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diff --git a/43427-h/43427-h.htm b/43427-h/43427-h.htm index 0cad136..fc37683 100644 --- a/43427-h/43427-h.htm +++ b/43427-h/43427-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= - "text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + "text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume XVII Slice I - Lord Chamberlain to Luqman. @@ -165,45 +165,7 @@ </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, -Volume 17, Slice 1, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 17, Slice 1 - "Lord Chamberlain" to "Luqman" - -Author: Various - -Release Date: August 9, 2013 [EBook #43427] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA *** - - - - -Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43427 ***</div> <table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #dcdcdc; color: #696969; " summary="Transcriber's note"> <tr> @@ -358,15 +320,15 @@ L to Lamellibranchia</h3> <p class="center1" style="font-size: 150%; font-family: 'verdana';">Articles in This Slice</p> <table class="reg" style="width: 90%; font-size: 90%; border: gray 2px solid;" cellspacing="8" summary="Contents"> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar1">LORD CHAMBERLAIN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar129">LWE, JOHANN KARL GOTTFRIED</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar1">LORD CHAMBERLAIN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar129">LÖWE, JOHANN KARL GOTTFRIED</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar2">LORD CHIEF JUSTICE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar130">LOWELL, ABBOTT LAWRENCE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar3">LORD GREAT CHAMBERLAIN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar131">LOWELL, CHARLES RUSSELL</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar4">LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar132">LOWELL, JAMES RUSSELL</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar5">LORD HIGH CONSTABLE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar133">LOWELL, JOHN</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar6">LORD HIGH STEWARD</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar134">LOWELL</a> (Massachusetts, U.S.A.)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar7">LORD HIGH TREASURER</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar135">LOWELL INSTITUTE</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar8">LORD HOWE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar136">LWENBERG</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar9">LORD JUSTICE CLERK</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar137">LWENSTEIN</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar8">LORD HOWE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar136">LÖWENBERG</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar9">LORD JUSTICE CLERK</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar137">LÖWENSTEIN</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar10">LORD JUSTICE-GENERAL</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar138">LOWESTOFT</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar11">LORD KEEPER OF THE GREAT SEAL</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar139">LOWIN, JOHN</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar12">LORD MAYOR’S DAY</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar140">LOWLAND</a></td></tr> @@ -374,17 +336,17 @@ L to Lamellibranchia</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar14">LORDS JUSTICES OF APPEAL</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar142">LOWNDES, WILLIAM THOMAS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar15">LORDS OF APPEAL IN ORDINARY</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar143">LOW SUNDAY</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar16">LORD STEWARD</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar144">LOWTH, ROBERT</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar17">LOR, AMBROISE DE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar145">LOXODROME</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar17">LORÉ, AMBROISE DE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar145">LOXODROME</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar18">LORE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar146">LOYALISTS or TORIES</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar19">LORELEI</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar147">LOYALTY</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar20">LORETO</a> (Italy)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar148">LOYALTY ISLANDS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar21">LORETO</a> (Peru)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar149">LOYOLA, ST IGNATIUS OF</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar22">LORIENT</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar150">LOZENGE</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar23">LORINER</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar151">LOZRE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar23">LORINER</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar151">LOZÈRE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar24">LORIS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar152">LUANG-PRABANG</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar25">LORIS-MELIKOV, MICHAEL TARIELOVICH</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar153">LUBAO</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar26">LORIUM</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar154">LBBEN</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar27">LRRACH</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar155">LBECK</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar26">LORIUM</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar154">LÜBBEN</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar27">LÖRRACH</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar155">LÜBECK</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar28">LORRAINE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar156">LUBLIN</a> (government of Poland)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar29">LORTZING, GUSTAV ALBERT</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar157">LUBLIN</a> (town of Poland)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar30">LORY, CHARLES</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar158">LUBRICANTS</a></td></tr> @@ -394,7 +356,7 @@ L to Lamellibranchia</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar34">LOS ISLANDS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar162">LUCARIS, CYRILLUS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar35">LOSSIEMOUTH</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar163">LUCARNE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar36">LOSSING, BENSON JOHN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar164">LUCAS, SIR CHARLES</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar37">LSSNITZ</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar165">LUCAS, CHARLES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar37">LÖSSNITZ</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar165">LUCAS, CHARLES</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar38">LOST PROPERTY</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar166">LUCAS, JOHN SEYMOUR</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar39">LOSTWITHIEL</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar167">LUCAS VAN LEYDEN</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar40">LOT</a> (Biblical)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar168">LUCCA</a></td></tr> @@ -408,7 +370,7 @@ L to Lamellibranchia</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar48">LOTHIAN, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar176">LUCERNE, LAKE OF</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar49">LOTHIAN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar177">LUCERNE</a> (plant)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar50">LOTI, PIERRE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar178">LUCHAIRE, DENIS JEAN ACHILLE</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar51">LTSCHEN PASS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar179">LUCHU ARCHIPELAGO</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar51">LÖTSCHEN PASS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar179">LUCHU ARCHIPELAGO</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar52">LOTTERIES</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar180">LUCIA (or Lucy), ST</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar53">LOTTI, ANTONIO</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar181">LUCIAN</a> (Christian martyr)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar54">LOTTO, LORENZO</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar182">LUCIAN</a> (Greek satirist)</td></tr> @@ -416,13 +378,13 @@ L to Lamellibranchia</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar56">LOTUS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar184">LUCIFER</a> (planet)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar57">LOTUS-EATERS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar185">LUCILIUS, GAIUS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar58">LOTZE, RUDOLF HERMANN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar186">LUCILIUS JUNIOR</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar59">LOUBET, MILE FRANOIS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar187">LUCINA</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar59">LOUBET, ÉMILE FRANÇOIS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar187">LUCINA</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar60">LOUDON, ERNST GIDEON</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar188">LUCIUS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar61">LOUDOUN, JOHN CAMPBELL</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar189">LUCK</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar62">LOUDUN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar190">LCKE, GOTTFRIED CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar62">LOUDUN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar190">LÜCKE, GOTTFRIED CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar63">LOUGHBOROUGH</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar191">LUCKENWALDE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar64">LOUGHREA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar192">LUCKNOW</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar65">LOUGHTON</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar193">LUON</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar65">LOUGHTON</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar193">LUÇON</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar66">LOUHANS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar194">LUCRE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar67">LOUIS</a> (name)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar195">LUCRETIA</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar68">LOUIS I.</a> (Roman emperor)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar196">LUCRETILIS MONS</a></td></tr> @@ -433,7 +395,7 @@ L to Lamellibranchia</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar72a">LOUIS I.</a> (king of Bavaria)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar201">LUCY, RICHARD DE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar73">LOUIS II.</a> (king of Bavaria)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar202">LUCY, SIR THOMAS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar74">LOUIS II.</a> (king of France)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar203">LUDDITES</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar75">LOUIS III.</a> (king of France)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar204">LDENSCHEID</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar75">LOUIS III.</a> (king of France)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar204">LÜDENSCHEID</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar76">LOUIS IV.</a> (king of France)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar205">LUDHIANA</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar77">LOUIS V.</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar206">LUDINGTON</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar78">LOUIS VI.</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar207">LUDLOW, EDMUND</a></td></tr> @@ -457,16 +419,16 @@ L to Lamellibranchia</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar94">LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar225">LUINI, BERNARDINO</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar95">LOUIS PHILIPPE I.</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar226">LUKE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar96">LOUISBURG</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar227">LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar97">LOUISE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar228">LULE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar97">LOUISE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar228">LULEÅ</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar98">LOUISE OF SAVOY</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar229">LULL (or Lully), RAIMON</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar99">LOUISIADE ARCHIPELAGO</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar230">LULLABY</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar100">LOUISIANA</a> (U.S.A. state)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar231">LULLY, JEAN-BAPTISTE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar101">LOUISIANA</a> (U.S.A. city)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar232">LUMBAGO</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar102">LOUISIANA PURCHASE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar233">LUMBER</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar103">LOUISVILLE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar234">LUMBINĪ</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar104">LOUL</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar235">LUMP-SUCKER</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar104">LOULÉ</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar235">LUMP-SUCKER</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar105">LOURDES</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar236">LUMSDEN, SIR HARRY BURNETT</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar106">LOURENO MARQUES</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar237">LUNA, LVARO DE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar106">LOURENÇO MARQUES</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar237">LUNA, ÁLVARO DE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar107">LOUSE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar238">LUNA</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar108">LOUTH</a> (Leinster, Ireland)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar239">LUNATION</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar109">LOUTH</a> (Lincolnshire, England)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar240">LUNAVADA</a></td></tr> @@ -475,11 +437,11 @@ L to Lamellibranchia</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar112">LOUVET, JEAN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar243">LUND</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar113">LOUVET DE COUVRAI, JEAN BAPTISTE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar244">LUNDY, BENJAMIN</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar114">LOUVIERS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar245">LUNDY, ROBERT</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar115">LOUVOIS, FRANOIS MICHEL LE TELLIER</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar246">LUNDY</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar116">LOUŸS, PIERRE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar247">LNEBURG</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar117">LOVAT, SIMON FRASER</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar248">LNEBURGER HEIDE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar115">LOUVOIS, FRANÇOIS MICHEL LE TELLIER</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar246">LUNDY</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar116">LOUŸS, PIERRE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar247">LÜNEBURG</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar117">LOVAT, SIMON FRASER</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar248">LÜNEBURGER HEIDE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar118">LOVE-BIRD</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar249">LUNETTE</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar119">LOVEDALE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar250">LUNVILLE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar119">LOVEDALE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar250">LUNÉVILLE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar120">LOVELACE, RICHARD</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar251">LUNG</a> (anatomy)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar121">LOVELL, FRANCIS LOVELL</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar252">LUNG</a> (symbolical creature)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar122">LOVER, SAMUEL</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar253">LUNGCHOW</a></td></tr> @@ -627,7 +589,7 @@ ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.</p> <tr> <td class="tc1">A. Sy.</td> <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Arthur Symons.</span><br /> See the biographical article: <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Symons, Arthur</a>.</span></td> - <td class="tc4 cl"><p><b>Mallarm, Stphane</b>.</p></td></tr> + <td class="tc4 cl"><p><b>Mallarmé, Stéphane</b>.</p></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tc1">A. Wa.</td> <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Arthur Waugh, M.A.</span><br /> @@ -731,9 +693,9 @@ ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.</p> <p><b>Marburg, Colloquy of</b>.</p></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tc1">C. Pf.</td> - <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Christian Pfister, D. s L.</span><br /> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Christian Pfister, D. ès L.</span><br /> Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author of - <i>tudes sur le rgne de Robert le Pieux</i>.</td> + <i>Études sur le règne de Robert le Pieux</i>.</td> <td class="tc4 cl"><p><b>Mayor of the Palace</b>.</p></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tc1">C. R. B.</td> @@ -1068,7 +1030,7 @@ ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.</p> <tr> <td class="tc1">H. C. H.</td> <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Rev. Horace Carter Hovey, A.M., D.D.</span><br /> Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Geological - Society of America, National Geographic Society and Socit de Splologie (France). + Society of America, National Geographic Society and Société de Spéléologie (France). Author of <i>Celebrated American Caverns</i>; <i>Handbook of Mammoth Cave of Kentucky</i>; &c.</td> <td class="tc4 cl"><p><b>Luray Cavern</b>;</p> @@ -1249,7 +1211,7 @@ ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.</p> <tr> <td class="tc1">J. I.</td> <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Jules Isaac.</span><br /> - Professor of History at the Lyce of Lyons.</td> + Professor of History at the Lycée of Lyons.</td> <td class="tc4 cl"><p><b>Louis XII. of France</b>.</p></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tc1">J. J. T.</td> @@ -1296,8 +1258,8 @@ ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.</p> <tr> <td class="tc1">J. Si.*</td> <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Rev. James Sibree, F.R.G.S.</span><br /> - Principal Emeritus, United College (L.M.S. and F.F.M.A.), Antannarivo, Madagascar. - Membre de l’Acadmie Malgache. Author of <i>Madagascar and its People</i>; + Principal Emeritus, United College (L.M.S. and F.F.M.A.), Antanànarivo, Madagascar. + Membre de l’Académie Malgache. Author of <i>Madagascar and its People</i>; <i>Madagascar before the Conquest</i>; <i>A Madagascar Bibliography</i>; &c.</td> <td class="tc4 cl"><p><b>Madagascar</b>;</p> <p><b>Mauritius</b>.</p></td></tr> @@ -1354,7 +1316,7 @@ ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.</p> Author of <i>La France sous Philippe VI de Valois</i>; &c.</td> <td class="tc4 cl"><p><b>Lore, Ambroise de</b>;</p> <p><b>Louvet, Jean</b>;</p> - <p><b>Marcel, tienne</b>.</p></td></tr> + <p><b>Marcel, Étienne</b>.</p></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tc1">J. V. B.</td> <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">James Vernon Bartlet, M.A., D.D.</span><br /> (St Andrews). @@ -1451,16 +1413,16 @@ ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.</p> <tr> <td class="tc1">N. V.</td> <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Joseph Marie Noel Valois.</span><br /> - Member of Acadmie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris. Honorary Archivist - at the Archives Nationales. Formerly President of the Socit de l’Histoire de - France, and of the Socit de l’cole des Chartes.</td> + Member of Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris. Honorary Archivist + at the Archives Nationales. Formerly President of the Société de l’Histoire de + France, and of the Société de l’École des Chartes.</td> <td class="tc4 cl"><p><b>Marsilius of Padua</b>;</p> <p><b>Martin I.-V.</b>: <i>Popes</i>.</p></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tc1">N. W. T.</td> <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Northcote Whitridge Thomas, M.A.</span><br /> Government Anthropologist to Southern Nigeria. Corresponding Member of the - Socit d’Anthropologie de Paris. Author of <i>Thought Transference</i>; <i>Kinship and + Société d’Anthropologie de Paris. Author of <i>Thought Transference</i>; <i>Kinship and Marriage in Australia</i>; &c.</td> <td class="tc4 cl"><p><b>Lycanthropy</b>;</p> <p><b>Magic</b>.</p></td></tr> @@ -1474,7 +1436,7 @@ ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.</p> <tr> <td class="tc1">P. A. A.</td> <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Philip A. Ashworth, M.A., Doc. Juris.</span><br /> New College, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law.</td> - <td class="tc4 cl"><p><b>Lbeck</b> (<i>in part</i>).</p></td></tr> + <td class="tc4 cl"><p><b>Lübeck</b> (<i>in part</i>).</p></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tc1">P. A. K.</td> <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Prince Peter Alexeivitch Kropotkin.</span><br /> @@ -1523,7 +1485,7 @@ ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.</p> <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Richard Garnett, LL.D., D.C.L.</span><br /> See the biographical article: <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Garnett, Richard</a>.</span></td> <td class="tc4 cl"><p><b>Lucan</b> (<i>in part</i>);</p> - <p><b>Max Mller</b>.</p></td></tr> + <p><b>Max Müller</b>.</p></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tc1">R. H. C.</td> <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Rev. Robert Henry Charles, M.A., D.Litt.</span><br /> @@ -1597,10 +1559,10 @@ ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.</p> <tr> <td class="tc1">R. P.</td> <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Reinhold Pauli.</span><br /> See the biographical article: <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Pauli, Reinhold</a>.</span></td> - <td class="tc4 cl"><p><b>Lbeck</b> (<i>in part</i>).</p></td></tr> + <td class="tc4 cl"><p><b>Lübeck</b> (<i>in part</i>).</p></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tc1">R. P. S.</td> - <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">R. Phen Spiers, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.</span><br /> + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">R. Phené Spiers, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.</span><br /> Formerly Master of the Architectural School, Royal Academy, London. Past President of Architectural Association. Associate and Fellow of King’s College, London. Corresponding Member of the Institute of France. Editor of Fergusson’s @@ -1608,8 +1570,8 @@ ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.</p> <td class="tc4 cl"><p><b>Manor-House</b>.</p></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tc1">R. Po.</td> - <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Ren Poupardin, D. s L.</span><br /> - Secretary of the cole des Chartes. Honorary Librarian at the Bibliothque + <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">René Poupardin, D. ès L.</span><br /> + Secretary of the École des Chartes. Honorary Librarian at the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Author of <i>Le Royaume de Provence sous les Carolingiens</i>; <i>Recueil des chartes de Saint-Germain</i>; &c.</td> <td class="tc4 cl"><p><b>Lorraine</b>;</p> @@ -1737,7 +1699,7 @@ ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.</p> of Royal Asiatic Society, 1885-1902. Author of <i>Buddhism</i>; &c.</td> <td class="tc4 cl"><p><b>Lumbinī</b>;</p> <p><b>Mahāvamsa</b>;</p> - <p><b>Maitrea</b>.</p></td></tr> + <p><b>Maitreÿa</b>.</p></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tc1">V. H. S.</td> <td class="tc2"><span class="sc">Rev. Vincent Henry Stanton, M.A., D.D.</span><br /> @@ -1753,7 +1715,7 @@ ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.</p> Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Professor of English History, St David’s College, Lampeter, 1880-1881. Author of <i>Guide to Switzerland</i>; <i>The Alps in Nature and in History</i>; &c. Editor of the <i>Alpine Journal</i>, 1880-1889.</td> - <td class="tc4 cl"><p><b>Ltschen Pass</b>;</p> + <td class="tc4 cl"><p><b>Lötschen Pass</b>;</p> <p><b>Lucerne: Canton, Town, Lake of</b>;</p> <p><b>Lugano, Lake of</b>;</p> <p><b>Maggiore, Lago</b>.</p></td></tr> @@ -1913,7 +1875,7 @@ ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.</p> <p>Lourdes.</p> <p>Loyalists.</p> <p>Luchu Archipelago.</p> -<p>Ltzen.</p> +<p>Lützen.</p> <p>Lyons.</p> <p>Macabre.</p> <p>McKinley, William.</p> @@ -1984,13 +1946,13 @@ in the cities of London and Westminster (except patent theatres), in certain of the London boroughs and in the towns of Windsor and Brighton, are licensed by him and he is also licenser of plays (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Theatre</a></span>: <i>Law</i>; and <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Revels, Master of the</a></span>). His -salary is 2000 a year.</p> +salary is £2000 a year.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>The vice-chamberlain of the household is the lord chamberlain’s assistant and deputy. He also is one of the ministry, a white-staff officer and the bearer of a key; and he is generally a peer or the son -of a peer as well as a privy councillor. He receives 700 a year. +of a peer as well as a privy councillor. He receives £700 a year. Next to the vice-chamberlain comes the groom of the stole, an office only in use during the reign of a king. He has the charge of the vestment called the stole worn by the sovereign on state occasions. @@ -2161,7 +2123,7 @@ only so long as they held those offices. The collar of SS. was worn by the chiefs of the three courts previous to their amalgamation in 1873, and that now worn by the lord chief justice of England was provided by Sir A. Cockburn in 1859 and entailed by him on all -holders of the office. The salary is 8000 a year.</p> +holders of the office. The salary is £8000 a year.</p> <p>In the United States the supreme court consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices, any six of whom make a quorum. The @@ -2175,7 +2137,7 @@ judicatures also takes the title of chief justice.</p> <hr class="foot" /> <div class="note"> <p><a name="ft1b" id="ft1b" href="#fa1b"><span class="fn">1</span></a> <i>Notes and Queries</i>, series 1, vol. ii.; series 4, vols. ii. ix. x.; series -6, vols. ii. iii.; Planch, <i>Dictionary of Costume</i>, p. 126; Foss, <i>Lives +6, vols. ii. iii.; Planché, <i>Dictionary of Costume</i>, p. 126; Foss, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>, vol. vii.; Dugdale, <i>Orig. Jud.</i> fol. 102.</p> </div> @@ -2315,8 +2277,8 @@ judicial patronage is very extensive, and he is by usage the adviser of the crown in the appointment of judges<a name="fa2c" id="fa2c" href="#ft2c"><span class="sp">2</span></a> of the High Court. He presides over the hearing of appeals in the House of Lords. His proper title is “Lord High Chancellor -of Great Britain and Ireland.” His salary is 10,000 per annum, -and he is entitled to a pension of 5000 per annum.</p> +of Great Britain and Ireland.” His salary is £10,000 per annum, +and he is entitled to a pension of £5000 per annum.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p><span class="sc">Authorities.</span>—<i>Observations concerning the Office of Lord Chancellor</i> @@ -2590,11 +2552,11 @@ until 1816.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LORD HOWE,<a name="ar8" id="ar8"></a></span> an island of the southern Pacific Ocean, lying -about 31 36′ S., 159 5′ E., 520 m. E.N.E. of Sydney. Pop. +about 31° 36′ S., 159° 5′ E., 520 m. E.N.E. of Sydney. Pop. 120. It was discovered in 1778 by Lieutenant Ball (whose name is commemorated in the adjacent islet of Ball’s Pyramid), and is a dependency of New South Wales. It measures about -5 m. by 1 m., and is well wooded and hilly (reaching a height +5½ m. by 1 m., and is well wooded and hilly (reaching a height of 2840 ft. at the southern end), being of volcanic formation, while there are coral reefs on the western shore. It has a pleasant climate. The name Lord Howe is given also to an islet of the @@ -2619,7 +2581,7 @@ as a judge, forming him, with the justice-general and five of the lords of session into the court of justiciary. The lord justice clerk is also one of the officers of state for Scotland, and one of the commissioners for keeping the Scottish Regalia. His salary -is 4800 a year.</p> +is £4800 a year.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> @@ -2632,7 +2594,7 @@ but by the Court of Session Act 1830, it was enacted that, at the termination of the existing interest, the office should be united with that of lord president of the court of session, who then became presiding judge of the court of justiciary. The salary -is 5000 a year.</p> +is £5000 a year.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> @@ -2687,7 +2649,7 @@ the show, the mayor Sir Gilbert Heathcote (the original of Addison’s Sir Andrew Freeport) being thrown by his horse. The next year a coach was, in consequence, provided for the chief magistrate. In 1757 this was superseded by a gilded and -elaborately decorated equipage costing 10,065 which was used +elaborately decorated equipage costing £10,065 which was used till 1896, when a replica of it was built to replace it.</p> @@ -2732,7 +2694,7 @@ Court of Justice. Their style was provided for by the Supreme <span class="pagenum"><a name="page6" id="page6"></a>6</span> Court of Judicature Act 1877. The number was fixed at five by the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1881, s. 3. Their -salary is 5000 a year (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Appeal</a></span>).</p> +salary is £5000 a year (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Appeal</a></span>).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> @@ -2744,7 +2706,7 @@ that House in its legal capacity, and also to aid the judicial committee of the Privy Council in hearing appeals. Of the four lords of appeal in ordinary one is usually appointed from the Irish bench or bar and one from Scotland. Their salary is -6000 a year. They hold office on the same conditions as other +£6000 a year. They hold office on the same conditions as other judges. By the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876, under which they are appointed, lords of appeal in ordinary are, by virtue of and according to the date of their appointment, entitled during @@ -2840,15 +2802,15 @@ at which the transactions of the board were originally conducted.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LOR, AMBROISE DE<a name="ar17" id="ar17"></a></span> (1396-1446), baron of Ivry in Normandy -and a French commander, was born at the chteau of -Lor (Orne, arrondissement of Domfront). His first exploit in +<p><span class="bold">LORÉ, AMBROISE DE<a name="ar17" id="ar17"></a></span> (1396-1446), baron of Ivry in Normandy +and a French commander, was born at the château of +Loré (Orne, arrondissement of Domfront). His first exploit in arms was at the battle of Agincourt in 1415; he followed the party of the Armagnacs and attached himself to the dauphin Charles. He waged continual warfare against the English in Maine until the advent of Joan of Arc. He fought at Jargeau, at Meung-sur-Loire and at Patay (1429). Using his fortress -of Saint Cneri as a base of operations during the next few years, +of Saint Céneri as a base of operations during the next few years, he seized upon Matthew Gough near Vivoin in 1431, and made an incursion as far as the walls of Caen, whence he brought away three thousand prisoners. Taken captive himself in 1433, he @@ -2862,7 +2824,7 @@ taking of Meaux, in 1441 at that of Pontoise, and he died on the 24th of May 1446.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See the <i>Nouvelle Biographie Gnrale</i>, vol. xxxi., and the <i>Revue +<p>See the <i>Nouvelle Biographie Générale</i>, vol. xxxi., and the <i>Revue Historique du Maine</i>, vols. iii. and vi.</p> </div> <div class="author">(J. V.*)</div> @@ -2870,7 +2832,7 @@ Historique du Maine</i>, vols. iii. and vi.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LORE,<a name="ar18" id="ar18"></a></span> properly instruction, teaching, knowledge. The O. Eng. -<i>lr</i>, as the Dutch <i>leer</i> and Ger. <i>Lehre</i>, represents the Old Teutonic +<i>lár</i>, as the Dutch <i>leer</i> and Ger. <i>Lehre</i>, represents the Old Teutonic root, meaning to impart or receive knowledge, seen in “to learn,” “learning.” In the <i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i> for June 1830 it was suggested that “lore” should be used as a termination @@ -2931,7 +2893,7 @@ a picture gallery with works of Lorenzo Lotto, Vouet and Caracci and a collection of majolica, and the cathedral church of the Holy House (Chiesa della Casa Santa), a Late Gothic structure continued by Giuliano da Maiano, Giuliano da Sangallo -and Bramante. The handsome faade of the church was erected +and Bramante. The handsome façade of the church was erected under Sixtus V., who fortified Loreto and gave it the privileges of a town (1586); his colossal statue stands in the middle of the flight of steps in front. Over the principal doorway is a life-size @@ -2949,7 +2911,7 @@ the right transept are frescoes, on the right by Melozzo da Forli, on the left by Luca Signorelli. In both are fine intarsias.</p> <p>But the chief object of interest is the Holy House itself. It -is a plain stone building, 28 ft. by 12 and 13 ft. in height; +is a plain stone building, 28 ft. by 12½ and 13½ ft. in height; it has a door on the north side and a window on the west; and a niche contains a small black image of the Virgin and Child, in Lebanon cedar, and richly adorned with jewels. St Luke is @@ -3018,7 +2980,7 @@ Loreto is bounded W. by the departments of Amazonas and San Martin (the latter a new department, with an area of 30,744 sq. m., taken from Loreto, lying between the central and eastern Cordilleras and extending from the 6th to the 9th parallels, -approximately), and S. by Hunuco and Cuzco. The area of the +approximately), and S. by Huánuco and Cuzco. The area of the department, including the territories claimed by Peru, is estimated at 257,798 sq. m. The population is estimated (1906) at 120,000. The aboriginal population is not numerous, as the thick, humid @@ -3027,12 +2989,12 @@ spaces for sunlight and ventilation. With the exception of the eastern Andean slopes and a little-known range of low mountains on the Brazilian frontier, called the Andes Conomamas, the surface is that of a thickly wooded plain sloping gently towards the -Maraon, or Upper Amazon, which crosses it from W. to E. +Marañon, or Upper Amazon, which crosses it from W. to E. There are open plains between the Ucayali and Huallaga, known as the Pampas del Sacramento, but otherwise there are no extensive breaks in the forest. The elevation of the plain near the base of the Andes is 526 ft. on the Ucayali, 558 on the -Huallaga, and 453 at Barranca, on the Maraon, a few miles +Huallaga, and 453 at Barranca, on the Marañon, a few miles below the Pongo de Manseriche. The eastward slope of the plain is about 250 ft. in the 620 m. (direct) between this point and Tabatinga, on the Brazilian frontier; this not only shows @@ -3042,19 +3004,19 @@ From the S. the principal rivers traversing Loreto are the Ucayali and Huallaga, the former entering from Cuzco across its southern boundary and skirting the eastern base of the Andes for about four degrees of latitude before it turns away to the N.E. to join the -Maraon, and the latter breaking through the Eastern Cordillera -between the 6th and 7th parallels and entering the Maraon +Marañon, and the latter breaking through the Eastern Cordillera +between the 6th and 7th parallels and entering the Marañon 143 m. below Yurimaguas, where navigation begins. The lower Ucayali, which has a very tortuous course, is said to have 868 m. of navigable channel at high water and 620 m. at low water. -North of the Maraon several large rivers pass through Peruvian +North of the Marañon several large rivers pass through Peruvian territory between the Santiago and Napo (see Ecuador), nearly all having navigable channels. On the level plains are a number of lakes, some are formed by the annual floods and are temporary in character. Among the permanent lakes are the Gran Cocama, of the Pampas del Sacramento, the Caballococha—a widening of the Amazon itself about 60 m. N.W. of Tabatinga—and -Rimachuma, on the north side of the Maraon, near the lower +Rimachuma, on the north side of the Marañon, near the lower Pastaza.</p> <p>The natural resources of this extensive region are incalculable, @@ -3079,7 +3041,7 @@ Iquitos, making the distance of 930 m. in seven days. From Lima to Iquitos by this route, therefore, involves 17 days travel over a distance of 1268 m. The most feasible route from the department to the Pacific coast is that which connects Puerto -Limon, on the Maraon, with the Pacific port of Payta, a distance +Limon, on the Marañon, with the Pacific port of Payta, a distance of 410 m., it being possible to cross the Andes on this route at the low elevation of 6600 ft. The climate of Loreto is hot and humid, except on the higher slopes of the Andes. The year is divided @@ -3095,7 +3057,7 @@ arrondissement in the department of Morbihan, on the right bank of the Scorff at its confluence with the Blavet, 34 m. W. by N. of Vannes by rail. Pop. (1906) 40,848. The town is modern and regularly built. Its chief objects of interest are the church -of St Louis (1709) and a statue by A. Merci of Victor Mass, the +of St Louis (1709) and a statue by A. Mercié of Victor Massé, the composer, born at Lorient in 1822. It is one of the five maritime prefectures in France and the first port for naval construction in the country. The naval port to the east of the town is formed by @@ -3117,7 +3079,7 @@ with cargo and 145 vessels of 38,207 tons cleared. The chief export is pit-timber, the chief import is coal. Fishing is actively carried on. Lorient is the seat of a sub-prefect, of commercial and maritime tribunals and of a tribunal of first instance, and has -a chamber of commerce, a board of trade-arbitrators, a lyce, +a chamber of commerce, a board of trade-arbitrators, a lycée, schools of navigation, and naval artillery. Private industry is also engaged in iron-working and engine making. The trade in fresh fish, sardines, oysters (which are reared near Lorient) and @@ -3127,7 +3089,7 @@ preserved sardines and vegetables are carried on. The roadstead, formed by the estuary of the Blavet, is accessible to vessels of the largest size; the entrance, 3 or 4 m. south from Lorient, which is defended by numerous forts, is marked on the east by the -peninsula of Gvres (an artillery practising ground) and the +peninsula of Gâvres (an artillery practising ground) and the fortified town of Port Louis; on the west are the fort of Loqueltas and, higher up, the battery of Kernevel. In the middle of the channel is the granite rock of St Michel, occupied by a powder @@ -3135,7 +3097,7 @@ magazine. Opposite it, on the right bank of the Blavet, is the mouth of the river Ter, with fish and oyster breeding establishments from which 10 millions of oysters are annually obtained. The roadstead is provided with six lighthouses. Above Lorient -on the Scorff, here spanned by a suspension bridge, is Krentrech, +on the Scorff, here spanned by a suspension bridge, is Kérentrech, a pretty village surrounded by numerous country houses.</p> <p>Lorient took the place of Port Louis as the port of the Blavet. @@ -3153,7 +3115,7 @@ owned thirty-five ships of the largest class and many others of considerable size. Its decadence dates from the English conquest of India, and in 1770 its property was ceded to the state. In 1782 the town was purchased by Louis XVI. from its owners, the -Rohan-Gumn family. In 1746 the English under Admiral +Rohan-Guéméné family. In 1746 the English under Admiral Richard Lestock made an unsuccessful attack on Lorient.</p> @@ -3209,7 +3171,7 @@ and turbulent population committed to his charge for the transition from military to normal civil administration, and in this work his favourite instrument was the schoolmaster. In the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 he commanded a separate -corps d’arme on the Turkish frontier in Asia Minor. After +corps d’armée on the Turkish frontier in Asia Minor. After taking the fortress of Ardahan, he was repulsed by Mukhtar Pasha at Zevin, but subsequently defeated his opponent at Aladja Dagh, took Kars by storm, and laid siege to Erzerum. @@ -3264,20 +3226,20 @@ reached by this road.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LRRACH,<a name="ar27" id="ar27"></a></span> a town in the grand-duchy of Baden, in the +<p><span class="bold">LÖRRACH,<a name="ar27" id="ar27"></a></span> a town in the grand-duchy of Baden, in the valley of the Wiese, 6 m. by rail N.E. of Basel. Pop. (1905) 10,794. It is the seat of considerable industry, its manufactures including calico, shawls, cloth, silk, chocolate, cotton, ribbons, hardware and furniture, and has a trade in wine, fruit and -timber. There is a fine view from the neighbouring Schtzenhaus, -1085 ft. high. In the neighbourhood also is the castle of Rtteln, +timber. There is a fine view from the neighbouring Schützenhaus, +1085 ft. high. In the neighbourhood also is the castle of Rötteln, formerly the residence of the counts of Hachberg and of the margraves of Baden; this was destroyed by the French in 1678, -but was rebuilt in 1867. Lrrach received market rights in +but was rebuilt in 1867. Lörrach received market rights in 1403, but did not obtain municipal privileges until 1682.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Hchstetter, <i>Die Stadt Lrrach</i> (Lrrach, 1882).</p> +<p>See Höchstetter, <i>Die Stadt Lörrach</i> (Lörrach, 1882).</p> </div> @@ -3303,15 +3265,15 @@ as far as its confluence with the Aar, which then became the boundary, receding from the left bank in the neighbourhood of Bingen so as to leave the cities of Worms and Spires to Germany, and embracing the duchy of Alsace. After crossing -the Jura, the frontier joined the Sane a little south of its confluence -with the Doubs, and followed the Sane for some distance, +the Jura, the frontier joined the Saône a little south of its confluence +with the Doubs, and followed the Saône for some distance, and finally the valleys of the Meuse and the Scheldt. Thus the kingdom roughly comprised the region watered by the Moselle and the Meuse, together with the dioceses of Cologne, Trier, -Metz, Toul, Verdun, Lige and Cambrai, Basel, Strassburg -and Besanon, and corresponded to what is now Holland and +Metz, Toul, Verdun, Liége and Cambrai, Basel, Strassburg +and Besançon, and corresponded to what is now Holland and Belgium, parts of Rhenish Prussia, of Switzerland, and of the old -province of Franche-Comt, and to the district known later as +province of Franche-Comté, and to the district known later as Upper Lorraine, or simply Lorraine. Though apparently of an absolutely artificial character, this kingdom corresponded essentially to the ancient Francia, the cradle of the Carolingian @@ -3328,14 +3290,14 @@ of his queen Teutberga, whom he had forsaken for a concubine called Waldrada, ended on the 8th of August 869. His inheritance was disputed by his uncles, and was divided by the treaty of Meersen (8th of August 870), by which Charles the Bald -received part of the province of Besanon and some land between +received part of the province of Besançon and some land between the Moselle and the Meuse. Then for a time the emperor Charles the Fat united under his authority the whole of the kingdom of Lorraine with the rest of the Carolingian empire. After the deposition of Charles in 888 Rudolph, king of Burgundy, got himself recognized in Lorraine. He was unable to maintain himself there, and succeeded in detaching definitively no more -than the province of Besanon. Lorraine remained in the +than the province of Besançon. Lorraine remained in the power of the emperor Arnulf, who in 895 constituted it a distinct kingdom in favour of his son Zwentibold. Zwentibold quickly became embroiled with the nobles and the bishops, and especially @@ -3454,11 +3416,11 @@ bounded N. by the Ardennes, S. by the table-land of Langres, E. by the Vosges and W. by Champagne. Its principal fiefs were the countship of Bar which Otto the Great gave in 951 to Count Frederick of Ardenne, and which passed in 1093 to the -lords of Montbliard; the countship of Chiny, formed at the end -of the 10th century, of which, since the 13th, Montmdy was +lords of Montbéliard; the countship of Chiny, formed at the end +of the 10th century, of which, since the 13th, Montmédy was the capital; the lordship of Commercy, whose rulers bore the special title of <i>damoiseau</i>, and which passed in the 13th century -to the house of Saarebrcken; and, finally the three important +to the house of Saarebrücken; and, finally the three important ecclesiastical lordships of the bishops of Metz, Toul and Verdun. Theodoric, or Thierri (d. 1026), son of Frederick, count of Bar and first duke of Upper Lorraine, was involved in a war with the @@ -3496,44 +3458,44 @@ municipal charters of Lorraine were derived from the charter of Beaumont in Argonne, which was at first extended to the Barrois and was granted by Ferri, in spite of the hostility of his barons, to La Neuveville in 1257, to Frouard in 1263 and to -Lunville in 1265. In the church lands the bishops of Toul and +Lunéville in 1265. In the church lands the bishops of Toul and Metz granted liberties from the end of the 12th century to the communes in their lordship, but not the Beaumont charter, which, however, obtained in the diocese of Verdun in the 14th and 15th centuries.</p> <p>By the will of Duke Charles the Bold, Lorraine was to pass -to his daughter Isabella, who married Ren of Anjou, duke of +to his daughter Isabella, who married René of Anjou, duke of Bar, in 1420. But Anthony of Vaudemont, Charles’s nephew -and heir male, disputed this succession with Ren, who obtained +and heir male, disputed this succession with René, who obtained from the king of France an army commanded by Arnault -Guilhem de Barbazan. Ren, however, was defeated and taken -prisoner at the battle of Bulgnville, where Barbazan was -killed (2nd of July 1431). The negotiations between Ren’s +Guilhem de Barbazan. René, however, was defeated and taken +prisoner at the battle of Bulgnéville, where Barbazan was +killed (2nd of July 1431). The negotiations between René’s wife and Anthony had no result, in spite of the intervention of the council of Basel and the emperor Sigismund, and it was -not until 1436 that Ren obtained his liberty by paying a +not until 1436 that René obtained his liberty by paying a ransom of 200,000 crowns, and was enabled to dispute with Alfonso of Aragon the kingdom of Naples, which he had inherited in the previous year. In 1444 Charles VII. of France and the dauphin Louis went to Lorraine, accompanied by envoys from Henry VI. of England, and procured a treaty (confirmed at -Chalons in 1445), by which Yolande, Ren’s eldest daughter, -married Anthony’s son, Ferri of Vaudemont, and Ren’s second +Chalons in 1445), by which Yolande, René’s eldest daughter, +married Anthony’s son, Ferri of Vaudemont, and René’s second daughter Margaret became the wife of Henry VI. of England. -After his return to Lorraine in 1442, Ren was seldom in the +After his return to Lorraine in 1442, René was seldom in the duchy. Like his successor John, duke of Calabria, who died in 1470, he was continually occupied with expeditions in Italy or in Spain. John’s son and successor, Nicholas (d. 1473), who supported the duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, against the king of France, died without children, and his heir was -Ren, son of Frederick of Vaudemont. The duke of Burgundy, +René, son of Frederick of Vaudemont. The duke of Burgundy, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page11" id="page11"></a>11</span> however, disputed this inheritance, and carried off the young -Ren and his mother, but on the intervention of Louis XI. had -to set them at liberty. Ren helped the Swiss during their +René and his mother, but on the intervention of Louis XI. had +to set them at liberty. René helped the Swiss during their wars with Charles the Bold, who invaded Lorraine and was -killed under the walls of Nancy (1477). Ren’s last years +killed under the walls of Nancy (1477). René’s last years were mainly spent in expeditions in Provence and Italy. He died in 1508, leaving by his second wife three sons—Anthony, called the Good, who succeeded him; Claude, count (and @@ -3579,10 +3541,10 @@ bands on their way to help the Protestants in France, and also from disturbances caused by the progress of Calvinism, especially in the neighbourhood of the three bishoprics. To combat Calvinism Charles had recourse to the Jesuits, whom -he established at Pont- Mousson, and to whom he gave over +he established at Pont-à Mousson, and to whom he gave over the university he had founded in that town in 1572. To this foundation he soon added chairs of medicine and law, the first -professor of civil law being the <i>matre des requtes</i>, the Scotsman +professor of civil law being the <i>maître des requêtes</i>, the Scotsman William Barclay, and the next Gregory of Toulouse, a pupil of the jurist Cujas. Charles died on the 14th of May 1608, and was succeeded by his eldest son Henry II., called the Good, @@ -3598,7 +3560,7 @@ December 1631) bound over Charles to desist from supporting the enemies of France, and compelled him to cede the fortress of Marsal. Charles’s breach of this treaty led to a renewal of hostilities, and the French troops occupied St Mihiel, Bar-le-duc, -Pont--Mousson and Nancy, which the duke was forced to cede +Pont-à-Mousson and Nancy, which the duke was forced to cede for four years (1633). In 1632, by the treaty of Liverdun, he had already had to abandon the fortresses of Stenay and Clermont in Argonne. On the 19th of January 1634 he abdicated in @@ -3624,11 +3586,11 @@ Montmartre, by which Charles sold the succession to the duchy to Louis XIV. for a life-rent; but the Lorrainers, perhaps with the secret assent of their prince, refused to ratify the treaty. Charles, too, was accused of intriguing with the Dutch, and was -expelled from his estates, Marshal de Crqui occupying Lorraine. +expelled from his estates, Marshal de Créqui occupying Lorraine. He withdrew to Germany, and in 1673 took an active part in the coalition of Spain, the Empire and Holland against France. -After an unsuccessful invasion of Franche-Comt he took his -revenge by defeating Crqui at Conzer Brcke (11th of August +After an unsuccessful invasion of Franche-Comté he took his +revenge by defeating Créqui at Conzer Brücke (11th of August 1675) and forcing him to capitulate at Trier. On the 18th of September 1675 died this adventurous prince, who, as Voltaire said, passed his life in losing his estates. His brother Francis, @@ -3659,7 +3621,7 @@ welcomed French immigrants, and devoted himself to the development of commerce and industry, particularly to the manufacture of stuffs and lace, glass and paper. He was responsible, too, for the compilation of a body of law which was known -as the “Code Lopold.” Some time after his death, which +as the “Code Léopold.” Some time after his death, which occurred on the 27th of March 1729, his heir Francis III. was betrothed to Maria Theresa of Austria, the daughter and heiress of the emperor Charles VI. France, however, could not admit @@ -3674,12 +3636,12 @@ to France. These arrangements were confirmed by the treaty of Vienna (18th of November 1738). In 1736, by a secret agreement, Stanislaus had abandoned the financial administration of his estates to Louis XV. for a yearly subsidy. The intendant, -Chaumont de la Galaizire, was instructed to apply the French +Chaumont de la Galaizière, was instructed to apply the French system of taxation in Lorraine; and in spite of the severity of <span class="pagenum"><a name="page12" id="page12"></a>12</span> the administration Lorraine preserved a grateful memory of the good king Stanislaus, who held his brilliant little court at -Lunville, and founded an academy and several libraries and +Lunéville, and founded an academy and several libraries and hospitals. At his death in February 1766 the two duchies of Lorraine and Bar became definitively incorporated in the kingdom of France. The treaties of 1735 and 1736, however, @@ -3688,22 +3650,22 @@ orders, and their common law and customs tariffs, which they retained until the French Revolution. Lorraine and Barrois formed a large government corresponding, together with the little government of the three bishoprics, to the <i>intendance</i> of -Lorraine and the <i>gnralit</i> of Metz. For legal purposes, Metz +Lorraine and the <i>généralité</i> of Metz. For legal purposes, Metz had been the seat of a parlement since 1633, and the parlement of Nancy was created in 1776. There was, too, a <i>chambre des comptes</i> at Metz, and another at Bar-le-duc. (For the later history see Alsace-Lorraine.)</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Dom. A. Calmet, <i>Histoire ecclsiastique et civile de Lorraine</i> +<p>See Dom. A. Calmet, <i>Histoire ecclésiastique et civile de Lorraine</i> (2nd ed., Nancy, 1747-1757); A. Digot, <i>Histoire de Lorraine</i> (1879-1880); E. Huhn, <i>Geschichte Lothringens</i> (Berlin, 1877); R. Parisot, <i>Le Royaume de Lorraine sous les Carolingiens</i> (Paris, 1899); Comte -D’Haussonville, <i>Histoire de la runion de la Lorraine la France</i> +D’Haussonville, <i>Histoire de la réunion de la Lorraine à la France</i> (2nd ed., Paris, 1860); E. Bonvalot, <i>Histoire du droit et des institutions -de la Lorraine et des Trois-vchs</i> (Paris, 1895); and E. -Duvernoy, <i>Les tats Gnraux des duchs de Lorraine et de Bar jusqu’ -la majorit de Charles III</i>. (Paris, 1904).</p> +de la Lorraine et des Trois-Évêchés</i> (Paris, 1895); and E. +Duvernoy, <i>Les États Généraux des duchés de Lorraine et de Bar jusqu’à +la majorité de Charles III</i>. (Paris, 1904).</p> </div> <div class="author">(R. Po.)</div> @@ -3712,10 +3674,10 @@ la majorit de Charles III</i>. (Paris, 1904).</p> <p><span class="bold">LORTZING, GUSTAV ALBERT<a name="ar29" id="ar29"></a></span> (1801-1851), German composer, was born at Berlin on the 23rd of October 1801. Both his parents were actors, and when he was nineteen the son began -to play youthful lover at the theatres of Dsseldorf and Aachen, +to play youthful lover at the theatres of Düsseldorf and Aachen, sometimes also singing in small tenor or baritone parts. His first opera <i>Ali Pascha von Jannina</i> appeared in 1824, but his -fame as a musician rests chiefly upon the two operas <i>Der Wildschtz</i> +fame as a musician rests chiefly upon the two operas <i>Der Wildschütz</i> (1842) and <i>Czar und Zimmermann</i> (1837). The latter, although now regarded as one of the masterpieces of German comic opera, was received with little enthusiasm by the public @@ -3723,7 +3685,7 @@ of Leipzig. Subsequent performance in Berlin, however, provoked such a tempest of applause that the opera was soon placed on all the stages of Germany. It was translated into English, French, Swedish, Danish, Dutch, Bohemian, Hungarian and -Russian. <i>Der Wildschtz</i> was based on a comedy of Kotzebue, +Russian. <i>Der Wildschütz</i> was based on a comedy of Kotzebue, and was a satire on the unintelligent and exaggerated admiration for the highest beauty in art expressed by the <i>bourgeois gentilhomme</i>. Of his other operas it is only necessary to note <i>Der @@ -3734,12 +3696,12 @@ of 1831, and <i>Undine</i> (1845). Lortzing died at Berlin on the <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LORY, CHARLES<a name="ar30" id="ar30"></a></span> (1823-1889), French geologist, was born -at Nantes on the 30th of July 1823. He graduated <i>D. s Sc.</i> +at Nantes on the 30th of July 1823. He graduated <i>D. ès Sc.</i> in 1847; in 1852 he was appointed to the chair of geology at -the University of Grenoble, and in 1881 to that of the <i>cole -Normale Suprieure</i> in Paris. He was distinguished for his +the University of Grenoble, and in 1881 to that of the <i>École +Normale Supérieure</i> in Paris. He was distinguished for his researches on the geology of the French Alps, being engaged on -the geological survey of the departments of Isre, Drme and +the geological survey of the departments of Isère, Drôme and the Hautes Alpes, of which he prepared the maps and explanatory memoirs. He dealt with some of the disturbances in the Savoy Alps, describing the fan-like structures, and confirming the views @@ -3812,7 +3774,7 @@ rectrices.</p> <p><span class="bold">LOS ANDES,<a name="ar32" id="ar32"></a></span> a former state of Venezuela under the redivision of 1881, which covered the extreme western part of the republic N. of Zamora and S. of Zulia. In the redivision of 1904 Los -Andes was cut up into three states—Mrida Tchira and +Andes was cut up into three states—Mérida Táchira and Trujillo.</p> @@ -3827,7 +3789,7 @@ foreign-born;<a name="fa1f" id="fa1f" href="#ft1f"><span class="sp">1</span></a> very rapid and in 1910 it was 319,198. The city had in 1910 an area of 85.1 sq. m., of which more than one-half has been added since 1890. Los Angeles is served by the Southern -Pacific, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa F, and the San Pedro, Los +Pacific, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé, and the San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake railways; by steamers to San Francisco; and by five systems of urban and suburban electric railways, which have 300 m. of track within the city and 700 m. within a @@ -3850,12 +3812,12 @@ not specifically a health resort, Los Angeles enjoys a high <span class="pagenum"><a name="page13" id="page13"></a>13</span> reputation for its climate. From July 1877 to 1908 (inclusive) the mean of the minima for January, the coldest month of the -year, was 44.16 F.; the mean of the minima for August, the -warmest month, was 60.1 F.; and the difference of the mean +year, was 44.16° F.; the mean of the minima for August, the +warmest month, was 60.1° F.; and the difference of the mean temperature of the coldest and the warmest month was about -18 F.; while on five days only in this period (and on no day in +18° F.; while on five days only in this period (and on no day in the years 1904-1908) did the official thermometer fall below -32 F. There are various pleasure resorts in the mountains, +32° F. There are various pleasure resorts in the mountains, and among seaside resorts are Santa Monica, Ocean Park, Venice, Playa del Rey, Hermosa, Redondo, Terminal Island, Long Beach, Alamitos Bay, Huntington Beach, Newport, Balboa and Corona @@ -3880,7 +3842,7 @@ the Chamber of Commerce Building illustrates the resources of southern California. Here also are the Coronel Collection, given in 1901 by Dona Mariana, the widow of Don Antonio Coronel, and containing relics of the Spanish and Mexican -rgime in California; and the Palmer Collection of Indian +régime in California; and the Palmer Collection of Indian antiquities. In Los Angeles also are the collections of the Southwest Society (1904; for southern California, Arizona and New Mexico) of the Archaeological Institute of America. On @@ -3926,7 +3888,7 @@ printing and publishing (newspapers and periodicals, $2,097,339; and book and job printing, $1,278,841), car construction and repairing ($1,549,836)—in 1910 there were railway shops here of the Southern Pacific, Pacific Electric, Los Angeles Street, Salt Lake and -Santa F railways—and the manufacture of confectionery ($953,915), +Santa Fé railways—and the manufacture of confectionery ($953,915), furniture ($879,910) and malt liquors ($789,393). The canning and preserving of fruits and vegetables are important industries. There is a large wholesale trade with southern California, with Arizona and @@ -3985,7 +3947,7 @@ Supreme Court of the state declared the recall election invalid. In 1909 there was a recall election at which a mayor was removed and another chosen in his place.</p> -<p>The Pueblo de Nuestra Seora la Reina de los Angeles was +<p>The Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Angeles was founded in 1781. The Franciscan mission of San Gabriel—still a famous landmark—had been established ten years earlier a few miles eastward. Beginning about 1827, Los Angeles, being @@ -4002,7 +3964,7 @@ whose jurisdiction was never recognized in the north; and in 1845-1847 it was the actual capital. The city was rent by factional quarrels when war broke out between Mexico and the United States, but the appearance of United States troops under -Commodore Robert F. Stockton and General John C. Frmont +Commodore Robert F. Stockton and General John C. Frémont before Los Angeles caused both factions to unite against a common foe. The defenders of Los Angeles fled at the approach of the troops, and on the 13th of August 1846 the American flag @@ -4012,11 +3974,11 @@ of the inhabitants, and Los Angeles was not retaken until <span class="pagenum"><a name="page14" id="page14"></a>14</span> General Philip Kearny and Commodore Stockton entered the city on the 18th of January 1847. This was the only important -overt resistance to the establishment of the new rgime in +overt resistance to the establishment of the new régime in California. The city was chartered in 1850. It continued to grow steadily thereafter until it attained railway connexion with the Central Pacific and San Francisco in 1876, and with -the East by the Santa F system in 1885. The completion of +the East by the Santa Fé system in 1885. The completion of the latter line precipitated one of the most extraordinary of American railway wars and land booms, which resulted in giving southern California a great stimulus. The growth of the city @@ -4043,8 +4005,8 @@ French and Italian weekly papers are published in Los Angeles.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LOS ISLANDS<a name="ar34" id="ar34"></a></span> (<span class="sc">Islas de los Idolos</span>), a group of islands off the coast of French Guinea, West Africa, lying south of -Sangarea Bay, between 9 25′ and 9 31′ N. and 13 46′ and -13 51′ W., and about 80 m. N.N.W. of Freetown, Sierra Leone. +Sangarea Bay, between 9° 25′ and 9° 31′ N. and 13° 46′ and +13° 51′ W., and about 80 m. N.N.W. of Freetown, Sierra Leone. There are five principal islands: Tamara, Factory, Crawford, White (or Ruma) and Coral. The two largest islands are Tamara and Factory, Tamara, some 8 m. long by 1 to 2 m. broad, being @@ -4088,7 +4050,7 @@ works cited under <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">French Guinea</a></span>. <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LOSSIEMOUTH,<a name="ar35" id="ar35"></a></span> a police burgh of Elginshire, Scotland. Pop. (1901) 3904. It embraces the villages of Lossiemouth, -Branderburgh and Stotfield, at the mouth of the Lossie, 5 m. +Branderburgh and Stotfield, at the mouth of the Lossie, 5½ m. N.N.E. of Elgin, of which it is the port, by a branch line of the Great North of Scotland railway. The industries are boat-building and fishing. Lossiemouth, or the Old Town, dates @@ -4103,7 +4065,7 @@ is carved with ornaments and emblems of early Celtic art.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>Kinneddar Castle in the parish of Drainie—in which Lossiemouth is situated—was a seat of the bishops of Moray, and Old Duffus -Castle, 2 m. S.W., was built in the reign of David II. The estate of +Castle, 2½ m. S.W., was built in the reign of David II. The estate of Gordonstown, close by, was founded by Sir Robert Gordon (1580-1656), historian of the Sutherland family, and grandfather of the baronet who, because of his inventions and scientific attainments, @@ -4148,7 +4110,7 @@ the 3rd of June 1891.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LSSNITZ,<a name="ar37" id="ar37"></a></span> a district in the kingdom of Saxony, extending for +<p><span class="bold">LÖSSNITZ,<a name="ar37" id="ar37"></a></span> a district in the kingdom of Saxony, extending for about 5 m. along the right bank of the Elbe, immediately N.W. of Dresden. Pop. (1905) 6929. A line of vine-clad hills shelters it from the north winds, and so warm and healthy is the climate @@ -4227,7 +4189,7 @@ metals, see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Treasure Trove</a></span>.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LOSTWITHIEL,<a name="ar39" id="ar39"></a></span> a market town and municipal borough in the -Bodmin parliamentary division of Cornwall, England, 30 m. +Bodmin parliamentary division of Cornwall, England, 30½ m. W. of Plymouth by the Great Western railway. Pop. (1901) 1379. It is pleasantly situated on the banks of the river Fowey. The church of St Bartholomew is remarkable for a fine Early @@ -4344,9 +4306,9 @@ Theology</i>, ii. ch. xviii.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LOT<a name="ar41" id="ar41"></a></span> (Lat. <i>Oltis</i>), a river of southern France flowing westward -across the central plateau, through the departments of Lozre, +across the central plateau, through the departments of Lozère, Aveyron, Lot and Lot-et-Garonne. Its length is about 300 m., -the area of its basin 4444 sq. m. The river rises in the Cvennes +the area of its basin 4444 sq. m. The river rises in the Cévennes on the Mont du Goulet at a height of 4918 ft. about 15 m. E. of Mende, past which it flows. Its upper course lies through gorges between the Causse of Mende and Aubrac Mountains @@ -4354,24 +4316,24 @@ on the north and the tablelands (<i>causses</i>) of Sauveterre, Severac and Comtal on the south. Thence its sinuous course crosses the plateau of Quercy and entering a wider fertile plain flows into the Garonne at Aiguillon between Agen and Marmande. -Its largest tributary, the Truyre, rises in the Margeride mountains +Its largest tributary, the Truyère, rises in the Margeride mountains and after a circuitous course joins it on the right at Entraygues (department of Aveyron), its affluence more than <span class="pagenum"><a name="page16" id="page16"></a>16</span> doubling the volume of the river. Lower down it receives the Dourdou de Bozouls (or du Nord) on the left and on the right -the Cl above Cahors (department of Lot), which is situated +the Célé above Cahors (department of Lot), which is situated on a peninsula skirted by one of the river’s many windings. Villeneuve-sur-Lot (department of Lot-et-Garonne) is the only town of any importance between this point and its mouth. -The Lot is canalized between Bouquis, above which there is no +The Lot is canalized between Bouquiès, above which there is no navigation, and the Garonne (160 m.).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LOT,<a name="ar42" id="ar42"></a></span> a department of south-western France, formed in 1790 from the district of Quercy, part of the old province of Guyenne. -It is bounded N. by Corrze, W. by Dordogne and Lot-et-Garonne, +It is bounded N. by Corrèze, W. by Dordogne and Lot-et-Garonne, S. by Tarn-et-Garonne, and E. by Aveyron and Cantal. Area 2017 sq. m. Pop. (1906) 216,611. The department extends over the western portion of the Massif Central of France; it @@ -4380,9 +4342,9 @@ of 2560 ft. on the borders of Cantal with a minimum of 213 ft. at the point where the river Lot quits the department. The Lot, which traverses it from east to west, is navigable for the whole distance (106 m.) with the help of locks; its principal tributary -within the department is the Cl (on the right). In the north +within the department is the Célé (on the right). In the north of the department the Dordogne has a course of 37 m.; among -its tributaries are the Cre, which has its rise in Cantal, and the +its tributaries are the Cère, which has its rise in Cantal, and the Ouysse, a river of no great length, but remarkable for the abundance of its waters. The streams in the south of Lot all flow into the Tarn. The eastern and western portions of the @@ -4397,7 +4359,7 @@ in the limestone, which are known as <i>igues</i>. These are most numerous in the Causse de Gramat and are sometimes of great beauty; the best known is the Gouffre de Padirac, 7 m. N.E. of Rocamadour. The altitude of the <i>causses</i> (from 700 to 1300 ft., -much lower than that of the similar plateaus in Lozre, Hrault +much lower than that of the similar plateaus in Lozère, Hérault and Aveyron) permits the cultivation of the vine; they also yield a small quantity of cereals and potatoes and some wood. The deep intervening valleys are full of verdure, being well @@ -4425,12 +4387,12 @@ are carried on to some extent. The three arrondissements are those of Cahors, the capital, Figeac and Gourdon; there are 29 cantons and 329 communes.</p> -<p>Lot belongs to the 17th military district, and to the <i>acadmie</i> +<p>Lot belongs to the 17th military district, and to the <i>académie</i> of Toulouse, and falls within the circumscription of the court of appeal at Agen, and the province of the archbishop of Albi. It is served by the Orleans railway. Cahors, Figeac and Rocamadour are the principal places. Of the interesting churches -and chteaux of the department, may be mentioned the fine +and châteaux of the department, may be mentioned the fine feudal fortress at Castelnau occupying a commanding natural position, with an audience hall of the 12th century, and the Romanesque abbey-church at Souillac with fine sculpturing @@ -4467,7 +4429,7 @@ Lot and Baise with the help of locks. The Drot, a right affluent of the Garonne in the north of the department, is also navigable in the lower part of its course. The climate is that of the Girondine region—mild and fine—the mean temperature of -Agen being 56.6 Fahr., or 5 above that of Paris; the annual +Agen being 56.6° Fahr., or 5° above that of Paris; the annual rainfall, which, in the plain of Agen, varies from 20 to 24 in., is nearly the least in France. Agriculturally the department is one of the richest. Of cereals wheat is the chief, maize and oats @@ -4488,26 +4450,26 @@ pottery, of confectionery and dried plums (pruneaux d’Agen) and other delicacies, and brewing and distilling, occupy many of the inhabitants. At Tonneins (pop. 4691 in 1906) there is a national tobacco manufactory. Cork cutting, of which the -centre is Mzin, hat and candle making, wool spinning, weaving +centre is Mézin, hat and candle making, wool spinning, weaving of woollen and cotton stuffs, tanning, paper-making, oil-making, dyeing and flour and saw-milling are other prominent industries. The peasants still speak the Gascon patois. The arrondissements -are 4—Agen, Marmande, Nrac and Villeneuve-sur-Lot—and +are 4—Agen, Marmande, Nérac and Villeneuve-sur-Lot—and there are 35 cantons and 326 communes.</p> <p>Agen, the capital, is the seat of a bishopric and of the court of appeal for the department of Lot-et-Garonne. The department -belongs to the region of the XVII. army corps, the <i>acadmie</i> +belongs to the region of the XVII. army corps, the <i>académie</i> of Bordeaux, and the province of the archbishop of Bordeaux. Lot-et-Garonne is served by the lines of the Southern and the Orleans railways, its rivers afford about 160 m. of navigable waterway, and the lateral canal of the Garonne traverses it for -54 m. Agen, Marmande, Nrac and Villeneuve-sur-Lot, the +54 m. Agen, Marmande, Nérac and Villeneuve-sur-Lot, the principal places, are treated under separate headings. The department possesses Roman remains at Mas d’Agenais and at Aiguillon. The churches of Layrac, Monsempron, Mas d’Agenais, -Moirax, Mzin and Vianne are of interest, as also are the fortifications -of Vianne of the 13th century, and the chteaux of +Moirax, Mézin and Vianne are of interest, as also are the fortifications +of Vianne of the 13th century, and the châteaux of Xaintrailles, Bonaguil, Gavaudun and of the industrial town of Casteljaloux.</p> @@ -4549,7 +4511,7 @@ upon a war of plunder, but the forces of his brothers were too strong for him, and taking with him such treasure as he could collect, he abandoned to them his capital. Efforts to make peace were begun, and in June 842 the brothers met on an -island in the Sone, and agreed to an arrangement which +island in the Sâone, and agreed to an arrangement which developed, after much difficulty and delay, into the treaty of Verdun signed in August 843. By this Lothair received Italy and the imperial title, together with a stretch of land between @@ -4561,18 +4523,18 @@ in futile efforts to defend his lands from the attacks of the Normans and the Saracens. In 855 he became seriously ill, and despairing of recovery renounced the throne, divided his lands between his three sons, and on the 23rd of September -entered the monastery of Prm, where he died six days later. -He was buried at Prm, where his remains were found in 1860. +entered the monastery of Prüm, where he died six days later. +He was buried at Prüm, where his remains were found in 1860. Lothair was entirely untrustworthy and quite unable to maintain either the unity or the dignity of the empire of Charlemagne.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See “Annales Fuldenses”; Nithard, “Historiarum Libri,” both -in the <i>Monumenta Germaniae historica. Scriptores, Bnde</i> i. and ii. -(Hanover and Berlin, 1826 fol.); E. Mhlbacher, <i>Die Regesten des -Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern</i> (Innsbruck, 1881); E. Dmmler, -<i>Geschichte des ostfrnkischen Reichs</i> (Leipzig, 1887-1888); B. Simson, -<i>Jahrbcher des deutschen Reiches unter Ludwig dem Frommen</i> (Leipzig, +in the <i>Monumenta Germaniae historica. Scriptores, Bände</i> i. and ii. +(Hanover and Berlin, 1826 fol.); E. Mühlbacher, <i>Die Regesten des +Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern</i> (Innsbruck, 1881); E. Dümmler, +<i>Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reichs</i> (Leipzig, 1887-1888); B. Simson, +<i>Jahrbücher des deutschen Reiches unter Ludwig dem Frommen</i> (Leipzig, 1874-1876).</p> </div> @@ -4599,11 +4561,11 @@ representative of the Saxon race. This attitude brought him into collision with Henry V., to whom, however, he was forced to submit after an unsuccessful rising in 1112. A second rising was caused when, on the death of Ulrich II., count of Weimar -and Orlamnde, without issue in 1112, Henry seized these +and Orlamünde, without issue in 1112, Henry seized these counties as vacant fiefs of the empire, while Lothair supported -the claim of Siegfried, count of Ballenstdt, whose mother was +the claim of Siegfried, count of Ballenstädt, whose mother was a relative of Ulrich. The rebels were defeated, and Siegfried -was killed at Warnstdt in 1113, but his son secured possession +was killed at Warnstädt in 1113, but his son secured possession of the disputed counties. After the defeat by Lothair of Henry’s forces at Welfesholz on the 11th of February 1115, events called Henry to Italy; and Lothair appears to have been undisturbed @@ -4627,15 +4589,15 @@ a severe reverse, brought about by his interference in the internal affairs of Bohemia, Lothair requested Frederick of Hohenstaufen to restore to the crown the estates bequeathed to him by the emperor Henry V. Frederick refused, and was placed under the -ban. Lothair, unable to capture Nremberg, gained the support +ban. Lothair, unable to capture Nüremberg, gained the support of Henry the Proud, the new duke of Bavaria, by giving him his daughter, Gertrude, in marriage, and that of Conrad, count of -Zhringen, by granting him the administration of the kingdom +Zähringen, by granting him the administration of the kingdom of Burgundy, or Arles. As a counterstroke, however, Conrad of Hohenstaufen, the brother of Frederick, was chosen German king in December 1127, and was quickly recognized in northern Italy. But Lothair gained the upper hand in Germany, and by -the end of 1129 the Hohenstaufen strongholds, Nremberg and +the end of 1129 the Hohenstaufen strongholds, Nüremberg and Spires, were in his possession. This struggle was accompanied by disturbances in Lorraine, Saxony and Thuringia, but order was soon restored after the resistance of the Hohenstaufen @@ -4649,7 +4611,7 @@ promised to pay tribute to Lothair.</p> two popes, Innocent II. and Anacletus II., were clamouring for his support. At first Lothair, fully occupied with the affairs of Germany, remained heedless and neutral; but in March -1131 he was visited at Lige by Innocent, to whom he promised +1131 he was visited at Liége by Innocent, to whom he promised his assistance. Crossing the Alps with a small army in September 1132, he reached Rome in March 1133, accompanied by Innocent. As St Peter’s was held by Anacletus, Lothair’s coronation as @@ -4669,7 +4631,7 @@ highly of the peace and order of his later years. In 1135, Eric II., king of Denmark, acknowledged himself a vassal of Lothair; <span class="pagenum"><a name="page18" id="page18"></a>18</span> Boleslaus III., prince of the Poles, promised tribute and received -Pomerania and Rgen as German fiefs; while the eastern +Pomerania and Rügen as German fiefs; while the eastern emperor, John Comnenus, implored Lothair’s aid against Roger II. of Sicily.</p> @@ -4689,7 +4651,7 @@ arrangement was made with regard to Apulia, after which Lothair, returning to Germany, died at Breitenwang, a village in the Tirol, on the 3rd or 4th of December 1137. His body was carried to Saxony and buried in the monastery which he had -founded at Knigslutter. Lothair was a strong and capable +founded at Königslutter. Lothair was a strong and capable ruler, who has been described as the “imitator and heir of the first Otto.” Contemporaries praise his justice and his virtue, and his reign was regarded, especially by Saxons and churchmen, @@ -4699,7 +4661,7 @@ as a golden age for Germany.</p> <p>The main authorities for the life and reign of Lothair are: “Vita Norberti archiepiscopi Magdeburgensis”; Otto von Freising, “Chronicon Annalista Saxo” and “Narratio de electione Lotharii” -all in the <i>Monumenta Germaniae historica</i>. <i>Scriptores</i>, Bnde vi., +all in the <i>Monumenta Germaniae historica</i>. <i>Scriptores</i>, Bände vi., xii. and xx. (Hanover and Berlin, 1826-1892). The best modern works are: L. von Ranke, <i>Weltgeschichte</i>, pt. viii. (Leipzig, 1887-1888); W. von Giesebrecht, <i>Geschichte der Deutschen Kaiserzeit</i>, @@ -4707,8 +4669,8 @@ Band iv. (Brunswick, 1877), Band v. (Leipzig, 1888); Ph. Jaffe, <i>Geschichte des Deutschen Reiches unter Lothar</i> (Berlin, 1843); W. Bernhardi, <i>Lothar von Supplinburg</i> (Leipzig, 1879); O. von Heinemann, <i>Lothar der Sachse und Konrad III.</i> (Halle, 1869); and Ch. -Volkmar, “Das Vrhltniss Lothars III. zur Investiturfrage,” in -the <i>Forschungen zur Deutschen Geschichte</i>, Band xxvi. (Gttingen, +Volkmar, “Das Vërhältniss Lothars III. zur Investiturfrage,” in +the <i>Forschungen zur Deutschen Geschichte</i>, Band xxvi. (Göttingen, 1862-1886).</p> </div> @@ -4791,9 +4753,9 @@ the German.</p> <p>See Hincmar, “Opusculum de divortio Lotharii regis et Tetbergae reginae,” in <i>Cursus completus patrologiae</i>, tome cxxv., edited by J. P. Migne (Paris, 1857-1879); M. Sdralek, <i>Hinkmars von Rheims -Kanonistisches Gutachten ber die Ehescheidung des Knigs Lothar II.</i> -(Freiburg, 1881); E. Dmmler, <i>Geschichte des ostfrnkischen Reiches</i> -(Leipzig, 1887-1888); and E. Mhlbacher, <i>Die Regenten des Kaiserreichs +Kanonistisches Gutachten über die Ehescheidung des Königs Lothar II.</i> +(Freiburg, 1881); E. Dümmler, <i>Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reiches</i> +(Leipzig, 1887-1888); and E. Mühlbacher, <i>Die Regenten des Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern</i> (Innsbruck, 1881).</p> </div> @@ -4889,7 +4851,7 @@ to be believed it is hardly likely that the English had by this time obtained a firm footing beyond the Tweed. At all events there can be little doubt that the whole region was conquered within the next fifty years. Most probably the greater part of -it was conquered by the Northumbrian king thelfrith, who, +it was conquered by the Northumbrian king Æthelfrith, who, according to Bede, ravaged the territory of the Britons more often than any other English king, in some places reducing the natives to dependence, in others exterminating them and @@ -4936,8 +4898,8 @@ A few years later together with Constantine and the Britons they acknowledged the supremacy of Edward the Elder. After his death, however, both the Scots and the Britons were for a time in alliance with the Norwegians from Ireland, and consequently -thelstan is said to have ravaged a large portion of the Scottish -king’s territories in 934. Brunanburh, where thelstan defeated +Æthelstan is said to have ravaged a large portion of the Scottish +king’s territories in 934. Brunanburh, where Æthelstan defeated the confederates in 937, is believed by many to have been in Dumfriesshire, but we have no information as to the effects of the battle on the northern populations. By this time, however, @@ -4967,7 +4929,7 @@ kingdom. Some three years before he obtained his father’s throne Malcolm had by the help of earl Siward secured the government of Cumbria (Strathclyde) with which Lothian was probably united. Then in 1068 he received a large number -of exiles from England, amongst them the theling Eadgar, +of exiles from England, amongst them the Ætheling Eadgar, whose sister Margaret he married. Four other sons in succession occupied the throne, and in the time of the youngest, David, who held most of the south of Scotland as an earldom from @@ -5005,7 +4967,7 @@ loves to blush unseen. He was never given to books or study (when he was received at the French Academy, he had the courage to say, “Loti ne sait pas lire”), and it was not until 1876 that he was persuaded to write down and publish some curious -experiences at Constantinople, in <i>Aziyad</i>, a book which, like +experiences at Constantinople, in <i>Aziyadé</i>, a book which, like so many of Loti’s, seems half a romance, half an autobiography. He proceeded to the South Seas, and on leaving Tahiti published the Polynesian <span class="correction" title="amended from idyl">idyll</span>, originally called <i>Rarahu</i> (1880), which @@ -5015,30 +4977,30 @@ charm. <i>Le Roman d’un spahi</i>, a record of the melancholy adventures of a soldier in Senegambia, belongs to 1881. In 1882 Loti issued a collection of short studies under the general title of <i>Fleurs d’ennui</i>. In 1883 he achieved the widest celebrity, -for not only did he publish <i>Mon frre Yves</i>, a novel describing +for not only did he publish <i>Mon frère Yves</i>, a novel describing the life of a French bluejacket in all parts of the world—perhaps his most characteristic production—but he was involved in a public discussion in a manner which did him great credit. While taking part as a naval officer in the Tongking War, Loti had exposed in the <i>Figaro</i> a series of scandals which followed on the -capture of Hu (1883), and was suspended from the service +capture of Hué (1883), and was suspended from the service for more than a year. He continued for some time nearly silent, but in 1886 he published a novel of life among the Breton fisher-folk, -called <i>Pcheur d’islande</i>, the most popular of all his writings. +called <i>Pêcheur d’islande</i>, the most popular of all his writings. In 1887 he brought out a volume of extraordinary merit, which has not received the attention it deserves; this is <i>Propos d’exil</i>, a series of short studies of exotic places, in his peculiar semi-autobiographic style. The fantastic novel of Japanese manners, -<i>Madame Chrysanthme</i>, belongs to the same year. Passing over +<i>Madame Chrysanthème</i>, belongs to the same year. Passing over one or two slighter productions, we come in 1890 to <i>Au Maroc</i>, the record of a journey to Fez in company with a French embassy. A collection of strangely confidential and sentimental reminiscences, -called <i>Le Livre de la piti et de la mort</i>, belongs to 1891. Loti +called <i>Le Livre de la pitié et de la mort</i>, belongs to 1891. Loti was on board his ship at the port of Algiers when news was brought to him of his election, on the 21st of May 1891, to the -French Academy. In 1892 he published <i>Fantme d’orient</i>, +French Academy. In 1892 he published <i>Fantôme d’orient</i>, another dreamy study of life in Constantinople, a sort of continuation -of <i>Aziyad</i>. He described a visit to the Holy Land, +of <i>Aziyadé</i>. He described a visit to the Holy Land, somewhat too copiously, in three volumes (1895-1896), and wrote a novel, <i>Ramuntcho</i> (1897), a story of manners in the Basque province, which is equal to his best writings. In 1900 @@ -5062,19 +5024,19 @@ and fiction, which he essayed in his earlier books. When all his limitations, however, have been rehearsed, Pierre Loti remains, in the mechanism of style and cadence, one of the most original and most perfect French writers of the second half of the 19th -century. Among his later works were: <i>La Troisime jeunesse de -Mme Prune</i> (1905); <i>Les Dsenchantes</i> (1906, Eng. trans. by -C. Bell); <i>La Mort de Philae</i> (1908); <i>Judith Renaudin</i> (Thtre +century. Among his later works were: <i>La Troisième jeunesse de +Mme Prune</i> (1905); <i>Les Désenchantées</i> (1906, Eng. trans. by +C. Bell); <i>La Mort de Philae</i> (1908); <i>Judith Renaudin</i> (Théâtre Antoine, 1904), a five-act historical play based on an earlier -book; and, in collaboration with mile Vedel, a translation of -<i>King Lear</i>, also produced at the Thtre Antoine in 1904.</p> +book; and, in collaboration with Émile Vedel, a translation of +<i>King Lear</i>, also produced at the Théâtre Antoine in 1904.</p> <div class="author">(E. G.)</div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LTSCHEN PASS,<a name="ar51" id="ar51"></a></span> or <span class="sc">Ltschberg</span>, an easy glacier pass +<p><span class="bold">LÖTSCHEN PASS,<a name="ar51" id="ar51"></a></span> or <span class="sc">Lötschberg</span>, an easy glacier pass (8842 ft.) leading from Kandersteg in the Bernese Oberland to -the Ltschen valley in the Valais. It is a very old pass, first +the Lötschen valley in the Valais. It is a very old pass, first mentioned distinctly in 1352, but probably crossed previously by the Valaisans who colonized various parts of the Bernese Oberland. In 1384 and again in 1419 battles were fought on @@ -5082,13 +5044,13 @@ it between the Bernese and the Valaisans, while in 1698 a mule path (of which traces still exist) was constructed on the Bernese slope, though not continued beyond owing to the fear of the Valaisans that the Bernese would come over and alter their -religion. In 1906 the piercing of a tunnel (8 m. long) beneath +religion. In 1906 the piercing of a tunnel (8½ m. long) beneath this pass was begun, starting a little above Kandersteg and -ending at Goppenstein near the mouth of the Ltschen valley. +ending at Goppenstein near the mouth of the Lötschen valley. Subsidies were granted by both the confederation and the canton of Bern. This pass is to be carefully distinguished from the -Ltschenlcke (10,512 ft.), another easy glacier pass which leads -from the head of the Ltschen valley to the Great Aletsch +Lötschenlücke (10,512 ft.), another easy glacier pass which leads +from the head of the Lötschen valley to the Great Aletsch glacier.</p> <div class="author">(W. A. B. C.)</div> @@ -5123,14 +5085,14 @@ Succession War. Necker, in his <i>Administration des finances</i>, estimates the public charge for lotteries at 4,000,000 livres per annum. There were also lotteries for the benefit of religious communities and charitable purposes. Two of the largest were the -<i>Loteries de Pit</i> and <i>Des Enfans Trouvs</i>. These and also the -great <i>Loterie de l’cole militaire</i> were practically merged in the +<i>Loteries de Piété</i> and <i>Des Enfans Trouvés</i>. These and also the +great <i>Loterie de l’École militaire</i> were practically merged in the <i>Loterie Royale</i> by the decree of 1776, suppressing all private lotteries in France. The financial basis of these larger lotteries was to take <span class="spp">5</span>⁄<span class="suu">24</span>ths for expenses and benefit, and return <span class="spp">19</span>⁄<span class="suu">24</span>ths to the public who subscribed. The calculation of chances had become a familiar science. It is explained in detail by Caminade -de Castres in <i>Enc. mth. finances</i>, ii. <i>s.v.</i> “Loterie.” The +de Castres in <i>Enc. méth. finances</i>, ii. <i>s.v.</i> “Loterie.” The names of the winning numbers in the first drawing were (1) <i>extrait</i>, (2) <i>ambe</i>, (3) <i>terne</i>, (4) <i>quaterne</i>, (5) <i>quine</i>. After this there were four drawings called <i>primes gratuites</i>. The <i>extrait</i> @@ -5144,8 +5106,8 @@ of the 29th of May 1844 lotteries may be held for the assistance of charity and the fine arts. In 1878 twelve million lottery tickets of one franc each were sold in Paris to pay for prizes to exhibitors in the great Exhibition and expenses of working-men -visitors. The first prize was worth 5000; the second, 4000, -and the third and fourth 2000 each. The Socit du Crdit +visitors. The first prize was worth £5000; the second, £4000, +and the third and fourth £2000 each. The Société du Crédit Foncier, and many of the large towns, are permitted to contract loans, the periodical repayments of which are determined by lot. This practice, which is prohibited in Germany and England, @@ -5175,7 +5137,7 @@ would not go to the depositors but would be set aside to form the prizes. Three hundred thousand tickets, divisible into halves, quarters and eighths, according to the sum deposited weekly, would form a series of 12,500 prizes, of a total value -of 27,000. At the same time, the subscriber, while having his +of £27,000. At the same time, the subscriber, while having his ordinary lottery chances of these prizes, still has to his credit intact the amount which he has subscribed week by week.</p> @@ -5194,7 +5156,7 @@ backgammon and games played in the royal palace. In spite of these prohibitions, the government from 1709 down to 1824 annually raised considerable sums in lotteries authorized by act of parliament. The prizes were in the form of terminable or -perpetual annuities. The 10 tickets were sold at a premium +perpetual annuities. The £10 tickets were sold at a premium of say 40% to contractors who resold them in retail (sometimes in one-sixteenth parts) by “morocco men,” or men with red leather books who travelled through the country. As the drawing extended @@ -5204,8 +5166,8 @@ the fate of tickets during the drawing for a small premium of directed against the itinerant wheels which plied between the state lotteries, and partly by Perceval’s Act in 1806, which confined the drawing of each lottery to one day. From 1793 to -1824 the government made an average yearly profit of 346,765. -Cope, one of the largest contractors, is said to have spent 36,000 +1824 the government made an average yearly profit of £346,765. +Cope, one of the largest contractors, is said to have spent £36,000 in advertisements in a single year. The English lotteries were used to raise loans for general purposes, but latterly they were confined to particular objects, such as the improvement of @@ -5265,7 +5227,7 @@ of which is chance or lot. There are numerous statutes against lotteries, the reason being given that they “tend to promote a gambling spirit,” and that it is the duty of the state to “protect the morals and advance the welfare of the people.” In New York -the Constitution of 1846 forbade lotteries, and by 324 of the +the Constitution of 1846 forbade lotteries, and by § 324 of the Penal Code a lottery is declared “unlawful and a public nuisance.” “Contriving” and advertising lotteries is also penal. The following have been held illegal lotteries: In New York, a concert, the tickets @@ -5294,13 +5256,13 @@ advertisements into the United States. In 1899, setting up or promoting lotteries in Alaska was prohibited by Congress, and in 1900 it forbade any lottery or sale of lottery tickets in Hawaii. In Porto Rico lotteries, raffles and gift-enterprises are forbidden (Penal -Code, 1902, 291).</p> +Code, 1902, § 291).</p> <p><span class="sc">Authorities.</span>—<i>Critique hist. pol. mor. econ. et comm. sur les -loteries anc. et mod. spirituelles et temporelles des tats et des glises</i> +loteries anc. et mod. spirituelles et temporelles des états et des églises</i> (3 vols., Amsterdam, 1697), by the Bolognese historian Gregorio Leti; J. Dessaulx, <i>De la passion du jeu depuis les anciens temps -jusqu’ nos jours</i> (Paris, 1779); Endemann, <i>Beitrge zur Geschichte +jusqu’à nos jours</i> (Paris, 1779); Endemann, <i>Beiträge zur Geschichte der Lottrie und zur heutigen Lotterie</i> (Bonn, 1882); Larson, <i>Lottrie und Volkswirtschaft</i> (Berlin, 1894); J. Ashton, <i>History of English Lotteries</i> (1893); <i>Annual Report of the American Historical Association</i> @@ -5349,7 +5311,7 @@ Gasparini and Marcello. Burney justly praises his church music, which is severe in style, but none the less modern in its grace and pathos. A fine setting of the <i>Dies Irae</i> is in the Imperial Library at Vienna, and some of his masses have been printed in the -collections of Proske and Lck.</p> +collections of Proske and Lück.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> @@ -5367,7 +5329,7 @@ Renaissance, but also throws clear light upon the vexed question of his artistic descent. Earlier authorities have made Lotto a pupil of Giovanni Bellini (Morelli), of Previtali (Crowe and Cavalcaselle), of Leonardo da Vinci (Lomazzo), whilst others -discovered in his work the influences of Cima, Carpaccio, Drer, +discovered in his work the influences of Cima, Carpaccio, Dürer, Palma and Francia. Mr Berenson has, however, proved that he was the pupil of Alvise Vivarini, whose religious severity and asceticism remained paramount in his work, even late in his life, @@ -5386,7 +5348,7 @@ by the fact that during these years he was away from Venice, as is abundantly proved by documents and by the evidence of signed and dated works. The first of these documents, dated 1503, proves him to have lived at Treviso at this period. His -earliest authentic pictures, Sir Martin Conway’s “Dana” +earliest authentic pictures, Sir Martin Conway’s “Danaë” (about 1498) and the “St Jerome” of the Louvre (a similar subject is at the Madrid Gallery ascribed to Titian), as indeed all the works executed before 1509, have unmistakable Vivarinesque @@ -5497,11 +5459,11 @@ ripe spread like the toes of a bird’s foot.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LOTUS-EATERS<a name="ar57" id="ar57"></a></span> (Gr. <span class="grk" title="Ltophagoi">Λωτοφάγοι</span>), a Libyan tribe known +<p><span class="bold">LOTUS-EATERS<a name="ar57" id="ar57"></a></span> (Gr. <span class="grk" title="Lôtophagoi">Λωτοφάγοι</span>), a Libyan tribe known to the Greeks as early as the time of Homer. Herodotus (iv. 177) describes their country as in the Libyan district bordering on the Syrtes, and says that a caravan route led from it to Egypt. -Victor Brard identifies it with the modern Jerba. When +Victor Bérard identifies it with the modern Jerba. When Odysseus reached the country of the Lotophagi, many of his sailors after eating the lotus lost all wish to return home. Both Greeks and Romans used the expression “to eat the lotus” @@ -5512,9 +5474,9 @@ to denote forgetfulness (cf. Tennyson’s poem “The Lotus-Eaters&rdquo the Homeric lotus. Some have held that it is a prickly shrub, Zizyphus Lotus, which bears a sweet-tasting fruit, and still grows in the old home of the Lotophagi. It is eaten by the natives, who -also make a kind of wine from the juice. P. Champault (<i>Phniciens -et Grecs en Italie d’aprs l’Odysse</i>, p. 400, note 2), however, maintains -that the lotus was a date; Victor Brard (<i>Les Phniciens et l’Odysse</i>, +also make a kind of wine from the juice. P. Champault (<i>Phéniciens +et Grecs en Italie d’après l’Odyssée</i>, p. 400, note 2), however, maintains +that the lotus was a date; Victor Bérard (<i>Les Phéniciens et l’Odyssée</i>, 1902-1903, ii. 102) is doubtful, but contends that it was certainly a tree-fruit. If either of these be correct, then the lotus of <i>Od.</i> iv. 603-604 is quite a different plant, a kind of clover. Now Strabo @@ -5578,7 +5540,7 @@ aims of Lotze’s writings, and the order in which they were published. He laid the foundation of his philosophical system very early in his <i>Metaphysik</i> (Leipzig, 1841) and his <i>Logik</i> (1843), short books published while he was still a junior lecturer -at Leipzig, from which university he migrated to Gttingen, +at Leipzig, from which university he migrated to Göttingen, succeeding Herbart in the chair of philosophy. But it was only during the last decade of his life that he ventured, with much hesitation, to present his ideas in a systematic and final @@ -5591,8 +5553,8 @@ principles which had been adopted in the investigation of inorganic phenomena. These works were his <i>Allgemeine Pathologie und Therapie als mechanische Naturwissenschaften</i> (Leipzig, 1842, 2nd ed., 1848), the articles “Lebenskraft” (1843) and -“Seele und Seelenleben” (1846) in Rud. Wagner’s <i>Handwrterbuch -der Physiologie</i>, his <i>Allgemeine Physiologie des Krperlichen +“Seele und Seelenleben” (1846) in Rud. Wagner’s <i>Handwörterbuch +der Physiologie</i>, his <i>Allgemeine Physiologie des Körperlichen Lebens</i> (Leipzig, 1851), and his <i>Medizinische Psychologie oder Physiologie der Seele</i> (Leipzig, 1852).</p> @@ -5728,7 +5690,7 @@ problems, which were the traditional forms of philosophical utterance. His lectures ranged over a wide field: he delivered annually lectures on psychology and on logic (the latter including a survey of the entirety of philosophical research under the -title <i>Encyclopdie der Philosophie</i>), then at longer intervals +title <i>Encyclopädie der Philosophie</i>), then at longer intervals lectures on metaphysics, philosophy of nature, philosophy of art, philosophy of religion, rarely on history of philosophy and ethics. In these lectures he expounded his peculiar views in @@ -5744,7 +5706,7 @@ had begun to treat the subject in his lectures (abruptly terminated through his death on the 1st of July 1881) during the summer session of 1881, has been published by his son. Appended to this volume is a complete list of Lotze’s writings, compiled by -Professor Rehnisch of Gttingen.</p> +Professor Rehnisch of Göttingen.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>To understand this series of Lotze’s writings, it is necessary to @@ -5924,8 +5886,8 @@ real not imaginary values are clothed in those expressions.</p> <p>We have still to mention that aesthetics formed a principal and favourite study of Lotze’s, and that he has treated this subject also in the light of the leading ideas of his philosophy. See his essays -<i>Ueber den Begriff der Schnheit</i> (Gttingen, 1845) and <i>Ueber Bedingungen -der Kunstschnheit</i>, ibid. (1847); and especially his <i>Geschichte +<i>Ueber den Begriff der Schönheit</i> (Göttingen, 1845) and <i>Ueber Bedingungen +der Kunstschönheit</i>, ibid. (1847); and especially his <i>Geschichte der Aesthetik in Deutschland</i> (Munich, 1868).</p> <p>Lotze’s historical position is of much interest. Though he disclaims @@ -5990,9 +5952,9 @@ of shallow culture, the disquieting results of philosophical and historical criticism.</p> <p>See E. Pfleiderer, <i>Lotze’s philosophische Weltanschauung nach ihren -Grundzgen</i> (Berlin, 1882; 2nd ed., 1884); E. von Hartmann, +Grundzügen</i> (Berlin, 1882; 2nd ed., 1884); E. von Hartmann, <i>Lotze’s Philosophie</i> (Leipzig, 1888); O. Caspari, <i>H. Lotze in seiner -Stellung zu der durch Kant begrndeten neuesten Geschichte der Philosophie</i> +Stellung zu der durch Kant begründeten neuesten Geschichte der Philosophie</i> (Breslau, 1883; 2nd ed., 1894); R. Falckenberg, <i>Hermann Lotze</i> (Stuttgart, 1901); Henry Jones, <i>A Critical Account of the Philosophy of Lotze</i> (Glasgow, 1895); Paul Lange, <i>Die Lehre vom @@ -6004,24 +5966,24 @@ und Wundt</i> (Bern, 1900).</p> <hr class="foot" /> <div class="note"> <p><a name="ft1i" id="ft1i" href="#fa1i"><span class="fn">1</span></a> See Vogt, <i>Physiologische Briefe</i> (1845-1847); Moleschott, <i>Der -Kreislauf des Lebens</i> (1852); Bchner, <i>Kraft und Stoff</i> (1855).</p> +Kreislauf des Lebens</i> (1852); Büchner, <i>Kraft und Stoff</i> (1855).</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LOUBET, MILE FRANOIS<a name="ar59" id="ar59"></a></span> (1838-  ), 7th president of +<p><span class="bold">LOUBET, ÉMILE FRANÇOIS<a name="ar59" id="ar59"></a></span> (1838-  ), 7th president of the French republic, was born on the 30th of December 1838, -the son of a peasant proprietor at Marsanne (Drme), who was +the son of a peasant proprietor at Marsanne (Drôme), who was more than once mayor of Marsanne. He was admitted to the Parisian bar in 1862, and took his doctorate-in-law next year. He was still a student when he witnessed the sweeping triumph of the Republican party in Paris at the general election in 1863. -He settled down to the exercise of his profession in Montlimar, +He settled down to the exercise of his profession in Montélimar, where he married in 1869 Marie Louis Picard. He also inherited a small estate at Grignan. At the crisis of 1870 he became -mayor of Montlimar, and thenceforward was a steady supporter +mayor of Montélimar, and thenceforward was a steady supporter of Gambetta’s policy. Elected to the Chamber of Deputies in -1876 by Montlimar he was one of the famous 363 who in June +1876 by Montélimar he was one of the famous 363 who in June 1877 passed the vote of want of confidence in the ministry of the duc de Broglie. In the general election of October he was re-elected, local enthusiasm for him being increased by the fact @@ -6030,7 +5992,7 @@ In the Chamber he occupied himself especially with education, fighting the clerical system established by the Loi Falloux, and working for the establishment of free, obligatory and secular primary instruction. In 1880 he became president of the departmental -council in Drme. His support of the second Jules +council in Drôme. His support of the second Jules Ferry ministry and his zeal for the colonial expansion of France gave him considerable weight in the moderate Republican party. He had entered the Senate in 1885, and he became minister of @@ -6048,14 +6010,14 @@ in January. His reputation as an orator of great force and lucidity of exposition and as a safe and honest statesman procured for him in 1896 the presidency of the Senate, and in February 1899 he was chosen president of the republic in -succession to Flix Faur by 483 votes as against 279 recorded -by Jules Mline, his only serious competitor. He was marked +succession to Félix Fauré by 483 votes as against 279 recorded +by Jules Méline, his only serious competitor. He was marked out for fierce opposition and bitter insult as the representative of that section of the Republican party which sought the revision of the Dreyfus case. On the day of President Faure’s funeral -Paul Droulde met the troops under General Roget on their +Paul Déroulède met the troops under General Roget on their return to barracks, and demanded that the general should march -on the lyse. Roget sensibly took his troops back to barracks. +on the Élysée. Roget sensibly took his troops back to barracks. At the Auteuil steeplechase in June the president was struck on the head with a cane by an anti-Dreyfusard. In that month President Loubet summoned Waldeck-Rousseau to form a @@ -6078,7 +6040,7 @@ the two countries secured the recognition of French claims in Morocco in exchange for non-interference with the English occupation of Egypt. President Loubet was a typical example of the peasant-proprietor class, and had none of the aristocratic, -not to say monarchical, proclivities of President Faur. He +not to say monarchical, proclivities of President Fauré. He inaugurated the Paris Exhibition of 1900, received the tsar Nicholas II. in September 1901 and paid a visit to Russia in 1902. He also exchanged visits with King Edward VII., @@ -6096,7 +6058,7 @@ February 1717. His family, of Scottish origin,<a name="fa1j" id="fa1j" href="#ft in that country since before 1400. His father was a lieutenant-colonel, retired on a meagre pension from the Swedish service, and the boy was sent in 1732 into the Russian army as a cadet. -He took part in Field Marshal Mnnich’s siege of Danzig in +He took part in Field Marshal Münnich’s siege of Danzig in 1734, in the march of a Russian corps to the Rhine in 1735 and in the Turkish war 1738-1739. Dissatisfied with his prospects he resigned in 1741 and sought military employment elsewhere. @@ -6123,7 +6085,7 @@ General-feldwacht-meister (major-general of cavalry) and a knight of the newly founded order of Maria Theresa. In the campaign of 1758 came his first opportunity for fighting an action as a commander-in-chief, and he used it so well that -Frederick the Great was obliged to give up the siege of Olmtz +Frederick the Great was obliged to give up the siege of Olmütz and retire into Bohemia (action of Dom-stadtl, 30th of June). He was rewarded with the grade of lieutenant-field-marshal and having again shown himself an active and daring commander @@ -6138,7 +6100,7 @@ join the Russians on the Oder. At Kunersdorf he turned defeat into a brilliant victory, and was promoted Feldzeugmeister and made commander-in-chief in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia. In 1760 he destroyed a whole corps of Frederick’s army under -Fouqu at Landshut and stormed the important fortress of +Fouqué at Landshut and stormed the important fortress of Glatz. In 1760 he sustained a reverse at Frederick’s hands in the battle of Liegnitz (Aug. 15th, 1760), which action led to bitter controversy with Daun and Lacy, the commanders of the main @@ -6263,7 +6225,7 @@ He joined in the royalist rising of 1653, but eventually surrendered to General Monk. His estates were forfeited by Cromwell, and a sum of money settled on the countess and her heirs. At the Restoration he was removed from the chancellorship, -but a pension of 1000 granted him by Charles I. in 1643 +but a pension of £1000 granted him by Charles I. in 1643 was still allowed him. In 1662 he was heavily fined. He died in Edinburgh on the 15th of March 1663.</p> @@ -6300,11 +6262,11 @@ been found, with fragments of porphyry pavement, mosaics and mural paintings. The Carmelite convent was the scene of the trial of Urban Grandier, who was burnt alive for witchcraft in 1634; the old Romanesque church of Sainte Croix, of which he -was cur, is now used as a market. The church of St Pierre-du-March, +was curé, is now used as a market. The church of St Pierre-du-Marché, Gothic in style with a Renaissance portal, has a lofty stone spire. There are several curious old houses in the town. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page28" id="page28"></a>28</span> -Thophraste Renaudot (d. 1653), founder of the <i>Gazette de France</i>, +Théophraste Renaudot (d. 1653), founder of the <i>Gazette de France</i>, was born at Loudun, where there is a statue of him. The manufacture of lace and upholstery trimming and of farm implements is carried on, and there is a considerable trade in agricultural @@ -6390,7 +6352,7 @@ lough, the neighbouring country is peculiarly desolate.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LOUGHTON,<a name="ar65" id="ar65"></a></span> an urban district in the Epping parliamentary -division of Essex, England, 11 m. N.N.E. of Liverpool Street +division of Essex, England, 11½ m. N.N.E. of Liverpool Street station, London, by the Great Eastern railway. Pop. (1901), 4730. This is one of the villages which has become the centre of a residential district, and is frequented by holiday-makers from @@ -6404,8 +6366,8 @@ known as Loughton Camp.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LOUHANS,<a name="ar66" id="ar66"></a></span> a town of east-central France in the old province -of Franche-Comt, now capital of an arrondissement in the -department of Sane-et-Loire, 34 m. N.N.E. of Mcon by road. +of Franche-Comté, now capital of an arrondissement in the +department of Saône-et-Loire, 34 m. N.N.E. of Mâcon by road. Pop. (1906), 3216. Its church has a fine tower of the 15th century, of which the balustrade is carved so as to form the first words of the Ave Maria. There are also a hospital of the 17th century @@ -6417,15 +6379,15 @@ large felt-hat manufactory.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LOUIS,<a name="ar67" id="ar67"></a></span> or <span class="sc">Lewis</span> (from the Frankish <i>Chlodowch</i>, <i>Chlodwig</i>, +<p><span class="bold">LOUIS,<a name="ar67" id="ar67"></a></span> or <span class="sc">Lewis</span> (from the Frankish <i>Chlodowîch</i>, <i>Chlodwig</i>, Latinized as <i>Chlodowius</i>, <i>Lodhuwicus</i>, <i>Lodhuvicus</i>, whence—in the Strassburg oath of 842—O. Fr. <i>Lodhuwigs</i>, then <i>Chlovis</i>, <i>Loys</i> and later <i>Louis</i>, whence Span. <i>Luiz</i> and—through the Angevin -kings—Hungarian <i>Ljos</i>; cf. Ger. <i>Ludwig</i> or <i>Ludewig</i>, from -O. H. Ger. <i>Hluduwc</i>, <i>Hludwg</i>, <i>Ludhuwg</i>, M. H. Ger. <i>Ludewc</i>; +kings—Hungarian <i>Lájos</i>; cf. Ger. <i>Ludwig</i> or <i>Ludewig</i>, from +O. H. Ger. <i>Hluduwîc</i>, <i>Hludwîg</i>, <i>Ludhuwîg</i>, M. H. Ger. <i>Ludewîc</i>; Ital. <i>Lodovico</i>), a masculine proper name, meaning “Fame-fight” or “Famous in fight,” from old Frankish <i>chlud</i>, <i>chlod</i> (O. H. Ger. -<i>hlud</i>, <i>hlod</i>), “fame,” and <i>wch</i> (O. H. Ger. <i>wc</i>., <i>wg</i>, A.S. <i>wg</i>) +<i>hlud</i>, <i>hlod</i>), “fame,” and <i>wîch</i> (O. H. Ger. <i>wîc</i>., <i>wîg</i>, A.S. <i>wîg</i>) “war,” “battle” (cf. Gr. <span class="grk" title="Klytsmachos">Κλυτόμαχος</span>). The name has been borne by numerous European sovereigns and others, of whom some are noticed below in the following order: (1) Roman @@ -6473,7 +6435,7 @@ with Bernard, count of Barcelona, whom she had installed <span class="pagenum"><a name="page29" id="page29"></a>29</span> as her favourite at court. Lothair and his brother Pippin joined the rebels, and after Judith had been sent into a convent and -Bernard had fled to Spain, an assembly was held at Compigne, +Bernard had fled to Spain, an assembly was held at Compiègne, when Louis was practically deposed and Lothair became the real ruler of the Empire. Sympathy was, however, soon aroused for the emperor, who was treated as a prisoner, and a second @@ -6489,7 +6451,7 @@ in June 833 near Kolmar, but owing possibly to the influence of Pope Gregory IV., who took part in the negotiations, he found himself deserted by his supporters, and the treachery and falsehood which marked the proceedings gave to the place the -name of <i>Lgenfeld</i>, or the “field of lies.” Judith, charged +name of <i>Lügenfeld</i>, or the “field of lies.” Judith, charged with infidelity, was again banished; Louis was sent into the monastery of St Medard at Soissons; and the government of the Empire was assumed by his sons. The emperor was forced @@ -6519,7 +6481,7 @@ He was, however, easily influenced and was unequal to the government of the Empire bequeathed to him by his father. No sustained effort was made to ward off the inroads of the Danes and others, who were constantly attacking the borders of the -Empire. Louis, who is also called <i>Le Dbonnaire</i>, counts as +Empire. Louis, who is also called <i>Le Débonnaire</i>, counts as Louis I., king of France.</p> <div class="condensed"> @@ -6527,12 +6489,12 @@ Louis I., king of France.</p> Hludowici</i>; the <i>Vita Hludowici</i> attributed to Astronomus; Ermoldus Nigellus, <i>In honorem Hludowici imperatoris</i>; Nithard, <i>Historiarum libri</i>, all in the <i>Monumenta Germaniae historica</i>. <i>Scriptores</i>, -Bnde i. and ii. (Hanover and Berlin, 1826 fol.); E. Mhlbacher, +Bände i. and ii. (Hanover and Berlin, 1826 fol.); E. Mühlbacher, <i>Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern</i> (Innsbruck, 1881); and <i>Deutsche Geschichte unter den Karolingern</i> (Stuttgart, -1886); B. Simson, <i>Jahrbcher des frnkischen Reichs unter -Ludwig dem Frommen</i> (Leipzig, 1874-1876); and E. Dmmler, -<i>Geschichte des ostfrnkischen Reiches</i> (Leipzig, 1887-1888).</p> +1886); B. Simson, <i>Jahrbücher des fränkischen Reichs unter +Ludwig dem Frommen</i> (Leipzig, 1874-1876); and E. Dümmler, +<i>Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reiches</i> (Leipzig, 1887-1888).</p> </div> <div class="author">(A. W. H.*)</div> @@ -6599,11 +6561,11 @@ every one could enjoy his own possessions.”</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See <i>Annales Bertiniani</i>, <i>Chronica S. Benedicti Casinensis</i>, both in -the <i>Monumenta Germaniae historica, Scriptores</i>, Bnde i. and iii. -(Hanover and Berlin, 1826 fol.); E. Mhlbacher, <i>Die Regesten des +the <i>Monumenta Germaniae historica, Scriptores</i>, Bände i. and iii. +(Hanover and Berlin, 1826 fol.); E. Mühlbacher, <i>Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern</i> (Innsbruck, 1881); Th. Sickel, <i>Acta regum et imperatorum Karolinorum, digesta et enarrata</i> (Vienna, -1867-1868); and E. Dmmler, <i>Geschichte des ostfrnkischen Reiches</i> +1867-1868); and E. Dümmler, <i>Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reiches</i> (Leipzig, 1887-1888).</p> </div> <div class="author">(A. W. H.*)</div> @@ -6636,11 +6598,11 @@ to no more than the county of Vienne.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page30" id="page30"></a>30</span></p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See <i>Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte</i>, Bnde ix. and x. -(Gttingen, 1862-1886); E. Dmmler, <i>Geschichte des ostfrnkischen +<p>See <i>Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte</i>, Bände ix. and x. +(Göttingen, 1862-1886); E. Dümmler, <i>Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reichs</i> (Leipzig, 1887-1888); and <i>Gesta Berengarii imperatoris</i> -(Halle, 1871); and F. de Gingins-la-Sarra. <i>Mmoires pour servir -l’histoire de Provence et de Bourgogne Jurane</i> (Zrich, 1851).</p> +(Halle, 1871); and F. de Gingins-la-Sarra. <i>Mémoires pour servir à +l’histoire de Provence et de Bourgogne Jurane</i> (Zürich, 1851).</p> </div> <div class="author">(A. W. H.*)</div> @@ -6688,9 +6650,9 @@ in 1317 by Rudolph’s renunciation of his claims on upper Bavaria and the Palatinate in consideration of a yearly subsidy, Louis was able to give undivided attention to the war with Frederick, and obtained several fresh allies. On the 28th of September -1322 a battle was fought at Mhldorf, which ended in a complete +1322 a battle was fought at Mühldorf, which ended in a complete victory for Louis, owing mainly to the timely aid of Frederick IV. -of Hohenzollern, burgrave of Nremburg. Frederick of Austria +of Hohenzollern, burgrave of Nüremburg. Frederick of Austria was taken prisoner, but the struggle was continued by his brother Leopold until the latter’s death in 1326. Attempts to enable the two kings to rule Germany jointly failed, and about 1326 @@ -6700,7 +6662,7 @@ enemy had taken the field. Supported by Philip V. of France in his desire to free Italy entirely from German influence, Pope John XXII. refused to recognize either Frederick or Louis, and asserted his own right to administer the empire during a vacancy. -After the battle of Mhldorf Louis sent Berthold of Neifen, +After the battle of Mühldorf Louis sent Berthold of Neifen, count of Marstetten, into Italy with an army, which soon compelled the papal troops to raise the siege at Milan. The pope threatened Louis with excommunication unless he resigned his @@ -6800,22 +6762,22 @@ prominent nose.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p><span class="sc">Bibliography.</span>—Many of the authorities for the life and reign of -Louis are found in the <i>Fontes rerum Germanicarum</i>, Bnde i. and iv., -edited by J. F. Bhmer (Stuttgart, 1843-1868). Among these is the +Louis are found in the <i>Fontes rerum Germanicarum</i>, Bände i. and iv., +edited by J. F. Böhmer (Stuttgart, 1843-1868). Among these is the <i>Vita Ludovici IV.</i>, by an unknown author. A number of important documents are found in the <i>Regesta imperii</i> 1314-1347, edited by -J. F. Bhmer and J. Ficker (Innsbruck, 1865); <i>Acta imperii selecta</i>, -edited by J. F. Bhmer and J. Ficker (Innsbruck, 1870); <i>Urkunden -zur Geschichte des Rmerzuges Knigs Ludwigs des Bayern</i>, edited -by J. Ficker (Innsbruck, 1865); <i>Urkundliche Beitrge zur Geschichte -Kaisers Ludwigs IV.</i>, edited by C. Hfler (Munich, 1839); <i>Vatikanische -Urkunden zur Geschichte Kaisers Ludwigs des Bayern</i>, Bnde v. +J. F. Böhmer and J. Ficker (Innsbruck, 1865); <i>Acta imperii selecta</i>, +edited by J. F. Böhmer and J. Ficker (Innsbruck, 1870); <i>Urkunden +zur Geschichte des Römerzuges Königs Ludwigs des Bayern</i>, edited +by J. Ficker (Innsbruck, 1865); <i>Urkundliche Beiträge zur Geschichte +Kaisers Ludwigs IV.</i>, edited by C. Höfler (Munich, 1839); <i>Vatikanische +Urkunden zur Geschichte Kaisers Ludwigs des Bayern</i>, Bände v. and vi. (Stuttgart, 1877-1888); <i>Vatikanische Akten zur Deutschen Geschichte in der Zeit Kaisers Ludwigs des Bayern</i>, edited by S. Riezler (Innsbruck, 1891). In the <i>Forschungen zur Deutschen -Geschichte</i> (Gttingen, 1862-1886), Band xx., is found <i>Urkunden +Geschichte</i> (Göttingen, 1862-1886), Band xx., is found <i>Urkunden zur Bairischen und Deutschen Geschichte 1256-1343</i>, edited by S. -Riezler; and in Band xiii. is C. Hutle’s <i>Beitrge zum Itinerar +Riezler; and in Band xiii. is C. Häutle’s <i>Beiträge zum Itinerar Kaiser Ludwigs</i>.</p> <p>The following may also be consulted: C. Gewoldus, <i>Defensio @@ -6823,20 +6785,20 @@ Ludovici IV. contra A. Bzovium</i> (Ingolstadt, 1618); J. G. Herwartus, <i>Ludovicus IV. imperator defensus</i> (Mainz, 1618); N. Burgundus, <i>Historia Bavarica sive Ludovicus IV. imperator</i> (Ingolstadt, 1636). The best modern authorities are F. von Weech, <i>Kaiser Ludwig der -Bayer und Knig Johann von Bhmen</i> (Munich, 1860); S. Riezler, -<i>Die literarischen Widersacher der Ppste zur Zeit Ludwigs des -Bayern</i> (Leipzig, 1874); C. Mhling, <i>Die Geschichte der Doppelwahl -des Jahres 1314</i> (Munich, 1882); R. Dbner, <i>Die Auseinandersetzung -zwischen Ludwig IV. dem Bayern und Friedrich dem Schnen von -Oesterreich</i> (Gttingen, 1875); W. Altmann, <i>Der Rmerzug -Ludwigs des Bayern</i> (Berlin, 1886); A. Chroust, <i>Beitrge zur +Bayer und König Johann von Böhmen</i> (Munich, 1860); S. Riezler, +<i>Die literarischen Widersacher der Päpste zur Zeit Ludwigs des +Bayern</i> (Leipzig, 1874); C. Mühling, <i>Die Geschichte der Doppelwahl +des Jahres 1314</i> (Munich, 1882); R. Döbner, <i>Die Auseinandersetzung +zwischen Ludwig IV. dem Bayern und Friedrich dem Schönen von +Oesterreich</i> (Göttingen, 1875); W. Altmann, <i>Der Römerzug +Ludwigs des Bayern</i> (Berlin, 1886); A. Chroust, <i>Beiträge zur Geschichte Ludwigs des Bayern und seiner Zeit</i> (Gotha, 1877); -K. Mller, <i>Der Kampf Ludwigs des Bayern mit der rmischen Curie</i> -(Tbingen, 1879-1880); W. Preger, <i>Der Kirchenpolitische Kampf +K. Müller, <i>Der Kampf Ludwigs des Bayern mit der römischen Curie</i> +(Tübingen, 1879-1880); W. Preger, <i>Der Kirchenpolitische Kampf unter Ludwig dem Bayern</i> (Munich, 1877); Sievers, <i>Die politischen Beziehungen Kaiser Ludwigs des Bayern zu Frankreich</i> (Berlin, -1896); Steinberger, <i>Kaiser Ludwig der Bayer</i> (Mnich, 1901); and -Ueding, <i>Ludwig der Bayer und die niederrheinischen Stdte</i> (Paderborn, +1896); Steinberger, <i>Kaiser Ludwig der Bayer</i> (Münich, 1901); and +Ueding, <i>Ludwig der Bayer und die niederrheinischen Städte</i> (Paderborn, 1904).</p> </div> <div class="author">(A. W. H.*)</div> @@ -6860,7 +6822,7 @@ emperor Louis I. (<i>q.v.</i>). When the elder Louis died in 840 and his eldest son Lothair claimed the whole Empire, Louis in alliance with his half-brother, king Charles the Bald, defeated Lothair at Fontenoy on the 25th of June 841. In June 842 the three -brothers met on an island in the Sone to negotiate a peace, and +brothers met on an island in the Sâone to negotiate a peace, and each appointed forty representatives to arrange the boundaries of their respective kingdoms. This developed into the treaty of Verdun concluded in August 843, by which Louis received the @@ -6934,11 +6896,11 @@ of his heathen neighbours.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See <i>Annales Fuldenses</i>; <i>Annales Bertiniani</i>; Nithard, <i>Historiarum Libri</i>, all in the <i>Monumenta Germaniae historica</i>. <i>Scriptores</i>, -Bnde i. and ii. (Hanover and Berlin, 1826 seq.); E. Dmmler, -<i>Geschichte des ostfrnkischen Reiches</i> (Leipzig, 1887-1888); Th. +Bände i. and ii. (Hanover and Berlin, 1826 seq.); E. Dümmler, +<i>Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reiches</i> (Leipzig, 1887-1888); Th. Sickel, <i>Die Urkunden Ludwigs des Deutschen</i> (Vienna, 1861-1862); -E. Mhlbacher, <i>Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern</i> -(Innsbruck, 1881); and A. Krohn, <i>Ludwig der Deutsche</i> (Saarbrcken, +E. Mühlbacher, <i>Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern</i> +(Innsbruck, 1881); and A. Krohn, <i>Ludwig der Deutsche</i> (Saarbrücken, 1872).</p> </div> <div class="author">(A. W. H.*)</div> @@ -6946,11 +6908,11 @@ E. Mhlbacher, <i>Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern</i> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LOUIS I.,<a name="ar72a" id="ar72a"></a></span> king of Bavaria (1786-1868), son of the then prince, -afterwards duke and elector, Max Joseph of Zweibrcken and his +afterwards duke and elector, Max Joseph of Zweibrücken and his wife Princess Augusta of Hesse-Darmstadt (  -1796), was born at Strassburg on the 25th of August 1786. He received a careful education at home, afterwards (in 1803) going to the Bavarian -national university of Landshut and to Gttingen. As a young +national university of Landshut and to Göttingen. As a young man he was drawn into the Romantic movement then at its height; but both the classics and contemporary classical poetry took hold upon his receptive mind (he visited Goethe in 1827). @@ -6967,7 +6929,7 @@ elector in 1799 and king of Bavaria in 1805) did not forget his nationality. He soon made himself leader of the small anti-French party in Bavaria. Napoleon sought in vain to win him over, and Louis fell more and more out of favour with him. -Napoleon was even reported to have said: “Qui m’empche +Napoleon was even reported to have said: “Qui m’empêche de laisser fusiller ce prince?” Their relations continued to be strained, although in the campaigns of 1807 and 1809, in which Bavaria was among the allies of France, Louis won his laurels @@ -7048,7 +7010,7 @@ him.</p> <p>Of European importance was his enthusiasm for the liberation of Greece from the rule of Turkey. Not only did he erect the -<i>Propylen</i> at Munich in her honour, but he also helped her in the +<i>Propyläen</i> at Munich in her honour, but he also helped her in the most generous way both with money and diplomatic resources. And after his second son Otto had become king of Greece in 1832, Greek affairs became from time to time the central point of his @@ -7116,7 +7078,7 @@ finest art collections and most remarkable buildings. The monarch’s artistic sense led him not only to adorn his house with a number of works of antique art, but also to study German medieval art, which he did to good effect. To him Munich owes -the acquisition of the famous Rhenish collection of the Boissere +the acquisition of the famous Rhenish collection of the Boisserée brothers. The king also worked with great zeal for the care of monuments, and the cathedrals of Spires and Cologne enjoyed his special care. He was also an unfailing supporter of @@ -7125,7 +7087,7 @@ tendencies, and he gave a fresh impulse to the arts of working in metal and glass. As visible signs of his permanent services to art Munich possesses the Walhalla, the Glyptothek, the two Pinakotheken, the Odeon, the University, and many other -magnificent buildings both sacred and profane. The rle which +magnificent buildings both sacred and profane. The rôle which the Bavarian capital now plays as the leading art centre of Germany would have been an impossibility without the splendid munificence of Louis I.</p> @@ -7144,28 +7106,28 @@ king’s diary.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p><span class="sc">Bibliography.</span>—Of the numerous pamphlets, especially of the years 1846-1848, we need only mention here: P. Erdmann, <i>Lola -Montez und die Jesuiten</i> (1847); <i>Geheimbericht ber Bayern</i> (1847), +Montez und die Jesuiten</i> (1847); <i>Geheimbericht über Bayern</i> (1847), published by Fowmier in <i>Deutsche Revue</i>, vol. 27. See also -F. v. Ritter, <i>Beitrge zur Regierungsgeschichte Knig Ludwigs I.</i> -(1825-1826) (2 vols., 1853-1855); Sepp, <i>Ludwig I. Augustus, Knig -von Bayern und das Zeitalter der Wiedergeburt der Knste</i> (1869; -2nd ed., 1903); Ottokar Lorenz, <i>Drei Bcher Geschichte</i> (1876; 2nd +F. v. Ritter, <i>Beiträge zur Regierungsgeschichte König Ludwigs I.</i> +(1825-1826) (2 vols., 1853-1855); Sepp, <i>Ludwig I. Augustus, König +von Bayern und das Zeitalter der Wiedergeburt der Künste</i> (1869; +2nd ed., 1903); Ottokar Lorenz, <i>Drei Bücher Geschichte</i> (1876; 2nd ed., 1879); K. Th. v. Heigel, <i>Ludwig I.</i> (1872; 2nd ed., 1888); -“Ludwig I. und Martin Wagner,” <i>Neue historische Vortrge</i> (1883); +“Ludwig I. und Martin Wagner,” <i>Neue historische Vorträge</i> (1883); “Ludwig I.,” <i>Allgemeine deutsche Biographie</i> (1884); “Ludwig I. -als Freund der Geschichte” and “Kronprinz Ludwig in den Feldzgen -von 1807 und 1809,” in <i>Historische Vortrge und Studien</i> -(1887); <i>Die Verlegung der Universitt nach Mnchen</i>, Rektoratsrede -(1887); “Ludwig I. und die Mnchener Hochschule,” <i>Quellen und +als Freund der Geschichte” and “Kronprinz Ludwig in den Feldzügen +von 1807 und 1809,” in <i>Historische Vorträge und Studien</i> +(1887); <i>Die Verlegung der Universität nach München</i>, Rektoratsrede +(1887); “Ludwig I. und die Münchener Hochschule,” <i>Quellen und Abhandlungen zur Geschichte Bayerns</i>, n.s. (1890); “Ludwig I. als Erzieher seines Volkes,” <i>ib.</i>; Reidelbach, <i>Ludwig I. und seine -Kunstschpfungen</i> (1887; 2nd ed., 1888); L. Trose, <i>Ludwig I. in -seinen Briefen an seinen Sohn, den Knig Otto von Griechenland</i> -(1891); L. v. Kobell, <i>Unter den vier ersten Knigen Bayerns</i> (1894); +Kunstschöpfungen</i> (1887; 2nd ed., 1888); L. Trose, <i>Ludwig I. in +seinen Briefen an seinen Sohn, den König Otto von Griechenland</i> +(1891); L. v. Kobell, <i>Unter den vier ersten Königen Bayerns</i> (1894); A. Fournier, “Aus den Tagen der Lola Montez,” <i>Neue Deutsche -Rundschau</i> (1901); M. Doeber, “Ludwig I. und die deutsche -Frage,” <i>Festgabe fr Heigel</i> (1903); E. Fchs, <i>Lola Montez in der -Karrikatre</i> (1904); L. Brunner, <i>Nrnberg 1848-1849</i> (1907).</p> +Rundschau</i> (1901); M. Doeberé, “Ludwig I. und die deutsche +Frage,” <i>Festgabe für Heigel</i> (1903); E. Füchs, <i>Lola Montez in der +Karrikatüre</i> (1904); L. Brunner, <i>Nürnberg 1848-1849</i> (1907).</p> </div> <div class="author">(J. Hn.)</div> @@ -7214,7 +7176,7 @@ series of reforms were carried through which prepared for the victories of 1870. As regards his ecclesiastical policy, though Louis remained personally true to the Catholic Church, he strove for a greater independence of the Vatican. He maintained -friendly relations with Ignaz von Dllinger, the leader of the +friendly relations with Ignaz von Döllinger, the leader of the more liberal Catholics who opposed the definition of papal infallibility, but without extending his protection to the anti-Roman movement of the Old Catholics. In spite of this the @@ -7277,7 +7239,7 @@ first time at Bayreuth in the presence of the king. Later, in 1881, the king formed a similar friendship with Joseph Kainz the actor, but it soon came to an end. In January 1867 the young king became betrothed to Duchess Sophie of Bavaria -(afterwards Duchesse d’Alenon), daughter of Duke Max and +(afterwards Duchesse d’Alençon), daughter of Duke Max and sister of the empress of Austria; but the betrothal was dissolved in October of the same year.</p> @@ -7345,24 +7307,24 @@ was also incurably insane.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p><span class="sc">Bibliography.</span>—K. v. Heigel, <i>Ludwig II.</i> (1893); Luise v. -Kobell, <i>Unter den vier ersten Knigen Bayerns</i> (1894); C. Bujer, +Kobell, <i>Unter den vier ersten Königen Bayerns</i> (1894); C. Bujer, <i>Ludwig II.</i> (1897); Luise v. Kobell, “Wilhelm I. und Ludwig II.” <i>Deutsche Revue, 22</i>; <i>Ludwig II. und die Kunst</i> (1898); <i>Ludwig II. -und Bismarck</i> (1870, 1899); Anonym, <i>Endlich vllige Klarheit ber -den Tod des Knigs Ludwig II. ...</i> (1900); Freiherr v. Vlderndorff, +und Bismarck</i> (1870, 1899); Anonym, <i>Endlich völlige Klarheit über +den Tod des Königs Ludwig II. ...</i> (1900); Freiherr v. Völderndorff, “Aus meiner Hofzeit,” in <i>Velhagen und Klasings Monatshefte</i> (1900); Francis Gerard, <i>The Romance of Ludwig II. of Bavaria</i>; -J. Bainville, <i>Louis II. de Bavire</i> (Paris, 1900); E. v. Possart, <i>Die -Separatvorstellungen von Knig Ludwig II.</i> (1901); O. Bray-Steinburg, -<i>Denkwrdigkeiten</i> (1901); S. Rcke, <i>Ludwig II. und Richard -Wagner</i> (1903); W. Busch, <i>Die Kmpfe ber Reichsverfassung und -Kaisertum</i> (1906); Chlodwig Hohenlohe, <i>Denkwrdigkeiten</i> (2 vols., +J. Bainville, <i>Louis II. de Bavière</i> (Paris, 1900); E. v. Possart, <i>Die +Separatvorstellungen von König Ludwig II.</i> (1901); O. Bray-Steinburg, +<i>Denkwürdigkeiten</i> (1901); S. Röcke, <i>Ludwig II. und Richard +Wagner</i> (1903); W. Busch, <i>Die Kämpfe über Reichsverfassung und +Kaisertum</i> (1906); Chlodwig Hohenlohe, <i>Denkwürdigkeiten</i> (2 vols., 1907); A. v. Ruville, <i>Bayern und die Wiederaufrichtung des Deutschen -Reiches</i> (1909); K. A. v. Mller, <i>Bayern im Jahre 1866 und die -Berufung des Frsten Hohenlohe</i> (1909); G. Kuntzel, <i>Bismarck und -Bayern in der Zeit der Reichsgrndung</i> (1910); Hesselbarth, <i>Die -Enstehung des deutsch-framzischen Krieges</i> (1910); W. Strohmayer, -“Die Ahnentafel Ludwigs II. und Ottos I.,” <i>Archiv fr Rassen- und +Reiches</i> (1909); K. A. v. Müller, <i>Bayern im Jahre 1866 und die +Berufung des Fürsten Hohenlohe</i> (1909); G. Kuntzel, <i>Bismarck und +Bayern in der Zeit der Reichsgründung</i> (1910); Hesselbarth, <i>Die +Enstehung des deutsch-framözischen Krieges</i> (1910); W. Strohmayer, +“Die Ahnentafel Ludwigs II. und Ottos I.,” <i>Archiv für Rassen- und Gesellschaftsbiologie</i>, vol. vii. (1910).</p> </div> <div class="author">(J. Hn.)</div> @@ -7373,14 +7335,14 @@ Gesellschaftsbiologie</i>, vol. vii. (1910).</p> prime minister in 1866. See Hohenlohe-Schillingfurst, Prince Chlodwig zu, under <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Hohenlohe</a></span>. [<span class="sc">Ed.</span>]</p> -<p><a name="ft2k" id="ft2k" href="#fa2k"><span class="fn">2</span></a> Hohenlohe (<i>Denkwrdigkeiten</i>) comments on the fact that the +<p><a name="ft2k" id="ft2k" href="#fa2k"><span class="fn">2</span></a> Hohenlohe (<i>Denkwürdigkeiten</i>) comments on the fact that the king did not even take the trouble to review the troops proceeding to the war. [<span class="sc">Ed.</span>]</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LOUIS II.<a name="ar74" id="ar74"></a></span><a name="fa1l" id="fa1l" href="#ft1l"><span class="sp">1</span></a> (846-879), king of France, called “le Bgue” or +<p><span class="bold">LOUIS II.<a name="ar74" id="ar74"></a></span><a name="fa1l" id="fa1l" href="#ft1l"><span class="sp">1</span></a> (846-879), king of France, called “le Bègue” or “the Stammerer,” was a son of Charles II. the Bald, Roman emperor and king of the West Franks, and was born on the 1st of November 846. After the death of his elder brother Charles @@ -7392,7 +7354,7 @@ of Reims, on the 8th of December following, and in September 878 he took advantage of the presence of Pope John VIII. at the council of Troyes to be consecrated afresh. After a feeble and ineffectual reign of eighteen months Louis -died at Compigne on the 10th or 11th of April 879. The king +died at Compiègne on the 10th or 11th of April 879. The king is described as “un homme simple et doux, aimant la paix, la justice et la religion.” By his first wife, Ansgarde, a Burgundian princess, he had two sons, his successors, Louis III. and Carloman; @@ -7415,7 +7377,7 @@ parents had not been recognized by the emperor Charles the Bald; consequently it was proposed to offer the crown to the East Frankish ruler Louis, a son of Louis the German. But this plan came to nothing, and in September 879 the brothers were -crowned at Ferrires by Ansgisus, archbishop of Sens. A few +crowned at Ferrières by Ansègisus, archbishop of Sens. A few months later they divided their kingdom, Louis receiving the part of France north of the Loire. They acted together against the Northmen, over whom in August 881 they gained a memorable @@ -7430,7 +7392,7 @@ sole king.</p> <p><span class="bold">LOUIS IV.<a name="ar76" id="ar76"></a></span> (921-954), king of France, surnamed “d’Outremer” (<i>Transmarinus</i>), was the son of Charles III. the Simple. In consequence of the imprisonment of his father in 922, his mother -Odgiva (Eadgyfu), sister of the English king thelstan, fled +Odgiva (Eadgyfu), sister of the English king Æthelstan, fled to England with the young Louis—a circumstance to which he owes his surname. On the death of the usurper Rudolph (Raoul), Ralph of Burgundy, Hugh the Great, count of Paris, @@ -7450,7 +7412,7 @@ and widow of Giselbert, duke of Lorraine, there seemed to be a <span class="pagenum"><a name="page35" id="page35"></a>35</span> fair prospect of peace; but the war was resumed, Otto supporting the rebel lords of the kingdom of France, and peace was not -declared until 942, at the treaty of Vis-sur-Meuse. On the death +declared until 942, at the treaty of Visé-sur-Meuse. On the death of William Longsword, duke of Normandy, who had been assassinated by Arnulf, count of Flanders, in December 942, Louis endeavoured to obtain possession of the person of Richard, @@ -7470,7 +7432,7 @@ his son Lothair.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>The chief authority for the reign is the chronicler Flodoard. See -also Ph. Lauer, <i>La Rgne de Louis IV d’Outre-Mer</i> (Paris, 1900); and +also Ph. Lauer, <i>La Règne de Louis IV d’Outre-Mer</i> (Paris, 1900); and A. Heil, <i>Die politischen Beziehungen zwischen Otto dem Grossen und Ludwig IV. von Frankreich</i> (Berlin, 1904).</p> </div> @@ -7483,7 +7445,7 @@ Lothair in March 986 at the age of nineteen, and finally embroiled the Carolingian dynasty with Hugh Capet and Adalberon, archbishop of Reims. From the absence of any important event in his one year’s reign the medieval chroniclers designated him -by the words “qui nihil fecit,” <i>i.e.</i> “le Fainant” or “do-nothing.” +by the words “qui nihil fecit,” <i>i.e.</i> “le Fainéant” or “do-nothing.” Louis died in May 987, his mother Emma being accused of having poisoned him. He had married Adelaide, sister of Geoffrey Grisegonelle, count of Anjou, but had no issue. @@ -7525,7 +7487,7 @@ him. He was forced to have himself hurriedly crowned at Orleans, supported by a handful of vassals and some ecclesiastics. As king he continued the policy he had followed during the previous eight years, of securing the roads leading to Paris by putting down -feudal brigands and destroying their strongholds in the le-de-France. +feudal brigands and destroying their strongholds in the Île-de-France. The castle of the most notorious of these, Hugues du Puiset, was three times taken and burned by the king’s men, but Hugues was spared to go back each time to his robber life, until @@ -7534,7 +7496,7 @@ Enguerrand de Coucy, carried on a career of rapine and murder for almost thirty years before the king succeeded in taking him prisoner (1130). Twenty-four years of continuous war finally rooted out the robber barons who lived on the plunder of -the roads leading to Paris: the lords of Montlhri, who commanded +the roads leading to Paris: the lords of Montlhéri, who commanded the roads to Orleans, Melun and the south, those of Montmorency near St Denis on the north (who had to restore what they had robbed the abbey of St Denis), those of Le Puiset @@ -7554,7 +7516,7 @@ heir having been drowned in the loss of the “White Ship,” won the count of Anjou by marrying his only daughter Matilda to Geoffrey, the Angevin heir (1127). The invasion of Henry V. was met by something like a national army, which gathered under -Louis at Reims. “For a few days at least, the lord of the le-de-France +Louis at Reims. “For a few days at least, the lord of the Île-de-France was truly a king of France” (Luchaire). Suger proudly gives the list of barons who appeared. Henry V. came no farther than Metz. Royalty had won great prestige. Even @@ -7590,16 +7552,16 @@ was like that of his predecessors and contemporaries, to favour emancipation when it promised greater chance of profit, greater scope for exploitation of the peasants; otherwise to oppose it. He was a great benefactor to the church, aided the -new, reformed monastic congregations of Cteau, Prmontr +new, reformed monastic congregations of Cîteau, Prémontré and Fontevrault, and chose his two chief ministers from the -clergy. tienne de Garlande, whom Louis raised from obscurity +clergy. Étienne de Garlande, whom Louis raised from obscurity to be archdeacon of Notre Dame at Paris, chancellor and seneschal of France, was all-powerful with the king from 1108 to 1127. His relatives monopolized the highest offices of the state. But the queen Adelaide became his enemy; both Ivo of Chartres and St Bernard bitterly attacked him; and the king suddenly stripped him of all his offices and honours. Joining the rebellious -barons, tienne then led a bitter war against the king +barons, Étienne then led a bitter war against the king for three years. When Louis had reduced him to terms he pardoned him and restored him to the chancellorship (1132), but not to his old power. Suger (<i>q.v.</i>), administrator of St @@ -7613,8 +7575,8 @@ or Alice, daughter of Humbert II., count of Savoy, by whom he had seven sons and a daughter.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See A. Luchaire, <i>Louis le Gros, annales de sa vie et son rgne</i> (1890), -and the same writer’s volume, <i>Les Premiers Captiens</i>, in E. Lavisse’s +<p>See A. Luchaire, <i>Louis le Gros, annales de sa vie et son règne</i> (1890), +and the same writer’s volume, <i>Les Premiers Capétiens</i>, in E. Lavisse’s <i>Histoire de France.</i></p> </div> <div class="author">(J. T. S.*)</div> @@ -7633,7 +7595,7 @@ the burgesses of Orleans and of Poitiers, who wished to organize communes. But soon he came into violent conflict with Pope Innocent II. The archbishopric of Bourges became vacant, and the king supported as candidate the chancellor Cadurc, -against the pope’s nominee Pierre de la Chtre, swearing upon +against the pope’s nominee Pierre de la Châtre, swearing upon relics that so long as he lived Pierre should never enter Bourges. This brought the interdict upon the king’s lands. At the same time he became involved in a war with Theobald, count of @@ -7649,7 +7611,7 @@ and Louis VII. by a clever manœuvre threw his army on the Norman frontier and gained Gisors, one of the keys of Normandy. At his court which met in Bourges Louis declared on Christmas Day 1145 his intention of going on a crusade. St Bernard assured -its popularity by his preaching at Vzelay (Easter 1146), and +its popularity by his preaching at Vézelay (Easter 1146), and Louis set out from Metz in June 1147, on the overland route to Syria. The expedition was disastrous, and he regained France in 1149, overcome by the humiliation of the crusade. @@ -7668,7 +7630,7 @@ their daughter Marguerite he affianced imprudently by the treaty of Gisors (1158) to Henry, eldest son of the king of England, promising as dowry the Vexin and Gisors. Five weeks after the death of Constance, on the 4th of October 1160, Louis VII. -married Adle of Champagne, and Henry II. to counterbalance +married Adèle of Champagne, and Henry II. to counterbalance the aid this would give the king of France, had the marriage of their infant children celebrated at once. Louis VII. gave little sign of understanding the danger of the growing Angevin power, @@ -7687,7 +7649,7 @@ Becket and tried to reconcile him with King Henry II. He supported Henry’s rebellious sons, but acted slowly and feebly, and so contributed largely to the break up of the coalition (1173-1174). Finally in 1177 the pope intervened to bring the -two kings to terms at Vitry. By his third wife, Adle, Louis had +two kings to terms at Vitry. By his third wife, Adèle, Louis had an heir, the future Philip Augustus, born on the 21st of August 1165. He had him crowned at Reims in 1179, but, already stricken with paralysis, he himself was not able to be present @@ -7702,7 +7664,7 @@ services rendered the church during the least successful portion of his reign.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See R. Hirsch, <i>Studien zur Geschichte Knig Ludwigs VII. von +<p>See R. Hirsch, <i>Studien zur Geschichte König Ludwigs VII. von Frankreich</i> (1892); A. Cartellieri, <i>Philipp II. August von Frankreich bis zum Tode seines Vaters, 1165-1180</i> (1891); and A. Luchaire in E. Lavisse’s <i>Histoire de France</i>, tome iii. 1st part, pp. 1-81.</p> @@ -7775,7 +7737,7 @@ Henry II. of England, who bore him twelve children; his eldest surviving son was his successor, Louis IX.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See C. Petit-Dutaillis, <i>tude sur la vie et le rgne de Louis VIII.</i> +<p>See C. Petit-Dutaillis, <i>Étude sur la vie et le règne de Louis VIII.</i> (Paris, 1894); and E. Lavisse, <i>Histoire de France</i>, tome iii. (1901).</p> </div> <div class="author">(M. Br.)</div> @@ -7878,7 +7840,7 @@ Louis was more successful in preventing feuds between his own nobles: between the counts of Brittany and Champagne over the succession to Navarre; the dauphin of Vienne (Guigues VII.) and Charles of Anjou; the count of Burgundy and the -count of Chlons; Henry of Luxemburg and the duke of Lorraine +count of Châlons; Henry of Luxemburg and the duke of Lorraine with the count of Bar. Upon the whole he maintained peace with his neighbours, although both Germany and England were torn with civil wars. He reluctantly consented to sanction the @@ -7925,11 +7887,11 @@ favourite, nor prime minister. Louis was canonized in 1297.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page38" id="page38"></a>38</span></p> <p>As a statesman Louis IX. has left no distinct monument. -The famous “<i>tablissements</i> of St Louis” has been shown +The famous “<i>Établissements</i> of St Louis” has been shown in our own day to have been private compilation. It was a <i>coutumier</i> drawn up before 1273, including, as well as some royal decrees, the civil and feudal law of Anjou, Maine and the -Orlanais. Recent researches have also denied Louis the credit +Orléanais. Recent researches have also denied Louis the credit of having aided the communes. He exploited them to the full. His standpoint in this respect was distinctly feudal. He treated his clergy as he did his barons, enforcing the supremacy of @@ -7986,7 +7948,7 @@ France, the preponderating influence at court during his short reign being that of his uncle, Charles of Valois. The reign began with reaction against the policy of Philip IV. Private vengeance was wreaked on Enguerrand de Marigny, who was -hanged, Pierre de Latilli, bishop of Chlons and chancellor, +hanged, Pierre de Latilli, bishop of Châlons and chancellor, and Raoul de Presle, advocate of the parlement, who were imprisoned. The leagues of the lesser country gentry, formed in 1314 before the accession of Louis, continued to demand @@ -7997,7 +7959,7 @@ to the royal army. Louis X. granted them charters in which he made apparent concessions, but used evasive formulas which in reality ceded nothing. There was a charter to the Normans, one to the Burgundians, one to the Languedocians (1315). -Robert de Bthune, count of Flanders, refused to do homage, +Robert de Béthune, count of Flanders, refused to do homage, and his French fiefs were declared confiscate by a court of his peers. In August 1315 Louis X. led an army toward Lille, but the flooded Lys barred his passage, the ground was so soaked @@ -8010,14 +7972,14 @@ freedman was merely freed for further exploitation, and Philip V. was obliged to renew it in 1318. Louis X. died suddenly on the 5th of June 1316. His first wife was Margaret, daughter of Robert II., duke of Burgundy; she was accused of adultery -and died a prisoner in the chteau Gaillard. By her he had one +and died a prisoner in the château Gaillard. By her he had one daughter, Jeanne, wife of Philip, count of Evreux and king -of Navarre. By his second wife Clmence, daughter of Charles +of Navarre. By his second wife Clémence, daughter of Charles Martel, titular king of Hungary, he left a posthumous son, King John I.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Ch. Dufayard, “La raction feodale sous les fils de Philippe le +<p>See Ch. Dufayard, “La réaction feodale sous les fils de Philippe le Bel,” in <i>Revue historique</i> (1894); Paul Lehugeur, <i>Histoire de Philippe le Long, roi de France</i> (Paris, 1897); and Joseph Petit, <i>Charles de Valois</i> (Paris, 1900).</p> @@ -8075,9 +8037,9 @@ rupture complete. From that year until the death of the king father and son were enemies. Louis began his rebellious career by a futile attempt to seduce the cities of Agenais into treason, and then he prepared a plot to seize the king and his minister -Pierre de Brz. Antoine de Chabannes, who was to be the +Pierre de Brézé. Antoine de Chabannes, who was to be the instrument of the plot, revealed it to Charles, and Louis was -mildly punished by being sent off to Dauphin (1447). He +mildly punished by being sent off to Dauphiné (1447). He never saw his father again.</p> <p>Louis set out to govern his principality as though it were @@ -8105,7 +8067,7 @@ prohibition of Charles VII. The king marched south, but withdrew again leaving his son unsubdued. Four years later, as Charles came to the Bourbonnais, Louis, fearing for his life, fled to Flanders to the court of Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, -leaving Dauphin to be definitely annexed to the crown +leaving Dauphiné to be definitely annexed to the crown of France. The policy of the dauphin was reversed, his ten years’ work was undone. Meanwhile he was installed in the castle of Genappe, in Brabant, where he remained until the death @@ -8118,13 +8080,13 @@ charge which modern historians deny.</p> <p>On the 15th of August 1461, Louis was anointed at Reims, and Philip of Burgundy, as <i>doyen</i> of the peers of France, placed the crown on his head. For two months Philip acted as though -the king were still his protg. But in the midst of the festivities +the king were still his protégé. But in the midst of the festivities with which he was entertaining Paris, the duke found that Louis ventured to refuse his candidates for office, and on the 24th of September the new king left abruptly for Touraine. His first act was to strike at the faithful ministers of Charles VII. Pierre -de Brz and Antoine de Chabannes were captured and imprisoned, -as well as men of sterling worth like tienne Chevalier. +de Brézé and Antoine de Chabannes were captured and imprisoned, +as well as men of sterling worth like Étienne Chevalier. But the king’s shrewdness triumphed before long over his vengeance, and the more serviceable of the officers of Charles VII. were for the most part soon reinstated, Louis’ advisers were @@ -8136,7 +8098,7 @@ their previous crimes or virtues, their avarice or brutality, were indifferent to him so long as they served him loyally. Torture and imprisonment awaited them, whether of high or low degree, if he fancied that they were betraying him. Among -the most prominent of these men in addition to Brz, Chevalier +the most prominent of these men in addition to Brézé, Chevalier and Chabannes, were Tristan Lermite, Jean de Daillon, Olivier le Dain (the barber), and after 1472, Philippe de Commines, drawn from the service of Charles the Bold of Burgundy, who @@ -8145,7 +8107,7 @@ by men like these Louis fought the last great battle of French royalty with feudalism.</p> <p>Louis XI. began his reign with the same high-handed treatment -of the nobles which had marked his rule in Dauphin, +of the nobles which had marked his rule in Dauphiné, going so far as to forbid them to hunt without his permission. He forced the clergy to pay long-neglected feudal dues, and intrigued against the great houses of Anjou and Orleans in Italy. The malcontent @@ -8161,17 +8123,17 @@ The nominal head was the king’s brother Charles, duke of Berry, then eighteen years old, a weak character, the tool of the rebels as he was later the dupe of the king. Every great noble in France was in the league, except Gaston de Foix—who kept the -south of France for the king,—and the counts of Vendme and +south of France for the king,—and the counts of Vendôme and Eu. The whole country seemed on the verge of anarchy. It was saved by the refusal of the lesser gentry to rise, and by the alliance of the king with the citizen class, which was not led astray by the pretences of regard for the public weal which cloaked the designs of the leaguers. After a successful campaign in the Bourbonnais, Louis fought an indecisive battle with the -Burgundians who had marched on Paris at Montlhry, on the +Burgundians who had marched on Paris at Montlhéry, on the 16th of July 1465, and then stood a short siege in Paris. On the 28th of September he made a truce with Charles the Bold, and -in October the treaties of Conflans and Saint Maur-les-Fosss, +in October the treaties of Conflans and Saint Maur-les-Fossés, ended the war. The king yielded at all points; gave up the “Somme towns” in Picardy, for which he had paid 200,000 gold crowns, to Philip the Good, thus bringing the Burgundians @@ -8200,18 +8162,18 @@ king had won a great triumph. It was followed by his greatest mistake. Eager as he always was to try diplomacy instead of war, Louis sent a gift of 60,000 golden crowns to Charles and secured a safe conduct from him for an interview. The interview -took place on the 9th of October 1468 at Pronne. News came on +took place on the 9th of October 1468 at Péronne. News came on the 11th that, instigated by the king of France, the people of -Lige had massacred their bishop and the ducal governor. The +Liége had massacred their bishop and the ducal governor. The news was false, but Charles, furious at such apparent duplicity, took Louis prisoner, only releasing him, three days later, on the king signing a treaty which granted Flanders freedom from interference from the parlement of Paris, and agreeing to accompany -Charles to the siege of his own ally, Lige. Louis made +Charles to the siege of his own ally, Liége. Louis made light of the whole incident in his letters, but it marked the greatest humiliation of his life, and he was only too glad to find a scapegoat in Cardinal Jean Balue, who was accused of having plotted the -treason of Pronne. Balue thereupon joined Guillaume de +treason of Péronne. Balue thereupon joined Guillaume de Harancourt, bishop of Verdun, in an intrigue to induce Charles of France to demand Champagne and Brie in accordance with the king’s promise to Charles the Bold, instead of distant Guienne @@ -8278,7 +8240,7 @@ The count of Saint Pol, who had continued to play his double part, was surrendered by Charles to Louis, and executed, as was also Jacques d’Armagnac, duke of Nemours. With his vassals terrorized and subdued, Louis continued to subsidize the Swiss -and Ren II. of Lorraine in their war upon Charles. The defeat +and René II. of Lorraine in their war upon Charles. The defeat and death of the duke of Burgundy at Nancy on the 5th of January 1477 was the crowning triumph of Louis’ diplomacy. But in his eagerness to seize the whole inheritance of his rival, @@ -8289,7 +8251,7 @@ raid by Antoine de Chabannes. The battle of Guinegate on the 7th of August 1479 was indecisive, and definite peace was not established until after the death of Mary, when by the treaty of Arras (1482) Louis received Picardy, Artois and the Boulonnais, -as well as the duchy of Burgundy and Franche Comt. The +as well as the duchy of Burgundy and Franche Comté. The Austrians were left in Flanders, a menace and a danger. Louis failed here and in Spain; this failure being an indirect cause of that vast family compact which surrounded France later with @@ -8300,7 +8262,7 @@ Ferdinand and Isabella. But the results of these marriages could not be foreseen, and the unification of France proved of more value than the possession of so widespread an empire. This unification was completed (except for Brittany) and the -frontiers enlarged by the acquisition, upon the death of Ren +frontiers enlarged by the acquisition, upon the death of René of Anjou in 1480, of the duchies of Anjou and Bar, and in 1481 of Maine and Provence upon the death of Charles II., count of Maine. Of the inheritance of the house of Anjou only Lorraine @@ -8348,7 +8310,7 @@ of foreign coin. Impatient of all restraint upon his personal rule, he was continually in violent dispute with the parlement of Paris, and made “justice” another name for arbitrary government; yet he dreamed of a unification of the local customary -laws (<i>cotumes</i>) of France. He was the perfect model of a tyrant. +laws (<i>coûtumes</i>) of France. He was the perfect model of a tyrant. The states-general met but once in his reign, in 1468, and then no talk of grievances was allowed; his object was only to get them to declare Normandy inalienable from the crown. They @@ -8407,7 +8369,7 @@ and Francis of Paolo.</p> <p>During the last two or three years of his life Louis lived in great isolation, “seeing no one, speaking with no one, except -such as he commanded,” in the chteau of Plessis-les-Tours, +such as he commanded,” in the château of Plessis-les-Tours, that “spider’s nest” bristling with watch towers, and guarded only by the most trusty servitors. A swarm of astrologers and physicians preyed upon his fears—and his purse. But, however @@ -8416,18 +8378,18 @@ France and in Italy, remaining to the last “the terrible king.” His fervent prayers were interrupted by instructions for the regency which was to follow. He died on the 30th of August 1483, and was buried, according to his own wish, without royal -state, in the church at Clry, instead of at St Denis. He left +state, in the church at Cléry, instead of at St Denis. He left a son, his successor, Charles VIII., and two daughters.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See the admirable rsum by Charles Petit-Dutaillis in Lavisse’s +<p>See the admirable résumé by Charles Petit-Dutaillis in Lavisse’s <i>Histoire de France</i>, tome iv. pt. ii. (1902), and bibliographical indications given there. Michelet’s wonderful depiction in his <i>Histoire de France</i> (livres 13 to 17) has never been surpassed for graphic word-painting, but it is inaccurate in details, and superseded in scholarship. Of the original sources for the reign the <i>Lettres de Louis XI</i>. (edited by Charavay and Vaesen, 8 vols., 1883-1902), -the celebrated <i>Mmoires</i> of Philippe de Commines and the <i>Journal</i> +the celebrated <i>Mémoires</i> of Philippe de Commines and the <i>Journal</i> of Jean de Royl naturally come first. The great mass of literature on the period is analysed in masterly fashion by A. Molinier, <i>Sources de l’histoire de France</i> (tome v. pp. 1-146), and to this exhaustive @@ -8464,7 +8426,7 @@ his favourite the Cardinal d’Amboise. He was a good king, full of moderation and humanity, and bent upon maintaining order and improving the administration of justice. He enjoyed a genuine popularity, and in 1506 the estates of Tours conferred -on him the surname of <i>Pre du Peuple</i>. His foreign policy, +on him the surname of <i>Père du Peuple</i>. His foreign policy, which was directed wholly towards Italy, was for the most part unskilful; to his claims on Naples he added those on Milan, which he based on the marriage of his grandfather, Louis of @@ -8481,7 +8443,7 @@ of France). He died on the 1st of January 1515.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>For a bibliography of the printed sources see Henri Hauser, <i>Les -Sources de l’histoire de France, XVI<span class="sp">e</span> sicle</i>, vol. 1. (Paris, 1906). +Sources de l’histoire de France, XVI<span class="sp">e</span> siècle</i>, vol. 1. (Paris, 1906). The principal secondary authorities are De Maulde, <i>Histoire de Louis XII</i>. (Paris, 1889-1893); Le Roux de Lincy, <i>Vie de la reine Anne de Bretagne</i> (Paris, 1860); H. Lemonnier, <i>Les Guerres d’Italie</i> @@ -8599,10 +8561,10 @@ of Louis XIII.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>The chief source of information on Louis XIII.’s life is to be found in the contemporary memoirs, of which the chief are: Bassompierre, -Fontenay-Mareuil, Gaston d’Orlans, Montrsor, Omer Talon. +Fontenay-Mareuil, Gaston d’Orléans, Montrésor, Omer Talon. Richelieu’s own Memoirs are chiefly concerned with politics and diplomacy. Of modern works those most directly bearing on the -king’s personal life are R. de Beauchamp, <i>Louis XIII. d’aprs sa +king’s personal life are R. de Beauchamp, <i>Louis XIII. d’après sa correspondance avec le cardinal de Richelieu</i>; G. Hanotaux, <i>Histoire du cardinal de Richelieu</i> (1893-1896); Rossignol, <i>Louis XIII. avant Richelieu</i>; M. Topin, <i>Louis XIII. et Richelieu</i> (1876). See too @@ -8612,7 +8574,7 @@ Mazarin and Colbert</i> (1866).</p> <p>For full bibliography see G. Monod, <i>Bibliographie de l’histoire de France</i>; <i>Cambridge Modern History</i>, vol. iv. (“The Thirty Years’ -War”); Lavisse et Rambaud, <i>Histoire gnrale</i>, vol. v. (“Guerres +War”); Lavisse et Rambaud, <i>Histoire générale</i>, vol. v. (“Guerres de religion”).</p> </div> <div class="author">(A. J. G.*)</div> @@ -8693,11 +8655,11 @@ of the king was practically undisputed. The nation, proud of its pre-eminence and weary of civil war, saw in the king its true representative and the guarantee of its unity and success. Louis was singularly well fitted by his physical and intellectual gifts -for the rle of <i>Grand Monarque</i> and he played it to perfection. +for the rôle of <i>Grand Monarque</i> and he played it to perfection. His wife Maria Theresa bore him children but there was no community of tastes between them, and the chief influence at court is to be found not in the queen but in the succession -of avowed mistresses. Mademoiselle de la Vallire held the +of avowed mistresses. Mademoiselle de la Vallière held the position from 1662 to 1670; she was then ousted by Madame de Montespan, who had fiercely intrigued for it, and whose proud and ambitious temper offered a great contrast to her rival. She @@ -8765,7 +8727,7 @@ this disastrous war, and sometimes a nobler and more national spirit than during the years of his triumphs. But the condition of France was terrible. She was burdened with debt; the reforms of Colbert were ruined; and opposition to the king’s -rgime began to make itself felt. Peace brought some relief to +régime began to make itself felt. Peace brought some relief to France, but the last years of the king’s life were gloomy in the extreme. His numerous descendants seemed at one time to place the succession <span class="correction" title="amended from beyong">beyond</span> all difficulty. But his eldest son, @@ -8782,19 +8744,19 @@ externals of kingship.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>The reign of Louis XIV. is particularly rich in memoirs describing the life of the court. The chief are Madame de Motteville’s memoirs -for the period of the Fronde, and the letters cf Madame de Svign +for the period of the Fronde, and the letters cf Madame de Sévigné and the memoirs of Saint-Simon for the later period. The king’s -ideas are best seen in the <i>Mmoires de Louis XIV. pour l’instruction +ideas are best seen in the <i>Mémoires de Louis XIV. pour l’instruction du dauphin</i> (edited by Dreyss, 2 vols.). His private life is revealed in the letters of Madame de Maintenon and in those of Madame, -Duchesse d’Orlans. Of the ordinary historians of France Michelet +Duchesse d’Orléans. Of the ordinary historians of France Michelet is fullest on the private life of the king. Mention may also be made -of Voltaire, <i>Sicle de Louis XIV.</i>; P. Clment, <i>Histoire de la vie et de +of Voltaire, <i>Siècle de Louis XIV.</i>; P. Clément, <i>Histoire de la vie et de l’administration de Colbert</i>; Sainte-Beuve, <i>Causeries de lundi</i>. Full bibliographies of the reign will be found in G. Monod’s <i>Bibliographie de l’histoire de France</i>; vol. v. (“The Age of Louis XIV.”) of the <i>Cambridge Modern History</i>; and vol. vi. (“Louis XIV.”) of the -<i>Histoire gnrale</i> of Lavisse and Rambaud.</p> +<i>Histoire générale</i> of Lavisse and Rambaud.</p> </div> <div class="author">(A. J. G.*)</div> @@ -8814,7 +8776,7 @@ the nominal presidency; but with the help of the parlement of Paris the arrangement was at once set aside, and the duke was declared regent with full traditional powers. The duke had capacity, but his life was so licentious that what influence -he had upon the king was for evil. Fleury, bishop of Frjus, +he had upon the king was for evil. Fleury, bishop of Fréjus, was appointed his tutor, and the little king was sincerely attached to him. The king attained his legal majority at the age of thirteen, shortly before the death of the duke of Orleans. His @@ -8850,7 +8812,7 @@ was really anarchy that reigned.” He had followed too in his domestic life the example of his predecessors. The queen for some time seems to have secured his affections, and she bore him seven children. But soon we hear of the royal mistresses. -The first to acquire notoriety was the duchess of Chteauroux, +The first to acquire notoriety was the duchess of Châteauroux, the third sister of one family who held this position. She was at least in part the cause of the only moment of popularity which the king enjoyed. She urged him to take part personally @@ -8861,12 +8823,12 @@ did something to ward off the danger. While the nation felt genuine gratitude for his energy and its success, he was reported to have fallen dangerously ill. The king, of whom it was said that the fear of hell was the only part of religion which had -any reality for him, now dismissed the duchess of Chteauroux +any reality for him, now dismissed the duchess of Châteauroux and promised amendment. Prayers were offered everywhere for his recovery, and the country was swept by a delirium of loyal enthusiasm, which conferred on him the title of <i>Louis le -bien aim</i>. But his future life disappointed all these hopes. -The duchess of Chteauroux died in the same year, but her place +bien aimé</i>. But his future life disappointed all these hopes. +The duchess of Châteauroux died in the same year, but her place was taken in 1745 by Madame de Pompadour. This woman had philanthropic impulses and some real interest in art and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page44" id="page44"></a>44</span> @@ -8919,19 +8881,19 @@ usefulness.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>For the king’s life generally see the memoirs of Saint-Simon, d’Argenson, Villars and Barbier, and for the details of his private life -E. Boutaric, <i>Correspondance secrte de Louis XV.</i>; Madame de +E. Boutaric, <i>Correspondance secrète de Louis XV.</i>; Madame de Pompadour’s <i>Correspondance</i> published by P. Malassi; Dietric, <i>Les -Matresses de Louis XV.</i>; and Fleury, <i>Louis XV. intimes et les petites -matresses</i> (1909).</p> +Maîtresses de Louis XV.</i>; and Fleury, <i>Louis XV. intimes et les petites +maîtresses</i> (1909).</p> <p>For the system of secret diplomacy and organized espionage, known as the <i>Secret du roi</i>, carried on under the auspices of Louis XV., see Albert duc de Broglie, <i>Le Secret du roi. Correspondance -secrte de Louis XV. avec ses agents diplomatiques 1752-1774</i> (Paris, -1878); and for a general account of the reign, H. Carr, <i>La France +secrète de Louis XV. avec ses agents diplomatiques 1752-1774</i> (Paris, +1878); and for a general account of the reign, H. Carré, <i>La France sous Louis XV.</i> (Paris, 1891). For other works, general and special, see G. Monod, <i>Bibliographie de la France</i>, and the bibliography in the -<i>Histoire gnrale</i> of Lavisse and Rambaud, vol. vii., and the <i>Cambridge +<i>Histoire générale</i> of Lavisse and Rambaud, vol. vii., and the <i>Cambridge Modern History</i>, vol. vi.</p> </div> <div class="author">(A. J. G.*)</div> @@ -8950,7 +8912,7 @@ under good auspices, with Turgot, the greatest living French statesman, in charge of the disorganized finances; but in less than two years he had yielded to the demand of the vested interests attacked by Turgot’s reforms, and dismissed him. Turgot’s -successor, Necker, however, continued the rgime of reform +successor, Necker, however, continued the régime of reform until 1781, and it was only with Necker’s dismissal that the period of reaction began. Marie Antoinette then obtained that ascendancy over her husband which was partly responsible for @@ -8960,7 +8922,7 @@ third part of his reign began with the meeting of the states-general on the 4th of May 1789, which marked the opening of the Revolution. The revolt of Paris and the taking of the Bastille on the 14th of July were its results. The suspicion, not without -justification, of a second attempt at a <i>coup d’tat</i> led on the +justification, of a second attempt at a <i>coup d’état</i> led on the 6th of October to the “capture” of the king and royal family at Versailles by a mob from Paris, and their transference to the Tuileries. In spite of the growing radicalism of the clubs, however, @@ -9020,22 +8982,22 @@ was the victim of the faults of his predecessors. He was also the victim of his own.</p> <p>Having lost his elder son in 1789 Louis left two children, Louis -Charles, usually known as Louis XVII., and Marie Thrse +Charles, usually known as Louis XVII., and Marie Thérèse Charlotte (1778-1851), who married her cousin, Louis, duke of -Angoulme, son of Charles X., in 1799. The “orphan of the +Angoulême, son of Charles X., in 1799. The “orphan of the Temple,” as the princess was called, was in prison for three years, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page45" id="page45"></a>45</span> during which time she remained ignorant of the fate which had befallen her parents. She died on the 19th of October 1851. -Her life by G. Lentre has been translated into English by J. L. +Her life by G. Lenôtre has been translated into English by J. L. May (1908).</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See the articles <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">French Revolution</a></span> and <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Marie Antoinette</a></span>. -F. X. J. Droz, <i>Histoire du rgne de Louis XVI.</i> (3 vols., Paris, 1860), -a sane and good history of the period; and Arsne Houssaye, <i>Louis +F. X. J. Droz, <i>Histoire du règne de Louis XVI.</i> (3 vols., Paris, 1860), +a sane and good history of the period; and Arsène Houssaye, <i>Louis XVI.</i> (Paris, 1891). See also the numerous memoirs of the time, -and the marquis de Sgur’s <i>Au couchant de la monarchie, Louis XVI. +and the marquis de Ségur’s <i>Au couchant de la monarchie, Louis XVI. et Turgot</i> (1910).</p> <p>For bibliographies see G. Monod, <i>Bibl. de la France</i>; Lavisse et @@ -9062,9 +9024,9 @@ Charles became dauphin on the death of his elder brother on the 4th of June 1789. It is only with his incarceration in the Temple on the 13th of August 1792, that his history, apart from that of his parents, becomes of interest. The royal party included, beside -the king and queen, their daughter Marie Thrse Charlotte -(Madame Royale), the king’s sister Madame lisabeth, the valet -Clry and others. The prisoners were lodged at first in the smaller +the king and queen, their daughter Marie Thérèse Charlotte +(Madame Royale), the king’s sister Madame Élisabeth, the valet +Cléry and others. The prisoners were lodged at first in the smaller Tower, but were removed to the larger Tower on the 27th of October. Louis Charles was then separated from his mother and aunt to be put in his father’s charge, except for a few hours @@ -9091,11 +9053,11 @@ drink to excess, and learnt the language of the gutter. But the scenes related by A. de Beauchesne of the physical martyrdom of the child are not supported by any other testimony, though he was at this time seen by a great number of people. On the -6th of October Pache, Chaumette, Hbert and others visited +6th of October Pache, Chaumette, Hébert and others visited him and secured from him admissions of infamous accusations against his mother, with his signature to a list of her alleged crimes since her entry in the Temple, and next day he was confronted -with his sister Marie Thrse for the last time.</p> +with his sister Marie Thérèse for the last time.</p> <p>Simon’s wife now fell ill, and on the 19th of January 1794 the Simons left the Temple, after securing a receipt for the safe transfer @@ -9108,7 +9070,7 @@ historians to have been put in a dark room which was barricaded like the cage of a wild animal. The story runs that food was passed through the bars to the child, who survived in spite of the accumulated filth of his surroundings. Robespierre<a name="fa5n" id="fa5n" href="#ft5n"><span class="sp">5</span></a> visited -Marie Thrse on the 11th of May, but no one, according to the +Marie Thérèse on the 11th of May, but no one, according to the legend, entered the dauphin’s room for six months until Barras visited the prison after the 9th Thermidor (July 27, 1794). Barras’s account of the visit describes the child as suffering from @@ -9119,7 +9081,7 @@ the charge of guards changed from day to day. The child made no complaint to Barras of his treatment, probably because he feared to do so. He was then cleansed and re-clothed, his room cleaned, and during the day he was visited by his new attendant, -a creole and a compatriot of Josphine de Beauharnais, named +a creole and a compatriot of Joséphine de Beauharnais, named Jean Jacques Christophe Laurent (1770-1807), who had from the 8th of November onwards assistance for his charge from a man named Gomin. The child was now taken out to walk @@ -9134,7 +9096,7 @@ on the day he made his deposition against his mother. On the 19th of December 1794 he was visited by three commissioners from the Committee of General Security—J. B. Harmand de la Meuse, J. B. C. Mathieu and J. Reverchon—who extracted no -word from him. On Laurent’s retirement tienne Lasne was +word from him. On Laurent’s retirement Étienne Lasne was appointed on the 31st of March 1795 to be the child’s guardian. In May 1795 the prisoner was seriously ill, and a doctor, P. J. Desault, well acquainted with the dauphin, having visited him @@ -9156,10 +9118,10 @@ room practically out of sight (unless any doubt of his identity was possible), while his sister was in comparative comfort; the cause of death, declared to be of long standing, but in fact developed with such rapidity; the insufficient excuse provided -for the child’s muteness under Gomin’s rgime (he had answered +for the child’s muteness under Gomin’s régime (he had answered Barras) and the irregularities in the formalities in attending the death and the funeral, when a simple identification of the -body by Marie Thrse would have prevented any question of +body by Marie Thérèse would have prevented any question of resuscitated dauphins. Both Barras and Harmand de la Meuse <span class="pagenum"><a name="page46" id="page46"></a>46</span> are said to have given leave for the brother and sister to see each @@ -9168,11 +9130,11 @@ from the sudden disappearance of persons in a position to know something of the truth is of a less convincing character. It may be noted that the more famous of the persons alleged by partisans of subsequent pretenders to have been hustled out of the world -for their connexion with the secret are the empress Josphine, +for their connexion with the secret are the empress Joséphine, the due d’Enghien and the duc de Berri.</p> <p>Immediately on the announcement of the dauphin’s death -there arose a rumour that he had escaped. Simien-Despraux, +there arose a rumour that he had escaped. Simien-Despréaux, one of Louis XVIII.’s own authors, stated at a later period (1814) that Louis XVII. was living and that among the signatories of the treaty of April 13th were some who possessed proofs of his @@ -9181,7 +9143,7 @@ account, left among his unpublished papers a statement that many members of “an assembly of our wise men” obstinately named Louis XVII. as the prince whom their wishes demanded. Unfortunately the removal of the child suited the plans of the -comte de Provence (now Louis XVIII. for the <i>migrs</i>) as well +comte de Provence (now Louis XVIII. for the <i>émigrés</i>) as well as it suited the revolutionary government, and no serious attempt was made by the royal family to ascertain the truth, though they paid none of the tributes to the memory of the dead king @@ -9199,7 +9161,7 @@ under the Restoration. The most important of these pretenders were Karl Wilhelm Naundorff and the comte de Richemont. Naundorff’s story rested on a series of complicated intrigues. According to him Barras determined to save the dauphin in -order to please Josphine Beauharnais, the future empress, +order to please Joséphine Beauharnais, the future empress, having conceived the idea of using the dauphin’s existence as a means of dominating the comte de Provence in the event of a restoration. The dauphin was concealed in the fourth storey @@ -9228,7 +9190,7 @@ Eleazar Williams), was to receive the private inheritance which was his. This Eleazar refused to do. The wildness of this tale refutes itself.</p> -<p>Richemont (Henri Ethelbert Louis Victor Hbert) was in +<p>Richemont (Henri Ethelbert Louis Victor Hébert) was in prison in Milan for seven years and began to put forward his claims in Paris in 1828. In 1833 he was again arrested, was brought to trial in the following year and was condemned to @@ -9238,7 +9200,7 @@ left the country, to return in 1840. He died at Gleize on the being inscribed on his tomb until the government ordered its removal.</p> -<p>Naundorff, or Nandorff, who had arrived from nowhere in +<p>Naundorff, or Naündorff, who had arrived from nowhere in Berlin in 1810, with papers giving the name Karl Wilhelm Naundorff, in order to escape the persecutions of which he declared himself the object, settled at Spandau in 1812 as a @@ -9249,7 +9211,7 @@ apparently on insufficient evidence, and in 1833 came to push his claims in Paris, where he was recognized as the dauphin by many persons formerly connected with the court of Louis XVI. Expelled from France in 1836, the day after bringing a suit against -the duchess of Angoulme for the restitution of the dauphin’s +the duchess of Angoulême for the restitution of the dauphin’s private property, he lived in exile till his death at Delft on the 10th of August 1845, and his tomb was inscribed “Louis XVII., roi de France et de Navarre (Charles Louis, duc de Normandie).” @@ -9275,7 +9237,7 @@ he was apparently already in safe hands, if not outside the Temple walls. A child was in fact delivered to her agents, but he was a deaf mute. That there was fraud, and complicated fraud, in the guardians of the dauphin may be taken as proved by a succession -of writers from 1850 onwards, and more recently by Frdric +of writers from 1850 onwards, and more recently by Frédéric Barbey, who wisely attempts no ultimate solution. When the partisans of Richemont or Naundorff come to the post-Temple careers of their heroes, they become in most cases so uncritical @@ -9283,66 +9245,66 @@ as to be unconvincing.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>The official version of the dauphin’s history as accepted under the -Restoration was drawn up by Simien Despraux in his uncritical +Restoration was drawn up by Simien Despréaux in his uncritical <i>Louis XVII.</i> (1817), and is found, fortified by documents, in M. -Eckard’s <i>Mmoires historiques sur Louis XVII</i>. (1817) and in A. de -Beauchesne’s <i>Louis XVII., sa vie, son agonie, sa mort. Captivit +Eckard’s <i>Mémoires historiques sur Louis XVII</i>. (1817) and in A. de +Beauchesne’s <i>Louis XVII., sa vie, son agonie, sa mort. Captivité de la famille royale au Temple</i> (2 vols., 1852, and many subsequent editions), containing copies of original documents, and essential to the study of the question, although its sentimental pictures of the -boy martyr can no longer be accepted. L. de la Sicotire, “Les faux +boy martyr can no longer be accepted. L. de la Sicotière, “Les faux Louis XVII.,” in <i>Revue des questions historiques</i> (vol. xxxii., 1882), deals with the pretenders Jean Marie Hervagault, Mathurin Bruneau -and the rest; see also Dr Cabanes, <i>Les Morts mystrieuses de l’histoire</i> +and the rest; see also Dr Cabanes, <i>Les Morts mystérieuses de l’histoire</i> (1901), and revised catalogue of the J. Sanford Saltus collection of Louis XVII. books (New York, 1908). Catherine Welch, in <i>The -Little Dauphin</i> (1908) gives a rsum of the various sides of the +Little Dauphin</i> (1908) gives a résumé of the various sides of the question.</p> <p>Madame Royale’s own account of the captivity of the Temple was first printed with additions and suppressions in 1817, and often subsequently, the best edition being that from her autograph text -by G. Lentre, <i>La Fille de Louis XVI., Marie Thrse Charlotte de -France, duchesse d’Angoulme, le Temple, l’change, l’exil</i> (1907). -There are two collections of writings on the subject: <i>Marie Thrse +by G. Lenôtre, <i>La Fille de Louis XVI., Marie Thérèse Charlotte de +France, duchesse d’Angoulême, le Temple, l’échange, l’exil</i> (1907). +There are two collections of writings on the subject: <i>Marie Thérèse de France</i>, compiled (1852) by the marquis de Pastoret, and comprising -beside the memoir written by Marie Thrse herself, articles -by M. de Montbel, Sainte-Beuve, J. Lemoine, La Guronnire and -extracts from Joseph Weber’s memoirs; and <i>Mmoires de Marie -Thrse duchesse d’Angoulme</i>, comprising extracts from the narratives -of Charles Goret (<i>Mon Tmoignage</i>, 1852), of C. F. Beaulieu -(<i>Mmoire adresse la nation</i>, 1795), of L. G. Michaud (<i>Opinion -d’un Franais</i>, 1795) and of Mme de Tourzel (<i>Mmoires</i> 1883). +beside the memoir written by Marie Thérèse herself, articles +by M. de Montbel, Sainte-Beuve, J. Lemoine, La Guéronnière and +extracts from Joseph Weber’s memoirs; and <i>Mémoires de Marie +Thérèse duchesse d’Angoulême</i>, comprising extracts from the narratives +of Charles Goret (<i>Mon Témoignage</i>, 1852), of C. F. Beaulieu +(<i>Mémoire adressée à la nation</i>, 1795), of L. G. Michaud (<i>Opinion +d’un Français</i>, 1795) and of Mme de Tourzel (<i>Mémoires</i> 1883). Cf. A. Lanne, <i>La Sœur de Louis XVII.</i>, and the articles on “Madame -Royale,” on the “Captivit de la famille royale au Temple” and on -the “Mise en libert de Madame” in M. Tourneux’s <i>Bibliographie -de l’histoire de Paris pendant la rvolution franaise</i> (vol. iv., 1906, +Royale,” on the “Captivité de la famille royale au Temple” and on +the “Mise en liberté de Madame” in M. Tourneux’s <i>Bibliographie +de l’histoire de Paris pendant la révolution française</i> (vol. iv., 1906, and vol. i., 1890).</p> -<p><i>Nandorff.</i>—For the case of Nandorff see his own narrative, -<i>Abrg de l’histoire des infortunes du Dauphin</i> (London, 1836; +<p><i>Naündorff.</i>—For the case of Naündorff see his own narrative, +<i>Abrégé de l’histoire des infortunes du Dauphin</i> (London, 1836; Eng. trans., 1838); also Modeste Gruau de la Barre, <i>Intrigues</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="page47" id="page47"></a>47</span> -<i>dvoiles ou Louis XVII.</i> ... (3 vols., Rotterdam, 1846-1848); -O. Friedrichs, <i>Correspondance intime et indite de Louis XVII.</i> -(Nandorff) 1834-1838 (2 vols., 1904); <i>Plaidoirie de Jules Favre -devant la cour d’appel de Paris pour les hritiers de feu -Charles-Guillaume Nandorff</i> (1874); H. Provins, <i>Le Dernier roi lgitime +<i>dévoilées ou Louis XVII.</i> ... (3 vols., Rotterdam, 1846-1848); +O. Friedrichs, <i>Correspondance intime et inédite de Louis XVII.</i> +(Naündorff) 1834-1838 (2 vols., 1904); <i>Plaidoirie de Jules Favre +devant la cour d’appel de Paris pour les héritiers de feu +Charles-Guillaume Naündorff</i> (1874); H. Provins, <i>Le Dernier roi légitime de France</i> (2 vols., the first of which consists of destructive criticism of Beauchesne and his followers, 1889); A. Lanne, “Louis XVII. et le -secret de la Rvolution,” <i>Bulletin mensuel</i> (1893 et seq.) of the Socit -des tudes sur la question Louis XVII., also <i>La Lgitimit</i> (Bordeaux, -Toulouse, 1883-1898). See further the article “Nandorff” in -M. Tourneux, <i>Bibl. de la ville de Paris pendant la Rvolution</i>, vol. iv. +secret de la Révolution,” <i>Bulletin mensuel</i> (1893 et seq.) of the Société +des études sur la question Louis XVII., also <i>La Légitimité</i> (Bordeaux, +Toulouse, 1883-1898). See further the article “Naündorff” in +M. Tourneux, <i>Bibl. de la ville de Paris pendant la Révolution</i>, vol. iv. (1906).</p> <p><i>Williams.</i>—J. H. Hanson, <i>The Lost Prince: Facts tending to prove the Identity of Louis XVII. of France and the Rev. Eleazer Williams</i> (London and New York, 1854).</p> -<p><i>De Richemont.</i>—<i>Mmoires du duc de Normandie, fils de Louis XVI., -crits et publis par lui-mme</i> (Paris, 1831), compiled, according to -Qurard, by E. T. Bourg, called Saint Edme; Morin de Gurivire, +<p><i>De Richemont.</i>—<i>Mémoires du duc de Normandie, fils de Louis XVI., +écrits et publiés par lui-même</i> (Paris, 1831), compiled, according to +Quérard, by E. T. Bourg, called Saint Edme; Morin de Guérivière, <i>Quelques souvenirs</i> ... (Paris, 1832); and J. Suvigny, <i>La Restauration convaincue ... ou preuves de l’existence du fils de Louis XVI.</i> (Paris, 1851).</p> @@ -9350,7 +9312,7 @@ convaincue ... ou preuves de l’existence du fils de Louis XVI.</i> <p>The widespread interest taken in Louis XVII. is shown by the fact that since 1905 a monthly periodical has appeared in Paris on this subject, entitled <i>Revue historique de la question Louis XVII.</i>, also by -the promised examination of the subject by the Socit d’Histoire +the promised examination of the subject by the Société d’Histoire contemporaine.</p> </div> <div class="author">(M. Br.)</div> @@ -9361,7 +9323,7 @@ contemporaine.</p> Complot sous la Terreur</i>.</p> <p><a name="ft2n" id="ft2n" href="#fa2n"><span class="fn">2</span></a> Jean, baron de Batz (1761-1822), attempted to carry off the -dauphin in 1794. See G. Lentre, <i>Un Conspirateur royaliste pendant +dauphin in 1794. See G. Lenôtre, <i>Un Conspirateur royaliste pendant la Terreur, le baron de Batz</i> (1896).</p> <p><a name="ft3n" id="ft3n" href="#fa3n"><span class="fn">3</span></a> Charlotte Walpole (<i>c.</i> 1785-1836), an English actress who married @@ -9376,12 +9338,12 @@ position to Anaxagoras Chaumette, procureur of the Commune, and to the fact that Simon had prevented one of the attempts of the baron de Batz. Simon was sent to the guillotine with Robespierre in 1794, and two years later Marie Jeanne entered a hospital for incurables -in the rue de Svres, where she constantly affirmed the +in the rue de Sèvres, where she constantly affirmed the dauphin’s escape. She was secretly visited after the Restoration by -the duchess of Angoulme. On the 16th of November 1816, she was +the duchess of Angoulême. On the 16th of November 1816, she was interrogated by the police, who frightened her into silence about the supposed substitution of another child for the dauphin. She died in -1819. See G. Lentre, <i>Vieilles maisons, vieux papiers</i> (2nd series, +1819. See G. Lenôtre, <i>Vieilles maisons, vieux papiers</i> (2nd series, 1903).</p> <p><a name="ft5n" id="ft5n" href="#fa5n"><span class="fn">5</span></a> In a bulletin dated May 17-24, Paris, and enclosed by Francis @@ -9398,13 +9360,13 @@ then current.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LOUIS XVIII.<a name="ar89" id="ar89"></a></span> (<span class="sc">Louis le Dsir</span>) (1755-1824). Louis-Stanislas-Xavier, +<p><span class="bold">LOUIS XVIII.<a name="ar89" id="ar89"></a></span> (<span class="sc">Louis le Désiré</span>) (1755-1824). Louis-Stanislas-Xavier, comte de Provence, third son of the dauphin Louis, son of Louis XV., and of Maria Josepha of Saxony, was born at Versailles on the 17th of November 1755. His education was supervised by the devout duc de la Vauguyon, but his own taste was for the writings of Voltaire and the encyclopaedists. -On the 14th of May 1771 took place his marriage with Louise-Marie-Josphine +On the 14th of May 1771 took place his marriage with Louise-Marie-Joséphine of Savoy, by whom he had no children. His position at court was uncomfortable, for though ambitious and conscious of possessing greater abilities than his brother (Louis @@ -9417,11 +9379,11 @@ a dauphin (1781) was a blow to his ambitions.<a name="fa2o" id="fa2o" href="#ft2 the revival of the <i>parlements</i>, wrote a number of political pamphlets,<a name="fa3o" id="fa3o" href="#ft3o"><span class="sp">3</span></a> and at the Assembly of Notables presided, like the other princes of the blood, over a bureau, to which was given the -name of the <i>Comit des sages</i>; he also advocated the double +name of the <i>Comité des sages</i>; he also advocated the double representation of the <i>tiers</i>. At the same time he cultivated literature, entertaining poets and writers both at the Luxembourg -and at his chteau of Brunoy (see Dubois-Corneau, <i>Le Comte de -Provence Brunoy</i>, 1909), and gaining a reputation for wit by +and at his château of Brunoy (see Dubois-Corneau, <i>Le Comte de +Provence à Brunoy</i>, 1909), and gaining a reputation for wit by his verses and <i>mots</i> in the salon of the charming and witty comtesse de Balbi, one of Madame’s ladies, who had become his mistress,<a name="fa4o" id="fa4o" href="#ft4o"><span class="sp">4</span></a> and till 1793 exerted considerable influence over @@ -9459,7 +9421,7 @@ where on the death of Louis XVII. (8th of June 1795) he took the title of Louis XVIII. At this time ended his <i>liaison</i> with Mme de Balbi, and the influence of d’Avaray reached its height. From this time onward his life is a record of constant wanderings, -negotiations and conspiracies. In April 1796 he joined Cond’s +negotiations and conspiracies. In April 1796 he joined Condé’s army on the German frontier, but was shortly requested to leave the country, and accepted the hospitality of the duke of Brunswick at Blanckenberg till 1797, when, this refuge being no longer @@ -9470,10 +9432,10 @@ was much embarrassed by the conflicting policy pursued by the comte d’Artois from England, and was largely at the mercy of corrupt and dishonest agents.<a name="fa7o" id="fa7o" href="#ft7o"><span class="sp">7</span></a> At Mittau was realized his cherished plan of marrying Madame Royale, daughter of Louis -XVI., to the duc d’Angoulme, elder son of the comte d’Artois. +XVI., to the duc d’Angoulême, elder son of the comte d’Artois. From Mittau, too, was sent his well-known letter to Bonaparte (1799) calling upon him to play the part of Monk, a proposal -contemptuously refused (E. Daudet, <i>Hist. de l’migration</i>, ii. +contemptuously refused (E. Daudet, <i>Hist. de l’émigration</i>, ii. 371, 436), though Louis in turn declined to accept a pension from Bonaparte, and later, in 1803, though his fortunes were at their lowest ebb, refused to abdicate at his suggestion and accept @@ -9486,7 +9448,7 @@ to convert France to the royalist cause, and had a “<i>conseil royal</i>” in Paris, founded at the end of 1799 by Royer-Collard, Montesquiou and Clermont-Gallerande, the actions of which were much impeded by the activity of the rival committee of -the comte d’Artois (see E. Daudet, <i>op. cit.</i> ii., and Remcle, +the comte d’Artois (see E. Daudet, <i>op. cit.</i> ii., and Remâcle, <i>Bonaparte et les Bourbons</i>, Paris, 1899), but after 1800, and still more after the failure of the royalist conspiracy of Cadoudal, Pichegru and Moreau, followed by the execution of the duc @@ -9517,8 +9479,8 @@ sixty, wearied by adversity, and a sufferer from gout and obesity. But though clear-sighted, widely read and a good diplomatist, his impressionable and sentimental nature made him too subject to personal and family influences. His concessions to the -reactionary and clerical party of the <i>migrs</i>, headed by the -comte d’Artois and the duchesse d’Angoulme, aroused suspicions +reactionary and clerical party of the <i>émigrés</i>, headed by the +comte d’Artois and the duchesse d’Angoulême, aroused suspicions of his loyalty to the constitution, the creation of his <i>Maison militaire</i> alienated the army, and the constant presence of Blacas made the formation of a united ministry impossible. After @@ -9528,13 +9490,13 @@ of his second restoration. On the 8th of July he again entered Paris, “in the baggage train of the allied armies,” as his enemies said, but in spite of this was received with the greatest enthusiasm<a name="fa9o" id="fa9o" href="#ft9o"><span class="sp">9</span></a> by a people weary of wars and looking for constitutional government. -He was forced to retain Talleyrand and Fouch in his +He was forced to retain Talleyrand and Fouché in his first ministry, but took the first opportunity of ridding himself of them when the elections of 1815 assured him of a strong royalist majority in the chamber (the <i>chambre introuvable</i>, a name given it by Louis himself). At this time he came into contact with the young comte (afterwards duc) Decazes, prefect -of the police under Fouch, and minister of police in Richelieu’s +of the police under Fouché, and minister of police in Richelieu’s ministry, who now became his favourite and gained his entire confidence (see E. Daudet, <i>Louis XVIII. et le duc Decazes</i>). Having obtained a ministry in which he could trust, having @@ -9560,20 +9522,20 @@ he sorrowfully acquiesced in his departure, showered honours upon him, and transferred his support to Richelieu, the head of the new ministry. In the absence of Decazes a new favourite was found to amuse the king’s old age, Madame du -Cayla (Zo Talon, comtesse du Cayla), a protge of the vicomte -Sosthne de la Rochefoucauld and consequently a creature of +Cayla (Zoé Talon, comtesse du Cayla), a protégée of the vicomte +Sosthène de la Rochefoucauld and consequently a creature of the Ultras. As the king became more and more infirm, his power of resistance to the intrigues of the Ultras became weaker. The birth of a posthumous son to the duc de Berry (Sept. 1820), the death of Napoleon (5th of May 1821) and the resignation of -Richelieu left him entirely in their hands, and after Villle had +Richelieu left him entirely in their hands, and after Villèle had formed a ministry of a royalist character the comte d’Artois was associated with the government, which passed more and more out of the king’s hands. He died on the 16th of September 1824, worn out in body, but still retaining flashes of his former clear insight and scepticism. The character of Louis XVIII. may be summed up in the words of Bonaparte, quoted by Sorel -(<i>L’Europe et la Rv. fr.</i> viii. 416 footnote), “C’est Louis XVI. +(<i>L’Europe et la Rév. fr.</i> viii. 416 footnote), “C’est Louis XVI. avec moins de franchise et plus d’esprit.” He had all the Bourbon characteristics, especially their love of power, combined with a certain nobility of demeanour, and a consciousness of his dignity @@ -9590,47 +9552,47 @@ upset all the other had done and lost the throne. Louis XVIII. was a clever, hard-hearted man, shackled by no principle, very proud and false. Charles X. an honest man, a kind friend,” &c. &c. This seems fairly just as a personal estimate, though -it does not do justice to their respective political rles.</p> +it does not do justice to their respective political rôles.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p><span class="sc">Bibliography</span>.—There is no trustworthy or complete edition of -the writings and correspondence of Louis XVIII. The <i>Mmoires +the writings and correspondence of Louis XVIII. The <i>Mémoires de Louis XVIII. recueillis et mis en ordre par M. le duc de D. ...</i> (12 vols., Paris, 1832-1833) are compiled by Lamothe-Langon, a well-known compiler of more or less apocryphal memoirs. From -the hand of Louis XVIII. are: <i>Relation d’un voyage Bruxelles et +the hand of Louis XVIII. are: <i>Relation d’un voyage à Bruxelles et à Coblentz</i>, 1791 (Paris, 1823, with dedication to d’Avaray); and -<i>Journal de Marie-Thrse de France, duchesse d’Angoulme, corrig et -annot par Louis XVIII.</i>, ed. Imbert de St Amand (Paris, 1896). +<i>Journal de Marie-Thérèse de France, duchesse d’Angoulême, corrigé et +annoté par Louis XVIII.</i>, ed. Imbert de St Amand (Paris, 1896). Some of his letters are contained in collections, such as <i>Lettres -d’Artwell; correspondance politique et prive de Louis XVIII., roi +d’Artwell; correspondance politique et privée de Louis XVIII., roi de France</i> (Paris, 1830; letters addressed to d’Avaray); <i>Lettres et instructions de Louis XVIII. au comte de Saint-Priest</i>, ed. Barante -(Paris, 1845); <i>Talleyrand et Louis XVIII., corr. pendant le congrs de +(Paris, 1845); <i>Talleyrand et Louis XVIII., corr. pendant le congrès de Vienne, 1814-1815</i>, ed. Pallain (1881; trans., 2 vols., 1881); see also the corr. of Castlereagh, Metternich, J. de Maistre, the Wellington Dispatches, &c., and such collections as <i>Corr. diplomatique de Pozzo di Borgo avec le comte de Nesselrode</i> (2 vols., 1890-1897), the correspondence -of C. de Rmusat, Villle, &c. The works of E. Daudet +of C. de Rémusat, Villèle, &c. The works of E. Daudet are of the greatest importance, and based on original documents; the chief are: <i>La Terreur Blanche</i> (Paris, 1878); <i>Hist. de la restauration 1814-1830</i> (1882); <i>Louis XVIII. et le duc Decazes</i> (1899); <i>Hist. -de l’migration</i>, in three studies: (i.) <i>Les Bourbons et la Russie</i> (1886), -(ii.) <i>Les migrs et la seconde coalition</i> (1886), (iii.) <i>Coblenz</i>, 1789-1793 +de l’émigration</i>, in three studies: (i.) <i>Les Bourbons et la Russie</i> (1886), +(ii.) <i>Les Émigrés et la seconde coalition</i> (1886), (iii.) <i>Coblenz</i>, 1789-1793 (1890). Developed from these with the addition of much further -material is his <i>Hist. de l’migration</i> (3 vols., 1904-1907). Also based +material is his <i>Hist. de l’émigration</i> (3 vols., 1904-1907). Also based on original documents is E. Romberg and A. Malet, <i>Louis XVIII. et -les cent-jours Gand</i> (1898). See also G. Stenger, <i>Le Retour des -Bourbons</i> (1908); Cte. L. de Remcle, <i>Bonaparte et les Bourbons. -Relations secrts des agents du cte. de Provence sous le consulat</i> (Paris, +les cent-jours à Gand</i> (1898). See also G. Stenger, <i>Le Retour des +Bourbons</i> (1908); Cte. L. de Remâcle, <i>Bonaparte et les Bourbons. +Relations secrèts des agents du cte. de Provence sous le consulat</i> (Paris, 1899). For various episodes, see Vicomte de Reiset, <i>La Comtesse de Balbi</i> (Paris, 1908; contains a long bibliography, chiefly of memoirs concerning the emigration, and is based on documents); J. B. H. R. Capefigue, <i>La Comtesse du Cayla</i> (Paris, 1866); J. Turquan, <i>Les Favorites de Louis XVIII.</i> (Paris, 1900); see also the chief memoirs of the period, such as those of Talleyrand, Chateaubriand, -Guizot, duc de Broglie, Villle, Vitrolles, Pasquier, the comtesse de -Boigne (ed. Nicoullaud, Paris, 1907), the Vicomte L. F. Sosthne +Guizot, duc de Broglie, Villèle, Vitrolles, Pasquier, the comtesse de +Boigne (ed. Nicoullaud, Paris, 1907), the Vicomte L. F. Sosthène de la Rochefoucauld (15 vols., Paris, 1861-1864); and the writings of Benjamin Constant, Chateaubriand, &c.</p> @@ -9639,17 +9601,17 @@ of Benjamin Constant, Chateaubriand, &c.</p> <p>General Works.—See the histories of France, the Emigration, the Restoration and especially the very full bibliographies to chapters i., ii. and iii. of <i>Cambridge Modern History</i>, and Lavisse and Rambaud, -<i>Hist. gnrale</i>, vol. x.</p> +<i>Hist. générale</i>, vol. x.</p> </div> <div class="author">(C. B. P.)</div> <hr class="foot" /> <div class="note"> -<p><a name="ft1o" id="ft1o" href="#fa1o"><span class="fn">1</span></a> See Arneth and Geffroy, <i>Corr. de Marie-Thrse avec le comte de +<p><a name="ft1o" id="ft1o" href="#fa1o"><span class="fn">1</span></a> See Arneth and Geffroy, <i>Corr. de Marie-Thérèse avec le comte de Mercy-Argenteau</i>, vol. i., “Mercy to Maria Theresa, June 22nd, 1771,” also i. 261, ii. 186, 352, 393. Marie Antoinette says (ii. 393): -“... un caractre trs faible, il joint une marche souterraine, et -quelquefois trs basse.”</p> +“... à un caractère très faible, il joint une marche souterraine, et +quelquefois très basse.”</p> <p><a name="ft2o" id="ft2o" href="#fa2o"><span class="fn">2</span></a> See his letters to Gustavus III. of Sweden in A. Geffroy, <i>Gustave III et la cour de France</i>, vol. ii. appendix.</p> @@ -9657,33 +9619,33 @@ III et la cour de France</i>, vol. ii. appendix.</p> <p><a name="ft3o" id="ft3o" href="#fa3o"><span class="fn">3</span></a> Two pamphlets at least are ascribed to him: “Les Mannequins, conte ou histoire, comme l’on voudra” (against Turgot; anon., Paris, 1776) and “Description historique d’un monstre symbolique -pris vivant sur les bords du lac Fagua, prs de Santa-F, par les soins +pris vivant sur les bords du lac Fagua, près de Santa-Fé, par les soins de Francisco Xaveiro de Neunris” (against Calonne; Paris, 1784) -(A. Debidour in <i>La Grande Encyclopdie</i>).</p> +(A. Debidour in <i>La Grande Encyclopédie</i>).</p> <p><a name="ft4o" id="ft4o" href="#fa4o"><span class="fn">4</span></a> It has frequently been alleged that his relations with Mme de Balbi, and indeed with women generally, were of a platonic nature. De Reiset (<i>La Comtesse de Balbi</i>, pp. 152-161) produces evidence to disprove this assertion.</p> -<p><a name="ft5o" id="ft5o" href="#fa5o"><span class="fn">5</span></a> Antoine-Louis-Franois de Bsiade, comte, afterwards duc, +<p><a name="ft5o" id="ft5o" href="#fa5o"><span class="fn">5</span></a> Antoine-Louis-François de Bésiade, comte, afterwards duc, d’Avaray. In spite of his loyalty and devotion, the effect of his influence on Louis XVIII. may be gathered from a letter of J. de -Maistre to Blacas, quoted by E. Daudet, <i>Hist. de l’migration</i>, ii. 11: +Maistre to Blacas, quoted by E. Daudet, <i>Hist. de l’émigration</i>, ii. 11: “celui qui n’a pu dans aucun pays aborder aucun homme politique -sans l’aliner n’est pas fait pour les affaires.”</p> +sans l’aliéner n’est pas fait pour les affaires.”</p> -<p><a name="ft6o" id="ft6o" href="#fa6o"><span class="fn">6</span></a> See Klinckowstrm, <i>Le Comte de Fersen et la cour de France</i>. -Fersen says (i. 7), “Monsieur ferait mieux seul, mais il est entirement -subjugu par l’autre” (<i>i.e.</i> the comte d’Artois, who was in +<p><a name="ft6o" id="ft6o" href="#fa6o"><span class="fn">6</span></a> See Klinckowström, <i>Le Comte de Fersen et la cour de France</i>. +Fersen says (i. 7), “Monsieur ferait mieux seul, mais il est entièrement +subjugué par l’autre” (<i>i.e.</i> the comte d’Artois, who was in turn under the influence of Calonne). See Daudet, <i>op. cit.</i> vol. i.</p> <p><a name="ft7o" id="ft7o" href="#fa7o"><span class="fn">7</span></a> See E. Daudet, <i>La Conjuration de Pichegru</i> (Paris, 1901).</p> <p><a name="ft8o" id="ft8o" href="#fa8o"><span class="fn">8</span></a> Pierre-Louis-Casimir, comte (afterwards duc) de Blacas d’Aulps, was as rigidly royalist as d’Avaray, but more able. E. Daudet, <i>Hist. -de l’migration</i>, i. 458, quotes a judgment of him by J. de Maistre: -“Il est n homme d tat et ambassadeur.”</p> +de l’émigration</i>, i. 458, quotes a judgment of him by J. de Maistre: +“Il est né homme d état et ambassadeur.”</p> <p><a name="ft9o" id="ft9o" href="#fa9o"><span class="fn">9</span></a> See account by Decazes in E. Daudet, <i>Louis XVIII. et le duc Decazes</i>, pp. 48-49, and an interesting “secret and confidential” @@ -9717,7 +9679,7 @@ Decazes</i>).</p> and Poland, was the third son of Charles Robert, king of Hungary, and Elizabeth, daughter of the Polish king, Ladislaus Lokietek. In 1342 he succeeded his father as king of Hungary and was -crowned at Szkesfehrvr on the 21st of July with great enthusiasm. +crowned at Székesfehérvár on the 21st of July with great enthusiasm. Though only sixteen he understood Latin, German and Italian as well as his mother tongue. He owed his relatively excellent education to the care of his mother, a woman of profound @@ -9808,14 +9770,14 @@ dealing with it effectually (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Hungary</a suddenly at Nagyszombat on the 10th of September 1382. He left two daughters Maria and Jadwiga (the latter he destined for the throne of Hungary) under the guardianship of his widow, -the daughter of the valiant ban of Bosnia, Stephen Kotromanc, +the daughter of the valiant ban of Bosnia, Stephen Kotromaníc, whom he married in 1353, and who was in every way worthy of him.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See <i>Rationes Collectorum Pontif. in Hungaria, 1281-1375</i> (Budapest, 1887); Dano Gruber, <i>The Struggle of Louis I. with the Venetians -for Dalmatia</i> (Croat.) (Agram, 1903); Antal Pr, <i>Life of Louis the +for Dalmatia</i> (Croat.) (Agram, 1903); Antal Pór, <i>Life of Louis the Great</i> (Hung.) (Budapest, 1892); and <i>History of the Hungarian Nation</i> (Hung.) (vol. 3, Budapest, 1895).</p> </div> @@ -9843,11 +9805,11 @@ his father on the 11th of December 1521. But during the greater part of his reign he was the puppet of the magnates and kept in such penury that he was often obliged to pawn his jewels to get proper food and clothing. His guardians, Cardinal -Bakcz and Count George of Brandenburg-Anspach, shamefully +Bakócz and Count George of Brandenburg-Anspach, shamefully neglected him, squandered the royal revenues and distracted the whole kingdom with their endless dissensions. Matters -grew even worse on the death of Bakcz, when the magnates -Istvn Bthory, Jnos Zapolya and Istvn Verbczy fought +grew even worse on the death of Bakócz, when the magnates +István Báthory, János Zapolya and István Verböczy fought each other furiously, and used the diets as their tools. Added to these troubles was the ever-present Turkish peril, which became acute after the king, with insensate levity, arrested the Ottoman @@ -9857,7 +9819,7 @@ Louis showed more of manhood than any of his counsellors. It was he who restored something like order by intervening between the magnates and the gentry at the diet of 1525. It was he who collected in his camp at Tolna the army of 25,000 -men which perished utterly on the fatal field of Mohcs on +men which perished utterly on the fatal field of Mohács on the 29th of August 1526. He was drowned in the swollen stream of Csele on his flight from the field, being the second <span class="pagenum"><a name="page50" id="page50"></a>50</span> @@ -9866,7 +9828,7 @@ Hungary.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See <i>Rerum Hungaricarum libri</i> (vol. 2, ed. Ferencz Toldy, Budapest, -1867); and Jzsef Podhradczky, <i>King Louis</i> (Hung.) (Budapest, +1867); and József Podhradczky, <i>King Louis</i> (Hung.) (Budapest, 1860).</p> </div> <div class="author">(R. N. B.)</div> @@ -9881,7 +9843,7 @@ the second son of John II., king of France, and was born at Vincennes on the 23rd of July 1339. Having been given the duchy of Anjou in 1356 he led a wing of the French army at the battle of Poitiers and was sent to England as a hostage after the -conclusion of the treaty of Brtigny in 1360, but he broke his +conclusion of the treaty of Brétigny in 1360, but he broke his parole in 1363 and so brought about King John’s return into captivity. He took part in the war against England which was renewed in 1369, uniting the rival houses of Foix and Armagnac @@ -9944,11 +9906,11 @@ Augsburg. Louis, who was the last of the German Carolingians, died in August or September 911 and was buried at Regensburg.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Regino von Prm, “Chronicon,” in the <i>Monumenta Germaniae +<p>See Regino von Prüm, “Chronicon,” in the <i>Monumenta Germaniae historica. Scriptores</i>, Band i. (Hanover and Berlin, 1826); -E. Dmmler, <i>Geschichte des ostfrnkischen Reichs</i> (Leipzig, 1887-1888); -O. Dietrich, <i>Beitrge zur Geschichte Arnolfs von Krnthen und -Ludwigs des Kindes</i> (Berlin, 1890); and E. Mhlbacher, <i>Die Regesten +E. Dümmler, <i>Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reichs</i> (Leipzig, 1887-1888); +O. Dietrich, <i>Beiträge zur Geschichte Arnolfs von Kärnthen und +Ludwigs des Kindes</i> (Berlin, 1890); and E. Mühlbacher, <i>Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern</i> (Innsbruck, 1881).</p> </div> <div class="author">(A. W. H.*)</div> @@ -10014,7 +9976,7 @@ woordenboek der Nederlanden</i> (22 vols., Haarlem, 1852-1878).</p> <p><span class="bold">LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE,<a name="ar94" id="ar94"></a></span> <span class="sc">Baron</span> (1755-1837), French statesman and financier, was born at Toul (Meurthe) on the 13th of November 1755. At the outbreak of the Revolution the -abb Louis (he had early taken orders) had already some reputation +abbé Louis (he had early taken orders) had already some reputation as a financial expert. He was in favour of the constitutional movement, and on the great festival of federation (July 14, 1790) he assisted Talleyrand, then bishop of Autun, to celebrate @@ -10039,8 +10001,8 @@ was made a peer of France and he died on the 26th of August <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page51" id="page51"></a>51</span></p> <p><span class="bold">LOUIS PHILIPPE I.,<a name="ar95" id="ar95"></a></span> king of the French (1773-1850), was the eldest son of Louis Philip Joseph, duke of Orleans (known -during the Revolution as Philippe Egalit) and of Louise Marie -Adelaide de Bourbon, daughter of the duc de Penthivre, and +during the Revolution as Philippe Egalité) and of Louise Marie +Adelaide de Bourbon, daughter of the duc de Penthièvre, and was born at the Palais Royal in Paris on the 6th of October 1773. On his father’s side he was descended from the brother of Louis XIV., on his mother’s from the count of Toulouse, “legitimated” @@ -10066,7 +10028,7 @@ of eighteen, he was present at the cannonade of Valmy (Sept. (Nov. 6).</p> <p>The republic had meanwhile been proclaimed, and the duc -de Chartres, who like his father had taken the name of <i>Egalit</i>, +de Chartres, who like his father had taken the name of <i>Egalité</i>, posed as its zealous adherent. Fortunately for him, he was too young to be elected deputy to the Convention, and while his father was voting for the death of Louis XVI. he was serving @@ -10078,7 +10040,7 @@ into the Austrian lines. He was destined not to return to France for twenty years. He went first, with his sister Madame Adelaide, to Switzerland where he obtained a situation for a few months as professor in the college of Reichenau under an assumed name,<a name="fa1p" id="fa1p" href="#ft1p"><span class="sp">1</span></a> -mainly in order to escape from the fury of the <i>migrs</i>. The +mainly in order to escape from the fury of the <i>émigrés</i>. The execution of his father in November 1793 had made him duke of Orleans, and he now became the centre of the intrigues of the Orleanist party. In 1795 he was at Hamburg with Dumouriez, @@ -10095,7 +10057,7 @@ States, and in October settled in Philadelphia, where in February 1797 he was joined by his brothers the duc de Montpensier and the comte de Beaujolais. Two years were spent by them in travels in New England, the region of the Great Lakes, and of the -Mississippi; then the news of the <i>coup d’tat</i> of 18 Brumaire +Mississippi; then the news of the <i>coup d’état</i> of 18 Brumaire decided them to return to Europe. They returned in 1800, only to find Napoleon Bonaparte’s power firmly established. Immediately on his arrival, in February 1800, the duke of Orleans, @@ -10103,7 +10065,7 @@ at the suggestion of Dumouriez, sought an interview with the comte d’Artois, through whose instrumentality he was reconciled with the exiled king Louis XVIII., who bestowed upon his brothers the order of the Saint Esprit. The duke, however, refused to -join the army of Cond and to fight against France, an attitude +join the army of Condé and to fight against France, an attitude in which he persisted throughout, while maintaining his loyalty to the king.<a name="fa2p" id="fa2p" href="#ft2p"><span class="sp">2</span></a> He settled with his brothers at Twickenham, near London, where he lived till 1807—for the most part in studious @@ -10128,7 +10090,7 @@ that it was no more than an expression of the good will which the king had shown him ever since 1800. The immediate effect was to make him enormously rich, his wealth being increased by his natural aptitude for business until, after the death of his -mother in 1821, his fortune was reckoned at some 8,000,000.</p> +mother in 1821, his fortune was reckoned at some £8,000,000.</p> <p>Meanwhile, in the heated atmosphere of the reaction, his sympathy with the Liberal opposition brought him again under @@ -10153,7 +10115,7 @@ duke to invite him to place himself at the head of affairs. He returned with them to Paris on the 30th, and was elected by the deputies lieutenant-general of the realm. The next day, wrapped in a tricolour scarf and preceded by a drummer, he went on foot -to the Htel de Ville—the headquarters of the republican party—where +to the Hôtel de Ville—the headquarters of the republican party—where he was publicly embraced by Lafayette as a symbol that the republicans acknowledged the impossibility of realizing their own ideals and were prepared to accept a monarchy based @@ -10185,7 +10147,7 @@ but a conservative force. But when once his position at home and abroad had been established, it became increasingly clear that he possessed all the Bourbon tenaciousness of personal power. When a “party of Resistance” came into office with -Casimir-Prier in March 1831, the speech from the throne +Casimir-Périer in March 1831, the speech from the throne proclaimed that “France has desired that the monarchy should become national, it does not desire that it should be powerless”; and the migration of the royal family to the Tuileries symbolized @@ -10193,9 +10155,9 @@ the right of the king not only to reign but to rule. Republican and Socialist agitation, culminating in a series of dangerous risings, strengthened the position of the king as defender of middle-class interest; and since the middle classes constituted -the <i>pays lgal</i> which alone was represented in Parliament, he +the <i>pays légal</i> which alone was represented in Parliament, he came to regard his position as unassailable, especially after the -suppression of the risings under Blanqui and Barbs in 1839. +suppression of the risings under Blanqui and Barbès in 1839. Little by little his policy, always supported by a majority in a house of representatives elected by a corrupt and narrow franchise, became more reactionary and purely dynastic. His @@ -10207,7 +10169,7 @@ with the English court, which did much to cement the <i>entente cordiale</i> with Great Britain. Broken in 1840 during the affair of Mehemet Ali (<i>q.v.</i>) the entente was patched up in 1841 by the Straits Convention and re-cemented by visits paid by -Queen Victoria and Prince Albert to the Chteau d’Eu in 1843 +Queen Victoria and Prince Albert to the Château d’Eu in 1843 and 1845 and of Louis Philippe to Windsor in 1844, only to be irretrievably wrecked by the affair of the “Spanish marriages,” a deliberate attempt to revive the traditional Bourbon policy @@ -10254,23 +10216,23 @@ Princess Helena of Mecklenburg, was killed in a carriage accident on the 13th of July 1842, leaving two sons, the comte de Paris and the duc de Chartres. The other children were Louise, consort of Leopold I., king of the Belgians; Marie, who married -Prince Alexander of Wrttemberg and died in 1839; Louis +Prince Alexander of Württemberg and died in 1839; Louis Charles, duc de Nemours; Clementine, married to the duke of -Coburg-Kohary; Franois Ferdinand, prince de Joinville; -Henri Eugne, duc d’Aumale (<i>q.v.</i>); Antoine Philippe, duc de +Coburg-Kohary; François Ferdinand, prince de Joinville; +Henri Eugène, duc d’Aumale (<i>q.v.</i>); Antoine Philippe, duc de Montpensier, who married the Infanta, younger sister of Queen Isabella of Spain.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p><span class="sc">Authorities</span>.—F. A. Gruyer, <i>La Jeunesse du roi Louis-Philippe, -d’aprs les pourtraits et des tableaux</i> (Paris, 1909), dition de luxe, +d’après les pourtraits et des tableaux</i> (Paris, 1909), édition de luxe, with beautiful reproductions of portraits, miniatures, &c.; Marquis de Flers, <i>Louis-Philippe, vie anecdotique, 1773-1850</i> (Paris, 1891); -E. Daudet, <i>Hist. de l’migration</i> (3 vols., Paris, 1886-1890). Of +E. Daudet, <i>Hist. de l’émigration</i> (3 vols., Paris, 1886-1890). Of general works on Louis Philippe’s reign may be mentioned Louis Blanc, <i>Hist. de Dix Ans, 1830-1840</i> (5 vols., Paris, 1841-1844), from the republican point of view; J. O. d’Haussonville, <i>Hist. de -la politique extrieure de la monarchie de juillet, 1830-1848</i> (2 vols., +la politique extérieure de la monarchie de juillet, 1830-1848</i> (2 vols., Paris, 1850); V. de Nouvion, <i>Hist. de Louis-Philippe</i> (4 vols., Paris, 1857-1861); F. Guizot, <i>France under Louis Philippe, 1841-1847</i> (Eng. trans., 1865); Karl Hillebrand, <i>Geschichte Frankreichs von der @@ -10278,8 +10240,8 @@ Thronbesteigung Louis Philippes, 1830-1841</i> (2 vols., Gotha, 1877-1879); V. du Bled, <i>Hist. de la monarchie de juillet</i> (2 vols., Paris, 1887); P. Thureau-Dangin, <i>Hist. de la monarchie de juillet</i> (Paris, 1887, &c.); A. Malet, “La France sous la monarchie de juillet,” in -Lavisse and Rambaud’s <i>Hist. Gnrale</i>, vol. x. ch. x. (Paris, 1898); -G. Weill, <i>La France sous la monarchie de juillet</i> (Paris, 1902); mile +Lavisse and Rambaud’s <i>Hist. Générale</i>, vol. x. ch. x. (Paris, 1898); +G. Weill, <i>La France sous la monarchie de juillet</i> (Paris, 1902); Émile Bourgeois, “The Orleans Monarchy,” ch. xv. of vol. x., and “The Fall of Constitutionalism in France,” ch. ii. of vol. xi. of the <i>Cambridge Modern History</i> (Cambridge, 1907 and 1909). Further works will @@ -10290,10 +10252,10 @@ published correspondence and memoirs there mentioned may be added the <i>Chronique</i> of the duchesse de Dino (Paris, 1909).</p> <p>Louis Philippe himself published the <i>Journal du duc de Chartres, -1790-1791; Mon Journal, vnements de 1815</i> (2 vols., 1849); -<i>Discours, allocutions et rponses de S. M. Louis-Philippe, 1830-1846</i>; -and after his death was issued his <i>Correspondance, mmoire et -discours indits</i> (Paris, 1863).</p> +1790-1791; Mon Journal, événements de 1815</i> (2 vols., 1849); +<i>Discours, allocutions et réponses de S. M. Louis-Philippe, 1830-1846</i>; +and after his death was issued his <i>Correspondance, mémoire et +discours inédits</i> (Paris, 1863).</p> </div> <div class="author">(W. A. P.)</div> @@ -10306,8 +10268,8 @@ before being appointed. Gruyer, p. 165.</p> matter became a question of partisan controversy, the legitimists asserting that he frequently offered to serve against France, but that his offers were contemptuously refused. A. Debidour in the article -“Louis-Philippe” in <i>La Grande Encyclopdie</i> supports the latter -view; but see Gruyer, <i>La Jeunesse</i>, and E. Daudet, “Une rconciliation +“Louis-Philippe” in <i>La Grande Encyclopédie</i> supports the latter +view; but see Gruyer, <i>La Jeunesse</i>, and E. Daudet, “Une réconciliation de famille en 1800,” in the <i>Revue des Deux Mondes</i>, Sept. 15, 1905, p. 301. M. Daudet gives the account of the interview left by the comte d’Artois, and he also makes it clear that Louis Philippe, @@ -10330,7 +10292,7 @@ Havre, March 3, 1848, in <i>The Letters of Queen Victoria</i> <p><span class="bold">LOUISBURG,<a name="ar96" id="ar96"></a></span> a town and port of entry of Cape Breton county, Nova Scotia, Canada, on the Sydney & Louisburg railway, 39 m. from Sydney. Pop. (1901) 1588. Under the French -<i>rgime</i>, Louisburg was second only to Quebec. A fortress was +<i>régime</i>, Louisburg was second only to Quebec. A fortress was erected at enormous expense, and the city was the centre of the cod-fisheries. The fortress was, however, captured in 1745 by the American colonists, under Sir William Pepperrell (1696-1759), @@ -10361,11 +10323,11 @@ and unflinching courage with which she bore the sufferings inflicted on her and her family during the war between Prussia and France. After the battle of Jena she went with her husband <span class="pagenum"><a name="page53" id="page53"></a>53</span> -to Knigsberg, and when the battles of Eylau and Friedland +to Königsberg, and when the battles of Eylau and Friedland had placed Prussia absolutely at the mercy of France, she made a personal appeal to Napoleon at his headquarters in Tilsit, but without success. Early in 1808 she accompanied the king from -Memel to Knigsberg, whence, towards the end of the year, she +Memel to Königsberg, whence, towards the end of the year, she visited St Petersburg, returning to Berlin on the 23rd of December 1809. During the war Napoleon attempted to destroy the queen’s reputation, but the only effect of his charges in Prussia was to @@ -10381,35 +10343,35 @@ In 1880 a statue of Queen Louise was erected in the Thiergarten at Berlin.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See F. Adami, <i>Luise, Knigin von Preussen</i> (7th ed., 1875); -E. Engel, <i>Knigin Luise</i> (1876); A. Kluckhohn, <i>Luise, Knigin von -Preussen</i> (1876); Mommsen and Treitschke, <i>Knigin Luise</i> (1876); +<p>See F. Adami, <i>Luise, Königin von Preussen</i> (7th ed., 1875); +E. Engel, <i>Königin Luise</i> (1876); A. Kluckhohn, <i>Luise, Königin von +Preussen</i> (1876); Mommsen and Treitschke, <i>Königin Luise</i> (1876); in English, Hudson, <i>Life and Times of Louisa, Queen of Prussia</i> -(1874); G. Horn, <i>Das Buch von der Knigin Luise</i> (Berlin, 1883); -A. Lonke, <i>Knigin Luise von Preussen</i> (Leipzig, 1903); H. von -Petersdorff, “Knigin Luise,” <i>Frauenleben</i>, Bd. i. (Bielefeld, 1903, +(1874); G. Horn, <i>Das Buch von der Königin Luise</i> (Berlin, 1883); +A. Lonke, <i>Königin Luise von Preussen</i> (Leipzig, 1903); H. von +Petersdorff, “Königin Luise,” <i>Frauenleben</i>, Bd. i. (Bielefeld, 1903, 2nd ed., 1904).</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LOUISE OF SAVOY<a name="ar98" id="ar98"></a></span> (1476-1531), duchess of Angoulme, +<p><span class="bold">LOUISE OF SAVOY<a name="ar98" id="ar98"></a></span> (1476-1531), duchess of Angoulême, mother of Francis I. of France, was daughter of a cadet of the house of Savoy, Philip, count of Bresse, afterwards duke of Savoy. Through her mother, Marguerite de Bourbon, she was niece of Pierre de Bourbon, sire de Beaujeu, afterwards duke of Bourbon. At the age of twelve she was married to Charles of -Valois, count of Angoulme, great-grandson of King Charles V. +Valois, count of Angoulême, great-grandson of King Charles V. The count died in 1496, leaving her the mother of two children, Marguerite (b. 1492) and Francis (b. 1494). The accession of -Louis XII., who was childless, made Francis of Angoulme the +Louis XII., who was childless, made Francis of Angoulême the heir-presumptive to the throne of France. Louise brought her children to the court, and received Amboise as her residence. She lived henceforth in fear lest Louis should have a son; and in consequence there was a secret rivalry between her and the queen, Anne of Brittany. Finally, her son became king on the 1st of January 1515 by the death of Louis XII. From him -Louise received the county of Angoulme, which was erected +Louise received the county of Angoulême, which was erected into a duchy, the duchy of Anjou, and the counties of Maine and Beaufort. She was then given the title of “Madame.” From 1515 to her death, she took the chief share in the government. @@ -10425,7 +10387,7 @@ interest. In her malignant disputes with the constable de Bourbon on the question of his wife’s succession, she goaded him to extreme measures, and her rapacity showed itself also in her dealings with the <i>surintendant des finances</i>, J. de Beaune, -baron de Samblanay (d. 1527), who diverted the money intended +baron de Samblançay (d. 1527), who diverted the money intended for the French soldiers in Italy into the coffers of the queen, and suffered death in consequence. She died in 1531, and Francis reunited to the crown her domains, which comprised @@ -10437,12 +10399,12 @@ Maine and Anjou.</p> which seems certain. It consists of brief notes—generally very exact and sometimes ironical—which go as far as the year 1522. The only trustworthy text is that published by Guichenon in his -<i>Histoire gnalogique de la maison de Savoie</i> (ed. of 1778-1780, vol. iv.).</p> +<i>Histoire généalogique de la maison de Savoie</i> (ed. of 1778-1780, vol. iv.).</p> -<p>See <i>Posies de Franois I<span class="sp">er</span> et de Louise de Savoie ...</i>, ed. by -Champollion-Figeac (1847); De Maulde, <i>Louise de Savoie et Franois -I<span class="sp">er</span></i> (1895); G. Jacqueton, <i>La Politique extrieure de Louise de -Savoie ...</i> (1892); H. Hauser, “tude critique sur le Journal de +<p>See <i>Poésies de François I<span class="sp">er</span> et de Louise de Savoie ...</i>, ed. by +Champollion-Figeac (1847); De Maulde, <i>Louise de Savoie et François +I<span class="sp">er</span></i> (1895); G. Jacqueton, <i>La Politique extérieure de Louise de +Savoie ...</i> (1892); H. Hauser, “Étude critique sur le Journal de Louise de Savoie,” in the <i>Revue historique</i>, vol. 86 (1904).</p> </div> @@ -10464,16 +10426,16 @@ Louis XV.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LOUISIANA,<a name="ar100" id="ar100"></a></span> one of the Southern States of the United States of America, lying on the N. coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Beginning -on the N., its boundary follows eastward the parallel of 33 +on the N., its boundary follows eastward the parallel of 33° N., separating Louisiana from Arkansas; then descends the Mississippi river, separating it from the state of Mississippi, -southward to 31; passes eastward on this parallel to the Pearl +southward to 31°; passes eastward on this parallel to the Pearl river, still with the state of Mississippi on the E.; and descends this river to the Gulf. On the W. the Sabine river, from the -Gulf to 32 N., and, thence to the parallel of 33, a line a little W. -of (and parallel to) the meridian of 94 W., separate Louisiana +Gulf to 32° N., and, thence to the parallel of 33°, a line a little W. +of (and parallel to) the meridian of 94° W., separate Louisiana from Texas. Including islands in the Gulf, the stretch of -latitude is approximately 4 and of longitude 5. The total area +latitude is approximately 4° and of longitude 5°. The total area is 48,506 sq. m., of which 3097 sq. m. are water surface (including 1060 sq. m. of landlocked coastal bays called “lakes”). The coast line is about 1500 m.</p> @@ -10698,12 +10660,12 @@ in the temperature of adjoining localities is caused by a dark soil in the one and a light soil in the other, but the differences of mean annual temperature are almost wholly due to differences of latitude and elevation. The mean annual temperature for a period of nineteen -years (Jan. 1888 to Dec. 1906) ranged from 70 F. at Port Eads, in -the extreme S.E., to 65 F. at Lake Providence, in the N.E. The +years (Jan. 1888 to Dec. 1906) ranged from 70° F. at Port Eads, in +the extreme S.E., to 65° F. at Lake Providence, in the N.E. The mean temperature of July, the hottest month, is comparatively -uniform over the state, varying only from 81 to 83; the mean for -January, the coldest month, varies from 46 in the extreme north -to 56 in the extreme south. Even in the coldest localities eight or +uniform over the state, varying only from 81° to 83°; the mean for +January, the coldest month, varies from 46° in the extreme north +to 56° in the extreme south. Even in the coldest localities eight or nine months are wholly free from frost, and in the coast parishes frost occurs only a few days in each year. Rainfall is usually heavy in the S.E., but it decreases toward the N.W. As much as 85.6 in. @@ -10887,7 +10849,7 @@ in St Landry and the eastern part of Attakapas—a name formerly loosely applied to what are now St Mary, Iberia, Vermilion, St Martin and Lafayette parishes. Though introduced with success from Santo Domingo about the middle of the 18th century, the sugar -industry practically dates from 1796, when tienne Bor first succeeded +industry practically dates from 1796, when Étienne Boré first succeeded in crystallizing and clarifying the syrup. Steam motive power was first introduced on the plantations in 1822. The average product of the ten seasons 1894-1904 was 299,745 tons. A state @@ -11094,7 +11056,7 @@ cities with more than 5000 inhabitants each: New Orleans (339, Lake Charles (11,449); Alexandria (11,213); Monroe (10,209); New Iberia (7449); Morgan (5477); Crowley (5099). The urban element is larger than in any other southern state, owing to the -large population of New Orleans. The Acadians (see <i>History</i> +large population of New Orleans. The Acadians (see § <i>History</i> below) to-day are settled mainly in St Mary, Acadia and Vermilion parishes; lesser numbers are in Avoyelles and St Landry; and some are scattered in various other parishes. The parishes @@ -11253,14 +11215,14 @@ languages and the grafting of such Anglo-Saxon institutions as the jury upon the older system. A provisional code of judicial procedure, prepared by Edward Livingston, was in effect in 1805 to 1825. The earliest digest, completed in 1808, was mainly -a compilation of Spanish laws. The project of the <i>Code Napolon</i>, +a compilation of Spanish laws. The project of the <i>Code Napoléon</i>, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page58" id="page58"></a>58</span> however—the <i>code</i> itself not being available in Louisiana, though promulgated in France in 1804—was used by the compilers in the arrangement and substance of their work; and the French traditions of the colony, thus illustrated, were naturally introduced more and more into the organic commentaries and -developments that grew up around the <i>Code Napolon</i>. This +developments that grew up around the <i>Code Napoléon</i>. This evolution was little marked, so similar in large parts were the systems of France and Spain (although in other parts, due to the Gothic element in the Spanish, they were very different)—a @@ -11352,7 +11314,7 @@ institutions. Any suggestions as to improvements in institutions must be approved by the majority of the governing body of that institution before they may be put into effect. The charitable institutions include two charity hospitals—at New Orleans (1832) -and Shreveport; an Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, a Htel +and Shreveport; an Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, a Hôtel Dieu, the Touro Infirmary and a Home for Incurables, all at New Orleans; an Institute for the Deaf and Dumb (for whites—there is no state provision for negro deaf and dumb) and an Institute for @@ -11380,7 +11342,7 @@ Monticello.</p> <p><i>History.</i>—The early history of Louisiana belongs to the romance of American history. It is possible that the mouth of the Mississippi was discovered in 1519 by Alonso Alvarez de -Pieda, but this interpretation of his vague manuscript remains +Piñeda, but this interpretation of his vague manuscript remains conjectural; and that it was discovered by the expedition of Panfilo de Narvaez cannot be established. That Hernando de Soto entered the borders of the present state of Louisiana, and @@ -11447,7 +11409,7 @@ Pontchartrain was ceded to Great Britain. The international interests thus created, and others that sprang from them, heavily burdened the diplomacy, and even threatened the safety of the United States after they were placed in possession of the eastern -bank of the Mississippi down to 31 in 1783.</p> +bank of the Mississippi down to 31° in 1783.</p> <p>The news of the cession of the colony to Spain roused strong discontent among the colonists. Antonio de Ulloa (1716-1795), @@ -11546,7 +11508,7 @@ lower Louisiana was transferred to the United States. (See <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Louisiana Purchase</a></span>.)</p> <p>By an Act of Congress of the 25th of March 1804,<a name="fa4q" id="fa4q" href="#ft4q"><span class="sp">4</span></a> that portion -of the Louisiana Purchase S. of 33 was organized as the Territory +of the Louisiana Purchase S. of 33° was organized as the Territory of Orleans, and was given a government less democratic than might otherwise have been the case, because it was intended to prepare gradually for self-government the French and Spanish @@ -11720,10 +11682,10 @@ uninterruptedly and overwhelmingly Democratic since 1877.</p> <tr><td class="tcl">M. de Muys, appointed 1707, died en route, Bienville continuing to serve.</td> <td class="tcl"> </td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Lamothe Cadillac</td> <td class="tcl">1713-1716</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Sieur de Bienville, acting governor</td> <td class="tcl">1716-1717</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">De l’pinay</td> <td class="tcl">1717-1718</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">De l’Épinay</td> <td class="tcl">1717-1718</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Sieur de Bienville</td> <td class="tcl">1718-1724<span class="pagenum"><a name="page61" id="page61"></a>61</span></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Boisbriant, <i>ad interim</i></td> <td class="tcl">1724-1726</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">Prier</td> <td class="tcl">1726-1733</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">Périer</td> <td class="tcl">1726-1733</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Sieur de Bienville</td> <td class="tcl">1733-1743</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Marquis de Vaudreuil</td> <td class="tcl">1743-1753</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">L. Billouart, Chevalier de Kerlerec</td> <td class="tcl">1753-1763</td></tr> @@ -11737,10 +11699,10 @@ uninterruptedly and overwhelmingly Democratic since 1877.</p> <tr><td class="tcl">Alejandro O’Reilly<a name="fa7q" id="fa7q" href="#ft7q"><span class="sp">7</span></a></td> <td class="tcl">1769-1770</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Luis de Unzaga</td> <td class="tcl">1770-1777</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Bernardo de Galvez<a name="fa8q" id="fa8q" href="#ft8q"><span class="sp">8</span></a></td> <td class="tcl">1777-1785</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">Estevan Mir (<i>ad interim</i> 1785-1786)</td> <td class="tcl">1785-1791</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">Estevan Miró (<i>ad interim</i> 1785-1786)</td> <td class="tcl">1785-1791</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">F. L. Hector, Baron de Carondelet 30 Dec.</td> <td class="tcl">1791-1797</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">M. Gayoso de Lemos (died in office)</td> <td class="tcl">1797-1799</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">Francisco Bouligny, Jos M. Vidal, acting military and civil-political governors</td> <td class="tcl">1799</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">Francisco Bouligny, José M. Vidal, acting military and civil-political governors</td> <td class="tcl">1799</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Sebastian de Casa Calvo de la Puerta, Marquis de Casa Calvo</td> <td class="tcl">1799-1801</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Juan M. de Salcedo</td> <td class="tcl">1801-1803</td></tr> @@ -11758,19 +11720,19 @@ uninterruptedly and overwhelmingly Democratic since 1877.</p> <tr><td class="tcc cl" colspan="2"><i>Statehood Period.</i></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">William C. C. Claiborne, Democratic Republican</td> <td class="tcl">1812-1816</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">Jacques Viller, Democratic Republican</td> <td class="tcl">1816-1820</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">Jacques Villeré, Democratic Republican</td> <td class="tcl">1816-1820</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Thomas B. Robertson, Democratic Republican (resigned)</td> <td class="tcl">1820-1822</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Henry S. Thibodaux, Democratic Republican (acting)</td> <td class="tcl">1822-1824</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Henry S. Johnson, Democratic Republican</td> <td class="tcl">1824-1828</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Pierre Derbigny, Democratic Republican (died in office)</td> <td class="tcl">1828-1829</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">Armand Beauvais and Jacques Dupr (acting)</td> <td class="tcl">1829-1831</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">Andr B. Roman, Whig</td> <td class="tcl">1831-1835</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">Armand Beauvais and Jacques Dupré (acting)</td> <td class="tcl">1829-1831</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">André B. Roman, Whig</td> <td class="tcl">1831-1835</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Edward D. White, Whig</td> <td class="tcl">1835-1839</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">Andr B. Roman, Whig</td> <td class="tcl">1839-1843</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">André B. Roman, Whig</td> <td class="tcl">1839-1843</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Alfred Mouton, Whig</td> <td class="tcl">1843-1846</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Isaac Johnson, Democrat</td> <td class="tcl">1846-1850</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Joseph Walker, Democrat</td> <td class="tcl">1850-1853</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">Paul O. Hbert, Democrat</td> <td class="tcl">1853-1856</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">Paul O. Hébert, Democrat</td> <td class="tcl">1853-1856</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Robert C. Wickliffe, Democrat</td> <td class="tcl">1856-1860</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Thomas O. Moore, Democrat</td> <td class="tcl">1860-1862</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">George F. Shepley, Military Governor</td> <td class="tcl">1862-1864</td></tr> @@ -11834,7 +11796,7 @@ For pictures of Creole life and traits, George W. Cable, <i>The Creoles of Louisiana</i> (New York, 1884), and his later writings; but Mr Cable’s views of the Creoles are very unpopular in Louisiana; for other views of them, and for a guide to the English and Creole literature -of Louisiana, consult Alce Fortier, <i>Louisiana Studies—Literature, +of Louisiana, consult Alcée Fortier, <i>Louisiana Studies—Literature, Customs and Dialects, History and Education</i> (New Orleans, 1894). For administration: see reports of the various executive officers of the state (Baton Rouge); the various constitutions are @@ -11852,37 +11814,37 @@ education, in addition to the Biennial Reports of the Board of Education, consult annual reports of the U.S. Commissioner of Education.</p> -<p>For history: the standard work is that of Charles E. A. Gayarr, +<p>For history: the standard work is that of Charles E. A. Gayarré, coming down to the war, based on deep and scholarly research, and greatly altered in successive editions. The style is that of the classic school, that of Prescott and Motley, full of colour, characterization and spirit. The editions are as follows: <i>Romance of the History of Louisiana</i> (New York, 1837, 1848); <i>Histoire de la Louisiane</i> (2 vols., -Nouvelle Orlans, 1846-1847); <i>Louisiana: its Colonial History and +Nouvelle Orléans, 1846-1847); <i>Louisiana: its Colonial History and Romance</i> (N.Y., 1851); <i>Louisiana: its History as a French Colony</i>, Third Series of Lectures (N.Y., 1852); then, based upon the preceding, <i>History of Louisiana: The French Domination</i> (2 vols., N.Y., 1854) and <i>The Spanish Domination</i> (N.Y., 1854); <i>The American Domination</i> (N.Y., 1867); and third edition (4 vols., New Orleans, -1885). More important for the recent period is Alce Fortier; <i>A History +1885). More important for the recent period is Alcée Fortier; <i>A History of Louisiana</i> (N.Y., 4 vols., 1904) devoting two volumes to American domination. The <i>History and General Description of New France</i> of P. F. X. de Charlevoix (best ed. by J. G. Shea, New York, 1866, 6 vols.) is a famous old work, but now negligible. Judge F. X. Martin’s <i>History of Louisiana</i> (2 vols., New Orleans, 1827-1829, later ed. by J. F. Condon, continued to 1861, New Orleans, 1882) -is also valuable and supplements Gayarr. Le Page du Pratz, +is also valuable and supplements Gayarré. Le Page du Pratz, author of <i>Histoire de la Louisiane</i> (3 vols., Paris, 1758; 2 vols., London, 1763), was the first historian of Louisiana. Berquin-Duvallon, <i>Vue de la colonie espagnole du Mississippi</i> (Paris, 1805; published in English under the name of John Davis, New York, -1806); L. N. Baudry de Lozires, <i>Voyage la Louisiane</i> (Paris, -1802) and <i>Second Voyage la Louisiane</i> (Paris, 1803) may be +1806); L. N. Baudry de Lozières, <i>Voyage à la Louisiane</i> (Paris, +1802) and <i>Second Voyage à la Louisiane</i> (Paris, 1803) may be mentioned among the travels just preceding, and A. Stoddard, <i>Sketches of Louisiana</i> (New York, 1811), among those just following the establishment of American dominion. The <i>Histoire de la -Louisiane, et de la cession de colonie par la France aux tats-Unis</i> -(Paris, 1829; in English, Philadelphia, 1830) by Barb-Marbois +Louisiane, et de la cession de colonie par la France aux États-Unis</i> +(Paris, 1829; in English, Philadelphia, 1830) by Barbé-Marbois has great importance in diplomatic history. The rarest and most valuable of early memoirs and much archive material are embodied in Benj. F. French’s <i>Historical Collections of Louisiana</i> (5 series, N.Y., @@ -11890,8 +11852,8 @@ in Benj. F. French’s <i>Historical Collections of Louisiana</i> (5 series, New Series (N.Y., 1869, 1875). Documentary materials on the greater “Louisiana” between the Gulf of Mexico and Canada will be found in the <i>Jesuit Relations</i>, edited by R. G. Thwaites (Cleveland, -1896 ff.); and on early voyages in Pierre Margry, <i>Dcouvertes et -tablissements des Franais</i> (6 vols., Paris, 1879-1888). John G. +1896 ff.); and on early voyages in Pierre Margry, <i>Découvertes et +établissements des Français</i> (6 vols., Paris, 1879-1888). John G. Shea published an edition of Louis Hennepin’s <i>Description of Louisiana ... Translated from the Edition of 1683</i>, &c. (New York, 1880). On this greater “Louisiana” the student should also, consult the @@ -11923,7 +11885,7 @@ in 1870; 939,946 in 1880; 1,118,588 in 1890; and 1,381,825 in 1900.</p> <p><a name="ft4q" id="ft4q" href="#fa4q"><span class="fn">4</span></a> Other acts bearing on Territorial government are those of the 31st of October 1803 and the 23rd of March 1805.</p> -<p><a name="ft5q" id="ft5q" href="#fa5q"><span class="fn">5</span></a> Terms of <i>actual service in Louisiana</i>; Gayarr is the authority +<p><a name="ft5q" id="ft5q" href="#fa5q"><span class="fn">5</span></a> Terms of <i>actual service in Louisiana</i>; Gayarré is the authority for the French and Spanish period.</p> <p><a name="ft6q" id="ft6q" href="#fa6q"><span class="fn">6</span></a> Did not openly assume power or supersede Aubry.</p> @@ -12017,7 +11979,7 @@ the whole of the province. Livingston disclaimed wanting the part below the Arkansas. In even mentioning Louisiana he had gone outside his instructions. At this stage James Monroe became associated with him in the negotiations. They were -quickly closed, Barb Marbois acting for Napoleon, and by +quickly closed, Barbé Marbois acting for Napoleon, and by three conventions signed on the 30th of April 1803 the American ministers, without instructions, boldly accepted for their country a territory approximately 1,000,000 sq. m. in area—about five @@ -12071,14 +12033,14 @@ of the 18th century, it apparently was not. When she acquired the Floridas in 1819-1821 she abandoned the claim to Texas. The line then adopted between the American and Spanish possessions on the W. followed the Sabine river from the Gulf -of Mexico to the parallel of 32 N., ran thence due N. to the -Red river, followed this to the meridian of 100 W. and this +of Mexico to the parallel of 32° N., ran thence due N. to the +Red river, followed this to the meridian of 100° W. and this line N. to the Arkansas river, thence along this to its source, -thence N. to the parallel of 42, and along this line to the Pacific. +thence N. to the parallel of 42°, and along this line to the Pacific. Such is the accepted description of the W. boundary of the Louisiana Purchase—waiving Texas—thus retrospectively determined, except that that boundary ran with the crest of the Rocky -Mountains N. of its intersection with the parallel of 42. No +Mountains N. of its intersection with the parallel of 42°. No portion of the Purchase lay west of the mountains, although for some years after 1870 the official maps of the United States government erroneously included Oregon as so acquired—an @@ -12094,9 +12056,9 @@ the admission of its inhabitants, “as soon as possible, according to the principles of the Federal Constitution, to the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages and immunities of citizens of the United States.” By act of the 26th of March 1804 the region -below 33 N. was organized as the Territory of Orleans (see +below 33° N. was organized as the Territory of Orleans (see Louisiana), and that above as the District of Louisiana. The -region above 33, renamed in 1805 the Territory of Louisiana, +region above 33°, renamed in 1805 the Territory of Louisiana, and in 1812 the Territory of Missouri, was divided as time went on into many Indian reservations, territories and states. Thus were carved from the great domain of the Purchase Louisiana, @@ -12134,8 +12096,8 @@ Napoleon.</p> Papers</i>, <i>Foreign Relations</i>, vol. 2, and <i>Public Lands</i>, vol. 2; diplomatic papers reprinted in <i>House Document 431</i>, <i>57<span class="sp">th</span> Congress</i>, <i>2nd Session</i> (1903); to which add the <i>Histoire de la Louisiane et de la -cession</i> (Paris, 1829; Eng. trans., Philadelphia, 1830), by Franois -Barb-Marbois. This book abounds in supposed “speeches” of +cession</i> (Paris, 1829; Eng. trans., Philadelphia, 1830), by François +Barbé-Marbois. This book abounds in supposed “speeches” of Napoleon, and “sayings” by Napoleon and Livingston that would have been highly prophetic in 1803, though no longer so in 1829. They have been used liberally and indiscriminatingly by the most @@ -12145,7 +12107,7 @@ Domain</i>, <i>House Miscellaneous Document 45</i>, <i>pt. 4</i>, <i>47<span cla Don L. de Onis, 1818-1819, <i>American State Papers</i>, <i>Foreign Relations</i>, vol. 4; also in Onis’s <i>Official Correspondence between Don Luis de Onis</i> ... <i>and John Quincy Adams</i>, &c. (London, 1818), or <i>Memoria -sobre las negociaciones entre Espaa y los Estados Unidos que dieron +sobre las negociaciones entre España y los Estados Unidos que dieron motivo al tratado de 1819</i> (Madrid, 1820). See also discussion and map in <i>U.S. Census</i>, <i>1900</i>, <i>Bulletin 74</i>; and the letters of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Rufus King and other statesmen of the @@ -12357,7 +12319,7 @@ second city charter; in 1870, a third; and in 1893, a fourth. The city’s growth was greatly promoted by the introduction of successful steam navigation on the Ohio in 1811 and still further by the opening of the canal around the rapids (generally called -the “Falls of the Ohio”). This canal, which is 2 m. in length +the “Falls of the Ohio”). This canal, which is 2½ m. in length and is known as the Louisville and Portland canal, was authorized by the legislature in 1825 and was opened in December 1830; between 1855 and 1872 Congress made appropriations for @@ -12404,12 +12366,12 @@ he served in South Carolina under Colonel Lee.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LOUL,<a name="ar104" id="ar104"></a></span> a town of southern Portugal, in the district of Faro +<p><span class="bold">LOULÉ,<a name="ar104" id="ar104"></a></span> a town of southern Portugal, in the district of Faro (formerly the province of Algarve); beautifully situated in an inland hilly district, 10 m. N.N.W. of the seaport of Faro and -5 m. from So Joo da Venda on the Lisbon-Faro railway. +5 m. from São João da Venda on the Lisbon-Faro railway. Pop. (1900) 22,478. Apart from Lisbon, Oporto and Braga, -Loul is the most populous town in the kingdom. It is surrounded +Loulé is the most populous town in the kingdom. It is surrounded by walls and towers dating from the Moorish period. The neighbouring church of Nossa Senhora da Piedade is a favourite resort of pilgrims. Basket-making is the principal @@ -12419,11 +12381,11 @@ agave and esparto grass are also manufactured.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LOURDES,<a name="ar105" id="ar105"></a></span> a town of south-western France in the department -of Hautes-Pyrnes, at the foot of the Pyrenees, 12 m. S.S.W. +of Hautes-Pyrénées, at the foot of the Pyrenees, 12 m. S.S.W. of Tarbes on the main line of the Southern railway between that town and Pau. Pop. (1906) 7228. Lourdes is divided into an old and a new town by the Gave de Pau, which at this point -leaves the valley of Argels and turns abruptly to the west. The +leaves the valley of Argelès and turns abruptly to the west. The old quarter on the right bank surrounds on three sides a scarped rock, on which stands the fortress now used as a prison. Its large square keep of the 14th century is the chief survival of feudal @@ -12450,7 +12412,7 @@ Douleurs is the chief of the many establishments provided for the accommodation of pilgrims.</p> <p>Lourdes is a fortified place of the second class; and is the seat -of the tribunal of first instance of the arrondissement of Argels. +of the tribunal of first instance of the arrondissement of Argelès. There are marble and slate quarries near the town. The pastures of the neighbourhood support a breed of Aquitaine cattle, which is most highly valued in south-western France.</p> @@ -12458,9 +12420,9 @@ most highly valued in south-western France.</p> <p>The origin of Lourdes is uncertain. From the 9th century onwards it was the most important place in Bigorre, largely owing to the fortress which is intimately connected with its -history. In 1360 it passed by the treaty of Brtigny from +history. In 1360 it passed by the treaty of Brétigny from French to English hands, and its governor was murdered by -Gaston Phoebus viscount of Barn, for refusing to surrender it +Gaston Phoebus viscount of Béarn, for refusing to surrender it to the count of Anjou. Nevertheless the fortress did not fall into the possession of the French till 1406 after a blockade of eighteen months. Again during the wars of religion the castle @@ -12484,17 +12446,17 @@ Minnesota. Another, the Order of Our Lady of Lourdes, was founded in 1883 for work in the archdiocese of New Orleans.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See G. Mars, <i>Lourdes et ses environs</i> (Bordeaux, 1894); Fourcade, -<i>L’Apparition de la grotte de Lourdes</i> (Paris, 1862) and <i>L’Apparition ... considre -au point de vue de l’art chrtien</i> (Bordeaux, 1862); -Boissarie, <i>Lourdes, histoire mdicale</i> (Paris, 1891); Bertrin, <i>Hist. -critique des vnements de Lourdes</i> (2nd ed., Paris, 1905), written +<p>See G. Marès, <i>Lourdes et ses environs</i> (Bordeaux, 1894); Fourcade, +<i>L’Apparition de la grotte de Lourdes</i> (Paris, 1862) and <i>L’Apparition ... considérée +au point de vue de l’art chrétien</i> (Bordeaux, 1862); +Boissarie, <i>Lourdes, histoire médicale</i> (Paris, 1891); Bertrin, <i>Hist. +critique des événements de Lourdes</i> (2nd ed., Paris, 1905), written under authority of the bishop of Tarbes; H. Lasserre, <i>Miraculous Episodes of Lourdes</i> (London, 1884, tr.); R. F. Clarke, <i>Lourdes and its Miracles</i> (<i>ib</i>., 1889) and <i>Medical Testimony to the Miracles</i> (<i>ib</i>., -1892); D. Barb, <i>Lourdes hier, aujourd’hui, demain</i> (Paris, 1893; +1892); D. Barbé, <i>Lourdes hier, aujourd’hui, demain</i> (Paris, 1893; Eng. trans. by A. Meynell, London, 1894); J. R. Gasquet, <i>The Cures -at Lourdes</i> (London, 1895); <i>Les Plerinages de Lourdes. Cantiques, +at Lourdes</i> (London, 1895); <i>Les Pèlerinages de Lourdes. Cantiques, insignes, costumes</i> (Lourdes, 1897); W. Leschner, <i>The Origin of Lourdes</i> (London, 1900). Zola’s <i>Lourdes</i> (Paris, 1894), a criticism from the sceptical point of view, in the form of a realistic novel, @@ -12503,12 +12465,12 @@ has called forth many replies from the Catholic side.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LOURENO MARQUES,<a name="ar106" id="ar106"></a></span> capital of Portuguese East Africa, +<p><span class="bold">LOURENÇO MARQUES,<a name="ar106" id="ar106"></a></span> capital of Portuguese East Africa, or Mozambique, on the north bank of the Espirito Santo or English river, Delagoa Bay, and 396 m. by rail via Pretoria from Johannesburg. Pop. (1904) 9849, of whom 4691 were Europeans and 1690 Asiatics. The town is situated close to -the mouth of the river in 25 53′ S. and 32 30′ E., and is built +the mouth of the river in 25° 53′ S. and 32° 30′ E., and is built upon a low-lying spit of sand, formerly surrounded by swamps. The streets are regularly laid out and adorned by several fine buildings. The principal thoroughfare, the Avenida Aguiar, @@ -12521,13 +12483,13 @@ an electric tramway system 7 m. in extent. At Reuben Point, which marks the spot where the English river enters the bay, are the lighthouse, barracks and the private residences of the wealthy citizens. At its mouth the English river is about -2 m. across. Loureno Marques is the nearest seaport to the +2 m. across. Lourenço Marques is the nearest seaport to the Rand gold mines. The port is 8374 m. from Southampton via Cape Town and 7565 m. via the Suez canal. It is served by British, Portuguese and German liners, the majority of the goods imported being shipped at Southampton, Lisbon or Hamburg. Over 50% of the import trade of Johannesburg -is with Loureno Marques. Great Britain and British possessions +is with Lourenço Marques. Great Britain and British possessions take some 40% of the import trade, Portugal, Germany, Norway, Sweden and America coming next in order. Most of the imports, being forwarded to the Transvaal, figure also as exports. The @@ -12538,26 +12500,26 @@ save in coal, which is brought chiefly from the collieries at Middelburg in the Transvaal. At Port Matolla, 20 m. from the town, on the river of that name, one of the feeders of the English river, is a flourishing timber trade. The average value of the -total trade of Loureno Marques for the five years 1897-1899 +total trade of Lourenço Marques for the five years 1897-1899 and 1902-1903 (1900 and 1901 being years during which trade -was disorganized by the Anglo-Boer War) was over 3,500,000. -In 1905 the value of the trade of the port was 5,682,000; of -this total the transit trade was worth over 4,500,000 and the -imports for local consumption 1,042,000. The retail trade, and +was disorganized by the Anglo-Boer War) was over £3,500,000. +In 1905 the value of the trade of the port was £5,682,000; of +this total the transit trade was worth over £4,500,000 and the +imports for local consumption £1,042,000. The retail trade, and trade with the natives, is almost entirely in the hands of Indians. The chief import for local consumption is cheap wine from -Portugal, bought by the Kaffirs to the extent of over 500,000 +Portugal, bought by the Kaffirs to the extent of over £500,000 yearly. These natives form the bulk of the Africans who work in the Rand gold mines.</p> -<p>Loureno Marques is named after a Portuguese navigator, +<p>Lourenço Marques is named after a Portuguese navigator, who with a companion (Antonio Calderia) was sent in 1544 by the governor of Mozambique on a voyage of exploration. They explored the lower courses of the rivers emptying their waters into Delagoa Bay, notably the Espirito Santo. The various forts and trading stations which the Portuguese established, abandoned and re-occupied on the north bank of the river were -all called Loureno Marques. The existing town dates from +all called Lourenço Marques. The existing town dates from about 1850, the previous settlement having been entirely destroyed by the natives. In 1871 the town was described as a poor place, with narrow streets, fairly good flat-roofed houses, @@ -12575,10 +12537,10 @@ to be discharged in tugs and lighters.</p> <p>In 1873-1877 Mr Burgers, president of the Transvaal, endeavoured, unsuccessfully, to get a railway built from Pretoria to Delagoa Bay. In 1878-1879 a survey was taken for a line -from Loureno Marques to the Transvaal, and in 1883 the Lisbon +from Lourenço Marques to the Transvaal, and in 1883 the Lisbon cabinet granted to Colonel Edward McMurdo, an American citizen, a concession—which took the place of others which had -lapsed—for the building of a railway from Loureno Marques +lapsed—for the building of a railway from Lourenço Marques to the Transvaal frontier, the Boer government having agreed (1883) to continue the line to Pretoria. Under this concession Colonel McMurdo formed in London in 1887 a company—the @@ -12604,14 +12566,14 @@ so doing acted, to all appearance, under pressure from the Transvaal. Great Britain and America at once protested, Portugal admitted the illegality of her act and consented to refer the amount of compensation to the decision of three Swiss -jurists. This was in 1890, when Portugal paid 28,000 on +jurists. This was in 1890, when Portugal paid £28,000 on account. It was not until the 29th of March 1900 that the award was made known. The arbitrators ordered Portugal to pay—in -addition to the 28,000—a sum, including interest, of 950,000. +addition to the £28,000—a sum, including interest, of £950,000. The damages were promptly paid. Meantime the railway had been continued from Komati Poort and was opened for through traffic to Pretoria on the 8th of July 1895. In 1906-1910 -another railway (47 m. long) was built from Loureno Marques +another railway (47 m. long) was built from Lourenço Marques due west to the Swaziland frontier, being a link in a new line to shorten the distance by rail between the Rand and the sea by some 60 m.</p> @@ -12619,13 +12581,13 @@ by some 60 m.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See also <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Delagoa Bay</a></span> and the authorities there cited. The text of the railway arbitration award was published in French at Berne -in 1900. Annual reports on the trade of Loureno Marques are issued +in 1900. Annual reports on the trade of Lourenço Marques are issued by the British Foreign Office.</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LOUSE<a name="ar107" id="ar107"></a></span> (O. Eng. <i>ls</i>, cf. Du. <i>luis</i>, Ger. <i>Laus</i>, Dan. and Swed. +<p><span class="bold">LOUSE<a name="ar107" id="ar107"></a></span> (O. Eng. <i>lús</i>, cf. Du. <i>luis</i>, Ger. <i>Laus</i>, Dan. and Swed. <i>lus</i>), a term applied to small wingless insects, parasitic upon birds and mammals, and belonging strictly speaking to the order Anoplura, often included among the Hemiptera, though the term @@ -12671,12 +12633,12 @@ as phthiriasis in medical and veterinary terminology.</p> Denny, <i>Monographia Anoplurorum Britanniae</i> (London, 1843); Giebel, <i>Insecta Epizoa</i> (which contains the working-up of Nitzsch’s posthumous materials; Leipzig, 1874); van Beneden, <i>Animal -Parasites</i> (London, 1876); Piaget, <i>Les Pdiculines</i> (Leiden, 1880); -Mgnin, <i>Les Parasites et les maladies parasitaires</i> (Paris, 1880); +Parasites</i> (London, 1876); Piaget, <i>Les Pédiculines</i> (Leiden, 1880); +Mégnin, <i>Les Parasites et les maladies parasitaires</i> (Paris, 1880); Neumann, <i>Parasites and Parasitic Diseases of Domesticated Animals</i> (1892); Osborn, <i>Pediculi and Mallophaga affecting Man and the Lower Animals</i> (Washington, 1891; U.S. Dept. Agr.); Enderlein, -“Luse-Studien,” <i>Zool. Anz.</i> xxviii. (1904).</p> +“Läuse-Studien,” <i>Zool. Anz.</i> xxviii. (1904).</p> </div> @@ -12776,7 +12738,7 @@ and Drogheda have monastic remains, and at Dromiskin is a round tower, in part rebuilt. Ardee, an ancient town, incorporated in 1376, has a castle of the 13th century. At Dunbar a charter of Charles II. (1679) gave the inhabitants the right to -elect a sovereign. Louth, 5 m. S.W. from Dundalk, is a decayed +elect a sovereign. Louth, 5½ m. S.W. from Dundalk, is a decayed town which gave its name to the county, and contains ruins of an abbey to which was attached one of the most noted early schools in Ireland.</p> @@ -12785,7 +12747,7 @@ in Ireland.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LOUTH,<a name="ar109" id="ar109"></a></span> a market-town and municipal borough in the E. Lindsey or Louth parliamentary division of Lincolnshire, -England, on the river Lud, 141 m. N. of London by the Grimsby +England, on the river Lud, 141½ m. N. of London by the Grimsby branch of the Great Northern railway. Pop. (1901) 9518. By a canal, completed in 1763, there is water communication with the Humber. The Perpendicular church of St James, @@ -12833,7 +12795,7 @@ one warden and six assistants, who were to be managers of the school founded by the same charter. This was confirmed in 1564 by Elizabeth, who granted the manor of Louth to the corporation with all rights and all the lands of the suppressed gilds at an -annual fee-farm rent of 84. James I. gave the commission of +annual fee-farm rent of £84. James I. gave the commission of the peace to the warden and one assistant in 1605; a further charter was obtained in 1830. Louth has never been a parliamentary borough. The markets said to have been held from @@ -12859,14 +12821,14 @@ before the rise of Brussels. Pop. (1904) 42,194. Local tradition attributes the establishment of a permanent camp at this spot to Julius Caesar, but Louvain only became important in the 11th century as a place of residence for the dukes of Brabant. -In 1356 Louvain was the scene of the famous <i>Joyeuse Entre</i> +In 1356 Louvain was the scene of the famous <i>Joyeuse Entrée</i> of Wenceslas which represented the principal charter of Brabant. At that time it had a population of at least 50,000 and was very prosperous as the centre of the woollen trade in central Belgium. The gild of weavers numbered 2400 members. The old walls -of Louvain were 4 m. in circumference, and have been replaced +of Louvain were 4½ m. in circumference, and have been replaced by boulevards, but within them there is a considerable extent of -cultivated ground. Soon after the <i>Joyeuse Entre</i> a serious feud +cultivated ground. Soon after the <i>Joyeuse Entrée</i> a serious feud began between the citizens and the patrician class, and eventually the duke threw in his lot with the latter. After a struggle of over twenty years’ duration the White Hoods, as the citizens @@ -12890,19 +12852,19 @@ the number of students average two thousand. In the 16th century when the university was at the height of its fame it counted six thousand.</p> -<p>The most remarkable building in Louvain is the Htel de +<p>The most remarkable building in Louvain is the Hôtel de Ville, one of the richest and most ornate examples of pointed Gothic in the country. If less ornate than that of Oudenarde it is more harmonious in its details. It was the work of Mathieu de Layens, master mason, who worked at it from 1448 to 1463. The building is one of three storeys each with ten pointed -windows forming the faade facing the square. Above is a +windows forming the façade facing the square. Above is a graceful balustrade behind which is a lofty roof, and at the angles are towers perforated for the passage of the light. The other three sides are lavishly decorated with statuary. The interior is not noteworthy.</p> -<p>Opposite the Htel de Ville is the fine church of St Pierre, +<p>Opposite the Hôtel de Ville is the fine church of St Pierre, in the form of a cross with a low tower to which the spire has never been added. The existing edifice was built on the site of an older church between 1425 and 1497. It contains @@ -12961,7 +12923,7 @@ importance in his exile, and played an influential part even in his last years.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Vallet de Viriville in the <i>Nouvelle Biographie gnrale</i>, and G. du +<p>See Vallet de Viriville in the <i>Nouvelle Biographie générale</i>, and G. du Fresne de Beaucourt, <i>Histoire de Claries VII.</i> (1881-1891).</p> </div> <div class="author">(J. V.*)</div> @@ -12973,25 +12935,25 @@ French writer and politician, was born in Paris on the 12th of June 1760, the son of a stationer. He became a bookseller’s clerk, and first attracted attention with a not very moral novel called <i>Les Amours du chevalier de Faublas</i> (Paris, 1787-1789). -The character of the heroine of this book, Lodoska, was taken +The character of the heroine of this book, Lodoïska, was taken from the wife of a jeweller in the Palais Royal, with whom he had formed a <i>liaison</i>. She was divorced from her husband in -1792 and married Louvet in 1793. His second novel, <i>milie +1792 and married Louvet in 1793. His second novel, <i>Émilie de Varmont</i>, was intended to prove the utility and necessity of divorce and of the marriage of priests, questions raised by the Revolution. Indeed all his works were directed to the ends of the Revolution. He attempted to have one of his unpublished -plays, <i>L’Anobli conspirateur</i>, performed at the Thtre Franais, -and records navely that one of its managers, M. d’Orfeuil, +plays, <i>L’Anobli conspirateur</i>, performed at the Théâtre Français, +and records naïvely that one of its managers, M. d’Orfeuil, listened to the reading of the first three acts “with mortal impatience,” exclaiming at last: “I should need cannon in order to put that piece on the stage.” A “sort of farce” at the -expense of the army of the <i>migrs, La Grande Revue des armes +expense of the army of the <i>émigrés, La Grande Revue des armées noire el blanche</i>, had, however, better success: it ran for twenty-five nights.</p> <p>Louvet was, however, first brought into notice as a politician -by his <i>Paris justifi</i>, in reply to a “truly incendiary” pamphlet +by his <i>Paris justifié</i>, in reply to a “truly incendiary” pamphlet in which Mounier, after the removal of the king to Paris in October 1789, had attacked the capital, “at that time blameless,” and argued that the court should be established elsewhere. @@ -13001,9 +12963,9 @@ writes bitterly in his Memoirs, the qualifications were then of the true revolutionary type, he now threw himself ardently into the campaign against “despotism” and “reaction,” <i>i.e.</i> against the moderate constitutional royalty advocated by -Lafayette, the Abb Maury and other “Machiavellians.” On +Lafayette, the Abbé Maury and other “Machiavellians.” On the 25th of December 1791 he presented at the bar of the -Assembly his <i>Ptition contre les princes</i>, which had “a prodigious +Assembly his <i>Pétition contre les princes</i>, which had “a prodigious success in the senate and the empire.” Elected deputy to the Assembly for the department of Loiret, he made his first speech in January 1792. He attached himself to the Girondists, @@ -13014,7 +12976,7 @@ of which the title, <i>La Sentinelle</i>, proclaimed its mission to be to “enlighten the people on all the plots” at a time when, Austria having declared war, the court was “visibly betraying our armies.” On the 10th of August he became editor of the -<i>Journal des dbats</i>, and in this capacity, as well as in the Assembly, +<i>Journal des débats</i>, and in this capacity, as well as in the Assembly, made himself conspicuous by his attacks on Robespierre, Marat and the other Montagnards, whom he declares he would have succeeded in bringing to justice in September but for the poor @@ -13028,7 +12990,7 @@ people,” only served still further to discredit the Girondists. He defended them, however, to the last with great courage, if with little discretion; and after the crisis of the 31st of May 1793 he shared the perils of the party who fled from Paris (see -Girondists). His wife, “Lodoska,” who had actively cooperated +Girondists). His wife, “Lodoïska,” who had actively cooperated in his propaganda, was also in danger.</p> <p>After the fall of Robespierre, he was recalled to the Convention, @@ -13047,18 +13009,18 @@ also a member of the Institute. Meanwhile he had returned to his old trade and set up a bookseller’s shop in the Palais Royal. But, in spite of the fact that he had once more denounced the Jacobins in <i>La Sentinelle</i>, his name had become identified with -all that the combative spirits of the <i>jeunesse dore</i> most disliked; +all that the combative spirits of the <i>jeunesse dorée</i> most disliked; his shop was attacked by the “young men” with cries of -“<i> bas la Loupe, bas la belle Lodoska, bas les gardes du corps +“<i>À bas la Loupe, à bas la belle Lodoïska, à bas les gardes du corps de Louvet!</i>” he and his wife were insulted in the streets and the -theatres: “<i> bas les Louvets et les Louvetants!</i>” and he was +theatres: “<i>À bas les Louvets et les Louvetants!</i>” and he was compelled to leave Paris. The Directory appointed him to the consulship at Palermo, but he died on the 25th of August 1797 before taking up his post.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>In 1795 Louvet published a portion of his Memoirs under the title -of <i>Quelques notices pour l’histoire et le rcit de mes prils depuis le 31 +of <i>Quelques notices pour l’histoire et le récit de mes périls depuis le 31 mai 1793</i>. They were mainly written in the various hiding-places in which Louvet <span class="correction" title="amended from rook">took</span> refuge, and they give a vivid picture of the sufferings of the proscribed Girondists. They form an invaluable @@ -13067,7 +13029,7 @@ in spite of their considerable literary art, they are artless in their revelation of the mental and moral state of their author, a characteristic type of the honest, sentimental, somewhat hysterical and wholly unbalanced minds nurtured on the abstractions of the <i>philosophes</i>. -The first complete edition of the <i>Mmoires de Louvet de Couvrai</i>, +The first complete edition of the <i>Mémoires de Louvet de Couvrai</i>, edited, with preface, notes and tables, by F. A. Aulard, was published at Paris in 1889.</p> </div> @@ -13075,7 +13037,7 @@ at Paris in 1889.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LOUVIERS,<a name="ar114" id="ar114"></a></span> a town of north-western France, capital of an -arrondissement in the department of Eure, 17 m. S.S.E. of +arrondissement in the department of Eure, 17½ m. S.S.E. of Rouen by road. Pop. (1906) 9449. Louviers is pleasantly situated in a green valley surrounded by wooded hills, on the Eure, which here divides into several branches. The old part of the town, @@ -13085,7 +13047,7 @@ are spacious squares, and the place is surrounded by boulevards. The Gothic church of Notre-Dame has a south portal which ranks among the most beautiful works of the kind produced in the 15th century; it contains fine stained glass of the 15th -and 16th centuries and other works of art. The htel-de-ville, +and 16th centuries and other works of art. The hôtel-de-ville, a large modern building, contains a museum and library. The chief industry is cloth and flannel manufacture. There are wool-spinning and fulling mills, thread factories and manufactories @@ -13114,7 +13076,7 @@ wars of the Fronde.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LOUVOIS, FRANOIS MICHEL LE TELLIER,<a name="ar115" id="ar115"></a></span> <span class="sc">Marquis de</span> +<p><span class="bold">LOUVOIS, FRANÇOIS MICHEL LE TELLIER,<a name="ar115" id="ar115"></a></span> <span class="sc">Marquis de</span> (1641-1691), French statesman, war minister of Louis XIV., was born at Paris on the 18th of January 1641. His father, Michel le Tellier (<i>q.v.</i>), married him to an heiress, the marquise @@ -13131,7 +13093,7 @@ Louvois soldiers for Louis.” The work of Louvois in these years is bound up with the historical development of the French army and of armies in general (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Army</a></span>). Here need only be mentioned Louvois’s reorganization of the military orders of merit, -his foundation of the Htel des Invalides, and the almost forcible +his foundation of the Hôtel des Invalides, and the almost forcible enrolment of the nobility and gentry of France, in which Louvois carried out part of Louis’s measures for curbing the spirit of independence by service in the army or at court. The success @@ -13146,8 +13108,8 @@ part. The surprise of Strassburg in 1681 in time of peace was not only planned but executed by Louvois and Monclar. A saving clause in the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, which provided for some liberty of conscience, if not of worship, Louvois sharply -annulled with the phrase “Sa majest veut qu’on fasse sentir -les dernires rigueurs ceux qui ne voudront pas se faire de sa +annulled with the phrase “Sa majesté veut qu’on fasse sentir +les dernières rigueurs à ceux qui ne voudront pas se faire de sa religion.” He claimed also the credit of inventing the dragonnades, and mitigated the rigour of the soldiery only in so far as the licence accorded was prejudicial to discipline. Discipline, @@ -13172,9 +13134,9 @@ and shameless.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>The principal authority for Louvois’s life and times is Camille Rousset’s <i>Histoire de Louvois</i> (Paris, 1872), a great work founded -on the 900 volumes of his despatches at the Dept de la Guerre. +on the 900 volumes of his despatches at the Depôt de la Guerre. Saint Simon from his class prejudices is hardly to be trusted, but -Madame de Svign throws many side-lights on his times. <i>Testament +Madame de Sévigné throws many side-lights on his times. <i>Testament politique de Louvois</i> (1695) is spurious.</p> </div> @@ -13184,7 +13146,7 @@ politique de Louvois</i> (1695) is spurious.</p> born in Paris on the 10th of December 1870. When he was nineteen he founded a review, <i>La Conque</i>, which brought him into contact with the leaders of the Parnassians, and counted -Swinburne, Maeterlinck, Mallarm and others among its contributors. +Swinburne, Maeterlinck, Mallarmé and others among its contributors. He won notoriety by his novel <i>Aphrodite</i> (1896), which gave a vivid picture of Alexandrian morals at the beginning of the Christian era. His <i>Chansons de Bilitis, roman @@ -13194,7 +13156,7 @@ is objectionable in the highest degree; but its delicate decadent prose is typical of a modern French literary school, and some of the “songs” were set to music by Debussy and others. Later books are: <i>La Femme et le pantin</i> (1898); <i>Les Aventures du roi -Pausole</i> (1900); <i>Sanguines</i> (1903); <i>Archipel</i> (1906). Lous +Pausole</i> (1900); <i>Sanguines</i> (1903); <i>Archipel</i> (1906). Louÿs married in 1899 Louise de Heredia, younger daughter of the poet.</p> @@ -13269,7 +13231,7 @@ story is obscure, and is complicated by partisanship on either side; but Lovat was certainly playing a double game. His agility, however, was not remunerative. On returning to Paris suspicions got afloat as to Lovat’s proceedings, and he was -imprisoned in the castle of Angoulme. He remained nearly +imprisoned in the castle of Angoulême. He remained nearly ten years under supervision, till in November 1714 he made his escape to England. For some twenty-five years after this he was chiefly occupied in lawsuits for the recovery of his estates @@ -13414,10 +13376,10 @@ and printing-works. It also maintains a hospital. The school buildings rival in accommodation and completeness those of the schools in large English cities. The sum paid in fees by scholars (of whom fully nine-tenths were Kaffirs) in the period -1841-1908 was 84,000. The educational and industrial methods +1841-1908 was £84,000. The educational and industrial methods initiated at Lovedale have been widely adopted by other <span class="pagenum"><a name="page71" id="page71"></a>71</span> -missionary bodies. Lovedale is now a branch o the work of +missionary bodies. Lovedale is now a branch o£ the work of the United Free Church of Scotland.</p> <div class="condensed"> @@ -13463,7 +13425,7 @@ entered into possession of the family estates at Bethersden, Canterbury, Chart and Halden in Kent. By that time he was one of the most distinguished of the company of courtly poets gathered round Queen Henrietta, who were influenced as a school -by contemporary French writers of <i>vers de socit</i>. He wrote a +by contemporary French writers of <i>vers de société</i>. He wrote a comedy, <i>The Scholar</i>, when he was sixteen, and a tragedy, <i>The Soldier</i>, when he was twenty-one. From what he says of Fletcher, it would seem that this dramatist was his model, but @@ -13473,7 +13435,7 @@ Lovelace was committed to the Gatehouse at Westminster for presenting to the Commons in 1642 a petition from Kentish royalists in the king’s favour. It was then that he wrote his most famous song, “To Althea from Prison.” He was liberated, -says Wood, on bail of 40,000 (more probably 4000), and +says Wood, on bail of £40,000 (more probably £4000), and throughout the civil war was a prisoner on parole, with this security in the hands of his enemies. He contrived, however, to render considerable service to the king’s cause. He provided @@ -13677,7 +13639,7 @@ served in 1901-1903.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LOW, WILL HICOK<a name="ar125" id="ar125"></a></span> (1853-  ), American artist and writer on art, was born at Albany, New York, on the 31st of May 1853. -In 1873 he entered the atelier of J. L. Grme in the cole des +In 1873 he entered the atelier of J. L. Gérôme in the École des Beaux Arts at Paris, subsequently joining the classes of Carolus-Duran, with whom he remained until 1877. Returning to New York, he became a member of the Society of American Artists @@ -13787,7 +13749,7 @@ Santa Maura. He returned to England in 1812, and in January 1813 was sent to inspect a Russo-German legion then being formed, and he accompanied the armies of the allies through the campaigns of 1813 and 1814, being present at thirteen important -battles. He won praise from Blcher and Gneisenau for his +battles. He won praise from Blücher and Gneisenau for his gallantry and judgment. He was chosen to bear to London the news of the first abdication of Napoleon in April 1814. He was then knighted and became major-general; he also received decorations @@ -13826,7 +13788,7 @@ even our privations, in order that we might thereby excite a lively interest in a large portion of the population of Europe, and that the opposition in England might not fail to attack the ministry.” As to the privations, it may be noted that Lowe -recommended that the government allowance of 8000 a year +recommended that the government allowance of £8000 a year to the Longwood household should be increased by one-half. The charges of cruelty brought against the governor by O’Meara and others have been completely refuted; and the most that can @@ -13845,7 +13807,7 @@ the G.C.M.G. He died in 1844.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See W. Forsyth, <i>History of the Captivity of Napoleon at St Helena</i> -(3 vols., London, 1853); Gourgaud, <i>Journal indite de Sainte-Hlne</i> +(3 vols., London, 1853); Gourgaud, <i>Journal inédite de Sainte-Hélène</i> (1815-1818; 2 vols., Paris, 1899); R. C. Seaton, <i>Napoleon’s Captivity in relation to Sir Hudson Lowe</i> (London, 1903); Lieut.-Col. Basil Jackson, <i>Notes and Reminiscences of a Staff-Officer</i> (London, @@ -13856,13 +13818,13 @@ Basil Jackson, <i>Notes and Reminiscences of a Staff-Officer</i> (London, <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LWE, JOHANN KARL GOTTFRIED<a name="ar129" id="ar129"></a></span> (1796-1869), German -composer, was born at Lbejn, near Halle, on the 30th of -November 1796, and was a choir-boy at Kthen from 1807 +<p><span class="bold">LÖWE, JOHANN KARL GOTTFRIED<a name="ar129" id="ar129"></a></span> (1796-1869), German +composer, was born at Löbejün, near Halle, on the 30th of +November 1796, and was a choir-boy at Köthen from 1807 to 1809, when he went to the Franke Institute at Halle, studying -music with Trk. The beauty of Lwe’s voice brought him -under the notice of Madame de Stal, who procured him a pension -from Jrme Bonaparte, then king of Westphalia; this stopped +music with Türk. The beauty of Löwe’s voice brought him +under the notice of Madame de Staël, who procured him a pension +from Jérôme Bonaparte, then king of Westphalia; this stopped in 1813, on the flight of the king. He entered the University of Halle as a theological student, but was appointed cantor at Stettin in 1820, and director of the town music in 1821, in which @@ -13875,9 +13837,9 @@ retired to Kiel, and died on the 20th of April 1869. He undertook many concert tours during his tenure of the post at Stettin, visiting Vienna, London, Sweden, Norway and Paris. His high soprano voice (he could sing the music of the “Queen -of Night” in <i>Die Zauberflte</i> as a boy) had developed into a -fine tenor. Lwe was a voluminous composer, and wrote five -operas, of which only one, <i>Die drei Wnsche</i>, was performed +of Night” in <i>Die Zauberflöte</i> as a boy) had developed into a +fine tenor. Löwe was a voluminous composer, and wrote five +operas, of which only one, <i>Die drei Wünsche</i>, was performed at Berlin in 1834, without much success; seventeen oratorios, many of them for male voices unaccompanied, or with short instrumental interludes only; choral ballads, cantatas, three @@ -13889,9 +13851,9 @@ with pianoforte accompaniment. His treatment of long narrative poems, in a clever mixture of the dramatic and lyrical styles, was undoubtedly modelled on the ballads of Zumsteeg, and has been copied by many composers since his day. His settings of -the “Erlknig” (a very early example), “Archibald Douglas,” +the “Erlkönig” (a very early example), “Archibald Douglas,” “Heinrich der Vogler,” “Edward” and “Die Verfallene -Mhle,” are particularly fine.</p> +Mühle,” are particularly fine.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> @@ -13921,7 +13883,7 @@ between 1883 and 1893, and in 1894 established at Flagstaff, Arizona, the Lowell Observatory, of whose <i>Annals</i> (from 1898) he was editor. In 1902 he became non-resident professor of astronomy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He -wrote several books on the Far East, including <i>Chosn</i> (1885), +wrote several books on the Far East, including <i>Chosön</i> (1885), <i>The Soul of the Far East</i> (1886), <i>Noto, an Unexplored Corner</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="page74" id="page74"></a>74</span> <i>of Japan</i> (1891), and <i>Occult Japan</i> (1895), but he is best known @@ -14241,7 +14203,7 @@ ideality and the singleness of his moral sight.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p><span class="sc">Writings.</span>—The <i>Works of James Russell Lowell</i>, in ten volumes -(Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1890); <i>dition de +(Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1890); <i>édition de luxe</i>, 61 vols. (1904); <i>Latest Literary Essays and Addresses</i> (1891); <i>The Old English Dramatists</i> (1892); <i>Conversations on some of the Old Poets</i> (Philadelphia, David M‘Kay; reprint of the volume published @@ -14539,31 +14501,31 @@ Lowell Institute</i> (Boston, 1898).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LWENBERG,<a name="ar136" id="ar136"></a></span> a town of Germany, in the Prussian province -of Silesia, on the Bober, 39 m. E. of Grlitz by rail. Pop. 5682. +<p><span class="bold">LÖWENBERG,<a name="ar136" id="ar136"></a></span> a town of Germany, in the Prussian province +of Silesia, on the Bober, 39 m. E. of Görlitz by rail. Pop. 5682. It is one of the oldest towns in Silesia; its town hall dates from the 16th century, and it has a Roman Catholic church built in the 13th century and restored in 1862. The town has sandstone and gypsum quarries, breweries and woollen mills, -and cultivates fruit and vegetables. Lwenberg became a +and cultivates fruit and vegetables. Löwenberg became a town in 1217 and has been the scene of much fighting, especially during the Napoleonic wars. Near the town is the village and estate of Hohlstein, the property of the Hohenzollern family.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LWENSTEIN,<a name="ar137" id="ar137"></a></span> a town of Germany, in the kingdom of -Wrttemberg, capital of the mediatized county of that name, -situated under the north slope of the Lwenstein range, 6 m. +<p><span class="bold">LÖWENSTEIN,<a name="ar137" id="ar137"></a></span> a town of Germany, in the kingdom of +Württemberg, capital of the mediatized county of that name, +situated under the north slope of the Löwenstein range, 6 m. from Heilbronn. Pop. 1527. It is dominated by the ruined -castle of the counts of Lwenstein, and enclosed by medieval +castle of the counts of Löwenstein, and enclosed by medieval walls. The town contains many picturesque old houses. There is also a modern palace. The cultivation of vines is the chief industry, and there is a brine spring (Theusserbad).</p> -<p>Lwenstein was founded in 1123 by the counts of Calw, and +<p>Löwenstein was founded in 1123 by the counts of Calw, and belonged to the Habsburgs from 1281 to 1441. In 1634 the -castle was destroyed by the imperialists. The county of Lwenstein +castle was destroyed by the imperialists. The county of Löwenstein belonged to a branch of the family of the counts of Calw before 1281, when it was purchased by the German king Rudolph I., who presented it to his natural son Albert. In 1441 Henry, @@ -14572,30 +14534,30 @@ the Rhine, Frederick I., and later it served as a portion for Louis (d. 1524), a son of the elector by a morganatic marriage, who became a count of the Empire in 1494. Louis’s grandson Louis II. (d. 1611) inherited the county of Wertheim and other -lands by marriage and called himself count of Lwenstein-Wertheim; +lands by marriage and called himself count of Löwenstein-Wertheim; his two sons divided the family into two branches. The heads of the two branches, into which the older and Protestant line was afterwards divided, were made princes by the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page78" id="page78"></a>78</span> -king of Bavaria in 1812 and by the king of Wrttemberg in +king of Bavaria in 1812 and by the king of Württemberg in 1813; the head of the younger, or Roman Catholic line, was made a prince of the Empire in 1711. Both lines are flourishing, their present representatives being Ernst (b. 1854) prince of -Lwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg, and Aloyse (b. 1871) prince -of Lwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. The lands of the family +Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg, and Aloyse (b. 1871) prince +of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. The lands of the family were mediatized after the dissolution of the Empire in 1806. -The area of the county of Lwenstein was about 53 sq. m.</p> +The area of the county of Löwenstein was about 53 sq. m.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See C. Rommel, <i>Grundzge einer Chronik der Stadt Lwenstein</i> -(Lwenstein, 1893).</p> +<p>See C. Rommel, <i>Grundzüge einer Chronik der Stadt Löwenstein</i> +(Löwenstein, 1893).</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LOWESTOFT,<a name="ar138" id="ar138"></a></span> a municipal borough, seaport and watering-place in the Lowestoft parliamentary division of Suffolk, England, -117 m. N.E. from London by the Great Eastern railway. +117½ m. N.E. from London by the Great Eastern railway. Pop. (1901) 29,850. It lies on either side of the formerly natural, now artificial outlet of the river Waveney to the North Sea, while to the west the river forms Oulton Broad and Lothing @@ -14711,7 +14673,7 @@ albis</i>, “Sunday in white garments,” in allusion to the white garments anciently worn on this day by those who had been baptized and received into the Church just before Easter. Alb Sunday, Quasimodo and, in the Greek Church, Antipascha, and -<span class="grk" title=" deuteroprot Kuriak">ἡ δευτεροπρώτη Κυριακή</span> (literally “second-first Sunday,” <i>i.e.</i> +<span class="grk" title="ê deuteroprotê Kuriakê">ἡ δευτεροπρώτη Κυριακή</span> (literally “second-first Sunday,” <i>i.e.</i> the second Sunday after the first) were other names for the day.</p> @@ -14737,7 +14699,7 @@ stall at Durham and the rectory of Sedgefield. In 1758 he published his <i>Life of William of Wykeham</i>; this was followed in 1762 by <i>A Short Introduction to English Grammar</i>. In 1765, the year of his election into the Royal Societies of London and -Gttingen, he engaged in controversy with William Warburton +Göttingen, he engaged in controversy with William Warburton on the book of Job, in which he was held by Gibbon to have had the advantage. In June 1766 Lowth was consecrated bishop of St David’s, and about four months afterwards he was translated @@ -14930,7 +14892,7 @@ the war parliament appointed a commission of five to examine the claims of the Loyalists for compensation for services and losses; and to satisfy these claims and to establish Loyalists in Nova Scotia and Canada the British government expended -fully 6,000,000.</p> +fully £6,000,000.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See C. H. van Tyne, <i>The Loyalists in the American Revolution</i> @@ -14951,8 +14913,8 @@ of one’s country, also personal devotion and reverence to the sovereign and royal family. The English word came into use in the early part of the 15th century in the sense of fidelity to one’s oath, or in service, love, &c.; the later and now the -ordinary sense appears in the 16th century. The O. Fr. <i>loialt</i>, -mod. <i>loyaut</i>, is formed from <i>loial</i>, loyal, Scots <i>leal</i>, Lat. <i>legalis</i>, +ordinary sense appears in the 16th century. The O. Fr. <i>loialtê</i>, +mod. <i>loyauté</i>, is formed from <i>loial</i>, loyal, Scots <i>leal</i>, Lat. <i>legalis</i>, legal, from <i>lex</i>, law. This was used in the special feudal sense of one who has full legal rights, a <i>legalis homo</i> being opposed to the <i>exlex</i>, <i>utlegatus</i>, or outlaw. Thence in the sense of faithful, @@ -14961,12 +14923,12 @@ and so loyal in the accepted use of the word.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LOYALTY ISLANDS<a name="ar148" id="ar148"></a></span> (Fr. <i>Iles Loyalty</i> or <i>Loyaut</i>), a group +<p><span class="bold">LOYALTY ISLANDS<a name="ar148" id="ar148"></a></span> (Fr. <i>Iles Loyalty</i> or <i>Loyauté</i>), a group in the South Pacific Ocean belonging to France, about 100 m. E. of New Caledonia, with a total land area of about 1050 sq. m. and 20,000 inhabitants. It consists of Uea or Uvea (the northernmost), Lifu (the largest island, with an area of 650 sq. m.), Tiga -and several small islands and Mar or Nengone. They are coral +and several small islands and Maré or Nengone. They are coral islands of comparatively recent elevation, and in no place rise more than 250 ft. above the level of the sea. Enough of the rocky surface is covered with a thin coating of soil to enable @@ -14986,9 +14948,9 @@ group was discovered at the beginning of the 19th century, and Dumont d’Urville laid down the several islands in his chart. For many years the natives had a reputation as dangerous cannibals, but they are now among the most civilized Melanesians. -Christianity was introduced into Mar by native teachers from +Christianity was introduced into Maré by native teachers from Rarotonga and Samoa; missionaries were settled by the London -Missionary Society at Mar in 1854, at Lifu in 1859 and at Uea +Missionary Society at Maré in 1854, at Lifu in 1859 and at Uea in 1865: Roman Catholic missionaries also arrived from New Caledonia; and in 1864 the French, considering the islands a dependency of that colony, formally instituted a commandant. @@ -15005,7 +14967,7 @@ forth a protest from the British government.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LOYOLA, ST IGNATIUS OF<a name="ar149" id="ar149"></a></span> (1491-1556), founder of the Society of Jesus. Inigo Lopez de Recalde, son of Beltran, -lord of the noble houses of Loyola and Oaz, was born, according +lord of the noble houses of Loyola and Oñaz, was born, according to the generally accepted opinion, on the 24th of December 1491 at the castle of Loyola, which is situated on the river Urola, about 1 m. from the town of Azpeitia, in the province of @@ -15021,7 +14983,7 @@ settle certain disputes in the province he showed his dexterity in managing men.</p> <p>Despite the treaty of Noyon (1516), Charles V. kept Pampeluna, -the capital of Navarre. Andr de Foix, at the head of the French +the capital of Navarre. André de Foix, at the head of the French troops, laid siege to the town in 1521 and Ignatius was one of the defending garrison. In the hour of danger, the claims of religion reasserted themselves on the young soldier, and, following a @@ -15152,7 +15114,7 @@ of a grammar school. These both approved his plan; the one promised to teach him without payment and the other to provide him with the necessaries of life. Here, in his thirty-third year, he began to learn Latin, and after two years his master urged -him to go to Alcal to begin philosophy. During his stay of a +him to go to Alcalá to begin philosophy. During his stay of a year and a half in this university, besides his classes, he found occasion to give to some companions his <i>Spiritual Exercises</i> in the form they had then taken and certain instructions in Christian @@ -15171,7 +15133,7 @@ their absence, from the 21st of April 1527 to the 1st of June, he remained in prison, and was then set free with a prohibition against instructing others until he had spent four years in study.</p> -<p>Seeing his way thus barred at Alcal, he went with his +<p>Seeing his way thus barred at Alcalá, he went with his companions to Salamanca. Here the Dominicans, doubting the orthodoxy of the new-comers, had them put into prison, where they were chained foot to foot and fastened to a stake set up in @@ -15199,13 +15161,13 @@ intellectual leadership under the attacks of the Renaissance and the Reformation. In 1521 the university had condemned Luther’s <i>Babylonish Captivity</i>, and in 1527 Erasmus’s <i>Colloquies</i> met with the same fate. Soon after his arrival, Ignatius may -have seen in the Place de Grve the burning of Louis de Berquin +have seen in the Place de Grève the burning of Louis de Berquin for heresy.<a name="fa1w" id="fa1w" href="#ft1w"><span class="sp">1</span></a> At this period there were between twelve and fifteen thousand students attending the university, and the life was an extraordinary mixture of licentiousness and devout zeal. When Ignatius arrived in Paris, he lodged at first with some fellow-countrymen; and for two years attended the -lectures on humanities at the collge de Montaigu, supporting +lectures on humanities at the collège de Montaigu, supporting himself at first by the charity of Isabella Roser; but, a fellow-lodger defrauding him of his stock, he found himself destitute and compelled to beg his bread. He retired to the hospice @@ -15223,11 +15185,11 @@ Exercises</i>, with the result that the Inquisition made him give up speaking on religious subjects during the time he was a student. At the end of 1529 he came into contact with the men who were eventually to become the first fathers of the Society of Jesus. -He won over the Savoyard Pierre Lefvre (Faber), whose room +He won over the Savoyard Pierre Lefèvre (Faber), whose room he shared, and the Navarrese Francis Xavier, who taught philosophy in the college of St Barbara. Afterwards he became acquainted with the young Castilian, Diego Laynez, who had -heard of him at Acal and found him out in Paris. With +heard of him at Acalá and found him out in Paris. With Laynez came two other young men, the Toledan Alfonso Salmeron and the Portuguese Simon Rodriguez. Nicholas Bobadilla, a poor Spaniard who had finished his studies, was the next to @@ -15322,7 +15284,7 @@ windows there closed against him. He also said: “We must of necessity proceed with caution; and we must not make the acquaintance of women unless they be of very high rank.” They arrived in Rome in October 1537; and lived at first in a -little cottage in a vineyard and near the Trinit dei Monti. The +little cottage in a vineyard and near the Trinità dei Monti. The pope appointed Faber to teach Holy Scripture, and Laynez scholastic theology, in the university of the Sapienza. Ignatius was left free to carry on his spiritual work, which became so large @@ -15458,7 +15420,7 @@ Natal. Fever laid hold of him, and he died somewhat suddenly on the 31st of July 1556, without receiving or asking for the last sacraments. He was beatified in 1609 by Paul V. and canonized in 1628 by Gregory XV. His body lies under the altar in the -north transept of the Ges in Rome.</p> +north transept of the Gesù in Rome.</p> <p>His portrait is well known. The olive complexion, a face emaciated by austerities, the large forehead, the brilliant and @@ -15547,7 +15509,7 @@ give a list even of the other lives, most of which are without value as histories, being written mainly for edification. But the student may be referred to the modern books Henri Joli’s <i>St Ignace de Loyola</i> (Paris, 1899), which is based on the best authorities, and to H. -Mller’s curious <i>Les Origines de la Compagnie de Jsus</i> (Paris, 1898), +Müller’s curious <i>Les Origines de la Compagnie de Jésus</i> (Paris, 1898), in which the author tries to establish a Mahommedan origin for many of the ideas adopted by the saint.</p> @@ -15558,8 +15520,8 @@ in the third volume of the Avignon edition of the <i>Constitutions</i> (1830); Roothaan’s <i>Exercitia spiritualia S. P. Ignatii de Loyola, cum versione litterali ex autographo Hispanico, notis illustrata</i> (Namur, 1841); Diertino, <i>Historia exercitiorum S. P. Ignatii de Loyola</i> (1887). -Especially worthy of notice is P. Watrigant’s <i>La Gense des exercices -de Saint Ignace de Loyola</i>, republished from <i>Les tudes</i> (20th May, +Especially worthy of notice is P. Watrigant’s <i>La Genèse des exercices +de Saint Ignace de Loyola</i>, republished from <i>Les Études</i> (20th May, 20th July, 20th October 1897).</p> </div> <div class="author">(E. Tn.)</div> @@ -15581,7 +15543,7 @@ tongue.—</p> <p><span class="bold">LOZENGE<a name="ar150" id="ar150"></a></span> (from the Fr. <i>losenge</i>, or <i>losange</i>; the word also appears in Span. <i>losanje</i>, and Ital. <i>losanga</i>; perhaps derived from a word meaning a stone slab laid on a grave, which appears -in forms such as Provenal <i>lousa</i>, Span. <i>losa</i>, the ultimate origin +in forms such as Provençal <i>lousa</i>, Span. <i>losa</i>, the ultimate origin of which is unknown, the Lat. <i>lapis</i>, stone, or <i>laus</i>, praise, in the sense of epitaph, have been suggested), properly a four equal-sided figure, having two acute and two obtuse angles, a rhomb @@ -15601,72 +15563,72 @@ with the arms of Scotland on the obverse side was called a <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LOZRE,<a name="ar151" id="ar151"></a></span> a department of south-eastern France belonging -to the central plateau, composed of almost the whole of Gvaudan -and of some portions of the old dioceses of Uzs and Alais, +<p><span class="bold">LOZÈRE,<a name="ar151" id="ar151"></a></span> a department of south-eastern France belonging +to the central plateau, composed of almost the whole of Gévaudan +and of some portions of the old dioceses of Uzès and Alais, districts all formerly included in the province of Languedoc. Pop. (1906) 128,016. Area, 1999 sq. m. It is bounded N. by -Cantal and Haute-Loire, E. by Ardche and Gard, S. by Gard -and Aveyron and W. by Aveyron and Cantal. Lozre is mountainous +Cantal and Haute-Loire, E. by Ardèche and Gard, S. by Gard +and Aveyron and W. by Aveyron and Cantal. Lozère is mountainous throughout and in average elevation is the highest of all the French departments. It has three distinct regions—the -Cvennes proper to the south-east, the <i>causses</i> to the south-west +Cévennes proper to the south-east, the <i>causses</i> to the south-west and the mountain tracts which occupy the rest of its area. The -Cvennes begin (within Lozre) with Mont Aigoual, which rises +Cévennes begin (within Lozère) with Mont Aigoual, which rises to a height of more than 5100 ft.; parallel to this are the mountains -of Bougs, bold and bare on their southern face, but falling +of Bougès, bold and bare on their southern face, but falling gently with wooded slopes towards the Tarn which roughly -limits the Cvennes on the north. To the north of the Tarn is the -range of Lozre, including the peak of Finiels, the highest point +limits the Cévennes on the north. To the north of the Tarn is the +range of Lozère, including the peak of Finiels, the highest point of the department (5584 ft.). Farther on occurs the broad marshy plateau of Montbel, which drains southward to the Lot, northwards to the Allier, eastward by the Chassezac to -the Ardche. From this plateau extend the mountains of +the Ardèche. From this plateau extend the mountains of La Margeride, undulating granitic tablelands partly clothed with woods of oak, beech and fir, and partly covered with pastures, to which flocks are brought from lower Languedoc in summer. The highest point (Truc de Randon) reaches 5098 ft. Adjoining the Margeride hills on the west is the volcanic range of Aubrac, a pastoral district where horned cattle take the place of sheep; -the highest point is 4826 ft. The <i>causses</i> of Lozre, having an area +the highest point is 4826 ft. The <i>causses</i> of Lozère, having an area of about 564 sq. m., are calcareous, fissured and arid, but separated from each other by deep and well-watered gorges, contrasting with the desolate aspect of the plateaus. The <i>causse</i> of Sauveterre, between the Lot and the Tarn, ranges from 3000 to 3300 ft. -in height; that of Mjan has nearly the same average altitude, +in height; that of Méjan has nearly the same average altitude, but has peaks some 1000 ft. higher. Between these two causses the Tarn valley is among the most picturesque in France. -Lozre is watered entirely by rivers rising within its own boundaries, -being in this respect unique. The climate of Lozre varies +Lozère is watered entirely by rivers rising within its own boundaries, +being in this respect unique. The climate of Lozère varies greatly with the locality. The mean temperature of Mende -(50 F.) is below that of Paris; that of the mountains is always +(50° F.) is below that of Paris; that of the mountains is always low, but on the <i>causses</i> the summer is scorching and the winter -severe; in the Cvennes the climate becomes mild enough at +severe; in the Cévennes the climate becomes mild enough at their base (656 ft.) to permit the growth of the olive. Rain falls in violent storms, causing disastrous floods. On the Mediterranean versant there are 76 in., in the Garonne basin 46 and in that of the Loire only 28. Sheep and cattle-rearing and cheese-making are the chief occupations. Bees are kept, and, among -the Cvennes, silkworms. Large quantities of chestnuts are -exported from the Cvennes, where they form an important article +the Cévennes, silkworms. Large quantities of chestnuts are +exported from the Cévennes, where they form an important article of diet. In the valley of the Lot wheat and fruit are the chief products; elsewhere rye is the chief cereal, and oats, barley, meslin and potatoes are also grown. Fruit trees and leguminous -plants are irrigated by small canals (<i>bals</i>) on terraces made and +plants are irrigated by small canals (<i>béals</i>) on terraces made and maintained with much labour. Lead, zinc and antimony are found. Saw-milling, the manufacture of wooden shoes and wool-spinning are carried on; otherwise industries are few and unimportant. Of mineral springs, those of Bagnols-les-Bains are most frequented. The line of the Paris-Lyon company from -Paris to Nmes traverses the eastern border of the department, +Paris to Nîmes traverses the eastern border of the department, which is also served by the Midi railway with the line from -Neussargues to Bziers via Marvjols. The arrondissements -are Mende, Florac and Marvjols; the cantons number 24, -the communes 198. Lozre forms the diocese of Mende and part +Neussargues to Béziers via Marvéjols. The arrondissements +are Mende, Florac and Marvéjols; the cantons number 24, +the communes 198. Lozère forms the diocese of Mende and part of the ecclesiastical province of Albi. It falls within the region -of the XVI. army corps, the circumscriptions of the <i>acadmie</i> +of the XVI. army corps, the circumscriptions of the <i>académie</i> (educational division) of Montpellier and the appeal court of -Nmes. Mende (<i>q.v.</i>) is its most important town.</p> +Nîmes. Mende (<i>q.v.</i>) is its most important town.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> @@ -15714,9 +15676,9 @@ The language is Pampangan.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LBBEN,<a name="ar154" id="ar154"></a></span> a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of +<p><span class="bold">LÜBBEN,<a name="ar154" id="ar154"></a></span> a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Brandenburg, on the Spree, 47 m. S.S.E. of Berlin, on the railway -to Grlitz. Pop. (1905) 7173. It is the chief town of the +to Görlitz. Pop. (1905) 7173. It is the chief town of the Spreewald, and has saw-mills and manufactories of hosiery, shoes and paper, and is famous for its <i>gurken</i>, or small pickling cucumbers. The poet Paul Gerhardt (1607-1676) was pastor @@ -15724,12 +15686,12 @@ here and is buried in the parish church.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LBECK,<a name="ar155" id="ar155"></a></span> a state and city (<i>Freie und Hansestadt Lbeck</i>) -of Germany. The <i>principality</i> of Lbeck, lying north of the +<p><span class="bold">LÜBECK,<a name="ar155" id="ar155"></a></span> a state and city (<i>Freie und Hansestadt Lübeck</i>) +of Germany. The <i>principality</i> of Lübeck, lying north of the state, is a constituent of the grand-duchy of Oldenburg (<i>q.v.</i>). The state is situated on an arm of the Baltic between Holstein -and Mecklenburg-Schwerin. It consists of the city of Lbeck, -the town of Travemnde, 49 villages and the country districts, +and Mecklenburg-Schwerin. It consists of the city of Lübeck, +the town of Travemünde, 49 villages and the country districts, embraces 115 sq. m. of territory, and had a population in 1907 of 109,265, of which 93,978 were included in the city and its immediate suburbs. The state lies in the lowlands of the Baltic, is diversified @@ -15737,7 +15699,7 @@ by gently swelling hills, and watered by the Trave and its tributaries, the Wakenitz and the Stecknitz. The soil is fertile, and, with the exception of forest land (14% of the whole area), is mostly devoted to market gardening. Trade is centred in -the city of Lbeck.</p> +the city of Lübeck.</p> <p>The constitution of the free state is republican, and, by the fundamental law of 1875, amended in 1905 and again in 1907, @@ -15745,9 +15707,9 @@ consists of two assemblies. (1) The Senate of fourteen members, of whom eight must belong to the learned professions, and six of these again must be jurists, while of the remaining six, five must be merchants. The Senate represents the sovereignty of -the state and is presided over by the <i>Oberbrgermeister</i>, who during +the state and is presided over by the <i>Oberbürgermeister</i>, who during his two years’ term of office bears the title of “magnificence.” -(2) The House of Burgesses (Brgerschaft), of 120 members, +(2) The House of Burgesses (Bürgerschaft), of 120 members, elected by free suffrage and exercising its powers partly in its collective capacity and partly through a committee of thirty members. Purely commercial matters are dealt with by the @@ -15757,7 +15719,7 @@ brokers, shipping agents and underwriters. The executive is in the hands of the Senate, but the House of Burgesses has the right of initiating legislation, including that relative to foreign treaties; the sanction of both chambers is required to the -passing of any new law. Lbeck has a court of first instance +passing of any new law. Lübeck has a court of first instance (<i>Amtsgericht</i>) and a high court of justice (<i>Landgericht</i>); from the latter appeals lie to the Hanseatic court of appeal (<i>Oberlandesgericht</i>) at Hamburg, and from this again to the supreme court @@ -15766,8 +15728,8 @@ all Lutherans, and education is compulsory between the ages of six and fourteen.</p> <p>The estimated revenue for the year 1908-1909 amounted to -about 650,000, and the expenditure to a like sum. The public -debt amounted, in 1908, to about 2,518,000. Lbeck has one +about £650,000, and the expenditure to a like sum. The public +debt amounted, in 1908, to about £2,518,000. Lübeck has one vote in the federal council (<i>Bundesrat</i>) of the German Empire, and sends one representative to the imperial parliament (<i>Reichstag</i>).</p> @@ -15777,7 +15739,7 @@ was administered to the inhabitants by the <i>Vogt</i> (<i>advocatus</i>) of the count of Holstein. Simultaneously with its incorporation by Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, who presented the city with its own mint toll and market, there appears a magistracy -of six, chosen probably by the <i>Vogt</i> from the <i>Schffen</i> (<i>scabini, +of six, chosen probably by the <i>Vogt</i> from the <i>Schöffen</i> (<i>scabini, probi homines</i>). The members of the town council had to be freemen, born in lawful wedlock, in the enjoyment of estates in freehold and of unstained repute. Vassals or servants of any @@ -15814,7 +15776,7 @@ chiefly from the gilds, took their place. In 1416, however, owing to the pressure brought to bear by the Hansa, by the emperor Sigismund and by Eric, king of Denmark, there was a restoration. The aristocratic government was again expelled under the -dictatorship of Jrgen Wullenweber (<i>c.</i> 1492-1537), till the old +dictatorship of Jürgen Wullenweber (<i>c.</i> 1492-1537), till the old order was re-established in 1535. In the constitution of 1669, under the pressure of a large public debt, the great companies yielded a specified share in the financial administration to the @@ -15835,12 +15797,12 @@ postal dues to the German Empire; but it has preserved its municipal self-government and its own territory, the inhabitants of which enjoy equal political privileges with the citizens.</p> -<p><i>The City of Lbeck.</i>—Lbeck, the capital of the free state, was +<p><i>The City of Lübeck.</i>—Lübeck, the capital of the free state, was formerly the head of the Hanseatic League. It is situated on a gentle ridge between the rivers Trave and Wakenitz, 10 m. S.W. -of the mouth of the former in the bay of Lbeck, 40 m. by rail -N.E. of Hamburg, at the junction of lines to Eutin, Bchen, -Travemnde and Strassburg (in Mecklenburg-Schwerin) and +of the mouth of the former in the bay of Lübeck, 40 m. by rail +N.E. of Hamburg, at the junction of lines to Eutin, Büchen, +Travemünde and Strassburg (in Mecklenburg-Schwerin) and consists of an inner town and three suburbs. The former ramparts between the Trave and the old town ditch have been converted into promenades. The city proper retains much of its @@ -15868,7 +15830,7 @@ the most remarkable municipal archives in existence as well as valuable collections of historical documents.</p> <p>The poet, Emanuel Geibel (1889), and the painter, Johann -Friedrich Overbeck (1789-1869), were natives of Lbeck. This +Friedrich Overbeck (1789-1869), were natives of Lübeck. This city is famous for the number and wealth of its charitable institutions. Its position as the first German emporium of the west end of the Baltic has been to some extent impaired by @@ -15880,10 +15842,10 @@ and the Elbe, the river up to the wharves has been deepened to 23 ft. or more. The river is kept open in winter by ice-breakers. A harbour was made in 1899-1900 on the Wakenitz Canal for boats engaged in inland traffic, especially on the Elbe and Elbe-Trave -Canal. Lbeck trades principally with Denmark, Sweden, +Canal. Lübeck trades principally with Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the eastern provinces of Prussia, Great Britain and the United States. The imports amounted in value to about -4,850,000 in 1906 and the exports to over 10,000,000. The +£4,850,000 in 1906 and the exports to over £10,000,000. The chief articles of import are coal, grain, timber, copper, steel and wine, and the exports are manufactured goods principally to Russia and Scandivania. The industries are growing, the chief @@ -15892,10 +15854,10 @@ shipbuilding, fish-curing, the manufacture of machinery, engines, bricks, resin, preserves, enamelled and tin goods, cigars, furniture, soap and leather. Pop. (1885) 55,399; (1905) 91,541.</p> -<p><i>History.</i>—Old Lbeck stood on the left bank of the Trave, +<p><i>History.</i>—Old Lübeck stood on the left bank of the Trave, where it is joined by the river Schwartau, and was destroyed in 1138. Five years later Count Adolphus II. of Holstein founded -new Lbeck, a few miles farther up, on the peninsula Buku, +new Lübeck, a few miles farther up, on the peninsula Buku, where the Trave is joined on the right by the Wakenitz, the emissary of the lake of Ratzeburg. An excellent harbour, sheltered against pirates, it became almost at once a competitor @@ -15911,7 +15873,7 @@ Soest, Bardowiek and other localities in Lower Germany, who already navigated the Baltic and had their factory in Gotland, settled in the new town, where Wendish speech and customs never entered. About 1157 Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, -forced his vassal, the count of Holstein, to give up Lbeck to +forced his vassal, the count of Holstein, to give up Lübeck to him; and in 1163 he removed thither the episcopal see of Oldenburg (Stargard), founding at the same time the dioceses of Ratzeburg and Schwerin. He issued the first charter to the @@ -15928,54 +15890,54 @@ they recognized only one right of judicature within the town, to which nobles as well as artisans had to submit. Under these circumstances the population grew rapidly in wealth and influence by land and sea, so that, when Henry was attainted by the -emperor, Frederick I., who came in person to besiege Lbeck +emperor, Frederick I., who came in person to besiege Lübeck in 1181, this potentate, “in consideration of its revenues and its situation on the frontier of the Empire,” fixed by charter, dated the 19th of September 1188, the limits, and enlarged the liberties, -of the free town. In the year 1201 Lbeck was conquered by +of the free town. In the year 1201 Lübeck was conquered by Waldemar II. of Denmark. But in 1223 it regained its liberty, after the king had been taken captive by the count of Schwerin. In 1226 it was made a free city of the Empire by Frederick II., and its inhabitants took part with the enemies of the Danish -king in the victory of Bornhvede in July 1227. The citizens +king in the victory of Bornhövede in July 1227. The citizens repelled the encroachments of their neighbours in Holstein and in Mecklenburg. On the other hand their town, being the principal emporium of the Baltic by the middle of the 13th century, acted as the firm ally of the Teutonic knights in Livonia. Emigrants founded new cities and new sees of Low German speech among alien and pagan races; and thus in the course -of a century the commerce of Lbeck had supplanted that of +of a century the commerce of Lübeck had supplanted that of Westphalia. In connexion with the Germans at Visby, the capital of Gotland, and at Riga, where they had a house from -1231, the people of Lbeck with their armed vessels scoured the +1231, the people of Lübeck with their armed vessels scoured the sea between the Trave and the Neva. They were encouraged by papal bulls in their contest for the rights of property in wrecks and for the protection of shipping against pirates and slave-hunters. -Before the close of the century the statutes of Lbeck +Before the close of the century the statutes of Lübeck were adopted by most Baltic towns having a German population, and Visby protested in vain against the city on the Trave having become the court of appeal for nearly all these cities, and even for the German settlement in Russian Novgorod. In course of time more than a hundred places were embraced in this relation, the last vestiges of which did not disappear until the beginning -of the 18th century. From about 1299 Lbeck presided over a +of the 18th century. From about 1299 Lübeck presided over a league of cities, Wismar, Rostock, Stralsund, Greifswald and some smaller ones, and this Hansa of towns became heir to a Hansa of traders simultaneously on the eastern and the western -sea, after Lbeck and her confederates had been admitted to the +sea, after Lübeck and her confederates had been admitted to the same privileges with Cologne, Dortmund and Soest at Bruges and in the steelyards of London, Lynn and Boston. The union held its own, chiefly along the maritime outskirts of the Empire, rather against the will of king and emperor, but nevertheless Rudolph of Habsburg and several of his successors issued new -charters to Lbeck. As early as 1241 Lbeck, Hamburg and +charters to Lübeck. As early as 1241 Lübeck, Hamburg and Soest had combined to secure their highways against robber knights. Treaties to enforce the public peace were concluded in 1291 and 1338 with the dukes of Brunswick, Mecklenburg and Pomerania, and the count of Holstein. Though the great federal armament against Waldemar IV., the destroyer of Visby, was decreed by the city representatives assembled at Cologne in -1367, Lbeck was the leading spirit in the war which ended with +1367, Lübeck was the leading spirit in the war which ended with the surrender of Copenhagen and the peace concluded at Stralsund on the 24th of May 1370. Her burgomaster, Brun Warendorp, who commanded the combined naval and land forces, died on @@ -15986,11 +15948,11 @@ ship, was adopted as the common seal of the confederated towns of the 15th century the power of the Hanseatic League began to decline, owing to the rise of Burgundy in the west, of Poland and Russia in the east and the emancipation of the Scandinavian -kingdom from the union of Calmar. Still Lbeck, even when +kingdom from the union of Calmar. Still Lübeck, even when nearly isolated, strove to preserve its predominance in a war with Denmark (1501-12), supporting Gustavus Vasa in Sweden, lording it over the north of Europe during the years 1534 and 1535 -in the person of Jrgen Wullenweber, the democratic burgomaster, +in the person of Jürgen Wullenweber, the democratic burgomaster, who professed the most advanced principles of the Reformation, and engaging with Sweden in a severe naval war (1536-70).</p> @@ -16002,60 +15964,60 @@ early as 1425 the herring, a constant source of early wealth, began to forsake the Baltic waters. Later on, by the discovery of a new continent, commerce was diverted into new directions. Finally, with the Thirty Years’ War, misfortunes came thick. -The last Hanseatic diet met at Lbeck in 1630, shortly after +The last Hanseatic diet met at Lübeck in 1630, shortly after Wallenstein’s unsuccessful attack on Stralsund; and from that time merciless sovereign powers stopped free intercourse on all sides. Danes and Swedes battled for the possession of the Sound and for its heavy dues. The often changing masters of Holstein and Lauenburg abstracted much of the valuable landed property -of the city and of the chapter of Lbeck. Towards the end of +of the city and of the chapter of Lübeck. Towards the end of <span class="pagenum"><a name="page87" id="page87"></a>87</span> the 18th century there were signs of improvement. Though the Danes temporarily occupied the town in 1801, it preserved its freedom and gained some of the chapter lands when the imperial constitution of Germany was broken up by the act of February 1803, while trade and commerce prospered for a few -years. But in November 1806, when Blcher, retiring from +years. But in November 1806, when Blücher, retiring from the catastrophe of Jena, had to capitulate in the vicinity of -Lbeck, the town was sacked by the French. Napoleon annexed +Lübeck, the town was sacked by the French. Napoleon annexed it to his empire in December 1810. But it rose against the French in March 1813, was re-occupied by them till the 5th of December, and was ultimately declared a free and Hanse town of the German Confederation by the act of Vienna of the 9th of June 1815. The Hanseatic League, however, having never been officially -dissolved, Lbeck still enjoyed its traditional connexion with +dissolved, Lübeck still enjoyed its traditional connexion with Bremen and Hamburg. In 1853 they sold their common property, the London Steelyard; until 1866 they enlisted by special contract their military contingents for the German Confederation, -and down to 1879 they had their own court of appeal at Lbeck. -Lbeck joined the North German Confederation in 1866, profiting +and down to 1879 they had their own court of appeal at Lübeck. +Lübeck joined the North German Confederation in 1866, profiting by the retirement from Holstein and Lauenburg of the Danes, whose interference had prevented as long as possible a direct -railway between Lbeck and Hamburg. On the 27th of June -1867 Lbeck concluded a military convention with Prussia, +railway between Lübeck and Hamburg. On the 27th of June +1867 Lübeck concluded a military convention with Prussia, and on the 11th of August 1868 entered the German Customs Union (<i>Zollverein</i>), though reserving to itself certain privileges in respect of its considerable wine trade and commerce with the Baltic ports.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See E. Deecke, <i>Die Freie und Hansestadt Lbeck</i> (4th ed., Lbeck, -1881) and <i>Lbische Geschichten und Sagen</i> (Lbeck, 1891); M. Hoffmann, -<i>Geschichte der Freien und Hansestadt Lbeck</i> (Lbeck, 1889-1892) -and <i>Chronik von Lbeck</i> (Lbeck, 1908); <i>Die Freie und -Hansestadt Lbeck</i>, published by <i>Die geographische Gesellschaft in -Lbeck</i> (Lbeck, 1891); C. W. Pauli, <i>Lbecksche Zustnde im Mittelalter</i> -(Lbeck, 1846-1878); J. Geffcken, <i>Lbeck in der Mitte des 16<span class="sp">ten</span> -Jahrhunderts</i> (Lbeck, 1905); P. Hasse, <i>Die Anfange Lbecks</i> -(Lbeck, 1893); H. Bdeker, <i>Geschichte der Freien und Hansestadt -Lbeck</i> (Lbeck, 1898); A. Holm, <i>Lbeck, die Freie und Hansestadt</i> -(Bielefeld, 1900); G. Waitz, <i>Lbeck unter Jrgen Wullenweber</i> (Berlin, -1855-1856); Klug, <i>Geschichte Lbecks whrend der Vereinigung mit -dem franzsischen Kaiserreich</i> (Lbeck, 1857); F. Frensdorff, <i>Die -Stadt- und Gerichtsverfassung Lbecks im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert</i> -(Lbeck, 1861); the <i>Urkundenbuch der Stadt Lbeck</i> (Lbeck, 1843-1904); -the <i>Lbecker Chroniken</i> (Leipzig, 1884-1903); and the -<i>Zeitschrift des Vereins fr lbeckische Geschichte</i> (Lbeck, 1860 fol.).</p> +<p>See E. Deecke, <i>Die Freie und Hansestadt Lübeck</i> (4th ed., Lübeck, +1881) and <i>Lübische Geschichten und Sagen</i> (Lübeck, 1891); M. Hoffmann, +<i>Geschichte der Freien und Hansestadt Lübeck</i> (Lübeck, 1889-1892) +and <i>Chronik von Lübeck</i> (Lübeck, 1908); <i>Die Freie und +Hansestadt Lübeck</i>, published by <i>Die geographische Gesellschaft in +Lübeck</i> (Lübeck, 1891); C. W. Pauli, <i>Lübecksche Zustände im Mittelalter</i> +(Lübeck, 1846-1878); J. Geffcken, <i>Lübeck in der Mitte des 16<span class="sp">ten</span> +Jahrhunderts</i> (Lübeck, 1905); P. Hasse, <i>Die Anfange Lübecks</i> +(Lübeck, 1893); H. Bödeker, <i>Geschichte der Freien und Hansestadt +Lübeck</i> (Lübeck, 1898); A. Holm, <i>Lübeck, die Freie und Hansestadt</i> +(Bielefeld, 1900); G. Waitz, <i>Lübeck unter Jürgen Wullenweber</i> (Berlin, +1855-1856); Klug, <i>Geschichte Lübecks während der Vereinigung mit +dem französischen Kaiserreich</i> (Lübeck, 1857); F. Frensdorff, <i>Die +Stadt- und Gerichtsverfassung Lübecks im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert</i> +(Lübeck, 1861); the <i>Urkundenbuch der Stadt Lübeck</i> (Lübeck, 1843-1904); +the <i>Lübecker Chroniken</i> (Leipzig, 1884-1903); and the +<i>Zeitschrift des Vereins für lübeckische Geschichte</i> (Lübeck, 1860 fol.).</p> </div> <div class="author">(R. P.; P. A. A.)</div> @@ -16091,9 +16053,9 @@ a considerable portion of the population. The government is divided into ten districts, the chief towns of which, with their populations in 1897, are—Lublin, capital of the province (50,152); Biegoray (6286); Cholm (19,236); Hrubieszow (10,699); -Yanw (7927); Krasnystaw or Kraznostav (8879); Lubartow +Yanów (7927); Krasnystaw or Kraznostav (8879); Lubartow (5249); Nova-Alexandrya or Pulawy (3892); Samostye (12,400); -and Tomaszw (6224).</p> +and Tomaszów (6224).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> @@ -16457,7 +16419,7 @@ the theoretical assumption that there is no asymptotic law of diminution of the resistance, since, starting from rest, the rate of sliding increases. The theoretical substitution of ideal rigid bodies with geometrically regular surfaces, sliding in contact -under pressure at the common regular surface, for the arated +under pressure at the common regular surface, for the aërated surfaces in the actual circumstances, and the theoretical substitution of the absolute independence of the resistance of the rate of sliding for the limited independence in the actual circumstances, @@ -16503,7 +16465,7 @@ that at the outgoing side.</p> <p>When the general equations of viscous fluids had been shown as the result of the labours of C. L. M. H. Navier,<a name="fa1x" id="fa1x" href="#ft1x"><span class="sp">1</span></a> A. L. -Cauchy,<a name="fa2x" id="fa2x" href="#ft2x"><span class="sp">2</span></a> S. D. Poisson,<a name="fa3x" id="fa3x" href="#ft3x"><span class="sp">3</span></a> A. J. C. Barr de St Venant,<a name="fa4x" id="fa4x" href="#ft4x"><span class="sp">4</span></a> and in 1845 of Sir +Cauchy,<a name="fa2x" id="fa2x" href="#ft2x"><span class="sp">2</span></a> S. D. Poisson,<a name="fa3x" id="fa3x" href="#ft3x"><span class="sp">3</span></a> A. J. C. Barré de St Venant,<a name="fa4x" id="fa4x" href="#ft4x"><span class="sp">4</span></a> and in 1845 of Sir G. Gabriel Stokes,<a name="fa5x" id="fa5x" href="#ft5x"><span class="sp">5</span></a> to involve no other assumption than that the stresses, other than the pressure equal in all directions, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page90" id="page90"></a>90</span> @@ -16616,7 +16578,7 @@ of the lubricant:—</p> <table class="math0" summary="math"> <tr><td rowspan="2">0 =</td> <td>dp</td> -<td rowspan="2">− μu, &c., &c., 0 =</td> <td>du</td> +<td rowspan="2">− μ²u, &c., &c., 0 =</td> <td>du</td> <td rowspan="2">+</td> <td>dv</td> <td rowspan="2">+</td> <td>dw</td> </tr> @@ -16642,17 +16604,17 @@ reduce to</p> <table class="math0" summary="math"> <tr><td rowspan="2">0 =</td> <td>dp</td> -<td rowspan="2">− μ</td> <td>du</td> +<td rowspan="2">− μ</td> <td>d²u</td> <td rowspan="2">, 0 =</td> <td>dp</td> <td rowspan="2">, 0 =</td> <td>dp</td> -<td rowspan="2">− μ</td> <td>dw</td> +<td rowspan="2">− μ</td> <td>d²w</td> <td rowspan="2">, 0 =</td> <td>du</td> <td rowspan="2">+</td> <td>dv</td> <td rowspan="2">+</td> <td>dw</td> </tr> -<tr><td class="denom">dx</td> <td class="denom">dy</td> +<tr><td class="denom">dx</td> <td class="denom">dy²</td> <td class="denom">dy</td> <td class="denom">dz</td> -<td class="denom">dy</td> <td class="denom">dx</td> +<td class="denom">dy²</td> <td class="denom">dx</td> <td class="denom">dy</td> <td class="denom">dz</td></tr></table> <table class="math0" summary="math"> @@ -16704,9 +16666,9 @@ any point x, z, between the boundaries:—</p> <table class="math0" summary="math"> <tr><td>d</td> -<td rowspan="2"><span class="f200">(</span> h</td> <td>dp</td> +<td rowspan="2"><span class="f200">(</span> h³</td> <td>dp</td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="f200">)</span> +</td> <td>d</td> -<td rowspan="2"><span class="f200">(</span> h</td> <td>dp</td> +<td rowspan="2"><span class="f200">(</span> h³</td> <td>dp</td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="f200">)</span> = 6μ <span class="f200">{</span> (U<span class="su">0</span> + U<span class="su">1</span>)</td> <td>dh</td> <td rowspan="2">+ 2V<span class="su">1</span> <span class="f200">}</span></td></tr> <tr><td class="denom">dx</td> <td class="denom">dz</td> @@ -16721,14 +16683,14 @@ lower and upper surfaces:—</p> <table class="math0" summary="math"> <tr><td rowspan="2">ƒ<span class="su">x</span> = μ (U<span class="su">1</span> − U<span class="su">0</span>)</td> <td>1</td> -<td rowspan="2"></td> <td>h</td> +<td rowspan="2">±</td> <td>h</td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td>dp</td> </tr> <tr><td class="denom">h</td> <td class="denom">2</td> <td class="denom">dx</td></tr></table> <table class="math0" summary="math"> -<tr><td rowspan="2">ƒ<span class="su">x</span> = </td> <td>h</td> +<tr><td rowspan="2">ƒ<span class="su">x</span> = ±</td> <td>h</td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td>dp</td> </tr> <tr><td class="denom">2</td> <td class="denom">dx</td></tr></table> @@ -16803,11 +16765,11 @@ the slipperiness of ice (<i>Mem. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc.</i>, 1899).</p> <hr class="foot" /> <div class="note"> -<p><a name="ft1x" id="ft1x" href="#fa1x"><span class="fn">1</span></a> <i>Mm. de l’Acad.</i> (1826), 6, p. 389.</p> +<p><a name="ft1x" id="ft1x" href="#fa1x"><span class="fn">1</span></a> <i>Mém. de l’Acad.</i> (1826), 6, p. 389.</p> -<p><a name="ft2x" id="ft2x" href="#fa2x"><span class="fn">2</span></a> <i>Mm. des sav. trang.</i> l. 40.</p> +<p><a name="ft2x" id="ft2x" href="#fa2x"><span class="fn">2</span></a> <i>Mém. des sav. étrang.</i> l. 40.</p> -<p><a name="ft3x" id="ft3x" href="#fa3x"><span class="fn">3</span></a> <i>Mm. de l’Acad.</i> (1831), 10, p. 345.</p> +<p><a name="ft3x" id="ft3x" href="#fa3x"><span class="fn">3</span></a> <i>Mém. de l’Acad.</i> (1831), 10, p. 345.</p> <p><a name="ft4x" id="ft4x" href="#fa4x"><span class="fn">4</span></a> <i>B.A. Report</i> (1846).</p> @@ -17264,20 +17226,20 @@ engraver. It was the time when art found patrons among the public that could ill afford to buy pictures, yet had enough interest in culture to satisfy itself by means of prints. Lucas van Leyden became the representative man for the public -of Holland as Drer for that of Germany; and a rivalry grew +of Holland as Dürer for that of Germany; and a rivalry grew up between the two engravers, which came to be so close that on the neutral market of Italy the products of each were all -but evenly quoted. Vasari affirmed that Drer surpassed +but evenly quoted. Vasari affirmed that Dürer surpassed Lucas as a designer, but that in the use of the graver they were both unsurpassed, a judgment which has not been reversed. -But the rivalry was friendly. About the time when Drer +But the rivalry was friendly. About the time when Dürer visited the Netherlands Lucas went to Antwerp, which then flourished as an international mart for productions of the pencil and the graver, and it is thought that he was the master who took the freedom of the Antwerp gild in 1521 under the name -of Lucas the Hollander. In Drer’s diary kept during his travels +of Lucas the Hollander. In Dürer’s diary kept during his travels in the Low Countries, we find that at Antwerp he met Lucas, -who asked him to dinner, and that Drer accepted. He valued +who asked him to dinner, and that Dürer accepted. He valued the art of Lucas at its true figure, and exchanged the Dutchman’s prints for eight florins’ worth of his own. In 1527 Lucas made a tour of the Netherlands, giving dinners to the painters of the @@ -17297,11 +17259,11 @@ Henry IV.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>As an engraver Lucas van Leyden deserves his reputation. He has -not the genius, nor had he the artistic tact, of Drer; and he displays +not the genius, nor had he the artistic tact, of Dürer; and he displays more cleverness of expression than skill in distribution or in refinement in details. But his power in handling the graver is great, and some of his portraits, especially his own, are equal to anything by the -master of Nremberg. Much that he accomplished as a painter has +master of Nüremberg. Much that he accomplished as a painter has been lost, because he worked a good deal upon cloth in distemper. In 1522 he painted the “Virgin and Child with the Magdalen and a Kneeling Donor,” now in the gallery of Munich. His manner was @@ -17348,7 +17310,7 @@ too richly decorated exteriors, fine apsidal ends and quadrangular campaniles, in some cases with battlemented summits, and windows increasing in number as they ascend. In style they are an imitation of the Pisan. It is remarkable that in the arcades -a pillar generally occupies the middle of the faade. The cathedral +a pillar generally occupies the middle of the façade. The cathedral of St Martin was begun in 1063 by Bishop Anselm (later Pope Alexander II.); but the great apse with its tall columnar arcades and the fine campanile are probably the only remnants @@ -17381,7 +17343,7 @@ the Father” and another Madonna by him; also some sculptures by Civitali, and some good wood carving, including choir stalls. In the cathedral choir is good stained glass of 1485. The church of St Michael, founded in the 8th century, and built of marble -within and without, has a lofty and magnificent western faade +within and without, has a lofty and magnificent western façade (1188)—an architectural screen rising much above the roof of the church. The interior is good but rather bare. The church of St Martino at Arliano near Lucca belongs to the first half of the @@ -17402,7 +17364,7 @@ of the 12th century), S. Cristoforo, San Romano (rebuilt in the in 1578 by Ammanati, and now the residence of the prefect and seat of the provincial officers and the public picture gallery; the early Renaissance Palazzo Pretorio, or former residence of -the podest, now the seat of the civil and correctional courts; +the podestà, now the seat of the civil and correctional courts; the palace, erected in the 15th century by a member of the Guinigi family, of brick, in the Italian Gothic style, and now serving as a poor-house; the 16th-century palace of the marquis @@ -17415,7 +17377,7 @@ city (<i>Piazza del Mercato</i>) has taken possession of the arena of the ancient amphitheatre, the outer arches of which can still be seen in the surrounding buildings. The whole building, belonging probably to the early Empire, measured 135 by 105 yds., and -the arena 87 by 58 yds. The outline of the ancient theatre can +the arena 87½ by 58 yds. The outline of the ancient theatre can be traced in the Piazza delle Grazie, and some of its substructure walls are preserved. The ancient forum was on the site of the Piazza S. Michele in the centre of the town; remains of a small @@ -17533,7 +17495,7 @@ in 1284 by Guidone de Corvaia, a Pisan historian (Muratori, <i>R.I.S.</i> vol. xxii.). Fallopius, who gave them credit for the cure of his own deafness, sounded their praises in 1569; and they have been more or less in fashion since. The temperature -of the water varies from 98 to 130 Fahr.; in all cases it gives +of the water varies from 98° to 130° Fahr.; in all cases it gives off carbonic acid gas and contains lime, magnesium and sodium products. In the village of Bagno Caldo there is a hospital constructed largely at the expense of Nicholas Demidoff in @@ -17574,7 +17536,7 @@ in his literary relations with Italy. Frederick William II., who recognized his gifts for diplomacy, sent him in 1787 to Rome to obtain the papal sanction for the appointment of a coadjutor to the bishop of Mainz, with a view to strengthening the German -Frstenbund. In 1788 he was sent to Warsaw, and brought +Fürstenbund. In 1788 he was sent to Warsaw, and brought about a rapprochement with Prussia and a diminution of Russian influence at Warsaw. He was accredited ambassador to the king and republic of Poland on the 12th of April 1789. @@ -17629,7 +17591,7 @@ of Jena on the 14th of October he had an interview with Duroc near Wittenberg to seek terms of peace. After two unsuccessful attempts at negotiation, the first draft being refused by Napoleon, the second by Frederick William, he joined the Prussian court -at Knigsberg only to learn that his services were no longer +at Königsberg only to learn that his services were no longer required. He then joined the court of Elisa, grand duchess of Tuscany, at Lucca and Florence, and after Napoleon’s fall devoted himself to writing. He died on the 20th of October @@ -17661,14 +17623,14 @@ Granada was taken prisoner in 1483.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LUCERA,<a name="ar173" id="ar173"></a></span> a town and episcopal see of Apulia, Italy, 12 m. +<p><span class="bold">LUCERA,<a name="ar173" id="ar173"></a></span> a town and episcopal see of Apulia, Italy, 12½ m. W.N.W. by rail of Foggia. Pop. (1901) 16,962. It is situated upon a lofty plateau, the highest point of which (823 ft.), projecting to the W., was the ancient citadel, and is occupied by the well-preserved castle erected by Frederick II., and rebuilt by Pierre d’Angicourt about 1280. The cathedral, originally Romanesque, but restored after 1300 is in the Gothic style; -the faade is good, and so is the ciborium. The interior was +the façade is good, and so is the ciborium. The interior was restored in 1882. The town occupies the site of the ancient Luceria, the key of the whole country. According to tradition the temple of Minerva, founded by Diomede, contained the @@ -17705,7 +17667,7 @@ in the canton, the loftiest point of the Rigi range (the Kulm) being entirely in Schwyz. The shape of the canton is an irregular quadrilateral, due to the gradual acquisition of rural districts by the town, which is its historical centre. The northern portion, -about 15 sq. m., of the Lake of Lucerne is in the canton. Its +about 15½ sq. m., of the Lake of Lucerne is in the canton. Its chief river is the Reuss, which flows through it for a short distance only receiving the Kleine Emme that flows down through the Entlebuch. In the northern part the Wigger, the Suhr and the @@ -17728,7 +17690,7 @@ and other athletic exercises. That district is mainly pastoral and is famous for its butter and cheese. Elsewhere in the canton the pastoral industry (including swine-breeding) is more extended than agriculture, while chiefly in and around Lucerne there are -a number of industrial establishments. The <i>industrie des trangers</i> +a number of industrial establishments. The <i>industrie des étrangers</i> is greatly developed in places frequented by foreign visitors. The population as a whole is Conservative in politics and devotedly Romanist in religion. But owing to the settlement of @@ -17736,7 +17698,7 @@ many non-Lucerne hotel-keepers and their servants in the town of Lucerne the capital is politically Radical.</p> <p>The canton ranks officially third in the Swiss confederation -next after Zrich and Bern. It was formerly in the diocese of +next after Zürich and Bern. It was formerly in the diocese of Constance, and is now in that of Basel. It contains 5 administrative districts and 107 communes. The existing cantonal <span class="pagenum"><a name="page97" id="page97"></a>97</span> @@ -17747,7 +17709,7 @@ of the Swiss population, and lasts for 4 years. On the 4th of April 1909 proportional representation was adopted for elections of members of the <i>Grossrath</i>. Since 1905 the executive of 7 members is elected by a popular vote for 4 years, as are the 2 -members of the federal <i>Stnderath</i> and the 7 members of the +members of the federal <i>Ständerath</i> and the 7 members of the federal <i>Nationalrath</i>. Five thousand citizens can demand a facultative referendum as to all legislative projects and important financial decrees, or as to the revision of the cantonal constitution, @@ -17762,7 +17724,7 @@ acquired, the dates being those at which the particular region was finally secured—Weggis (1380), Rothenburg, Kriens, Horw, Sempach and Hochdorf (all in 1394), Wolhusen and the Entlebuch (1405), the so-called “Habsburger region” to the N.E. of the -town of Lucerne (1406), Willisau (1407), Sursee and Beromnster +town of Lucerne (1406), Willisau (1407), Sursee and Beromünster (1415), Malters (1477) and Littau (1481), while in 1803, in exchange for Hitzkirch, Merenschwand (held since 1397) was given up.</p> @@ -17785,11 +17747,11 @@ Rigi and the calm waters of the lake. The town itself is very picturesque. On the rising ground to its north still stand nine of the towers that defended the old town wall on the Musegg slope. The Reuss is still crossed by two quaint old wooden -bridges, the upper being the Kapellbrcke (adorned by many +bridges, the upper being the Kapellbrücke (adorned by many paintings illustrating the history of Switzerland and the town and clinging to the massive Wasserthurm) and the lower the -Mhlenbrcke (also with paintings, this time of the Dance of -Death). The old Hofbrcke (on the site of the Schweizerhof +Mühlenbrücke (also with paintings, this time of the Dance of +Death). The old Hofbrücke (on the site of the Schweizerhof quay) was removed in 1852, when the process of embanking the shore of the lake began, the result being a splendid series of quays, along which rise palatial hotels. The principal building @@ -17868,8 +17830,8 @@ A. von Liebenau, <i>Charakterbilder aus Luzern’s Vergangenheit</i> (2 vols Lucerne, 1884-1891); T. von Liebenau, <i>Das alte Luzern</i> (Lucerne, 1881) and “Der luzernische Bauernkrieg vom 1653” (3 articles in vols. xviii.-xx., 1893-1895, of the <i>Jahrbuch f. Schweizerische Geschichte</i>); -<i>Heimathkunde fr den Kanton Luzern</i> (6 vols., Lucerne, -1867-1883); A. Ltolf, <i>Sagen, Bruche, Legenden aus d. Fnf Orten</i> +<i>Heimathkunde für den Kanton Luzern</i> (6 vols., Lucerne, +1867-1883); A. Lütolf, <i>Sagen, Bräuche, Legenden aus d. Fünf Orten</i> (Lucerne, 1862); K. Pfyffer, <i>Der Kanton Luzern</i> (2 vols., 1858-1859) and <i>Geschichte d. Stadt u. Kanton Luzern</i> (2 vols., new ed., 1861); A. P. von Segesser, <i>Rechtsgeschichte d. Stadt u. Republik @@ -17883,13 +17845,13 @@ Switzerland</i> (London, 1892).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LUCERNE, LAKE OF,<a name="ar176" id="ar176"></a></span> the name usually given by foreigners to the principal lake of Central Switzerland. In French it is -called the <i>Lac des Quatre Cantons</i>, and in German the <i>Vierwaldstttersee</i>, +called the <i>Lac des Quatre Cantons</i>, and in German the <i>Vierwaldstättersee</i>, this term being often wrongly translated “Lake of the Four Forest Cantons,” whereas it means the “Lake of the Four Valleys”—<i>valles</i>—which form the four Cantons of Lucerne, Unterwalden, Uri and Schwyz. It takes its name from the town of Lucerne, which is situated at its west end, just where the Reuss -issues from the lake, after having entered it at Flelen at the east +issues from the lake, after having entered it at Flüelen at the east end and so practically formed it; the Muota enters the lake at Brunnen (northern shore) and the two mountain streams called the Engelberg and the Sarnen Aa at Buochs and Alpnachstad @@ -17898,23 +17860,23 @@ the whole, the most beautiful in Switzerland. This is partly due to the steep limestone mountains between which it lies, the best known being the Rigi (5906 ft.) to the N., and Pilatus (6995 ft.) to the S.W., and to the great promontories that thrust -themselves into its waters, such as those of Horw (S.), of Brgenstock +themselves into its waters, such as those of Horw (S.), of Bürgenstock (S.), of Meggenhorn (N.) and of Seelisberg (S.), and partly <span class="pagenum"><a name="page98" id="page98"></a>98</span> to the irregularity of its shape. It is, in fact, composed of four main basins (with two side basins), which represent four different valleys, orographically distinct, and connected only by narrow and tortuous channels. There is, first, the most easterly basin, -the <i>Bay of Uri</i>, extending from Flelen on the south to Brunnen +the <i>Bay of Uri</i>, extending from Flüelen on the south to Brunnen on the north. At Brunnen the great delta of the Muota forces the lake to the west, so that it forms the <i>Bay of Gersau</i> or the <i>Gulf of Buochs</i>, extending from the promontory of Seelisberg (E.) -to that of the Brgenstock (W.). Another narrow strait between +to that of the Bürgenstock (W.). Another narrow strait between the two “Noses” (<i>Nasen</i>) leads westwards to the <i>Basin of Weggis</i>, -enclosed between the Rigi (N.) and the Brgenstock promontory +enclosed between the Rigi (N.) and the Bürgenstock promontory (S.). This last named bay forms the eastern arm of what is called the Cross of Lucerne, the western arm of which is formed by the -Bay of Lucerne, while the northern arm is the Bay of Kssnacht +Bay of Lucerne, while the northern arm is the Bay of Küssnacht and the southern that of <i>Hergiswil</i>, prolonged S.W. by the <i>Bay of Alpnach</i>, with which it is joined by a very narrow channel, spanned by the Acher iron bridge. The Bay of Uri offers the @@ -17922,7 +17884,7 @@ sternest scenery, but is the most interesting, by reason of its connexion with early Swiss history—at Brunnen the Everlasting League of 1315 was really made, while the legendary place of meeting of the founders of Swiss freedom was the meadow of the -Rtli on the west (purchased by the Confederation in 1859), +Rütli on the west (purchased by the Confederation in 1859), and the site of Tell’s leap is marked by the Chapel of Tell (E.). Nearly opposite Brunnen, close to the west shore, an isolated rock (the <i>Schillerstein</i> or <i>Mythenstein</i>) now bears an inscription @@ -17934,44 +17896,44 @@ canton of Schwyz. In the next basin to the west is Weggis (N.), also for long in the middle ages a small independent state; to the S.E. of Weggis, on the north shore of the lake, is Vitznau, whence a rack railway (1871) leads up to the top of the Rigi -(4 m.), while S.W. of Weggis, on the south shore of the lake, +(4¼ m.), while S.W. of Weggis, on the south shore of the lake, is Kehrsiten, whence an electric railway leads up to the great -hotels on the Brgenstock promontory (2854 ft.). The town -of Lucerne is connected with Flelen by the main line of the +hotels on the Bürgenstock promontory (2854 ft.). The town +of Lucerne is connected with Flüelen by the main line of the St Gotthard railway (32 m.), though only portions of this line -(from Lucerne to Kssnacht, 10 m., and from Brunnen to -Flelen, 7 m.) run along the shore; Brunnen is also connected -with Flelen by the splendid carriage road known as the Axenstrasse -(7 m.) and is the starting-point of an electric line (1905) +(from Lucerne to Küssnacht, 10½ m., and from Brunnen to +Flüelen, 7 m.) run along the shore; Brunnen is also connected +with Flüelen by the splendid carriage road known as the Axenstrasse +(7¼ m.) and is the starting-point of an electric line (1905) up to Morschach (S.E.) and the great hotels of Axenstein and Axenfels near it. On the promontory between Lucerne and -Kssnacht stands the castle of New Habsburg (modern), while -from Kssnacht a carriage road leads through the remains of the +Küssnacht stands the castle of New Habsburg (modern), while +from Küssnacht a carriage road leads through the remains of the “Hollow Way” (<i>Hohle Gasse</i>), the scene of the legendary murder of Gessler by William Tell. The west shore of the southern arm, or the basin of Hergiswil and the Bay of Alpnach, is traversed -from Horw to Alpnachstad by the Brnig railway (5 m.), which +from Horw to Alpnachstad by the Brünig railway (5½ m.), which continues towards Sarnen (Obwalden) and the Bernese Oberland, S.W. from Alpnachstad, whence a rack railway leads N.W. up -Pilatus (2 m.). Opposite Hergiswil, but on the east shore of +Pilatus (2¾ m.). Opposite Hergiswil, but on the east shore of the Basin of Hergiswil, is Stanstad, the port of Stans (Nidwalden), which is connected by an electric line with Engelberg (14 m.). The first steamer was placed on the lake in 1835. Lucerne is the only town of importance, but several spots serve as ports for neighbouring towns or large villages (Brunnen for Schwyz, -Flelen for Altdorf, Stanstad for Stans, Alpnachstad for Sarnen). +Flüelen for Altdorf, Stanstad for Stans, Alpnachstad for Sarnen). Most of the villages on the shores are frequented in summer by visitors (Gersau also in winter), especially Hertenstein, Weggis, Gersau, Brunnen, Beckenried and Hergiswil, while great hotels, commanding magnificent views, have been built on heights above -it, such as the Brgenstock, Seelisberg, and near Morschach, +it, such as the Bürgenstock, Seelisberg, and near Morschach, above Brunnen, besides those on the Rigi, Pilatus and the -Stanserhorn. The area of the lake is about 44 sq. m., its length +Stanserhorn. The area of the lake is about 44½ sq. m., its length about 24 m., its greatest width only 2 m. and its greatest depth 702 ft., while the surface of the water is 1434 ft. above sea-level. -Of the total area about 15 sq. m. are in the Canton of Lucerne, -13 sq. m. in that of Nidwalden, 7 sq. m. in that of Uri, -7 sq. m. in that of Schwyz, and about 1 sq. m. in that of +Of the total area about 15½ sq. m. are in the Canton of Lucerne, +13 sq. m. in that of Nidwalden, 7½ sq. m. in that of Uri, +7½ sq. m. in that of Schwyz, and about 1 sq. m. in that of Obwalden.</p> <div class="author">(W. A. B. C.)</div> @@ -17980,10 +17942,10 @@ Obwalden.</p> <table class="flt" style="float: right; width: 290px;" summary="Illustration"> <tr><td class="figright1"><img style="width:233px; height:568px" src="images/img98.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> -<tr><td class="caption1">Lucerne (<i>Medicago sativa</i>), nat. +<tr><td class="caption1">Lucerne (<i>Medicago sativa</i>), ½ nat. size.</td></tr> <tr><td class="caption1"><p>1, Flower, enlarged.</p> -<p>2, Half-ripe fruit, nat. size.</p> +<p>2, Half-ripe fruit, ¾ nat. size.</p> <p>3, Fruit, enlarged.</p></td></tr></table> <p><span class="bold">LUCERNE,<a name="ar177" id="ar177"></a></span> <span class="sc">Purple Medick</span> or <span class="sc">Alfalfa</span>, known botanically @@ -18054,22 +18016,22 @@ as possible), rich in lime and reasonably free from weeds.</p> historian, was born in Paris on the 24th of October 1846. In 1879 he became a professor at Bordeaux and in 1889 professor of medieval history at the Sorbonne; in 1895 he became a -member of the <i>Acadmie des sciences morales et politiques</i>, where +member of the <i>Académie des sciences morales et politiques</i>, where he obtained the Jean Reynaud prize just before his death on the 14th of November 1908. The most important of Achille Luchaire’s earlier works is his <i>Histoire des institutions monarchiques -de la France sous les premiers Captiens</i> (1883 and again 1891); -he also wrote a <i>Manuel des institutions franaises: priode des -Captiens directs</i> (1892); <i>Louis VI. le Gros, annales de sa vie -et de son rgne</i> (1890); and <i>tude sur les actes de Louis VII.</i> +de la France sous les premiers Capétiens</i> (1883 and again 1891); +he also wrote a <i>Manuel des institutions françaises: période des +Capétiens directs</i> (1892); <i>Louis VI. le Gros, annales de sa vie +et de son règne</i> (1890); and <i>Étude sur les actes de Louis VII.</i> (1885). His later writings deal mainly with the history of the papacy, and took the form of an elaborate work on Pope Innocent III. This is divided into six parts: (1.) <i>Rome et Italie</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="page99" id="page99"></a>99</span> -(1904); (ii.) <i>La Croisade des Albigeois</i> (1905); (iii.) <i>La Papaut et +(1904); (ii.) <i>La Croisade des Albigeois</i> (1905); (iii.) <i>La Papauté et l’empire</i> (1905); (iv.) <i>La Question d’Orient</i> (1906); (v.) <i>Les -Royauts vassales du Saint-Sige</i> (1908); and (vi.) <i>Le Concile de -Latran et la rforme de l’glise</i> (1908). He wrote two of the +Royautés vassales du Saint-Siège</i> (1908); and (vi.) <i>Le Concile de +Latran et la réforme de l’Église</i> (1908). He wrote two of the earlier volumes of E. Lavisse’s <i>Histoire de France</i>.</p> @@ -18077,8 +18039,8 @@ earlier volumes of E. Lavisse’s <i>Histoire de France</i>.</p> <p><span class="bold">LUCHU ARCHIPELAGO<a name="ar179" id="ar179"></a></span> (called also <span class="sc">Riukiu</span>, <span class="sc">Loo-choo</span> and <span class="sc">Liukiu</span>), a long chain of islands belonging to Japan, stretching from a point 80 m. S. of Kiushiu to a point 73 m. from the N.E. -coast of Formosa, and lying between 24 and 30 N. and 123 -and 130 E. Japanese cartographers reckon the Luchu islands +coast of Formosa, and lying between 24° and 30° N. and 123° +and 130° E. Japanese cartographers reckon the Luchu islands as 55, having a total coast-line of 768 m., an area of 935 sq. m., and a population of about 455,000. They divide them into three main groups, of which the northern is called Oshima-shoto; @@ -18093,25 +18055,25 @@ groups are:—</p> <tr><td class="tcc cl" colspan="5"><i>Oshima-shoto</i>—</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl">Amami-Oshima</td> <td class="tcc">34</td> <td class="tcc">m. long and</td> <td class="tcc">17 </td> <td class="tcc">m. broad</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">Tokuno-shima</td> <td class="tcc">16</td> <td class="tcc">”</td> <td class="tcc">8</td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">Tokuno-shima</td> <td class="tcc">16</td> <td class="tcc">”</td> <td class="tcc">8½</td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcc cl" colspan="5"><i>Okinawa-gunto</i>—</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">Okinawa-shima (Great Luchu)</td> <td class="tcc">63</td> <td class="tcc">m. long and</td> <td class="tcc">14</td> <td class="tcc">m. broad</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">Kume-shima</td> <td class="tcc"> 9</td> <td class="tcc">”</td> <td class="tcc">7</td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">Okinoerabu-shima</td> <td class="tcc"> 9</td> <td class="tcc">”</td> <td class="tcc">5 </td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">Ihiya-shima</td> <td class="tcc"> 5</td> <td class="tcc">”</td> <td class="tcc">2</td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">Okinawa-shima (Great Luchu)</td> <td class="tcc">63½</td> <td class="tcc">m. long and</td> <td class="tcc">14½</td> <td class="tcc">m. broad</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">Kume-shima</td> <td class="tcc"> 9¾</td> <td class="tcc">”</td> <td class="tcc">7½</td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">Okinoerabu-shima</td> <td class="tcc"> 9½</td> <td class="tcc">”</td> <td class="tcc">5 </td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">Ihiya-shima</td> <td class="tcc"> 5</td> <td class="tcc">”</td> <td class="tcc">2½</td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcc cl" colspan="5"><i>Miyako-gunto</i>—</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">Miyako-shima</td> <td class="tcc">12</td> <td class="tcc">m. long and</td> <td class="tcc">12</td> <td class="tcc">m. broad</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">Erabu-shima</td> <td class="tcc"> 4</td> <td class="tcc">”</td> <td class="tcc">3</td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">Miyako-shima</td> <td class="tcc">12¼</td> <td class="tcc">m. long and</td> <td class="tcc">12</td> <td class="tcc">m. broad</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">Erabu-shima</td> <td class="tcc"> 4¾</td> <td class="tcc">”</td> <td class="tcc">3½</td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcc cl" colspan="5"><i>Yayeyama-gunto</i>—</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">Ishigaki-shima</td> <td class="tcc">24</td> <td class="tcc">m. long and</td> <td class="tcc">14</td> <td class="tcc">m. broad</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">Iriomoto-shima</td> <td class="tcc">14</td> <td class="tcc">”</td> <td class="tcc">14 </td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl">Yonakuni-shima</td> <td class="tcc"> 7<span class="spp">1</span>⁄<span class="suu">3</span></td> <td class="tcc">“</td> <td class="tcc">3</td> <td class="tcc">“</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">Ishigaki-shima</td> <td class="tcc">24½</td> <td class="tcc">m. long and</td> <td class="tcc">14½</td> <td class="tcc">m. broad</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">Iriomoto-shima</td> <td class="tcc">14½</td> <td class="tcc">”</td> <td class="tcc">14 </td> <td class="tcc">”</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl">Yonakuni-shima</td> <td class="tcc"> 7<span class="spp">1</span>⁄<span class="suu">3</span></td> <td class="tcc">“</td> <td class="tcc">3½</td> <td class="tcc">“</td></tr> </table> <p>The remaining islands of the archipelago are of very small @@ -18137,7 +18099,7 @@ the bamboo is rare; there is no high grass or tangled undergrowth; open plains are numerous; the trees are not crowded together; lakes are wanting; the rivers are insignificant; and an unusual aspect is imparted to the scenery by numerous coral crags. The -temperature in Nafa ranges from a mean of 82 F. in July to 60 in +temperature in Nafa ranges from a mean of 82° F. in July to 60° in January. The climate is generally (though not in all the islands) pleasant and healthy, in spite of much moisture, the rainfall being very heavy.</p> @@ -18146,7 +18108,7 @@ very heavy.</p> small ponies are kept, together with cattle, pigs and goats. The majority of the islands are infested with venomous snakes called <i>habu</i> (<i>Trimeresurus</i>), which attain a length of 6 to 7 ft. and a diameter -of from 2 to 3 in. Their bite generally causes speedy death, and in +of from 2½ to 3 in. Their bite generally causes speedy death, and in the island of Amami-Oshima they claim many victims every year. The most important cultivated plant is the sugar-cane, which provides the principal staple of trade.</p> @@ -18160,7 +18122,7 @@ speciality. These are <i>Riukiu-tsumugi</i>, a kind of fine pongee; the so-calle from the fibre of a species of banana; and <i>hoso-jofu</i>, a particularly fine hempen stuff, made in Miyako-shima, and demanding such difficult processes that six months are required to weave and dye a -piece 9 yds. long.</p> +piece 9½ yds. long.</p> <p><i>People.</i>—Although the upper classes in Luchu and Japan closely resemble each other, there are palpable differences between the lower @@ -18307,7 +18269,7 @@ in cases of eye-disease.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See O. Caietanus, <i>Vitae sanctorum Siculorum</i>, i. 114-121 (Palermo, 1657); Ioannes de Ioanne, <i>Acta sincera sanctae Luciae</i> (Palermo, -1758); <i>Analecta Bollandiana</i>, xxii. 492; Cahier, <i>Caractristiques des +1758); <i>Analecta Bollandiana</i>, xxii. 492; Cahier, <i>Caractéristiques des saints</i>, i. 105 (Paris, 1867).</p> </div> <div class="author">(H. De.)</div> @@ -18402,7 +18364,7 @@ a dream or vision of two women, representing Statuary and Literature. Both plead their cause at length, setting forth the advantages and the prospects of their respective professions; but the youth chooses <span class="grk" title="Paideia">Παιδεία</span>, and decides to pursue learning. -For some time he seems to have made money as a <span class="grk" title="rhtr">ῥήτωρ</span>, following +For some time he seems to have made money as a <span class="grk" title="rhêtôr">ῥήτωρ</span>, following the example of Demosthenes, on whose merits and patriotism he expatiates in the dialogue <i>Demosthenis Encomium</i>. He was very familiar with the rival schools of philosophy, and he must @@ -18525,7 +18487,7 @@ shining with a bright light (p. 77), and lying a little above the moon. In a short time they are arrested by a troop of gigantic “horse-vultures” and brought as captives to the “man in the moon,” who proves to be Endymion. He is engaged in a war -with the inhabitants of the sun, which is ruled by King Phathon, +with the inhabitants of the sun, which is ruled by King Phaëthon, the quarrel having arisen from an attempt to colonize the planet Venus (Lucifer). The voyagers are enlisted as “Moonites,” and a long description follows of the monsters and flying dragons @@ -18543,7 +18505,7 @@ expatiates at some length. The tale comes to an abrupt end with an allusion to Herodotus in the promise that he “will tell the rest in his next books.”</p> -<p>Another curious and rather long treatise is entitled <span class="grk" title="Loukios h +<p>Another curious and rather long treatise is entitled <span class="grk" title="Loukios hê Onos">Λούκιος ἤ Ὄνος</span>, the authorship of which is regarded as doubtful. Parts of the story are coarse enough; the point turns on one Lucius visiting in a Thessalian family, in which the lady of the house @@ -18602,7 +18564,7 @@ enumerating the duties that fall to their lot in the government of the world, and Hermes remarks on the vast crowds of philosophers of rival sects, by whose influence the respect and worship formerly paid to the gods have seriously declined. A trial is -supposed to be held under the presidency of the goddess <span class="grk" title="Dik">Δίκη</span>, +supposed to be held under the presidency of the goddess <span class="grk" title="Dikê">Δίκη</span>, between the Academy, the Porch, the schools of the Cynics and Epicureans, and Pleasure, Revelry, Virtue, Luxury, &c., as variously impugned or defended by them. Then Conversation @@ -18613,7 +18575,7 @@ he is triumphantly acquitted. This essay is brilliant from its clever parodies of Plato and Demosthenes, and the satire on the Socratic method of arguing by short questions and answers.</p> -<p>The <i>Lover of Lying</i> (<span class="grk" title="Philopseuds">Φιλοψεύδης</span>) discusses the reason why some +<p>The <i>Lover of Lying</i> (<span class="grk" title="Philopseudês">Φιλοψεύδης</span>) discusses the reason why some persons seem to take pleasure in falsehood for its own sake. Under the category of lying all mythology (<i>e.g.</i> that of Homer and Hesiod) is included, and the question is asked, why the @@ -18800,19 +18762,19 @@ and of the complete works by E. Talbot (1866) and Belin de Ballu English translation, racy and colloquial, appeared in 1905, <i>The Works of Lucian of Samosata</i>, by H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler. On Lucian generally, the best work is M. Croiset’s <i>Essai sur la vie et les -œuvres de Lucien</i> (1882); see also E. Egger, “Parallle de Lucien et -Voltaire,” in <i>Mmoires de littrature ancienne</i> (1862); C. Martha, +œuvres de Lucien</i> (1882); see also E. Egger, “Parallèle de Lucien et +Voltaire,” in <i>Mémoires de littérature ancienne</i> (1862); C. Martha, <i>Les Moralistes sous l’empire romain</i> (1866); H. W. L. Hime, <i>Lucian, the Syrian Satirist</i> (1900); Sir R. C. Jebb, <i>Essays and Addresses</i> (1907); “Lucian,” by W. L. Collins in Blackwood’s <i>Ancient Classics for English Readers</i>; the Prolegomena to editions of select works with notes by Sommerbrodt; and the exhaustive bibliography of the earlier literature in Engelmann, <i>Scriptores Graeci</i> (1880). On some -special questions see E. Rohde, <i>ber Lucians Schrift</i> <span class="grk" title="Loukios h Onos">Δούκιος ἤ Ὄνος</span> +special questions see E. Rohde, <i>Über Lucians Schrift</i> <span class="grk" title="Loukios hê Onos">Δούκιος ἤ Ὄνος</span> (Leipzig, 1869); C. Buerger, <i>De Lucio Patrensi</i> (Berlin, 1887); J. Bernays, <i>Lucian und die Kyniker</i> (Berlin, 1879); C. G. Jacob, <i>Characteristik Lucians von Samosata</i> (Hamburg, 1832); C. F. Hermann, -<i>Charakteristik Lucians</i> (Gttingen, 1849); P. M. Bolderman, +<i>Charakteristik Lucians</i> (Göttingen, 1849); P. M. Bolderman, <i>Studia Lucianea</i> (Leiden, 1893); R. Helm, “Lucian und die Philosophenschulen,” in <i>Neue Jahrb. f. das klassische Altertum</i> (1901), pp. 188, 263, 367.</p> @@ -18823,18 +18785,18 @@ Philosophenschulen,” in <i>Neue Jahrb. f. das klassische Altertum</i> <p><a name="ft1aa" id="ft1aa" href="#fa1aa"><span class="fn">1</span></a> In the <i>Alexander</i> (25) we are told that the province of Pontus, due north of Syria, was “full of Christians.”</p> -<p><a name="ft2aa" id="ft2aa" href="#fa2aa"><span class="fn">2</span></a> <i>Philopatris</i>, 12, <span class="grk" title="hypsimedonta Theon megan ambroton ouranina, huion -Patros, Pneuma ek patros ekporeuomenon, hen ek tpin kai ex henos tria">ὑψιμέδοντα Θεὸν μέγαν ἄμβροτον οὐρανίωνα, υἱὸν +<p><a name="ft2aa" id="ft2aa" href="#fa2aa"><span class="fn">2</span></a> <i>Philopatris</i>, 12, <span class="grk" title="hypsimedonta Theon megan ambroton ouraniôna, huion +Patros, Pneuma ek patros ekporeuomenon, hen ek tpiôn kai ex henos tria">ὑψιμέδοντα Θεὸν μέγαν ἄμβροτον οὐρανίωνα, υἱὸν Πατρὸς, Πνεῦμα ἐκ πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον, ἔν ἐκ τριῶν καὶ ἐξ ἑνὸς τρία</span>, a passage which bears on the controverted procession “a Patre Filioque.”</p> -<p><a name="ft3aa" id="ft3aa" href="#fa3aa"><span class="fn">3</span></a> <i>Philopatris</i>, 13. Aesch. <i>Eum.</i> 265, <span class="grk" title="deltograph de pant’ eppa +<p><a name="ft3aa" id="ft3aa" href="#fa3aa"><span class="fn">3</span></a> <i>Philopatris</i>, 13. Aesch. <i>Eum.</i> 265, <span class="grk" title="deltographô de pant’ epôpa phreni">δελτογράφῳ δὲ πάντ᾽ ἐπωπᾷ φρενί</span>.</p> <p><a name="ft4aa" id="ft4aa" href="#fa4aa"><span class="fn">4</span></a> In <i>Hermotimus</i> (51) Hermotimus says to Lycinus (who must be -assumed to represent Lucian himself), <span class="grk" title="hybrists aei su, kai ouk oid’ -ho ti pathn miseis philosophian kai es tous philosophountas aposkpteis">ὑβριστὴς ἀεὶ σὺ, καὶ οὐκ οἷδ᾽ +assumed to represent Lucian himself), <span class="grk" title="hybristês aei su, kai ouk oid’ +ho ti pathôn miseis philosophian kai es tous philosophountas aposkôpteis">ὑβριστὴς ἀεὶ σὺ, καὶ οὐκ οἷδ᾽ ὄ τι παθὼν μισεῖς φιλοσοφίαν καὶ ἐς τοῦς φιλοσοφοῦντας ἀποσκώπτεις</span>. In <i>Icaromenippus</i> (5; see also 29) he says he always guessed who were the best physical philosophers “by their sour-faced looks, their @@ -18899,14 +18861,14 @@ Filio Dei</i>. Their quotations of Scripture are of considerable value to the critical student of the Latin text before Jerome. They were first collected and edited by Tilius (Paris, 1568); the best edition is that of W. Hartel in the Vienna <i>Corpus, Script. Eccl. Lat.</i> (1886). -See also G. Krger, <i>Lucifer Bischof von Cagliari und das Schisma der +See also G. Krüger, <i>Lucifer Bischof von Cagliari und das Schisma der Luciferianer</i> (Leipzig, 1886); F. G. Kenyon, <i>Textual Criticism</i>, pp. 181, 221.</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LUCIFER<a name="ar184" id="ar184"></a></span> (the Latinized form of Gr. <span class="grk" title="phsphoros">φωσφόρος</span>, “light-bearer”), +<p><span class="bold">LUCIFER<a name="ar184" id="ar184"></a></span> (the Latinized form of Gr. <span class="grk" title="phôsphoros">φωσφόρος</span>, “light-bearer”), the name given to the “morning star,” <i>i.e.</i> the planet Venus when it appears above the E. horizon before sunrise, and sometimes also to the “evening star,” <i>i.e.</i> the same planet in @@ -18981,7 +18943,7 @@ originality and thoroughly national character of his literary work. Had he been a “semi-Graecus,” like Ennius and Pacuvius, or of humble origin, like Plautus, Terence or Accius, he would scarcely have ventured, at a time when the senatorial power -was strongly in the ascendant, to revive the rle which had +was strongly in the ascendant, to revive the rôle which had proved disastrous to Naevius; nor would he have had the intimate knowledge of the political and social life of his day which fitted him to be its painter. Another circumstance determining @@ -19088,8 +19050,8 @@ composition of his satires, and, though not to the same extent, of his epistles. They are important also as materials for linguistic study; and they have considerable historical value.</p> -<p>Editions by F. D. Gerlach (1846), L. Mller (1872), C. Lachmann -(1876, posthumous), F. Marx (1905); see also L. Mller, <i>Leben und +<p>Editions by F. D. Gerlach (1846), L. Müller (1872), C. Lachmann +(1876, posthumous), F. Marx (1905); see also L. Müller, <i>Leben und Werke des Lucilius</i> (1876); “Luciliana,” by H. A. J. Munro, in the <i>Journal of Philology</i>, vii. (1877); Mommsen, <i>Hist. of Rome</i>, bk. iv. ch. 13; “Luciliana,” by A. E. Housman, in <i>Classical @@ -19134,17 +19096,17 @@ the straining after conciseness, and the obtrusive use of metaphor.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>Editions by J. Scaliger (1595), F. Jacob (1826), H. A. J. Munro -(1867), M. Haupt (in his edition of Virgil, 1873), E. Bhrens (in <i>Poetae +(1867), M. Haupt (in his edition of Virgil, 1873), E. Bährens (in <i>Poetae latini minores</i>, ii), S. Sudhaus (1898), R. Ellis (1901, containing a bibliography of the subject); see also M. Haupt’s <i>Opuscula</i>, i. 40, ii. 27, 162, iii. 437 (notes, chiefly critical); R. Ellis in <i>Journal of Philology</i>, xvi. 292; P. R. Wagler, <i>De Aetna poemate quaestiones criticae</i> (1884); B. Kruczkiewicz, <i>Poema de Aetna Monte</i> (1883, in which the ancient view of the authorship of Virgil is upheld); L. Alzinger, -<i>Studia in Aetnam collata</i> (1896); R. Hildebrandt, <i>Beitrge -zur Erklrung des Gedichtes Aetna</i> (1900); J. Vessereau (text, translation +<i>Studia in Aetnam collata</i> (1896); R. Hildebrandt, <i>Beiträge +zur Erklärung des Gedichtes Aetna</i> (1900); J. Vessereau (text, translation and commentary, 1905); Teuffel-Schwabe, <i>Hist. of Roman -Literature</i> (Eng. trans. 307, 308).</p> +Literature</i> (Eng. trans. §§ 307, 308).</p> </div> @@ -19184,8 +19146,8 @@ He was succeeded by Eugenius III.</p> <p>His letters are in J. P. Migne, <i>Patrol. Lat.</i> vol. 179. A single unreliable writer, Godfrey of Viterbo (in J. M. Watterich, <i>Pontif. Roman. Vitae</i>), is authority for the statement that Lucius II. perished -in an attempt to storm the Capitol. See Jaff-Wittenbach, <i>Regesta -pontif. Roman</i>. (1885-1888); J. Langen, <i>Geschichte der rmischen +in an attempt to storm the Capitol. See Jaffé-Wittenbach, <i>Regesta +pontif. Roman</i>. (1885-1888); J. Langen, <i>Geschichte der römischen Kirche von Gregor VII. bis Innocenz III.</i> (Bonn, 1893); F. Gregorovius, <i>Rome in the Middle Ages</i>, vol. 4, trans. by Mrs G. W. Hamilton (London, 1896).</p> @@ -19208,13 +19170,13 @@ Baldwin IV. of Jerusalem. His successor was Urban III.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>His letters are in J. P. Migne, <i>Patrol. Lat.</i> vol. 201. Consult J. M. -Watterich, <i>Pontif. Roman. Vitae</i>, vol. 2 (Leipzig, 1862); and Jaff-Wattenbach, +Watterich, <i>Pontif. Roman. Vitae</i>, vol. 2 (Leipzig, 1862); and Jaffé-Wattenbach, <i>Regesta Pontif. Roman</i>. (1885-1888). See J. Langen, -<i>Geschichte der rmischen Kirche von Gregor VII. bis Innocenz III.</i> +<i>Geschichte der römischen Kirche von Gregor VII. bis Innocenz III.</i> (Bonn, 1893); F. Gregorovius, <i>Rome in the Middle Ages</i>, vol. 4, trans. by Mrs G. W. Hamilton (London, 1896); P. Scheffer-Boichorst, “Zu den mathildinischen Schenkungen,” in <i>Mittheilungen des -sterreichen Instituts</i> (1888).</p> +österreichen Instituts</i> (1888).</p> </div> <div class="author">(C. H. Ha.)</div> @@ -19225,7 +19187,7 @@ unrecognized causes which bring success or failure in any enterprise, particularly used of the result of chances in games of skill or chance (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Probability</a></span>). The word does not occur in English before the 16th century. It was taken from the Low -Ger. <i>luk</i>, a shortened form of <i>geluk</i>, cf. Modern Ger. <i>Glck</i>, +Ger. <i>luk</i>, a shortened form of <i>geluk</i>, cf. Modern Ger. <i>Glück</i>, happiness, good fortune. The <i>New English Dictionary</i> considers the word to have been introduced from the Low Countries as a gambling term. The ultimate origin is doubtful; it has been @@ -19246,11 +19208,11 @@ to depend, in accordance with the rhyme:—</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LCKE, GOTTFRIED CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH<a name="ar190" id="ar190"></a></span> (1791-1855), +<p><span class="bold">LÜCKE, GOTTFRIED CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH<a name="ar190" id="ar190"></a></span> (1791-1855), German theologian, was born on the 24th of August 1791, at Egeln near Magdeburg, where his father was a merchant. He -studied theology at Halle and Gttingen. In 1813 he became -<i>repetent</i> at Gttingen, and in 1814 he received the degree of +studied theology at Halle and Göttingen. In 1813 he became +<i>repetent</i> at Göttingen, and in 1814 he received the degree of doctor in philosophy from Halle; in 1816 he removed to Berlin, where he became licentiate in theology, and qualified as <i>privat-docent</i>. He soon became intimate with Schleiermacher and de @@ -19263,19 +19225,19 @@ new university of Bonn in the spring of 1818; in the following autumn he became professor ordinarius. From Bonn, where he had J. C. W. Augusti (1772-1841), J. K. L. Gieseler, and Karl Immanuel Nitzsch for colleagues, he was called in 1827 -to Gttingen to succeed K. F. Studlin (1761-1826). In that +to Göttingen to succeed K. F. Stäudlin (1761-1826). In that year he helped to found the <i>Theologische Studien und Kritiken</i>, the chief organ of the “mediation” theology (<i>Vermittelungstheologie</i>). -At Gttingen he remained, declining all further -calls elsewhere, as to Erlangen, Kiel, Halle, Tbingen, Jena +At Göttingen he remained, declining all further +calls elsewhere, as to Erlangen, Kiel, Halle, Tübingen, Jena and Leipzig, until his death, which occurred on the 4th of February 1855.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>Lcke, who was one of the most learned, many-sided and influential +<p>Lücke, who was one of the most learned, many-sided and influential of the so-called “mediation” school of evangelical theologians (<i>Vermittelungstheologie</i>), is now chiefly known by his <i>Kommentar -ber die Schriften d. Evangelisten Johannes</i> (4 vols., 1820-1832); it +über die Schriften d. Evangelisten Johannes</i> (4 vols., 1820-1832); it has since passed through two new and improved editions (the last volume of the 3rd edition by E. Bertheau, 1856). He is an intelligent <span class="pagenum"><a name="page106" id="page106"></a>106</span> @@ -19285,7 +19247,7 @@ early date and non-apostolic authorship of the Apocalypse. His <i>Einleitung in die Offenbarung Johannis</i> was published in 1832 (2nd ed., 1848-1852). He also published a <i>Synopsis Evangeliorum</i>, conjointly with W. M. L. de Wette (1818, 2nd ed., 1840). See Herzog-Hauck, -<i>Realencyklopdie</i>.</p> +<i>Realencyklopädie</i>.</p> </div> @@ -19309,7 +19271,7 @@ in the United Provinces in 1901. Pop. (1901) 264,049. It lies mainly on the right bank of the winding river Gumti, which is crossed by two railway and three road bridges. It contains the Canning college (1864), with an Oriental department, and -La Martinire college, where about 100 boys are educated, the +La Martinière college, where about 100 boys are educated, the institution being in part supported by an endowment left by General Claude Martin in 1800. There are native manufactures of gold and silver brocade, muslins, embroidery, brass and @@ -19371,8 +19333,8 @@ of Wajid Ali Shah (1847-1856).</p> and has an area of 967 sq. m. Its general aspect is that of an open champaign, well studded with villages, finely wooded and in parts most fertile and highly cultivated. In the vicinity of rivers, however, -stretch extensive barren sandy tracts (<i>bhr</i>), and there are many -wastes of saline efflorescence (<i>usr</i>). The country is an almost dead +stretch extensive barren sandy tracts (<i>bhúr</i>), and there are many +wastes of saline efflorescence (<i>usár</i>). The country is an almost dead level, the average slope, which is from N.W. to S.E., being less than a foot per mile. The principal rivers are the Gumti and the Sai with their tributaries. The population in 1901 was 793,241, showing @@ -19390,27 +19352,27 @@ description of the city see G. W. Forrest, <i>Cities of India</i> (1903).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LUON,<a name="ar193" id="ar193"></a></span> a town of western France, in the department of -Vende, 23 m. S.E. of La Roche-sur-Yon, on the railway from -Nantes to Bordeaux, and on the canal of Luon (9 m. long), which +<p><span class="bold">LUÇON,<a name="ar193" id="ar193"></a></span> a town of western France, in the department of +Vendée, 23 m. S.E. of La Roche-sur-Yon, on the railway from +Nantes to Bordeaux, and on the canal of Luçon (9 m. long), which affords communication with the sea in the Bay of Aiguillon. -Pop. (1906) 6163. Between Luon and the sea stretch marshy +Pop. (1906) 6163. Between Luçon and the sea stretch marshy plains, the bed of the former gulf, partly drained by numerous canals, and in the reclaimed parts yielding excellent pasturage, while in other parts are productive salt-marshes, and ponds for -the rearing of mussels and other shell-fish. Luon is the seat +the rearing of mussels and other shell-fish. Luçon is the seat of a bishopric, established in 1317, and held by Richelieu from 1607 to 1624. The cathedral, partly of the 12th-century and partly of later periods, was originally an abbey church. The -faade and the clock tower date from about 1700, and the tower +façade and the clock tower date from about 1700, and the tower is surmounted by a crocketed spire rising 275 ft. above the -ground, attributed to the architect Franois Leduc of Tuscany. +ground, attributed to the architect François Leduc of Tuscany. The cloisters are of the late 15th century. Adjacent is the bishop’s palace, possessing a large theological library and Titian’s “Disciples of Emmaus,” and there is a fine public garden. A communal college and an ecclesiastical seminary are among the public institutions. During the Vendean wars, -Luon was the scene of several conflicts, notably in 1793.</p> +Luçon was the scene of several conflicts, notably in 1793.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> @@ -19665,7 +19627,7 @@ natural sorrow.</p> <p>The peculiarity of the poem of Lucretius, that which makes it unique in literature, is that it is a reasoned system of philosophy, written in verse. The prosaic title <i>De Rerum Natura</i>, a translation -of the Gr. <span class="grk" title="peri physes">περὶ φύσεως</span>, implies the subordination of the +of the Gr. <span class="grk" title="peri physeôs">περὶ φύσεως</span>, implies the subordination of the artistic to a speculative motive. As in the case of nearly all the great works of Roman literary genius, the form of the poem was borrowed from the Greeks. The rise of speculative philosophy @@ -19894,11 +19856,11 @@ Amongst special treatises may be mentioned K. H. Usener’s <i>Epicurea</i> treatises by Brieger and Giussani.</p> <p>On the characteristics of the poet as a whole, C. Martha’s <i>Le -Pome de Lucrce</i> (4th ed., Paris, 1885) and W. Y. Sellar in chaps. xi. +Poème de Lucrèce</i> (4th ed., Paris, 1885) and W. Y. Sellar in chaps. xi. sqq. of the <i>Roman Poets of the Republic</i>, may be consulted. There are useful bibliographies in W. S. Teuffel’s <i>History of Roman Literature</i> (English trans. by G. C. W. Warr) and Martin v. Schanz’s <i>Geschichte -der rmischen Litteratur</i>.</p> +der römischen Litteratur</i>.</p> <p>The following translations into English verse are known: T. Creech (1683), J. M. Good (1805), T. Busby (1813), C. F. Johnson (New York, @@ -19921,7 +19883,7 @@ was not easy reading.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LUCRINUS LACUS,<a name="ar198" id="ar198"></a></span> or <span class="sc">Lucrine Lake</span>, a lake of Campania, -Italy, about m. to the N. of Lake Avernus, and only separated +Italy, about ½ m. to the N. of Lake Avernus, and only separated from the sea (Gulf of Pozzuoli) by a narrow strip of land, traversed by the coast road, Via Herculanea, which runs on an embankment, the construction of which was traditionally attributed to @@ -20048,7 +20010,7 @@ pleasure grounds near Rome, and the costly and laborious works in his parks and villas at Tusculum, near Naples, earned for him from Pompey (it is said) the title of the “Roman Xerxes.” On one of his luxurious entertainments he is said to have spent -upwards of 2000. He was a liberal patron of Greek philosophers +upwards of £2000. He was a liberal patron of Greek philosophers and men of letters, and he collected a valuable library, to which such men had free access. He himself is said to have been a student of Greek literature, and to have written a history of the @@ -20264,13 +20226,13 @@ England</i>, vol. i. (London, 1890); and the <i>Annual Register</i> for 1811, <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LDENSCHEID,<a name="ar204" id="ar204"></a></span> a town in the Prussian province of Westphalia, +<p><span class="bold">LÜDENSCHEID,<a name="ar204" id="ar204"></a></span> a town in the Prussian province of Westphalia, 19 m. by rail S.S.E. of Hagen. Pop. (1905) 28,921. It <span class="pagenum"><a name="page112" id="page112"></a>112</span> is the seat of various hardware manufactures, among them metal-plated and tin-plated goods, buckles, fancy nails and brooches, and has iron-foundries and machine shops. From the counts of -Altena Ldenscheid passed to the counts of the Mark, with +Altena Lüdenscheid passed to the counts of the Mark, with which district it was ceded to Brandenburg early in the 17th century.</p> @@ -20340,18 +20302,18 @@ population.</p> Michigan, U.S.A., on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the Marquette river, about 85 m. N.W. of Grand Rapids. Pop. (1900) 7166 (2259 foreign-born); (1904, state census) 7259; (1910) 9132. -It is served by the Pre Marquette, and the Ludington and +It is served by the Père Marquette, and the Ludington and Northern railways, and by steamboat lines to Chicago, Milwaukee and other lake ports. To Manitowoc, Milwaukee, Kewanee and Two Rivers, Wisconsin, on the W. shore of Lake -Michigan, cars, especially those of the Pre Marquette railway, +Michigan, cars, especially those of the Père Marquette railway, are ferried from here. Ludington was formerly well known as a lumber centre, but this industry has greatly declined. There are various manufactures, and the city has a large grain trade. -On the site of the city Pre Marquette died and was buried, but +On the site of the city Père Marquette died and was buried, but his body was removed within a year to Point St Ignace. Ludington was settled about 1859, and was chartered as a city in 1873. -It was originally named Pre Marquette, but was renamed in +It was originally named Père Marquette, but was renamed in 1871 in honour of James Ludington, a local lumberman.</p> @@ -20440,7 +20402,7 @@ of the times is lifelike and realistic. Ludlow also published “a letter from Sir Hardress Waller ... to Lieutenant-General Ludlow with his answer” (1660), in defence of his conduct in Ireland. See C. H. Firth’s article in <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Guizot’s <i>Monk’s Contemporaries</i>; -A. Stein’s <i>Briefe Englischer Flchtlinge in der Schweiz</i>.</p> +A. Stein’s <i>Briefe Englischer Flüchtlinge in der Schweiz</i>.</p> </div> @@ -20491,7 +20453,7 @@ but the burgesses owe most of their privileges to their allegiance to the house of York. Richard, duke of York, in 1450 confirmed their government by 12 burgesses and 24 assistants, and Edward IV. on his accession incorporated them under the title of bailiffs -and burgesses, granted them the town at a fee-farm of 24, 3s. 4d., +and burgesses, granted them the town at a fee-farm of £24, 3s. 4d., a merchant gild and freedom from toll. Several confirmations of this charter were granted; the last, dated 1665, continued in force (with a short interval in the reign of James II.) until @@ -20627,13 +20589,13 @@ Among his other works are: <i>Grammatica linguae amharicae</i> (Frankfort, 1698); <i>Lexicon amharico-latinum</i> (Frankfort, 1698); <i>Lexicon aethiopico-latinum</i> (Frankfort, 1699); and <i>Grammatica aethiopica</i> (London, 1661, and Frankfort, 1702). In his <i>Grammatik -der thiopischen Sprache</i> (1857) August Dillmann throws doubt on +der äthiopischen Sprache</i> (1857) August Dillmann throws doubt on the story of Ludolf’s intimacy with Gregorius.</p> <p>See C. Juncker, <i>Commentarius de vita et scriptis Jobi Ludolfi</i> (Frankfort, 1710); L. Diestel, <i>Geschichte des alten Testaments in der christlichen Kirche</i> (Jena, 1868); and J. Flemming, “Hiob Ludolf,” -in the <i>Beitrge zur Assyriologie</i> (Leipzig, 1890-1891).</p> +in the <i>Beiträge zur Assyriologie</i> (Leipzig, 1890-1891).</p> </div> @@ -20646,7 +20608,7 @@ He made Marburg his home for the next ten years, studying and teaching anatomy and physiology, first as prosector to F. L. Fick (1841), then as <i>privat-docent</i> (1842), and finally as extraordinary professor (1846). In 1849 he was chosen professor -of anatomy and physiology at Zrich, and six years afterwards +of anatomy and physiology at Zürich, and six years afterwards he went to Vienna as professor in the Josephinum (school for military surgeons). In 1865 he was appointed to the newly created chair of physiology at Leipzig, and continued there @@ -20654,7 +20616,7 @@ until his death on the 23rd of April 1895. Ludwig’s name is prominent in the history of physiology, and he had a large share in bringing about the change in the method of that science which took place about the middle of the 19th century. With his -friends H. von Helmholtz, E. W. Brcke and E. Du Bois-Reymond, +friends H. von Helmholtz, E. W. Brücke and E. Du Bois-Reymond, whom he met for the first time in Berlin in 1847, he rejected the assumption that the phenomena of living animals depend on special biological laws and vital forces different from @@ -20715,18 +20677,18 @@ the boy was twelve years old, and he was brought up amidst uncongenial conditions. He had devoted his leisure to poetry and music, which unfitted him for the mercantile career planned for him. The attention of the duke of Meiningen was directed -to one of his musical compositions, an opera, <i>Die Khlerin</i>, and +to one of his musical compositions, an opera, <i>Die Köhlerin</i>, and Ludwig was enabled in 1839 to continue his musical studies under Mendelssohn in Leipzig. But ill-health and constitutional shyness caused him to give up a musical career, and he turned exclusively to literary studies, and wrote several stories and -dramas. Of the latter, <i>Der Erbfrster</i> (1850) attracted immediate +dramas. Of the latter, <i>Der Erbförster</i> (1850) attracted immediate attention as a masterly psychological study. It was followed -by <i>Die Makkaber</i> (1852), in which the realistic method of -<i>Der Erbfrster</i> was transferred to an historical <i>milieu</i>, which +by <i>Die Makkabäer</i> (1852), in which the realistic method of +<i>Der Erbförster</i> was transferred to an historical <i>milieu</i>, which allowed more brilliant colouring and a freer play of the imagination. With these tragedies, to which may be added <i>Die Rechte -des Herzens</i> and <i>Das Frulein von Scuderi</i>, the comedy <i>Hans +des Herzens</i> and <i>Das Fräulein von Scuderi</i>, the comedy <i>Hans Frey</i>, and an unfinished tragedy on the subject of Agnes Bernauer, Ludwig ranks immediately after Hebbel as Germany’s most notable dramatic poet at the middle of the 19th century. @@ -20753,17 +20715,17 @@ and A. Sauer, <i>Otto Ludwig</i> (1893).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LUDWIGSBURG,<a name="ar213" id="ar213"></a></span> a town in the kingdom of Wrttemberg, -9 m. to the N. of Stuttgart by rail and 1 m. from the river +<p><span class="bold">LUDWIGSBURG,<a name="ar213" id="ar213"></a></span> a town in the kingdom of Württemberg, +9 m. to the N. of Stuttgart by rail and 1½ m. from the river Neckar. Pop. (1905) 23,093. It was founded and laid out at -the beginning of the 18th century by the duke of Wrttemberg, +the beginning of the 18th century by the duke of Württemberg, Eberhard Louis, and was enlarged and improved by Duke -Charles Eugne. Constructed as the adjunct of a palace the town +Charles Eugène. Constructed as the adjunct of a palace the town bears the impress of its origin, with its straight streets and spacious squares. It is now mainly important as the chief military -depot in Wrttemberg. The royal palace, one of the finest in +depot in Württemberg. The royal palace, one of the finest in Germany, stands in a beautiful park and contains a portrait -gallery and the burial vault of the rulers of Wrttemberg. The +gallery and the burial vault of the rulers of Württemberg. The industries include the manufacture of organs and pianos, of cotton, woollen and linen goods, of chemicals, iron and wire goods, and brewing and brick-making. In the vicinity is the beautiful @@ -20842,7 +20804,7 @@ almost all Italian-speaking and Romanists. To the S. it is dominated by the Monte Salvatore (3004 ft.) and on the S.E. (across the lake) by the Monte Generoso (5591 ft.)—a magnificent view point. Both mountains are accessible by -railways. By rail Lugano is 124 m. from Lucerne and 51 m. +railways. By rail Lugano is 124 m. from Lucerne and 51½ m. from Milan. Situated on the main St Gotthard railway line, Lugano is now easily reached, so that it is much frequented by visitors (largely German) in spring and in autumn. Though @@ -20856,7 +20818,7 @@ of William Tell by the sculptor Vincenzo Vela (1820-1891), a native of the town, while other works by him are in the gardens of private villas in the neighbourhood. The principal church, San Lorenzo, in part dates back earlier than the 15th century, -while its richly sculptured faade bears the figures 1517. This +while its richly sculptured façade bears the figures 1517. This church is now the cathedral church of the bishop of Lugano, a see erected in 1888, with jurisdiction over the Italian parts of Switzerland. The church of Santa Maria degli Angioli, built @@ -20879,7 +20841,7 @@ lakes in Lombardy, N. Italy, lying between Lago Maggiore (W.) and the Lake of Como (E). It is of very irregular shape, the great promontory of Monte Salvatore (3004 ft.) nearly cutting off the western arm from the main lake. The whole lake has an -area of 19 sq. m., its greatest length is about 22 m., its greatest +area of 19½ sq. m., its greatest length is about 22 m., its greatest width 2 m., and its greatest depth 945 ft., while its surface is 899 ft. above sea-level. Between Melide (S. of the town of Lugano) and Maroggia (on the east shore) the lake is so shallow @@ -20893,7 +20855,7 @@ from Porto Ceresio to Varese (9 m.). Porlezza, at the east end of the lake, is 8 m. by rail from Menaggio on the Lake of Como, while Ponte Tresa, at the west end of the lake, is about the same distance by a steam tramway from Luino on Lago Maggiore. -Of the total area of the lake, about 7 sq. m. are in the Swiss +Of the total area of the lake, about 7½ sq. m. are in the Swiss Canton of Ticino (Tessin), formed in 1803 out of the conquests made by the Swiss from the Milanese in 1512. The remainder of the area is in Italy. The lake lies among the outer spurs @@ -21004,13 +20966,13 @@ liquors, and by the suppression of slave raiding and slavery.</p> bounded N. by the Atlantic, E. by Oviedo and Leon, S. by Orense, and W. by Pontevedra and Corunna. Pop. (1900) 465,386; area, 3814 sq. m. The coast, which extends for about -40 m. from the estuary of Rivado to Cape de Vares, is extremely +40 m. from the estuary of Rivadéo to Cape de Vares, is extremely rugged and inaccessible, and few of the inlets, except those of -Rivado and Vivero, admit large vessels. The province, especially +Rivadéo and Vivero, admit large vessels. The province, especially in the north and east, is mountainous, being traversed by the Cantabrian chain and its offshoots; the sierra which separates it from Leon attains in places a height of 6000 ft. A large part -of the area is drained by the Mio. This river, formed by the +of the area is drained by the Miño. This river, formed by the meeting of many smaller streams in the northern half of the province, follows a southerly direction until joined by the Sil, which for a considerable distance forms the southern boundary. @@ -21021,7 +20983,7 @@ the Masma, the Oro and the Landrove.</p> <p>Some of the valleys of Lugo are fertile, and yield not only corn but fruit and wine. The principal agricultural wealth, however, -is on the Mio and Sil, where rye, maize, wheat, flax, hemp and +is on the Miño and Sil, where rye, maize, wheat, flax, hemp and a little silk are produced. Agriculture is in a very backward condition, mainly owing to the extreme division of land that prevails throughout Galicia. The exportation of cattle to Great @@ -21029,7 +20991,7 @@ Britain, formerly a flourishing trade, was ruined by American and Australian competition. Iron is found at Caurel and Incio, arsenic at Castroverde and Cervantes, argentiferous lead at Riotorto; but, although small quantities of iron and arsenic -are exported from Rivado, frequent strikes and lack of transport +are exported from Rivadéo, frequent strikes and lack of transport greatly impeded the development of mining in the earlier years of the 20th century. There are also quarries of granite, marble and various kinds of slate and building-stone. The only important @@ -21045,18 +21007,18 @@ run through the province.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>Lugo the capital (pop. 1900, 26,959) and the important towns of -Chantada (15,003), Fonsagrada (17,302), Mondoedo (10,590), +Chantada (15,003), Fonsagrada (17,302), Mondoñedo (10,590), Monforte (12,912), Panton (12,988), Villalba (13,572) and Vivero (12,843) are described in separate articles. The province contained in 1900 twenty-six towns of more than 7000 inhabitants, the -largest being Sarria (11,998) and Saviao (11,182). For a general +largest being Sarria (11,998) and Saviñao (11,182). For a general description of the people and the history of this region see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Galicia</a></span>.</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LUGO,<a name="ar222" id="ar222"></a></span> capital of the above Spanish province, is situated on -the left bank of the river Mio and on the railway from Corunna +the left bank of the river Miño and on the railway from Corunna to Madrid. Pop. (1900) 26,959. Lugo is an episcopal see, and was formerly the capital of Galicia. Suburbs have grown up round the original town, the form of which, nearly quadrangular, is @@ -21069,7 +21031,7 @@ Gothic cathedral, on the south side of the town, dates from the no special architectural merit. The conventual church of Santo Domingo dates from the 14th century. The principal industries are tanning, and the manufacture of linen and woollen cloth. -About 1 m. S., on the left bank of the Mio, are the famous hot +About 1 m. S., on the left bank of the Miño, are the famous hot sulphur baths of Lugo.</p> <p>Lugo (<i>Lucus Augusti</i>) was a flourishing city under Roman rule @@ -21084,7 +21046,7 @@ de Compostela.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LUGOS,<a name="ar223" id="ar223"></a></span> the capital of the county of Krass-Szrny, Hungary, +<p><span class="bold">LUGOS,<a name="ar223" id="ar223"></a></span> the capital of the county of Krassó-Szörény, Hungary, 225 m. S.E. of Budapest by rail. Pop. (1900) 16,126. It is situated on both banks of the river Temes, which divides the town in two quarters, the Rumanian on the right and the German @@ -21103,11 +21065,11 @@ national cause, previous to their escape to Turkey.</p> <p><span class="bold">LUGUDUNUM,<a name="ar224" id="ar224"></a></span> or <span class="sc">Lugdunum</span>, an old Celtic place-name (fort or hill of the god Lugos or Lug) used by the Romans for several towns in ancient Gaul. The most important was the town at -the confluence of the Sane and Rhone now called Lyons (<i>q.v.</i>). +the confluence of the Saône and Rhone now called Lyons (<i>q.v.</i>). This place had in Roman times two elements. One was a Roman <i>colonia</i> (municipality of Roman citizens, self-governing) situated <span class="pagenum"><a name="page117" id="page117"></a>117</span> -on the hill near the present Fourvires (<i>Forum vetus</i>). The other, +on the hill near the present Fourviéres (<i>Forum vetus</i>). The other, territorially distinct from it for reasons of statecraft, was the Temple of Roma and Augustus, to which the inhabitants of the 64 Gallic cantons in the three Roman provinces of Aquitania, @@ -21176,7 +21138,7 @@ a peculiarly religious grace—not ecclesiastical unction, but the devoutness of the heart. His heads, while extremely like those painted by Leonardo, have less subtlety and involution and less variety of expression, but fully as much amenity. He began -indeed with a somewhat dry style, as in the “Piet” in the +indeed with a somewhat dry style, as in the “Pietà” in the church of the Passione; but this soon developed into the quality which distinguishes all his most renowned works; although his execution, especially as regards modelling, was never absolutely @@ -21371,7 +21333,7 @@ for the ancient Church, than Paul’s own distinctive teaching (ib. on Luke’s Gospel in the “Intern. Crit.” series, R. B. Rackham’s <i>Acts of the Apostles</i> (“Oxford Comm.”); the article “Luke” in Hastings’s <i>Dict. of the Bible</i> and <i>Dict. of Christ and the Gospels</i>, the <i>Encycl. -Biblica</i> and Hauck’s <i>Realencyklopdie</i>, vol. xi.; Sir W. M. Ramsay’s +Biblica</i> and Hauck’s <i>Realencyklopädie</i>, vol. xi.; Sir W. M. Ramsay’s <i>Paul the Traveller</i> and <i>Pauline and other Studies</i>, and A. Harnack’s <i>Lukas der Arzt</i> (1906, Eng. trans. 1907) and <i>Die Apostelgeschichte</i> (1908, Eng. trans. 1909). For the Luke of legend, see authorities @@ -21722,7 +21684,7 @@ pass without any sense of jar from passages in one style to those in another.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Godet, <i>Commentaire sur l’vangile de S. Luc</i> (Eng. trans., +<p>See Godet, <i>Commentaire sur l’évangile de S. Luc</i> (Eng. trans., 1875); Plummer’s <i>Comm. on St Luke</i> (in international Series, 4th ed., 1906); W. Ramsay, <i>Was Christ born in Bethlehem?</i> (3rd ed., 1905); A. Harnack, <i>Lukas der Arzt</i> (1906); B. Weiss, <i>Die @@ -21733,12 +21695,12 @@ Gospels, or the Synoptic Gospels, mentioned at end of article <span class="sc">< <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LULE,<a name="ar228" id="ar228"></a></span> a seaport of Sweden, capital of the district (<i>ln</i>) of -Norrbotten, on the peninsula of Sand, at the mouth of the +<p><span class="bold">LULEÅ,<a name="ar228" id="ar228"></a></span> a seaport of Sweden, capital of the district (<i>län</i>) of +Norrbotten, on the peninsula of Sandö, at the mouth of the Lule river and the north-west corner of the Gulf of Bothnia. Pop. (1900) 9484. It is connected at Boden (22 m. N.) with the main line of railway from Stockholm to Gellivara and Narvik -on Ofoten Fjord in Norway. By this line Lule is 723 m. +on Ofoten Fjord in Norway. By this line Luleå is 723 m. N.N.E. of Stockholm. It is the shipping place for the iron ore mined at Gellivara, 127 m. N. by W., and there are smelting works at Karlsvik in the vicinity. Timber is also exported, being @@ -21746,7 +21708,7 @@ floated in large quantities down the Lule. As a rule the port is closed by ice from November to the end of May. The town was almost entirely burnt down in 1887, and its buildings are new—the church (1888-1893), the Norrbotten Museum and a technical -school being the most important. Lule as founded by Gustavus +school being the most important. Luleå as founded by Gustavus Adolphus was 7 m. higher up the river, but was moved to the present site in 1649.</p> @@ -21841,14 +21803,14 @@ such pieces as <i>El Desconort</i> (1295) and <i>Lo Cant de Ramon</i> (1299) combine in a rare degree simple beauty of expression with sublimity of thought and impassioned sincerity.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Bibliography.</span>—<i>Histoire littraire de la France</i> (Paris, 1885), +<p><span class="sc">Bibliography.</span>—<i>Histoire littéraire de la France</i> (Paris, 1885), vol. xxix.; <i>Obras rimadas de Ramon Lull</i> (Palma, 1859), edited by -G. Rossell; <i>Obras de Ramon Lull</i> (Palma, in progress), edited by -G. Rossell; Jos R. de Luanco, <i>Ramon Lull, considerado como -alquimista</i> (Barcelona, 1870) and <i>La Alquimia en Espaa</i> (2 vols., +G. Rosselló; <i>Obras de Ramon Lull</i> (Palma, in progress), edited by +G. Rosselló; José R. de Luanco, <i>Ramon Lull, considerado como +alquimista</i> (Barcelona, 1870) and <i>La Alquimia en España</i> (2 vols., Barcelona, 1889-1897); K. Hofmann, “Ein Katalanische Thierepos,” in the Bavarian Academy’s <i>Abhandlungen</i> (Munich, 1872), -vol. xii. pp. 173-240; M. Menndez y Pelayo, <i>Origenes de la novela</i> +vol. xii. pp. 173-240; M. Menéndez y Pelayo, <i>Origenes de la novela</i> (Madrid, 1905), pp. 72-86; Havelock Ellis in <i>Contemporary Review</i> (May 1906).</p> </div> @@ -21859,7 +21821,7 @@ vol. xii. pp. 173-240; M. Menndez y Pelayo, <i>Origenes de la novela</i> <p><a name="ft1ae" id="ft1ae" href="#fa1ae"><span class="fn">1</span></a> The alchemical works ascribed to Lull, such as <i>Testamentum</i>, <i>Codicillus seu Testamentum</i> and <i>Experimenta</i>, are of early although uncertain date. De Luanco ascribes some of them to a Raimundo -de Trraga (<i>c.</i> 1370), a converted Jew who studied the occult. +de Tárraga (<i>c.</i> 1370), a converted Jew who studied the occult. Others are ascribed by Morhof to a Raymundus Lullius Neophytus, who lived about 1440. See <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Alchemy</a></span>, and also J. Ferguson, <i>Bibliotheca chemica</i> (1906).</p> @@ -21879,7 +21841,7 @@ was born in Florence. Through the duc de Guise he entered the services of Madame de Montpensier as scullery-boy, and with the help of this lady his musical talents were cultivated. A scurrilous poem on his patroness resulted in his dismissal. -He then studied the theory of music under Mtra and entered +He then studied the theory of music under Métra and entered the orchestra of the French court, being subsequently appointed director of music to Louis XIV. and director of the Paris opera. The influence of his music produced a radical revolution in the @@ -21901,7 +21863,7 @@ quickened action of the story such as was more congenial to the taste of the French public. He effected important improvements in the composition of the orchestra, into which he introduced several new instruments. Lully enjoyed the friendship of -Molire, for some of whose best plays he composed illustrative +Molière, for some of whose best plays he composed illustrative music. His <i>Miserere</i>, written for the funeral of the minister Sequier, is a work of genius; and very remarkable are also his minor sacred compositions. On his death-bed he wrote <i>Bisogna @@ -22000,7 +21962,7 @@ near by, led to the belief that this other, hitherto neglected, one must also be an Asoka pillar, and very probably the one mentioned by Hsuan Tsang. At the request of the Indian government the Nepalese government had the pillar, which was -half-buried, excavated for examination; and Dr Fhrer, then +half-buried, excavated for examination; and Dr Führer, then in the employ of the Archaeological Survey, arrived soon afterwards at the spot.</p> @@ -22049,15 +22011,15 @@ explored, and four small stupas there (already noticed by Hsuan Tsang) have not been opened.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p><span class="sc">Authorities.</span>—<i>Sutta Nipāta</i>, ed. V. Fansbll (London Pali Text +<p><span class="sc">Authorities.</span>—<i>Sutta Nipāta</i>, ed. V. Fansböll (London Pali Text Society, 1884); <i>Kathā Vatthu</i>, ed. A. C. Taylor (London, 1897); -<i>Jātaka</i>, ed. V. Fansbll, vol. i. (London, 1877); <i>Divyāvadāna</i>, ed. -Cowell and Niel (Cambridge, 1886); G. Bhler in the <i>Proceedings of +<i>Jātaka</i>, ed. V. Fansböll, vol. i. (London, 1877); <i>Divyāvadāna</i>, ed. +Cowell and Niel (Cambridge, 1886); G. Bühler in the <i>Proceedings of the Vienna Academy</i> for Jan. 1897, in <i>Epigraphia Indica</i>, vol. v. (London, 1898) and in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1897), p. 429. See also <i>ibid.</i> (1895), pp. 751 ff.; (1897) pp. 615, 644; (1898) pp. 199-203; A. Barth in the <i>Journal des savants</i> (Paris, -1897); R. Pischel in <i>Sitzungsberichte der knigl. preussischen Akademie</i> +1897); R. Pischel in <i>Sitzungsberichte der königl. preussischen Akademie</i> for the 9th July 1903; Babu P. Mukherji, <i>Report on a Tour of Exploration of the Antiquities in the Terai</i> (Calcutta, 1903); V. A. Smith in <i>Indian Antiquary</i> (Bombay, 1905).</p> @@ -22137,24 +22099,24 @@ in 1875, and died on the 12th of August 1896.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page123" id="page123"></a>123</span></p> -<p><span class="bold">LUNA, LVARO DE<a name="ar237" id="ar237"></a></span> (d. 1453), Constable of Castile, Grand +<p><span class="bold">LUNA, ÁLVARO DE<a name="ar237" id="ar237"></a></span> (d. 1453), Constable of Castile, Grand Master of Santiago, and favourite of King John II. of Castile, -was the natural son of lvaro de Luna, a Castilian noble. He was +was the natural son of Álvaro de Luna, a Castilian noble. He was introduced to the court as a page by his uncle Pedro de Luna, -archbishop of Toledo, in 1410. lvaro soon secured a commanding +archbishop of Toledo, in 1410. Álvaro soon secured a commanding influence over John II., then a mere boy. During the regency of the king’s uncle Ferdinand, which ended in 1412, he was not allowed to be more than a servant. When, however, Ferdinand was elected king of Aragon, and the regency remained in the hands of the king’s mother, Constance, daughter of John of -Gaunt, a foolish and dissolute woman, lvaro became a very +Gaunt, a foolish and dissolute woman, Álvaro became a very important person. The young king regarded him with an affection which the superstition of the time attributed to witchcraft. As the king was surrounded by greedy and unscrupulous nobles, among whom his cousins, the sons of Ferdinand, commonly known as the Infantes (princes) of Aragon, were perhaps the worst, his reliance on a favourite who had every motive to -be loyal to him is quite intelligible. lvaro too was a master of +be loyal to him is quite intelligible. Álvaro too was a master of all the accomplishments the king admired—a fine horseman, a skilful lance and a writer of court verse. Until he lost the king’s protection he was the central figure of the Castilian history @@ -22162,7 +22124,7 @@ of the time. It was a period of constant conflict conducted by shifting coalitions of the nobles, who under pretence of freeing the king from the undue influence of his favourite were intent on making a puppet of him for their own ends. The part which -lvaro de Luna played has been diversely judged. To Mariana +Álvaro de Luna played has been diversely judged. To Mariana he appears as a mere self-seeking favourite. To others he has seemed to be a loyal servant of the king who endeavoured to enforce the authority of the crown, which in Castile was the only @@ -22176,32 +22138,32 @@ following year. In 1431 he endeavoured to employ the restless nobles in a war for the conquest of Granada. Some successes were gained, but a consistent policy was impossible with a rebellious aristocracy and a king of indolent character. In 1445 -the faction of the nobles allied with lvaro’s main enemies, +the faction of the nobles allied with Álvaro’s main enemies, the Infantes de Aragon, were beaten at Olmedo, and the favourite, -who had been constable of Castile and count of Santestban since +who had been constable of Castile and count of Santestéban since 1423, became Grand Master of the military order of Santiago by election of the Knights. His power appeared to be thoroughly established. It was, however, based on the personal affection of the king. The king’s second wife, Isabella of Portugal, was offended at the immense influence of the constable, and urged her husband to free himself from slavery to his favourite. In -1453 the king succumbed, lvaro was arrested, tried and condemned +1453 the king succumbed, Álvaro was arrested, tried and condemned by a process which was a mere parody of justice, and executed at Valladolid on the 2nd of June 1453.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>The <i>Chronicle of lvaro de Luna</i> (Madrid, 1784), written by some +<p>The <i>Chronicle of Álvaro de Luna</i> (Madrid, 1784), written by some loyal follower who survived him, is a panegyric and largely a romance. The other contemporary authority—the <i>Chronicle of John II.</i>—is much less favourable to the constable. Don Jose Quintana has summarized the two chronicles in his life of Luna in the <i>Vidas de -Espaoles clebres; Biblioteca de Aulores Espaoles</i> (Madrid, +Españoles célebres; Biblioteca de Aulores Españoles</i> (Madrid, 1846-1880), vol. xix.</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LUNA<a name="ar238" id="ar238"></a></span> (mod. <i>Luni</i>), an ancient city of Etruria, Italy, 4 m. +<p><span class="bold">LUNA<a name="ar238" id="ar238"></a></span> (mod. <i>Luni</i>), an ancient city of Etruria, Italy, 4½ m. S.E. of the modern Sarzana. It was the frontier town of Etruria, on the left bank of the river, Macra, the boundary in imperial times between Etruria and Liguria. When the Romans first @@ -22223,7 +22185,7 @@ the quarries as only recently discovered in his day. Good wine was also produced. There are some remains of the Roman period on the site, and a theatre and an amphitheatre may be distinguished. No Etruscan remains have come to light. -O. Cuntz’s investigations (<i>Jahreshefte des sterr. Arch. Instituts</i>, +O. Cuntz’s investigations (<i>Jahreshefte des Österr. Arch. Instituts</i>, 1904, 46) seem to lead to the conclusion that an ancient road crossed the Apennines from it, following the line of the modern road (more or less that of the modern railway from Sarzana @@ -22251,7 +22213,7 @@ to full moon. Its duration is 29.5305884 days.</p> of Bombay. Area, 388 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 63,967, showing a decrease of 28% in the decade, due to famine. The chief, whose title is maharana, is a Rajput of high lineage. Estimated revenue, -12,000; tribute, 1000. The capital is Lunavada town, said +£12,000; tribute, £1000. The capital is Lunavada town, said to have been founded in 1434; pop. (1901) 10,277.</p> @@ -22314,7 +22276,7 @@ century, was happily not involved in that calamity.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page124" id="page124"></a>124</span></p> <p><span class="bold">LUND,<a name="ar243" id="ar243"></a></span> a city of Sweden, the seat of a bishop, in the district -(<i>ln</i>) of Malmhus, 10 m. N.E. of Malm by rail. Pop. (1900) +(<i>län</i>) of Malmöhus, 10 m. N.E. of Malmö by rail. Pop. (1900) 16,621. A university was founded here in 1668 by Charles XI., with faculties of law, medicine, theology and philosophy. The number of students ranges from 600 to 800, and there are about @@ -22499,7 +22461,7 @@ in 1901 of 94.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LNEBURG,<a name="ar247" id="ar247"></a></span> a town of Germany, in the Prussian province +<p><span class="bold">LÜNEBURG,<a name="ar247" id="ar247"></a></span> a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Hanover, situated near the foot of a small hill named the Kalkberg, on the navigable Ilmenau, 14 m. above its confluence with the Elbe and 30 m. by rail S.E. of Hamburg by the main @@ -22507,53 +22469,53 @@ line to Hanover. Pop. (1905) 26,751. Numerous handsome medieval buildings testify to its former prosperity as a prominent member of the Hanseatic league, and its many quaint houses with high gables and overhanging eaves have gained for it the -appellation “the Nremberg of the North.” Portions of the +appellation “the Nüremberg of the North.” Portions of the old walls survive, but the greater part of the former circumvallation has been converted into promenades and gardens, outside which a modern town has sprung up. The finest of its squares are the market-place and the so-called Sand. The churches of St John, with five aisles and a spire 375 ft. in height; of St Michael, containing the tombs of the former princes of -Lneburg, and of St Nicolas, with a huge nave and a lofty +Lüneburg, and of St Nicolas, with a huge nave and a lofty spire, are fine Gothic edifices of the 14th and 15th centuries. The old town-hall in the market square is a huge pile, dating originally from the 13th century, but with numerous additions. It has an arcade with frescoes, restored by modern Munich -artists, and contains a magnificent hall—the Frstensaal—richly +artists, and contains a magnificent hall—the Fürstensaal—richly decorated with wood-carving and stained-glass windows. -Galvanoplastic casts of the famous Lneburg silver plate, consisting +Galvanoplastic casts of the famous Lüneburg silver plate, consisting of 36 pieces which were acquired in 1874 by the Prussian -government for 33,000 and are now housed in the art museum +government for £33,000 and are now housed in the art museum in Berlin, are exhibited here. Among other public edifices are the old palace; the convent of St Michael (now converted into a school and law court), and the Kaufhaus (merchants’ hall). There are a museum, a library of 36,000 volumes, classical and -commercial schools, and a teachers’ seminary. Lneburg owes +commercial schools, and a teachers’ seminary. Lüneburg owes its importance chiefly to the gypsum and lime quarries of the Kalkberg, which afford the materials for its cement works, and to the productive salt-spring at its base which has been known and used since the 10th century. Hence the ancient saying which, grouping with these the commercial facilities afforded -by the bridge over the Ilmenau, ascribes the prosperity of Lneburg +by the bridge over the Ilmenau, ascribes the prosperity of Lüneburg to its <i>mons, fons, pons</i>. Other industries are the making of chemicals, ironware, soda and haircloth. There is a considerable -trade in French wines, for which Lneburg has for +trade in French wines, for which Lüneburg has for centuries been one of the chief emporia in north Germany, and -also in grain and wool. Celebrated are its lampreys, <i>Lneburger +also in grain and wool. Celebrated are its lampreys, <i>Lüneburger Bricken</i>.</p> -<p>Lneburg existed in the days of Charlemagne, but it did not +<p>Lüneburg existed in the days of Charlemagne, but it did not gain importance until after the erection of a convent and a castle on the Kalkberg in the 10th century. After the destruction of Bardowiek, then the chief commercial centre of North -Germany, by Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, in 1189, Lneburg +Germany, by Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, in 1189, Lüneburg inherited much of its trade and subsequently became one of the principal towns of the Hanseatic league. Having belonged to the extensive duchy of Saxony it was the capital of the duchy -of Brunswick-Lneburg from 1235 to 1369; later it belonged to +of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1235 to 1369; later it belonged to one or other of the branches of the family of Brunswick, being involved in the quarrels, and giving its name to cadet lines, -of this house. From the junior line of Brunswick-Lneburg +of this house. From the junior line of Brunswick-Lüneburg the reigning family of Great Britain is descended. The reformed doctrines were introduced into the town in 1530 and it suffered heavily during the Thirty Years’ War. It reached @@ -22562,24 +22524,24 @@ century it was the depot for much of the merchandise exported from Saxony and Bavaria to the mouth of the Elbe; then after a period of decay the 19th century witnessed a revival of its prosperity. In 1813 the German war of liberation was begun -by an engagement with the French near Lneburg.</p> +by an engagement with the French near Lüneburg.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See W. F. Volger, <i>Urkundenbuch der Stadt Lneburg</i> (3 vols., -Lneburg, 1872-1877); E. Bodemann, <i>Die lteren Zunfturkunden -der Stadt Lneburg</i> (Hanover, 1883); O. Jrgens, <i>Geschichte der Stadt -Lneburg</i> (Lneburg, 1891); <i>Des Propstes Jakob Schomaker Lneburger +<p>See W. F. Volger, <i>Urkundenbuch der Stadt Lüneburg</i> (3 vols., +Lüneburg, 1872-1877); E. Bodemann, <i>Die älteren Zunfturkunden +der Stadt Lüneburg</i> (Hanover, 1883); O. Jürgens, <i>Geschichte der Stadt +Lüneburg</i> (Lüneburg, 1891); <i>Des Propstes Jakob Schomaker Lüneburger Chronik</i>, edited by T. Meyer (Hanover, 1904); A. Wrede, -<i>Die Einfhrung der Reformation in Lneburg</i> (Gttingen, 1887), -and W. Reinecke, <i>Lneburgs ltestes Stadtbuch und Verfasstungsregister</i> +<i>Die Einführung der Reformation in Lüneburg</i> (Göttingen, 1887), +and W. Reinecke, <i>Lüneburgs ältestes Stadtbuch und Verfasstungsregister</i> (Hanover, 1903). For the history of the principality see von -Leuthe, <i>Archiv fr Geschichte und Verfassung des Frstentums -Lneburg</i> (Celle, 1854-1863).</p> +Leuthe, <i>Archiv für Geschichte und Verfassung des Fürstentums +Lüneburg</i> (Celle, 1854-1863).</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LNEBURGER HEIDE,<a name="ar248" id="ar248"></a></span> a district of Germany, in the Prussian +<p><span class="bold">LÜNEBURGER HEIDE,<a name="ar248" id="ar248"></a></span> a district of Germany, in the Prussian province of Hanover, lying between the Aller and the Elbe and intersected by the railways Harburg-Hanover and Bremen-Stendal. Its main character is that of a broad saddle-back, @@ -22597,10 +22559,10 @@ for the numerous Hun barrows found scattered throughout its whole extent.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Rabe, <i>Die Lneburger Heide und die Bewirthschaftung der -Heidhfe</i> (Jena, 1900); Kniep, <i>Fhrer durch die Lneburger Heide</i> -(Hanover, 1900); Linde, <i>Die Lneburger Heide</i> (Lneburg, 1905), -and Kck, <i>Das alte Bauernleben der Lneburger Heide</i> (Leipzig, 1906).</p> +<p>See Rabe, <i>Die Lüneburger Heide und die Bewirthschaftung der +Heidhöfe</i> (Jena, 1900); Kniep, <i>Führer durch die Lüneburger Heide</i> +(Hanover, 1900); Linde, <i>Die Lüneburger Heide</i> (Lüneburg, 1905), +and Kück, <i>Das alte Bauernleben der Lüneburger Heide</i> (Leipzig, 1906).</p> </div> @@ -22619,40 +22581,40 @@ either side. The gorge was generally open.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LUNVILLE,<a name="ar250" id="ar250"></a></span> an industrial and garrison town of north-eastern +<p><span class="bold">LUNÉVILLE,<a name="ar250" id="ar250"></a></span> an industrial and garrison town of north-eastern France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, 21 m. E.S.E. of Nancy on the railway to Strassburg. Pop. (1906) town, 19,199; commune, 24,266 (including troops). The town stands on the right bank of the Meurthe between that river and its affluent the Vezouze, a little -above their confluence. Its chteau, designed early in the 18th +above their confluence. Its château, designed early in the 18th century by the royal architect Germain Boffrand, was the favourite residence of Duke Leopold of Lorraine, where he gathered round him an academy composed of eminent men of the district. It is now a cavalry barracks, and the gardens -form a public promenade. Lunville is an important cavalry +form a public promenade. Lunéville is an important cavalry station with a large riding school. The church of St Jacques with its two domed towers dates from 1730-1745. There are statues of General Count Antoine de Lasalle, and of the Conventional -Abb Henri Grgoire. The town is the seat of a sub-prefect, +Abbé Henri Grégoire. The town is the seat of a sub-prefect, and has a tribunal of first instance and a communal college. It carries on cotton-spinning and the manufacture of railway material, motor vehicles, porcelain, toys, hosiery, embroidery, straw-hats and gloves. Trade is in grain, wine, tobacco, hops and other agricultural produce.</p> -<p>The name of Lunville (<i>Lunae villa</i>) is perhaps derived from +<p>The name of Lunéville (<i>Lunae villa</i>) is perhaps derived from <span class="pagenum"><a name="page126" id="page126"></a>126</span> an ancient cult of Diana, the moon goddess, a sacred fountain and medals with the effigy of this goddess having been found at -Leormont, some 2 m. E. of the town. Lunville belonged to +Leormont, some 2 m. E. of the town. Lunéville belonged to Austrasia, and after various changes fell, in 1344, to the house of Lorraine. A walled town in the middle ages, it suffered in the Thirty Years’ War and in the campaigns of Louis XIV. from war, plague and famine. The town flourished again under Dukes Leopold and Stanislas, on the death of the latter of whom, -which took place at Lunville, Lorraine was united to France -(1766). The treaty of Lunville between France and Austria +which took place at Lunéville, Lorraine was united to France +(1766). The treaty of Lunéville between France and Austria (1801) confirmed the former power in the possession of the left bank of the Rhine.</p> @@ -22721,15 +22683,15 @@ connected with the dynasty’s history and fortunes.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LUNGCHOW,<a name="ar253" id="ar253"></a></span> a town in the province of Kwangsi, China, in -22 21′ N., 106 45′ E., near the Tongking frontier, and at the +22° 21′ N., 106° 45′ E., near the Tongking frontier, and at the junction of the Sung-chi and Kao-ping rivers. Pop. (estimate) 22,000. The town is prettily situated in a circular valley. From a military point of view it is considered important, and considerable bodies of troops are stationed here. It was selected as the seat of frontier trade by the French convention of 1886, and was opened in 1889. In 1898 the total value of its trade -amounted to only 20,000, but in 1904 the figures increased -to 56,692.</p> +amounted to only £20,000, but in 1904 the figures increased +to £56,692.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> @@ -22739,7 +22701,7 @@ Breslau on the 15th of September 1839. He studied at Heidelberg latter university in 1859. Turning his attention to technical chemistry, he became chemist at several works both in Germany and England, and in 1876 he was appointed professor of technical -chemistry at Zrich polytechnic. Lunge’s original contributions +chemistry at Zürich polytechnic. Lunge’s original contributions cover a very wide field, dealing both with technical processes and analysis. In addition, he was a voluminous writer, enriching scientific literature with many standard works. His treatises @@ -22749,7 +22711,7 @@ des Steinkohlentheers</i> and <i>Sulphuric Acid and Alkali</i> (1st ed. authority on these subjects, while the <i>Chemische-technische Untersuchungs-Methoden</i> (1899-1900; Eng. trans.), to which he contributed, testified to his researches in technical analysis. -His jubilee was celebrated at Zrich on the 15th of September +His jubilee was celebrated at Zürich on the 15th of September 1909.</p> @@ -22799,7 +22761,7 @@ magister of which was Mark Antony. In imperial times the members were usually of equestrian standing.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Marquardt, <i>Rmische Staatsverwaltung</i>, iii. (1885) p. 438; +<p>See Marquardt, <i>Römische Staatsverwaltung</i>, iii. (1885) p. 438; W. Warde Fowler, <i>Roman Festivals</i> (1899), p. 390 foll., and article in Smith’s <i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</i> (3rd ed. 1891).</p> </div> @@ -22867,12 +22829,12 @@ only hardy in the most favoured parts of the kingdom.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LUPUS, PUBLIUS RUTILIUS,<a name="ar257" id="ar257"></a></span> Roman rhetorician, flourished during the reign of Tiberius. He was the author of a treatise -on the figures of speech (<span class="grk" title="Schmata lexes">Σχήματα λέξεως</span>), abridged from a +on the figures of speech (<span class="grk" title="Schêmata lexeôs">Σχήματα λέξεως</span>), abridged from a similar work by the rhetorician Gorgias (of Athens, not the well-known sophist of Leontini), the tutor of Cicero’s son. In its present form it is incomplete, as is clearly shown by the express testimony of Quintilian (<i>Instit.</i> ix. 2, 103, 106) that -Lupus also dealt with figures of sense, rhetorical figures (<span class="grk" title="Schmata +Lupus also dealt with figures of sense, rhetorical figures (<span class="grk" title="Schêmata dianoias">Σχήματα διανοίας</span>). The work is valuable chiefly as containing a number of examples, well translated into Latin, from the lost works of Greek rhetoricians. The author has been identified with the @@ -22940,7 +22902,7 @@ Nubian freedman who lived in the time of David in the district of Elah and Midian. According to some commentators on the Koran (<i>e.g.</i>, Baidāwī) he was the son of Bā‘ūrā, one of the sons of Job’s sister or maternal aunt. Derenbourg in his <i>Fables -de Loqmn le sage</i> (1850) identifies Bā’ūrā with Beoi, and believes +de Loqmân le sage</i> (1850) identifies Bā’ūrā with Beoi, and believes the name Luqmān to be a translation of <i>Balaam</i>. The grave of <i>Luqmān</i> was shown on the east coast of the lake of Tiberias, also in Yemen (cf. Yāqūt, vol. iii. p. 512).</p> @@ -22961,382 +22923,6 @@ Damīrī and the <i>Kitāb al-Mu‘ammarīn</i> (ed. by I. G <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th -Edition, Volume 17, Slice 1, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA *** - -***** This file should be named 43427-h.htm or 43427-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/4/2/43427/ - -Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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