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diff --git a/43431-h/43431-h.htm b/43431-h/43431-h.htm index 416c007..9c8714d 100644 --- a/43431-h/43431-h.htm +++ b/43431-h/43431-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Vertebrate Skeleton, by Sidney H. Reynolds @@ -147,46 +147,7 @@ div.tnotes { </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Vertebrate Skeleton, by Sidney H. Reynolds - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Vertebrate Skeleton - -Author: Sidney H. Reynolds - -Release Date: August 9, 2013 [EBook #43431] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE VERTEBRATE SKELETON *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Mark Young and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43431 ***</div> <div class="tnotes covernote"> <p class="noin">Transcriber's Note</p> @@ -2465,7 +2426,7 @@ archipterygia (see p. 127).</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Pa <li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Subgroup Steganopodes. Sula—gannet.</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 11.3em;">Pelicanus—pelican.</span></li> -<li><span style="margin-left: 11.3em;">Phaëthon—frigate bird.</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 11.3em;">Phaëthon—frigate bird.</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 11.3em;">Phalacrocorax—cormorant.</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Subgroup Ardeae. Ardea—heron</span></li> @@ -2658,7 +2619,7 @@ archipterygia (see p. 127).</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Pa <li><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Suborder (3)</span>. <span class="smcap">Odontoceti.</span></li> <li>Family <b>Physeteridae</b>. Physeter—sperm whale.</li> -<li><span style="margin-left: 14em;">Hyperoödon—bottlenose.</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 14em;">Hyperoödon—bottlenose.</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 14em;">Ziphius.</span></li> <li><span style="margin-left: 14em;">Mesoplodon.</span></li> @@ -3012,7 +2973,7 @@ the notochord is lost in the adult.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i_068.jpg" width="800" height="169" alt="" title="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="smcap">Fig. 3. Diagram of the skeleton of</a><i> Amphioxus lanceolatus</i> × 3<br /> +<div class="caption"><a class="smcap">Fig. 3. Diagram of the skeleton of</a><i> Amphioxus lanceolatus</i> × 3<br /> (after a drawing in the Index collection at the Brit. Mus.).<br /> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. skeleton of dorsal fin.</td><td align="left">5. branchial skeleton.</td></tr> @@ -3196,7 +3157,7 @@ Ammocoete.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></ <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i_073.jpg" width="800" height="399" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><a class="smcap">Fig. 4. A, dorsal; B, lateral and C, ventral view of the<br /> -skull of</a> <i>Petromyzon marinus</i> × 1 (after <a class="smcap">Parker</a>).<br /> +skull of</a> <i>Petromyzon marinus</i> × 1 (after <a class="smcap">Parker</a>).<br /> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. horny teeth.</td><td align="left">8. lateral distal mandibular.</td></tr> @@ -3957,7 +3918,7 @@ enters the orbit (fig. 6, 9).<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76 <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i_092.jpg" width="800" height="358" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><a class="smcap">Fig. 6. Lateral view of the skull of a Dogfish</a> (<i>Scyllium<br /> -canicula</i>) × 2/3.<br /> +canicula</i>) × 2/3.<br /> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. nasal capsule.</td><td align="left">10. ethmo-palatine ligament.</td></tr> @@ -4128,7 +4089,7 @@ distally.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 691px;"> <img src="images/i_097.jpg" width="691" height="600" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><a class="smcap">Fig. 7. Semidorsal view of the pectoral girdle and fins<br /> -of a Dogfish</a> (<i>Scyllium canicula</i>) × 2/3.<br /> +of a Dogfish</a> (<i>Scyllium canicula</i>) × 2/3.<br /> The gaps between the radiale are blackened. <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary=""> @@ -4789,7 +4750,7 @@ Dogfish.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 797px;"> <img src="images/i_116.jpg" width="797" height="600" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 12. Mandibular and hyoid arches of a Cod</span> (<i>Gadus<br /> -morrhua</i>) × ½ (Brit. Mus.). +morrhua</i>) × ½ (Brit. Mus.). <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. palatine.</td><td align="left">9. articular.</td></tr> @@ -4895,7 +4856,7 @@ greatly developed, and the cartilage bones, the <b>scapula</b> and <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i_119.jpg" width="600" height="622" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 13. The right half of the pectoral girdle and right<br /> -pectoral fin of a Cod</span> (<i>Gadus morrhua</i>) × ½ (Brit. Mus.). +pectoral fin of a Cod</span> (<i>Gadus morrhua</i>) × ½ (Brit. Mus.). <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. post-temporal.</td><td align="left">5. scapula.</td></tr> @@ -5109,7 +5070,7 @@ closely allied to bone.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 722px;"> <img src="images/i_125.jpg" width="722" height="600" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 15. Part of the lower jaw of a Shark</span> (<i>Galeus</i>)<br /> -(from <span class="smcap">Owen</span> after <span class="smcap">André</span>). +(from <span class="smcap">Owen</span> after <span class="smcap">André</span>). <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. teeth in use.</td><td align="left">a Sting-ray (<i>Trygon</i>) which has</td></tr> @@ -5468,8 +5429,8 @@ are still distinguishable.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span> <img src="images/i_135.jpg" width="600" height="759" alt="" title="" /> -<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 16.</span> A. <span class="smcap">Skull of</span> <i>Notidanus</i> × ½ (Brit. Mus.). B. <span class="smcap">Skull of</span><br /> -<i>Cestracion</i> × 1/3 (after <span class="smcap">Gegenbaur</span>). In neither case are the<br /> +<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 16.</span> A. <span class="smcap">Skull of</span> <i>Notidanus</i> × ½ (Brit. Mus.). B. <span class="smcap">Skull of</span><br /> +<i>Cestracion</i> × 1/3 (after <span class="smcap">Gegenbaur</span>). In neither case are the<br /> branchial arches shown. <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> @@ -5714,7 +5675,7 @@ branchial arches bear gill rakers.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i_142.jpg" width="800" height="485" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 19. Dorsal (to the left) and ventral (to the right) views -of the cranium of</span> <i>Ceratodus miolepis</i> (after <span class="smcap">Günther</span>). +of the cranium of</span> <i>Ceratodus miolepis</i> (after <span class="smcap">Günther</span>). <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. cartilaginous part of the</td><td align="left">7. pre-opercular (squamosal).</td></tr> @@ -5811,7 +5772,7 @@ fin-rays.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i_145.jpg" width="800" height="190" alt="" title="" /> -<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 20. Lateral view of the skeleton of</span> <i>Ceratodus miolepis</i> (after <span class="smcap">Günther</span>). +<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 20. Lateral view of the skeleton of</span> <i>Ceratodus miolepis</i> (after <span class="smcap">Günther</span>). <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. ethmoid.</td><td align="left">9. pectoral girdle.</td></tr> @@ -6288,7 +6249,7 @@ connect the frontals with the maxillae.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i_159.jpg" width="600" height="616" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 21. A dorsal, B ventral, and C lateral views of the skull<br /> -of a Newt</span> (<i>Molge cristata</i>) × 2½ (after <span class="smcap">Parker</span>).<br /> +of a Newt</span> (<i>Molge cristata</i>) × 2½ (after <span class="smcap">Parker</span>).<br /> The cartilage is dotted, the cartilage bones are marked with dots and<br /> dashes, the membrane bones are left white. @@ -6440,7 +6401,7 @@ a posterior part, the <b>coracoid</b>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" i <div class="figcenter" style="width: 399px;"> <img src="images/i_163.jpg" width="399" height="800" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 22. A ventral, and B lateral view of the shoulder girdle -and sternum of an old male Crested Newt</span> (<i>Molge cristata</i>) × 3 +and sternum of an old male Crested Newt</span> (<i>Molge cristata</i>) × 3 (after <span class="smcap">Parker</span>). <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> @@ -6509,7 +6470,7 @@ the frog probably being the one that is absent.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 738px;"> <img src="images/i_165.jpg" width="738" height="600" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"> <span class="smcap">Fig. 23. A right posterior, and B right anterior limb of a Newt</span> -× 1½ (<i>Molge cristata</i>). +× 1½ (<i>Molge cristata</i>). <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. femur.</td><td align="left">10. humerus.</td></tr> @@ -6774,7 +6735,7 @@ exoccipitals.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i_172.jpg" width="800" height="473" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 24. A dorsal, and B ventral views of the cranium of a -Common Frog</span> (<i>Rana temporaria</i>) × 2 (after <span class="smcap">Parker</span>). +Common Frog</span> (<i>Rana temporaria</i>) × 2 (after <span class="smcap">Parker</span>). In this and the next two figs. cartilage is dotted, cartilage bones are marked with dots and dashes, membrane bones are left white. @@ -6844,7 +6805,7 @@ closely united to the cranium.</p> <img src="images/i_174.jpg" width="800" height="444" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 25. A dorsal and B ventral view of the cranium of a common Frog</span> (<i>Rana temporaria</i>) from which the membrane bones have -mostly been removed. × 2 (after <span class="smcap">Parker</span>). +mostly been removed. × 2 (after <span class="smcap">Parker</span>). <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. sphenethmoid.</td><td align="left">8. pro-otic.</td></tr> @@ -6920,7 +6881,7 @@ a short process which projects upwards and meets the nasal.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i_176.jpg" width="600" height="643" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 26.</span> <span class="smcap">A, Lateral view of the skull</span>, <span class="smcap">B, Posterior view of the -cranium of a Common Frog</span> (<i>Rana temporaria</i>) × 2 (after <span class="smcap">Parker</span>). +cranium of a Common Frog</span> (<i>Rana temporaria</i>) × 2 (after <span class="smcap">Parker</span>). <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. sphenethmoid.</td><td align="left">14. mento-meckelian.</td></tr> @@ -7565,7 +7526,7 @@ definite tympanic cavity.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i_193.jpg" width="600" height="775" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 27. Dorsal view of the skull of a Labyrinthodont</span> (<i>Capitosaurus -nasutus</i>) × 1/9 (from <span class="smcap">von Zittel</span>). +nasutus</i>) × 1/9 (from <span class="smcap">von Zittel</span>). <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. premaxillae.</td><td align="left">12. postorbital.</td></tr> @@ -8440,7 +8401,7 @@ present, but are absent in the Chamaeleons.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2 <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i_218.jpg" width="600" height="756" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 33. A, Lateral view, and B, longitudinal section of the skull -of a Lizard</span> (<i>Varanus varius</i>). × 3/5. (Brit. Mus.) +of a Lizard</span> (<i>Varanus varius</i>). × 3/5. (Brit. Mus.) <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. premaxillae.</td><td align="left">16. transpalatine.</td></tr> @@ -8468,7 +8429,7 @@ of a Lizard</span> (<i>Varanus varius</i>). × 3/5. (Brit. Mus.) <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i_219.jpg" width="600" height="625" alt="" title="" /> -<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 34.</span> <span class="smcap">Lateral view of the shoulder-girdle of</span> <i>Varanus.</i> × 3/5. +<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 34.</span> <span class="smcap">Lateral view of the shoulder-girdle of</span> <i>Varanus.</i> × 3/5. (Brit. Mus.). <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> @@ -8601,7 +8562,7 @@ and some of them are borne by the premaxillae.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Pag <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i_223.jpg" width="800" height="540" alt="" title="" /> -<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 35. Restored skeleton of</span> <i>Ceratosaurus nasicornis</i>. × 1/30. (After Marsh.) +<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 35. Restored skeleton of</span> <i>Ceratosaurus nasicornis</i>. × 1/30. (After Marsh.) <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. anterior nares.</td><td align="left">5. scapula.</td></tr> @@ -9002,7 +8963,7 @@ Crocodiles.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i_235.jpg" width="600" height="655" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 37. The Plastron of a Green Turtle</span> (<i>Chelone midas</i>). -× 1/7. (Camb. Mus.) +× 1/7. (Camb. Mus.) <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. epiplastron (clavicle).</td><td align="left">4. hypoplastron.</td></tr> @@ -9192,7 +9153,7 @@ of the neural canal of the vertebrae.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id <div class="figcenter" style="width: 460px;"> <img src="images/i_240.jpg" width="460" height="800" alt="" title="" /> -<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 38. The skull of the Green Turtle</span> (<i>Chelone midas</i>). × ½. +<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 38. The skull of the Green Turtle</span> (<i>Chelone midas</i>). × ½. <span class="smcap">A, posterior half, B, anterior half.</span> (Brit. Mus.) <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> @@ -9302,7 +9263,7 @@ part in the bounding of the orbits.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id=" <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i_243.jpg" width="800" height="414" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 39. Longitudinal vertical section through the Cranium of a Green Turtle</span> -(<i>Chelone midas</i>). × 2/3. (Camb. Mus.) +(<i>Chelone midas</i>). × 2/3. (Camb. Mus.) <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. parietal.</td><td align="left">10. palatine.</td><td align="left">17. jugal.</td></tr> @@ -9552,7 +9513,7 @@ end it is closely united with the precoracoid, the two bones ossifying continuously. It tapers away distally, and is directed dorsalwards towards the carapace.</p> -<p>The <b>precoracoid</b> forms an angle of about 130° with the +<p>The <b>precoracoid</b> forms an angle of about 130° with the scapula, with which it is completely fused at its proximal end. Its distal end is somewhat expanded and flattened, and is terminated by a fibrocartilaginous <b>epiprecoracoid</b> which @@ -9632,8 +9593,8 @@ or less pointed.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i_251.jpg" width="600" height="698" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 40. A. <span class="smcap">Anterior limb of a young Hawksbill Turtle</span> (<i>Chelone -imbricata</i>) × ¼ (Brit. Mus.). B. <span class="smcap">Posterior limb of a large Green -Turtle</span> (<i>Chelone midas</i>) × 1/8 (Camb. Mus.). +imbricata</i>) × ¼ (Brit. Mus.). B. <span class="smcap">Posterior limb of a large Green +Turtle</span> (<i>Chelone midas</i>) × 1/8 (Camb. Mus.). <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. humerus.</td><td align="left">12. femur.</td></tr> @@ -9938,7 +9899,7 @@ are just like the third.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i_259.jpg" width="800" height="405" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 42. Anterior view of A, a late thoracic and B, the first sacral -vertebra of a young Crocodile</span> (<i>C. palustris</i>). × 1/3. +vertebra of a young Crocodile</span> (<i>C. palustris</i>). × 1/3. <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. neural spine.</td><td align="left">4. sacral rib.</td></tr> @@ -10051,7 +10012,7 @@ organs;</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 668px;"> <img src="images/i_262.jpg" width="668" height="600" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 43. Palatal aspect A, of the cranium, B, of the mandible of -an Alligator</span> (<i>Caiman latirostris</i>). × 1/3. (Brit. Mus.) +an Alligator</span> (<i>Caiman latirostris</i>). × 1/3. (Brit. Mus.) <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. premaxillae.</td><td align="left">12. quadratojugal.</td></tr> @@ -10144,7 +10105,7 @@ articulates with the <b>alisphenoids</b>.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span> <img src="images/i_265.jpg" width="800" height="445" alt="" title="" /> -<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 44. Lateral view of the skull of an Alligator</span> (<i>Caiman latirostris</i>). × 1/3. (Brit. Mus.) +<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 44. Lateral view of the skull of an Alligator</span> (<i>Caiman latirostris</i>). × 1/3. (Brit. Mus.) <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. premaxillae.</td><td align="left">9. palatine.</td><td align="left">16. external auditory</td><td align="left">22. angular.</td></tr> @@ -10326,7 +10287,7 @@ occur between the maxillary and mandibular teeth.<span class="pagenum"><a name=" <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i_270.jpg" width="800" height="461" alt="" title="" /> -<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 45. Longitudinal section through the skull of an Alligator</span> (<i>Caiman latirostris</i>). × 1/3. (Brit. Mus.) +<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 45. Longitudinal section through the skull of an Alligator</span> (<i>Caiman latirostris</i>). × 1/3. (Brit. Mus.) <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. premaxillae.</td><td align="left">for the trigeminal nerve.</td><td align="left">16. maxillae.</td><td align="left">25. squamosal.</td></tr> @@ -10621,7 +10582,7 @@ pair of long <b>xiphisternal horns</b> (fig. 46, 5).<span class="pagenum"><a nam <div class="figcenter" style="width: 408px;"> <img src="images/i_278.jpg" width="408" height="800" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 46. Sternum and Associated Membrane bones of a Crocodile</span> -(<i>C. palustris</i>) × 1/3. (Brit. Mus.)<br /> +(<i>C. palustris</i>) × 1/3. (Brit. Mus.)<br /> The last pair of abdominal ribs which are united with the epipubes by<br /> a plate of cartilage have been omitted. @@ -10653,7 +10614,7 @@ their respective girdles.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i_279.jpg" width="600" height="645" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 47. Left half of the pectoral girdle of an Alligator</span> (<i>Caiman -latirostris</i>) × 2/3. (Brit. Mus.) +latirostris</i>) × 2/3. (Brit. Mus.) <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. scapula.</td><td align="left">3. interclavicle.</td></tr> @@ -10712,7 +10673,7 @@ bones of the fore-arm, the radius and ulna.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2 <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 48.</span> <span class="smcap">A, right anterior, and B, right posterior limb of a young Alligator</span> (<i>Caiman latirostris</i>). (Brit. Mus.)<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 3em;">A × ½. </span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">B × about 1/3.</span> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">A × ½. </span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">B × about 1/3.</span> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. humerus.</td><td align="left">10. proximal phalanx of second</td></tr> @@ -10819,7 +10780,7 @@ between the anterior parts of the ilium and ischium.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i_284.jpg" width="600" height="636" alt="" title="" /> -<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 49. Pelvis and sacrum of an Alligator</span> (<i>Caiman latirostris</i>) × ½.<br /> +<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 49. Pelvis and sacrum of an Alligator</span> (<i>Caiman latirostris</i>) × ½.<br /> (Brit. Mus.) <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> @@ -11077,7 +11038,7 @@ seen in the Crocodilia.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i_291.jpg" width="800" height="284" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 50. Preparation of part of the right mandibular ramus of</span> -<i>Crocodilus palustris</i> × ½. (Brit. Mus.) +<i>Crocodilus palustris</i> × ½. (Brit. Mus.) <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. tooth in use.</td><td align="left">3. symphysial surface of the</td></tr> @@ -11467,7 +11428,7 @@ hyoid is often fairly large.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_28 <div class="figcenter" style="width: 747px;"> <img src="images/i_302.jpg" width="747" height="600" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 53. Hyoids of an Alligator</span> (<i>Caiman latirostris</i>) (<span class="smcap">to the left</span>) -<span class="smcap">and of a Green Turtle</span> (<i>Chelone midas</i>) (<span class="smcap">to the right</span>) × 5/8. +<span class="smcap">and of a Green Turtle</span> (<i>Chelone midas</i>) (<span class="smcap">to the right</span>) × 5/8. (Brit. Mus.)<br /> The cartilaginous portions are dotted. @@ -11538,7 +11499,7 @@ membrane bone.</p> <img src="images/i_304.jpg" width="440" height="800" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 54. Ventral view of the shoulder-girdle <ins class="edcorr" title="Errata: p. 287, description of figure, for shoulder-girdle of sternum read shoulder-girdle and sternum.">and</ins> sternum of a -Lizard</span> (<i>Loemanctus longipes</i>) × 2. (After <span class="smcap">Parker</span>.) +Lizard</span> (<i>Loemanctus longipes</i>) × 2. (After <span class="smcap">Parker</span>.) <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. interclavicle.</td><td align="left">6. glenoid cavity.</td></tr> @@ -12103,7 +12064,7 @@ of the pre-digitals is very small, and is called the <b>remicle</b> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 56. The wing of a Wild Duck</span> (<i>Anas boschas</i>). <p class="cen">The upper figure shows the dorsal side of a right wing, the lower figure</p> -<p class="cen">the ventral side of a left wing. × 1/3. (Brit. Mus.)</p> +<p class="cen">the ventral side of a left wing. × 1/3. (Brit. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. scapulars.</td><td align="left">6. metacarpo-digitals or</td></tr> @@ -12130,7 +12091,7 @@ half of the humerus.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 735px;"> <img src="images/i_322.jpg" width="735" height="600" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 57. Wings of a Wild Duck with the coverts removed</span> -(<i>Anas boschas</i>). × 1/3.<br /> +(<i>Anas boschas</i>). × 1/3.<br /> <p>A. Right wing seen from the dorsal side. B. Left wing disarticulated</p> <p class="cen">and seen from the ventral side. (Brit. Mus.)</p> @@ -12388,7 +12349,7 @@ vertebrae fused together; this bears the rectrices or tail quills.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i_329.jpg" width="600" height="639" alt="" title="" /> -<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 59. Skull of a Duck</span> (<i>Anas boschas</i>). × 1. +<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 59. Skull of a Duck</span> (<i>Anas boschas</i>). × 1. <p>A. Dorsal view of the cranium. <span style="margin-left: 2em;">B. Palatal view of the mandible.</span></p> <p class="cen">C. The Hyoid.</p> @@ -12403,7 +12364,7 @@ vertebrae fused together; this bears the rectrices or tail quills.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i_330.jpg" width="800" height="595" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 60.</span> A. Ventral view of the cranium of a Duck (<i>Anas boschas</i>).</p> -<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">B. Cranium and mandible seen from the left side. × 1.</span></p> +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">B. Cranium and mandible seen from the left side. × 1.</span></p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. maxillae.</td><td align="left">22. anterior palatine foramen.</td></tr> @@ -12886,7 +12847,7 @@ femur articulates.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i_342.jpg" width="800" height="478" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 61. Lateral view of the pelvis and sacrum of a Duck</span> (<i>Anas -boschas</i>) × 2/3. +boschas</i>) × 2/3. <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. ilium.</td><td align="left">5. acetabulum.</td></tr> @@ -13123,7 +13084,7 @@ and manus; in Hornbills every bone contains air.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 616px;"> <img src="images/i_348.jpg" width="616" height="600" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 62. Third Cervical Vertebra of an Ostrich</span> (<i>Struthio camelus</i>).</p> -<p>× 1. A anterior, B posterior, C dorsal view (A and B after <span class="smcap">Mivart</span>).</p> +<p>× 1. A anterior, B posterior, C dorsal view (A and B after <span class="smcap">Mivart</span>).</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. neural spine.</td><td align="left">6. anterior articular surface of</td></tr> @@ -13330,9 +13291,9 @@ embryo.</p> <img src="images/i_354.jpg" width="600" height="725" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 63. Shoulder-girdle and sternum of</span></p> -<p>A. <span class="smcap">Black Vulture</span> (<i>Vultur cinereus</i>) × 1/3.</p> -<p>B. <span class="smcap">Peacock</span> (<i>Pavo cristatus</i>) × 3/8.</p> -<p>C. <span class="smcap">Pelican</span> (<i>Pelicanus conspicillatus</i>) × 1/3. (All Camb. Mus.)</p> +<p>A. <span class="smcap">Black Vulture</span> (<i>Vultur cinereus</i>) × 1/3.</p> +<p>B. <span class="smcap">Peacock</span> (<i>Pavo cristatus</i>) × 3/8.</p> +<p>C. <span class="smcap">Pelican</span> (<i>Pelicanus conspicillatus</i>) × 1/3. (All Camb. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. carina of the sternum.</td><td align="left">6. surfaces for articulation with</td></tr> @@ -13393,9 +13354,9 @@ phalanges, in all other living birds it has only one phalanx.<span class="pagenu <img src="images/i_356.jpg" width="650" height="600" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 64. Bones of the right wing of</span></p> -<p>A. <span class="smcap">A Penguin</span> × 1/3. (Camb. Mus.)</p> -<p>B. <span class="smcap">Ostrich</span> (<i>Struthio camelus</i>) × 1/7. (Partly after <span class="smcap">Parker</span>.)</p> -<p>C. <span class="smcap">Gannet</span> (<i>Sula alba</i>) × 1/3. (Camb. Mus.)</p> +<p>A. <span class="smcap">A Penguin</span> × 1/3. (Camb. Mus.)</p> +<p>B. <span class="smcap">Ostrich</span> (<i>Struthio camelus</i>) × 1/7. (Partly after <span class="smcap">Parker</span>.)</p> +<p>C. <span class="smcap">Gannet</span> (<i>Sula alba</i>) × 1/3. (Camb. Mus.)</p> <p>In C the distal phalanges of the pollex and second digit have been omitted.</p> @@ -13437,10 +13398,10 @@ the ilium. The acetabulum in birds is always perforate.</p> <img src="images/i_357.jpg" width="469" height="800" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 65. Pelvic girdle and sacrum of</span></p> -<p>A. <span class="smcap">Cassowary</span> (<i>Casuarius galeatus</i>) × 1/8.</p> -<p>B. <span class="smcap">Owen's Apteryx</span> (<i>A. oweni</i>) × ½.</p> -<p>C. <span class="smcap">Broad billed Rhea</span> (<i>R. macrorhyncha</i>) × 1/6.</p> -<p>D. <span class="smcap">Ostrich</span> (<i>Struthio camelus</i>) × 1/10. (All Camb. Mus.)</p> +<p>A. <span class="smcap">Cassowary</span> (<i>Casuarius galeatus</i>) × 1/8.</p> +<p>B. <span class="smcap">Owen's Apteryx</span> (<i>A. oweni</i>) × ½.</p> +<p>C. <span class="smcap">Broad billed Rhea</span> (<i>R. macrorhyncha</i>) × 1/6.</p> +<p>D. <span class="smcap">Ostrich</span> (<i>Struthio camelus</i>) × 1/10. (All Camb. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. ilium.</td><td align="left">4. acetabulum.</td></tr> @@ -13472,7 +13433,7 @@ atrophied. In the Penguins however the distal end is complete. The distal tarsals fuse with the second, third and fourth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[342]</a></span> metatarsals, forming a compound bone, the tarso-metatarsus. The first metatarsal is nearly always free but occasionally -as in <i>Phaëthon</i> it is fused with the others. No adult bird +as in <i>Phaëthon</i> it is fused with the others. No adult bird has more than four digits in the pes. In the Penguins the metatarsals are separate, and in many birds larger or smaller gaps exist between the fused metatarsals. In most birds @@ -13658,7 +13619,7 @@ resemblance to those of some Theromorphous reptiles.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 523px;"> <img src="images/i_364.jpg" width="523" height="800" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 66. Ventral view of the shoulder-girdle and sternum of -a Duckbill</span> (<i>Ornithorhynchus paradoxus</i>) × ¾ (after <span class="smcap">Parker</span>). +a Duckbill</span> (<i>Ornithorhynchus paradoxus</i>) × ¾ (after <span class="smcap">Parker</span>). <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1 and 2. scapula.</td><td align="left">8. presternum.</td></tr> @@ -13890,7 +13851,7 @@ bones.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 663px;"> <img src="images/i_371.jpg" width="663" height="600" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 67. Cervical vertebrae of a Ca'ing Whale</span> (<i>Globicephalus -melas</i>) × ¼. (Camb. Mus.) +melas</i>) × ¼. (Camb. Mus.) <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. centrum of seventh cervical</td><td align="left">4. foramen for exit of first spinal</td></tr> @@ -14509,7 +14470,7 @@ the pollex.</p> <p>The pollex is clawed and so is sometimes the second digit; the other digits of the manus are without nails or claws. The teeth are divisible into the four usual types and the series -never exceeds <i>i</i> <sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub> <i>c</i> <sup>1</sup>/<sub>1 </sub> <i>pm</i> <sup>3</sup>/<sub>3</sub> <i>m</i> <sup>3</sup>/<sub>3</sub> × 2, total 38. The milk +never exceeds <i>i</i> <sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub> <i>c</i> <sup>1</sup>/<sub>1 </sub> <i>pm</i> <sup>3</sup>/<sub>3</sub> <i>m</i> <sup>3</sup>/<sub>3</sub> × 2, total 38. The milk teeth are quite unlike the permanent teeth. The orbit is not divided by bone from the temporal fossa. The vertebral column is short, and in old animals the trunk vertebrae @@ -14641,7 +14602,7 @@ enamel of epidermal origin.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 574px;"> <img src="images/i_392.jpg" width="574" height="800" alt="" title="" /> -<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 68. Dentition of a Dog</span> (<i>Canis familiaris</i>) × ½. (Camb. Mus.) +<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 68. Dentition of a Dog</span> (<i>Canis familiaris</i>) × ½. (Camb. Mus.) <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left"><i>i</i> 2. second incisor.</td><td align="left"><i>pm</i> 1, <i>pm</i> 4. first and fourth</td></tr> @@ -14662,7 +14623,7 @@ But while there are three molars on each side of the lower jaw, the last is wanting in the upper jaw. The dentition of the dog may then be represented by the formula</p> -<p class="cen"><i>i</i> <sup>3</sup>/<sub>3</sub> <i>c</i> <sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub> <i>pm</i> <sup>4</sup>/<sub>4</sub> <i>m</i> <sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub> × 2 = 42.</p> +<p class="cen"><i>i</i> <sup>3</sup>/<sub>3</sub> <i>c</i> <sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub> <i>pm</i> <sup>4</sup>/<sub>4</sub> <i>m</i> <sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub> × 2 = 42.</p> <p>In each jaw there is one large specially modified tooth @@ -15093,7 +15054,7 @@ ridge, which forms the anterior part of the <b>sagittal crest</b>.</p> <img src="images/i_404.jpg" width="800" height="566" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 72. Vertical longitudinal section taken a little to the left of the middle line through the skull of a Dog</span> (<i>Canis familiaris</i>) -× <sup>3</sup>/<sub>5</sub>. (Camb. Mus.)</p> +× <sup>3</sup>/<sub>5</sub>. (Camb. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. supra-occipital.</td><td align="left">18. palatine.</td></tr> @@ -15144,7 +15105,7 @@ and maxillae.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 485px;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[389]</a></span> <img src="images/i_406.jpg" width="485" height="800" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 73. Dorsal view of the cranium of a Dog</span></p> -<p class="cen">(<i>Canis familiaris</i>) × <sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub>.</p> +<p class="cen">(<i>Canis familiaris</i>) × <sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub>.</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. supra-occipital.</td><td align="left">10. postorbital process of frontal.</td></tr> @@ -15393,7 +15354,7 @@ jaws being formed of membrane bone.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[396]</a></span> <img src="images/i_413.jpg" width="480" height="800" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 75. Ventral view of the cranium of a Dog</span></p> -<p class="cen">(<i>Canis familiaris</i>) × <sup>3</sup>/<sub>5</sub>. (Camb. Mus.)</p> +<p class="cen">(<i>Canis familiaris</i>) × <sup>3</sup>/<sub>5</sub>. (Camb. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. supra-occipital.</td><td align="left">17. maxillae (palatal portion).</td></tr> @@ -15677,7 +15638,7 @@ afterwards they gradually merge together.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 514px;"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403"></a> <img src="images/i_420.jpg" width="514" height="800" alt="" title="" /> -<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 76. Sternum and sternal ribs of a Dog</span> (<i>Canis familiaris</i>) × ½. +<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 76. Sternum and sternal ribs of a Dog</span> (<i>Canis familiaris</i>) × ½. <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. presternum.</td><td align="left">4. xiphisternum. The flattened</td></tr> @@ -15809,7 +15770,7 @@ with which the radius articulates.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 505px;"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407"></a> <img src="images/i_424.jpg" width="505" height="800" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 77. Bones of the left upper arm and fore-arm of a Dog</span></p> -<p class="cen">(<i>Canis familiaris</i>) × ½.</p> +<p class="cen">(<i>Canis familiaris</i>) × ½.</p> <p class="cen">A, humerus (seen from the posterior side); B, radius, C, ulna, both seen</p> <p class="cen">from the anterior side.</p> @@ -15908,7 +15869,7 @@ below, forming the narrow <b>iliac surface</b> (fig. 78, A, 5).</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i_427.jpg" width="600" height="643" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 78. Right innominate bone, A, of a full-grown Terrier, B, of</span></p> -<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">a Collie Puppy.</span> × 1.</p> +<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">a Collie Puppy.</span> × 1.</p> <p class="cen">A is seen from the ventral side, B from the inner or sacral side.</p> @@ -15934,7 +15895,7 @@ forms about one-third of the acetabulum.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 466px;"> <img src="images/i_428.jpg" width="466" height="800" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 79. Front view of the left leg bones of a Dog</span> </p> -<p class="cen">(<i>Canis familiaris</i>) × ½.</p> +<p class="cen">(<i>Canis familiaris</i>) × ½.</p> <p class="cen">A femur, B tibia, C fibula, D patella.</p> @@ -15996,7 +15957,7 @@ from a second, and the proximal end from two more.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 447px;"> <img src="images/i_430.jpg" width="447" height="800" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 80. A, right manus, B, right pes of a Dog</span> </p> -<p class="cen">(<i>Canis familiaris</i>) × ½ (after <span class="smcap">von Zittel</span>).</p> +<p class="cen">(<i>Canis familiaris</i>) × ½ (after <span class="smcap">von Zittel</span>).</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. bone representing the fused</td><td align="left">9. fifth metacarpal.</td></tr> @@ -16273,7 +16234,7 @@ are defined on page 345.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 763px;"> <img src="images/i_438.jpg" width="763" height="600" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 81. Skull of a young Indian Rhinoceros</span> (<i>R. unicornis</i>),</p> -<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">SHOWING THE CHANGE OF THE DENTITION</span> × 1/7. (Brit. Mus.)</p> +<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">SHOWING THE CHANGE OF THE DENTITION</span> × 1/7. (Brit. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. nasal.</td><td align="left"><i>mc.</i> milk canine.</td></tr> @@ -16297,7 +16258,7 @@ mammal can be briefly expressed as a formula has been already described. The regular mammalian arrangement of teeth for each side is expressed by the formula</p> -<p class="cen"><i>i</i> <sup>3</sup>/<sub>3</sub> <i>c</i> <sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub> <i>pm</i> <sup>4</sup>/<sub>4</sub> <i>m</i> <sup>3</sup>/<sub>3</sub> × 2; total, 44.</p> +<p class="cen"><i>i</i> <sup>3</sup>/<sub>3</sub> <i>c</i> <sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub> <i>pm</i> <sup>4</sup>/<sub>4</sub> <i>m</i> <sup>3</sup>/<sub>3</sub> × 2; total, 44.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Monotremata.</span> In <i>Echidna</i> teeth are quite absent. In the young <i>Ornithorhynchus</i><a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a> functional molar teeth of a multi-tubercular @@ -16308,7 +16269,7 @@ discharged by horny plates.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Marsupialia</span><a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a> have a heterodont dentition, which has generally been regarded as almost monophyodont, the only tooth which has an obvious deciduous predecessor being the -last premolar. The researches of Röse<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> and Kükenthal<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> tend +last premolar. The researches of Röse<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> and Kükenthal<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> tend to show that the teeth of Marsupials are developed in the same way as in other mammals, and are diphyodont. In the case of the premolars, teeth which are homologous with @@ -16436,7 +16397,7 @@ in the embryo, but they are never functional, and are altogether absent in the adult. The anterior of these germs are simple, the posterior ones are originally complex, but subsequently split up into simple teeth like those of the -anterior part of the jaw. Hence according to Kükenthal, +anterior part of the jaw. Hence according to Kükenthal, who described these structures, the Cetacean dentition was originally heterodont.</p> @@ -16453,7 +16414,7 @@ for seizing active slippery animals such as fish. The prey is then swallowed entire without mastication. Sometimes the teeth are excessively numerous, reaching two hundred or more (fifty to sixty on each side of each jaw) in <i>Pontoporia</i>. This -multiplication of teeth is regarded by Kükenthal as due to the +multiplication of teeth is regarded by Kükenthal as due to the division into three parts of numbers of trilobed teeth similar to those of some seals.</p> @@ -16615,7 +16576,7 @@ species incisors also are absent. The dental formula is</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">[432]</a></span> <img src="images/i_448.jpg" width="600" height="698" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 82. Palatal aspect of the cranium and mandible of a -Donkey</span> (<i>Equus asinus</i>) × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>5</sub>. (Camb. Mus.)</p> +Donkey</span> (<i>Equus asinus</i>) × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>5</sub>. (Camb. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. supra-occipital.</td><td align="left">6. glenoid surface.</td></tr> @@ -16674,7 +16635,7 @@ fissures, and the grinding teeth are of the rhinocerotic type.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i_450.jpg" width="800" height="560" alt="" title="" /> -<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 83. Skull of</span> <i>Procavia (Dendrohyrax) dorsalis</i> × <sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub>. (Camb. Mus.) +<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 83. Skull of</span> <i>Procavia (Dendrohyrax) dorsalis</i> × <sup>2</sup>/<sub>3</sub>. (Camb. Mus.) <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. nasal.</td><td align="left">5. jugal.</td></tr> @@ -16831,7 +16792,7 @@ that of the Arctoidea by means of fossil forms.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 527px;"> <img src="images/i_455.jpg" width="527" height="800" alt="" title="" /> -<div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 85. Mandible of Isabelline Bear</span> (<i>Ursus isabellinus</i>) × ½.</p> +<div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 85. Mandible of Isabelline Bear</span> (<i>Ursus isabellinus</i>) × ½.</p> <p class="cen">(Camb. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. condyle.</td><td align="left"><i>m</i> 1. first molar. The dotted</td></tr> @@ -16860,7 +16821,7 @@ carnassial teeth.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i_456.jpg" width="800" height="284" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 86. Left mandibular ramus of the Sea Leopard</span> (<i>Ogmorhinus leptonyx</i>)</p> -<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">WITH THE ROOTS OF THE TEETH EXPOSED</span> × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>3</sub>. (Camb. Mus.)</p> +<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">WITH THE ROOTS OF THE TEETH EXPOSED</span> × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>3</sub>. (Camb. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. condyle.</td><td align="left"><i>pm</i> 1, <i>pm</i> 4. first and fourth</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">2. coronoid process.</td><td align="left">premolars.</td></tr> @@ -17046,7 +17007,7 @@ they are very variable.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i_461.jpg" width="800" height="408" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 87. Cervical vertebrae of a young Fin Whale</span></p> -<p class="cen">(<i>Balaenoptera musculus</i>) × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>10</sub>. (Camb. Mus.)</p> +<p class="cen">(<i>Balaenoptera musculus</i>) × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>10</sub>. (Camb. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. surface on the atlas for articulation</td><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2.2em;">In the fresh specimen these two</span></td></tr> <tr><td align="left">with the occipital condyle</td><td align="left">transverse processes are united by</td></tr> @@ -17076,7 +17037,7 @@ completely ossified till the animal is adult.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i_462.jpg" width="800" height="334" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 88. Atlas (B) and axis (A) vertebrae of an Ox</span></p> -<p class="cen">(<i>Bos taurus</i>) × ¼. (Camb. Mus.)</p> +<p class="cen">(<i>Bos taurus</i>) × ¼. (Camb. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. neural canal.</td><td align="left">6. anterior opening of the</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">2. transverse process.</td><td align="left">vertebrarterial canal.</td></tr> @@ -17195,7 +17156,7 @@ small; in the dugong there are nineteen thoracic and four lumbar, and in the manatee seventeen thoracic and two lumbar.</p> <p>In the <span class="smcap">Cetacea</span> the number of thoracic vertebrae varies from -nine in <i>Hyperoödon</i> to fifteen or sixteen in <i>Balaenoptera</i>, and +nine in <i>Hyperoödon</i> to fifteen or sixteen in <i>Balaenoptera</i>, and the number of lumbar vertebrae from three in <i>Inia</i> to twenty-four or more in <i>Delphinus</i>. The lumbar vertebrae are often very loosely articulated together and the zygapophyses sometimes @@ -17234,7 +17195,7 @@ motion is well seen.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 610px;"> <img src="images/i_466.jpg" width="610" height="600" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 89. First and second thoracic vertebrae of an Ox</span></p> -<p class="cen">(<i>Bos taurus</i>) × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>3</sub>. (Camb. Mus.)</p> +<p class="cen">(<i>Bos taurus</i>) × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>3</sub>. (Camb. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. neural spine.</td><td align="left">5. facet for articulation with the</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">2. neural canal.</td><td align="left">capitulum of the rib.</td></tr> @@ -17483,9 +17444,9 @@ dental and mental foramina of the mandible are all very large.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i_473.jpg" width="800" height="363" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 90. Half front view<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> of the skulls of a Tasmanian Wolf</span></p> -<p class="cen">(<i>Thylacinus cynocephalus</i>) (to the left) × <sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>; <span class="smcap">and of a </span></p> +<p class="cen">(<i>Thylacinus cynocephalus</i>) (to the left) × <sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>; <span class="smcap">and of a </span></p> <p class="cen"><span class="smcap">hairy-nosed Wombat</span></p> -<p class="cen">(<i>Phascolomys latifrons</i>) (to the right) × <sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>. (Camb. Mus.)</p> +<p class="cen">(<i>Phascolomys latifrons</i>) (to the right) × <sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub>. (Camb. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. premaxillae.</td><td align="left">7. coronoid process of the</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">2. nasal.</td><td align="left">mandible.</td></tr> @@ -17544,7 +17505,7 @@ are ankylosed with the basi-hyal.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i_475.jpg" width="800" height="589" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 91. Skull of a two-fingered Sloth</span></p> -<p class="cen"><i>(Choloepus didactylus</i>) × ½. (Camb. Mus.)</p> +<p class="cen"><i>(Choloepus didactylus</i>) × ½. (Camb. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. anterior nares.</td><td align="left">4. angle of the mandible.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">2. postorbital process of the</td><td align="left">5. jugal.</td></tr> @@ -17603,7 +17564,7 @@ irregular manner in which they are united together.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460"></a> <img src="images/i_477.jpg" width="800" height="506" alt="" title="" /> -<div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 92. Lateral view of the skull of</span> <i>Rhytina stelleri</i> × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>8</sub>.</p> +<div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 92. Lateral view of the skull of</span> <i>Rhytina stelleri</i> × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>8</sub>.</p> <p class="cen">(Brit. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. frontal.</td><td align="left">7. pterygoid process of the</td></tr> @@ -17713,7 +17674,7 @@ much reduced as in Sirenia.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">[463]</a></span> <img src="images/i_480.jpg" width="600" height="716" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 93. A, Lateral view, and B, Longitudinal section of the skull</span></p> -<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">of a young Ca'ing Whale</span> (<i>Globicephalus melas</i>) × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>6</sub>. (Brit. Mus.)</p> +<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">of a young Ca'ing Whale</span> (<i>Globicephalus melas</i>) × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>6</sub>. (Brit. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. basi-occipital.</td><td align="left">13. periotic.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">2. exoccipital.</td><td align="left">14. squamosal.</td></tr> @@ -17756,7 +17717,7 @@ are two great plates of bone which nearly meet above.</p> <p>In the Physeteridae the skull is raised into a very prominent crest at the vertex behind the nares. In front of this -in <i>Hyperoödon</i> a pair of ridges occur, formed by outgrowths +in <i>Hyperoödon</i> a pair of ridges occur, formed by outgrowths from the maxillae. In the old male these ridges reach an enormous size and almost meet in the middle line. In <i>Physeter</i>, the Sperm whale, these ridges are not developed; the @@ -17789,7 +17750,7 @@ considerably from one another.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466">[466]</a></span> <img src="images/i_483.jpg" width="600" height="720" alt="" title="" /> -<div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 94. A, Cranium and B, mandible of a Pig</span> (<i>Sus scrofa</i>) × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>5</sub>.</p> +<div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 94. A, Cranium and B, mandible of a Pig</span> (<i>Sus scrofa</i>) × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>5</sub>.</p> <p class="cen">(Camb. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. jugal.</td><td align="left">11. anterior palatine foramen.</td></tr> @@ -17836,7 +17797,7 @@ being very imperfectly ossified.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i_484.jpg" width="800" height="500" alt="" title="" /> -<div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 95. Mandible of a Hippopotamus</span> (<i>H. amphibius</i>) × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>7</sub>.</p> +<div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 95. Mandible of a Hippopotamus</span> (<i>H. amphibius</i>) × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>7</sub>.</p> <p class="cen">(Camb. Mus.)</p> <p>The second incisor of the left side is missing and the crowns of the @@ -18072,7 +18033,7 @@ cavity though very small is not so small as in <i>Uintatherium</i>.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 663px;"><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474"></a> <img src="images/i_491.jpg" width="663" height="600" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p class="noin"><span class="smcap">Fig. 96. Skull of a young Indian Elephant</span> (<i>Elephas indicus</i>), <span class="smcap">SEEN</span></p> -<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">from the right side, the roots of the teeth have been exposed.</span> × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>8</sub>. (Camb. Mus.).</p> +<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">from the right side, the roots of the teeth have been exposed.</span> × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>8</sub>. (Camb. Mus.).</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. exoccipital.</td><td align="left">14. postorbital process of the</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">2. parietal.</td><td align="left">frontal.</td></tr> @@ -18126,7 +18087,7 @@ very exceptional condition.</p> <img src="images/i_492.jpg" width="605" height="600" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 97. Longitudinal section taken rather to the right of the middle line of the skull of a young Indian Elephant</span> (<i>E. -Indicus</i>) × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>8</sub>. (Camb. Mus.)</p> +Indicus</i>) × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>8</sub>. (Camb. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">8. anterior nares.</td><td align="left">12. pterygoid.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">10. periotic.</td><td align="left">17. nasal.</td></tr> @@ -18176,7 +18137,7 @@ which is the true infra-orbital foramen.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i_494.jpg" width="600" height="652" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 98. Half front view of the skull of a Porcupine</span></p> -<p class="cen">(<i>Hystrix cristata</i>) × ½. (Camb. Mus.)</p> +<p class="cen">(<i>Hystrix cristata</i>) × ½. (Camb. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. nasal.</td><td align="left">5. premaxillae.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">2. maxillo-turbinals.</td><td align="left">6. jugal.</td></tr> @@ -18391,7 +18352,7 @@ parietals (fig. 99, 1), which in Man are of enormous extent.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i_500.jpg" width="800" height="482" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 99. Half front view of the skulls, <i>A</i> of an old, <i>B</i> of a</span></p> -<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">young Gorilla</span> (<i>Gorilla savagei</i>) × ¼. (Camb. Mus.)</p> +<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">young Gorilla</span> (<i>Gorilla savagei</i>) × ¼. (Camb. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. parietal.</td><td align="left">5. squamosal.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">2. sagittal crest.</td><td align="left">6. maxillae.</td></tr> @@ -18616,7 +18577,7 @@ portions can be well seen in <i>Manatus</i>.</p> In the Odontoceti the sternum consists of a broad presternum followed by three or four mesosternal segments, but with no xiphisternum. Indications of the original median fissure can -be traced, and are very evident in <i>Hyperoödon</i>. In the +be traced, and are very evident in <i>Hyperoödon</i>. In the Mystacoceti, on the other hand, the sternum consists simply of a broad flattened presternum which is sometimes more or less heart-shaped, sometimes cross-shaped. Only a single pair @@ -18718,7 +18679,7 @@ ribs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492">[492]</a></span></p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493"></a> <img src="images/i_509.jpg" width="800" height="531" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 101. Skeleton of a Cape Buffalo</span> (<i>Bubalus caffer</i>).</p> -<p>The left scapula is omitted for the sake of clearness × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>17</sub>. (Brit. Mus.)</p> +<p>The left scapula is omitted for the sake of clearness × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>17</sub>. (Brit. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. premaxillae.</td><td align="left">7. femur.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">2. nasal.</td><td align="left">8. patella.</td></tr> @@ -18771,7 +18732,7 @@ that of any other mammals, and recalls that of some Lacertilia.</p> <img src="images/i_511.jpg" width="800" height="505" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 102. <i>A</i>, Side view, <i>B</i>, Dorsal view of the shoulder girdle and</span></p> <p class="cen"><span class="smcap">part or the sternum of the Spiny Anteater</span> (<i>Echidna aculeata</i>)</p> -<p class="cen">× 1. (After <span class="smcap">Parker</span>.)</p> +<p class="cen">× 1. (After <span class="smcap">Parker</span>.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. scapula.</td><td align="left">6. epicoracoid.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">2. suprascapula.</td><td align="left">7. glenoid cavity.</td></tr> @@ -18827,7 +18788,7 @@ in early embryos of sheep<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a <div class="figcenter" style="width: 684px;"><a name="Page_496" id="Page_496"></a> <img src="images/i_513.jpg" width="684" height="600" alt="" title="" /> -<div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 103. Skeleton of a Llama</span> (<i>Auchenia glama</i>) × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>18</sub>.</p> +<div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 103. Skeleton of a Llama</span> (<i>Auchenia glama</i>) × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>18</sub>.</p> <p class="cen">(Brit. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. hyoid.</td><td align="left">6. olecranon process of ulna.</td></tr> @@ -18901,7 +18862,7 @@ ridge, which converges to meet the spine.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i_515.jpg" width="600" height="662" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 104. Dorsal view of the sternum and right half of the</span></p> -<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">shoulder-girdle of</span> <i>Mus sylvaticus</i> × 4. (After <span class="smcap">Parker</span>.)</p> +<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">shoulder-girdle of</span> <i>Mus sylvaticus</i> × 4. (After <span class="smcap">Parker</span>.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. postscapular fossa.</td><td align="left">precoracoid at sternal end of</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">2. prescapular fossa.</td><td align="left">clavicle.</td></tr> @@ -19322,11 +19283,11 @@ separate centrale.</p> <img src="images/i_527.jpg" width="800" height="491" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 107. Left manus of</span></p> -<p class="cen"><i>A. Coryphodon hamatus.</i> (After <span class="smcap">Marsh</span>.) × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>5</sub>.</p> +<p class="cen"><i>A. Coryphodon hamatus.</i> (After <span class="smcap">Marsh</span>.) × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>5</sub>.</p> -<p class="cen"><i>B. Phenacodus primaevus.</i> (After <span class="smcap">Cope</span>.) × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>3</sub>.</p> +<p class="cen"><i>B. Phenacodus primaevus.</i> (After <span class="smcap">Cope</span>.) × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>3</sub>.</p> -<p class="cen"><i>C. Procavia (Dendrohyrax) arboreus.</i> (After <span class="smcap">von Zittel</span>.) × <sup>6</sup>/<sub>7</sub>.</p> +<p class="cen"><i>C. Procavia (Dendrohyrax) arboreus.</i> (After <span class="smcap">von Zittel</span>.) × <sup>6</sup>/<sub>7</sub>.</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. scaphoid.</td><td align="left">7. unciform.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">2. lunar.</td><td align="left">8. centrale.</td></tr> @@ -19547,7 +19508,7 @@ are large in the old world monkeys.</p> <img src="images/i_533.jpg" width="514" height="800" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 108. Left anterior and posterior limb and limb girdle of</span></p> <p class="cen"><i>Uintatherium mirabile</i>. The anterior limb is to the left, the posterior</p> -<p class="cen">to the right × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>10</sub>. (From casts, Brit. Mus.)</p> +<p class="cen">to the right × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>10</sub>. (From casts, Brit. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. ilium.</td><td align="left">11. prescapular fossa.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">2. head of femur.</td><td align="left">12. coracoid process.</td></tr> @@ -19600,7 +19561,7 @@ which articulates with the pelvis by a definite acetabulum.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i_535.jpg" width="600" height="755" alt="" title="" /> <div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 109. Left femur of an Ox</span> (<i>Bos taurus</i>) (to the left) <span class="smcap">and of</span></p> -<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">a Sumatran Rhinoceros</span> (<i>R. sumatrensis</i>) (to the right). × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>6</sub>.</p> +<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">a Sumatran Rhinoceros</span> (<i>R. sumatrensis</i>) (to the right). × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>6</sub>.</p> <p class="cen">(Camb. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. head.</td><td align="left">4. third trochanter.</td></tr> @@ -19802,10 +19763,10 @@ Bovidae the bones of these digits are wanting.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 349px;"> <img src="images/i_541.jpg" width="349" height="800" alt="" title="" /> -<div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 110.</span> <i>A.</i> <span class="smcap">Left pes of a Tapir</span> (<i>Tapirus americanus</i>). × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>6</sub>.</p> -<p class="cen"><i>B.</i> <span class="smcap">Right pes of a Rhinoceros</span> (<i>R. sumatrensis</i>). × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>8</sub>.</p> -<p class="cen"><i>C.</i> <span class="smcap">(Cast of) right pes of</span> <i>Hipparion gracile</i>. × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>7</sub>.</p> -<p class="cen"><i>D.</i> <span class="smcap">Right pes of a Horse</span> (<i>Equus caballus</i>). × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>10</sub>. (All Camb. Mus.)</p> +<div class="caption"><p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Fig. 110.</span> <i>A.</i> <span class="smcap">Left pes of a Tapir</span> (<i>Tapirus americanus</i>). × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>6</sub>.</p> +<p class="cen"><i>B.</i> <span class="smcap">Right pes of a Rhinoceros</span> (<i>R. sumatrensis</i>). × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>8</sub>.</p> +<p class="cen"><i>C.</i> <span class="smcap">(Cast of) right pes of</span> <i>Hipparion gracile</i>. × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>7</sub>.</p> +<p class="cen"><i>D.</i> <span class="smcap">Right pes of a Horse</span> (<i>Equus caballus</i>). × <sup>1</sup>/<sub>10</sub>. (All Camb. Mus.)</p> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> <tr><td align="left">1. calcaneum.</td><td align="left">5. external cuneiform.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">2. astragalus.</td><td align="left">6. middle cuneiform.</td></tr> @@ -19965,7 +19926,7 @@ elongation of the calcaneum and navicular.</p> <li>Bridge, T.W., <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> -<li>Brühl, C.B., <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li>Brühl, C.B., <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> <li>Burmeister, H., <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a></li> @@ -19991,7 +19952,7 @@ elongation of the calcaneum and navicular.</p> <li>Fritsch, A., <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> -<li>Fürbringer, M., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> +<li>Fürbringer, M., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> <li>Gadow, H., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li> @@ -20000,7 +19961,7 @@ elongation of the calcaneum and navicular.</p> <li>Gervais, P., <a href="#Page_353">353</a></li> -<li>Günther, A.C.L.G., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> +<li>Günther, A.C.L.G., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> <li>Haslam, G., <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> @@ -20030,9 +19991,9 @@ elongation of the calcaneum and navicular.</p> <li>Klein, E., <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> -<li>Kölliker, A., <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> +<li>Kölliker, A., <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> -<li>Kükenthal, W., <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a></li> +<li>Kükenthal, W., <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a></li> <li>Lankester, E. Ray, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> @@ -20085,12 +20046,12 @@ Pycraft, W.P., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> <li>Ridewood, W.G., <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> -<li>Röse, C., <a href="#Page_422">422</a></li> +<li>Röse, C., <a href="#Page_422">422</a></li> <li>Sagemehl, M., <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> -<li>Schäfer, E., <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li>Schäfer, E., <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> <li>Scott, W.B., <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li> @@ -20839,7 +20800,7 @@ Bats, claws, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>;</li> <li class="subitem">see Ox</li> <li>Bottlenose, <i><a href="#Page_44">44</a></i>;</li> -<li class="subitem">see <i>Hyperoödon</i></li> +<li class="subitem">see <i>Hyperoödon</i></li> <li>Bovidae, <i><a href="#Page_46">46</a></i>;</li> <li class="subitem">pes, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>;</li> @@ -22915,7 +22876,7 @@ Cape jumping —, <i><a href="#Page_47">47</a></i>;</li> <li><i>Hyperodapedon</i>, <i><a href="#Page_37">37</a></i>, <i><a href="#Page_198">198</a></i>;</li> <li class="subitem">premaxillae, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> -<li><i>Hyperoödon</i>, <i><a href="#Page_44">44</a></i>;</li> +<li><i>Hyperoödon</i>, <i><a href="#Page_44">44</a></i>;</li> <li class="subitem">skull, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>;</li> <li class="subitem">sternum, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>;</li> <li class="subitem">thoracic vertebrae, <a href="#Page_448">448</a></li> @@ -23174,7 +23135,7 @@ Joints, kinds of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> <li class="subitem">pes, <a href="#Page_522">522</a>;</li> <li class="subitem">tail, <a href="#Page_453">453</a></li> -<li>Kükenthal, W., on teeth of Cetacea, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</li> +<li>Kükenthal, W., on teeth of Cetacea, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</li> <li class="subitem">on teeth of Marsupials, <a href="#Page_422">422</a></li> @@ -24342,7 +24303,7 @@ Penguin, <i><a href="#Page_40">40</a></i>;</li> <li><i>Phacochaerus</i>, <i><a href="#Page_45">45</a></i>;</li> <li class="subitem">teeth, <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li> -<li><i>Phaëthon</i>, <i><a href="#Page_41">41</a></i>;</li> +<li><i>Phaëthon</i>, <i><a href="#Page_41">41</a></i>;</li> <li class="subitem">metatarsals, <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li> <li><i>Phalacrocorax</i>, <i><a href="#Page_41">41</a></i></li> @@ -25067,7 +25028,7 @@ Rat, pes, <a href="#Page_526">526</a></li> <li class="subitem"><i>Pristis</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</li> <li class="subitem">— of sternum, duck, <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li> -<li>Röse, C., on teeth of Marsupials, <a href="#Page_422">422</a></li> +<li>Röse, C., on teeth of Marsupials, <a href="#Page_422">422</a></li> <li>Ruminantia, <i><a href="#Page_46">46</a></i>, <i><a href="#Page_359">359</a></i>;</li> <li class="subitem">auditory ossicles, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</li> @@ -26379,16 +26340,16 @@ ably worked out, and on the whole, well written.</p> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">By </span><span class="smcap">A.C. Seward</span>, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of Emmanuel College.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">In 2 vols. Demy 8vo. Vol. I. 12<i>s.</i> [Vol. II. <i>In the Press.</i>]</span></p> -<p><i>Revue Scientifique.</i> Nous ne pouvons entrer dans le détail; mais il est -évident que M. Seward, praticien distingué lui-même, est très au courant +<p><i>Revue Scientifique.</i> Nous ne pouvons entrer dans le détail; mais il est +évident que M. Seward, praticien distingué lui-même, est très au courant des travaux des autres, il les cite et utilise abondamment; et ceci est fait -pour inspirer confiance. Au total, son œuvre est appuyée sur des bases -solides, et elle restera sans doute longtemps le bréviaire, le manuel de ceux -qui veulent, non pas seulement s'initier à la paléobotanique, mais retrouver -les renseignements qui sont épars dans des centaines de monographies qu'on -a souvent peine à se procurer. Le livre de M. Seward fait partie des +pour inspirer confiance. Au total, son œuvre est appuyée sur des bases +solides, et elle restera sans doute longtemps le bréviaire, le manuel de ceux +qui veulent, non pas seulement s'initier à la paléobotanique, mais retrouver +les renseignements qui sont épars dans des centaines de monographies qu'on +a souvent peine à se procurer. Le livre de M. Seward fait partie des <i>Cambridge Natural Science Manuals</i>, et il est digne de cette collection, qui -est elle-même digne du foyer scientifique universellement réputé, où il a vu +est elle-même digne du foyer scientifique universellement réputé, où il a vu le jour.</p> <p><i>Guardian.</i> We have already alluded to the spirit of caution which @@ -26513,12 +26474,12 @@ in origin.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> See also p. 71.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> It is usual to regard the clavicle as a membrane bone, but Kölliker has +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> It is usual to regard the clavicle as a membrane bone, but Kölliker has shown that in rabbit embryos of about the 17th day it is cartilaginous.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> In compiling these paragraphs on Histology, free use has been made of Klein and Noble Smith's <i>Atlas of Histology</i>, the small Histologies of -Klein and Schäfer, Huxley's <i>Elementary Physiology</i>, and Lloyd Morgan's +Klein and Schäfer, Huxley's <i>Elementary Physiology</i>, and Lloyd Morgan's <i>Animal Biology</i>.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> See Huxley's <i>Elementary Physiology</i>, Revised edition, London, 1886, p. @@ -26544,7 +26505,7 @@ Soc. London, 1868.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> See R. Wiedersheim, <i>Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.</i> vol. <span class="smcap">LIII.</span> suppl. p. 43, 1892.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> G. Baur, <i>Beiträge zur Morphogenie des Carpus und Tarsus der +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> G. Baur, <i>Beiträge zur Morphogenie des Carpus und Tarsus der Vertebraten</i>, Theil 1. Batrachia. Jena, 1888, and <i>Amer. Natural.</i>, vol. <span class="smcap">XIX.</span> 1885 (several papers).</p></div> @@ -26560,7 +26521,7 @@ that of von Zittel has been followed.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> This classification of birds is essentially that of Gadow and Selenka in Bronn's <i>Classen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs</i>, Band <span class="smcap">vi</span>., Abth. <span class="smcap">iv.</span>, -Vögel. Leipzig, 1891.</p></div> +Vögel. Leipzig, 1891.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> The classification adopted is almost entirely that given in Flower and Lydekker's <i>Mammals Living and Extinct</i>. London, 1891.</p></div> @@ -26607,7 +26568,7 @@ Soc. Edinb.</i> vol. <span class="smcap">XII.</span> 1892-93, pp. 87-94, and 312 <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> See B. Dean, <i>J. Morphol.</i> vol. <span class="smcap">IX.</span> pp. 87-114, 1894, and <i>Nat. Sci.</i> vol. <span class="smcap">VIII.</span> p. 245, 1896.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> A. Günther, <i>Phil. Trans.</i> vol. 161, Part <span class="smcap">II.</span> 1871, p. 511. T.H. +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> A. Günther, <i>Phil. Trans.</i> vol. 161, Part <span class="smcap">II.</span> 1871, p. 511. T.H. Huxley, "On Ceratodus and the classification of fishes," <i>P.Z.S.</i> 1876, p. 24.</p></div> @@ -26626,7 +26587,7 @@ Hechtes</i>, Dorpat, 1880, the true coracoid is aborted, and the so-called coracoid of Teleosteans is really the precoracoid.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> The following general works on fishes may be referred to: Bashford -Dean, <i>Fishes, Living and Fossil</i>, New York, 1895. A. Günther, <i>An +Dean, <i>Fishes, Living and Fossil</i>, New York, 1895. A. Günther, <i>An Introduction to the Study of Fishes</i>, Edinburgh, 1880. A.A.W. Hubrecht and M. Sagemehl, <i>Fische</i> in Bronn's <i>Classen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs</i>, Band <span class="smcap">VI.</span> Leipzig, 1876.</p></div> @@ -26639,8 +26600,8 @@ references are there given to the literature of the subject.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> C. Hasse, <i>Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.</i> <span class="smcap">LVII.</span> 1893, p. 76.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> C. Hasse, <i>Das natürliche System der Elasmobranchier auf Grundlage des -Baues und der Entwickelung ihrer Wirbelsäule</i>, Jena, 1879 and 1885, and +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> C. Hasse, <i>Das natürliche System der Elasmobranchier auf Grundlage des +Baues und der Entwickelung ihrer Wirbelsäule</i>, Jena, 1879 and 1885, and "Die fossilen Wirbel, Morph. Studien <span class="smcap">I.-IV.</span>," <i>Morphol. Jahrb. Bd.</i> <span class="smcap">II.</span>, <span class="smcap">III.</span> and <span class="smcap">IV.</span> 1876-78.</p></div> @@ -26733,7 +26694,7 @@ there given.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> The exact position of the suture between the prefrontal and postfrontal is not known.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> A. Günther, On the Anatomy of Hatteria, <i>Phil. Trans</i>, vol. 157, 1867, +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> A. Günther, On the Anatomy of Hatteria, <i>Phil. Trans</i>, vol. 157, 1867, p. 595.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> <b>Zygosphenes</b> are extra articulating surfaces borne upon the anterior @@ -26770,7 +26731,7 @@ the main those given by von Zittel.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> See O.C. Marsh, <i>Amer. J. Sci.</i> (3), vol. 48, 1894, p. 85.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> See C.B. Brühl, <i>Das Skelet der Krokodiliden</i>, Wien, +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> See C.B. Brühl, <i>Das Skelet der Krokodiliden</i>, Wien, 1862. C.K. Hoffmann in Bronn's <i>Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs</i>, Bd. <span class="smcap">VI.</span> Abth. <span class="smcap">III.</span> 1881-85. T.H. Huxley, <i>Proc. Linn. Soc.</i> (Zoology) 1860 vol. <span class="smcap">IV.</span> p. 1. R. Owen, <i>History of British fossil Reptiles</i>. <i>Crocodilia</i> @@ -26796,13 +26757,13 @@ Parker, <i>Tr. Z.S.</i>, vol. <span class="smcap">XI.</span> 1885, p. 263.</p></ <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> E.T. Newton, <i>Phil. Trans.</i> vol. <span class="smcap">CLXXXIV</span>, <span class="smcap">B</span>, p. 431 (1893).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> M. Fürbringer, <i>Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der -Vögel</i>, I. and II. Amsterdam, 1888. Cf. H. Gadow, <i>Nature</i>, <span class="smcap">XXXIX</span>. 1888, +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> M. Fürbringer, <i>Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der +Vögel</i>, I. and II. Amsterdam, 1888. Cf. H. Gadow, <i>Nature</i>, <span class="smcap">XXXIX</span>. 1888, pp. 150 and 177. </p><p> T.H. Huxley, "On the classification of birds." <i>P.Z.S.</i>, London, 1867. </p><p> -E. Selenka and H. Gadow, <i>Vögel</i> in Bronn's <i>Classen und Ordnungen des +E. Selenka and H. Gadow, <i>Vögel</i> in Bronn's <i>Classen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs</i> 1869-1890.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> See p. 283.</p></div> @@ -26869,7 +26830,7 @@ O.C. Marsh, "Jurassic Mammals," <i>Amer. J. Sci.</i> 1878 <i>et seq.</i></p></di <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> See Oldfield Thomas, <i>Brit. Mus. Cat. of Marsupialia and Monotremata</i> (1888).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> W. Kükenthal, <i>Anat. Anz.</i> <span class="smcap">VI.</span> p. 364, 1891. C. Röse, <i>Anat. Anz.</i> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> W. Kükenthal, <i>Anat. Anz.</i> <span class="smcap">VI.</span> p. 364, 1891. C. Röse, <i>Anat. Anz.</i> <span class="smcap">VII.</span> p. 639.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> These bones however have no connection with the marsupium, being @@ -26877,7 +26838,7 @@ nearly equally developed in both male and female. They are simply sesamoid bones forming ossifications in the inner tendon of the external oblique muscle, and are developed as supports for the abdominal wall. Very similar structures have been independently developed in various Amphibians, -Reptiles and monodelphian Mammals. See W. Leche, <i>Biol. Fören.</i> +Reptiles and monodelphian Mammals. See W. Leche, <i>Biol. Fören.</i> <span class="smcap">III.</span> p. 120.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> See H. Gadow, <i>P.Z.S.</i> 1892, p. 361.</p></div> @@ -26894,12 +26855,12 @@ Huxley, "On the Osteology of Glyptodon," <i>Phil. Trans.</i> 1865.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> Epiphyses are fully developed in <i>Halitherium</i>, and traces occur in <i>Manatus</i>.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> See P.J. van Beneden and P. Gervais, <i>Ostéographie des Cétacés</i>, +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> See P.J. van Beneden and P. Gervais, <i>Ostéographie des Cétacés</i>, 1869-80.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> H. Wincza, <i>Morphol. Jahrb.</i> <span class="smcap">XVI.</span>, p. 647.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> See M. Pavlow, "Études sur l'histoire paléontologique des Ongulés." +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> See M. Pavlow, "Études sur l'histoire paléontologique des Ongulés." <i>Bull. Soc. Moscou</i>, 1887—1890.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> In a <i>plantigrade</i> animal the whole of the foot is placed on the @@ -26972,9 +26933,9 @@ Vol. <span class="smcap">XXIX.</span> 1889; also Oldfield Thomas, <i>P.R.S.</i>, <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> W.H. Flower, <i>Phil. Trans.</i>, vol. 156, pp. 631—641, 1867; also Oldfield Thomas, <i>Phil. Trans.</i>, pp. 443—462, 1887.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> C. Röse, <i>Anat. Anz.</i> <span class="smcap">VII.</span>, p. 639.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> C. Röse, <i>Anat. Anz.</i> <span class="smcap">VII.</span>, p. 639.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> W. Kükenthal, <i>Anat. Anz.</i> <span class="smcap">VI.</span>, p. 364.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> W. Kükenthal, <i>Anat. Anz.</i> <span class="smcap">VI.</span>, p. 364.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> See p. 348.</p></div> @@ -27038,7 +26999,7 @@ of Philad. Acad.</i> 1874. H.F. Osborn, "The evolution of the Ungulate foot," <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> See O.C. Marsh, various papers including "Fossil horses in America," <i>Amer. Natural.</i> 1874; "Polydactyl horses," <i>Amer. J. Sci.</i> 1879 and 1892. -M. Pavlow, "Le développement des Equidés," <i>Bul. Soc. Moscou</i>, 1887, and +M. Pavlow, "Le développement des Equidés," <i>Bul. Soc. Moscou</i>, 1887, and subsequent papers in the same. Osborn and Wortman, "On the Perissodactyls of the White River beds," <i>Bull. Amer. Mus.</i> Dec. 23rd, 1895.</p></div> @@ -27070,382 +27031,6 @@ will be displayed.</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Vertebrate Skeleton, by Sidney H. 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