabulo</span></span>.”</span> See above, p. <a href="#Pg077" + class="tei tei-ref">77</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_263" name="note_263" + href="#noteref_263">263.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 1009: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "de"><span style="font-style: italic">Sonst aber wird das + welsche</span></span> olhiach, <span lang="de" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bretagn.</span></span> ollyiach, <span lang= + "de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ir.</span></span> uileiceach, <span lang="de" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gal.</span></span> uileice, <span lang="de" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">d. i. allheiland</span></span>, <span lang= + "de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">von</span></span> ol, uile universalis, + <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">als benennung des mistels + angegeben</span></span>.”</span> My lamented friend, the late R. A. + Neil of Pembroke College, Cambridge, pointed out to me that in N. + M'Alpine's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Gaelic Dictionary</span></span> (Seventh + Edition, Edinburgh and London, 1877, p. 432) the Gaelic word for + mistletoe is given as <span lang="gd" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="gd"><span style="font-style: italic">an t' + uil</span></span>, which, Mr. Neil told me, means <span class= + "tei tei-q">“all-healer.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_264" name="note_264" + href="#noteref_264">264.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. de Gubernatis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">La Mythologie des + Plantes</span></span> (Paris, 1878-1882), ii. 73.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_265" name="note_265" + href="#noteref_265">265.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. Hilderic Friend, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Flowers and Flower + Lore</span></span>, Third Edition (London, 1886), p. 378. Compare + A. Kuhn, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Herabkunft des Feuers und des + Göttertranks</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Gütersloh, 1886), p. 206, + referring to Keysler, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Antiq. Sept.</span></span> p. 308.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_266" name="note_266" + href="#noteref_266">266.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. de Nore, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coutumes, Mythes et + Traditions des Provinces de France</span></span> (Paris and Lyons, + 1846), pp. 102 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The local name for mistletoe + here is <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">besq</span></span>, which may be derived from + the Latin <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">viscum</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_267" name="note_267" + href="#noteref_267">267.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Kuhn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Herabkunft des + Feuers und des Göttertranks</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (Gütersloh, 1886), p. 205; Walter K. Kelly, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curiosities of + Indo-European Tradition and Folk-lore</span></span> (London, 1863), + p. 186.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_268" name="note_268" + href="#noteref_268">268.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Einige + Notizen aus einem alten Kräuterbuche,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + deutsche Mythologie und Sittenkunde</span></span>, iv. (Göttingen, + 1859) pp. 41 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_269" name="note_269" + href="#noteref_269">269.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Francis Pérot, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Prières, Invocations, Formules Sacrées, Incantations + en Bourbonnais,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Revue des Traditions Populaires</span></span>, + xviii. (1903) p. 299.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_270" name="note_270" + href="#noteref_270">270.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">County Folk-lore</span></span>, v. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lincolnshire</span></span>, collected by Mrs. + Gutch and Mabel Peacock (London, 1908), p. 120.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_271" name="note_271" + href="#noteref_271">271.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Prof. P. J. Veth, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“De Leer der Signatuur, iii. De Mistel en de + Riembloem,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Internationales Archiv für + Ethnographie</span></span>, vii. (1894) p. 111. He names Ray in + England (about 1700), Boerhaave in Holland (about 1720), and Van + Swieten, a pupil of Boerhaave's (about 1745).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_272" name="note_272" + href="#noteref_272">272.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">County Folk-lore</span></span>, vol. v. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lincolnshire</span></span>, collected by Mrs. + Gutch and Mabel Peacock (London, 1908), p. 120.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_273" name="note_273" + href="#noteref_273">273.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. Mr. Shaw, Minister of Elgin, + quoted by Thomas Pennant in his <span class="tei tei-q">“Tour in + Scotland, 1769,”</span> printed in J. Pinkerton's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyages and + Travels</span></span>, iii. (London, 1809) p. 136; J. Brand, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular + Antiquities of Great Britain</span></span> (London, 1882-1883), + iii. 151.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_274" name="note_274" + href="#noteref_274">274.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Walter K. Kelly, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curiosities of + Indo-European Tradition and Folk-lore</span></span> (London, 1863), + p. 186.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_275" name="note_275" + href="#noteref_275">275.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">On this point Prof. P. J. Veth + (<span class="tei tei-q">“De Leer der Signatuur,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Internationales Archiv für + Ethnographie</span></span>, vii. (1894) p. 112) quotes Cauvet, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eléments + d'Histoire naturelle medicale</span></span>, ii. 290: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "fr"><span style="font-style: italic">La famille des Loranthacées + ne nous offre aucun intéret.</span></span>”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_276" name="note_276" + href="#noteref_276">276.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Kuhn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Herabkunft des + Feuers und des Göttertranks</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (Gütersloh, 1886), p. 205, referring to Dybeck, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Runa</span></span>, + 1845, p. 80.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_277" name="note_277" + href="#noteref_277">277.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Kuhn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 204, referring to Rochholz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schweizersagen aus d. + Aargau</span></span>, ii. 202.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_278" name="note_278" + href="#noteref_278">278.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> i. 153.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_279" name="note_279" + href="#noteref_279">279.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. V. Grohmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aberglauben und + Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren</span></span> (Prague and Leipsic, + 1864), p. 37, § 218. In Upper Bavaria the mistletoe is burned for + this purpose along with the so-called palm-branches which were + consecrated on Palm Sunday. See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bavaria, Landes- und + Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern</span></span>, i. (Munich, 1860), + p. 371.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_280" name="note_280" + href="#noteref_280">280.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Kuhn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Herabkunft des + Feuers und des Göttertranks</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> p. + 206, referring to Albertus Magnus, p. 155; Prof. P. J. Veth, + <span class="tei tei-q">“De Leer der Signatuur,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Internationales Archiv für + Ethnographie</span></span>, vii. (1904) p. 111.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_281" name="note_281" + href="#noteref_281">281.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. N. Ritter von Alpenburg, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mythen + und Sagen Tirols</span></span> (Zurich, 1857), p. 398.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_282" name="note_282" + href="#noteref_282">282.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Wuttke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Der deutsche + Volksaberglaube</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Berlin, 1869), p. 97, § + 128; Prof. P. J. Veth, <span class="tei tei-q">“De Leer der + Signatuur,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Internationales Archiv für + Ethnographie</span></span>, vii. (1894) p. 111.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_283" name="note_283" + href="#noteref_283">283.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Wuttke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 267, § 419.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_284" name="note_284" + href="#noteref_284">284.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Henderson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Notes on the + Folk-lore of the Northern Counties of England and the + Borders</span></span> (London, 1879), p. 114.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_285" name="note_285" + href="#noteref_285">285.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Marie Trevelyan, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-lore and + Folk-stories of Wales</span></span> (London, 1909), p. 88.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_286" name="note_286" + href="#noteref_286">286.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. Lloyd, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Peasant Life in + Sweden</span></span> (London, 1870), p. 269.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_287" name="note_287" + href="#noteref_287">287.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, pp. <a href="#Pg077" class= + "tei tei-ref">77</a>, <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref">78</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_288" name="note_288" + href="#noteref_288">288.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, pp. <a href="#Pg082" class= + "tei tei-ref">82</a>, <a href="#Pg084" class= + "tei tei-ref">84</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_289" name="note_289" + href="#noteref_289">289.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, pp. <a href="#Pg083" class= + "tei tei-ref">83</a>, <a href="#Pg086" class= + "tei tei-ref">86</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_290" name="note_290" + href="#noteref_290">290.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> iii. 353, referring to + Dybeck, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Runa</span></span>, 1844, p. 22.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_291" name="note_291" + href="#noteref_291">291.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Marie Trevelyan, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-lore and + Folk-stories of Wales</span></span> (London, 1909), p. 88.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_292" name="note_292" + href="#noteref_292">292.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg086" class= + "tei tei-ref">86</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_293" name="note_293" + href="#noteref_293">293.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Wahlenberg, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Flora + Suecica</span></span> (Upsala, 1824-1826), ii. No. 1143 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Viscum + album</span></span>, pp. 649 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Hab. in sylvarum densiorum et + humidiorum arboribus frondosis, ut Pyris, Quercu, Fago etc. per + Sueciam temperatiorem passim</span></span>.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_294" name="note_294" + href="#noteref_294">294.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, vol. i. pp. 171 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_295" name="note_295" + href="#noteref_295">295.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. Lloyd, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Peasant Life in + Sweden</span></span> (London, 1870), p. 259.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_296" name="note_296" + href="#noteref_296">296.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> iii. 78, who adds, + <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Mahnen die + Johannisfeuer an Baldrs Leichenbrand?</span></span>”</span> This + pregnant hint perhaps contains in germ the solution of the whole + myth.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_297" name="note_297" + href="#noteref_297">297.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, vol. i. p. 148.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_298" name="note_298" + href="#noteref_298">298.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, vol. i. p. 186.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_299" name="note_299" + href="#noteref_299">299.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg026" class= + "tei tei-ref">26</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_300" name="note_300" + href="#noteref_300">300.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">As to the worship of the oak in + Europe, see <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, ii. 349 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> Compare P. Wagler, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Eiche + in alter und neuer Zeit</span></span>, in two parts (Wurzen, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>, and Berlin, + 1891).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_301" name="note_301" + href="#noteref_301">301.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Strabo, xii. 5.1, p. 567. The name is + a compound of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">dryu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“oak,”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nemed</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“temple”</span> (H. F. Tozer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Selections from + Strabo</span></span>, Oxford, 1893, p. 284). We know from Jerome + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Commentar. in Epist. ad Galat.</span></span> + book ii. praef.) that the Galatians retained their native Celtic + speech as late as the fourth century of our era.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_302" name="note_302" + href="#noteref_302">302.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, ii. 365.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_303" name="note_303" + href="#noteref_303">303.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> i. 55 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 58 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. 542, iii. 187 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; P. Wagler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Eiche in alter + und neuer Zeit</span></span> (Berlin, 1891), pp. 40 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic + Art and the Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 363 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 371.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_304" name="note_304" + href="#noteref_304">304.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. Preller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Römische + Mythologie</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> (Berlin, 1881-1883), i. + 108.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_305" name="note_305" + href="#noteref_305">305.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Livy, i. 10. Compare C. Bötticher, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Der + Baumkultus der Hellenen</span></span> (Berlin, 1856), pp. 133 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_306" name="note_306" + href="#noteref_306">306.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Bötticher, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 111 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; L. Preller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Griechische + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ed. C. Robert, i. (Berlin, + 1894) pp. 122 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; P. Wagler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Eiche in alter + und neuer Zeit</span></span> (Berlin, 1891), pp. 2 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> It + is noteworthy that at Olympia the only wood that might be used in + sacrificing to Zeus was the white poplar (Pausanias, v. 14. 2). But + it is probable that herein Zeus, who was an intruder at Olympia, + merely accepted an old local custom which, long before his arrival, + had been observed in the worship of Pelops (Pausanias, v. 13. + 3).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_307" name="note_307" + href="#noteref_307">307.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Without hazarding an opinion on the + vexed question of the cradle of the Aryans, I may observe that in + various parts of Europe the oak seems to have been formerly more + common than it is now. See the evidence collected in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 349 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_308" name="note_308" + href="#noteref_308">308.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">However, some exceptions to the rule + are recorded. See above, vol. i. pp. 169, 278 (oak and fir), 220 + (plane and birch), 281, 283, 286 (limewood), 282 (poplar and fir), + 286 (cornel-tree), 291 (birch or other hard wood), 278, 280 (nine + kinds of wood). According to Montanus, the need-fire, Easter, and + Midsummer fires were kindled by the friction of oak and limewood. + See Montanus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die deutschen Volksfeste, Volksbräuche und + deutscher Volksglaube</span></span> (Iserlohn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), p. 159. But + elsewhere (pp. 33 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 127) the same writer says + that the need-fire and Midsummer fires were produced by the + friction of oak and fir-wood.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_309" name="note_309" + href="#noteref_309">309.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, vol. i. p. 177.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_310" name="note_310" + href="#noteref_310">310.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M. Prätorius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deliciae + Prussicae</span></span>, herausgegeben von Dr. William Pierson + (Berlin, 1871), pp. 19 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> W. R. S. Ralston says (on + what authority I do not know) that if the fire maintained in honour + of the Lithuanian god Perkunas went out, it was rekindled by sparks + struck from a stone which the image of the god held in his hand + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Songs of + the Russian People</span></span>, London, 1872, p. 88).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_311" name="note_311" + href="#noteref_311">311.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, vol. i. pp. 148, 271, 272, + 274, 275, 276, 281, 289, 294.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_312" name="note_312" + href="#noteref_312">312.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, vol. i. pp. 148, 155.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_313" name="note_313" + href="#noteref_313">313.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, ii. 186.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_314" name="note_314" + href="#noteref_314">314.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, ii. 366. However, sacred fires of other wood + than oak are not unknown among Aryan peoples. Thus at Olympia white + poplar was the wood burnt in sacrifices to Zeus (above, p. 90 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">1</span></span>); + at Delphi the perpetual fire was fed with pinewood (Plutarch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De EI + apud Delphos</span></span>, 2), and it was over the glowing embers + of pinewood that the Soranian Wolves walked at Soracte (above, p. + <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref">14</a>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_315" name="note_315" + href="#noteref_315">315.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Montanus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Diedeutschen + Volksfeste, Volksbräuche und deutscher Volksglaube</span></span> + (Iserlohn, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), pp. 127, 159. The + log is called in German <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sckarholz</span></span>. The custom appears to + have prevailed particularly in Westphalia, about Sieg and Lahn. + Compare Montanus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> p. 12, as to the + similar custom at Christmas. The use of the <span lang="de" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Scharholz</span></span> is reported to be + found also in Niederlausitz and among the neighbouring Saxons. See + Paul Wagler, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Eiche in alter und neuer + Zeit</span></span> (Berlin, 1891), pp. 86 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_316" name="note_316" + href="#noteref_316">316.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, vol. i. pp. 248, 250, 251, 257, + 258, 260, 263. Elsewhere the Yule log has been made of fir, beech, + holly, yew, crab-tree, or olive. See above, vol. i. pp. 249, 257, + 263.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_317" name="note_317" + href="#noteref_317">317.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, ii. 140 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_318" name="note_318" + href="#noteref_318">318.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A curious use of an oak-wood fire to + detect a criminal is reported from Germany. If a man has been found + murdered and his murderer is unknown, you are recommended to + proceed as follows. You kindle a fire of dry oak-wood, you pour + some of the blood from the wounds on the fire, and you change the + poor man's shoes, putting the right shoe on the left foot, and + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">vice + versa</span></span>. As soon as that is done, the murderer is + struck blind and mad, so that he fancies he is riding up to the + throat in water; labouring under this delusion he returns to the + corpse, when you can apprehend him and deliver him up to the arm of + justice with the greatest ease. See Montanus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 159 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_319" name="note_319" + href="#noteref_319">319.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> xiii. 119: <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Alexander Cornelius arborem leonem appellavit + ex qua facta esset Argo, similem robori viscum ferenti, quae neque + aqua neque igni possit corrumpi, sicuti nec viscum, nulli alii + cognitam, quod equidem sciam.</span></span>”</span> Here the tree + out of which the ship Argo was made is said to have been + destructible neither by fire nor water; and as the tree is compared + to a mistletoe-bearing oak, and the mistletoe itself is said to be + indestructible by fire and water, it seems to follow that the same + indestructibility may have been believed to attach to the oak which + bore the mistletoe, so long at least as the mistletoe remained + rooted on the boughs.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_320" name="note_320" + href="#noteref_320">320.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Taboo and the Perils of the + Soul</span></span>, pp. 26 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_321" name="note_321" + href="#noteref_321">321.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A number of the following examples + were collected by Mr. E. Clodd in his paper, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Philosophy of Punchkin,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-lore + Journal</span></span>, ii. (1884) pp. 288-303; and again in his + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Myths and + Dreams</span></span> (London, 1885), pp. 188-198. The subject of + the external soul, both in folk-tales and in custom, has been well + handled by G. A. Wilken in his two papers, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“De betrekking tusschen menschen- dieren- en + plantenleven naar het volksgeloof,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De Indische + Gids</span></span>, November 1884, pp. 595-612, and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“De Simsonsage,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Gids</span></span>, 1888, No. 5. In <span class="tei tei-q">“De + Simsonsage”</span> Wilken has reproduced, to a great extent in the + same words, most of the evidence cited by him in <span class= + "tei tei-q">“De betrekking,”</span> yet without referring to that + paper. When I wrote this book in 1889-1890 I was unacquainted with + <span class="tei tei-q">“De betrekking,”</span> but used with + advantage <span class="tei tei-q">“De Simsonsage,”</span> a copy of + it having been kindly sent me by the author. I am the more anxious + to express my obligations to <span class="tei tei-q">“De + Simsonsage,”</span> because I have had little occasion to refer to + it, most of the original authorities cited by the author being + either in my own library or easily accessible to me in Cambridge. + It would be a convenience to anthropologists if Wilken's valuable + papers, dispersed as they are in various Dutch periodicals which + are seldom to be met with in England, were collected and published + together. After the appearance of my first anthropological essay in + 1885, Professor Wilken entered into correspondence with me, and + thenceforward sent me copies of his papers as they appeared; but of + his papers published before that date I have not a complete set. + (Note to the Second Edition.) The wish expressed in the foregoing + note has now been happily fulfilled. Wilken's many scattered papers + have been collected and published in a form which leaves nothing to + be desired (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De verspreide Geschriften van Prof. Dr. G. A. + Wilken</span></span>, verzameld door Mr. F. D. E. van Ossenbruggen, + in four volumes, The Hague, 1912). The two papers <span class= + "tei tei-q">“De betrekking”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“De + Simsonsage”</span> are reprinted in the third volume, pp. 289-309 + and pp. 551-579. The subject of the external soul in relation to + Balder has been fully illustrated and discussed by Professor F. + Kauffmann in his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Balder, Mythus und Sage</span></span> + (Strasburg, 1902), pp. 136 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> Amongst the first to + collect examples of the external soul in folk-tales was the learned + Dr. Reinhold Köhler (in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Orient und Occident</span></span>, ii., + Göttingen, 1864, pp. 100-103; reprinted with additional references + in the writer's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kleinere Schriften</span></span>, i., Weimar, + 1898, pp. 158-161). Many versions of the tale were also cited by W. + R. S. Ralston (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Russian Folk-tales</span></span>, London, + 1873, pp. 109 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>). (Note to the Third + Edition.)</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_322" name="note_322" + href="#noteref_322">322.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mary Frere, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Old Deccan + Days</span></span>, Third Edition (London, 1881), pp. 12-16.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_323" name="note_323" + href="#noteref_323">323.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Maive Stokes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indian Fairy + Tales</span></span> (London, 1880), pp. 58-60. For similar Hindoo + stories, see <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, pp. 187 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Lai Behari Day, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-tales of Bengal</span></span> (London, + 1883), pp. 121 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; F. A. Steel and R. C. + Temple, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Wide-awake Stories</span></span> (Bombay and + London, 1884), pp. 58-60.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_324" name="note_324" + href="#noteref_324">324.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mary Frere, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Old Deccan + Days</span></span>, pp. 239 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_325" name="note_325" + href="#noteref_325">325.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lal Behari Day, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-tales of + Bengal</span></span>, pp. 1 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> For similar stories of + necklaces, see Mary Frere, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Old Deccan Days</span></span>, pp. 233 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; F. A. Steel and R. C. + Temple, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Wide-awake Stories</span></span>, pp. 83 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_326" name="note_326" + href="#noteref_326">326.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. H. Knowles, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-tales of + Kashmir</span></span>, Second Edition (London, 1893), pp. 49 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_327" name="note_327" + href="#noteref_327">327.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. H. Knowles, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 134.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_328" name="note_328" + href="#noteref_328">328.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. H. Knowles, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 382 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_329" name="note_329" + href="#noteref_329">329.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lal Behari Day, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-tales of + Bengal</span></span>, pp. 85 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; compare <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + pp. 253 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indian + Antiquary</span></span>, i. (1872) p. 117. For an Indian story in + which a giant's life is in five black bees, see W. A. Clouston, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular + Tales and Fictions</span></span> (Edinburgh and London, 1887), i. + 350.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_330" name="note_330" + href="#noteref_330">330.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Indian Antiquary</span></span>, i. (1872), p. + 171.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_331" name="note_331" + href="#noteref_331">331.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Bastian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Voelker des + oestlichen Asien</span></span>, iv. (Jena, 1868) pp. 304 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_332" name="note_332" + href="#noteref_332">332.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lal Behari Day, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-tales of + Bengal</span></span>, p. 189.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_333" name="note_333" + href="#noteref_333">333.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. A. Steel and R. C. Temple, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Wide-awake Stories</span></span> (Bombay and + London, 1884), pp. 52, 64. In the Indian <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Jataka</span></span> + there is a tale (book ii. No. 208) which relates how Buddha in the + form of a monkey deceived a crocodile by pretending that monkeys + kept their hearts in figs growing on a tree. See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Jataka or Stories + of the Buddha's former Births</span></span> translated from the + Pali by various hands, vol. ii. translated by W. H. D. Rouse + (Cambridge, 1895), pp. 111 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_334" name="note_334" + href="#noteref_334">334.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. W. Leitner, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Languages and + Races of Dardistan</span></span>, Third Edition (Lahore, 1878), p. + 9.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_335" name="note_335" + href="#noteref_335">335.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apollodorus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bibliotheca</span></span>, i. 8; Diodorus + Siculus, iv. 34; Pausanias, x. 31. 4; Aeschylus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Choeph.</span></span> + 604 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; Antoninus Liberalis, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Transform.</span></span> ii.; Dio Chrysostom, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Or.</span></span> lxvii. vol. ii. p. 231, ed. + L. Dindorf (Leipsic, 1857); Hyginus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fab.</span></span> + 171, 174; Ovid, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Metam.</span></span> viii. 445 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> In + his play on this theme Euripides made the life of Meleager to + depend on an olive-leaf which his mother had given birth to along + with the babe. See J. Malalas, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chronographia</span></span>, + vi. pp. 165 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> ed. L. Dindorf (Bonn, 1831); + J. Tzetzes, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Scholia on Lycophron</span></span>, 492 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> (vol. ii. pp. 646 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ed. Chr. G. Müller, + Leipsic, 1811); G. Knaack, <span class="tei tei-q">“Zur + Meleagersage,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Rheinisches Museum</span></span>, N. F. xlix. + (1894) pp. 310-313.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_336" name="note_336" + href="#noteref_336">336.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apollodorus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bibliotheca</span></span>, iii. 15. 8; + Aeschylus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Choeph.</span></span> 612 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + Pausanias, i. 19. 4; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ciris</span></span>, 116 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + Ovid, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Metam.</span></span> viii. 8 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + According to J. Tzetzes (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schol. on Lycophron</span></span>, 650) not + the life but the strength of Nisus was in his golden hair; when it + was pulled out, he became weak and was slain by Minos. According to + Hyginus (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fab.</span></span> 198) Nisus was destined to + reign only so long as he kept the purple lock on his head.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_337" name="note_337" + href="#noteref_337">337.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apollodorus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bibliotheca</span></span>, ii. 4. 5 and + 7.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_338" name="note_338" + href="#noteref_338">338.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. G. von Hahn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Griechische und + albanesische Märchen</span></span> (Leipsic, 1864), i. 217; a + similar story, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ibid.</span></span> ii. 282.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_339" name="note_339" + href="#noteref_339">339.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">B. Schmidt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Griechische Märchen, + Sagen und Volkslieder</span></span> (Leipsic, 1877), pp. 91 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The same writer found in the + island of Zacynthus a belief that the whole strength of the ancient + Greeks resided in three hairs on their breasts, and that it + vanished whenever these hairs were cut; but if the hairs were + allowed to grow again, their strength returned (B. Schmidt, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Das + Volksleben der Neugriechen</span></span>, Leipsic, 1871, p. 206). + The Biblical story of Samson and Delilah (Judges xvi.) implies a + belief of the same sort, as G. A. Wilken abundantly shewed in his + paper, <span class="tei tei-q">“De Simsonsage,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Gids</span></span>, 1888, No. 5 (reprinted in his <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Verspreide + Geschriften</span></span>, The Hague, 1912, vol. iii. pp. + 551-579).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_340" name="note_340" + href="#noteref_340">340.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. G. von Hahn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 215 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_341" name="note_341" + href="#noteref_341">341.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span> ii. 275 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + Similar stories, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ibid.</span></span> ii. 204, 294 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> In + an Albanian story a monster's strength is in three pigeons, which + are in a hare, which is in the silver tusk of a wild boar. When the + boar is killed, the monster feels ill; when the hare is cut open, + he can hardly stand on his feet; when the three pigeons are killed, + he expires. See Aug. Dozon, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Contes albanais</span></span> (Paris, 1881), + pp. 132 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_342" name="note_342" + href="#noteref_342">342.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. G. von Hahn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 260 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_343" name="note_343" + href="#noteref_343">343.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span> i. 187.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_344" name="note_344" + href="#noteref_344">344.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span> ii. 23 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_345" name="note_345" + href="#noteref_345">345.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Émile Legrand, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Contes populaires + grecs</span></span> (Paris, 1881), pp. 191 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_346" name="note_346" + href="#noteref_346">346.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Parallela</span></span>, 26. In both the Greek + and Italian stories the subject of quarrel between nephew and + uncles is the skin of a boar, which the nephew presented to his + lady-love and which his uncles took from her.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_347" name="note_347" + href="#noteref_347">347.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Basile, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pentamerone</span></span>, übertragen von + Felix Liebrecht (Breslau, 1846), ii. 60 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_348" name="note_348" + href="#noteref_348">348.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. H. Busk, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-lore of + Rome</span></span> (London, 1874), pp. 164 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_349" name="note_349" + href="#noteref_349">349.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">T. F. Crane, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Italian Popular + Tales</span></span> (London, 1885), pp. 31-34. The hero had + acquired the power of turning himself into an eagle, a lion, and an + ant from three creatures of these sorts whose quarrel about their + shares in a dead ass he had composed. This incident occurs in other + tales of the same type. See below, note 2 and pp. <a href="#Pg120" + class="tei tei-ref">120</a> with note 2, <a href="#Pg132" class= + "tei tei-ref">132</a>, <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref">133</a> + with note 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_350" name="note_350" + href="#noteref_350">350.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. B. Andrews, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Contes + Ligures</span></span> (Paris, 1892), No. 46, pp. 213 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> In + a parallel Sicilian story the hero Beppino slays a sorcerer in the + same manner after he had received from an eagle, a lion, and an ant + the same gift of transformation in return for the same service. See + G. Pitrè, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fiabe, Novelle e Racconti popolari + Siciliani</span></span>, ii. (Palermo, 1875) p. 215; and for + another Sicilian parallel, Laura Gonzenbach, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sicilianische + Märchen</span></span> (Leipsic, 1870), No. 6, pp. 34-38.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_351" name="note_351" + href="#noteref_351">351.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Anton Dietrich, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Russian Popular + Tales</span></span> (London, 1857), pp. 21-24.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_352" name="note_352" + href="#noteref_352">352.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Jeremiah Curtin, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Myths and Folk-tales + of the Russians, Western Slavs, and Magyars</span></span> (London, + 1891), pp. 119-122. Compare W. R. S. Ralston, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Russian + Folk-tales</span></span> (London, 1873), pp. 100-105.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_353" name="note_353" + href="#noteref_353">353.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. R. S. Ralston, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 109.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_354" name="note_354" + href="#noteref_354">354.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. R. S. Ralston, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Russian + Folk-tales</span></span>, pp. 113 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_355" name="note_355" + href="#noteref_355">355.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Id.</span></span>, p. 114.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_356" name="note_356" + href="#noteref_356">356.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Id.</span></span>, p. 110.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_357" name="note_357" + href="#noteref_357">357.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Madam Csedomille Mijatovies, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Serbian + Folk-lore</span></span>, edited by the Rev. W. Denton (London, + 1874), pp. 167-172; F. S. Krauss, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagen und Märchen der + Südslaven</span></span> (Leipsic, 1883-1884), i. 164-169.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_358" name="note_358" + href="#noteref_358">358.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. H. Wratislaw, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sixty Folk-tales from + exclusively Slavonic Sources</span></span> (London, 1889), pp. + 224-231.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_359" name="note_359" + href="#noteref_359">359.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Leskien und K. Brugmann, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Litauische Volkslieder und + Märchen</span></span> (Strasburg, 1882), pp. 423-430; compare + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, pp. 569-571.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_360" name="note_360" + href="#noteref_360">360.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Josef Haltrich, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche Volksmärchen + aus dem Sachsenlande in Siebenbürgen</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + (Vienna, 1885), No. 34 (No. 33 of the first edition), pp. 149 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_361" name="note_361" + href="#noteref_361">361.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. W. Wolf, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche Märchen und + Sagen</span></span> (Leipsic, 1845), No. 20, pp. 87-93.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_362" name="note_362" + href="#noteref_362">362.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. Strackerjan, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aberglaube und Sagen + aus dem Herzogthum Oldenburg</span></span> (Oldenburg, 1867), ii. + 306-308, § 622. In this story the flowers are rather life-tokens + than external souls. The life-token has been carefully studied by + Mr. E. S. Hartland in the second volume of his learned work + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Legend of Perseus</span></span> (London, 1895).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_363" name="note_363" + href="#noteref_363">363.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">K. Müllenhoff, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagen, Märchen und + Lieder der Herzogthümer Schleswig Holstein und + Lauenburg</span></span> (Kiel, 1845), pp. 404 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_364" name="note_364" + href="#noteref_364">364.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Chr. Asbjörnsen og J. Moe, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Norske + Folke-Eventyr</span></span> (Christiania, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), No. 36, pp. + 174-180; G. W. Dasent, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Popular Tales from the Norse</span></span> + (Edinburgh, 1859), pp. 55 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_365" name="note_365" + href="#noteref_365">365.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Chr. Asbjörnsen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Norske + Folke-Eventyr</span></span>, Ny Samling (Christiania, 1871), No. + 70, pp. 35-40; G. W. Dasent, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tales from the Fjeld</span></span> (London, + 1874), pp. 223-230 (<span class="tei tei-q">“Boots and the + Beasts”</span>). As in other tales of this type, it is said that + the hero found three animals (a lion, a falcon, and an ant) + quarrelling over a dead horse, and received from them the power of + transforming himself into animals of these species as a reward for + dividing the carcase fairly among them.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_366" name="note_366" + href="#noteref_366">366.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Svend Grundtvig, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dänische + Volksmärchen</span></span>, übersetzt von A. Strodtmann, Zweite + Sammlung (Leipsic, 1879), pp. 194-218.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_367" name="note_367" + href="#noteref_367">367.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Svend Grundtvig, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dänische + Volksmärchen</span></span>, übersetzt von Willibald Leo (Leipsic, + 1878), pp. 29-45.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_368" name="note_368" + href="#noteref_368">368.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. C. Poestion, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isländische + Märchen</span></span> (Vienna, 1884), No. vii. pp. 49-55. The same + story is told with minor variations by Konrad Maurer in his + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Isländische Volkssagen der + Gegenwart</span></span> (Leipsic, 1860), pp. 277-280. In his + version a giant and giantess, brother and sister, have their life + in one stone, which they throw backwards and forwards to each + other; when the stone is caught and broken by the heroine, the + giant and giantess at once expire. The tale was told to Maurer when + he was crossing an arm of the sea in a small boat; and the waves + ran so high and broke into the boat so that he could not write the + story down at the time but had to trust to his memory in recording + it afterwards.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_369" name="note_369" + href="#noteref_369">369.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Germanische + Mythen</span></span> (Berlin, 1858), p. 592; John Jamieson, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish + Language</span></span>, New Edition, revised by J. Longmuir and D. + Donaldson (Paisley, 1879-1882), iv. 869, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Yule.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_370" name="note_370" + href="#noteref_370">370.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. F. Campbell, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular Tales of the + West Highlands</span></span>, New Edition (Paisley and London, + 1890), i. 7-11.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_371" name="note_371" + href="#noteref_371">371.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. F. Campbell, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular Tales of the + West Highlands</span></span>, New Edition, i. 80 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_372" name="note_372" + href="#noteref_372">372.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Compare <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taboo and the Perils + of Soul</span></span>, p. 12.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_373" name="note_373" + href="#noteref_373">373.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. D. MacInnes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk and Hero + Tales</span></span> (London, 1890), pp. 103-121.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_374" name="note_374" + href="#noteref_374">374.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Macdougall, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk and Hero + Tales</span></span> (London, 1891), pp. 76 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Waifs + and Strays of Celtic Tradition</span></span>, No. iii.).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_375" name="note_375" + href="#noteref_375">375.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. James Macdonald, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion and + Myth</span></span> (London, 1893), pp. 187 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The + writer tells us that in his youth a certain old Betty Miles used to + terrify him with this tale. For the tradition of Headless Hugh, who + seems to have been the only son of Hector, first chief of Lochbuy, + in the fourteenth century, see J. G. Campbell, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Witchcraft and Second + Sight in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland</span></span> + (Glasgow, 1902), pp. III <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> India also has its stories + of headless horsemen. See W. Crooke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular Religion and + Folk-lore of Northern India</span></span> (London, 1896), i. 256 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_376" name="note_376" + href="#noteref_376">376.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. James Macdonald, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion and + Myth</span></span>, pp. 191 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, from information furnished + by the Rev. A. Mackay. In North Uist there is a sept known as + <span class="tei tei-q">“the MacCodrums of the seals.”</span> and a + precisely similar legend is told to explain their descent from + seals. See J. G. Campbell, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Superstitions of the Highlands and Islands of + Scotland</span></span> (Glasgow, 1900), p. 284.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_377" name="note_377" + href="#noteref_377">377.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Jeremiah Curtin, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Myths and Folk-tales + of Ireland</span></span> (London, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), pp. 71 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_378" name="note_378" + href="#noteref_378">378.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Sébillot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Contes populaires de + la Haute-Bretagne</span></span> (Paris, 1885), pp. 63 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_379" name="note_379" + href="#noteref_379">379.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. M. Luzel, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Contes populaires de + Basse-Bretagne</span></span> (Paris, 1887), i. 435-449. Compare + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Veillées + Bretonnes</span></span> (Morlaix, 1879), pp. 133 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> For + two other French stories of the same type, taken down in Lorraine, + see E. Cosquin, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Contes populaires de Lorraine</span></span> + (Paris, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), Nos. 15 and 50 + (vol. i. pp. 166 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, vol. ii. pp. 128 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>). In both of them there + figures a miraculous beast which can only be slain by breaking a + certain egg against its head; but we are not told that the life of + the beast was in the egg. In both of them also the hero receives + from three animals, whose dispute about the carcase of a dead beast + he has settled, the power of changing himself into animals of the + same sort. See the remarks and comparisons of the learned editor, + Monsieur E. Cosquin, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> i. 170 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_380" name="note_380" + href="#noteref_380">380.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. M. Luzel, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Veillées + Bretonnes</span></span> pp. 127 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_381" name="note_381" + href="#noteref_381">381.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">(Sir) Gaston Maspero, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Contes populaires de + l'Égypte ancienne</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + (Paris, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), pp. 1 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + W. M. Flinders Petrie, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Egyptian Tales</span></span>, Second Series + (London, 1895), pp. 36 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; Alfred Wiedemann, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Altägyptische Sagen und Märchen</span></span> + (Leipsic, 1906), pp. 58-77. Compare W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Das älteste Märchen,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + deutsche Mythologie und Sittenkunde</span></span>, iv. (1859) pp. + 232-259. The manuscript of the story, which is now in the British + Museum, belonged to an Egyptian prince, who was afterwards King + Seti II. and reigned about the year 1300 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> It is beautifully + written and in almost perfect condition.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_382" name="note_382" + href="#noteref_382">382.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Thousand and One Nights, commonly called, + in England, The Arabian Nights' Entertainments</span></span>, + translated by E. W. Lane (London, 1839-1841), iii. 339-345.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_383" name="note_383" + href="#noteref_383">383.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Spitta-Bey, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Contes arabes + modernes</span></span> (Leyden and Paris, 1883), No. 2, pp. 12 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> The story in its main + outlines is identical with the Cashmeer story of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Ogress Queen”</span> (J. H. Knowles, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-tales of + Kashmir</span></span>, pp. 42 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>) and the Bengalee story of + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Boy whom Seven Mothers Suckled”</span> + (Lal Behari Day, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-tales of Bengal</span></span>, pp. 117 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indian + Antiquary</span></span>, i. 170 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>). + In another Arabian story the life of a witch is bound up with a + phial; when it is broken, she dies (W. A. Clouston, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A Group of Eastern + Romances and Stories</span></span>, Privately printed, 1889, p. + 30). A similar incident occurs in a Cashmeer story (J. H. Knowles, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 73). In the Arabian story mentioned in the + text, the hero, by a genuine touch of local colour, is made to + drink the milk of an ogress's breasts and hence is regarded by her + as her son. The same incident occurs in Kabyle and Berber tales. + See J. Rivière, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Contes populaires de la Kabylie du + Djurdjura</span></span> (Paris, 1882), p. 239; R. Basset, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nouveaux + Contes Berbères</span></span> (Paris, 1897), p. 128, with the + editor's note, pp. 339 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> In a Mongolian story a king + refuses to kill a lad because he has unwittingly partaken of a cake + kneaded with the milk of the lad's mother (B. Jülg, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mongolische + Märchen-Sammlung, die neun Märchen des Siddhi-Kür</span></span>, + Innsbruck, 1868, p. 183). Compare W. Robertson Smith, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kinship and Marriage + in Early Arabia</span></span>, New Edition (London, 1903), p. 176; + and for the same mode of creating kinship among other races, see A. + d'Abbadie, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Douze ans dans la Haute Ethiopie</span></span> + (Paris, 1868), pp. 272 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Tausch, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notices of the Circassians,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the Royal + Asiatic Society</span></span>, i. (1834) p. 104; J. Biddulph, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tribes of + the Hindoo Koosh</span></span> (London, 1880), pp. 77, 83 (compare + G. W. Leitner, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Languages and Races of + Dardistan</span></span>, Lahore, 1878, p. 34); Denzil C. J. + Ibbetson, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Settlement Report of the Panipat, Tahsil, and + Karnal Parganah of the Karnal District</span></span> (Allahabad, + 1883), p. 101; J. Moura, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Le Royaume du Cambodge</span></span> (Paris, + 1883), i. 427; F. S. Krauss, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sitte und Brauch der Südslaven</span></span> + (Vienna, 1885), p. 14; J. H. Weeks, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Among Congo + Cannibals</span></span> (London, 1913), p. 132. When the Masai of + East Africa make peace with an enemy, each tribe brings a cow with + a calf and a woman with a baby. The two cows are exchanged, and the + enemy's child is suckled at the breast of the Masai woman, and the + Masai baby is suckled at the breast of the woman belonging to the + enemy. See A. C. Hollis, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Masai</span></span> (Oxford, 1905), pp. + 321 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_384" name="note_384" + href="#noteref_384">384.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Webster, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Basque + Legends</span></span> (London, 1877), pp. 80 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + J. Vinson, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Le folk-lore du pays Basque</span></span> + (Paris, 1883), pp. 84 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> As so often in tales of + this type, the hero is said to have received his wonderful powers + of metamorphosis from animals whom he found quarrelling about their + shares in a dead beast.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_385" name="note_385" + href="#noteref_385">385.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Rivière, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Contes populaires de + la Kabylie du Djurdjura</span></span> (Paris, 1882), p. 191.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_386" name="note_386" + href="#noteref_386">386.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. H. Jones and L. L. Kropf, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Folk-tales of the Magyar</span></span> (London, 1889), pp. 205 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_387" name="note_387" + href="#noteref_387">387.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. H. Busk, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Folk-lore of + Rome</span></span> (London, 1874), p. 168.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_388" name="note_388" + href="#noteref_388">388.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. Liebrecht, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Lappländische Märchen,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Germania</span></span>, N.R., iii. (1870) pp. + 174 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; F. C. Poestion, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lappländische Märchen</span></span> (Vienna, + 1886), No. 20, pp. 81 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_389" name="note_389" + href="#noteref_389">389.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Castren, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ethnologische + Vorlesungen über die altaischen Völker</span></span> (St. + Petersburg, 1857), pp. 173 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_390" name="note_390" + href="#noteref_390">390.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">B. Jülg, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kalmückische + Märchen</span></span> (Leipsic, 1866), No. 12, pp. 58 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_391" name="note_391" + href="#noteref_391">391.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Anton Schiefner, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Heldensagen der + Minussinschen Tataren</span></span> (St. Petersburg, 1859), pp. + 172-176.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_392" name="note_392" + href="#noteref_392">392.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Schiefner, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 108-112.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_393" name="note_393" + href="#noteref_393">393.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Schiefner, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 360-364; A. Castren, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vorlesungen über die + finnische Mythologie</span></span> (St. Petersburg, 1857), pp. 186 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_394" name="note_394" + href="#noteref_394">394.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Schiefner, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 189-193. In another Tartar poem (Schiefner, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 390 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>) a boy's soul is shut up by + his enemies in a box. While the soul is in the box, the boy is + dead; when it is taken out, he is restored to life. In the same + poem (p. 384) the soul of a horse is kept shut up in a box, because + it is feared the owner of the horse will become the greatest hero + on earth. But these cases are, to some extent, the converse of + those in the text.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_395" name="note_395" + href="#noteref_395">395.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Schott, <span class="tei tei-q">“Ueber + die Sage von Geser-Chan,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Abhandlungen der + königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin</span></span>, + 1851, p. 269.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_396" name="note_396" + href="#noteref_396">396.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Radloff, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Proben der + Volkslitteratur der türkischen Stämme Süd-Sibiriens</span></span>, + ii. (St. Petersburg, 1868), pp. 237 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_397" name="note_397" + href="#noteref_397">397.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Radloff, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 531 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_398" name="note_398" + href="#noteref_398">398.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Radloff, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> iv. (St. Petersburg, 1872) pp. 88 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_399" name="note_399" + href="#noteref_399">399.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Radloff, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> i. (St. Petersburg, 1866) pp. 345 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_400" name="note_400" + href="#noteref_400">400.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. J. M. de Groot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Religious System + of China</span></span>, iv. (Leyden, 1901) pp. 105 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_401" name="note_401" + href="#noteref_401">401.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Major P. R. T. Gurdon, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Khasis</span></span> (London, 1907), pp. 181-184.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_402" name="note_402" + href="#noteref_402">402.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. A. Wilken, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“De betrekking tusschen menschen- dieren- en + plantenleven naar het volksgeloof,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De Indische + Gids</span></span>, November 1884, pp. 600-602; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“De Simsonsage,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Gids</span></span>, 1888, No. 5, pp. 6 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + (of the separate reprint); <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Verspreide + Geschriften</span></span> (The Hague, 1912), iii. 296-298, 559-561. + Compare L. de Backer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">L'Archipel Indien</span></span> (Paris, 1874), + pp. 144-149. The Malay text of the long poem was published with a + Dutch translation and notes by W. R. van Hoëvell (<span class= + "tei tei-q">“Sjaïr Bidasari, een oorspronkelijk Maleisch Gedicht, + uitgegeven en van eene Vertaling en Aanteekeningen + voorzien,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap + van Kunsten en Wetenschappen</span></span>, xix. (Batavia, 1843) + pp. 1-421).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_403" name="note_403" + href="#noteref_403">403.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. T. Nieuwenhuisen en H. C. B. von + Rosenberg, <span class="tei tei-q">“Verslag omtrent het eiland + Nias,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap + van Kunsten en Wetenschappen</span></span>, xxx. (Batavia, 1863) p. + 111; H. Sundermann, <span class="tei tei-q">“Die Insel + Nias,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Allgemeine Missions-Zeitschrift</span></span>, + xi. (1884) p. 453; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Insel Nias und + die Mission daselbst</span></span> (Barmen, 1905), p. 71. Compare + E. Modigliani, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Un Viaggio a Nías</span></span> (Milan, 1890), + p. 339.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_404" name="note_404" + href="#noteref_404">404.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Major A. J. N. Tremearne, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hausa Superstitions + and Customs</span></span> (London, 1913), pp. 131 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The + original Hausa text of the story appears to be printed in Major + Edgar's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Litafi na Tatsuniyoyi na Hausa</span></span> + (ii. 27), to which Major Tremearne refers (p. 9).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_405" name="note_405" + href="#noteref_405">405.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Major A. G. Leonard, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Lower Niger and + its Tribes</span></span> (London, 1906), pp. 319-321.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_406" name="note_406" + href="#noteref_406">406.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Henri A. Junod, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les Chants et les + Contes des Ba-ronga</span></span> (Lausanne, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), pp. 253-256; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Life of a South + African Tribe</span></span> (Neuchatel, 1912-1913), i. 338 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_407" name="note_407" + href="#noteref_407">407.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Curtin, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Myths and Folk-tales + of the Russians, Western Slavs, and Magyars</span></span> (London, + 1891), p. 551. The writer does not mention his authorities.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_408" name="note_408" + href="#noteref_408">408.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. B. Grinnell, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pawnee Hero Stories + and Folk-tales</span></span> (New York, 1889), pp. 121 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Bear Man.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_409" name="note_409" + href="#noteref_409">409.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Washington Matthews, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Mountain Chant: a Navajo Ceremony,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fifth + Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology</span></span> (Washington, + 1887), pp. 406 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_410" name="note_410" + href="#noteref_410">410.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Franz Boas, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of + the Kwakiutl Indians,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Report of the United States National Museum + for 1895</span></span> (Washington, 1897), p. 373.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_411" name="note_411" + href="#noteref_411">411.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Taboo and the Perils of the + Soul</span></span>, pp. 63 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_412" name="note_412" + href="#noteref_412">412.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">B. F. Matthes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bijdragen tot de + Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes</span></span> (The Hague, 1875), p. + 54.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_413" name="note_413" + href="#noteref_413">413.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. C. Kruijt, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en + maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mededeelingen van + wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap</span></span>, xxxix. + (1895) pp. 23 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Van Paloppo naar Posso,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche + Zendelinggenootschap</span></span>, xlii. (1898) p. 72. As to the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">lamoa</span></span> in general, see A. C. + Kruijt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> xl. (1896) pp. 10 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_414" name="note_414" + href="#noteref_414">414.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. C. Kruijt, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Het koppensnellen der Toradja's van Midden-Celebes, en + zijne beteekenis,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Verslagen en Mededeelingen der koninklijke + Akademie der Wetenschappen</span></span>, Afdeeling Letterkunde, + iv. Reeks, iii. (Amsterdam, 1899) pp. 201 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Het ijzer in Midden-Celebes,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bijdragen tot de + Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch- Indië</span></span>, + liii. (1901) pp. 156 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Both the interpretations in + the text appear to be inferences drawn by Mr. Kruijt from the + statement of the natives, that, if they did not hang up these + wooden models in the smithy, <span class="tei tei-q">“the iron + would flow away and be unworkable”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="nl" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "nl"><span style="font-style: italic">zou het ijzer vervloeien en + onbewerkbaar worden</span></span>”</span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_415" name="note_415" + href="#noteref_415">415.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. H. B. Agerbeek, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Enkele gebruiken van de Dajaksche bevolking der + Pinoehlanden,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en + Volkenkunde</span></span>, li. (1909) pp. 447 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_416" name="note_416" + href="#noteref_416">416.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. A. Jacobsen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reisen in die + Inselwelt des Banda-Meeres</span></span> (Berlin, 1896), p. + 199.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_417" name="note_417" + href="#noteref_417">417.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In a long list of female ornaments the + prophet Isaiah mentions (iii. 20) <span class="tei tei-q">“houses + of the soul”</span> (בת הנפש) or (שפנה תב), which modern scholars + suppose to have been perfume boxes, as the Revised English Version + translates the phrase. The name, literally translated <span class= + "tei tei-q">“houses of the soul,”</span> suggests that these + trinkets were amulets of the kind mentioned in the text. See my + article, <span class="tei tei-q">“Folk-lore in the Old + Testament,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anthropological Essays presented to E. B. + Tylor</span></span> (Oxford, 1907), pp. 148 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> In + ancient Egyptian tombs there are often found plaques or palettes of + schist bearing traces of paint; some of them are decorated with + engravings of animals or historical scenes, others are modelled in + the shape of animals of various sorts, such as antelopes, + hippopotamuses, birds, tortoises, and fish. As a rule only one such + plaque is found in a tomb, and it lies near the hands of the mummy. + It has been conjectured by M. Jean Capart that these plaques are + amulets or soul-boxes, in which the external souls of the dead were + supposed to be preserved. See Jean Capart, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les Palettes en + schiste de L'Égypte primitive</span></span> (Brussels, 1908), pp. 5 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 19 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + (separate reprint from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Revue des Questions + Scientifiques</span></span>, avril, 1908). For a full description + of these plaques or palettes, see Jean Capart, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les Débuts de l'Art + en Égypte</span></span> (Brussels, 1904), pp. 76 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 221 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_418" name="note_418" + href="#noteref_418">418.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Miss Alice Werner, in a letter to the + author, dated 25th September 1899. Miss Werner knew the old woman. + Compare <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Contemporary Review</span></span>, lxx. + (July-December 1896), p. 389, where Miss Werner describes the + ornament as a rounded peg, tapering to a point, with a neck or + notch at the top.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_419" name="note_419" + href="#noteref_419">419.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. James Macdonald, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion and + Myth</span></span> (London, 1893), p. 190. Compare Dudley Kidd, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Essential Kafir</span></span> (London, 1904), p. 83: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The natives occasionally fix ox-horns in their roofs + and say that the spirit of the chief lives in these horns and + protects the hut; these horns also protect the hut from lightning, + though not in virtue of their spiritual connections. (They are also + used simply as ornaments.)”</span> No doubt amulets often + degenerate into ornaments.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_420" name="note_420" + href="#noteref_420">420.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. Thurnwald, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Im Bismarckarchipel und auf den Salomo-inseln,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für Ethnologie</span></span>, + xlii. (1910) p. 136. As to the Ingniet, Ingiet, or Iniet Society + see P. A. Kleintitschen, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Küstenbewohner der + Gazellehalbinsel</span></span> (Hiltrup bei Münster, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), pp. 354 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; R. Parkinson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dreissig Jahre in der + Südsee</span></span> (Stuttgart, 1907), pp. 598 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_421" name="note_421" + href="#noteref_421">421.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Cedrenus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historiarum + Compendium</span></span>, p. 625B, vol. ii. p. 308, ed. Im. Bekker + (Bonn, 1838-1839).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_422" name="note_422" + href="#noteref_422">422.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Alexandre Moret, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Du caractère + religieux de la Royauté Pharaonique</span></span> (Paris, 1902), + pp. 224 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> As to the Egyptian doctrine + of the spiritual double or soul (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ka</span></span>), see A. Wiedemann, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Ancient Egyptian Doctrine of the Immortality of the + Soul</span></span> (London, 1895), pp. 10 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + A. Erman, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die ägyptische Religion</span></span> (Berlin, + 1905), p. 88; A. Moret, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mystères Égyptiens</span></span> (Paris, + 1913), pp. 199 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_423" name="note_423" + href="#noteref_423">423.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. Mason, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Physical Character of the Karens,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Asiatic Society of Bengal</span></span>, 1866, Part ii. No. 1, p. + 9.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_424" name="note_424" + href="#noteref_424">424.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">A Narrative of the Captivity and Adventures of + John Tanner, during Thirty Years' Residence among the + Indians</span></span>, prepared for the press by Edwin James, M.D. + (London, 1830), pp. 155 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The passage has been already + quoted by Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury) in his <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Origin of + Civilisation</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> (London, 1882), p. + 241.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_425" name="note_425" + href="#noteref_425">425.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">François Valentijn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oud en Nieuw + Oost-Indiën</span></span> (Dordrecht and Amsterdam, 1724-1726), ii. + 143 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; G. A. Wilken, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“De Simsonsage,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Gids</span></span>, 1888, No. 5, pp. 15 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> (of + the separate reprint); <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Verspreide + Geschriften</span></span> (The Hague, 1912), iii. 569 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_426" name="note_426" + href="#noteref_426">426.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. G. F. Riedel, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De sluik- en + kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua</span></span> (The + Hague, 1886), p. 137.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_427" name="note_427" + href="#noteref_427">427.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. G. Dalyell, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The darker + Superstitions of Scotland</span></span> (Edinburgh, 1834), pp. + 637-639; C. de Mensignac, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Recherches ethnographiques sur la Salive et le + Crachat</span></span> (Bordeaux, 1892), p. 49 note.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_428" name="note_428" + href="#noteref_428">428.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Crooke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular Religion and + Folk-lore of Northern India</span></span> (Westminster, 1896), ii. + 281.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_429" name="note_429" + href="#noteref_429">429.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Crooke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 281 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_430" name="note_430" + href="#noteref_430">430.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">B. de Sahagun, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histoire des choses + de la Nouvelle Espagne</span></span>, traduite par D. Journdanet et + R. Siméon (Paris, 1880), p. 274.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_431" name="note_431" + href="#noteref_431">431.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, pp. <a href="#Pg102" class= + "tei tei-ref">102</a>, <a href="#Pg110" class= + "tei tei-ref">110</a>, <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref">117</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg135" class= + "tei tei-ref">135</a>, <a href="#Pg136" class= + "tei tei-ref">136</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_432" name="note_432" + href="#noteref_432">432.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Walter E. Roth, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">North Queensland + Ethnography, Bulletin, No. 5, Superstition, Magic, and + Medicine</span></span> (Brisbane, 1903), p. 27.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_433" name="note_433" + href="#noteref_433">433.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span> (London, 1911), p. 202.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_434" name="note_434" + href="#noteref_434">434.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Duloup, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Huit jours chez les M'Bengas,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Revue + d'Ethnographie</span></span>, ii. (1883), p. 223; compare P. + Barret, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">L'Afrique Occidentale</span></span> (Paris, + 1888), ii. 173.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_435" name="note_435" + href="#noteref_435">435.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fr. Kunstmann, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Valentin Ferdinand's Beschreibung der Serra + Leoa,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Abhandlungen der histor. Classe der könig. + Bayer. Akad. der Wissenschaften</span></span>, ix. (1866) pp. 131 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_436" name="note_436" + href="#noteref_436">436.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bruno Gutmann, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Feldbausitten und Wachstumsbräuche der + Wadschagga,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für Ethnologie</span></span>, xlv. + (1913), p. 496.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_437" name="note_437" + href="#noteref_437">437.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Velten, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sitten und Gebräuche + der Suaheli</span></span> (Göttingen, 1903), pp. 8 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> In + Java it is customary to plant a tree, for example, a coco-nut palm, + at the birth of a child, and when he grows up he reckons his age by + the age of the tree. See <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Annales de la Propagation de la + Foi</span></span>, iii. (Lyons and Paris, 1830) pp. 400 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_438" name="note_438" + href="#noteref_438">438.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Bastian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die deutsche + Expedition an der Loango-Küste</span></span> (Jena, 1874-1875), i. + 165.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_439" name="note_439" + href="#noteref_439">439.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Macdonald, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion and + Myth</span></span> (London, 1893), p. 178.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_440" name="note_440" + href="#noteref_440">440.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Trilles, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le Totémisme chez les + Fân</span></span> (Münster i. W., 1912), p. 570.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_441" name="note_441" + href="#noteref_441">441.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. John H. Weeks, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Among Congo + Cannibals</span></span> (London, 1913), p. 295.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_442" name="note_442" + href="#noteref_442">442.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span> (London, 1911), pp. 52, 54 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + Compare <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, i. 295 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; and for other examples of + burying the afterbirth or navel-string at the foot of a tree or + planting a young tree over these remains, see <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + pp. 182 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> In Kiziba, a district to + the west of Lake Victoria Nyanza, the afterbirth is similarly + regarded as a sort of human being. Hence when twins are born the + people speak of four children instead of two, reckoning the two + afterbirths as two children. See H. Rehse, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kiziba, Land und + Leute</span></span> (Stuttgart, 1910), p. 117. The conception of + the afterbirth and navel-string as spiritual doubles of the child + with whom they are born is held very firmly by the Kooboos, a + primitive tribe of Sumatra. We are told that among these people + <span class="tei tei-q">“a great vital power is ascribed to the + navel-string and afterbirth; because they are looked upon as + brother or sister of the infant, and though their bodies have not + come to perfection, yet their soul and spirit are just as normal as + those of the child and indeed have even reached a much higher stage + of development. The navel-string (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">oeri</span></span>) and afterbirth + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tĕm-boeni</span></span>) visit the man who was + born with them thrice a day and thrice by night till his death, or + they hover near him (<span class="tei tei-q">‘<span lang="nl" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="nl"><span style= + "font-style: italic">zweven voorbij hem + heen</span></span>’</span>). They are the good spirits, a sort of + guardian angels of the man who came into the world with them and + who lives on earth; they are said to guard him from all evil. Hence + it is that the Kooboo always thinks of his navel-string and + afterbirth (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">oeri-tĕmboeni</span></span>) before he goes to + sleep or to work, or undertakes a journey, and so on. Merely to + think of them is enough; there is no need to invoke them, or to ask + them anything, or to entreat them. By not thinking of them a man + deprives himself of their good care.”</span> Immediately after the + birth the navel-string and afterbirth are buried in the ground + close by the spot where the birth took place; and a ceremony is + performed over it, for were the ceremony omitted, the navel-string + and afterbirth, <span class="tei tei-q">“instead of being a good + spirit for the newly born child, might become an evil spirit for + him and visit him with all sorts of calamities out of spite for + this neglect.”</span> The nature of the ceremony performed over the + spot is not described by our authority. The navel-string and + afterbirth are often regarded by the Kooboos as one; their names + are always mentioned together. See G. J. van Dongen, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“De Koeboe in de Onderafdeeling Koeboe-streken der + Residentie Palembang,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde + van Nederlandsch-Indië</span></span>, lxiii. (1910) pp. 229 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_443" name="note_443" + href="#noteref_443">443.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Franz Stuhlmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mit Emin Pascha ins + Herz von Afrika</span></span> (Berlin, 1894), p. 653.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_444" name="note_444" + href="#noteref_444">444.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Bastian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ein Besuch in San + Salvador</span></span> (Bremen, 1859), pp. 103 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Der Mensch in der + Geschichte</span></span> (Leipsic, 1860), iii. 193.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_445" name="note_445" + href="#noteref_445">445.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. Taylor, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Te Ika a Maui, or New + Zealand and its Inhabitants</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (London, 1870), p. 184; Dumont D'Urville, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyage autour du + monde et à la recherche de La Pérouse sur la corvette + Astrolabe</span></span>, ii. 444.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_446" name="note_446" + href="#noteref_446">446.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. T. L. Travers, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes of the traditions and manners and customs of the + Mori-oris,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Transactions and Proceedings of the New + Zealand Institute</span></span>, ix. (1876) p. 22.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_447" name="note_447" + href="#noteref_447">447.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The late Rev. Lorimer Fison, in a + letter to me dated May 29th, 1901. Compare <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, i. 184.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_448" name="note_448" + href="#noteref_448">448.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">N. Annandale, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Customs of the Malayo-Siamese,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fasciculi + Malayenses</span></span>, Anthropology, part ii. (a) (May, 1904), + p. 5.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_449" name="note_449" + href="#noteref_449">449.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">B. F. Matthes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bijdragen tot de + Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes</span></span> (The Hague, 1875), p. + 59.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_450" name="note_450" + href="#noteref_450">450.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. van Eck, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Schetsen van het eiland Bali,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tijdschrift voor + Nederlandsch Indië</span></span>, N.S., ix. (1880) pp. 417 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_451" name="note_451" + href="#noteref_451">451.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. A. Wilken, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“De Simsonsage,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Gids</span></span>, 1888, No. 5, p. 26 (of the separate reprint); + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Verspreide + Geschriften</span></span> (The Hague, 1912), iii. 562.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_452" name="note_452" + href="#noteref_452">452.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M. C. Schadee, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Het familieleven en familierecht der Dajaks van Landak + en Tajan,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde + van Nederlandsch-Indië</span></span>, lxiii. (1910) p. 416.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_453" name="note_453" + href="#noteref_453">453.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. Grabowsky, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Die Theogenie der Dajaken auf Borneo,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Internationales Archiv für + Ethnographie</span></span>, v. (1892) p. 133.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_454" name="note_454" + href="#noteref_454">454.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Perham, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Manangism in Borneo,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</span></span>, No. 19 + (Singapore, 1887), p. 97; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, in H. Ling Roth, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo</span></span> (London, + 1896), i. 278.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_455" name="note_455" + href="#noteref_455">455.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Angelo de Gubernatis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mythologie des + Plantes</span></span> (Paris, 1878-1882), i. pp. xxviii. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_456" name="note_456" + href="#noteref_456">456.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, p. 50; H. Ploss, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Das + Kind</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Leipsic, 1884), i. + 79.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_457" name="note_457" + href="#noteref_457">457.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">K. Bartsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagen, Märchen und + Gebräuche aus Mecklenburg</span></span> (Vienna, 1879-1880), ii. p. + 43, § 63.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_458" name="note_458" + href="#noteref_458">458.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. S. Krauss, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Haarschurgodschaft bei den Südslaven,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Internationales Archiv für + Ethnographie</span></span>, vii. (1894) p. 193.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_459" name="note_459" + href="#noteref_459">459.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Karl Haupt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagenbuch der + Lausitz</span></span> (Leipsic, 1862-1863), ii. 129, No. 207.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_460" name="note_460" + href="#noteref_460">460.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Heilige Haine + und Bäume der Finnen,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Globus</span></span>, lix. (1891) p. 350. + Compare K. Rhamm, <span class="tei tei-q">“Der heidenische + Gottesdienst des finnischen Stammes,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Globus</span></span>, + lxvii. (1891) p. 344.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_461" name="note_461" + href="#noteref_461">461.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thomas Moore, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Life of Lord + Byron</span></span>, i. 101 (i. 148, in the collected edition of + Byron's works, London, 1832-1833).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_462" name="note_462" + href="#noteref_462">462.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. G. Lockhart, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Life of Sir Walter + Scott</span></span> (First Edition), vi. 283 (viii. 317, Second + Edition, Edinburgh, 1839).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_463" name="note_463" + href="#noteref_463">463.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sir Walter Scott's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal</span></span> + (First Edition, Edinburgh, 1890), ii. 282, with the editor's + note.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_464" name="note_464" + href="#noteref_464">464.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Letter of Miss A. H. Singleton to me, + dated Rathmagle House, Abbey Leix, Ireland, 24th February, + 1904.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_465" name="note_465" + href="#noteref_465">465.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Wagler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Eiche in alter + und neuer Zeit</span></span>, ii. (Berlin, 1891) pp. 85 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_466" name="note_466" + href="#noteref_466">466.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Woche</span></span>, Berlin, 31 August, + 1901, p. 3, with an illustration shewing the garden and the + tree.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_467" name="note_467" + href="#noteref_467">467.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Natur. + Hist.</span></span> xv. 120 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_468" name="note_468" + href="#noteref_468">468.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Suetonius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Divus + Vespasianus</span></span>, 5.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_469" name="note_469" + href="#noteref_469">469.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Gentleman's Magazine</span></span>, 1804, + p. 909; John Brand, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Popular Antiquities of Great + Britain</span></span> (London, 1882-1883), iii. 289.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_470" name="note_470" + href="#noteref_470">470.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gilbert White, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Natural History + of Selborne</span></span>, Part II. Letter 28 (Edinburgh, 1829), + pp. 239 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Francis Grose, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A Provincial + Glossary</span></span> (London, 1811), p. 290; J. Brand, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> iii. 287-292; R. Hunt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular Romances of + the West of England</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + (London, 1881), pp. 415, 421; W. G. Black, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-medicine</span></span> (London, 1883), + pp. 67 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. Wollaston Groome, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Suffolk Leechcraft,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, vi. (1895) pp. 123 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; E. S. Hartland, in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, vii. (1896) pp. + 303-306; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">County Folk-lore, Suffolk</span></span>, + edited by Lady E. C. Gurdon (London, 1893) pp. 26-28; Beatrix A. + Wherry, <span class="tei tei-q">“Miscellaneous Notes from + Monmouthshire,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xvi. (1905) p. 65; + Marie Trevelyan, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore and Folk-stories of + Wales</span></span> (London, 1909), p. 320. Sometimes the tree was + an oak instead of an ash (M. Trevelyan, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>). + To ensure the success of the cure various additional precautions + are sometimes recommended, as that the ash should be a maiden, that + is a tree that has never been topped or cut; that the split should + be made east and west; that the child should be passed into the + tree by a maiden and taken out on the other side by a boy; that the + child should always be passed through head foremost (but according + to others feet foremost), and so forth. In Surrey we hear of a + holly-tree being used instead of an ash (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Notes and + Queries</span></span>, Sixth Series, xi. Jan.-Jun. 1885, p. + 46).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_471" name="note_471" + href="#noteref_471">471.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Some West + Sussex superstitions lingering in 1868, collected by Charlotte + Latham, at Fittleworth,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-lore + Record</span></span>, i. (1878) pp. 40 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_472" name="note_472" + href="#noteref_472">472.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For the custom in Germany and Austria, + see J. Grimm, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Deutsche Mythologie</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + ii. 975 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. Wuttke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Der deutsche + Volksaberglaube</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Berlin, 1869), p. 317, § + 503; A. Kuhn und W. Schwartz, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nord-deutsche Sagen, Märchen und + Gebräuche</span></span> (Leipsic, 1848), pp. 443 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; J. + F. L. Woeste, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Volksüberlieferungen in der Grafschaft + Mark</span></span> (Iserlohn, 1848), p. 54; E. Meier, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche Sagen, + Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben</span></span> (Stuttgart, 1852), + p. 390, § 56; F. Panzer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie</span></span> + (Munich, 1848-1855), ii. 301; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des + Königreichs Bayern</span></span>, ii. (Munich, 1863) p. 255; J. A. + E. Köhler, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Volksbrauch, Aberglauben, Sagen und andre alte + Ueberlieferungen im Voigtlande</span></span> (Leipsic, 1867), pp. + 415 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; L. Strackerjan, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aberglaube und Sagen aus dem Herzogthum + Oldenburg</span></span> (Oldenburg, 1867), i. 72 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, § + 88; K. Bartsch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche aus + Mecklenburg</span></span> (Vienna, 1879-1880), ii. 290 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, § + 1447; J. Haltrich, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zur Volkskunde der Siebenbürger + Sachsen</span></span> (Vienna, 1885), p. 264; P. Wagler, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Eiche + in alter und neuer Zeit</span></span>, i. (Wurzen, 1891) pp. 21-23. + As to the custom in France, see Marcellus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + medicamentis</span></span>, xxxiii. 26 (where the tree is a + cherry); J. B. Thiers, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Traité des Superstitions</span></span> (Paris, + 1679), pp. 333 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. de Nore, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coutumes, Mythes et + Traditions des Provinces de France</span></span> (Paris and Lyons, + 1846), p. 231; L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bullétins de la + Société d'Anthropologie de Paris</span></span>, iv. série, i. + (1890) pp. 895-902; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Superstitions et + Survivances</span></span> (Paris, 1896), i. 523 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> As + to the custom in Denmark and Sweden, see J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 976; H. F. Feilberg, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Zwieselbäume nebst verwandtem Aberglauben + in Skandinavien,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift des Vereins für + Volkskunde</span></span>, vii. (1897) pp. 42 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> In + Mecklenburg it is sometimes required that the tree should have been + split by lightning (K. Bartsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>). + The whole subject of passing sick people through narrow apertures + as a mode of cure has been well handled in an elegant little + monograph (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Un Vieux Rite médical</span></span>, Paris, + 1892) by Monsieur H. Gaidoz, who rightly rejects the theory that + all such passages are symbols of a new birth. But I cannot agree + with him in thinking that the essence of the rite consists in the + transference of the disease from the person to the tree; rather, it + seems to me, the primary idea is that of interposing an impassable + barrier between a fugitive and his pursuing foe, though no doubt + the enemy thus left behind is apparently supposed to adhere to the + further side of the obstacle (whether tree, stone, or what not) + through which he cannot pass. However, the sympathetic relation + supposed to exist between the sufferer and the tree through which + he has been passed certainly favours the view that he has left some + portion of himself attached to the tree. But in this as in many + similar cases, the ideas in the minds of the persons who practise + the custom are probably vague, confused, and inconsistent; and we + need not attempt to define them precisely. Compare also R. Andree, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ethnographische Parallelen und + Vergleiche</span></span> (Stuttgart, 1878), pp. 31 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; E. + S. Hartland, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Legend of Perseus</span></span> (London, + 1894-1896), ii. 146 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Superstitions et Survivances</span></span> + (Paris, 1896), i. 523-540.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_473" name="note_473" + href="#noteref_473">473.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. Strackerjan, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>; + K. Bartsch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_474" name="note_474" + href="#noteref_474">474.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Meier, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bavaria, + Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern</span></span>, ii. + 255; A. Wuttke, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_475" name="note_475" + href="#noteref_475">475.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. F. Feilberg, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Zwieselbäume nebst verwandtem Aberglauben in + Skandinavien,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift des Vereins für + Volkskunde</span></span>, vii. (1897) p. 44.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_476" name="note_476" + href="#noteref_476">476.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Theodore Bent, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Cyclades</span></span> (London, 1885), pp. 457 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_477" name="note_477" + href="#noteref_477">477.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Ploss, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Das + Kind</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Leipsic, 1884), ii. + 221.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_478" name="note_478" + href="#noteref_478">478.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. Baier, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Beiträge von der Insel Rügen,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + deutsche Mythologie und Sittenkunde</span></span>, ii. (1855) p. + 141.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_479" name="note_479" + href="#noteref_479">479.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Manuk Abeghian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Der armenische + Volksglaube</span></span> (Leipsic, 1899), p. 58.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_480" name="note_480" + href="#noteref_480">480.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fr. Kramer, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Der Götzendienst der Niasser,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tijdschrift voor + Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde</span></span>, xxxiii. (1890) + pp. 478-480; H. Sundermann, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Insel Nias und die Mission + daselbst</span></span> (Barmen, 1905), pp. 81-83. According to the + latter writer the intention of passing through the cleft stick is + <span class="tei tei-q">“to strip off from himself (<span lang="de" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">von zich abzustreifen</span></span>) the last + spirit that may have followed him.”</span> The notion that the sun + causes death by drawing away the souls of the living is Indian. See + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Satapatha Brâhmana</span></span>, ii. 3. 3. 7-8, translated by + Julius Eggeling, Part I. (Oxford, 1882) p. 343 (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sacred Books of the + East</span></span>, vol. xii.): <span class="tei tei-q">“Now yonder + burning (sun) doubtless is no other than Death; and because he is + Death, therefore the creatures that are on this side of him die. + But those that are on the other side of him are the gods, and they + are therefore immortal.... And the breath of whomsoever he (the + sun) wishes he takes and rises, and that one dies.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_481" name="note_481" + href="#noteref_481">481.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fr. Boas, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Seventh Report on the + North-Western Tribes of Canada</span></span>, p. 13 (separate + reprint from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Report of the British + Association</span></span>, Cardiff meeting, 1891). The Shuswap + Indians of the same region also fence their beds against ghosts + with a hedge of thorn bushes. See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taboo and the Perils + of the Soul</span></span>, p. 142.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_482" name="note_482" + href="#noteref_482">482.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Hose, <span class="tei tei-q">“In + the heart of Borneo,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Geographical Journal</span></span>, xvi. + (1900) pp. 45 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Compare C. Hose and W. + McDougall, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Pagan Tribes of Borneo</span></span> + (London, 1912), ii. 36 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, where, after describing the + ceremony of passing through the cloven stick, the writers add: + <span class="tei tei-q">“In this way the Kayans symbolically + prevent any of the uncanny influences of the graveyard following + the party back to the house; though they do not seem to be clear as + to whether it is the ghosts of the dead, or the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Toh</span></span> of the neighbourhood, or + those which may have contributed to his death, against whom these + precautions are taken.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_483" name="note_483" + href="#noteref_483">483.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De agri + cultura</span></span>, 159 (pp. 106 sq. ed. H. Keil, Leipsic, + 1884): <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Luxum siquod est, hac cantione sanum fiet. + Harundinem prende tibi viridem P. III. aut quinque longam, mediam + diffinde, et duo homines teneant ad coxendices. Incipe cantare in + alio s. f. moetas vaeta daries dardaries asiadarides una petes, + usque dum coeant. Motas vaeta daries dardares astataries + dissunapiter, usque dum coeant. Ferrum insuper jactato. Ubi + coierint et altera alteram tetigerint, id manu prehende et dextera + sinistra praecide, ad luxum aut ad fracturam alliga, sanum + fiet.</span></span>”</span> The passage is obscure and perhaps + corrupt. It is not clear whether <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">usque dum + coeant</span></span>”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">ubi + coierint</span></span>”</span> refer to the drawing together of the + bones or of the split portions of the reed, but apparently the + reference is to the reed. The charm is referred to by Pliny, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span>, xvii. 267: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Quippe cum averti grandines + carmine credant plerique, cujus verba inserere non equidem serio + ausim, quamquam a Catone proditis contra luxata membra jungenda + harundinum fissurae.</span></span>”</span> Compare J. Grimm, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> i. 186, ii. 1031 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_484" name="note_484" + href="#noteref_484">484.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pinabel, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes sur quelques peuplades dépendant du + Tong-King,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bulletin de la Société de + Géographie</span></span>, Septième Série, v. (Paris, 1884) p. 430; + A. Bourlet, <span class="tei tei-q">“Funérailles chez les + Thay,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anthropos</span></span>, viii. (1913) p. + 45.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_485" name="note_485" + href="#noteref_485">485.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">S. Krascheninnikow, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beschreibung des + Landes Kamtschatka</span></span> (Lemgo, 1766), pp. 268, 282.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_486" name="note_486" + href="#noteref_486">486.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">N. Adriani en Alb. C. Kruijt, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Van Posso naar Parigi, Sigi en + Lindoe,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche + Zendelinggenootschap</span></span>, xlii. (1898) p. 502. The poles + are of a certain plant or tree called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bomba</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_487" name="note_487" + href="#noteref_487">487.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Alb. C. Kruijt, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Eenige ethnografische aanteekeningen omtrent de + Toboengkoe en de Tomori,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mededeelingen van + wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap</span></span>, xliv. + (1900) p. 223.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_488" name="note_488" + href="#noteref_488">488.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For examples of these ceremonies I may + refer to my article, <span class="tei tei-q">“On certain burial + customs as illustrative of the primitive theory of the + soul,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xv. (1886) pp. 64 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_489" name="note_489" + href="#noteref_489">489.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">S. Krascheninnikow, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beschreibung des + Landes Kamtschatka</span></span> (Lemgo, 1766), pp. 277 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_490" name="note_490" + href="#noteref_490">490.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. H. Furness, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-lore in Borneo, + a Sketch</span></span>, p. 28 (Wallingford, Pennsylvania, 1899, + privately printed). Compare <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Home-life of + Borneo Head-hunters</span></span> (Philadelphia, 1902), p. 28: + <span class="tei tei-q">“Here a halt for final purification was + made. An arch of boughs about five feet high was erected on the + beach, and beneath it a fire was kindled, and then Tama Bulan, + holding a young chicken, which he waved and brushed over every + portion of the arch, invoked all evil spirits which had been + accompanying us, and forbade them to follow us further through the + fire. The fowl was then killed, its blood smeared all over the + archway and sprinkled in the fire; then, led by Tama Bulan, the + whole party filed under the arch, and as they stepped over the fire + each one spat in it vociferously and immediately took his place in + the boats.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_491" name="note_491" + href="#noteref_491">491.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">T. F. Thiselton Dyer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English + Folk-lore</span></span> (London, 1884), pp. 171 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. + G. Black, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-medicine</span></span> (London, 1883), p. + 70; R. Hunt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Popular Romances of the West of + England</span></span>, Third Edition (London, 1881), pp. 412, 415; + Marie Trevelyan, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore and Folk-stories of + Wales</span></span> (London, 1909), p. 320.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_492" name="note_492" + href="#noteref_492">492.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. de Nore, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coutumes, Mythes et + Traditions des Provinces de France</span></span> (Paris and Lyons, + 1846), p. 152; H. Gaidoz, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Un Vieux Rite médical</span></span> (Paris, + 1892), pp. 7 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_493" name="note_493" + href="#noteref_493">493.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Strausz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Bulgaren</span></span> (Leipsic, 1898), p. 414.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_494" name="note_494" + href="#noteref_494">494.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Strausz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 404. As to the Bulgarian custom of creeping + through a tunnel in a time of epidemic, see above, vol. i. pp. + 282-284.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_495" name="note_495" + href="#noteref_495">495.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central + Africa</span></span> (London, 1874), i. 60.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_496" name="note_496" + href="#noteref_496">496.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span> (London, 1911), p. 343. Compare <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Notes on the Manners and Customs of the + Baganda,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xxxi. (1901) p. 126; id., <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the + Baganda,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xxxii. (1902) pp. 42 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_497" name="note_497" + href="#noteref_497">497.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ch. Keysser, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Aus dem Leben der Kaileute,”</span> in R. Neuhauss's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsch + Neu-Guinea</span></span>, iii. (Berlin, 1911) pp. 141 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_498" name="note_498" + href="#noteref_498">498.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Kreemer, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“De Loeboes in Mandailing,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bijdragen tot de + Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indie</span></span>, + lxvi. (1912) p. 327.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_499" name="note_499" + href="#noteref_499">499.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hermann Tönjes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ovamboland, Land, + Leute, Mission</span></span> (Berlin, 1911), pp. 139 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The + writer was unable to ascertain the meaning of the rite; the natives + would only say that it was their custom.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_500" name="note_500" + href="#noteref_500">500.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Karasek, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Waschambo,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baessler-Archiv</span></span>, i. (Leipsic and + Berlin, 1911) p. 192.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_501" name="note_501" + href="#noteref_501">501.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. F. Feilberg, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Zwieselbäume nebst verwandtem Aberglauben in + Skandinavien,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift des Vereins für + Volkskunde</span></span>, vii. (1897) pp. 49 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_502" name="note_502" + href="#noteref_502">502.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. F. Feilberg, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 44.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_503" name="note_503" + href="#noteref_503">503.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. G. Dalyell, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Darker + Superstitions of Scotland</span></span> (Edinburgh, 1834), p. 121; + Ch. Rogers, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Social Life in Scotland</span></span> + (Edinburgh, 1884-1886), iii. 239.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_504" name="note_504" + href="#noteref_504">504.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">John Ramsay of Ochtertyre, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scotland + and Scotsmen in the Eighteenth Century</span></span>, edited by A. + Allardyce, (Edinburgh and London, 1888), ii. 454. Immediately after + mentioning this custom the writer adds: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“And in Breadalbane it is the custom for the dairymaid + to drive the cattle to the sheals with a wand of that tree [the + rowan] cut upon the day of removal, which is laid above the door + until the cattle be going back again to the winter-town. This was + reckoned a preservative against witchcraft.”</span> As to the + activity of witches and fairies on Hallowe'en and the first of May, + see above, vol. i. pp. 226 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 295; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 52 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + J. G. Campbell, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Superstitions of the Highlands and Islands of + Scotland</span></span> (Glasgow, 1900), p. 18; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Witchcraft and Second Sight in the Highlands + and Islands of Scotland</span></span> (Glasgow, 1902), p. 270. As + to the power of the rowan-tree to counteract their spells, see W. + Gregor, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Notes on the Folk-lore of the North-East of + Scotland</span></span> (London, 1881), p. 188; J. C. Atkinson, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Forty + Years in a Moorland Parish</span></span> (London, 1891), pp. 97 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Scapegoat</span></span>, pp. 266 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_505" name="note_505" + href="#noteref_505">505.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. Strackerjan, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aberglaube und Sagen + aus dem Herzogthum Oldenburg</span></span> (Oldenburg, 1867), i. p. + 364, § 241.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_506" name="note_506" + href="#noteref_506">506.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. Strackerjan, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> i. p. 364, § 240.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_507" name="note_507" + href="#noteref_507">507.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lieutenant-Colonel H. W. G. Cole, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Lushais,”</span> in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Census of + India</span></span>, 1911, vol. iii. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Assam</span></span>, + Part i. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Report</span></span> (Shillong, 1912), p. + 140.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_508" name="note_508" + href="#noteref_508">508.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Franz Boas, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eleventh Report on + the North-Western Tribes of Canada</span></span>, pp. 3 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> (separate reprint from the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Report of + the British Association for the Advancement of + Science</span></span>, Liverpool meeting, 1896).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_509" name="note_509" + href="#noteref_509">509.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. G. E. White, Dean of Anatolia + College, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Survivals of Primitive Religion among the + People of Asia Minor</span></span>, p. 12 (paper read before the + Victoria Institute or Philosophical Society of Great Britain, 6 + Adelphi Terrace, Strand, London).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_510" name="note_510" + href="#noteref_510">510.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">John Ramsay, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scotland and Scotsmen + in the Eighteenth Century</span></span>, edited by Alex. Allardyce + (Edinburgh, 1888), ii. 451 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_511" name="note_511" + href="#noteref_511">511.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. G. Campbell, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Witchcraft and Second + Sight in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland</span></span> + (Glasgow, 1902), p. 100.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_512" name="note_512" + href="#noteref_512">512.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mr. James S. Greig, in a letter to me + dated Lindean, Perth Road, Dundee, 17th August, 1913.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_513" name="note_513" + href="#noteref_513">513.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Borlase, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antiquities, + historical and monumental, of the County of Cornwall</span></span> + (London, 1769), pp. 177 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_514" name="note_514" + href="#noteref_514">514.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Robert Hunt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular Romances of + the West of England</span></span>, Third Edition (London, 1881), + pp. 176, 415.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_515" name="note_515" + href="#noteref_515">515.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thomas-de-Saint-Mars, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Fête de Saint Estapin,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mémoires de la + Société Royale des Antiquaires de France</span></span>, i. (1817) + pp. 428-430.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_516" name="note_516" + href="#noteref_516">516.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Deniker, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Dolmen et superstitions,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bulletins et Mémoires + de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris</span></span>, v. série, i. + (1900) p. 111. Compare H. Gaidoz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Un Vieux Rite + médical</span></span> (Paris, 1892), pp. 26 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; G. + Fouju, <span class="tei tei-q">“Légendes et Superstitions + préhistoriques,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Revue des Traditions Populaires</span></span>, + xiv. (1899) pp. 477 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_517" name="note_517" + href="#noteref_517">517.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. Panzer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beitrag zur deutschen + Mythologie</span></span> (Munich, 1848-1855), ii. 48 § 61.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_518" name="note_518" + href="#noteref_518">518.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. Panzer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 431 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_519" name="note_519" + href="#noteref_519">519.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Marie Andree-Eysn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Volkskundliches aus + dem bayrisch-österreichischen Alpengebiet</span></span> (Brunswick, + 1910), pp. 1, 9, with the illustrations on pp. 10, 11.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_520" name="note_520" + href="#noteref_520">520.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. Panzer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beitrag zur deutschen + Mythologie</span></span>, ii. 431.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_521" name="note_521" + href="#noteref_521">521.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Theodore Bent, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Cyclades</span></span> (London, 1885), p. 437.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_522" name="note_522" + href="#noteref_522">522.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. H. Carnoy et J. Nicolaides, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Traditions populaires de l'Asie + Mineure</span></span> (Paris, 1889), p. 338.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_523" name="note_523" + href="#noteref_523">523.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. George E. White (of Marsovan, + Turkey), <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Present Day Sacrifices in Asia + Minor</span></span>, p. 3 (reprinted from <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Hartford Seminary + Record</span></span>, February 1906).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_524" name="note_524" + href="#noteref_524">524.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Central Provinces, Ethnographic + Survey</span></span>, vii. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Draft Articles on Forest Tribes</span></span> + (Allahabad, 1911), p. 46.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_525" name="note_525" + href="#noteref_525">525.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">So my friend Dr. G. W. Prothero + informs me in a letter.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_526" name="note_526" + href="#noteref_526">526.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Census of India, 1911</span></span>, vol. xiv. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Punjab</span></span>, Part i. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Report</span></span>, + by Pandit Harikishan Kaul (Lahore, 1912), p. 302.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_527" name="note_527" + href="#noteref_527">527.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Gaidoz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Un Vieux Rite + médical</span></span> (Paris, 1892), p. 10.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_528" name="note_528" + href="#noteref_528">528.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Gaidoz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 21.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_529" name="note_529" + href="#noteref_529">529.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Gaidoz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Un Vieux Rite + médical</span></span> (Paris, 1892), p. 21. Compare J. Grimm, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 975 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_530" name="note_530" + href="#noteref_530">530.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. F. Feilberg, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Zwieselbäume nebst verwandtem Aberglaube in + Skandinavien,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift des Vereins für + Volkskunde</span></span>, vii. (1897) p. 45.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_531" name="note_531" + href="#noteref_531">531.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Gaidoz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Un Vieux Rite + médical</span></span> (Paris, 1892), pp. 22 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + referring to Nyrop, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dania</span></span>, i. No. 1 (Copenhagen, + 1890), pp. 5 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_532" name="note_532" + href="#noteref_532">532.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. John Campbell, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels in South + Africa, Second Journey</span></span> (London, 1822), ii. 346. Among + the same people <span class="tei tei-q">“when a person is ill, they + bring an ox to the place where he is laid. Two cuts are then made + in one of its legs, extending down the whole length of it. The skin + in the middle of the leg being raised up, the operator thrusts in + his hand, to make way for that of the sick person, whose whole body + is afterwards rubbed over with the blood of the animal. The ox + after enduring this torment is killed, and those who are married + and have children, as in the other case, are the only partakers of + the feast.”</span> (J. Campbell, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 346 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>). Here the intention seems + to be not so much to transfer the disease to the ox, as to + transfuse the healthy life of the beast into the veins of the sick + man. The same is perhaps true of the Welsh and French cure for + whooping-cough, which consists in passing the little sufferer + several times under an ass. See J. Brand, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular Antiquities + of Great Britain</span></span> (London, 1882-1883), iii. 288; L. J. + B. Bérenger-Féraud, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bulletins de la Société d'Anthropologie de + Paris</span></span>, Quatrième Série, i. (1890) p. 897; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Superstitions et + Survivances</span></span> (Paris, 1896), i. 526. The same cure for + whooping-cough <span class="tei tei-q">“is also practised in + Ireland; only here the sufferer is passed round, that is, over and + under, the body of an ass”</span> (letter of Miss A. H. Singleton + to me, dated Rathmagle House, Abbey-Leix, Ireland, 24th February + 1904). But perhaps the intention rather is to give the + whooping-cough to the animal; for it might reasonably be thought + that the feeble whoop of the sick child would neither seriously + impair the lungs, nor perceptibly augment the stentorian bray, of + the donkey.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_533" name="note_533" + href="#noteref_533">533.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Oldenberg, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Religion des + Veda</span></span> (Berlin, 1894), p. 495. According to a fuller + account, Indra drew her through three holes, that of a war-chariot, + that of a cart, and that of a yoke. See W. Caland, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Altindisches + Zauberritual</span></span> (Amsterdam, 1900), p. 31 note 5.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_534" name="note_534" + href="#noteref_534">534.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dr. E. Werner, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Im westlichen Finsterregebirge und an der Nordküste + von Deutsch-Neuginea,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Petermanns Mitteilungen</span></span>, lv. + (1909) pp. 74 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Among some tribes of + South-Eastern Australia it was customary at the ceremonies of + initiation to bend growing saplings into arches and compel the + novices to pass under them; sometimes the youths had to crawl on + the ground to get through. See A. W. Howitt, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“On some Australian ceremonies of Initiation,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xiii. (1884) p. + 445; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native Tribes of + South-East Australia</span></span> (London, 1904), p. 536.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_535" name="note_535" + href="#noteref_535">535.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Livy iii. 28, ix. 6, x. 36; Dionysius + Halicarnasensis, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Antiquit. Roman.</span></span> iii. 22. 7. The + so-called yoke in this case consisted of two spears or two beams + set upright in the ground, with a third spear or beam laid + transversely across them. See Livy iii. 28; Dionysius + Halicarnasensis, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_536" name="note_536" + href="#noteref_536">536.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Livy i. 26: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Itaque, ut caedes manifesta + aliquo tamen piaculo lueretur, imperatum patri, ut filium expiaret + pecunia publica. Is quibusdam piacularibus sacrificiis factis, quae + deinde genti Horatiae tradita sunt, transmisso per viam tigillo + capite adoperto velut sub jugum misit juvenem. Id hodie quoque + publice semper refectum manet; sororium tigillum + vocant</span></span>;”</span> Festus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Sororium Tigillum,”</span> pp. 297, 307, + ed. C. O. Müller (Leipsic, 1839); Dionysius Halicarnasensis, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antiquit. + Roman.</span></span> iii. 22. The position of the beam is described + exactly by the last of these writers, who had evidently seen it. + According to Festus, the yoke under which Horatius passed was + composed of three beams, two uprights, and a cross-piece. The + similarity of the ceremony to that which was exacted from conquered + foes is noted by Dionysius Halicarnasensis as well as by Livy. The + tradition of the purification has been rightly explained by Dr. W. + H. Roscher with reference to the custom of passing through cleft + trees, holed stones, and so on. See W. H. Roscher, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ausführliches Lexikon + der griech. und röm. Mythologie</span></span>, ii. (Leipsic, + 1890-1897) col. 21. Compare G. Wissowa, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion und Kultus + der Römer</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Munich, 1912), p. + 104.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_537" name="note_537" + href="#noteref_537">537.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Taboo and the Perils of the + Soul</span></span>, pp. 165 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_538" name="note_538" + href="#noteref_538">538.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Natur. + Histor.</span></span> xv. 135: <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Quia suffimentum sit caedis hostium et + purgatio</span></span>.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_539" name="note_539" + href="#noteref_539">539.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cicero, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">In + Pisonem</span></span>, xxiii. 55; Josephus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bellum + Judaicum</span></span>, vii. 5. 4.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_540" name="note_540" + href="#noteref_540">540.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It was not till after I had given this + conjectural explanation of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Sister's + Beam”</span> and the triumphal arch at Rome that I read the article + of Mr. W. Warde Fowler, <span class="tei tei-q">“Passing under the + Yoke”</span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Classical Review</span></span>, March + 1913, pp. 48-51), in which he quite independently suggests + practically the same explanation of both these Roman structures. I + have left my exposition, except for one or two trivial verbal + changes, exactly as it stood before I was aware that my friend had + anticipated me in both conjectures. The closeness of the + coincidence between our views is a welcome confirmation of their + truth. As to the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Porta + Triumphalis</span></span>, the exact position of which is + uncertain, Mr. Warde Fowler thinks that it was not a gate in the + walls, but an archway standing by itself in the Campus Martius + outside the city walls. He points out that in the oldest existing + triumphal arch, that of Augustus at Ariminum, the most striking + part of the structure consists of two upright Corinthian pillars + with an architrave laid horizontally across them; and he + ingeniously conjectures that we have here a reminiscence of the two + uprights and the cross-piece, which, if our theory is correct, was + the original form both of the triumphal arch and of the yoke.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_541" name="note_541" + href="#noteref_541">541.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Professor V. M. Mikhailoviskij, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Shamanism in Siberia and European + Russia,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xxiv. (1895) pp. 133, 134.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_542" name="note_542" + href="#noteref_542">542.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Th. Parkinson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Yorkshire Legends and + Traditions</span></span>, Second Series (London, 1889), pp. 160 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_543" name="note_543" + href="#noteref_543">543.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, vol. i. pp. 315 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_544" name="note_544" + href="#noteref_544">544.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">B. F. Matthes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Makassaarsch-Hollandsch + Woordenboek</span></span> (Amsterdam, 1859), <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">soemāñgá</span></span>, p. 569; G. A. Wilken, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Het animisme bij de volken van den + Indischen Archipel,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De Indische Gids</span></span>, June 1884, p. + 933; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Verspreide + Geschriften</span></span> (The Hague, 1912), iii. 12.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_545" name="note_545" + href="#noteref_545">545.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. H. Codrington, D.D., <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Melanesians</span></span> (Oxford, 1891), pp. 250 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + Compare <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on the Customs of Mota, Banks Islands,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal + Society of Victoria</span></span>, xvi. (1880) p. 136.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_546" name="note_546" + href="#noteref_546">546.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. H. R. Rivers, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Totemism in Polynesia and Melanesia,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Royal Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xxxix. (1909) + p. 177. Dr. Rivers cites a recent case of a man who had a large + lizard for his <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tamaniu</span></span>. The animal lived in the + roots of a big banyan-tree; when the man was ill, the lizard also + seemed unwell; and when the man died, the tree fell, which was + deemed a sign that the lizard also was dead.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_547" name="note_547" + href="#noteref_547">547.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">George Brown, D.D., <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Melanesians and + Polynesians</span></span> (London, 1910), p. 177. The case was + known to Dr. Brown, who made notes of it. The part of Melanesia + where it happened was probably the Duke of York Island or New + Britain.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_548" name="note_548" + href="#noteref_548">548.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Totemismus + auf den Marshall-Inseln (Südsee),”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anthropos</span></span>, viii. (1913) p. + 251.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_549" name="note_549" + href="#noteref_549">549.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Much of the following evidence has + already been cited by me in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Totemism and Exogamy</span></span>, ii. 593 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_550" name="note_550" + href="#noteref_550">550.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herbert Ward, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Five Years with the + Congo Cannibals</span></span> (London, 1890), p. 53.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_551" name="note_551" + href="#noteref_551">551.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Notes Analytiques sur les Collections + ethnographiques du Musée du Congo</span></span>, i. (Brussels, + 1902-1906) p. 150.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_552" name="note_552" + href="#noteref_552">552.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Father H. Trilles, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Chez les Fangs,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les Missions + Catholiques</span></span>, xxx. (1898) p. 322; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le + Totémisme chez les Fâṅ</span></span> (Münster i. W. 1912), pp. 473 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_553" name="note_553" + href="#noteref_553">553.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Father H. Trilles, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le Totémisme chez les + Fâṅ</span></span> (Münster i. W. 1912), pp. 167 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 438 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 484-489. The description of + the rite of blood-brotherhood contracted with the animal is quoted + by Father Trilles (pp. 486 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>) from a work by Mgr. Buléon, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sous le + ciel d'Afrique, Récits d'un Missionnaire</span></span>, pp. 88 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> Father Trilles's own + observations and enquiries confirm the account given by Mgr. + Buléon. But the story of an alliance contracted between a man or + woman and a ferocious wild beast and cemented by the blood of the + high contracting parties is no doubt a mere fable devised by + wizards and witches in order to increase their reputation by + imposing on the credulity of the simple.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_554" name="note_554" + href="#noteref_554">554.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Alfred Mansfeld, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Urwald-Dokumente, + vier Jahre unter den Crossflussnegern Kameruns</span></span> + (Berlin, 1908), pp. 220 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_555" name="note_555" + href="#noteref_555">555.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Keller (missionary), <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ueber das Land und Volk der Balong,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsches + Kolonialblatt</span></span>, 1 Oktober 1895, p. 484; H. Seidel, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Ethnographisches aus Nordost + Kamerun,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Globus</span></span>, lxix. (1896) p. + 277.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_556" name="note_556" + href="#noteref_556">556.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">John Parkinson, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Note on the Asaba People (Ibos) of the Niger,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xxxvi. (1906) pp. + 314 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_557" name="note_557" + href="#noteref_557">557.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Charles Partridge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cross River + Natives</span></span> (London, 1905), pp. 225 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_558" name="note_558" + href="#noteref_558">558.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Miss Mary H. Kingsley, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels in West + Africa</span></span> (London, 1897), pp. 459-461. The lamented + authoress was kind enough to give me in conversation (1st June + 1897) some details which do not appear in her book; among these are + the statements, which I have embodied in the text, that the bush + soul is never a domestic animal, and that when a man knows what + kind of creature his bush soul is, he will not kill an animal of + that species and will strongly object to any one else doing so. + Miss Kingsley was not able to say whether persons who have the same + sort of bush soul are allowed or forbidden to marry each + other.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_559" name="note_559" + href="#noteref_559">559.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">John Parkinson, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on the Efik Belief in <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Bush-soul,’</span> ”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Man</span></span>, + vi. (1906) pp. 121 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, No. 80. Mr. Henshaw is a + member of the highest grade of the secret society of Egbo.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_560" name="note_560" + href="#noteref_560">560.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. Hugh Goldie, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Calabar and its + Mission</span></span>, New Edition (Edinburgh and London, 1901), + pp. 51 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Compare Major A. G. Leonard, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Lower + Niger and its Tribes</span></span> (London, 1906), p. 217: + <span class="tei tei-q">“When Efik or waterside Ibo see a dead fish + floating in the water of the kind called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Edidim</span></span> by the former and + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Elili</span></span> by the latter—a variety of + the electric species—they believe it to be a bad omen, generally + signifying that some one belonging to the house will die, the man + who first sees it becoming the victim according to Ibo belief. The + only reason that is assigned for this lugubrious forecast is the + fact that one of the souls of the departed is in the dead + fish—that, in fact, the relationship or affinity existing between + the soul essence that had animated the fish and that of one of the + members of the household was so intimate that the death of the one + was bound to effect the death of the other.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_561" name="note_561" + href="#noteref_561">561.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Amaury Talbot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">In the Shadow of the + Bush</span></span> (London, 1912), pp. 80-87. The Ekoi name for a + man who has the power of sending out his spirit into the form of + some animal is <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">efumi</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, p. + 71 note). A certain chief named Agbashan, a great elephant hunter, + is believed to have the power of transforming himself into an + elephant; and <span class="tei tei-q">“a man of considerable + intelligence, educated in England, the brother of a member of the + Legislative Council for one of the West African Colonies, offered + to take oath that he had seen Agbashan not only in his elephant + form, but while actually undergoing the metamorphosis”</span> + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, pp. 82 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>). + In this case, therefore, the man seems to have felt no scruples at + hunting the animals in one of which his own bush soul might be + lodged.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_562" name="note_562" + href="#noteref_562">562.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Letter of Mr. P. Amaury Talbot to me, + dated Eket, North Calabar, Southern Nigeria, April 3d, 1913.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_563" name="note_563" + href="#noteref_563">563.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Miss Mary H. Kingsley, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels in West + Africa</span></span> (London, 1897), pp. 538 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_564" name="note_564" + href="#noteref_564">564.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. H. Robinson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hausaland</span></span> (London, 1896), pp. 36 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_565" name="note_565" + href="#noteref_565">565.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. F. J. Fitzpatrick (Assistant + Resident, Northern Nigeria), <span class="tei tei-q">“Some Notes on + the Kwolla District and its Tribes,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + African Society</span></span>, No. 37, October, 1910, p. 30.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_566" name="note_566" + href="#noteref_566">566.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Extract from a Report by Captain + Foulkes to the British Colonial Office. My thanks are due to Mr. N. + W. Thomas for sending me the extract and to the authorities of the + Colonial Office for their permission to publish it.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_567" name="note_567" + href="#noteref_567">567.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Daily Graphic</span></span>, Tuesday, + October 7th, 1902, p. 3.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_568" name="note_568" + href="#noteref_568">568.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. W. C. Willoughby, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on the Totemism of the Becwana,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xxxv. (1905) p. + 300. The writer adds that he found a similar belief as to the + sympathetic relation between a wounded crocodile and the man who + wounded it very general among the Wanyamwezi, who, in 1882, were + living under Mirambo about two hundred miles south of Lake Victoria + Nyanza and a hundred miles east of Lake Tanganyika.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_569" name="note_569" + href="#noteref_569">569.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">F. Speckmann, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Hermannsburger Mission in Africa</span></span> (Hermannsburg, + 1876) p. 167. Compare David Leslie, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Among the Zulus and + Amatongas</span></span>, Second Edition (Edinburgh, 1875) pp. 47 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Kaffirs believe that after death their spirits + turn into a snake, which they call <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ehlose</span></span>, and that every living + man has two of these familiar spirits—a good and a bad. When + everything they undertake goes wrong with them, such as hunting, + cattle-breeding, etc., they say they know that it is their + enemies who are annoying them, and that they are only to be + appeased by sacrificing an animal; but when everything prospers, + they ascribe it to their good <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ehlose</span></span> being in the + ascendant”</span>; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 148: <span class="tei tei-q">“When in + battle two men are fighting, their snakes (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mahloze</span></span>) are poetically said + to be twisting and biting each other overhead. One <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘softens’</span> and goes down, and the man, whose + attendant it is, goes down with it. Everything is ascribed to + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ehlose</span></span>. If he fails in + anything, his <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ehlose</span></span> is bad; if successful, + it is good.... It is this thing which is the inducing cause of + everything. In fact, nothing in Zulu is admitted to arise from + natural causes; everything is ascribed to witchcraft or the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ehlose</span></span>.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is not all + serpents that are <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">amadhlozi</span></span> (plural of + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">idhlozi</span></span>), that is, are the + transformed spirits of the dead. Serpents which are dead men may + easily be distinguished from common snakes, for they frequent + huts; they do not eat mice, and they are not afraid of people. If + a man in his life had a scar, his serpent after his death will + also have a scar; if he had only one eye, his serpent will have + only one eye; if he was lame, his serpent will be lame too. That + is how you can recognise So-and-So in his serpent form. Chiefs do + not turn into the same kind of snakes as ordinary people. For + common folk become harmless snakes with green and white bellies + and very small heads; but kings become boa-constrictors or the + large and deadly black <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mamba</span></span>. See Rev. Henry + Callaway, M.D., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Religions System of the + Amazulu</span></span>, Part ii. (Capetown, London, etc., 1869) + pp. 134 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 140, 196-202, 205, + 208-211, 231. <span class="tei tei-q">“The <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ehlose</span></span> of Chaka and other dead + kings is the Boa-constrictor, or the large and deadly black + Mamba, whichever the doctors decide. That of dead Queens is the + tree Iguana”</span> (David Leslie, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 213). Compare Rev. Joseph Shooter, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Kafirs of Natal and the Zulu Country</span></span> (London, + 1857), pp. 161 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. R. Gordon, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Words about Spirits,”</span> + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">South + African</span></span>) <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore Journal</span></span>, ii. (Cape + Town, 1880) pp. 101-103; W. Grant, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Magato and his Tribe,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xxxv. (1905) p. 270. A + word which is sometimes confounded with <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">idhlozi</span></span> is <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">itongo</span></span> (plural <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">amatongo</span></span>); but the natives + themselves when closely questioned distinguish between the two. + See Dudley Kidd, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Savage Childhood, a Study of Kafir + Children</span></span> (London, 1906), pp. 14 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 281-286. The notion that the spirits of the dead appear in the + form of serpents is widespread in Africa. See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adonis, Attis, + Osiris</span></span>, Second Edition, pp. 73 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + Dr. F. B. Jevons has suggested that the Roman <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">genius</span></span>, the guardian-spirit + which accompanied a man from birth to death (Censorinus, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De die + natali</span></span>, 3) and was commonly represented in the form + of a snake, may have been an external soul. See F. B. Jevons, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Plutarch's Romane Questions</span></span> + (London, 1892) pp. xlvii. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Introduction to the History of + Religion</span></span> (London, 1896), pp. 186 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + L. Preller, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Römische + Mythologie</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> (Berlin, 1881-1883), ii. + 195 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; G. Wissowa, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion und Kultus + der Römer</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Munich, 1912), pp. 176 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></p> + </dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_570" name="note_570" + href="#noteref_570">570.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. H. Bancroft, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Native Races of + the Pacific Coast</span></span> (London, 1875-1876), i. 661. The + words quoted by Bancroft (p. 662, note), <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="es" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "es"><span style="font-style: italic">Consérvase entre ellos la + creencia de que su vida está unida à la de un animal, y que es + forzoso que mueran ellos cuando éste muere</span></span>,”</span> + are not quite accurately represented by the statement of Bancroft + in the text. Elsewhere (vol. ii. p. 277) the same writer calls the + <span class="tei tei-q">“second self”</span> of the Zapotecs a + <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nagual</span></span>, or tutelary + genius,”</span> adding that the fate of the child was supposed to + be so intimately bound up with the fortune of the animal that the + death of the one involved the death of the other. Compare Daniel G. + Brinton, <span class="tei tei-q">“Nagualism, a Study in American + Folk-lore and History,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Proceedings of the + American Philosophical Society held at Philadelphia</span></span>, + vol. xxxiii. No. 144 (Philadelphia, January, 1894), pp. 11-73. + According to Professor E. Seler the word <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nagual</span></span> is akin to the Mexican + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">naualli</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“a witch or wizard,”</span> which is derived from a + word meaning <span class="tei tei-q">“hidden”</span> with reference + to the power attributed to sorcerers of transforming themselves + into animals. See E. Seler, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Altmexikanische Studien, II.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Veröffentlichungen + aus dem Königlichen Museum für Völkerkunde</span></span>, vi. heft + 2/4 (Berlin, 1899), pp. 52-57.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_571" name="note_571" + href="#noteref_571">571.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Otto Stoll, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Ethnologie der + Indianerstämme von Guatemala</span></span> (Leyden, 1889), p. + 57.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_572" name="note_572" + href="#noteref_572">572.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thomas Gage, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A New Survey of the + West Indies</span></span>, Third Edition (London, 1677), p. 334. + The same writer relates how a certain Indian named Gonzalez was + reported to have the power of turning himself into a lion or rather + a puma. Once when a Spaniard had shot a puma in the nose, Gonzalez + was found with a bruised face and accused the Spaniard of having + shot him. Another Indian chief named Gomez was said to have + transformed himself into a puma, and in that shape to have fought a + terrific battle with a rival chief named Lopez, who had changed + himself into a jaguar. See Gage, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 383-389.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_573" name="note_573" + href="#noteref_573">573.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Antonio de Herrera, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">General History of + the Vast Continent and Islands of America</span></span>, translated + by Capt. John Stevens (London, 1725-1726), iv. 138 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The + Spanish original of Herrera's history, a work based on excellent + authorities, was first published at Madrid in 1601-1615. The + Indians of Santa Catalina Istlavacan still receive at birth the + name of some animal, which is commonly regarded as their guardian + spirit for the rest of their life. The name is bestowed by the + heathen priest, who usually hears of a birth in the village sooner + than his Catholic colleague. See K. Scherzer, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Die Indianer von Santa Catalina Istlávacana + (Frauenfuss), ein Beitrag zur Culturgeschichte der Urbewohner + Central-Amerikas,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sitzungsberichte der philos. histor. Classe + der kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften</span></span> (Vienna), + xviii. (1856) p. 235.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_574" name="note_574" + href="#noteref_574">574.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Otto Stoll, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Ethnologie der + Indianerstämme von Guatemala</span></span> (Leyden, 1889), pp. 57 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Suggestion und + Hypnotism</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Leipsic, 1904), p. + 170.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_575" name="note_575" + href="#noteref_575">575.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. W. Howitt, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Further Notes on the Australian Class Systems,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xviii. (1889) pp. + 57 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Compare <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native + Tribes of South-East Australia</span></span> (London, 1904), pp. + 148, 150. It is very remarkable that among the Kurnai these fights + had a special connexion with marriage. When young men were backward + of taking wives, the women used to go out into the forest and kill + an emu-wren, which was the men's <span class= + "tei tei-q">“brother”</span>; then returning to the camp they + shewed the dead bird to the men. The result was a fight between the + young men and the young women, in which, however, lads who were not + yet marriageable might not take part. Next day the marriageable + young men went out and killed a superb warbler, which was the + women's <span class="tei tei-q">“sister,”</span> and this led to a + worse fight than before. Some days afterwards, when the wounds and + bruises were healed, one of the marriageable young men met one of + the marriageable young women, and said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Superb warbler!”</span> She answered, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Emu-wren! What does the emu-wren eat?”</span> To which + the young man answered, <span class="tei tei-q">“He eats + so-and-so,”</span> naming kangaroo, opossum, emu, or some other + game. Then they laughed, and she ran off with him without telling + any one. See L. Fison and A. W. Howitt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kamilaroi and + Kurnai</span></span> (Melbourne, Sydney, Adelaide, and Brisbane, + 1880), pp. 201 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. W. Howitt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native Tribes of + South-East Australia</span></span>, pp. 149, 273 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + Perhaps this killing of the sex-totem before marriage may be + related to the pretence of killing young men and bringing them to + life again at puberty. See below, pp. <a href="#Pg225" class= + "tei tei-ref">225</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_576" name="note_576" + href="#noteref_576">576.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gerard Krefft, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Manners and Customs of the Aborigines of the Lower + Murray and Darling,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Transactions of the Philosophical Society of + New South Wales</span></span>, 1862-65, pp. 359 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_577" name="note_577" + href="#noteref_577">577.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. W. Howitt, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Further Notes on the Australian Class Systems,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xviii. (1889) pp. + 56 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_578" name="note_578" + href="#noteref_578">578.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. W. Howitt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 57; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native Tribes of + South-East Australia</span></span>, p. 150.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_579" name="note_579" + href="#noteref_579">579.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. W. Howitt, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“On the Migrations of the Kurnai Ancestors,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xv. (1886) p. + 416.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_580" name="note_580" + href="#noteref_580">580.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. W. Schürmann, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Aboriginal Tribes of Port Lincoln,”</span> in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native + Tribes of South Australia</span></span> (Adelaide, 1879), p. 241. + Compare G. F. Angas, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New + Zealand</span></span> (London, 1847), i. 109.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_581" name="note_581" + href="#noteref_581">581.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. W. Howitt, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Further Notes on the Australian Class Systems,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xviii. (1889) p. + 58. Compare <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native Tribes of + South-East Australia</span></span> (London, 1904), pp. + 148-151.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_582" name="note_582" + href="#noteref_582">582.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">James Dawson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Australian + Aborigines</span></span> (Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide, 1881), + p. 52.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_583" name="note_583" + href="#noteref_583">583.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Totemism and + Exogamy</span></span>, i. 47 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> It is at least remarkable + that both the creatures thus assigned to the two sexes should be + nocturnal in their habits. Perhaps the choice of such creatures is + connected with the belief that the soul is absent from the body in + slumber. On this hypothesis bats and owls would be regarded by + these savages as the wandering souls of sleepers. Such a belief + would fully account for the reluctance of the natives to kill them. + The Kiowa Indians of North America think that owls and other night + birds are animated by the souls of the dead. See James Mooney, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Calendar History of the Kiowa + Indians,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of + American Ethnology</span></span>, Part i. (Washington, 1898) p. + 237.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_584" name="note_584" + href="#noteref_584">584.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. L. P. Cameron, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on some Tribes of New South Wales,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xiv. (1885) p. 350 + note 1; A. W. Howitt, <span class="tei tei-q">“On the Migrations of + the Kurnai Ancestors,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xv. (1886) p. 416; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Further Notes on the Australian Class + Systems,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xviii. (1889) p. 57.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_585" name="note_585" + href="#noteref_585">585.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. Fison and A. W. Howitt, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kamilaroi + and Kurnai</span></span>, pp. 194, 201, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 215; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xv. 416, xviii. 56 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. + W. Howitt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Native Tribes of South-East + Australia</span></span> (London, 1904), pp. 148-151.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_586" name="note_586" + href="#noteref_586">586.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The following suggestion as to the + origin of totemism was made in the first edition of this book + (published in 1890) and is here reprinted without any substantial + change. In the meantime much additional evidence as to the nature + and prevalence of totemism has come to light, and with the new + evidence my opinions, or rather conjectures, as to the origin of + the institution have repeatedly changed. If I here reprint my + earliest conjecture, it is partly because I still think it may + contain an element of truth, and partly because it serves as a + convenient peg on which to hang a collection of facts which are + much more valuable than any theories of mine. The reader who + desires to acquaint himself more fully with the facts of totemism + and with the theories that have been broached on the subject, will + find them stated at length in my <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Totemism and + Exogamy</span></span> (London, 1910). Here I will only call + attention to the Arunta legend that the ancestors of the tribe kept + their spirits in certain sacred sticks and stones (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">churinga</span></span>), which bear a close + resemblance to the well-known bull-roarers, and that when they went + out hunting they hung these sticks or stones on certain sacred + poles (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nurtunjas</span></span>) which represented + their totems. See Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native Tribes of + Central Australia</span></span> (London, 1899), pp. 137 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 629. This tradition appears + to point to a custom of transferring a man's soul or spirit + temporarily to his totem. Conversely when an Arunta is sick he + scrapes his <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">churinga</span></span> and swallows the + scrapings, as if to restore to himself the spiritual substance + deposited in the instrument. See Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 135 note 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_587" name="note_587" + href="#noteref_587">587.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">(Sir) George Grey, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journals of Two + Expeditions of Discovery in North-West and Western + Australia</span></span> (London, 1841), ii. 228 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_588" name="note_588" + href="#noteref_588">588.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. Fison and A. W. Howitt, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kamilaroi + and Kurnai</span></span>, p. 169. According to Dr. Howitt, it is a + serious offence to kill the totem of another person <span class= + "tei tei-q">“with intent to injure him”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xviii. (1889) p. 53). Such + an intention seems to imply a belief in a sympathetic connexion + between the man and the animal. Similarly the Siena of the Ivory + Coast, in West Africa, who have totemism, believe that if a man + kills one of his totemic animals, a member of his totemic clan dies + instantaneously. See Maurice Delafosse, <span class="tei tei-q">“Le + peuple Siéna ou Sénoufo,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Revue des Études + Ethnographiques et Sociologiques</span></span>, i. (1908) p. + 452.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_589" name="note_589" + href="#noteref_589">589.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">According to Plato, the different + parts of the soul were lodged in different parts of the body + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span>, pp. 69<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>-72<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>), and as only one part, + on his theory, was immortal, Lucian seems not unnaturally to have + interpreted the Platonic doctrine to mean that every man had more + than one soul (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Demonax</span></span>, 33).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_590" name="note_590" + href="#noteref_590">590.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. J. M. de Groot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Religious System + of China</span></span>, iv. (Leyden, 1901) pp. 3 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 70-75.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_591" name="note_591" + href="#noteref_591">591.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Le sieur de la Borde, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Relation de l'Origine, Mœurs, Coustumes, Religion, + Guerres et Voyages des Caraibes sauvages des Isles Antilles de + l'Amerique,”</span> p. 15, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Recueil de divers Voyages faits en Afrique et + en l'Amerique</span></span> (Paris, 1684).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_592" name="note_592" + href="#noteref_592">592.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Washington Matthews, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Hidatsa + Indians</span></span> (Washington, 1877), p. 50.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_593" name="note_593" + href="#noteref_593">593.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Ling Roth, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Low's Natives of Borneo,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xxi. (1892) p. 117; W. W. + Skeat, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Malay Magic</span></span> (London, 1900), p. + 50.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_594" name="note_594" + href="#noteref_594">594.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. C. Kruijt, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en + maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mededeelingen van + wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap</span></span>, xxxix. + (1895) pp. 3 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_595" name="note_595" + href="#noteref_595">595.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Bastian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Völker des + östlichen Asien</span></span>, iii. (Jena, 1867) p. 248.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_596" name="note_596" + href="#noteref_596">596.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In some tribes, chiefly of North + American Indians, every man has an individual or personal totem in + addition to the totem of his clan. This personal totem is usually + the animal of which he dreamed during a long and solitary fast at + puberty. See <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Totemism and Exogamy</span></span>, i. 49-52, + iii. 370-456, where the relation of the individual or personal + totem (if we may call it so) to the clan totem is discussed. It is + quite possible that, as some good authorities incline to believe, + the clan totem has been developed out of the personal totem by + inheritance. See Miss Alice C. Fletcher, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Import of the + Totem</span></span>, pp. 3 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> (paper read before the + American Association for the Advancement of Science, August 1887, + separate reprint); Fr. Boas, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Social + Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl + Indians,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Report of the United States National Museum + for 1895</span></span> (Washington, 1897), pp. 323 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 336-338, 393. In the bush souls of the Calabar negroes (see above, + pp. 204 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>) we seem to have something + like the personal totem on its way to become hereditary and so to + grow into the totem of a clan.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_597" name="note_597" + href="#noteref_597">597.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. B. Neumann, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Het Pane- en Bila-stroomgebied op het eiland + Sumatra,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch + Aardrijkskundig Genootschap</span></span>, Tweede Serie, dl. iii. + Afdeeling, meer uitgebreide artikelen, No. 2 (1886), pp. 311 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + dl. iv. No. 1 (1887), pp. 8 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Van Hoëvell, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Iets over 't oorlogvoeren der Batta's,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch + Indië</span></span>, N.S., vii. (1878) p. 434; G. A. Wilken, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Verspreide Geschriften</span></span> (The + Hague, 1912), i. 296, 306 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 309, 325 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; L. + de Backer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">L'Archipel Indien</span></span> (Paris, 1874), + p. 470; Col. Yule, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, ix. (1880) p. 295; Joachim Freiherr von + Brenner, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Besuch bei den Kannibalen + Sumatras</span></span> (Würzburg, 1894), pp. 197 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + P. A. L. E. van Dijk, <span class="tei tei-q">“Eenige + aanteekeningen omtrent de verschillenden stammen (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Margas</span></span>) en de stamverdeling bij + de Battaks,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en + Volkenkunde</span></span>, xxxviii. (1895) pp. 296 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; M. + Joustra, <span class="tei tei-q">“Naar het landschap + Goenoeng,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche + Zendelinggenootschap</span></span>, xlv. (1901) pp. 80 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Het leven, de zeden en gewoonten der Bataks,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche + Zendelinggenootschap</span></span>, xlvi. (1902) pp. 387 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; J. E. Neumann, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Kemali, Pantang, en Rĕboe bij de + Karo-Bataks,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en + Volkenkunde</span></span>, xlviii. (1906) p. 512. See further + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Totemism + and Exogamy</span></span>, ii. 185 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_598" name="note_598" + href="#noteref_598">598.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">B. Hagen, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Battareligion,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en + Volkenkunde</span></span>, xxviii. (1883) p. 514. J. B. Neumann + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> dl. iii. No. 2, pp. 299) is the authority for + the seven souls. According to another writer, six out of the seven + souls reside outside of the body; one of them dwells in heaven, the + remaining five have no definite place of abode, but are so closely + related to the man that were they to abandon him his health would + suffer. See J. Freiherr von Brenner, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Besuch bei den + Kannibalen Sumatras</span></span>, pp. 239 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> A + different account of Batta psychology is given by Mr. Westenberg. + According to him, each Batta has only one <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tendi</span></span> (not three or seven of + them); and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tendi</span></span> is something between a + soul and a guardian spirit. It always resides outside of the body, + and on its position near, before, behind, above, or below, the + welfare of its owner is supposed in great measure to depend. But in + addition each man has two invisible guardian spirits (his + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kaka</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">agi</span></span>) whose help he invokes in + great danger; one is the seed by which he was begotten, the other + is the afterbirth, and these he calls respectively his elder and + his younger brother. Mr. Westenberg's account refers specially to + the Karo-Battas. See C. J. Westenberg, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Aanteekeningen omtrent de godsdienstige begrippen der + Karo-Bataks,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde + van Nederlandsch Indië</span></span>, xli. (1892) pp. 228 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_599" name="note_599" + href="#noteref_599">599.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Compare Ch. Hose and W. McDougall, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Pagan + Tribes of Borneo</span></span> (London, 1912), ii. 90 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>: + <span class="tei tei-q">“An important institution among some of the + Ibans, which occurs but in rare instances among the other peoples, + is the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ngarong</span></span> or secret helper. The + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ngarong</span></span> is one of the very few + topics in regard to which the Ibans display any reluctance to speak + freely. So great is their reserve in this connection that one of us + lived for fourteen years on friendly terms with Ibans of various + districts without ascertaining the meaning of the word <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ngarong</span></span>, or suspecting the great + importance of the part played by the notion in the lives of some of + these people. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ngarong</span></span> seems to be usually the + spirit of some ancestor or dead relative, but not always so, and it + is not clear that it is always conceived as the spirit of a + deceased human being. This spirit becomes the special protector of + some individual Iban, to whom in a dream he manifests himself, in + the first place in human form, and announces that he will be his + secret helper.... When, as is most commonly the case, the secret + helper takes on the form of some animal, all individuals of that + species become objects of especial regard to the fortunate Iban; he + will not kill or eat any such animal, and he will as far as + possible restrain others from doing so.”</span> Thus the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ngarong</span></span> or secret helper of the + Ibans closely resembles what I have called the individual or + personal totem.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_600" name="note_600" + href="#noteref_600">600.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It is not merely the personal name + which is often shrouded in mystery (see <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taboo and the Perils + of the Soul</span></span>, pp. 318 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>); + the names of the clans and their subdivisions are objects of + mysterious reverence among many, if not all, of the Siouan tribes + of North America, and are never used in ordinary conversation. See + J. Owen Dorsey, <span class="tei tei-q">“Osage Traditions,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sixth + Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology</span></span> (Washington, + 1888), p. 396. Among the Yuin of South-Eastern Australia + <span class="tei tei-q">“the totem name was called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Budjan</span></span>, and it was said to be + more like <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Joïa</span></span>, or magic, than a name; and + it was in one sense a secret name, for with it an enemy might cause + injury to its bearer by magic. Thus very few people knew the totem + names of others, the name being told to a youth by his father at + his initiation”</span> (A. W. Howitt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native Tribes of + South-East Australia</span></span>, London, 1904, p. 133).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_601" name="note_601" + href="#noteref_601">601.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Theodor Benfey, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pantschatantra</span></span> (Leipsic, 1859), + i. 128 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Similarly a man of the Kulin + tribe in Victoria was called Kurburu, that is, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“native bear,”</span> because the spirit of a native + bear was supposed to have entered into him when he killed the + animal, and to have endowed him with its wonderful cleverness. This + I learn from Miss E. B. Howitt's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folklore and Legends + of some Victorian Tribes</span></span> (chapter vi.), which I have + been privileged to see in manuscript. Among the Chiquites Indians + of Paraguay sickness was sometimes accounted for by supposing that + the soul of a deer or a turtle had entered into the patient. See + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lettres + Édifiantes et Curieuses</span></span>, Nouvelle Édition, viii. + (Paris, 1781) p. 339. We have seen (pp. <a href="#Pg213" class= + "tei tei-ref">213</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>) that the Indians of + Honduras made an alliance with the animal that was to be their + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nagual</span></span> by offering some of their + own blood to it. Conversely the North American Indian kills the + animal which is to be his personal totem, and thenceforth wears + some part of the creature as an amulet (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Totemism and + Exogamy</span></span>, i. 50). These facts seem to point to the + establishment of a blood covenant, involving an interchange of life + between a man and his personal totem or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nagual</span></span>; and among the Fans of + West Africa, as we saw (above, p. <a href="#Pg201" class= + "tei tei-ref">201</a>), such a covenant is actually supposed to + exist between a sorcerer and his <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">elangela</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_602" name="note_602" + href="#noteref_602">602.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. L. P. Cameron, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on some Tribes of New South Wales,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xiv. (1885) pp. 357 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Compare A. W. Howitt, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native + Tribes of South-East Australia</span></span> (London, 1904), pp. + 588 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_603" name="note_603" + href="#noteref_603">603.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native + Tribes of Central Australia</span></span> (London, 1899), pp. 213, + 453.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_604" name="note_604" + href="#noteref_604">604.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. W. Howitt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native Tribes of + South-East Australia</span></span> (London, 1904), p. 538. As to + Daramulun (of whose name Thuremlin is no doubt only a dialectical + variation) see <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, pp. 407, 493, 494 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 497, 499, 500, 507, 523 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 526, 528, 529 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 535, 540, 541, 585 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 587; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“On some Australian Ceremonies of + Initiation,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xiii. (1884) pp. 442, 443, 446, 447, 448, + 450, 451, 452, 455, 456, 459. On the bull-roarer see Andrew Lang, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Custom + and Myth</span></span> (London, 1884), pp. 29-44; J. D. E. + Schmeltz, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Das Schwirrholz</span></span> (Hamburg, 1896); + A. C. Haddon, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Study of Man</span></span> (London and New + York, 1898), pp. 277-327; J. G. Frazer, <span class="tei tei-q">“On + some Ceremonies of the Central Australian Aborigines,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Proceedings of the Australasian Association + for the Advancement of Science for the Year 1900</span></span> + (Melbourne, 1901), pp. 317-322. The religious or magical use of the + bull-roarer is best known in Australia. See, for example, L. Fison + and A. W. Howitt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kamilaroi and Kurnai</span></span> (Melbourne, + Sydney, Adelaide, and Brisbane, 1880), pp. 267-269; A. W. Howitt, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native + Tribes of South-East Australia</span></span>, pp. 354, 509 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 514, 515, 517, 569, 571, + 575, 578, 579, 582, 583, 584, 589, 592, 594, 595, 606, 659 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 670, 672, 696, 715; Baldwin + Spencer and F. J. Gillen, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Native Tribes of Central + Australia</span></span> (London, 1899), pp. 246, 344, 347; W. + Baldwin Spencer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Introduction to the Study of Certain Native + Tribes of the Northern Territory</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bulletin of the + Northern Territory</span></span>, No. 2) (Melbourne, 1912), pp. 19 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 23, 24, 31 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 37 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; A. R. Brown, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Three Tribes of Western Australia,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Royal Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xliii. (1913) + pp. 168, 174; R. Pettazzoni, <span class="tei tei-q">“Mythologie + Australienne du Rhombe,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Revue de l'Histoire + des Religions</span></span>, lxv. (1912) pp. 149-170. But in the + essay just referred to Mr. Andrew Lang shewed that the instrument + has been similarly employed not only by savages in various parts of + the world, but also by the ancient Greeks in their religious + mysteries. In the Torres Straits Islands it is used both at the + initiation of young men and as a magical instrument. See + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reports + of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres + Straits</span></span>, v. (Cambridge, 1904) pp. 217, 218, 219, 328, + 330-333, 346, 352. In various parts of New Guinea it is sounded at + the initiation of young men and is carefully concealed from women; + the sound is thought to be the voice of a spirit. See Rev. J. + Chalmers, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pioneering in New Guinea</span></span> + (London, 1887), p. 85; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Toaripi,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xxvii. (1898) p. 329; Rev. J. Holmes, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Initiation Ceremonies of Natives of the + Papuan Gulf,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xxxii. (1902) pp. 420, 424 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; O. + Schellong, <span class="tei tei-q">“Das Barlum-fest der Gegend + Finsch-hafens,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Internationales Archiv für + Ethnographie</span></span>, ii. (1889) pp. 150 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 154 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; F. Grabowsky, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Der Bezirk von Hatzfeldthafen und seine + Bewohner,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Petermanns Mitteilungen</span></span>, xli. + (1895) p. 189; B. Hagen, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Unter den Papua's</span></span> (Wiesbaden, + 1899), pp. 188 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Max Krieger, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Neu-Guinea</span></span> (Berlin, preface + dated 1899), pp. 168 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; J. Vetter, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mitteilungen der + Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena</span></span>, xi. (1892) p. + 105; K. Vetter, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und den + Bismarck-Archipel, 1897</span></span> (Berlin), p. 93; R. Neuhauss, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsch + Neu-Guinea</span></span> (Berlin, 1911), pp. 36, 297, 403, 406 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 410-412, 494 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + Otto Reche, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Der Kaiserin-Augusta-Fluss</span></span> + (Hamburg, 1913), pp. 349 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ergebnisse der + Südsee-Expedition 1908-1910</span></span>, herausgegeben von G. + Thilenius). It is similarly used at the circumcision-festivals in + the French Islands, to the west of New Britain (R. Parkinson, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dreissig + Jahre in der Südsee</span></span>, Stuttgart, 1907, pp. 640 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>), and it is employed at + mysteries or mourning ceremonies in Bougainville and other + Melanesian Islands. See R. Parkinson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 658 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zur + Ethnographie der Nordwestlichen Salomo Inseln</span></span> + (Berlin, 1899), p. 11; R. H. Codrington, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Melanesians</span></span> (Oxford, 1891), pp. 98 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 342. Among the Minangkabauers of Sumatra the bull-roarer + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gasiĕng</span></span>) is used by a rejected + lover to induce the demons to carry off the soul of the jilt and so + drive her mad. It is made of the frontal bone of a brave or skilful + man, and some of the intended victim's hair is attached to it. See + J. L. van der Toorn, <span class="tei tei-q">“Het animisme bij den + Minangkabauer in der Padangsche Bovenlanden,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bijdragen tot de + Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indië</span></span>, + xxxix. (1890) pp. 55 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Among the Yoruba-speaking + negroes of the Slave Coast in West Africa, particularly at + Abeokuta, the sound of the bull-roarer is supposed to be the voice + of a great bogey named Oro, whose votaries compose a secret society + under the name of Ogboni. When the sound of the bull-roarer is + heard in the streets, every woman must shut herself up in her house + and not look out of the window under pain of death. See R. F. + Burton, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Abeokuta and the Cameroons + Mountains</span></span> (London, 1863), i. 197 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>;, + Missionary Chautard, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Annales de la Propagation de la + Foi</span></span>, lv. (Lyons, 1883) pp. 192-198; Missionary + Baudin, <span class="tei tei-q">“Le Fétichisme,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les + Missions Catholiques</span></span>, xvi. (1884) p. 257; P. Bouche, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">La Côte + des Esclaves et le Dahomey</span></span> (Paris, 1885), p. 124; + Mrs. R. B. Batty and Governor Moloney, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on the Yoruba Country,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xix. (1890) pp. 160-164; + A. B. Ellis, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast + of West Africa</span></span> (London, 1894), pp. 110 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; R. + H. Stone, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">In Afric's Forest and Jungle</span></span> + (Edinburgh and London, 1900), p. 88; L. Frobenius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Masken und + Geheimbünde Afrikas</span></span> (Halle, 1898), pp. 95 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nova Acta, Abh. der + Kaiserl. Leop.-Carol. Deutschen Akademie der + Naturforscher</span></span>, vol. lxxiv. No. 1). Among the Nandi of + British East Africa and the Bushongo of the Congo region + bull-roarers are sounded by men to frighten novices at initiation. + See A. C. Hollis, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Nandi</span></span> (Oxford, 1909), pp. + 40, 56; E. Torday and T. A. Joyce, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les + Bushongo</span></span> (Brussels, 1910), p. 82. Among the Caffres + of South Africa and the Boloki of the Upper Congo the bull-roarer + is a child's toy, but yet is thought to be endowed with magical + virtue. See below, p. <a href="#Pg232" class="tei tei-ref">232</a> + note 3. Among the Koskimo Indians of British Columbia the sound of + the bull-roarers is supposed to be the voice of a spirit who comes + to fetch away the novices. See Franz Boas, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of + the Kwakiutl Indians,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Report of the United States National + Museum</span></span> (Washington, 1897), p. 610. The bull-roarer is + used as a sacred or magical instrument for the making of rain by + the Zuñi and other Pueblo Indians of Arizona and New Mexico, also + by the Navajos and Apaches of the same region, and by the Utes of + Nevada and Utah. See Dr. Washington Matthews, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Mountain Chant, a Navajo Ceremony,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fifth + Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology</span></span> (Washington, + 1887), pp. 435, 436; Captain J. G. Bourke, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Medicine-men of the Apache,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ninth Annual Report + of the Bureau of Ethnology</span></span> (Washington, 1892), pp. + 476-479; Mrs. Matilda Coxe Stevenson, <span class="tei tei-q">“The + Zuñi Indians,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Twenty-third Report of the Bureau of American + Ethnology</span></span> (Washington, 1904), pp. 115, 117, 128 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 175, 177, 355. The Guatusos + of Costa Rica ascertain the will of the deity by listening to the + humming sound of the bull-roarer. See Dr. C. Sapper, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ein Besuch bei den Guatusos in Costarica,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Globus</span></span>, lxxvi. (1899) p. 352; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Beiträge zur Ethnographie des südlichen + Mittelamerika,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Petermanns Mitteilungen</span></span>, xlvii. + (1901) p. 36. The Caripunas Indians of the Madeira River, in + Brazil, sound bull-roarers in lamentations for the dead. See Franz + Keller, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Amazon and Madeira Rivers</span></span> + (London, 1874), p. 124. The Bororo of Brazil also swing + bull-roarers at their festivals of the dead; the sound of them is + the signal for the women to hide themselves; it is believed that + women and children would die if they saw a bull-roarer. See K. von + den Steinen, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Unter den Naturvölkern + Zentral-Brasilien's</span></span> (Berlin, 1894), pp. 497-499. The + Nahuqua and other Brazilian tribes use bull-roarers in their masked + dances, but make no mystery of them. See K. von den Steinen, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 327 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> As to the magical use of the + bull-roarer, see pp. 230 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_605" name="note_605" + href="#noteref_605">605.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. W. Howitt, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Dieri and other Kindred Tribes of Central + Australia,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xx. (1891) p. 83; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native + Tribes of South-East Australia</span></span>, p. 660. In the latter + passage Dr. Howitt omits the not unimportant particular that the + bull-roarer is swung for this purpose by the young man <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">before his wounds + are healed</span></em>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_606" name="note_606" + href="#noteref_606">606.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">On the desert nature of Central + Australia and the magical-like change wrought in its fauna and + flora by heavy rain, see Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native + Tribes of Central Australia</span></span> (London, 1899), pp. 4 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Totemism and + Exogamy</span></span>, i. 170 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 316 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 341 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; J. G. Frazer, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Howitt and Fison,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xx. (1909) pp. 160, + 162 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 164.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_607" name="note_607" + href="#noteref_607">607.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Captain J. G. Bourke, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Medicine-men of the Apache,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ninth Annual Report + of the Bureau of Ethnology</span></span> (Washington, 1892), pp. + 476 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_608" name="note_608" + href="#noteref_608">608.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mrs. Matilda Coxe Stevenson, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Zuñi Indians,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Twenty-third Annual + Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology</span></span> + (Washington, 1904), pp. 115, 355.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_609" name="note_609" + href="#noteref_609">609.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mrs. Matilda Coxe Stevenson, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 175; compare <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + pp. 128 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 177.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_610" name="note_610" + href="#noteref_610">610.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dr. Washington Matthews, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Navajo Chant,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fifth Annual Report + of the Bureau of Ethnology</span></span> (Washington, 1887), p. + 436; compare <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, p. 435, where the sound of + the bull-roarer is said to be <span class="tei tei-q">“like that of + a rain storm.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_611" name="note_611" + href="#noteref_611">611.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Karl von den Steinen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unter den + Naturvölkern Zentral-Brasiliens</span></span> (Berlin, 1894), p. + 328.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_612" name="note_612" + href="#noteref_612">612.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological + Expedition to Torres Straits</span></span>, v. (Cambridge, 1904) p. + 352.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_613" name="note_613" + href="#noteref_613">613.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. McCall Theal, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kaffir + Folk-lore</span></span> (London, 1886), pp. 222 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Records of + South-Eastern Africa</span></span>, vii. (1901) p. 456; Dudley + Kidd, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Essential Kafir</span></span> (London, 1904), p. 333. For an + analogous reason among the Boloki of the Upper Congo the elders do + not like when boys play with bull-roarers, because the sound + resembles the growl of a leopard and will attract these ferocious + animals. See Rev. John H. Weeks, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Among Congo + Cannibals</span></span> (London, 1913), p. 157.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_614" name="note_614" + href="#noteref_614">614.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. C. Haddon, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Head-hunters, Black, + White, and Brown</span></span> (London, 1901), p. 104; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reports of the + Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres + Straits</span></span>, v. (Cambridge, 1904) pp. 218, 219; Rev. J. + Chalmers, <span class="tei tei-q">“Notes on the Natives of Kiwai + Island,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xxxiii. (1903) p. 119.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_615" name="note_615" + href="#noteref_615">615.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Zahn, <span class="tei tei-q">“Die + Jabim,”</span> in R. Neuhauss's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsch + Neu-Guinea</span></span> (Berlin, 1911), iii. 333.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_616" name="note_616" + href="#noteref_616">616.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, i. 256-258.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_617" name="note_617" + href="#noteref_617">617.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This appears to be the view also of + Professor K. von den Steinen (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Unter den Naturvölkern + Zentral-Brasiliens</span></span>, pp. 327 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>), + who is probably right in thinking that the primary intention of the + instrument is to make thunder, and that the idea of making rain is + secondary.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_618" name="note_618" + href="#noteref_618">618.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. W. Howitt, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“On Australian Medicine Men,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xvi. (1887) pp. 47 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; compare <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native + Tribes of South-East Australia</span></span>, p. 596.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_619" name="note_619" + href="#noteref_619">619.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native + Tribes of Central Australia</span></span>, p. 246 note 1; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Northern Tribes of + Central Australia</span></span> (London, 1904), p. 497. According + to the classificatory system of relationship, which prevails among + all the aborigines of Australia, a man may have, and generally has, + a number of women who stand to him in the relation of mother as + well as of sister, though there need not be a drop of blood in + common between them, as we count kin. This explains the reference + in the text to a boy's <span class= + "tei tei-q">“mothers.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_620" name="note_620" + href="#noteref_620">620.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">B. Spencer and F. J. Gillen, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Northern + Tribes of Central Australia</span></span>, pp. 342 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 498.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_621" name="note_621" + href="#noteref_621">621.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Spencer and Gillen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 498.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_622" name="note_622" + href="#noteref_622">622.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Spencer and Gillen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 366 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 501.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_623" name="note_623" + href="#noteref_623">623.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Spencer and Gillen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 373, 501.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_624" name="note_624" + href="#noteref_624">624.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. W. Howitt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native Tribes of + South-East Australia</span></span>, pp. 554-556. Compare + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“On + some Australian Ceremonies of Initiation,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xiii. (1884) pp. 453 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_625" name="note_625" + href="#noteref_625">625.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">B. Spencer and F. J. Gillen, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native + Tribes of Central Australia</span></span>, pp. 523-525; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Northern Tribes of + Central Australia</span></span>, 480 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 484, 485, 487, 488; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Across + Australia</span></span> (London, 1912), ii. 334 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_626" name="note_626" + href="#noteref_626">626.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Spencer and Gillen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Northern Tribes of + Central Australia</span></span>, pp. 480 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_627" name="note_627" + href="#noteref_627">627.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. J. Gillen, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on some Manners and Customs of the Aborigines of + the McDonnel Ranges belonging to the Arunta Tribe,”</span> in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Report on + the Work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central + Australia</span></span>, Part iv. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anthropology</span></span> (London and + Melbourne, 1896), pp. 180 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; B. Spencer and F. J. + Gillen, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Native Tribes of Central + Australia</span></span> (London, 1899), pp. 523 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Across + Australia</span></span> (London, 1912), ii. 335.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_628" name="note_628" + href="#noteref_628">628.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">B. Spencer and F. J. Gillen, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Northern + Tribes of Central Australia</span></span>, pp. 487, 488; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Across + Australia</span></span>, ii. 481 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_629" name="note_629" + href="#noteref_629">629.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">As to the initiatory rites among the + Yabim, see K. Vetter, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und den + Bismarck-Archipel</span></span>, 1897, pp. 92 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mitteilungen der + Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena</span></span>, xi. (1892) p. + 105; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Komm herüber und hilf + uns!</span></span> ii. (Barmen, 1898) p. 18; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + cited by M. Krieger, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Neu-Guinea</span></span> (Berlin, preface + dated 1899), pp. 167-170; O. Schellong, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Das Barlum-fest der Gegend Finschhafens,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Internationales Archiv für + Ethnographie</span></span>, ii. (1889) pp. 145-162; H. Zahn, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Die Jabim,”</span> in R. Neuhauss's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsch + Neu-Guinea</span></span> (Berlin, 1911), iii. 296-298. As to the + initiatory rites among the Bukaua, see S. Lehner, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Bukaua,”</span> in R. Neuhauss's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsch + Neu-Guinea</span></span>, iii. 402-410; among the Kai, see Ch. + Keysser, <span class="tei tei-q">“Aus dem Kai-Leute,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ibid.</span></span> pp. 34-40; among the Tami, + see G. Bamler, <span class="tei tei-q">“Tami,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ibid.</span></span> + pp. 493-507. I have described the rites of the various tribes more + in detail in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of + the Dead</span></span>, i. 250-255, 260 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 290 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 301 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> In + the Bukaua and Tami tribes the initiation ceremonies are performed + not in the forest but in a special house built for the purpose in + the village, which the women are obliged to vacate till the rites + are over.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_630" name="note_630" + href="#noteref_630">630.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of + the Dead</span></span>, i. 250, 251, 255, 261, 290 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 301. Among the Bukaua not only does the bull-roarer bear the + general name for a ghost (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">balum</span></span>), + but each particular bull-roarer bears in addition the name of a + particular dead man, and varies in dignity and importance with the + dignity and importance of the deceased person whom it represents. + And besides the big bull-roarers with gruff voices there are little + bull-roarers with shrill voices, which represent the shrill-voiced + wives of the ancient heroes. See S. Lehner, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Bukaua,”</span> in R. Neuhauss's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsch + Neu-Guinea</span></span>, iii. 410-412.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_631" name="note_631" + href="#noteref_631">631.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. Pöch, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Vierter Bericht über meine Reise nach + Neu-Guinea,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sitzungsberichte der + mathematischen-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse der Kaiserlichen + Akademie der Wissenschaften</span></span> (Vienna), cxv. (1906) + Abteilung i. pp. 901, 902.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_632" name="note_632" + href="#noteref_632">632.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. Lorimer Fison, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nanga</span></span> or Sacred Stone Enclosure + of Wainimala, Fiji,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xiv. (1885) p. 27. The <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nanga</span></span> or sacred enclosure of + stones, with its sacred rites, was known only to certain tribes of + Fiji (the Nuyaloa, Vatusila, Mbatiwai, and Mdavutukia), who + inhabited a comparatively small area, barely a third, of the island + of Viti Levu. As to the institution in general, see Rev. Lorimer + Fison, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> pp. 14-31; A. B. Joske, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Nanga of Viti-levu,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Internationales Archiv für + Ethnographie</span></span>, ii. (1889) pp. 254-266; Basil Thomson, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Fijians</span></span> (London, 1908), pp. 146-157. Compare + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead</span></span>, i. + 427-438.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_633" name="note_633" + href="#noteref_633">633.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. Lorimer Fison, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 26; Basil Thomson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> 147.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_634" name="note_634" + href="#noteref_634">634.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. Lorimer Fison, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 27 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The phrase <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the ancestral gods”</span> is used by Mr. Fison, one + of our best authorities on Fijian religion. Mr. Basil Thomson + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 157) questions the accuracy of Mr. Fison's + account of this vicarious sacrifice on the ground that every youth + was regularly circumcised as a matter of course. But there seems to + be no inconsistency between the two statements. While custom + required that every youth should be circumcised, the exact time for + performing the ceremony need not have been rigidly prescribed; and + if a saving or atoning virtue was attributed to the sacrifice of + foreskins, it might be thought desirable in cases of emergency, + such as serious illness, to anticipate it for the benefit of the + sufferer.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_635" name="note_635" + href="#noteref_635">635.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">According to Mr. Fison, the enclosure + was divided into three compartments; Mr. Basil Thomson describes + only two, though by speaking of one of them as the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Middle Nanga”</span> he seems to imply that there were + three. The structure was a rough parallelogram lying east and west, + about a hundred feet long by fifty feet broad, enclosed by walls or + rows of stone slabs embedded endwise in the earth. See Basil + Thomson, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> pp. 147 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_636" name="note_636" + href="#noteref_636">636.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. B. Joske, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Nanga of Vitilevu,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Internationales + Archiv für Ethnographie</span></span>, ii. (1889) p. 259; Basil + Thomson, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Fijians</span></span>, pp. 150 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> According to Mr. Fison + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 19) the initiatory ceremonies were held as a + rule only every second year; but he adds: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“This period, however, is not necessarily restricted to + two years. There are always a number of youths who are growing to + the proper age, and the length of the interval depends upon the + decision of the elders.”</span> Perhaps the seeming discrepancy + between our authorities on this point may be explained by Mr. + Joske's statement (p. 259) that the rites are held in alternate + years by two different sets of men, the Kai Vesina and the Kai + Rukuruku, both of whom claim to be descended from the original + founders of the rites. The custom of dating the New Year by + observation of the Pleiades was apparently universal among the + Polynesians. See <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Spirits of the Corn and of the + Wild</span></span>, i. 312 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_637" name="note_637" + href="#noteref_637">637.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. Lorimer Fison, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 20-23; A. B. Joske, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 264 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Basil Thomson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Fijians</span></span>, pp. 150-153. The sacramental character of + the meal is recognized by Mr. Fison, who says (p. 23) that after + the performance of the rites the novices <span class= + "tei tei-q">“are now <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Vīlavóu</span></span>, accepted members of the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nanga</span></span>, qualified to take their + place among the men of the community, though still only on + probation. As children—their childhood being indicated by their + shaven heads—they were presented to the ancestors, and their + acceptance was notified by what (looking at the matter from the + natives' standpoint) we might, without irreverance, almost call the + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sacrament</span></em> of food and water, too + sacred even for the elders' hands to touch.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_638" name="note_638" + href="#noteref_638">638.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Paul Reina, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ueber die Bewohner der Insel Rook,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für allgemeine + Erdkunde</span></span>, N.F., iv. (1858) pp. 356 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_639" name="note_639" + href="#noteref_639">639.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. Parkinson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Im Bismarck + Archipel</span></span> (Leipsic, 1887), pp. 129-134; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dreissig + Jahre in der Südsee</span></span> (Stuttgart, 1907), pp. 567 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; Rev. G. Brown, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Notes on the Duke of York Group, New + Britain, and New Ireland,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the Royal + Geographical Society</span></span>, xlvii. (1878) pp. 148 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; H. H. Romilly, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Islands of the New Britain Group,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Proceedings of the Royal Geographical + Society</span></span>, N.S., ix. (1887) pp. 11 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Rev. G. Brown, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ibid.</span></span> p. 17; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Melanesians and Polynesians</span></span> + (London, 1910), pp. 60 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; W. Powell, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wanderings in a Wild + Country</span></span> (London, 1883), pp. 60-66; C. Hager, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kaiser + Wilhelm's Land und der Bismarck Archipel</span></span> (Leipsic, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), pp. 115-128; + Hubner, quoted by W. H. Dall, <span class="tei tei-q">“On masks, + labrets, and certain aboriginal customs,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Third Annual Report + of the Bureau of Ethnology</span></span> (Washington, 1884), p. + 100; P. A. Kleintitschen, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Küstenbewohner der + Gazellehalbinsel</span></span> (Hiltrup bei Münster, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), pp. 350 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; H. Schurtz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Altersklassen und + Männerbünde</span></span> (Berlin, 1902), pp. 369-377. The + inhabitants of these islands are divided into two exogamous + classes, which in the Duke of York Island have two insects for + their totems. One of the insects is the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mantis religiosus</span></span>; the other is + an insect that mimics the leaf of the horse-chestnut tree very + closely. See Rev. B. Danks, <span class="tei tei-q">“Marriage + Customs of the New Britain Group,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xviii. (1889) pp. 281 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Totemism and + Exogamy</span></span>, ii. 118 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_640" name="note_640" + href="#noteref_640">640.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. G. F. Riedel, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Galela und Tobeloresen,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + Ethnologie</span></span>, xvii. (1885) pp. 81 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_641" name="note_641" + href="#noteref_641">641.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Kakian association and its + initiatory ceremonies have often been described. See François + Valentyn, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Oud en nieuw Oost-Indiën</span></span> + (Dordrecht and Amsterdam, 1724-1726), iii. 3 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Von Schmid, <span class="tei tei-q">“Het Kakihansch Verbond op het + eiland Ceram,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tijdschrift voor Neérlands Indië</span></span> + (Batavia, 1843), dl. ii. pp. 25-38; A. van Ekris, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Het Ceramsche Kakianverbond,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mededeelingen van + wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap</span></span>, ix. + (1865) pp. 205-226 (repeated with slight changes in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tijdschrift voor + Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde</span></span>, xvi. (1867) pp. + 290-315); P. Fournier, <span class="tei tei-q">“De Zuidkust van + Ceram,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en + Volkenkunde</span></span>, xvi. (1867) pp. 154-156; W. A. van Rees, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Pionniers der Beschaving in Neêrlands Indië</span></span> (Arnheim, + 1867), pp. 92-106; G. W. W. C. Baron van Hoëvell, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ambon en meer + bepaaldelijk de Oeliasers</span></span> (Dordrecht, 1875), pp. 153 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; Schulze, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ueber Ceram und seine Bewohner,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Verhandlungen der + Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie, und + Urgeschichte</span></span> (1877), p. 117; W. Joest, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Eingebornen der Insel + Formosa und Ceram,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ibid.</span></span> (1882) p. 64; H. von + Rosenberg, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Der Malayische Archipel</span></span> + (Leipsic, 1878), p. 318; A. Bastian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Indonesien</span></span>, i. (Berlin, 1884) + pp. 145-148; J. G. F. Riedel, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen + Selebes en Papua</span></span> (The Hague, 1886), pp. 107-111; O. + D. Tauern, <span class="tei tei-q">“Ceram,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + Ethnologie</span></span>, xlv. (1913) pp. 167 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The + best accounts are those of Valentyn, Von Schmid, Van Ekris, Van + Rees, and Riedel, which are accordingly followed in the text.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_642" name="note_642" + href="#noteref_642">642.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">No reason is assigned for this curious + choice of a president. Can it have been that, because negro + children are born pale or nearly white, an albino was deemed a + proper president for a society, all the initiated members of which + claimed to have been born again? Speaking of the people of the + Lower Congo the old English traveller Andrew Battel observes that + <span class="tei tei-q">“the children of this country are born + white, but change their colour in two days' time to a perfect + black”</span> (<span class="tei tei-q">“Adventures of Andrew + Battel,”</span> in J. Pinkerton's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyages and + Travels</span></span>, xvi. London, 1814, p. 331).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_643" name="note_643" + href="#noteref_643">643.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. H. Weeks, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on some Customs of the Lower Congo + People,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xx. (1909) pp. + 189-198; Rev. W. H. Bentley, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Life on the Congo</span></span> (London, + 1887), pp. 78 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pioneering on the Congo</span></span> (London, + 1900), i. 284-287. Mr. Weeks's description of the institution is + the fullest and I have followed it in the text. The custom was in + vogue down to recent years, but seems to have been suppressed + chiefly by the exertions of the missionaries. Besides the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ndembo</span></span> guild there is, or was, + in these regions another secret society known as the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nkimba</span></span>, which some writers have + confused with the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ndembo</span></span>. The <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nkimba</span></span> was of a more harmless + character than the other; indeed it seems even to have served some + useful purposes, partly as a kind of freemasonry which encouraged + mutual help among its members, partly as a system of police for the + repression of crime, its professed object being to put down + witchcraft and punish witches. Only males were admitted to it. + Candidates for initiation were stupefied by a drug, but there was + apparently no pretence of killing them and bringing them to life + again. Members of the society had a home in the jungle away from + the town, where the novices lived together for a period varying + from six months to two years. They learned a secret language, and + received new names; it was afterwards an offence to call a man by + the name of his childhood. Instead of the red dye affected by + members of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ndembo</span></span> guild, members of the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nkimba</span></span> guild whitened their + bodies with pipe clay and wore crinolines of palm frondlets. See + Rev. W. H. Bentley, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Life on the Congo</span></span>, pp. 80-83; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pioneering on the + Congo</span></span>, i. 282-284; Rev. J. H. Weeks, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 198-201; (Sir) H. H. Johnston, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“A Visit to Mr. Stanley's Stations on the River + Congo,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Proceedings of the Royal Geographical + Society</span></span>, N. S. v. (1883) pp. 572 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; E. + Delmar Morgan, <span class="tei tei-q">“Notes on the Lower + Congo,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, N.S. vi. (1884) p. 193. As + to these two secret societies on the Lower Congo, see further (Sir) + H. H. Johnston, <span class="tei tei-q">“On the Races of the + Congo,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xiii. (1884) pp. 472 sq.; É. Dupont, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lettres + sur le Congo</span></span> (Paris, 1889), pp. 96-100; Herbert Ward, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Five + Years with the Congo Cannibals</span></span> (London, 1890), pp. 54 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Ethnographical Notes relating to the Congo + Tribes,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xxiv. (1895) pp. 288 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; E. + J. Glave, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Six Years of Adventure in Congo + Land</span></span> (London, 1893), pp. 80-83; L. Frobenius, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Masken und Geheimbünde Afrikas</span></span> (Halle, 1898), pp. + 43-54 (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nova Acta. Abh. der Kaiserl. Leop. Carol. + Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher</span></span>, vol. lxxiv. No. + 1); H. Schurtz, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Altersklassen und Männerbünde</span></span> + (Berlin, 1902), pp. 433-437; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Notes Annalytiques sur les Collections + Ethnographiques du Musée du Congo</span></span> (Brussels, + 1902-1906), pp. 199-206; Ed. de Jonghe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les Sociétés Secrètes + au Bas-Congo</span></span> (Brussels, 1907), pp. 15 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + (extract from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Revue des Questions + Scientifiques</span></span>, October 1907). Some of these writers + do not discriminate between the two societies, the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ndembo</span></span> and the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nkimba</span></span>. According to our best + authorities (Messrs. Bentley and Weeks) the two societies are quite + distinct and neither of them has anything to do with circumcision, + which is, however, prevalent in the region. See Rev. J. H. Weeks, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Notes on some Customs of the Lower Congo + People,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xx. (1909) pp. 304 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> A secret society of the + Lower Congo which Adolf Bastian has described under the name of + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">quimba</span></span> is probably identical + with the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nkimba</span></span>. He speaks of a + <span class="tei tei-q">“Secret Order of those who have been born + again,”</span> and tells us that the candidates <span class= + "tei tei-q">“are thrown into a death-like state and buried in the + fetish house. When they are wakened to life again, they have (as in + the Belliparo) lost their memory of everything that is past, even + of their father and mother, and they can no longer remember their + own name. Hence new names are given them according to the titles or + ranks to which they are advanced.”</span> See A. Bastian, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste</span></span> (Jena, + 1874-1875), ii. 15 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_644" name="note_644" + href="#noteref_644">644.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Bastian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ein Besuch in San + Salvador</span></span> (Bremen, 1859), pp. 82 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_645" name="note_645" + href="#noteref_645">645.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Bastian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die deutsche + Expedition an der Loango-Küste</span></span>, ii. 183. Elsewhere + Bastian says that about San Salvador lads at puberty are secluded + in the forest and circumcised, and during their seclusion + <span class="tei tei-q">“each of them is mystically united to the + fetish by which his life is henceforth determined, as the Brahman + whispers the secret charm in the ear of him who has been born + again.”</span> See A. Bastian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ein Besuch in San + Salvador</span></span> (Bremen, 1859), pp. 85 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_646" name="note_646" + href="#noteref_646">646.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Trilles, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le Totémisme chez les + Fâṅ</span></span> (Münster i. W., 1912), pp. 479 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The + writer speaks of the guardian spirit as the individual totem of the + young warrior.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_647" name="note_647" + href="#noteref_647">647.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">O. Dapper, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Description de + l'Afrique</span></span> (Amsterdam, 1686), pp. 268 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + Dapper's account has been abridged in the text.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_648" name="note_648" + href="#noteref_648">648.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Miss Mary H. Kingsley, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels in West + Africa</span></span> (London, 1867), p. 531. Perhaps the smearing + with clay may be intended to indicate that the novices have + undergone the new birth; for the negro child, though born + reddish-brown, soon turns slaty-grey (E. B. Tylor, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anthropology</span></span>, London, 1881, p. + 67), which would answer well enough to the hue of the clay-bedaubed + novices.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_649" name="note_649" + href="#noteref_649">649.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thomas Winterbottom, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">An Account of the + Native Africans in the Neighbourhood of Sierra Leone</span></span> + (London, 1803), pp. 135 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Compare John Matthews, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A Voyage + to the River Sierra-Leone</span></span> (London, 1791), pp. 82-85; + J. B. L. Durand, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Voyage au Sénégal</span></span> (Paris, 1802), + pp. 183 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> (whose account is copied + without acknowledgment from Matthews). The <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">purra</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">poro</span></span> society also exists among + the Timmes of Sierra Leone; in this tribe the novices are sometimes + secluded from their families for ten years in the wood, they are + tattooed on their backs and arms, and they learn a language which + consists chiefly of names of plants and animals used in special + senses. Women are not admitted to the society. See Zweifel et + Moustier, <span class="tei tei-q">“Voyage aux sources du + Niger,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bulletin de la Société de + Géographie</span></span> (Paris), VI. Série, xv. (1878) pp. 108 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_650" name="note_650" + href="#noteref_650">650.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">T. J. Alldridge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Sherbro and its + Hinterland</span></span> (London, 1901), p. 130. This work contains + a comparatively full account of the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">purra</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">poro</span></span> society (pp. 124-131) and + of the other secret societies of the country (pp. 131-149, + 153-159). Compare L. Frobenius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Masken und + Geheimbünde Afrikas</span></span> (Halle, 1898), pp. 138-144 + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nova + Acta, Abh. der Kaiserl. Leop.-Carol. Deutschen Akademie der + Naturforscher</span></span>, vol. lxxiv. No. 1).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_651" name="note_651" + href="#noteref_651">651.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thomas Winterbottom, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">An Account of the + Native Africans in the Neighbourhood of Sierra Leone</span></span> + (London, 1803), pp. 137-139. As to the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">semo</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">simo</span></span> society see further L. + Frobenius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> pp. 130-138.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_652" name="note_652" + href="#noteref_652">652.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Extract from a letter of Mr. A. C. + Hollis to me. Mr. Hollis's authority is Dr. T. W. W. Crawford of + the Kenia Medical Mission.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_653" name="note_653" + href="#noteref_653">653.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Scoresby Routledge and Katherine + Routledge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">With a Prehistoric People, the Akikuyu of + British East Africa</span></span> (London, 1910), p. 152. Compare + C. W. Hobley, <span class="tei tei-q">“Kikuyu Customs and + Beliefs,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Royal Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xl. (1910) p. 441.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_654" name="note_654" + href="#noteref_654">654.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mr. A. W. McGregor, of the Church + Missionary Society, quoted by W. S. Routledge and K. Routledge, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">With a + Prehistoric People</span></span>, p. 151, note. 1. Mr. McGregor + <span class="tei tei-q">“has resided amongst the Akikuyu since + 1901. He has by his tact and kindness won the confidence of the + natives, and is the greatest authority on their language”</span> + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, p. xxi).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_655" name="note_655" + href="#noteref_655">655.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. S. Routledge and K. Routledge, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 151.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_656" name="note_656" + href="#noteref_656">656.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. G. Dale, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“An Account of the principal Customs and Habits of the + Natives inhabiting the Bondei Country,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xxv. (1896) p. 189.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_657" name="note_657" + href="#noteref_657">657.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Torday et T. A. Joyce, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les + Bushongo</span></span> (Brussels, 1910), pp. 82-85. As for the + title <span class="tei tei-q">“God on Earth,”</span> applied to the + principal chief or king, see <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, p. 53.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_658" name="note_658" + href="#noteref_658">658.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">(Beverley's) <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of + Virginia</span></span> (London, 1722), pp. 177 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + Compare J. Bricknell, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Natural History of North + Carolina</span></span> (Dublin, 1737), pp. 405 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_659" name="note_659" + href="#noteref_659">659.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Carver, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels through the + Interior Parts of North America</span></span>, Third Edition + (London, 1781), pp. 271-275. The thing thrown at the man and + afterwards vomited by him was probably not a bean but a small white + sea-shell (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Cypraea + moneta</span></span>). See H. R. Schoolcraft, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indian Tribes of the + United States</span></span> (Philadelphia, 1853-1856), iii. 287; J. + G. Kohl, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kitschi-Gami</span></span> (Bremen, 1859), i. + 71; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of + Ethnology</span></span> (Washington, 1891), pp. 191, 215; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of + Ethnology</span></span> (Washington, 1896), p. 101.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_660" name="note_660" + href="#noteref_660">660.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Carver, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 277 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; H. R. Schoolcraft, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indian + Tribes of the United States</span></span>, iii. 287 (as to the + Winnebagoes), v. 430 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> (as to the Chippeways and + Sioux); J. G. Kohl, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kitschi-Gami</span></span>, i. 64-70 (as to + the Ojebways). For a very detailed account of the Ojebway + ceremonies, see W. J. Hoffman, <span class="tei tei-q">“The + Midewiwin or Grand Medicine Society of the Ojibwa,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Seventh + Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology</span></span> (Washington, + 1891), especially pp. 215 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 234 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 248, 265. For similar ceremonies among the Menomini, see + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Menomini Indians,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fourteenth Annual + Report of the Bureau of Ethnology</span></span> (Washington, 1896), + pp. 99-102; and among the Omahas, see J. Owen Dorsey, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Omaha Sociology,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Third Annual Report + of the Bureau of Ethnology</span></span> (Washington, 1884), pp. + 342-346. I have dealt more fully with the ritual in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Totemism and + Exogamy</span></span>, iii. 462 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + Compare also P. Radin, <span class="tei tei-q">“Ritual and + Significance of the Winnebago Medicine Dance,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of American + Folk-lore</span></span>, xxiv. (1911) pp. 149-208.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_661" name="note_661" + href="#noteref_661">661.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. H. Pond, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Dakota superstitions,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Collections of the + Minnesota Historical Society for the year 1867</span></span> (Saint + Paul, 1867), pp. 35, 37-40. A similar but abridged account of the + Dakota tradition and usage is given by S. R. Riggs in his + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dakota + Grammar, Texts, and Ethnography</span></span> (Washington, 1893), + pp. 227-229 (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Contributions to North American + Ethnology</span></span>, vol. ix.).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_662" name="note_662" + href="#noteref_662">662.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Narrative of the Adventures and Sufferings of + John R. Jewitt</span></span> (Middletown, 1820), p. 119.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_663" name="note_663" + href="#noteref_663">663.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Id.</span></span>, p. 44. For the age of the + prince, see <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, p. 35.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_664" name="note_664" + href="#noteref_664">664.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. J. Holmberg, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ueber die Völker des russischen Amerika,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Acta + Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae</span></span>, iv. (Helsingfors, + 1856) pp. 292 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 328; Ivan Petroff, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Report on + the Population, Industries and Resources of Alaska</span></span>, + pp. 165 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. Krause, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Tlinkit-Indianer</span></span> (Jena, 1885), p. 112; R. C. Mayne, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Four + Years in British Columbia and Vancouver Island</span></span> + (London, 1862), pp. 257 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 268; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Totemism and + Exogamy</span></span>, iii. 264 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_665" name="note_665" + href="#noteref_665">665.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fr. Boas, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sixth Report on the + North-Western Tribes of Canada</span></span>, pp. 47 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + (separate reprint from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Report of the British + Association</span></span>, Leeds meeting, 1890); <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Social Organization and the Secret + Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Report of the United + States National Museum for 1895</span></span>; (Washington, 1897), + pp. 632 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> But while the initiation + described in the text was into a wolf society, not into a wolf + clan, it is to be observed that the wolf is one of the regular + totems of the Nootka Indians. See Fr. Boas, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sixth Report on the + North-Western Tribes of Canada</span></span>, p. 32.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_666" name="note_666" + href="#noteref_666">666.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fr. Boas, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tenth Report on the + North-Western Tribes of Canada</span></span>, pp. 49 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 58 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> (separate reprint from the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Report of + the British Association</span></span>, Ipswich meeting, 1895). It + is remarkable, however, that in this tribe persons who are being + initiated into the secret societies, of which there are six, are + not always or even generally brought back by an artificial animal + which represents their own totem. Thus while men of the eagle totem + are brought back by an eagle which rises from underground, men of + the bear clan return on the back of an artificial killer-whale + which is towed across the river by ropes. Again, members of the + wolf clan are brought back by an artificial bear, and members of + the raven clan by a frog. In former times the appearance of the + artificial totem animal, or of the guardian spirit, was considered + a matter of great importance, and any failure which disclosed the + deception to the uninitiated was deemed a grave misfortune which + could only be atoned for by the death of the persons concerned in + the disclosure.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_667" name="note_667" + href="#noteref_667">667.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg213" class= + "tei tei-ref">213</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_668" name="note_668" + href="#noteref_668">668.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This is the opinion of Dr. F. Boas, + who writes: <span class="tei tei-q">“The close similarity between + the clan legends and those of the acquisition of spirits presiding + over secret societies, as well as the intimate relation between + these and the social organizations of the tribes, allow us to apply + the same argument to the consideration of the growth of the secret + societies, and lead us to the conclusion that the same psychical + factor that molded the clans into their present shape molded the + secret societies”</span> (<span class="tei tei-q">“The Social + Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl + Indians,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Report of the United States National Museum + for 1895</span></span>, p. 662). Dr. Boas would see in the + acquisition of a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">manitoo</span></span> or personal totem the + origin both of the secret societies and of the totem clans; for + according to him the totem of the clan is merely the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">manitoo</span></span> or personal totem of the + ancestor transmitted by inheritance to his descendants. As to + personal totems or guardian spirits (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">manitoos</span></span>) among the North + American Indians, see <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Totemism and Exogamy</span></span>, iii. 370 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; as to their secret + societies, see <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, iii. 457 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + as to the theory that clan totems originated in personal or + individual totems, see <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, iv. 48 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_669" name="note_669" + href="#noteref_669">669.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. G. Morice, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes, archaeological, industrial, and sociological, + on the Western Dénés,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Transactions of the Canadian + Institute</span></span>, iv. (1892-93) pp. 203-206. The honorific + totems of the Carrier Indians may perhaps correspond in some + measure to the sub-totems or multiplex totems of the Australians. + As to these latter see <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Totemism and Exogamy</span></span>, i. 78 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 133 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_670" name="note_670" + href="#noteref_670">670.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg153" class= + "tei tei-ref">153</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_671" name="note_671" + href="#noteref_671">671.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">James Teit, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Thompson Indians + of British Columbia</span></span>, p. 357 (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Jesup North + Pacific Expedition, Memoir of the American Museum of Natural + History</span></span>, April, 1900). Among the Shuswap of British + Columbia, when a young man has obtained his personal totem or + guardian spirit, he is supposed to become proof against bullets and + arrows (Fr. Boas, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sixth Report of the Committee on the + North-Western Tribes of Canada</span></span>, p. 93, separate + reprint from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Report of the British + Association</span></span>, Leeds meeting, 1890).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_672" name="note_672" + href="#noteref_672">672.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. R. Schoolcraft, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indian Tribes of the + United States</span></span> (Philadelphia, 1853-1856), v. 683. In a + letter dated 16th Dec. 1887, Mr. A. S. Gatschet, formerly of the + Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, wrote to me: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Among the Toukawe whom in 1884 I found at Fort Griffin + [?], Texas, I noticed that they never kill the big or grey wolf, + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hatchukunän</span></span>, which has a + mythological signification, <span class="tei tei-q">‘holding the + earth’</span> (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hatch</span></span>). He forms one of their + totem clans, and they have had a dance in his honor, danced by the + males only, who carried sticks.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_673" name="note_673" + href="#noteref_673">673.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Laws of Manu</span></span>, ii. 169, + translated by G. Bühler (Oxford, 1886), p. 61 (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Sacred Books of + the East</span></span>, vol. xxv.); J. A. Dubois, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mœurs, Institutions + et Cérémonies des Peuples de l'Inde</span></span> (Paris, 1825), i. + 125; Monier Williams, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Religious Thought and Life in + India</span></span> (London, 1883), pp. 360 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 396 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; H. Oldenberg, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Religion des + Veda</span></span> (Berlin, 1894), pp. 466 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_674" name="note_674" + href="#noteref_674">674.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lampridius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Commodus</span></span>, 9; C. W. King, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Gnostics and their Remains</span></span>, Second Edition (London, + 1887), pp. 127, 129. Compare Fr. Cumont, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Textes et Monuments + figurés relatifs aux mystères de Mithra</span></span>, i. + (Brussels, 1899) pp. 69 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 321 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; E. + Rohde, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Psyche</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + (Tübingen and Leipsic, 1903), ii. 400 n. 1; A. Dieterich, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eine + Mithrasliturgie</span></span> (Leipsic, 1903), pp. 91, 157 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_675" name="note_675" + href="#noteref_675">675.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg110" class= + "tei tei-ref">110</a>; compare pp. <a href="#Pg107" class= + "tei tei-ref">107</a>, <a href="#Pg120" class="tei tei-ref">120</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg132" class= + "tei tei-ref">132</a>, <a href="#Pg133" class= + "tei tei-ref">133</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_676" name="note_676" + href="#noteref_676">676.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg120" class= + "tei tei-ref">120</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_677" name="note_677" + href="#noteref_677">677.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg106" class= + "tei tei-ref">106</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_678" name="note_678" + href="#noteref_678">678.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg145" class= + "tei tei-ref">145</a>. In the myth the throwing of the weapons and + of the mistletoe at Balder and the blindness of Hother who slew him + remind us of the custom of the Irish reapers who kill the + corn-spirit in the last sheaf by throwing their sickles blindfold + at it. See <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Spirits of the Corn and of the + Wild</span></span>, i. 144. In Mecklenburg a cock is sometimes + buried in the ground and a man who is blindfolded strikes at it + with a flail. If he misses it, another tries, and so on till the + cock is killed. See K. Bartsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagen, Märchen und + Gebräuche aus Mecklenburg</span></span> (Vienna, 1879-1880), ii. + 280. In England on Shrove Tuesday a hen used to be tied upon a + man's back, and other men blindfolded struck at it with branches + till they killed it. See T. F. Thiselton Dyer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">British Popular + Customs</span></span> (London, 1876), p. 68. W. Mannhardt + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Korndämonen</span></span>, Berlin, 1868, pp. 16 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>) + has made it probable that such sports are directly derived from the + custom of killing a cock upon the harvest-field as a representative + of the corn-spirit. See <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Spirits of the Corn and of the + Wild</span></span>, i. 277 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> These customs, therefore, + combined with the blindness of Hother in the myth, suggest that the + man who killed the human representative of the oak-spirit was + blindfolded, and threw his weapon or the mistletoe from a little + distance. After the Lapps had killed a bear—which was the occasion + of many superstitious ceremonies—the bear's skin was hung on a + post, and the women, blindfolded, shot arrows at it. See J. + Scheffer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lapponia</span></span> (Frankfort, 1673), p. + 240.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_679" name="note_679" + href="#noteref_679">679.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> xxiv. 12; J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 1010. Compare below, p. + <a href="#Pg282" class="tei tei-ref">282</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_680" name="note_680" + href="#noteref_680">680.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Satapatha Brahmana</span></span>, xii. 7. + 3. 1-3, translated by J. Eggeling, Part v. (Oxford, 1900) pp. 222 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Sacred Books of + the East</span></span>, vol. xliv.); Denham Rouse, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-lore + Journal</span></span>, vii. (1889) p. 61, quoting <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taittīrya + Brāhmana</span></span>, I. vii. 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_681" name="note_681" + href="#noteref_681">681.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Col. E. T. Dalton, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Kols of Chota-Nagpore,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Transactions of the + Ethnological Society</span></span>, N.S. vi. (1868) p. 36.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_682" name="note_682" + href="#noteref_682">682.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Jens Kamp, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Danske + Folkeminder</span></span> (Odense, 1877), pp. 172, 65 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + referred to in Feilberg's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bidrag til en Ordbog over Jyske + Almuesmål</span></span>, Fjerde hefte (Copenhagen, 1888), p. 320. + For a sight of Feilberg's work I am indebted to the kindness of the + late Rev. Walter Gregor, M.A., of Pitsligo, who pointed out the + passage to me.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_683" name="note_683" + href="#noteref_683">683.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. T. Kristensen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iydske + Folkeminder</span></span>, vi. 380, referred to by Feilberg, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span> According to Marcellus + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Medicamentis</span></span>, xxvi. 115), ivy which springs from an + oak is a remedy for stone, provided it be cut with a copper + instrument.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_684" name="note_684" + href="#noteref_684">684.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Kuhn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Herabkunft des + Feuers und des Göttertranks</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (Gütersloh, 1886), pp. 175 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, quoting Dybeck's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Runa</span></span>, 1845, pp. 62 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_685" name="note_685" + href="#noteref_685">685.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Kuhn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 176.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_686" name="note_686" + href="#noteref_686">686.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Quoted by A. Kuhn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 180 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> In Zimbales, a province of + the Philippine Islands, <span class="tei tei-q">“a certain + parasitic plant that much resembles yellow moss and grows high up + on trees is regarded as a very powerful charm. It is called + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">gay-u-ma</span></span>, and a man who + possesses it is called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nanara gayuma</span></span>. If his eyes rest + on a person during the new moon he will become sick at the stomach, + but he can cure the sickness by laying hands on the afflicted + part.”</span> See W. A. Reed, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Negritos of Zambales</span></span> (Manilla, + 1904), p. 67 (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Department of the Interior, Ethnological + Survey Publications</span></span>, vol. ii. part i.). Mr. Reed + seems to mean that if a man who possesses this parasitic plant sees + a person at the new moon, the person on whom his eye falls will be + sick in his stomach, but that the owner of the parasite can cure + the sufferer by laying his (the owner's) hands on his (the + patient's) stomach. It is interesting to observe that the magical + virtue of the parasitic plant appears to be especially effective at + the new moon.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_687" name="note_687" + href="#noteref_687">687.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Wuttke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Der deutsche + Volksaberglaube</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Berlin, 1869), p. 97 § + 128; L. Lloyd, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Peasant Life in Sweden</span></span> (London, + 1870), p. 269. See above, p. <a href="#Pg086" class= + "tei tei-ref">86</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_688" name="note_688" + href="#noteref_688">688.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">John Hay Allan, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Bridal of + Caölchairn</span></span> (London, 1822), pp. 337 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_689" name="note_689" + href="#noteref_689">689.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. John B. Pratt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Buchan</span></span>, + Second Edition (Aberdeen, Edinburgh, and London, 1859), p. 342. + <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The corbie roup</span></span>”</span> means + <span class="tei tei-q">“the raven croak.”</span> In former + editions of this work my only source of information as to the + mistletoe and oak of the Hays was an extract from a newspaper which + was kindly copied and sent to me, without the name of the + newspaper, by the late Rev. Walter Gregor, M.A., of Pitsligo. For + my acquaintance with the works of J. H. Allan and J. B. Pratt I am + indebted to the researches of my learned friend Mr. A. B. Cook, who + has already quoted them in his article <span class="tei tei-q">“The + European Sky-God,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xvii. (1906) pp. 318 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_690" name="note_690" + href="#noteref_690">690.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M. Martin, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Description of the Western Islands of + Scotland,”</span> in J. Pinkerton's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyages and + Travels</span></span> (London, 1808-1814), iii. 661.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_691" name="note_691" + href="#noteref_691">691.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See James Sowerby, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English + Botany</span></span>, xxi. (London, 1805), p. 1470: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Misseltoe is celebrated in story as the sacred + plant of the Druids, and the Golden Bough of Virgil, which was + Aeneas's passport to the infernal regions.”</span> Again, the + author of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lexicon Mythologicum</span></span> concludes, + <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">cum Jonghio + nostro</span></span>,”</span> that the Golden Bough <span class= + "tei tei-q">“was nothing but the mistletoe glorified by poetical + license.”</span> See <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Edda Rhythmica seu Antiquior, vulgo Saemundina + dicta</span></span>, iii. (Copenhagen, 1828) p. 513 note. C. L. + Rochholz expresses the same opinion (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutscher Glaube und + Brauch</span></span>, Berlin, 1867, i. 9). The subject is discussed + at length by E. Norden, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">P. Vergilius Maro, Aeneis Buch + VI.</span></span> (Leipsic, 1903) pp. 161-171, who, however, does + not even mention the general or popular view (<span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">publica opinio</span></span>) current in the + time of Servius, that the Golden Bough was the branch which a + candidate for the priesthood of Diana had to pluck in the sacred + grove of Nemi. I confess I have more respect for the general + opinion of antiquity than to dismiss it thus cavalierly without a + hearing.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_692" name="note_692" + href="#noteref_692">692.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Virgil, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> + vi. 203 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, compare 136 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + See Note IV. <span class="tei tei-q">“The Mistletoe and the Golden + Bough”</span> at the end of this volume.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_693" name="note_693" + href="#noteref_693">693.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, i. 40 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, ii. 378 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + Virgil (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> vi. 201 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>) + places the Golden Bough in the neighbourhood of Lake Avernus. But + this was probably a poetical liberty, adopted for the convenience + of Aeneas's descent to the infernal world. Italian tradition, as we + learn from Servius (on Virgil, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> + vi. 136), placed the Golden Bough in the grove at Nemi.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_694" name="note_694" + href="#noteref_694">694.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, i. 12.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_695" name="note_695" + href="#noteref_695">695.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, ii. 186, 366 note 2.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_696" name="note_696" + href="#noteref_696">696.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A custom of annually burning or + otherwise sacrificing a human representative of the corn-spirit has + been noted among the Egyptians, Pawnees, and Khonds. See + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spirits + of the Corn and of the Wild</span></span>, i. 238 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 245 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 259 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> We + have seen that in Western Asia there are strong traces of a + practice of annually burning a human god. See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adonis, Attis, + Osiris</span></span>, Second Edition, pp. 84 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 98 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 137 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 139 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 155 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The + Druids appear to have eaten portions of the human victim (Pliny, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> xxx. 13). Perhaps portions of the flesh of the + King of the Wood were eaten by his worshippers as a sacrament. We + have found traces of the use of sacramental bread at Nemi. See + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spirits + of the Corn and of the Wild</span></span>, ii. 94 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_697" name="note_697" + href="#noteref_697">697.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It has been said that in Welsh a name + for mistletoe is <span class="tei tei-q">“the tree of pure + gold”</span> (<span lang="cy" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "cy"><span style="font-style: italic">pren puraur</span></span>). + See J. Grimm, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Deutsche Mythologie</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + ii. 1009, referring to Davies. But my friend Sir John Rhys tells me + that the statement is devoid of foundation.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_698" name="note_698" + href="#noteref_698">698.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Virgil, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> vi. 137 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Latet arbore opaca</span><br /> + <span style="font-style: italic">Aureus et foliis et lento vimine + ramus.</span></span>”</span></p> + </dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_699" name="note_699" + href="#noteref_699">699.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This suggestion as to the origin of + the name has been made to me by two correspondents independently. + Miss Florence Grove, writing to me from 10 Milton Chambers, Cheyne + Walk, London, on May 13th, 1901, tells me that she regularly hangs + up a bough of mistletoe every year and allows it to remain till it + is replaced by the new branch next year, and from her observation + <span class="tei tei-q">“the mistletoe is actually a golden bough + when kept a sufficiently long time.”</span> She was kind enough to + send me some twigs of her old bough, which fully bore out her + description. Again, Mrs. A. Stuart writes to me from Crear Cottage, + Morningside Drive, Edinburgh, on June 26th, 1901: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“As to why the mistletoe might be called the Golden + Bough, my sister Miss Haig wishes me to tell you that last June, + when she was in Brittany, she saw great bunches of mistletoe hung + up in front of the houses in the villages. The leaves were + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">bright + golden</span></em>. You should hang up a branch next Christmas and + keep it till June!”</span> The great hollow oak of + Saint-Denis-des-Puits, in the French province of Perche, is called + <span class="tei tei-q">“the gilded or golden oak”</span> + (<span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chêne-Doré</span></span>) <span class= + "tei tei-q">“in memory of the Druidical tradition of the mistletoe + cut with a golden sickle.”</span> See Felix Chapiseau, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le Folk-lore de la + Beauce et du Perche</span></span> (Paris, 1902), i. 97. Perhaps the + name may be derived from bunches of withered mistletoe shining like + gold in the sunshine among the branches.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_700" name="note_700" + href="#noteref_700">700.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Gaidoz, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Bulletin critique de la Mythologie Gauloise,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Revue de + l'Histoire des Religions</span></span>, ii. (Paris, 1880) p. + 76.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_701" name="note_701" + href="#noteref_701">701.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See below, pp. <a href="#Pg291" class= + "tei tei-ref">291</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_702" name="note_702" + href="#noteref_702">702.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg065" class= + "tei tei-ref">65</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_703" name="note_703" + href="#noteref_703">703.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. V. Grohmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aberglauben und + Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren</span></span> (Prague and Leipsic, + 1864), p. 97, § 673.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_704" name="note_704" + href="#noteref_704">704.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. V. Grohmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 97, § 676; A. Wuttke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Der deutsche + Volksaberglaube</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Berlin, 1869), p. 94, § + 123; I. V. Zingerle, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler + Volkes</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Innsbruck, 1871), p. 158, + § 1350.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_705" name="note_705" + href="#noteref_705">705.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Russwurm, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Aberglaube in Russland,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + deutsche Mythologie und Sittenkunde</span></span>, iv. (1859), pp. + 152 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Angelo de Gubernatis, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mythologie des Plantes</span></span> (Paris, + 1878-1882), ii. 146.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_706" name="note_706" + href="#noteref_706">706.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Sébillot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Traditions et + Superstitions de la Haute-Bretagne</span></span> (Paris, 1882), ii. + 336; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coutumes populaires + de la Haute-Bretagne</span></span> (Paris, 1886), p. 217.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_707" name="note_707" + href="#noteref_707">707.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. E. Waldfreund, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Volksgebräuche und Aberglauben in Tirol und dem + Salzburger Gebirg,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für deutsche Mythologie und + Sittenkunde</span></span>, iii. (1855), p. 339.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_708" name="note_708" + href="#noteref_708">708.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Runge, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Volksglaube in der Schweiz,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + deutsche Mythologie und Sittenkunde</span></span>, iv. (1859), p. + 175.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_709" name="note_709" + href="#noteref_709">709.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">O. Frh. von Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fest-Kalendar aus Böhmen</span></span> + (Prague, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), pp. 311 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Compare Theodor Vernaleken, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mythen + und Bräuche des Volkes in Oesterreich</span></span> (Vienna, 1859), + pp. 309 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; M. Töppen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aberglauben aus + Masuren</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Danzig, 1867), pp. 72 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Even without the use of + fern-seed treasures are sometimes said to bloom or burn in the + earth, or to reveal their presence by a bluish flame, on Midsummer + Eve; in Transylvania only children born on a Sunday can see them + and fetch them up. See J. Haltrich, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zur Volkskunde der + Siebenbürger Sachsen</span></span> (Vienna, 1885), p. 287; I. V. + Zingerle, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler + Volkes</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Innsbruck, 1871), p. 159, + §§ 1351, 1352; K. Bartsch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sagen, Märchen und Gebrauche aus + Mecklenburg</span></span> (Vienna, 1879-1880), ii. 285, § 1431; E. + Monseur, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folklore Wallon</span></span> (Brussels, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), p. 6, § 1789; K. + Haupt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sagenbuch der Lausitz</span></span> (Leipsic, + 1862-1863), i. 231 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, No. 275; A. Wuttke, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Der + deutsche Volksaberglaube</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (Berlin, 1869), p. 76, § 92; F. J. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aus dem inneren und + äusseren Leben der Ehsten</span></span> (St. Petersburg, 1876), p. + 363.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_710" name="note_710" + href="#noteref_710">710.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">I. V. Zingerle, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 103, § 882; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für deutsche Mythologie und + Sittenkunde</span></span>, i. (1853), p. 330; W. Müller, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beiträge + zur Volkskunde der Deutschen in Mähren</span></span> (Vienna and + Olmütz, 1893), p. 265. At Pergine, in the Tyrol, it was thought + that fern-seed gathered with the dew on St. John's night had the + power of transforming metals (into gold?). See Ch. Schneller, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Märchen + und Sagen aus Wälschtirol</span></span> (Innsbruck, 1867), p. 237, + § 23.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_711" name="note_711" + href="#noteref_711">711.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">I. V. Zingerle, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sitten, Bräuche und + Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + pp. 190 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, § 1573.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_712" name="note_712" + href="#noteref_712">712.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Schlossar, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Volksmeinung und Volksaberglaube aus der deutschen + Steiermark,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Germania</span></span>, N.R., xxiv. (1891) p. + 387.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_713" name="note_713" + href="#noteref_713">713.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ernst Meier, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche Sagen, + Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben</span></span> (Stuttgart, 1852), + pp. 242-244.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_714" name="note_714" + href="#noteref_714">714.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. V. Grohmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aberglauben und + Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren</span></span>, p. 97, § 675; W. R. + S. Ralston, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Songs of the Russian People</span></span>, + Second Edition (London, 1872), p. 98; C. Russwurm, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Aberglaube in Russland,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + deutsche Mythologie und Sittenkunde</span></span>, iv. (1859) p. + 152.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_715" name="note_715" + href="#noteref_715">715.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. Bechstein, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsches + Sagenbuch</span></span> (Leipsic, 1853), p. 430, No. 500; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thüringer + Sagenbuch</span></span> (Leipsic, 1885), ii. pp. 17 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + No. 161.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_716" name="note_716" + href="#noteref_716">716.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For gathering it at midsummer, see + above, pp. <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref">86</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The + custom of gathering it at Christmas still commonly survives in + England. At York <span class="tei tei-q">“on the eve of + Christmas-day they carry mistletoe to the high altar of the + cathedral, and proclaim a public and universal liberty, pardon and + freedom to all sorts of inferior and even wicked people at the + gates of the city, toward the four quarters of heaven.”</span> See + W. Stukeley, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Medallic History of Marcus Aurelius + Valerius Carausius, Emperor in Britain</span></span> (London, + 1757-1759), ii. 164; J. Brand, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular Antiquities + of Great Britain</span></span> (London, 1882-1883), i. 525. This + last custom, which is now doubtless obsolete, may have been a relic + of an annual period of license like the Saturnalia. The traditional + privilege accorded to men of kissing any woman found under + mistletoe is probably another relic of the same sort. See + Washington Irving, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sketch-Book</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Christmas Eve,”</span> p. 147 (Bohn's edition); Marie + Trevelyan, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore and Folk-stories of + Wales</span></span> (London, 1909), p. 88.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_717" name="note_717" + href="#noteref_717">717.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. A. Afzelius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Volkssagen und + Volkslieder aus Schwedens älterer und neuerer Zeit</span></span> + (Leipsic, 1842), i. 41 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> iii. 289; L. Lloyd, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Peasant + Life in Sweden</span></span> (London, 1870), pp. 266 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> See + above, p. 69. In the Tyrol they say that if mistletoe grows on a + hazel-tree, there must be a treasure under the tree. See J. N. + Ritter von Alpenburg, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mythen und Sagen Tirols</span></span> (Zurich, + 1857), p. 398. In East Prussia a similar belief is held in regard + to mistletoe that grows on a thorn. See C. Lemke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Volksthümliches in + Ostpreussen</span></span> (Mohrungen, 1884-1887), ii. 283. We have + seen that the divining-rod which reveals treasures is commonly cut + from a hazel (above, pp. <a href="#Pg067" class= + "tei tei-ref">67</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_718" name="note_718" + href="#noteref_718">718.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, pp. <a href="#Pg090" class= + "tei tei-ref">90-92</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_719" name="note_719" + href="#noteref_719">719.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fern-seed is supposed to bloom at + Easter as well as at Midsummer and Christmas (W. R. S. Ralston, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Songs of + the Russian People</span></span>, pp. 98 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>); + and Easter, as we have seen, is one of the times when fires are + ceremonially kindled, perhaps to recruit the fire of the sun.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_720" name="note_720" + href="#noteref_720">720.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Miss C. S. Burne and Miss G. F. + Jackson, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Shropshire Folk-lore</span></span> (London, + 1883), p. 242.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_721" name="note_721" + href="#noteref_721">721.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Marie Trevelyan, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-lore and + Folk-stories of Wales</span></span> (London, 1909), p. 88.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_722" name="note_722" + href="#noteref_722">722.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> xvi. 251.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_723" name="note_723" + href="#noteref_723">723.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, pp. <a href="#Pg082" class= + "tei tei-ref">82</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_724" name="note_724" + href="#noteref_724">724.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> xxxiii. 94: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Calx aqua accenditur et + Thracius lapis, idem oleo restinguitur, ignis autem aceto maxime et + visco et ovo.</span></span>”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_725" name="note_725" + href="#noteref_725">725.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg085" class= + "tei tei-ref">85</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_726" name="note_726" + href="#noteref_726">726.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Virgil, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> + vi. 179-209.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_727" name="note_727" + href="#noteref_727">727.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Virgil, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> + vi. 384-416.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_728" name="note_728" + href="#noteref_728">728.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, pp. <a href="#Pg086" class= + "tei tei-ref">86</a>, <a href="#Pg282" class= + "tei tei-ref">282</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_729" name="note_729" + href="#noteref_729">729.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg085" class= + "tei tei-ref">85</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_730" name="note_730" + href="#noteref_730">730.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pausanias, x. 30. 6.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_731" name="note_731" + href="#noteref_731">731.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Six, <span class="tei tei-q">“Die + Eriphyle des Polygnot,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mittheilungen des + kaiserlich deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts, Athenische + Abtheilung</span></span>, xix. (1894) pp. 338 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + Compare my commentary on Pausanias, vol. v. p. 385.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_732" name="note_732" + href="#noteref_732">732.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The sarcophagus is in the Lateran + Museum at Rome. See W. Helbig, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Führer durch die + öffentlichen Sammlungen Klassischer Altertümer in + Rom</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Leipsic, 1899), ii. + 468.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_733" name="note_733" + href="#noteref_733">733.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, i. 19 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_734" name="note_734" + href="#noteref_734">734.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Edda</span></span>, übersetzt von K. + Simrock<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">8</span></span> (Stuttgart, 1882), p. + 264.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_735" name="note_735" + href="#noteref_735">735.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">S. Powers, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tribes of + California</span></span> (Washington, 1877), p. 171.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_736" name="note_736" + href="#noteref_736">736.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">S. Powers, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tribes of + California</span></span>, p. 287.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_737" name="note_737" + href="#noteref_737">737.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Max Girschner, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Die Karolineninsel Namöluk und ihre Bewohner,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baessler-Archiv</span></span>, ii. (1912) p. + 141.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_738" name="note_738" + href="#noteref_738">738.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. A. Macdonell, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vedic + Mythology</span></span> (Strasburg, 1897), pp. 91 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + referring to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Rigveda</span></span>, vi. 3. 3, x. 79. 7, ii. + 1. 14, iii. 1. 13, x. 1. 2, viii. 43. 9, i. 70. 4, ii. 1. 1. + Compare H. Oldenberg, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Religion des Veda</span></span> (Berlin, + 1894), pp. 120 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_739" name="note_739" + href="#noteref_739">739.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Edward M. Curr, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Australian + Race</span></span> (Melbourne and London, 1886-1887), i. 9, + 18.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_740" name="note_740" + href="#noteref_740">740.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">James Mooney, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Myths of the Cherokee,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nineteenth Annual + Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology</span></span>, Part i. + (Washington, 1900) p. 422, compare p. 435.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_741" name="note_741" + href="#noteref_741">741.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">James Teit, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Thompson Indians + of British Columbia</span></span>, p. 346 (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Jesup North + Pacific Expedition, Memoir of the American Museum of Natural + History</span></span>, April, 1900).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_742" name="note_742" + href="#noteref_742">742.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Teit, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 374.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_743" name="note_743" + href="#noteref_743">743.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Shuswap Indians of British + Columbia entertain a similar belief. It has been suggested that the + fancy may be based on the observation that cold follows a + thunder-storm. See G. M. Dawson, <span class="tei tei-q">“Notes on + the Shuswap people of British Columbia,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Transactions of the + Royal Society of Canada</span></span>, ix. (1891) Section ii. p. + 38.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_744" name="note_744" + href="#noteref_744">744.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. Wuttke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sächsische + Volkskunde</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Dresden, 1901), p. + 369.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_745" name="note_745" + href="#noteref_745">745.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Henri A. Junod, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Life of a South + African Tribe</span></span> (Neuchatel, 1912-1913), ii. 291. The + Thonga imagine that lightning is caused by a great bird, which + sometimes buries itself in the ground to a depth of several feet. + See H. A. Junod, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> ii. 290 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_746" name="note_746" + href="#noteref_746">746.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dr. James A. Chisholm (of the + Livingstonia Mission, Mwenzo, N.E. Rhodesia), <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Winamwanga and + Wiwa,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the African Society</span></span>, + No. 36 (July, 1910), p. 363.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_747" name="note_747" + href="#noteref_747">747.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">S. Powers, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tribes of + California</span></span> (Washington, 1877), p. 287. The dread of + lightning is prominent in some of the customs observed in Patiko, a + district of the Uganda Protectorate. If a village has suffered from + lightning, ropes made of twisted grass are strung from peak to peak + of the houses to ward off further strokes. And if a person has been + struck or badly shaken, <span class="tei tei-q">“an elaborate cure + is performed upon him. A red cock is taken, his tongue torn out, + and his body dashed upon the house where the stroke fell. Then the + scene changes to the bank of a small running stream, where the + patient is made to kneel while the bird is sacrificed over the + water. A raw egg is next given to the patient to swallow, and he is + laid on his stomach and encouraged to vomit. The lightning is + supposed to be vomited along with the egg, and all ill effects + prevented.”</span> See Rev. A. L. Kitching, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the Backwaters of + the Nile</span></span> (London, 1912), p. 263.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_748" name="note_748" + href="#noteref_748">748.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 349 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_749" name="note_749" + href="#noteref_749">749.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Warde Fowler, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Oak and the Thunder-god,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Archiv für + Religionswissenschaft</span></span>, xvi. (1913) pp. 318 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> My friend Mr. Warde Fowler + had previously called my attention to the facts in a letter dated + September 17th, 1912.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_750" name="note_750" + href="#noteref_750">750.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dr. W. Schlich's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manual of + Forestry</span></span>, vol. iv. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Forest + Protection</span></span>, by W. R. Fisher, Second Edition (London, + 1907), pp. 662 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Mr. W. Warde Fowler was the + first to call the attention of mythologists to this work.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_751" name="note_751" + href="#noteref_751">751.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Experiments on the conductivity of + electricity in wood go to shew that starchy trees (oak, poplar, + maples, ash, elm, <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">sorbus</span></span>) are + good conductors, that oily trees (beech, walnut, birch, lime) are + bad conductors, and that the conifers are intermediate, the Scotch + pine in summer being as deficient in oil as the starchy trees, but + rich in oil during winter. It was found that a single turn of + Holz's electric machine sufficed to send the spark through oakwood, + but that from twelve to twenty turns were required to send it + through beech-wood. Five turns of the machine were needed to send + the spark through poplar and willow wood. See Dr. W. Schlich, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manual of + Forestry</span></span>, vol. iv. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Forest + Protection</span></span>, Second Edition (London, 1907), p. 664. In + the tropics lightning is said to be especially attracted to + coco-nut palms. See P. Amaury Talbot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">In the Shadow of the + Bush</span></span> (London, 1913), p. 73.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_752" name="note_752" + href="#noteref_752">752.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">As to the Greek belief and custom, see + H. Usener, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kleine Schriften</span></span>, iv. (Leipsic + and Berlin, 1913), <span class="tei tei-q">“Keraunos,”</span> pp. + 471 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 361. As to the Roman belief + and custom, see Festus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">svv.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fulguritum and + Provorsum fulgur</span></span>, pp. 92, 229, ed. C. O. Müller + (Leipsic, 1839); H. Dessau, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae</span></span>, + vol. ii. pars i. (Berlin, 1902) pp. 10 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + Nos. 3048-3056; L. Preller, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Römische Mythologie</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + (Berlin, 1881-1883), i. 190-193; G. Wissowa, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion und Kultus + der Römer</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Munich, 1912), pp. 121 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> By a curious refinement the + Romans referred lightning which fell by day to Jupiter, but + lightning which fell by night to a god called Summanus (Festus, p. + 229).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_753" name="note_753" + href="#noteref_753">753.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> iii. 64, citing a statement + that lightning strikes twenty oaks for one beech. The statistics + adduced by Mr. W. Warde Fowler seem to shew that this statement is + no exaggeration but rather the contrary.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_754" name="note_754" + href="#noteref_754">754.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Warde Fowler, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Oak and the Thunder-god,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Archiv für + Religionswissenschaft</span></span>, xvi. (1913) pp. 317-320.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_755" name="note_755" + href="#noteref_755">755.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, ii. 356 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_756" name="note_756" + href="#noteref_756">756.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The suggestion is Mr. W. Warde + Fowler's (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op cit.</span></span> pp. 319 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_757" name="note_757" + href="#noteref_757">757.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Natur. + Hist.</span></span> xvi. 249.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_758" name="note_758" + href="#noteref_758">758.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg085" class= + "tei tei-ref">85</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_759" name="note_759" + href="#noteref_759">759.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> i. 153. See above, p. + <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref">85</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_760" name="note_760" + href="#noteref_760">760.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This interpretation of Balder's death + was anticipated by W. Schwartz (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Der Ursprung der + Mythologie</span></span>, Berlin, 1860, p. 176), who cut the whole + knot by dubbing Balder <span class="tei tei-q">“the German + thunder-and-lightning god”</span> and mistletoe <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the wonderful thunder-and-lightning flower.”</span> + But as this learned writer nursed a fatal passion for thunder and + lightning, which he detected lurking in the most unlikely places, + we need not wonder that he occasionally found it in places where + there were some slight grounds for thinking that it really + existed.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_761" name="note_761" + href="#noteref_761">761.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">On the relation of the priest to + Jupiter, and the equivalence of Jupiter and Juno to Janus (Dianus) + and Diana, see <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, ii. 376 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_762" name="note_762" + href="#noteref_762">762.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“I quite agree + how humiliating the slow progress of man is, but every one has his + own pet horror, and this slow progress or even personal + annihilation sinks in my mind into insignificance compared with the + idea or rather I presume certainty of the sun some day cooling and + we all freezing. To think of the progress of millions of years, + with every continent swarming with good and enlightened men, all + ending in this, and with probably no fresh start until this our + planetary system has been again converted into red-hot gas. + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sic transit gloria mundi</span></span>, with a + vengeance”</span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">More Letters of Charles Darwin</span></span>, + edited by Francis Darwin, London, 1903, i. 260 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_763" name="note_763" + href="#noteref_763">763.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Since this passage was written the + hope which it expresses has been to some extent strengthened by the + discovery of radium, which appears to prolong indefinitely the + prospect of the duration of the sun's heat, and with it the + duration of life on its attendant planets. See (Sir) George Howard + Darwin's Presidential Address to the British Association, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Report of + the 75th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of + Science</span></span> (South Africa, 1905), pp. 28 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; F. + Soddy, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Interpretation of Radium</span></span>, + Third Edition (London, 1912), pp. 240 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + E. Rutherford, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Radio-active Substances and their + Radiations</span></span> (Cambridge, 1913), pp. 653-656. At the + same time it should be borne in mind that even if the atomic + disintegration and accompanying liberation of energy, which + characterize radium and kindred elements, should prove to be common + in different degrees to all the other elements and to form a vast + and till lately unsuspected store of heat to the sun, this enormous + reserve of fuel would only defer but could not avert that final + catastrophe with which the solar system and indeed the whole + universe is remorselessly threatened by the law of the dissipation + of energy.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_764" name="note_764" + href="#noteref_764">764.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, vol. i. pp. 15 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_765" name="note_765" + href="#noteref_765">765.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Alexander Carmichael, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Carmina Gadelica, + Hymns and Incantations with Illustrative Notes on Words, Rites, and + Customs, dying and obsolete: orally collected in the Highlands and + Islands of Scotland and translated into English</span></span> + (Edinburgh, 1900), ii. 312.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_766" name="note_766" + href="#noteref_766">766.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, vol. i. pp. 315 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_767" name="note_767" + href="#noteref_767">767.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The late Rev. P. Dehon, S.J., + <span class="tei tei-q">“Religion and Customs of the + Uraons,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of + Bengal</span></span>, vol. i. No. 9 (Calcutta, 1906), p. 141.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_768" name="note_768" + href="#noteref_768">768.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Every clan + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Familienstamm</span></span>) has a definite + thing which is forbidden to all the members of the clan, whether it + be a particular kind of meat, or a certain fish, or as here the + stalk of a gourd.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_769" name="note_769" + href="#noteref_769">769.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“The place in + Nguu, where the ghost is said to dwell.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_770" name="note_770" + href="#noteref_770">770.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“In + Ukami.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_771" name="note_771" + href="#noteref_771">771.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Velten, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schilderungen der + Suaheli</span></span> (Göttingen, 1901), pp. 195-197.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_772" name="note_772" + href="#noteref_772">772.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Miss Alice Werner, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Natives of + British Central Africa</span></span> (London, 1906), p. 82. In a + letter Miss Werner tells me that she learned these particulars at + Blantyre in 1893, and that the chief lived in the neighbourhood of + Mlanje.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_773" name="note_773" + href="#noteref_773">773.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. Henry Rowley, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Twenty Years in + Central Africa</span></span> (London, N.D.), pp. 36 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + For a reference to this and all the other works cited in this Note + I am indebted to the kindness of Miss Alice Werner.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_774" name="note_774" + href="#noteref_774">774.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. David Clement Scott, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A Cyclopaedic + Dictionary of the Mang'anja Language spoken in British Central + Africa</span></span> (Edinburgh, 1892), p. 315.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_775" name="note_775" + href="#noteref_775">775.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Edward Steere, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Swahili + Tales</span></span> (London, 1870), pp. 441-453. The young man in + the story is spoken of now as the nephew and now as the son of the + man he murdered. Probably he was what we should call a nephew or + brother's son of his victim; for under the classificatory system of + relationship, which seems to prevail among the Bantu stock, to whom + the Swahili belong, a man regularly calls his paternal uncle his + father.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_776" name="note_776" + href="#noteref_776">776.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, vol. i. pp. 104 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_777" name="note_777" + href="#noteref_777">777.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Virgil, Aen. + vi. 205 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Quale solet silvis brumali frigore + viscum</span><br /> + <span style="font-style: italic">Fronde virere nova, quod non sua + seminat arbos,</span><br /> + <span style="font-style: italic">Et croceo fetu teretis + circumdare truncos:</span><br /> + <span style="font-style: italic">Talis erat species auri + frondentis opaca</span><br /> + <span style="font-style: italic">Ilice, sic leni crepitabat + bractea vento.</span></span>”</span></p> + </dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_778" name="note_778" + href="#noteref_778">778.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Schlich, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manual of + Forestry</span></span>, vol. iv. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Forest + Protection</span></span>, by W. R. Fisher, M.A., Second Edition + (London, 1907), p. 412. French peasants about Coulommiers think + that mistletoe springs from birds' dung. See H. Gaidoz, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Bulletin critique de la Mythologie + Gauloise,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Revue de l'Histoire des + Religions</span></span>, ii. (1880) p. 76. The ancients were well + aware that mistletoe is propagated from tree to tree by seeds which + have been voided by birds. See Theophrastus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De Causis + Plantarum</span></span>, ii. 17. 5; Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Naturalis + Historia</span></span>, xvi. 247. Pliny tells us that the birds + which most commonly deposited the seeds were pigeons and thrushes. + Can this have been the reason why Virgil (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> + vi. 190 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>) represents Aeneas led to + the Golden Bough by a pair of doves?</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_779" name="note_779" + href="#noteref_779">779.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">James Sowerby, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English + Botany</span></span>, xxi. (London, 1805) p. 1470.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_780" name="note_780" + href="#noteref_780">780.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Fraas, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Synopsis Plantarum + Florae Classicae</span></span> (Munich, 1845), p. 152.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_781" name="note_781" + href="#noteref_781">781.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. O. Lenz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Botanik der alten + Griechen und Römer</span></span> (Gotha, 1859), p. 597, quoting + Pollini.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_782" name="note_782" + href="#noteref_782">782.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Lindley and T. Moore, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Treasury of + Botany</span></span>, New Edition (London, 1874), ii. 1220. A good + authority, however, observes that mistletoe is <span class= + "tei tei-q">“frequently to be observed on the branches of old + apple-trees, hawthorns, lime-trees, oaks, etc., where it grows + parasitically.”</span> See J. Sowerby, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English + Botany</span></span>, xxi. (London, 1805) p. 1470.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_783" name="note_783" + href="#noteref_783">783.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Encyclopaedia Britannica</span></span>, Ninth + Edition, x. 689, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Gloucester.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_784" name="note_784" + href="#noteref_784">784.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Gaidoz, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Bulletin critique de la Mythologie Gauloise,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Revue de + l'Histoire des Religions</span></span>, ii. (1880) pp. 75 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_785" name="note_785" + href="#noteref_785">785.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Angelo de Gubernatis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">La Mythologie des + Plantes</span></span> (Paris, 1878-1882), ii. 216 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> As + to the many curious superstitions that have clustered round + mandragora, see P. J. Veth, <span class="tei tei-q">“De + Mandragora,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Internationales Archiv für + Ethnographie</span></span>, vii. (1894) pp. 199-205; C. B. + Randolph, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Mandragora of the Ancients + in Folk-lore and Medicine,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Proceedings of the + American Academy of Arts and Sciences</span></span>, vol. xl. No. + 12 (January, 1905), pp. 487-537.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_786" name="note_786" + href="#noteref_786">786.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Schlich, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manual of + Forestry</span></span>, vol. iv. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Forest + Protection</span></span>, Second Edition (London, 1907), pp. + 415-417.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_787" name="note_787" + href="#noteref_787">787.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. B. Stebbing, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Loranthus Parasite of the Moru and Ban + Oaks,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society + of Bengal</span></span>, New Series, v. (Calcutta, 1910) pp. + 189-195. The <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Loranthus + vestitus</span></span> <span class="tei tei-q">“is a small + branching woody plant with dirty yellowish green leaves which are + dark shining green above. It grows in great clumps and masses on + the trees, resembling a giant mistletoe. The fruit is yellowish and + fleshy, and is almost sessile on the stem, which it thickly + studs”</span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ib.</span></span>, p. 192). The writer shews + that the parasite is very destructive to oaks in India.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_788" name="note_788" + href="#noteref_788">788.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. O. Lenz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Botanik der alten + Griechen und Römer</span></span> (Gotha, 1859), p. 598, notes 151 + and 152.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_789" name="note_789" + href="#noteref_789">789.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Fraas, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Synopsis Plantarum + Florae Classicae</span></span> (Munich, 1845), p. 152.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_790" name="note_790" + href="#noteref_790">790.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. O. Lenz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Botanik der alten + Griechen und Römer</span></span> (Gotha, 1859), pp. 599 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_791" name="note_791" + href="#noteref_791">791.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Theophrastus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historia + Plantarum</span></span>, iii. 7. 5, iii. 16. 1, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De Causis + Plantarum</span></span>, ii. 17; Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> xvi. 245-247. Compare Dioscorides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De materia + medica</span></span>, ii. 93 (103), vol. i. pp. 442 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + ed. C. Sprengel (Leipsic, 1829-1830), who uses the form <span lang= + "el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ixos</span></span> instead of <span lang="el" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ixia</span></span>. Both Dioscorides + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>) and Plutarch (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Coriolanus</span></span>, 3) affirm that + mistletoe (<span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "el"><span style="font-style: italic">ixos</span></span>) grows on + the oak (δρῦς); and Hesychius quotes from Sophocles's play + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Meleager</span></span> the expression + <span class="tei tei-q">“mistletoe-bearing oaks”</span> (ἰξοφόρους + δρύας, Hesychius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_792" name="note_792" + href="#noteref_792">792.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Theophrastus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Opera quae supersunt + omnia</span></span>, ed. Fr. Wimmer (Paris, 1866), pp. 537, 545, + 546, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.vv.</span></span> ἰξία, στελίς, ὑφέαρ.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_793" name="note_793" + href="#noteref_793">793.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. Fraas, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Synopsis Plantarum + Florae Classicae</span></span> (Munich, 1845), p. 152.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_794" name="note_794" + href="#noteref_794">794.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. O. Lenz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Botanik der alten + Griechen und Römer</span></span> (Gotha, 1859), p. 597, notes 147 + and 148.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_795" name="note_795" + href="#noteref_795">795.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Theophrastus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De Causis + Plantarum</span></span>, ii. 17. 2, ἐπεὶ τό γε τὴν μὲν ἀείφυλλον + εἶναι τῶν ἰξιῶν (τὴν δὲ φυλλοβόλον) οὐθὲν ἄτοπον, κἂν ἡ μὲν (ἐν) + ἀιφύλλοις ἡ δὲ ἐν φυλλοβόλοις ἐμβιῴη.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_796" name="note_796" + href="#noteref_796">796.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">His letter is undated, but the + postmark is April 28th, 1889. Sir Francis Darwin has since told me + that his authority is Kerner von Marilaun, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pflanzenleben</span></span> (1888), vol. i. + pp. 195, 196. See Anton Kerner von Marilaun, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Natural History + of Plants</span></span>, translated and edited by F. W. Oliver + (London, 1894-1895), i. 204 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> According to this writer + <span class="tei tei-q">“the mistletoe's favourite tree is + certainly the Black Poplar (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Populus + nigra</span></span>). It flourishes with astonishing luxuriance on + the branches of that tree.... Mistletoe has also been found by way + of exception upon the oak and the maple, and upon old vines”</span> + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> i. 205).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_797" name="note_797" + href="#noteref_797">797.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Prof. P. J. Veth, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“De leer der signatuur, III. De mistel en de + riembloem,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Internationales Archiv für + Ethnographie</span></span>, vii. (1894) p. 105. The Dutch language + has separate names for the two species: mistletoe is <span lang= + "nl" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="nl"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mistel</span></span>, and <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span> is <span lang="nl" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="nl"><span style= + "font-style: italic">riembloem</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_798" name="note_798" + href="#noteref_798">798.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">His letter is dated 18th February, + 1908.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_799" name="note_799" + href="#noteref_799">799.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">But Sir Francis Darwin writes to + me:—<span class="tei tei-q">“I do not quite see why <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span> should not put out + leaves in winter as easily as <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Viscum</span></span>, in both cases it would + be due to unfolding leaf buds; the fact that <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Viscum</span></span> has adult leaves at the + time, while <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span> has + not, does not really affect the matter.”</span> However, Mr. Paton + tells us, as we have just seen, that in winter the <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loranthus</span></span> growing on the oaks of + Mount Athos has no leaves, though its yellow berries are very + conspicuous.</dd> + </dl> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GOLDEN BOUGH: A STUDY IN MAGIC AND RELIGION (THIRD EDITION, VOL. 11 OF 12)*** +</pre> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="rightpageheader49" id="rightpageheader49"></a><a name= + "pgtoc50" id="pgtoc50"></a><a name="pdf51" id="pdf51"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">July 9, + 2013 </th> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tei tei-item tei-item-gloss"> + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI + edition 1</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"><span class= + "tei tei-respStmt"><span class= + "tei tei-name">Produced by David Edwards, David + King, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team + at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. 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