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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43422 ***
+
+                              A SYLLABUS
+                                  OF
+                          Hispanic-American
+                               History
+
+                                  BY
+
+                 WILLIAM WHATLEY PIERSON, Jr., Ph. D.
+
+                     PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN THE
+                     UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA
+
+                     [Illustration: printer logo]
+
+                           (THIRD EDITION)
+                            PRICE 50 CENTS
+
+                             PUBLISHED BY
+                   THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA
+
+
+                        COPYRIGHT, 1916, 1920
+                                by the
+                     UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA
+                       (Revised and Reprinted)
+
+
+
+
+                          INTRODUCTORY NOTE
+
+     "In the establishment of the independence of Spanish America
+     the United States have the deepest interest. I have no
+     hesitation in asserting my firm belief that there is no
+     question in the foreign policy of this country, which has ever
+     arisen, or which I can conceive as ever occurring, in the
+     decision of which we have had or can have so much at
+     stake."--Henry Clay, _The Emancipation of South America_.
+
+
+This syllabus is designed primarily for the use of students of the
+University of North Carolina as a guide to the introductory study of
+Hispanic-American history. In it an effort has been made to provide
+for as general and comprehensive a study of Hispanic-American
+civilization as the time limits of a single one year's course would
+permit. In such a process, of course, selection and rejection of data
+were necessary. The student seeking to specialize will, therefore,
+find it possible and easy to elaborate and amplify each of the
+chapters and sections into which the outline has been divided. Despite
+such comprehensiveness as was mentioned, the writer has endeavored to
+emphasize the institutional and economic aspects. The necessity of
+elimination and the effort at emphasis have resulted in the relegation
+of political history, particularly that of the colonial period, to a
+position of comparatively less prominence and significance than some
+might expect. For this the writer must plead necessity.
+
+In view of the great contemporary interest in Hispanic America no case
+for the study of its history need be made--if such, indeed, is
+required for any field of history. That interest in the United States
+has been in part due to the construction of the Panama Canal and to
+the increasing importance in diplomacy of the Caribbean area, and in
+part it may be ascribed to the exigencies and effects of the World War
+which have made people conscious of trade opportunities formerly
+non-existent or, if existent, not fully recognized; and many have thus
+concluded that the diplomatic, political, and economic importance of
+Hispanic America has made of prime necessity a thorough study and a
+sympathetic understanding of its past history and institutions. These
+facts and this new consciousness may indicate the opening of another
+period in the history of the Western Hemisphere, which will doubtless
+have a distinctly inter-American emphasis. The field of
+Hispanic-American history has until recent years been little known to
+and too often neglected by the undergraduate student in the
+universities,--if, indeed, courses in such history have been offered.
+It is, in the opinion of the writer, however, a field not lacking in
+comparative importance, interest, and cultural value with those better
+known. It is hoped and confidently expected that the interest in the
+history and institutions of the Hispanic-American countries recently
+engendered by the consciousness that these countries have become
+potent economic and political factors in the modern world will be
+abiding. Hispanic-American history as a standard course will have much
+justification, for the part which the peoples of the southern
+republics will play in the future, as Viscount Bryce recently said,
+"must henceforth be one of growing significance for the Old World as
+well as for the New."
+
+The course as outlined in this syllabus provides for the study of the
+history, geography, political and social institutions, and the
+economic development and possibilities of Hispanic-American countries.
+A careful analysis and investigation will thus be made of the Spanish
+and Portuguese colonial systems and colonial experience in order to
+explain the wars of independence and the existing political and social
+conditions. Attention will then be directed to the development of
+republics, the struggle for political stability, and the exploitation
+of resources. The course will also include some study of the
+international relations--political and economic--and diplomatic
+problems which have arisen in recent Hispanic-American history.
+
+At the outset the prospective student is warned that as yet there
+exists no single text-book devoted to the Hispanic-American republics
+which satisfactorily and adequately presents their history, describes
+their present conditions and discusses their institutions. This
+absence, of necessity, determines that the course will be based
+largely upon material to be found only in a number of books, public
+documents, and scientific reports. An effort has been made in this
+syllabus to meet this difficult situation. Lectures following the
+outline of the syllabus and explanatory of it, and recitations based
+on assigned readings, will constitute the class work. On these
+lectures and readings the students will be expected to take notes. In
+addition, they will be required to make certain class reports and at
+least once during the year to prepare, after consultation with the
+instructor, an essay on some topic of the syllabus or allied phase of
+the work.
+
+Students will be required to provide themselves individually with a
+copy of this syllabus and with W. R. Shepherd's _Latin America_ (Holt
+& Company). It is strongly recommended that they purchase also F.
+Garcia Calderon's _Latin America: Its Rise and Progress_ (Scribners).
+For the general student and reader the following list of books,
+written in English, may be found useful:
+
+For description, geography, travel, peoples and social conditions:
+
+     James Bryce, _South America: Observations and Impressions_.
+     (Macmillan).
+
+     G. E. Church, _Aborigines of South America_. (Chapman and
+     Hall.)
+
+     C. R. Enock, _The Republics of Central and South America_.
+     (Dent & Sons).
+
+     A. H. Keane, _Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel:
+     Central and South America_. (2 Vols., Lippincott.)
+
+     _Atlas America Latina_, (English, Spanish, Portuguese; General
+     Drafting Co.).
+
+     R. Reyes, _The Two Americas_. (Stokes.)
+
+     A. Ruhl, _The Other Americans_. (Scribners.)
+
+     H. Bingham, _Across South America_. (Houghton Mifflin Co.)
+
+For history:
+
+     T. C. Dawson, _The South American Republics_. (3 Vols.,
+     Putnam.)
+
+     A. H. Noll, _A Short History of Mexico_. (McClurg.)
+
+     F. Palmer, _Central America and its Problems_. (Moffat, Yard &
+     Co.)
+
+For institutions and history:
+
+     E. G. Bourne, _Spain in America_. (American Nation Series,
+     Harpers.)
+
+     B. Moses, _The Establishment of Spanish Rule in America_.
+     (Putnam.)
+
+     ----, _South America on the Eve of Emancipation_. (Putnam.)
+
+     ----, _Spanish Dependencies in South America_. (Harpers.)
+
+     F. L. Paxson, _The Independence of the South American
+     Republics_. (2nd Ed., Ferris and Leach.)
+
+     W. S. Robertson, _The Rise of the Spanish American Republics_.
+     (Appleton.)
+
+     W. R. Shepherd, _Hispanic Nations of the New World; A Chronicle
+     of Our Southern Neighbors_. (Yale Press.)
+
+For literature:
+
+     Alfred Coester, _The Literary History of Spanish America_.
+     (Macmillan.)
+
+     Isaac Goldberg, _Studies in Spanish American Literature_.
+     (Brentano.)
+
+For trade relations:
+
+     W. E. Aughinbaugh, _Selling Latin America_. (Small, Maynard &
+     Company.)
+
+     E. B. Filsinger, _Exporting to Latin America_. (Appleton.)
+
+     A. H. Verrill, _South and Central American Trade Conditions of
+     Today_. (Dodd, Mead & Company.)
+
+For individual countries:
+
+     P. Denis, _Brazil_. (Scribners.)
+
+     P. J. Eder, _Columbia_. (Unwin or Scribners.)
+
+     G. F. S. Elliott, _Chile_. (Scribners.)
+
+     C. R. Enock, _Mexico_. (Scribners.)
+
+     W. A. Hirst, _Argentina_. (Scribners.)
+
+     W. H. Koebel, _Argentina, Past and Present_. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
+
+     ----, _Paraguay_. (Scribners.)
+
+     ----, _Uruguay_. (Scribners.)
+
+     ----, _Central America_. (Scribners.)
+
+     W. L. Scruggs, _The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics_.
+     (Little, Brown & Co.)
+
+     M. R. Wright's Books on _Bolivia_; _Brazil_; _Chile_; and
+     _Peru_. (Cazenove & Son.)
+
+The monthly _Bulletin_ and other publications of the Pan-American
+Union (Washington, D. C.), offer excellent and reliable information
+respecting all of these divisions, and are recommended.
+
+Students wishing to make a more detailed study than this brief list
+would provide for can easily find extensive bibliographies on the
+subject in English, Portuguese and Spanish which are of great value.
+They will do well to consult P. H. Goldsmith, _A Brief Bibliography_
+(Macmillan), although it is admittedly incomplete in its list of books
+and contemptuously harsh in its judgment of many of those included.
+More comprehensive and valuable are the _Bibliographie Hispanique_
+(annual, New York) published by the Hispanic Society of America, and
+the lists and catalogues of books, pamphlets, periodicals, and maps
+prepared by the Pan-American Union and printed by the United States
+Government,--first, the list relating to Central America by P. Lee
+Phillips, 1902; secondly, the catalogue of books, periodicals, etc.,
+in the Columbus Library, which appeared successively in 1905, 1907,
+1909, and 1914. Many lists respecting individual Hispanic-American
+countries have been published, including Argentina, Brazil, Chile,
+Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and Paraguay.
+Reference also must necessarily be made to the exhaustive and
+scholarly _Biblioteca Hispano-Americana_ and other compilations of
+José Toribio Medina, the great bibliographer of Chile. _The Hispanic
+American Historical Review_ is commended to the student not only for
+its own articles and reviews, but for the great service rendered to
+the bibliography of this subject by publishing with each issue a list
+of books and articles pertaining to the field which have recently
+appeared.
+
+The writer would anticipate the criticism that the list of books
+specified in the syllabus for reading is incomplete. Since these
+readings are designed for class purposes and are selected as being
+practicable, the incompleteness was scarcely avoidable. The specialist
+will again find it easy to enlarge. In the list of readings, in order
+to conserve space, the author's name and full title of the book are
+stated when the first reference is made; thereafter only the author's
+name is employed, except in such cases in which the author has written
+more than one book or in which clearness seems to demand complete or
+partial repetition.
+
+The author wishes to make acknowledgment of his indebtedness to
+Professor William R. Shepherd, of Columbia University, whose advice
+and inspiration have been of incalculable service to him. Professor
+Shepherd generously made suggestions for this edition of the syllabus.
+Chapel Hill, N. C., June, 1920.
+
+
+
+
+               A SYLLABUS OF HISPANIC-AMERICAN HISTORY
+
+
+                             INTRODUCTION
+
+=I. The Political Situation in Europe at Opening of the 16th Century.=
+
+     1. The National States: England, France, Spain and Portugal.
+
+     2. The Holy Roman Empire.
+
+     3. The city states of Italy.
+
+     4. Other European States.
+
+     Readings: Hayes, _A Political and Social History of Modern
+     Europe_, Vol. I, 3-25.
+
+=II. Scientific and intellectual progress.=
+
+     1. Medieval travels; the crusades.
+
+     2. The Renaissance.
+
+     3. Invention of the compass and improvement of the astrolabe.
+
+     4. Improvement and increase of maps.
+
+     Readings: Cheyney, _European Background of American History_,
+     41-59.
+
+=III. European Commerce at the Opening of the 16th Century.=
+
+     1. Trade and trade routes between Europe and the Far East.
+
+     2. The Mediterranean and the Italian cities.
+
+     3. Conquests of the Ottoman Turks; closing of old routes.
+
+     4. Decline of the Italian cities.
+
+     5. Need of new routes; Battle of the Nile, 1516.
+
+     Readings: Cheyney, 3-40; Shepherd, _Historical Atlas_, 98-99,
+     107-110; Hayes, I, 27-49.
+
+=IV. The Commercial Revolution.=
+
+     1. The geographic position of Spain and Portugal.
+
+     2. The circumnavigation of Africa: Prince Henry the Navigator;
+     Diaz; Vasco da Gama.
+
+     3. The Western passage; sought by Spain.
+
+     4. The commercial revolution; effects.
+
+     5. Creation of trade companies; new methods of commerce.
+
+     6. Expansion and colonization; motives.
+
+     Readings: Bourne, _Spain in America_, 104-132; Cheyney,
+     123-146; Hayes, I, 27-69.
+
+=V. Spain and Portugal at the Opening of the 16th Century.=
+
+     A. Background of Spanish history.
+
+         Spanish Society:
+
+          1. Geographic influences in Spanish history.
+
+          2. The evolution of the Spanish nationality:
+
+               a. The earliest historic inhabitants of the Iberian
+               peninsula.
+
+               b. The invasions: Phoenician; Carthaginian; Roman;
+               Visigothic; Vandal; Moorish.
+
+               c. Immigration of Jews and Berbers.
+
+               d. Contact and conflict with the Moors, 710-1492.
+
+               e. Expulsion of the Moors and the Jews.
+
+               f. Establishment of union and central government.
+
+          3. The individualism of the people.
+
+          4. Militarist spirit engendered by long wars.
+
+          5. Evolution of types.
+
+          6. Governmental system:
+
+               a. The king and his powers.
+
+               b. The executive and advisory councils.
+
+               c. The Spanish Cortes.
+
+               d. Legal codes and other systems of law.
+
+               e. Administrative machinery.
+
+               f. Local and municipal government.
+
+               g. System of taxation.
+
+               h. Efforts of Ferdinand and Isabella to unify Spain and
+               centralize powers of government.
+
+          7. The Church and morals:
+
+               a. The Spanish clergy.
+
+               b. Inquisition.
+
+               c. Influences of Moors and Jews upon church and faith.
+
+          8. Industries and agriculture; attitude toward labor: The
+          _Mesta_; wheat, vine, and olive culture.
+
+          9. Condition of social classes.
+          10. Intellectual development in Spain:
+
+               a. Formative influences on languages and literature.
+
+               b. Contributions of the Moors.
+
+               c. Ecclesiastical and philosophical writings.
+
+          11. Motives of colonization.
+
+     Required Readings: Chapman, _The History of Spain_, 1-286;
+     Hume, _Spain, its Greatness and Decay_, 1479-1788, 1-64; _The
+     Spanish People_, 144-404; Cheyney, 79-114; Ellis, _The Soul of
+     Spain_, 29-105.
+
+     Additional Readings: Lea, _History of the Inquisition in
+     Spain_; ----, _The Moriscos of Spain_; ----, _History of
+     Sarcedotal Celibacy_, 80-85; 300-311; Milman, _History of the
+     Jews_, Vol. III, 264-309; Altamira, _Historia de España y de la
+     Civilizacion española_; Colmeiro, _Derecho administrativo
+     español_; Plunkett, _Isabel of Castile_; Sempere, _Histoire des
+     Cortes d' Espagne_; Lowery, _The Spanish Settlements in the
+     United States_, Vol. I, 79-101; Walton, _Civil Law in Spain and
+     Spanish America_; Lane-Poole, _The Story of the Moors in
+     Spain_; Scott, _History of the Moorish Empire in Europe_;
+     Danvila y Collado, _El Poder Civil en España_; Lafuente and
+     Valera, _Historia general de España_; Salazar, _Monarchia de
+     España_, Vol. I; Sacristian y Martinez, _Municipalidades de
+     Castilla y Leon_; Merriman, _The Rise of the Spanish Empire in
+     the Old World and in the New_, Vols. I and II.
+
+B. Background of Portuguese history.
+
+     Portuguese society:
+
+         1. General characteristics.
+
+         2. Influence of climate in Portugal.
+
+         3. Position as European power in the 16th Century.
+
+         4. Portugal as a national state.
+
+         5. Political institutions.
+
+         6. Motives of colonization.
+
+     Required Readings: Cheyney, 60-74; Stephens, _The Story of
+     Portugal_.
+
+     Additional Readings: Busk, _History of Spain and Portugal_;
+     Martins, _The Golden Age of Prince Henry the Navigator_; ----,
+     _Historia de Portugal_; Jayne, _Vasco da Gama and His
+     Successors_; Major, _Life of Prince Henry the Navigator_;
+     Hakluyt Society Publications.
+
+=Chapter I. The Period of Discovery.=
+
+     A. Tracing the coast line by Spanish navigators.
+
+         1. The achievement of Columbus.
+
+         2. Achievements of: Hojeda, Cosa, Vespucci, Pinzon, Piñeda,
+         Bastidas, Grijalva, Balboa, Magellan and Elcano, Guevara, and
+         Saavedra.
+
+     Readings: Shepherd, _Historical Atlas_, 106-111; Morris,
+     _History of Colonization_, I, 230-243; Bourne, _Spain in
+     America_, 67-174; Payne, _European Colonies_, 35-53; ----,
+     _History of America_, Vol. I; Helps, _Spanish Conquest in
+     America_; Koebel, _South America_; Thacher, _Columbus_;
+     Vignaud, _Historie critique de la grande entreprise de
+     Christopher Colomb_; Guillemard, _Magellan_; Bancroft, _Central
+     Mexico_, Vol. I; Brittain, _Discovery and Exploration_, 56-296;
+     Benzoni, _History of the New World_ (Hakluyt Society Pub.);
+     Zahm, _Up the Orinoco and Down the Magdelena_; ----, _Along
+     the Andes and Down the Amazon_.
+
+     B. Internal exploration and settlement.
+
+         1. Achievements of: Cortes; Pizarro; Cabeza de Vaca; Almagro;
+         Orellana; Ursúa; Mendoza; Ayolas; Irala, and others.
+
+         2. Explorations of Portuguese in Brazil.
+
+         3. Settlement of the West Indies.
+
+         4. Settlement of Mexico and Central America.
+
+         5. Settlement of Spanish South America.
+
+     Readings: To those of Section A, add _Cambridge Modern
+     History_, I, ch. xv.; Prescott, _Conquest of Mexico_; Bancroft,
+     _History of Mexico_; MacNutt, _Fernando Cortes and the Conquest
+     of Mexico_; Solis, _Historia de la Conquista de Mexico_;
+     Bandelier, _Contributions to the History of the Southwestern
+     Portions of the United States_; De Lannoy and Van der Linden,
+     _Historie de L'Expansion Coloniale des Peuples Europeens_
+     (Portugal et Espagne); Bolton, _Spanish Exploration in the
+     Southwest_; Daenell, _Die Spanier in Nord Amerika_; Altamira,
+     _The Share of Spain in the History of the Pacific Ocean_,
+     (_Pacific Ocean in History_, 34-75); Groat, _Historia de la
+     Nueva Granada_; Wright, _The Early History of Cuba_;
+     Amunategui, _Descubrimientos_; _Conquista de Chile_; Ojeda,
+     _Los Conquistadores de Chile_ (2v.)
+
+     C. Relations of Spain and Portugal in 16th Century.
+
+         1. Rivalry for trade supremacy.
+
+         2. Appeal to the Pope.
+
+             Line of Demarcation, 1493.
+
+         3. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494.
+
+         4. Boundary commissions and disputes.
+
+         5. Treaty of Saragossa, 1529.
+
+         6. Mid-century relations.
+
+         7. Union of Portugal and Spain, 1580.
+
+         8. Attitude of Europe toward Spanish and Portuguese claims of
+         monopoly.
+
+         9. New doctrines relative to the control of the seas and the
+         ownership of territory.
+
+     Required Readings: Shepherd, _Latin America_, 9-19; Chapman,
+     229-271; Bourne, 31-33; 131-132; ----, _Essays in Historical
+     Criticism_, 193-217; Keller, _Colonization_, 175-176; 197-200;
+     Merriman, II, 219-239.
+
+     Additional Readings: Altamira, _Historia de España_.
+
+
+=Chapter II. The Spanish Colonial System.=
+
+     A. Imperial Control.
+
+         1. Early methods of colonization.
+
+             Spanish inexperience; government aid and activities;
+             private enterprize; rapid evolution of a system.
+
+         2. The _capitulation_; that of Columbus compared with later
+         ones.
+
+         3. The _Casa de Contratacion_.
+
+         4. The Council of the Indies:
+
+             a. Organization; powers; duties; methods of administration;
+             accomplishments.
+
+             b. Notable members.
+
+         5. Control of emigration:
+
+             a. Laws of restriction.
+
+             b. Inducements offered approved immigrants.
+
+         6. Exclusion of foreign influences from Colonies; Spanish
+         mercantilism.
+
+         7. Interference in colonial affairs.
+
+         8. Means of control; special commissions; the _visitador_; the
+         _residencia_; recall.
+
+         9. Difficulties of administration:
+
+             a. Distance between colonies and home government.
+
+             b. Defective means of communication.
+
+         10. Decline of the system; changes effected in the 18th
+         Century; red tape and routine.
+
+         11. Comparison of the Spanish system of colonization with the
+         systems of other colonizing countries.
+
+         12. Influences of the colonial empire upon Spain.
+
+     Required Readings: Shepherd, 19-26; Bourne, 220-242; Morris,
+     244-259; Keller, 168-206; 210-215; Bancroft, _History of
+     Central America_, I, 285 _et seq._; Roscher, _The Spanish
+     Colonial System_; Moses, _Establishment of Spanish Rule in
+     America_; _Cambridge Modern History_, Vol X, 244 et. seq.;
+     Robertson, _Rise of the Spanish American Republics_,
+     Introduction.
+
+     Additional Readings: Root, _Spain and Its Colonies_; Zimmerman,
+     _Die Kolonialpolitik Portugal und Spaniens_; Leroy-Beaulieu,
+     _De la Colonisation chez les Peuples Modernes_, 1-40; Puente y
+     Olea, _Los Trabajos Geographicos de la Casa de Contratacion_;
+     Colmeiro, _Historia de la Economia Politica en España_, Vol.
+     II; Cappa, _Estudios Criticos Acerca de la dominacion española
+     en America_; _Recopilacion de Leyes de los Reinos de las
+     Indias_, (a collection of legislation respecting the colonies
+     made first in 1681).
+
+     B. Spanish Administrative System in the Colonies.
+
+         1. No distinct separation of powers; the executive,
+         legislative, judicial, and ecclesiastical powers of government.
+
+         2. Office of _Viceroy_ in Spanish America.
+
+             a. History of the office.
+
+             b. Appointment; powers in the various departments of the
+             government; dignity of office; perquisites and reward.
+
+         3. Offices of _Adelantado_; _gobernador_; _captain-general_;
+         minor officials.
+
+         4. The _Audiencia_; _presidencia_.
+
+         5. The system of intendants instituted; its effects.
+
+         6. Local government: the _alcalde_; the _cabildo_;
+         _ayuntamiento_.
+
+         7. Extraordinary political bodies in the colonies: the _Cabildo
+         abierto_.
+
+         8. Minor courts of law; position of lawyers.
+
+         9. Conduct of government.
+
+         10. Operation of the system; discretionary powers as to
+         enforcement or non-enforcement of laws--"Se obedece pero no se
+         ejecuta"; opportunities of local officials to evade imperial
+         restrictions.
+
+         11. Relations of officials with the home government.
+
+     Required Readings: Shepherd, 25-29; Moses, _Establishment of
+     Spanish Rule_; ----, _Spanish Dependencies of South America_,
+     263-275; Morris, I, 244-259; Smith, _The Viceroy of New Spain_,
+     100-248; Bourne, 202-242; ----, _A Trained Colonial Civil
+     Service_, (North American Review, Vol. 169, 528 _et seq._);
+     Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIX; Hill, _Office of
+     Adelantado_, (Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XXVIII);
+     Roscher, _The Spanish Colonial System_; Humboldt, _Political
+     Essay on New Spain_; Cunningham, _The Audiencia in the Spanish
+     Colonies_; ----, _Institutional Background of
+     Spanish-American History_ (Hisp. Am. Hist. Rev. 1918).
+
+     Additional Readings: Bancroft, _Central America_, Vol. I,
+     Chapter V; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, 244 _et seq._;
+     Desdevises du Dezert, _L'Espagne de L'Ancien Régime_ (Les
+     Institutions) 122-163; Solorzano, _Politica Indiana_, Vol. II;
+     Haebler, _Amerika_ (Helmolt's _Weltgeschichte_, Vol. I) 384,
+     _et seq._
+
+     C. The Church. _Real Patronato._
+
+         1. Royal control of the Church in oversea dominions.
+
+             a. Bull of Alexander VI, 1493.
+
+             b. The bull of Julius II, 1508.
+
+             c. The system as perfected.
+
+         2. The clergy in the colonies.
+
+         3. The priest as a colonizer.
+
+         4. Jesuits and other clerical orders.
+
+         5. Relations of Church and State.
+
+         6. The church and education.
+
+         7. The right of sanctuary in the colonies.
+
+         8. The mission system; the Church and the Indian.
+
+         9. The Inquisition in Spanish America.
+
+         10. The Church in Spanish and Portuguese colonies compared.
+
+         11. Some notable priests and monks; Las Casas, Zumarraga;
+         Cardenas, etc.
+
+         12. Expulsion of Jesuits, 1767, (Portugal, 1759).
+
+     Required Readings: Shepherd, 49-59; Bourne, 302-319; Keller,
+     283-305; Ayme, _Ancient Temples and Cities of the New World_;
+     Moses, _Establishment of Spanish Rule_, Chap. IV; ----, _South
+     America on the Eve of Emancipation_, 119-142; ----, _Spanish
+     Dependencies in South America_, Vol. I, 338-349; 364-380; Vol.
+     II, 143-153; 206-232; Smith, 229-248.
+
+     Additional Readings: Acosta, _The Natural and Moral History of
+     the Indies_, Vol. II; Lea, _The Inquisition in the Spanish
+     Dependencies_; Graham, _A Vanished Arcadia_; Koebel, _In Jesuit
+     Land_; Escriche, _Diccionario Razonado de Legislacion_; Palma,
+     _Anales de la inquisicion de Lima_; Lowery, _Spanish
+     Settlements in the United States_, Vol. I, 339-366; Calle,
+     _Memorial y Noticias Sacras_; Chapman, _The Founding of Spanish
+     California_ (cf. Index, "Religious Conquest"); Medina,
+     _Historia de Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisicion en
+     Mexico_; _Cambridge Modern History_, Vol. X, 253, _et seq._
+
+     D. The Indians and the Labor System.
+
+         1. The aborigines: tribes; number.
+
+             a. Most important families: Araucanians; Arawak; Aymara;
+             Aztec; Carib; Charrua; Chibcha; Coconuco; Guarani; Inca;
+             Maya; Mojos; Puelche; Quechua; Tapuya; Tupi, etc.
+
+         2. Indian civilization:
+
+             a. The Aztecs of Mexico.
+
+             b. The Incas of Peru.
+
+         3. Treatment of Indians by the Spanish; comparison of this
+         treatment with that by other nations.
+
+         4. Reputation of Spaniards for cruelty.
+
+         5. Laws of Spain relative to Indians:
+
+             a. Early regulations; instructions to Columbus; laws of
+             Burgos, 1512; laws of 1530.
+
+             b. The "New Laws," 1542.
+
+             c. Labor laws and customs:
+
+                 1. _Encomienda._
+
+                 2. _Repartimiento._
+
+                 3. _Mita._
+
+                 4. Office of _corregidor_.
+
+             d. Indian slavery; service in _obrages_ and _trapiches_;
+             effect of labor system on Indians.
+
+             e. Law and practice.
+
+         6. Taxation of Indians.
+
+         7. Work of Las Casas, Nobrega, and Anchieta.
+
+         8. Indian resistance against Spanish system; Tupac-Amaru, II,
+         1780-1781.
+
+         9. Importation of negro slaves:
+
+             a. The Spanish theory.
+
+             b. The asiento.
+
+             c. Laws governing negro slave labor.
+
+     Required Readings: Shepherd, 29-32; Morris, I, 239-241;
+     245-251; Keller, 257-282; Moses, _South America on the Eve of
+     Emancipation_, 167-217; ----, _Spanish Dependencies_, Vol. I,
+     204-229; Barros Arana, _Compendio de historia de America_, part
+     I; Watson, _Spanish and Portuguese South America_, Vol. I,
+     65-85; 209-249; Means, _The Rebellion of Tupac-Amaru_ II,
+     1780-1781, (His. Am. Hist. Rev., 1919); Church, _The Aborigines
+     of South America_; Hrdlicka, _Early Man in South America_;
+     Nordenskiold, _Indianerleben_.
+
+     Additional Readings: Gage, _New Survey of the West Indies_;
+     MacNutt, _Bartholomew de las Casas_; Prescott, _Conquest of
+     Mexico_; ----, _Conquest of Peru_; Robertson, _History of
+     America_, Book VIII; Helps, _Spanish Conquest in America_;
+     Saco, _Revista de Cuba_; Markham, _The Incas of Peru_; Spinden,
+     _Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America_.
+
+     E. Social Classes and Colonial Society.
+
+         1. Spanish types in the colonies:
+
+             Basque; Gallego; Catalan; Andalusian.
+
+         2. Classes and race distinctions:
+
+             Chapeton (gachupines); Creole; Mestizo; Mulatto; Zambo.
+
+         3. Classes and the government; the _divide et impera_ policy.
+
+         4. Legacy of class distinction.
+
+         5. Spanish recognition of Creoles and natives; numbers
+         ennobled.
+
+         6. Colonial society; diversions; pursuits; occupations.
+
+         7. The towns; _pueblos_; the cercados.
+
+     Required Readings: Shepherd, 29-38; Morris, 252-254; Garcia
+     Calderon, _Latin America: Its Rise and Progress_, 44-58;
+     Bourne, 253-268; Keller, 211-220; Moses, _Establishment of
+     Spanish Rule_, Chapter II; ----, _South America on the Eve of
+     Emancipation_, 100-118.
+
+     Additional Readings: Humboldt, _Personal Narrative of Travels_;
+     Reclus, _The Earth and Its Inhabitants--South America_;
+     Frezier, _Voyage a la Mer de Sud_; Ulloa, _A Voyage to South
+     America_.
+
+     F. Colonial Agriculture, Manufacturing, and Mining.
+
+         1. The land system:
+
+             a. Primogeniture, entails, and mortmain.
+
+             b. Spanish _repartimientos_ and _encomiendas_; Portuguese
+             _capitanias_ and _prazos_.
+
+         2. Methods of acquiring real estate.
+
+         3. Attitude of home government toward colonial manufactures.
+
+         4. Stock raising; the Mesta; agricultural products introduced
+         by the Spanish.
+
+         5. Mines and mining in South and North America.
+
+     Readings: Bourne, 282-301; Payne, _History of America_, Vol. I,
+     254-362; Shepherd, 38-49; Moses, _South America on the Eve of
+     Emancipation_, 328-340; Keller, 221-225.
+
+     G. Trade System and Means of Transportation.
+
+         1. The Spanish trade regulations; mercantilism; the staple
+         cities.
+
+         2. Trade routes; oceanic; inland.
+
+         3. Convoys and fleet system; taxes levied; concessions of 1620.
+
+         4. Depots and staple cities; fairs.
+
+         5. Means of transportation in colonial Spanish America.
+
+         6. The _Consulado_; guilds; _cofradias_.
+
+         7. Trade companies:
+
+             The Guipuzcoa company, 1728-1778.
+
+         8. The War of Spanish Succession; Treaty of Utrecht.
+
+         9. The Anglo-Spanish relations at Porto Bello.
+
+         10. Obstacles to success of system:
+
+             a. Smuggling.
+
+             b. Buccaneers, pirates, and public enemies.
+
+         11. Final changes in system, 1740, 1748, 1765, 1778; work of
+         Charles III, Aranda, and Galvez.
+
+         12. Portuguese trade regulations.
+
+     Required Readings: Shepherd, 43-47; Bourne, 282-301; Morris,
+     260-277; Moses, _Spanish Dependencies_, Vol. II, 244-365;
+     Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, 254-257; Keller, 226-241;
+     244-249; Smith, 248-254; Priestley, _Reforms of Jose de Galvez
+     in New Spain_ (The Pacific Ocean in History); Mimms, _Colbert's
+     West India Policy_; Koebel, _British Exploits in South
+     America_, 47-98; Haring, _The Buccaneers in the West Indies in
+     the Seventeenth Century_; Colmeiro, II, 401-463; Alberdi,
+     _Estudios Economicos_, 100-101.
+
+     Additional Readings: Blackmar, _Spanish Institutions in the
+     Southwest_; Stevens, _Spanish Rule of Trade in the West
+     Indies_; Esquemeling, _History of the Buccaneers_; Rubalcava,
+     _Tratado Historico Politico y Legal del Commercio_; Walton,
+     _Spanish Colonies_, Vol. II, 153-181.
+
+     H. The Colonial Taxation System.
+
+         1. The sources of revenue.
+
+         2. Taxes: _Alcabala_; _Armada_ and _armadilla_; _media anata_;
+         royal ninths; Indian tribute; taxes on: salt; mineral products;
+         tobacco.
+
+         3. Sale of offices.
+
+     Readings: Moses, _South America on the Eve of Emancipation_,
+     328-339.
+
+     I. Education and Thought.
+
+         1. The universities.
+
+             Institutions established at Lima, Mexico City, Bogota,
+             Cordoba, Cuzco, Caracas, Santiago de Chile, Quito, etc.
+
+         2. The clergy and education.
+
+         3. Colonial literature:
+
+             a. Clerical influences.
+
+             b. Early tendencies and schools.
+
+             c. Writers: Zumarraga, Las Casas, Ercilla, Balbuena, Juana
+             Ines de la Cruz, Espejo.
+
+         4. The press.
+
+         5. Transplantation of European civilization:
+
+             Language; customs; education; religion; political theories
+             and institutions.
+
+         6. Cultural influence of colonies upon Spain and Europe.
+
+     Required Readings: Shepherd, 59-68; Moses, _South America on
+     the Eve of Emancipation_, 143-166; Coester, _The Literary
+     History of Spanish America_, 1-38.
+
+     Additional Readings: Humboldt, _Personal Narrative of Travels_;
+     Ingenieros, _La Revolucion_, 29-78; Bunge, _Nuestra America_.
+
+     J. Political History.
+
+         1. Diplomatic relations of Spain and Portugal in 17th and 18th
+         Centuries.
+
+         2. The Viceroyalties:
+
+             a. New Spain, 1534.
+
+             b. Peru, 1542.
+
+             c. New Granada, 1739.
+
+             d. La Plata, 1776.
+
+         3. Indian Wars and political insurrections.
+
+         4. The favored and the neglected colonies.
+
+         5. Colonial defence--military and naval.
+
+     Readings: Keller, 316-325; Watson, _Spanish and Portuguese
+     South America_; Moses, _The Spanish Dependencies in South
+     America_.
+
+
+=Chapter III. Settlement of Brazil and Portuguese Institutions.=
+
+         1. The voyage of Cabral; Portuguese claims; Correia, Coelho, de
+         Souza.
+
+         2. Early settlements; attitude of Portuguese toward Brazil;
+         founding of cities.
+
+         3. Portuguese system of colonization in Brazil.
+
+             a. The captaincies.
+
+             b. The "desembargo do paco."
+
+             c. Theory and practice; frequent changes in the
+             administrative service.
+
+         d. Comparison with Portuguese colonial system in the East
+         Indies.
+
+             e. The church in colonial Brazil; the _aldeias_; work of
+             Anchieta, Nobrega, Vieyra.
+
+         4. Treatment of the natives; intermarriage; regulations as to
+         labor system.
+
+         5. Importation of negro slaves, 1502; slave trade; the
+         _Companhia do Grao Para_; slave codes.
+
+         6. The Portuguese commercial system:
+
+             a. The "India House" and the "Guinea House."
+
+             b. Mercantilism and monopoly.
+
+             c. Participation of the English in the Portuguese trade.
+
+             d. Colonial products of Brazil.
+
+         7. Beginning of Westward Movement in Brazil.
+
+             a. Settlement of Sao Paulo.
+
+             b. Government of the frontier; the _Paulistas_;
+             _Mamelucos_.
+
+             c. Discovery of Gold, 1693; diamonds, 1730.
+
+         8. Society and thought in Brazil.
+
+         9. Conflict with the French and Dutch.
+
+         10. Relations of Brazil and Portugal.
+
+     Required Readings: Denis, _Brazil_, 27-78; Morris, I, 214-220;
+     Keller, 131-167; Watson, Vol. II, 1-26; Rio Branco, _Esquisse
+     de l'Histoire du Brésil_, 105-152.
+
+     Additional Readings: De Lannoy and Van der Linden, 11-26;
+     172-181; 225-238; Merivale, _Lectures_, 47 _et seq._; Pinheiro,
+     _Historia do Brazil_; Southey, _History of Brazil_; Varnhagen,
+     _Historia Geral do Brazil_, Vol. I.
+
+
+=Chapter IV. Geography and Resources of Hispanic America.=
+
+         1. Geographic situation of South America.
+
+         2. Area of states in comparison with that of the United States
+         and Europe.
+
+         3. Climate.
+
+             a. Seasons and temperature.
+
+             b. Rainfall.
+
+         4. Mountain ranges; rivers; water power.
+
+         5. Harbors.
+
+         6. Forests; commercial value of forest products.
+
+         7. Mineral deposits.
+
+         8. Animal life; introduction of animals and plants by Spanish.
+
+         9. Drugs and medicines.
+
+         10. Agricultural possibilities. Products in general: fruits;
+         rubber; coffee; cacao; yerba; sugar; grasses; tobacco.
+
+     Required Readings: Shepherd, 107-121; _Atlas America Latina_;
+     Koebel, _The South Americans_, 184-304; Bryce, _South America_,
+     37-483; books on individual countries listed in Chapter VIII;
+     Keane, _Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel--Central
+     and South America_; Boero, _Geografia de America_.
+
+      Additional Readings: Tschudi, _Travels in Peru_; Whymper,
+      _Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator_; Schanz,
+      _Quer durch Sud-America_; Darwin, _Journal of
+      Researches_--(Voyage of the _Beagle_); Zahm's works.
+
+
+=Chapter V. The Struggle for Independence, 1806-1826.=
+
+         1. Sources and elements of discontent in Latin America;
+         political and economic.
+
+         2. Influence of the American War of Independence; new economic
+         doctrines, French Revolution; English political philosophy.
+
+         3. Pre-revolutionary revolts; foreign stimulation.
+
+         4. Diffusion of new ideas; decline in effectiveness of the
+         Spanish policy of exclusion; the expedition of Miranda, 1806;
+         representative Hispanic-Americans in Europe and United States;
+         English expeditions against Buenos Aires and Montevideo,
+         1806-1807.
+
+         5. Invasion of Spain by Napoleon; overthrow of the legitimate
+         government; establishment of the Napoleonic government and of
+         Spanish _juntas_.
+
+         6. Disturbance in the colonies; attitude of the cities;
+         Caracas, Buenos Aires, Bogota, Cordoba, Santiago de Chile, etc.
+
+         7. The interregnum; development of local _juntas_;
+         manifestations of loyalty to Spain; theories applied to the
+         relations with Spain.
+
+         8. Gradual growth of desire and formation of plans for
+         independence; refusal of Spanish terms; character of the
+         revolutionary movement.
+
+         9. The revolution in the North, 1809-1821:
+
+             a. Formation of _juntas_; collaboration of Miranda and
+             Bolivar.
+
+             b. General character of the struggle; atrocities and
+             reprisals; Monteverde, Boves, and Morillo; the fate of
+             Miranda, the campaigns.
+
+             c. The constitution of Angostura.
+
+             d. The crossing of the Andes and the battle of Boyaca.
+
+             e. Services of Santander, Paez, Sucre, and others.
+
+             f. Altered character of the war after the Spanish
+             revolution of 1820.
+
+             g. Battle of Carabobo; the invasion of Ecuador.
+
+             h. Bolivar as organizer, military leader, liberator.
+
+         10. Attitude of foreign countries; aid of Great Britain:
+
+             a. Englishmen and Irish in the war.
+
+             b. Citizens of the United States in the northern campaigns.
+
+         11. The revolution in the South, 1809-1821:
+
+             a. Conditions in Buenos Aires and the South which produced
+             revolution; political services of Mariano Moreno, Castelli,
+             Belgrano, Pueyrredon, Rivadavia, Monteagudo, etc.
+
+             b. Campaigns: Belgrano at Tucuman; revolutionizing of
+             Paraguay; Artigas in Uruguay.
+
+             c. San Martin as soldier in Argentina and as governor of
+             Cuyo; preparation for the campaign in Chile; crossing of
+             the Andes.
+
+             d. Liberation of Chile; battles of Chacabuco and Maipu;
+             work of O'Higgins and Lord Cochrane; foreigners in San
+             Martin's service.
+
+             e. Campaign for Peru--Naval and Military.
+
+         12. Relations of Bolivar and San Martin; political theories of
+         each; the conference at Guayaquil; retirement of San Martin.
+
+         13. Final Stages in the war of independence, 1822-1826:
+
+             a. Bolivar's invasion of Peru; relations with political
+             leaders.
+
+             b. Battles of Junin and Ayacucho.
+
+             c. The campaign in Upper Peru; the Bolivian constitution.
+
+             d. Surrender of Callao.
+
+         14. The part of the Indians in the wars; the part of the
+         loyalists, their treatment; emigration of loyalists.
+
+         15. Early evidences of national aspiration on the part of
+         various communities.
+
+         16. Prosperity; free trade; interest of England and the United
+         States.
+
+         17. Unity versus sectionalism.
+
+         18. The Confederation of New Granada; Bolivar as an executive
+         and political theorist; revolutionary legislation.
+
+         19. Political theories and conflicting ambitions of the
+         generals; radicalism and conservatism in the revolution.
+
+         20. Establishment of states.
+
+         21. Revolutionary society in South America.
+
+         22. Comparison of the revolutions in South America with that in
+         the United States.
+
+         23. Mexico and Central America:
+
+             a. Hidalgo, Morelos, Mina, Guerrero.
+
+             b. Iturbide and the Plan of Iguala.
+
+             c. Part of the church; the land issue; social questions.
+
+             d. Revolutionizing of Central America.
+
+         24. Saint Domingue: Toussaint L'Ouverture.
+
+     Required Readings: Shepherd, 69-81; Garcia Calderon, 58-86;
+     Bryce, 423-448; _Cambridge Modern History_, Vol. X, 280-309;
+     Herrera, _La Revolution Francesa y Sud America_; Robertson,
+     _Francisco de Miranda and the Revolutionising of
+     Spanish-America_ (Amer. Hist. Assn. reports, 1907); _Rise of
+     Spanish-American Republics_; Moses, _Spain's Declining Power in
+     South America, 1730-1806_.
+
+     Additional Readings: Bancroft, _Mexico_; Pilling, _The
+     Emancipation of South America_; Paxson, _The Independence of
+     South American Republics_; Moses, _South America on the Eve of
+     Emancipation_; Filisola, _La Cooperacion de Mexico en la
+     independencia de Centro America_; Mitre, _The Emancipation of
+     South America_; Petre, _Bolivar_; Mancini, _Bolivar et
+     l'emancipation des colonies espagnoles_; Decoudray-Holstein,
+     _Memoirs of Simon Bolivar_; Rene-Moreno, _Ultimas Dias
+     Coloniales en el Alto Peru_; Ingenieros, _La Evolucion de las
+     Ideas Argentinas: La Revolucion_; Calvo, _Annales historiques
+     de la revolution de l'Amerique latine_; Torrente, _Historia de
+     la revolucion hispano-Americana_; Chandler, _Inter-American
+     Acquaintances_; Walton, _Present State of the Spanish
+     Colonies_.
+
+
+=Chapter VI. Early Relations of Hispanic America with the United
+States; the Monroe Doctrine.=
+
+         1. Diffusion of revolutionary ideas and political opinions in
+         South America.
+
+         2. Part of Spanish-Americans in the American war of
+         independence.
+
+         3. Part of the United States in the Hispanic-American wars of
+         independence; diplomatic relations of United States and the _de
+         facto_ governments and people of Hispanic America.
+
+         4. Early ideas as to American concert.
+
+         5. Jefferson and John Adams on South America.
+
+         6. Early statements of the Monroe Doctrine.
+
+         7. Evolution of Monroe Doctrine during the Revolutionary War;
+         the part of Hispanic America.
+
+         8. Attitude of European States toward Hispanic America after
+         the Congress of Vienna.
+
+             a. Effects of revolutionary wars upon European politics and
+             diplomacy.
+
+             b. The policy of intervention.
+
+             c. The Holy Alliance and the Concert of Europe.
+
+             d. Applications of policy of intervention.
+
+             e. The Congress of Verona.
+
+             f. The position of England.
+
+         9. Recognition by the United States.
+
+         10. The Canning-Rush-Adams correspondence.
+
+         11. The Monroe message.
+
+         12. Reception of Monroe Doctrine in South America and in
+         Europe.
+
+         13. The Monroe Doctrine, 1823-1828.
+
+         14. Recognition by Great Britain, Spain, and other European
+         states.
+
+     Required Readings: Edgington, _History of the Monroe Doctrine_;
+     Bingham, _The Monroe Doctrine, an Obsolete Shibboleth_; Garcia
+     Calderon, 58-85; Bryce, 422-451; Koebel, _British Exploits_,
+     163-254; Shepherd, _Bolivar and the United States_ (Hisp. Am.
+     Hist. Rev. 1918); Moore, _Digest of International Law_
+     (Sections on Monroe Doctrine); The New International
+     Encyclopaedia; _Annals of the American Academy of Political
+     Science_, July, 1914; Robertson, _Reception of the Monroe
+     Doctrine_ (Political Science Quarterly, 1915); Manning, _Early
+     Diplomatic Relations between the United States and Mexico_.
+
+     Additional Readings: Gilman, _James Monroe_; Bigelow, _American
+     Policy_; Coolidge, _United States as a World Power_; Hart, _The
+     Monroe Doctrine_; Torres, _An Exposition of the Commerce of
+     South America_; Chadwick, _The Relations of Spain and the
+     United States_.
+
+
+=Chapter VII. Political Theories and Early Republican Institutions.=
+
+         1. The monarchical idea _versus_ the republican; opinions of
+         the revolutionary leaders: Bolivar, San Martin, Rivadavia,
+         Belgrano, etc.
+
+         2. Early political parties or groups and their theories:
+
+             a. Unitary; federalist; conservative; and radical.
+
+             b. Liberal and conservative writers on politics: Lastarria,
+             Bilbao, Echeverria, Montalvo, Vigil, Sarmiento; Bello,
+             Alberdi, Herrera, Acosta.
+
+             c. Influence of France upon political theorists.
+
+         3. Political factions:
+
+         Military; clerical; civilian; and lay.
+
+         4. Party methods and politics.
+
+         5. Ballot and elections; restrictions of the suffrage.
+
+         6. Popular apathy in political affairs; personal politics.
+
+         7. Character of governments:
+
+         Federal and unitary.
+
+         8. Early constitutions; separation of powers.
+
+         9. The office of executive.
+
+             a. Constitutional powers in various countries.
+
+             b. Prestige and dignity of office.
+
+             c. Early types of executives: tyrants; dictators;
+             liberators; restorers; caudillos.
+
+         10. Character and powers of Congress; congress _versus_
+         president; experiments with unicameral legislatures.
+
+         11. Influence of English and French cabinet systems of
+         government.
+
+         12. The judiciary in Latin America:
+
+             a. Constitutional powers and position in administration.
+
+             b. Judicial review of legislation.
+
+         13. Early conventions and platforms.
+
+         14. Municipal government:
+
+             a. General characteristics.
+
+             b. Police systems.
+
+             c. Public service.
+
+             d. Prisons.
+
+     Readings: Shepherd, 81-96; Garcia Calderon, 100-350;
+     Crichfield, _American Supremacy_; Alberdi, _Bases ..._; ----,
+     _Estudios economicos_; ----, _Del Gobierno en Sud America_;
+     Sarmiento, _El Facundo_; Lastarria, _Lecciones de politica
+     positiva en la Academia de bellas letras_; Balbin de Unquera,
+     _Andres Bello, su epoca y sus obras_; books on individual
+     countries.
+
+
+=Chapter VIII. Political History, 1826-1920; Political Heritage of
+Colonial Times.=
+
+         1. The three phases:
+
+             a. 1826-1850, Age of Dictators.
+
+             b. 1850-1876, Struggle for Stability.
+
+             c. 1876----, Rise of Great States and Economic Progress.
+
+         2. Typical dictators:
+
+             a. Garcia Moreno,--Ecuador.
+
+             b. Ramon Castilla,--Peru.
+
+             c. Rosas,--Argentina.
+
+             d. Paez and Guzman Blanco,--Venezuela.
+
+             e. Santa Anna and Diaz,--Mexico.
+
+         3. Progressive States of South America:
+
+             A. Argentina:
+
+                 1. The presidency of Rivadavia; War with Brazil;
+                 conflict between Buenos Aires and provinces.
+
+                 2. Rosas and Urquiza.
+
+                 3. Mitre and Sarmiento.
+
+                 4. Political program and stability; President Roca.
+
+                 5. Economic development and growth of population.
+
+                 6. The southward movement in Argentina.
+
+                 7. Contemporary government and politics.
+
+     Suggested Readings: Koebel, _Argentina, Past and Present_;
+     ----, _The South Americans_; Hirst, _Argentina_; Hammerton,
+     _The Real Argentine_; Chandler, _The Argentine Southward
+     Movement_, (Bulletin Pan. Am. Un., 1914).
+
+     Additional Readings: Martinez and Lewandowski, _Argentina in
+     the Twentieth Century_; Merou, _Historia de la Republica
+     Argentina_; V. F. Lopez, _Historia de la Republica Argentina_
+     (Vols IX and X).
+
+             B. Brazil.
+
+                 1. Brazil and Portugal, 1807-1822.
+
+                 2. The empire: Pedro I and Pedro II.
+
+                 3. Economic development; international relations.
+
+                 4. Emancipation of slaves.
+
+                 5. The Republic: early disorders; progress toward
+                 stability.
+
+                 6. The westward movement in Brazil.
+
+                 7. Colonization experiments--State and National.
+
+                 8. Contemporary government and politics.
+
+     Readings: Denis, _Brasil_; Watson, Vol. II, 256-270; _Cambridge
+     Modern History_, Vol. X, 310-339; Vol. XII, 674-676; Varnhagen,
+     Vol. II; Pinheiro, _Historia do Brasil_; Bennett, _Forty Years
+     in Brazil_; Buley, _North Brazil_; ----, _South Brasil_;
+     Winter, _Brazil and her people of today_; Domville-Fife, _The
+     United States of Brasil_; Grossi, _Storia della Colonizazione
+     Europea al Brasile_.
+
+             C. Chile:
+
+                 1. Dictatorship of O'Higgins.
+
+                 2. Work of Portales and the _pelucones_.
+
+                 3. The conservative regime; ten year presidents.
+
+                 4. War with Spain.
+
+                 5. The problem of the Araucanians.
+
+                 6. War with Peru and Bolivia.
+
+                 7. Balmaceda and the congress.
+
+                 8. Relations with the United States; with Argentina;
+                 the "Christ of the Andes."
+
+                 9. Contemporary government and politics.
+
+                     a. Operation of the cabinet system in Chile.
+
+                     b. Contemporary political parties.
+
+                     c. Local government.
+
+     Readings: Elliot, _Chile_; Garcia Calderon, 164-179; Hancock,
+     _A History of Chile_; Amunategui and Vicuña MacKenna, _La
+     dictadura de O'Higgins_; Bulnes, _Las Causas de la Guerra entre
+     Chile y Peru_; Markham, _The War between Peru and Chile_;
+     Olivares, _Historia de Chile_; Guiterez, _La Guerra de 1879_;
+     Barros Arana, _La Guerre du Pacifique_; ----, _Historia
+     general de Chile_; Egaña, _The Tacna and Arica Question_; Macy
+     and Gannaway, _Comparative Free Government_, 663-672; Reinsch,
+     _Parliamentary Government in Chile_ (Am. Pol. Science Rev.,
+     III, 507, _et seq._)
+
+             D. Uruguay.
+
+                 1. Relations with Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay.
+
+                 2. Political organization and progress.
+
+                 3. Economic, educational, and religious developments.
+
+                 4. Contemporary government and politics.
+
+     Readings: Koebel, _Uruguay_; Roxlo, _Uruguay en 1904_; Acevedo,
+     _Historia de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay_; Zorilla de San
+     Martin, _La Epopeya de Artigas_.
+
+     4. Less Progressive and Backward States of South America.
+
+         A. Venezuela:
+
+             1. Revolutions and tyrants: Guzman Blanco; Castro.
+
+             2. Foreign relations.
+
+             3. Contemporary government and politics.
+
+     Readings: Dalton, _Venezuela_; Scruggs, _The Colombian and
+     Venezuelan Republics_.
+
+         B. Colombia:
+
+             1. Political record.
+
+             2. Foreign relations.
+
+     Readings: Scruggs, _The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics_;
+     Levine, _Colombia_; Eder, _Columbia_; Arboleda, _Historia
+     contemporanea de Colombia_.
+
+         C. Ecuador.
+
+     Readings: Enock, _Ecuador_; Mejia, _Ecuador_; Cevalles,
+     _Compendio de la historia del Ecuador_.
+
+         D. Peru.
+
+             1. Political record.
+
+             2. Foreign relations.
+
+             3. Contemporary government and politics.
+
+     Readings: Enock, _Peru_; Wright, _Peru_; Markham, _A History of
+     Peru_; Llorente, _Historia de Peru_.
+
+         E. Bolivia.
+
+             1. Presidency of Sucre and dictatorship of Santa Cruz.
+
+             2. Political disorder.
+
+             3. Foreign relations; part of Bolivia in war, 1879-83.
+
+             4. Constitution of 1880.
+
+     Readings: Wright, _Bolivia_; Walle, _Bolivia_; Valdes, _Estudio
+     historico de Bolivia_.
+
+         F. Paraguay.
+
+             1. Period of Francia.
+
+             2. The Lopez group.
+
+             3. War with Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay.
+
+             4. Contemporary government and politics.
+
+     Readings: Washburn, _History of Paraguay_; Hardy, _Paraguay_;
+     Decoud, _Paraguay_; Funes, _Historia civil del Paraguay_;
+     Mitre, _Guerra del Paraguay_; Yubero, _El Paraguay moderno_.
+
+     5. Mexico.
+
+         a. Empire and early republic: Iturbide and Santa Anna.
+
+         b. Relations with Texas.
+
+         c. The war with the United States.
+
+         d. Struggle with the church: Juarez.
+
+         e. Maximilian.
+
+         f. The Diaz regime; economic development.
+
+         g. Contemporary period: the revolution.
+
+             Madero; Huerta; Carranza; Villa; Obregon.
+
+         h. Relations with the United States; with Japan; with Germany.
+
+         i. Constitution and politics.
+
+     Suggested Readings: Enock, _Mexico_; Noll, _From Empire to
+     Republic_; ----, _History of Mexico_; Fortier and Ficklen,
+     _Central America and Mexico_; Bancroft, _History of Mexico_;
+     Rives, _Relations of Mexico and the United States_; Bancroft,
+     _Porfirio Diaz_; Pinchon and de Lara, _Mexico_; Stevenson,
+     _Maximilian in Mexico_; Martin, _Maximilian_; ----, _Mexico
+     of the XXth Century_; Prida, _From Despotism to Anarchy_;
+     Fornaro, _Carranza and Mexico_; Trowbridge, _Mexico Today and
+     Tomorrow_.
+
+     Additional Readings: Alaman, _Historia de Mexico_; Esquivel,
+     _Democracia y personalismo_; Estrada, _La Revolution y
+     Francisco I. Madero_; Gonzalez, _La Revolucion y sus heroes_;
+     Zamacois, _Historia de Mexico_; Planchet, _La Cuestion
+     religiosa en Mexico_.
+
+     6. The Central American States:
+
+         First Class: Costa Rica and Guatemala.
+
+         Second Class: Honduras, Salvador, and Nicaragua.
+
+             1. Race distribution.
+
+             2. Projects of union: 1824-1838; 1842; 1848; 1852; 1862;
+             1872; 1876; 1887; 1889; 1895; 1897.
+
+             3. The peace conference of 1907; the court.
+
+             4. Political and economic conditions.
+
+             5. Foreign relations.
+
+     Readings: Villafranca, _Costa Rica_; Winter, _Guatemala_;
+     Guardia, _Costa Rica_; Squier, _States of Central America_;
+     Palmer, _Central America_; Fortier and Ficklen, _Central
+     America and Mexico_; Martin, _Salvador_; Koebel, _Central
+     America_; Munro, _The Five Central American Republics_;
+     Shepherd, _Central and South America_.
+
+     7. The Insular Republics.
+
+         A. Cuba.
+
+             1. Cuba in the early part of the 19th century.
+
+             2. Plans made in South America for the revolutionizing of
+             Cuba.
+
+             3. Cuba in diplomacy; attitude of the United States and
+             Europe.
+
+             4. Slavery in Cuba.
+
+             5. Filibusters.
+
+             6. The ten year war; the problem of reform.
+
+             7. The Spanish-American War; status of Cuba after the
+             peace.
+
+             8. American occupation; the Platt Amendment.
+
+             9. Republican government in Cuba; interventions by the
+             United States; diplomatic and economic relations with the
+             United States.
+
+     Readings: Callahan, _Cuba and International Relations_;
+     Leroy-Beaulieu, 251-268; Cabrera, _Cuba and the Cubans_;
+     Porter, _Industrial Cuba_; Lindsay, _Cuba and her People of
+     Today_; Quesada, _The War in Cuba_; Guiteras, _Historia de la
+     Isla de Cuba_; Ramon de la Sagra, _Historia de la Isla de Cuba_
+     (13t); Canini, _Four Centuries of Spanish Rule in Cuba_;
+     Johnson, _The History of Cuba_ (5v); Hill, _Cuba and Porto
+     Rico_.
+
+         B. Haiti and Santo Domingo:
+
+             1. Monarchy and republicanism in Haiti and Santo Domingo.
+
+             2. Social and racial problems.
+
+             3. Political disorders.
+
+             4. International relations:
+
+                 a. Financial conditions; foreign claims.
+
+                 b. Interventions.
+
+                 c. Relations of Santo Domingo and the United States.
+
+                 d. Haiti and the United States.
+
+             5. Attitude toward the United States.
+
+             6. Contemporary government and politics.
+
+     Readings: Fiske, _West Indies_; Eves, _West Indies_; St. John,
+     _Haiti, the Black Republic_; Schoenrich, _Santo Domingo_;
+     Hazard, _Santo Domingo, Past and Present_; Hollander, _Report
+     on the Debt of Santo Domingo_ (Sen. Ex. Document, 59th Cong.);
+     Garcia, _Compendio de la Historia de Santo Domingo_.
+
+         8. Panama:
+
+             a. Secessionist tendencies in Panama.
+
+             b. The revolution.
+
+             c. The republic.
+
+             d. Relations with Colombia and the United States.
+
+     Required Readings: Bishop, _Panama, Past and Present_; Gause
+     and Carr, _The Story of Panama_; Bunau-Varilla, _Panama; the
+     Creation, Destruction and Resurrection_; Villegas, _The
+     Republic of Panama_.
+
+     Readings in general for political history: Dawson, _The South
+     American Republics_; Akers, _History of South America_; Dodd,
+     _Modern Constitutions_; Rodriguez, _American Constitutions_;
+     Sweet, _History of Latin America_; Koebel, _South America_;
+     Garcia Calderon, _Latin-America_, 86-231; _Cambridge Modern
+     History_, XII, 672-689; Domville-Fife, _Great States of South
+     America_; Enock, _The Republics of Central and South America_;
+     Porter, _The Ten Republics_; Colmo, _Los paises de la America
+     latina_; Amunategui, _Ensayos biographicos_ (4v); Shepherd,
+     _Hispanic Nations of the New World_.
+
+
+=Chapter IX. Relations with One Another and with Europe.=
+
+         1. Boundary disputes and commissions; the principle of _uti
+         possedetis_.
+
+         2. Filibustering expeditions and reprisals.
+
+         3. The status of Uruguay.
+
+         4. The war against Paraguay.
+
+         5. The Chile-Peru-Bolivia war; the Tacna-Arica question.
+
+         6. International standing of Latin America.
+
+         7. The problem of unity:
+
+             a. Proposals for a league of states of Spanish origin.
+
+             b. Proposals for inclusion of Brazil in this league.
+
+             c. Congresses of Hispanic-American countries: Panama
+            (1826), Lima (1848, 1864, 1897), Santiago de Chile (1856).
+
+             d. Programmes of arbitration; proposals for codification of
+             international law for the Americas.
+
+             e. Congresses for health and sanitations conventions: Rio
+             de Janiero (1887, 1906), Lima (1888), Washington (1902,
+             1905), Mexico City (1907), San Jose de Costa Rica (1909).
+
+             f. Scientific congresses: Buenos Aires (1898), Montevideo,
+             (1901), Rio de Janiero (1905), Santiago de Chile, (1908),
+             Washington, (1916).
+
+             g. Control of river commerce; the international rivers.
+
+         8. Central American affairs; arbitration agreement.
+
+         9. The so-called A. B. C. Alliance.
+
+         10. Relations with Europe:
+
+             Diplomatic; economic; cultural.
+
+         11. European interventions in Latin American affairs:
+
+             Examples of European intervention: France and Great Britain
+             at Buenos Aires and Montevideo; Spain and France in Mexico;
+             France, Great Britain and Spain in Mexico; Spain in Santo
+             Domingo and Peru; Great Britain at Corinto; Germany, Great
+             Britain and Italy in Venezuela.
+
+     Readings: Shepherd, 96-106; Koebel, _The South Americans_,
+     41-63; Garcia Calderon, 335-350; _Cambridge Modern History_,
+     Vol. XII, 689-702; Moore, _Brazil and Peru Boundary Question_;
+     Posada, _En America una compaña_; Helio Lobo, _O Tribunal
+     Arbitral Brasiliero-Boliviano_; Alvarez, _Le Droit
+     international Americain_; Quesada, _La Evolution del
+     Panamericanismo_.
+
+
+=Chapter X. Later Diplomatic and Political Relations with the United
+States.=
+
+         1. Development and extension of the Monroe Doctrine:
+
+             a. The Jackson-Van Buren attitude.
+
+             b. Polk's revival, interpretation, and restriction.
+
+             c. Monroe Doctrine in the fifties:
+
+                 1. Connection with slavery issue.
+
+                 2. Paraguay, 1857-59.
+
+             d. The Maximilian episode.
+
+             e. The United States and the Chilean war with Spain.
+
+             f. Grant and the nationalization of the doctrine.
+
+             g. The Santos claim in Ecuador; Alsop claim in Chile.
+
+             h. Cleveland-Olney extension.
+
+             i. Monroe Doctrine and imperialism.
+
+             j. Roosevelt-Taft period.
+
+             k. Wilson Doctrine.
+
+             l. Monroe Doctrine and claims against Hispanic-American
+             countries:
+
+                 1. Contractual,--Alsop, Cerutti, Landreau.
+
+                 2. Tortuous,--Case of Moreno; Benton Case; Renton Case.
+
+             m. The Monroe Doctrine and the World War.
+
+     Readings: Appropriate sections of Edgington, Bingham, Hart,
+     Bigelow; Reddaway, _Monroe Doctrine_; American State Papers;
+     Moore, _A Digest of International Law_, Vol. VI, 368-604;
+     714-715; ----, _Principles of American Diplomacy_, 246-269;
+     Minister Dudley's report, U. S. For. Rel., 1899; Vicuña
+     Mackenna, _Historia de la Administracion Montt_; ----,
+     _Historia de Chile_; New International Encyclopedia; Bonilla,
+     _Wilson Doctrine_; Barrett, _Latin-America of Today and its
+     Relation to the United States_; Helio Lobo, _De Monroe a
+     Rio-Branco_; Saenz Peña, _Derecho publico Americano_.
+
+         2. Hispanic-American attitude toward the United States.
+
+             a. In politics and diplomacy.
+
+             b. In commerce.
+
+     Readings: Ugarte, _El porvenir de la America latina_;
+     Sotolongo, _El Imperialismo Norte Americano_; Merlos, _America
+     latina ante el peligro_; Weyl, _American World Policies_,
+     Chapter XV; Gondra, _Los Estados Unidos y las Naciones
+     Americanas_.
+
+         3. Efforts at coöperation and friendship:
+
+             a. Evolution of Pan Americanism.
+
+             b. The Pan American Union:
+
+                 1. Organization and purposes.
+
+                 2. Control and accomplishments.
+
+             c. Pan American congresses: Washington, (1889); Mexico
+             City,(1902); Rio de Janiero, (1906); Buenos Aires, (1910).
+
+             d. Inter-American financial congresses: Washington, (1915);
+             Buenos Aires, (1916).
+
+             e. The peace and arbitration treaties.
+
+             f. Cultural inter-relations; scientific conferences,
+             increase of trade and travel; exchange of teachers and
+             college professors.
+
+             g. Proposals of an inter-American league of nations.
+
+         4. The Drago Doctrine and the Porter Doctrine.
+
+         5. Latin America at the second Hague Conference.
+
+     Readings: Hull, _The United States and Latin America at the
+     Hague_; Quesada, _La Doctrina Drago_ (Rev. de la Univ., B.A.,
+     1919).
+
+         6. The Platt Amendment:
+
+             a. Relations with Cuba; interventions.
+
+         7. Caribbean Interests of the United States:
+
+             1. Political and economic conditions in the Caribbean area;
+             effects and influences of the Spanish-American War.
+
+             2. Strategic importance; United States as a Caribbean
+             power.
+
+                 a. Porto Rico as a dependency.
+
+                 b. Territorial government; the insular cases; the
+                 question of citizenship.
+
+                 c. The Virgin Islands.
+
+             3. Dominant position of the United States:
+
+                 a. In commerce.
+
+                 b. Financial agreements with Santo Domingo, Haiti,
+                 Nicaragua.
+
+                 c. The Panama Canal as a factor in the problem; status
+                 of the Republic of Panama with respect to the United
+                 States.
+
+                 d. Naval bases of the United States; lease of the Corn
+                 Islands.
+
+                 e. Interventions of the United States.
+
+             4. Relations of the United States and Venezuela, Colombia,
+             Central America.
+
+             5. Attitude of Caribbean peoples toward the United States;
+             problem of self-determination.
+
+             6. Contemporary tendencies.
+
+     Readings: Jones, _Caribbean Interests of the United States_;
+     Bonsal, _The American Mediterranean_; Westergaard, _The Danish
+     West Indies_, 1671-1917; De Booy and Faris, _The Virgin
+     Islands_.
+
+         8. The Panama Canal:
+
+             a. Treaties and plans for construction.
+
+             b. The French enterprise.
+
+             c. Relations of Columbia and the United States.
+
+             d. Secession and independence of Panama.
+
+             e. Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty.
+
+             f. Construction of Canal.
+
+             g. Possible economic and political effects.
+
+             h. The Columbian grievance against the United States;
+             diplomatic developments.
+
+         9. Wilson Administration:
+
+             a. Hispanic-American policy.
+
+             b. Relations with Mexico.
+
+             c. Achievements and criticism.
+
+     Required Readings: Senate Doc., No. 744, 61st Cong., 3rd
+     Session; _Annals of American Academy of Pol. Science_, July,
+     1914; Bryce, 484-520; Garcia Calderon, 298-312; Latane,
+     _America as a World Power_, 255-285; ----, _Diplomatic
+     Relations of the United States with Spanish America_; Williams,
+     _Anglo-American Isthmian Diplomacy_; _The New Pan Americanism_,
+     Parts I, II and III (World Peace Foundation).
+
+     Additional Readings: Flack, _Spanish American Diplomatic
+     Relations Preceding the War of 1898_; Chandler, _Inter-American
+     Acquaintances_; Moore, _Principles of American Diplomacy_,
+     365-419; Maurtua, _La Idea Pan Americana y la cuestion del
+     arbitraje_; Usher, _Pan-Americanism_; Gause and Carr, _The
+     Story of Panama_; Bishop, _Panama, Past and Present_.
+
+
+=Chapter XI. Trade Relations of Hispanic America and the United States.=
+
+         1. Origins of trade.
+
+         2. Development of trade during the 19th century:
+
+             a. Comparative predominance of United States to about 1850.
+
+             b. Disruption of trade during War of Secession.
+
+             c. Increased European competition after Franco-Prussian
+             war.
+
+         3. History of trade in the 20th century.
+
+         4. Volume of contemporary trade, export and import, with United
+         States; with Europe.
+
+         5. Character of the trade:
+
+             a. Standard articles imported and exported.
+
+             b. Non-competitive goods and raw products.
+
+             c. Competitive goods.
+
+         6. Purchasing power of Hispanic American countries.
+
+         7. Misconceptions, current in United States, as to
+         Hispanic-American habits of business.
+
+         8. Obstacles in the way of trade:
+
+             a. Lack of merchant marine.
+
+             b. Established habits and traditions of trade.
+
+             c. Ignorance of market and the accepted methods of trade:
+
+                 1. Market demands.
+
+                 2. Transportation problems.
+
+                 3. Tariff administrations.
+
+             d. Long term credits.
+
+             e. Lack of organization to secure the trade.
+
+         9. Methods for improvement.
+
+         10. The Webb-Pomerene Act.
+
+         11. Effects of the European war of 1914; construction of the
+         Panama Canal.
+
+         12. Increase of American business interests in Hispanic
+         America.
+
+     Readings: _Atlas America Latina_; Verrill, _South and Central
+     American Trade Conditions of Today_, 168-179; U. S. Sen. Doc.
+     No. 737, 60th Cong., 2d Sess., (Fisher, _Ethnography and
+     Commercial Importance of Latin America and the West Indies_);
+     House Doc., No. 154, 59 Cong., 2d Sess.; Aughinbaugh, _Selling
+     Latin America_; Babson, _The Future of South America_; Bonsal,
+     _The American Mediterranean_; Chandler, _Inter-American
+     Acquaintances_; Hough, _Practical Exporting_; Shepherd,
+     168-179; ----, _Our South American Trade_ (Pol. Science
+     Quart., Dec., 1909); Filsinger, _Exporting to Latin America_;
+     Savay, _The Science of Foreign Trade_; Pepper, _American
+     Foreign Trade_; Cooper, _Understanding South America_; Wilson,
+     _South America as an Export Field_, (Sp. Agt. Ser. No. 81,
+     1914, Dept. of Com.); South American Supplement, London
+     _Times_; U. S. consular reports; reports of the Department of
+     Commerce and Labor (now Department of Commerce).
+
+
+=Chapter XII. Hispanic America and the World War.=
+
+         1. Economic and political influences of the war.
+
+         2. Hispanic-American products necessary in the prosecution of
+         the war.
+
+         3. Efforts to secure sympathy for one or the other group of
+         belligerents; policies of neutrality; cultural factors in the
+         situation: Germany as a menace.
+
+         4. Improvement in the financial situation; development of Pan
+         Americanism: the financial congresses.
+
+         5. Growth of anti-German sentiment in certain countries; Ruy
+         Barbosa's indictment of Germany; the Luxburg and Zimmermann
+         dispatches.
+
+         6. Effect of the entrance of the United States into the war.
+
+         7. Hispanic America in the war:
+
+             a. Nations which declared war: Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba,
+             Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama.
+
+             b. Nations which severed relations with Germany: Bolivia,
+             Ecuador, Peru, Santo Domingo, Uruguay.
+
+             c. The neutral countries: Argentina, Chile, Colombia,
+             Mexico, Salvador, Venezuela, Paraguay.
+
+             d. Services of Brazil and Cuba.
+
+         8. Hispanic America and the Peace Conference; the prominent
+         part played by Brazil.
+
+         9. The Tacna-Arica question in a new phase.
+
+         10. Attitude toward the League of Nations; Brazil as a member
+         of the Supreme Council; the states which joined the league.
+
+         11. The Monroe Doctrine during the war; projects for an
+         inter-American league of states.
+
+         12. Economic results of the war upon Hispanic America.
+
+     Readings: Martin, _Latin America and the War_, (League of
+     Nations, II, No. 4); Kirkpatrick, _South America and the War_;
+     Rowe, _Early Effects of the War upon Finance, Commerce, and
+     Industry of Peru_; Ferrara, _La doctrine de Monroe y la liga de
+     las naciones_; Galliard, _Amerique latine et Europe
+     occidentale_; Wagner, _L'Allemagne et l'Amerique Latine_;
+     Quesada, El "peligro Aleman" en sud America; Yearbooks and
+     periodicals.
+
+
+=Chapter XIII. Contemporary History, Problems, and Achievements of
+Hispanic America.=
+
+         1. Political:
+
+             a. Political and governmental stability.
+
+             b. Politics in practice and principle.
+
+             c. Modern conventions, platforms, and elections.
+
+             d. Restrictions of the ballot.
+
+             e. Professional men in politics.
+
+             f. Absence of political experience by the masses.
+
+             g. Necessity of developing public interest in politics and
+             political philosophy.
+
+             h. Appearance of new political issues.
+
+             i. Electoral reform: Argentina.
+
+             j. Civil Service in Hispanic America.
+
+             k. State or Church control over education.
+
+             l. Municipal government:
+
+                 1. History of progress.
+
+                 2. Public utilities; fire departments; police system;
+                 water works; public sanitation; municipal ownership.
+
+             m. Social legislation.
+
+             n. Passing of the South American type of revolution.
+
+     Readings: Garcia Calderon, 222-248, 365-677; Shepherd, 141-150;
+     Scruggs, _The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics; Vera y
+     Gonzalez, Elementos de historia contemporanea de America_;
+     Heredia, _Memorias sobre las revoluciones de Venezuela_; books
+     on individual countries.
+
+         2. Social and Religious:
+
+             A. Social:
+
+                 1. Population:
+
+                     a. Census statistics available.
+
+                     b. Population and resources.
+
+                 2. Social types: Spanish; immigrant; Indian, savage and
+                 civilized; mixed races; negro.
+
+                 3. Laboring classes and types: _"vaquero;" "gaucho;"
+                 "llanero;"_ industrial laborers.
+
+                 4. Labor system and laws.
+
+                     a. Peonage:
+
+                         1. Feudal status of labor in colonies.
+
+                         2. Origin of peonage; inheritance of debt.
+
+                         3. The "inquilino" and "colono"; "cholo."
+
+                         4. Ignorance, wages, and living conditions.
+
+                         5. Peon in government and politics.
+
+                         6. Peonage in Mexico; in South America.
+
+                     b. Labor regulations in general.
+
+                     c. Labor organizations.
+
+                     d. Dearth of labor in certain countries.
+
+                     e. Strikes; radicalism; labor conditions in
+                     Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.
+
+                 5. Aristocratic and professional society.
+
+                 6. Language.
+
+                 7. Position of woman:
+
+                     a. In society.
+
+                     b. Family life.
+
+                     c. The matter of divorce.
+
+                 8. Amusements and social customs:
+
+                     a. Sports and games.
+
+                     b. Carnivals and festivals.
+
+                     c. Dress and etiquette.
+
+                     d. Gambling and lotteries.
+
+                     e. Social customs in business.
+
+                 9. Influence of the Basques in Latin America.
+
+     Readings: Shepherd, 121-141; ----, _Psychology of the Latin
+     American_ (Jour. of Race Devel. 1919); Garcia Calderon,
+     283-290; Bryce, 432, 528-530; Romero, _Mexico and the United
+     States_; Bingham, _Across South America_; books on individual
+     countries and on travel; Bunge, _Nuestra America_; Colmo,
+     _America Latina_.
+
+             B. Religious:
+
+                 1. Prevalence of Roman Catholic Church.
+
+                 2. Church and State; tendency toward separation.
+
+                 3. Clericalism in politics.
+
+                 4. The work of the Church.
+
+                 5. Toleration in Hispanic America.
+
+                 6. Protestant missionary activities.
+
+                 7. Foreign opinion of Hispanic-American morality.
+
+     Required Readings: Shepherd, 139; Koebel, _The South Americans_
+     41-44, 91-108, 152-169.
+
+     Additional Readings: Speer, _South American Problems_; Brown,
+     _Latin America_; Neely, _South America: Its Missionary
+     Problem_; Planchet, _La Cuestion religiosa en Mexico_.
+
+         3. Immigration:
+
+             a. History of immigration in the 19th century:
+
+                 1. Causes of scarcity before 1857; colonial exclusion;
+                 revolutions; greater inducements of the United States;
+                 economic reasons.
+
+                 2. Increase since 1857.
+
+                     Ideas of Alberdi and Sarmiento on immigration.
+
+                 3. Drift toward the Southern republics.
+
+                 4. Immigration in the North American republics.
+
+             b. Political and economic effects of immigration.
+
+             c. Effects on society.
+
+             d. Spanish, Italian, German, Russian and Polish, English,
+             French, Portuguese, Oriental, Turkish and Assyrian
+             immigration.
+
+             e. Favorite occupations of aliens.
+
+             f. The question of assimilation and citizenship.
+
+     Required Readings: Shepherd, 81-84, 126-129, 169; Koebel, _The
+     South Americans_, 152-169; Garcia Calderon, 290-298, 323-335.
+
+     Additional Readings: _Atlas America Latina_; Koebel, _British
+     Exploits_, 481-551; Mulhall, _The English in South America_;
+     Wintzer, _Die Deutschen im tropischen Amerika_.
+
+         4. Financial:
+
+             a. Monetary systems in Hispanic America.
+
+                 1. Standards and values.
+
+                 2. Paper currency.
+
+                 3. Fluctuations.
+
+             b. Capital and Banking:
+
+                 1. Number of banks.
+
+                 2. Domestic and foreign control of banking.
+
+                 3. Branch banks:
+
+                     a. European.
+
+                     b. United States.
+
+             4. Scarcity of capital.
+
+                 c. Hispanic-American finance.
+
+                     1. Credits, exchange, solvency.
+
+                     2. Stock exchanges.
+
+                     3. Bond issues.
+
+                     4. Public debts.
+
+                     5. Sinking funds.
+
+                     6. Insurance.
+
+                     7. Trusts and corporations.
+
+                 d. Foreign influences upon financial policies.
+
+                 e. Business enterprises:
+
+                     1. Habits of business.
+
+                     2. Buying and selling; advertising.
+
+                 f. Tariff systems:
+
+                     1. Tariff for revenue.
+
+                     2. Rates: specific rather than _ad valorem_.
+
+                     3. Variations and complexity.
+
+                 g. Taxation:
+
+                     1. On personal property.
+
+                     2. On lands and real estate.
+
+                     3. On industries.
+
+                     4. Licenses and concessions.
+
+                 h. Internal improvements and public works.
+
+                     1. History of internal improvements in Latin
+                     America.
+
+                     2. Public works; postal service; parcel post.
+
+                 i. Movement for single, Pan-American monetary standard.
+
+                 j. Movement for a Pan-American, standardized tariff
+                 system.
+
+     Readings: Shepherd, 43, 48, 150-153, 173; Wolfe, _Foreign
+     Credits_, (Sp. Agts. Ser. No. 62, 1913, Department of
+     Commerce); Hurley, _Banking and Credit in Argentina, Brazil,
+     Chile, and Peru_, (Sp. Agts. Ser. No. 90, 1914, ibid.);
+     Verrill, Aughinbaugh, and Babson; Crosby, _Latin American
+     Monetary System and Exchange Conditions_; The South American
+     Year-Book; Consular reports; Reports of the Board of Trade
+     (Eng.); books on individual countries; Roper, _The Postal
+     Service and the Latin American Trade_.
+
+         5. Industrial:
+
+             A. The most important industries:
+
+                 1. Mining:
+
+                     a. Areas of ore fields.
+
+                     b. Facilities.
+
+                     c. Acquisition of mining properties.
+
+                     d. Labor supply.
+
+                     e. Gold, silver, diamonds, copper, tin, nitrate,
+                     coal, and other mines.
+
+                 2. Stock-raising:
+
+                     a. Areas adapted.
+
+                     b. Cattle, horse, sheep ranches.
+
+                     c. Stock-yards and slaughter-houses.
+
+                     d. Wool and hides.
+
+     Readings: Whelpley, _Trade Development in Argentina_, (Sp.
+     Agts. Ser. No. 43, 1911, Dept. of Commerce and Labor); _Atlas
+     America Latina_.
+
+                 3. Rubber:
+
+                     a. Areas of growth.
+
+                     b. Processes employed.
+
+                     c. Labor supply; labor scandals; "black gold."
+
+                 4. Agriculture:
+
+                     a. Arable lands and climatic conditions.
+
+                     b. Agriculture in connection with stock-raising.
+
+                     c. Ownership of land.
+
+                     d. The agrarian situation in Hispanic America.
+
+                     e. The "haciendas," "fazendas;" the "chacras" and
+                     "potreros."
+
+                     f. Agricultural products: Coffee, cacao yerba,
+                     foodstuffs.
+
+                 5. Manufacturing:
+
+                     a. General characteristics: domestic and factory
+                     methods.
+
+                     b. Connection with other industries.
+
+                     c. Obstacles in the way.
+
+                     d. Products: foodstuffs, textiles, machinery.
+
+             B. European and American capital invested in industries.
+
+             C. Occupations of foreigners in Hispanic America.
+
+     Readings: Koebel, _The South Americans_, 132-151, 193-204;
+     books on individual countries; Pearson, _The Rubber Country of
+     the Amazon_; Gemmingen, _Die entwickelung der fabrikindustrie
+     im lateinischen Amerika_.
+
+         6. Commercial:
+
+             a. History of Hispanic-American commerce.
+
+             b. Exports and imports:
+
+                 1. Character and value.
+
+                 2. Destination.
+
+             c. Commercial enterprises.
+
+             d. Trade marks and their use.
+
+             e. Customs regulations.
+
+             f. Modern transportation and communication.
+
+                 1. Development of transportation facilities.
+
+                 2. Survival of colonial methods in certain areas.
+
+                 3. Pack-trains, stage routes, llama trains.
+
+                 4. Roads and highways.
+
+                 5. Land transportation:
+
+                     a. Railroads: trunk lines; short lines.
+
+                     b. International and transcontinental lines.
+
+                     c. Projected lines.
+
+                     d. Horse cars and trolleys; subways.
+
+                     e. Mileage and rates.
+
+                     f. Freight rates.
+
+                     g. Capital and ownership.
+
+                 6. Water transportation:
+
+                     a. River steamers and barges.
+
+                     b. Oceanic lines.
+
+                     c. Harbor facilities.
+
+                     d. Rates.
+
+                     g. Communication:
+
+                         1. Telegraph lines.
+
+                         2. Cable lines.
+
+                         3. Postal service; international service.
+
+                     h. The metric system of weights and measures.
+
+                     i. Concessions and monopolies:
+
+                         1. Procedure in obtaining them.
+
+                         2. Policies of various countries in relation
+                         thereto.
+
+                         3. Attitude of the United States toward them.
+
+     Readings: Shepherd, 168-191; Koebel, _The South Americans_,
+     304-358; Domville-Fife, _Great States of South America; Atlas
+     America Latina; Sheridan, Transportation Rates to the West
+     Coast of South America_ (Sp. Agts. report, Ser. 72, 1913. Bur.
+     of For. and Dom. Commerce); Gueydan, _Transportation Facilities
+     of Colombia and Venezuela_ (_ibid._); _Trade mark registration
+     in Latin America_ (Tariff series, No. 31, _ibid._); Verrill,
+     Aughinbaugh, and Babson; Reports of Bureau of Trade Relations
+     of the State Department; Report of the Bureau of Foreign and
+     Domestic Commerce of the Commerce Department; U. S. Federal
+     Trade Com. Rep. on Trade and Tariffs in Brazil, Uruguay,
+     Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, and Peru; _Tariff Systems of South
+     American countries_. (Bur. of For and Dom. Com.)
+
+         7. Educational and Cultural:
+
+             A. Educational:
+
+                 1. General characteristics.
+
+                 2. Percentages of illiterates in various countries.
+
+                 3. Educational progress.
+
+                 4. Obstacles to popular education.
+
+                 5. Foreign influences in education.
+
+                     a. European teachers in Hispanic-America.
+
+                     b. American teachers in Argentina in 1868;
+                     educational reforms of Sarmiento.
+
+                     c. Influence of United States at present.
+
+                 6. Administration of schools.
+
+                 7. Elementary and secondary education.
+
+                 8. Higher education in Hispanic-America.
+
+                     a. Universities:
+
+                         1. Faculties, courses, and equipment.
+
+                         2. Libraries and publications.
+
+                         3. Students.
+
+                     b. Scientific pursuits.
+
+                         1. Observatories and other establishments for
+                         study of geography, ethnology, and zoology.
+
+                         2. Schools of medicine and surgery.
+
+                     c. Industrial and technical education.
+
+                 9. Urban and rural education.
+
+                 10. Popular interest in education.
+
+                 11. Non-official efforts for promotion of education:
+
+                     a. Congresses and teachers' associations.
+
+                     b. Private schools and institutions.
+
+                     c. Publications and lectures.
+
+                 12. Educational reforms needed.
+
+             B. Cultural achievements in general:
+
+                 1. Public charity:
+
+                     a. Control and sources of revenue.
+
+                     b. Societies and institutions for social service.
+
+                 2. Public libraries.
+
+                 3. Journalism:
+
+                     a. Status of the press in various countries.
+
+                     b. Notable newspapers.
+
+                     c. Recent development.
+
+                     d. Magazines and periodicals.
+
+                 4. Literature:
+
+                     a. General characteristics.
+
+                     b. European and particularly French influence.
+
+                     c. Representative literary men and their works.
+
+                         1. Novelists, essayists, poets:
+
+                         Ricardo Palma, Rodo, Alencar, Gonzalvez Diaz,
+                         San Martin, Echeverria, Sarmiento, Ruben Dario,
+                         Chocano, Blanco Fombona, etc.
+
+                         2. Historians:
+
+                         Alaman, the Amunategui, Barros Arana,
+                         Icazbalceta, Vicuña Mackenna, Mitre, Jose
+                         Toribio Medina, Oliviera Lima, Zamacois, etc.
+
+                         3. Jurists:
+
+                         Bello, Calvo, Velez Sarsfield, Ambrosio Montt,
+                         etc.
+
+                 5. Arts:
+
+                     a. General characteristics.
+
+                     b. Achievements in music; the drama; architecture;
+                     painting; and sculpture.
+
+     Readings: For education: Shepherd, 192-204; ----, _Education in
+     South America_, (Review of Reviews, May, 1908); ----, _Higher
+     Education in South America_, (Columbia University Quart., Dec.,
+     1907); Koebel, _The South Americans_, 109-132; Brandon,
+     _Latin-American Universities and Special Schools_; Blakslee,
+     _Latin-America_, 30-46; Monroe, _An Encyclopedia of Education_
+     (See discussion under the names of each country); see also,
+     Walle, _Bolivia_, Chap. 6; Eder, _Colombia_, Chap. 16; Hirst,
+     _Argentina_, Chap. 14; and Wright's books on Bolivia, Chile,
+     and Peru; Bravo Mejia, _Organizacion de las escuelas rurales_;
+     Amunategui, _Discursos Parliamentarios_.
+
+     For cultural problems: Shepherd, 204-250; _La Literatura y el
+     Periodismo_; Garcia Calderon, _Latin-America_, 249-282; Warner,
+     _Library of the World's Best Literature_, Vol. 15; Blakslee,
+     _Latin-America_, 299-306; Koebel, _The South Americans_,
+     109-130; Goldberg, _Studies in Spanish American Literature_;
+     Umphrey, _Spanish American Poets of Today and Yesterday_
+     (Hispania, 1919); Coester, _The Literary History of Spanish
+     America_; Starr, _Readings from Modern Mexican Authors_;
+     Lamborn, _Mexican Paintings and Painters_; Zanelli Lopez,
+     _Mujeres Chilenos de letras_; Amunategui, La _Alborada, poetica
+     in Chile_.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Syllabus of Hispanic-American History, by 
+William Whatley Pierson
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43422 ***