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diff --git a/43422.txt b/43422.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 7f5fd73..0000000 --- a/43422.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3046 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Syllabus of Hispanic-American History, by -William Whatley Pierson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: A Syllabus of Hispanic-American History - -Author: William Whatley Pierson - -Release Date: August 8, 2013 [EBook #43422] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISPANIC-AMERICAN HISTORY *** - - - - -Produced by Adrian Mastronardi and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - - - - - A SYLLABUS - OF - Hispanic-American - History - - BY - - WILLIAM WHATLEY PIERSON, Jr., Ph. D. - - PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN THE - UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA - - [Illustration: printer logo] - - (THIRD EDITION) - PRICE 50 CENTS - - PUBLISHED BY - THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA - - - COPYRIGHT, 1916, 1920 - by the - UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA - (Revised and Reprinted) - - - - - INTRODUCTORY NOTE - - "In the establishment of the independence of Spanish America - the United States have the deepest interest. I have no - hesitation in asserting my firm belief that there is no - question in the foreign policy of this country, which has ever - arisen, or which I can conceive as ever occurring, in the - decision of which we have had or can have so much at - stake."--Henry Clay, _The Emancipation of South America_. - - -This syllabus is designed primarily for the use of students of the -University of North Carolina as a guide to the introductory study of -Hispanic-American history. In it an effort has been made to provide -for as general and comprehensive a study of Hispanic-American -civilization as the time limits of a single one year's course would -permit. In such a process, of course, selection and rejection of data -were necessary. The student seeking to specialize will, therefore, -find it possible and easy to elaborate and amplify each of the -chapters and sections into which the outline has been divided. Despite -such comprehensiveness as was mentioned, the writer has endeavored to -emphasize the institutional and economic aspects. The necessity of -elimination and the effort at emphasis have resulted in the relegation -of political history, particularly that of the colonial period, to a -position of comparatively less prominence and significance than some -might expect. For this the writer must plead necessity. - -In view of the great contemporary interest in Hispanic America no case -for the study of its history need be made--if such, indeed, is -required for any field of history. That interest in the United States -has been in part due to the construction of the Panama Canal and to -the increasing importance in diplomacy of the Caribbean area, and in -part it may be ascribed to the exigencies and effects of the World War -which have made people conscious of trade opportunities formerly -non-existent or, if existent, not fully recognized; and many have thus -concluded that the diplomatic, political, and economic importance of -Hispanic America has made of prime necessity a thorough study and a -sympathetic understanding of its past history and institutions. These -facts and this new consciousness may indicate the opening of another -period in the history of the Western Hemisphere, which will doubtless -have a distinctly inter-American emphasis. The field of -Hispanic-American history has until recent years been little known to -and too often neglected by the undergraduate student in the -universities,--if, indeed, courses in such history have been offered. -It is, in the opinion of the writer, however, a field not lacking in -comparative importance, interest, and cultural value with those better -known. It is hoped and confidently expected that the interest in the -history and institutions of the Hispanic-American countries recently -engendered by the consciousness that these countries have become -potent economic and political factors in the modern world will be -abiding. Hispanic-American history as a standard course will have much -justification, for the part which the peoples of the southern -republics will play in the future, as Viscount Bryce recently said, -"must henceforth be one of growing significance for the Old World as -well as for the New." - -The course as outlined in this syllabus provides for the study of the -history, geography, political and social institutions, and the -economic development and possibilities of Hispanic-American countries. -A careful analysis and investigation will thus be made of the Spanish -and Portuguese colonial systems and colonial experience in order to -explain the wars of independence and the existing political and social -conditions. Attention will then be directed to the development of -republics, the struggle for political stability, and the exploitation -of resources. The course will also include some study of the -international relations--political and economic--and diplomatic -problems which have arisen in recent Hispanic-American history. - -At the outset the prospective student is warned that as yet there -exists no single text-book devoted to the Hispanic-American republics -which satisfactorily and adequately presents their history, describes -their present conditions and discusses their institutions. This -absence, of necessity, determines that the course will be based -largely upon material to be found only in a number of books, public -documents, and scientific reports. An effort has been made in this -syllabus to meet this difficult situation. Lectures following the -outline of the syllabus and explanatory of it, and recitations based -on assigned readings, will constitute the class work. On these -lectures and readings the students will be expected to take notes. In -addition, they will be required to make certain class reports and at -least once during the year to prepare, after consultation with the -instructor, an essay on some topic of the syllabus or allied phase of -the work. - -Students will be required to provide themselves individually with a -copy of this syllabus and with W. R. Shepherd's _Latin America_ (Holt -& Company). It is strongly recommended that they purchase also F. -Garcia Calderon's _Latin America: Its Rise and Progress_ (Scribners). -For the general student and reader the following list of books, -written in English, may be found useful: - -For description, geography, travel, peoples and social conditions: - - James Bryce, _South America: Observations and Impressions_. - (Macmillan). - - G. E. Church, _Aborigines of South America_. (Chapman and - Hall.) - - C. R. Enock, _The Republics of Central and South America_. - (Dent & Sons). - - A. H. Keane, _Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel: - Central and South America_. (2 Vols., Lippincott.) - - _Atlas America Latina_, (English, Spanish, Portuguese; General - Drafting Co.). - - R. Reyes, _The Two Americas_. (Stokes.) - - A. Ruhl, _The Other Americans_. (Scribners.) - - H. Bingham, _Across South America_. (Houghton Mifflin Co.) - -For history: - - T. C. Dawson, _The South American Republics_. (3 Vols., - Putnam.) - - A. H. Noll, _A Short History of Mexico_. (McClurg.) - - F. Palmer, _Central America and its Problems_. (Moffat, Yard & - Co.) - -For institutions and history: - - E. G. Bourne, _Spain in America_. (American Nation Series, - Harpers.) - - B. Moses, _The Establishment of Spanish Rule in America_. - (Putnam.) - - ----, _South America on the Eve of Emancipation_. (Putnam.) - - ----, _Spanish Dependencies in South America_. (Harpers.) - - F. L. Paxson, _The Independence of the South American - Republics_. (2nd Ed., Ferris and Leach.) - - W. S. Robertson, _The Rise of the Spanish American Republics_. - (Appleton.) - - W. R. Shepherd, _Hispanic Nations of the New World; A Chronicle - of Our Southern Neighbors_. (Yale Press.) - -For literature: - - Alfred Coester, _The Literary History of Spanish America_. - (Macmillan.) - - Isaac Goldberg, _Studies in Spanish American Literature_. - (Brentano.) - -For trade relations: - - W. E. Aughinbaugh, _Selling Latin America_. (Small, Maynard & - Company.) - - E. B. Filsinger, _Exporting to Latin America_. (Appleton.) - - A. H. Verrill, _South and Central American Trade Conditions of - Today_. (Dodd, Mead & Company.) - -For individual countries: - - P. Denis, _Brazil_. (Scribners.) - - P. J. Eder, _Columbia_. (Unwin or Scribners.) - - G. F. S. Elliott, _Chile_. (Scribners.) - - C. R. Enock, _Mexico_. (Scribners.) - - W. A. Hirst, _Argentina_. (Scribners.) - - W. H. Koebel, _Argentina, Past and Present_. (Dodd, Mead & Co.) - - ----, _Paraguay_. (Scribners.) - - ----, _Uruguay_. (Scribners.) - - ----, _Central America_. (Scribners.) - - W. L. Scruggs, _The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics_. - (Little, Brown & Co.) - - M. R. Wright's Books on _Bolivia_; _Brazil_; _Chile_; and - _Peru_. (Cazenove & Son.) - -The monthly _Bulletin_ and other publications of the Pan-American -Union (Washington, D. C.), offer excellent and reliable information -respecting all of these divisions, and are recommended. - -Students wishing to make a more detailed study than this brief list -would provide for can easily find extensive bibliographies on the -subject in English, Portuguese and Spanish which are of great value. -They will do well to consult P. H. Goldsmith, _A Brief Bibliography_ -(Macmillan), although it is admittedly incomplete in its list of books -and contemptuously harsh in its judgment of many of those included. -More comprehensive and valuable are the _Bibliographie Hispanique_ -(annual, New York) published by the Hispanic Society of America, and -the lists and catalogues of books, pamphlets, periodicals, and maps -prepared by the Pan-American Union and printed by the United States -Government,--first, the list relating to Central America by P. Lee -Phillips, 1902; secondly, the catalogue of books, periodicals, etc., -in the Columbus Library, which appeared successively in 1905, 1907, -1909, and 1914. Many lists respecting individual Hispanic-American -countries have been published, including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, -Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and Paraguay. -Reference also must necessarily be made to the exhaustive and -scholarly _Biblioteca Hispano-Americana_ and other compilations of -Jose Toribio Medina, the great bibliographer of Chile. _The Hispanic -American Historical Review_ is commended to the student not only for -its own articles and reviews, but for the great service rendered to -the bibliography of this subject by publishing with each issue a list -of books and articles pertaining to the field which have recently -appeared. - -The writer would anticipate the criticism that the list of books -specified in the syllabus for reading is incomplete. Since these -readings are designed for class purposes and are selected as being -practicable, the incompleteness was scarcely avoidable. The specialist -will again find it easy to enlarge. In the list of readings, in order -to conserve space, the author's name and full title of the book are -stated when the first reference is made; thereafter only the author's -name is employed, except in such cases in which the author has written -more than one book or in which clearness seems to demand complete or -partial repetition. - -The author wishes to make acknowledgment of his indebtedness to -Professor William R. Shepherd, of Columbia University, whose advice -and inspiration have been of incalculable service to him. Professor -Shepherd generously made suggestions for this edition of the syllabus. -Chapel Hill, N. C., June, 1920. - - - - - A SYLLABUS OF HISPANIC-AMERICAN HISTORY - - - INTRODUCTION - -=I. The Political Situation in Europe at Opening of the 16th Century.= - - 1. The National States: England, France, Spain and Portugal. - - 2. The Holy Roman Empire. - - 3. The city states of Italy. - - 4. Other European States. - - Readings: Hayes, _A Political and Social History of Modern - Europe_, Vol. I, 3-25. - -=II. Scientific and intellectual progress.= - - 1. Medieval travels; the crusades. - - 2. The Renaissance. - - 3. Invention of the compass and improvement of the astrolabe. - - 4. Improvement and increase of maps. - - Readings: Cheyney, _European Background of American History_, - 41-59. - -=III. European Commerce at the Opening of the 16th Century.= - - 1. Trade and trade routes between Europe and the Far East. - - 2. The Mediterranean and the Italian cities. - - 3. Conquests of the Ottoman Turks; closing of old routes. - - 4. Decline of the Italian cities. - - 5. Need of new routes; Battle of the Nile, 1516. - - Readings: Cheyney, 3-40; Shepherd, _Historical Atlas_, 98-99, - 107-110; Hayes, I, 27-49. - -=IV. The Commercial Revolution.= - - 1. The geographic position of Spain and Portugal. - - 2. The circumnavigation of Africa: Prince Henry the Navigator; - Diaz; Vasco da Gama. - - 3. The Western passage; sought by Spain. - - 4. The commercial revolution; effects. - - 5. Creation of trade companies; new methods of commerce. - - 6. Expansion and colonization; motives. - - Readings: Bourne, _Spain in America_, 104-132; Cheyney, - 123-146; Hayes, I, 27-69. - -=V. Spain and Portugal at the Opening of the 16th Century.= - - A. Background of Spanish history. - - Spanish Society: - - 1. Geographic influences in Spanish history. - - 2. The evolution of the Spanish nationality: - - a. The earliest historic inhabitants of the Iberian - peninsula. - - b. The invasions: Phoenician; Carthaginian; Roman; - Visigothic; Vandal; Moorish. - - c. Immigration of Jews and Berbers. - - d. Contact and conflict with the Moors, 710-1492. - - e. Expulsion of the Moors and the Jews. - - f. Establishment of union and central government. - - 3. The individualism of the people. - - 4. Militarist spirit engendered by long wars. - - 5. Evolution of types. - - 6. Governmental system: - - a. The king and his powers. - - b. The executive and advisory councils. - - c. The Spanish Cortes. - - d. Legal codes and other systems of law. - - e. Administrative machinery. - - f. Local and municipal government. - - g. System of taxation. - - h. Efforts of Ferdinand and Isabella to unify Spain and - centralize powers of government. - - 7. The Church and morals: - - a. The Spanish clergy. - - b. Inquisition. - - c. Influences of Moors and Jews upon church and faith. - - 8. Industries and agriculture; attitude toward labor: The - _Mesta_; wheat, vine, and olive culture. - - 9. Condition of social classes. - 10. Intellectual development in Spain: - - a. Formative influences on languages and literature. - - b. Contributions of the Moors. - - c. Ecclesiastical and philosophical writings. - - 11. Motives of colonization. - - Required Readings: Chapman, _The History of Spain_, 1-286; - Hume, _Spain, its Greatness and Decay_, 1479-1788, 1-64; _The - Spanish People_, 144-404; Cheyney, 79-114; Ellis, _The Soul of - Spain_, 29-105. - - Additional Readings: Lea, _History of the Inquisition in - Spain_; ----, _The Moriscos of Spain_; ----, _History of - Sarcedotal Celibacy_, 80-85; 300-311; Milman, _History of the - Jews_, Vol. III, 264-309; Altamira, _Historia de Espana y de la - Civilizacion espanola_; Colmeiro, _Derecho administrativo - espanol_; Plunkett, _Isabel of Castile_; Sempere, _Histoire des - Cortes d' Espagne_; Lowery, _The Spanish Settlements in the - United States_, Vol. I, 79-101; Walton, _Civil Law in Spain and - Spanish America_; Lane-Poole, _The Story of the Moors in - Spain_; Scott, _History of the Moorish Empire in Europe_; - Danvila y Collado, _El Poder Civil en Espana_; Lafuente and - Valera, _Historia general de Espana_; Salazar, _Monarchia de - Espana_, Vol. I; Sacristian y Martinez, _Municipalidades de - Castilla y Leon_; Merriman, _The Rise of the Spanish Empire in - the Old World and in the New_, Vols. I and II. - -B. Background of Portuguese history. - - Portuguese society: - - 1. General characteristics. - - 2. Influence of climate in Portugal. - - 3. Position as European power in the 16th Century. - - 4. Portugal as a national state. - - 5. Political institutions. - - 6. Motives of colonization. - - Required Readings: Cheyney, 60-74; Stephens, _The Story of - Portugal_. - - Additional Readings: Busk, _History of Spain and Portugal_; - Martins, _The Golden Age of Prince Henry the Navigator_; ----, - _Historia de Portugal_; Jayne, _Vasco da Gama and His - Successors_; Major, _Life of Prince Henry the Navigator_; - Hakluyt Society Publications. - -=Chapter I. The Period of Discovery.= - - A. Tracing the coast line by Spanish navigators. - - 1. The achievement of Columbus. - - 2. Achievements of: Hojeda, Cosa, Vespucci, Pinzon, Pineda, - Bastidas, Grijalva, Balboa, Magellan and Elcano, Guevara, and - Saavedra. - - Readings: Shepherd, _Historical Atlas_, 106-111; Morris, - _History of Colonization_, I, 230-243; Bourne, _Spain in - America_, 67-174; Payne, _European Colonies_, 35-53; ----, - _History of America_, Vol. I; Helps, _Spanish Conquest in - America_; Koebel, _South America_; Thacher, _Columbus_; - Vignaud, _Historie critique de la grande entreprise de - Christopher Colomb_; Guillemard, _Magellan_; Bancroft, _Central - Mexico_, Vol. I; Brittain, _Discovery and Exploration_, 56-296; - Benzoni, _History of the New World_ (Hakluyt Society Pub.); - Zahm, _Up the Orinoco and Down the Magdelena_; ----, _Along - the Andes and Down the Amazon_. - - B. Internal exploration and settlement. - - 1. Achievements of: Cortes; Pizarro; Cabeza de Vaca; Almagro; - Orellana; Ursua; Mendoza; Ayolas; Irala, and others. - - 2. Explorations of Portuguese in Brazil. - - 3. Settlement of the West Indies. - - 4. Settlement of Mexico and Central America. - - 5. Settlement of Spanish South America. - - Readings: To those of Section A, add _Cambridge Modern - History_, I, ch. xv.; Prescott, _Conquest of Mexico_; Bancroft, - _History of Mexico_; MacNutt, _Fernando Cortes and the Conquest - of Mexico_; Solis, _Historia de la Conquista de Mexico_; - Bandelier, _Contributions to the History of the Southwestern - Portions of the United States_; De Lannoy and Van der Linden, - _Historie de L'Expansion Coloniale des Peuples Europeens_ - (Portugal et Espagne); Bolton, _Spanish Exploration in the - Southwest_; Daenell, _Die Spanier in Nord Amerika_; Altamira, - _The Share of Spain in the History of the Pacific Ocean_, - (_Pacific Ocean in History_, 34-75); Groat, _Historia de la - Nueva Granada_; Wright, _The Early History of Cuba_; - Amunategui, _Descubrimientos_; _Conquista de Chile_; Ojeda, - _Los Conquistadores de Chile_ (2v.) - - C. Relations of Spain and Portugal in 16th Century. - - 1. Rivalry for trade supremacy. - - 2. Appeal to the Pope. - - Line of Demarcation, 1493. - - 3. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494. - - 4. Boundary commissions and disputes. - - 5. Treaty of Saragossa, 1529. - - 6. Mid-century relations. - - 7. Union of Portugal and Spain, 1580. - - 8. Attitude of Europe toward Spanish and Portuguese claims of - monopoly. - - 9. New doctrines relative to the control of the seas and the - ownership of territory. - - Required Readings: Shepherd, _Latin America_, 9-19; Chapman, - 229-271; Bourne, 31-33; 131-132; ----, _Essays in Historical - Criticism_, 193-217; Keller, _Colonization_, 175-176; 197-200; - Merriman, II, 219-239. - - Additional Readings: Altamira, _Historia de Espana_. - - -=Chapter II. The Spanish Colonial System.= - - A. Imperial Control. - - 1. Early methods of colonization. - - Spanish inexperience; government aid and activities; - private enterprize; rapid evolution of a system. - - 2. The _capitulation_; that of Columbus compared with later - ones. - - 3. The _Casa de Contratacion_. - - 4. The Council of the Indies: - - a. Organization; powers; duties; methods of administration; - accomplishments. - - b. Notable members. - - 5. Control of emigration: - - a. Laws of restriction. - - b. Inducements offered approved immigrants. - - 6. Exclusion of foreign influences from Colonies; Spanish - mercantilism. - - 7. Interference in colonial affairs. - - 8. Means of control; special commissions; the _visitador_; the - _residencia_; recall. - - 9. Difficulties of administration: - - a. Distance between colonies and home government. - - b. Defective means of communication. - - 10. Decline of the system; changes effected in the 18th - Century; red tape and routine. - - 11. Comparison of the Spanish system of colonization with the - systems of other colonizing countries. - - 12. Influences of the colonial empire upon Spain. - - Required Readings: Shepherd, 19-26; Bourne, 220-242; Morris, - 244-259; Keller, 168-206; 210-215; Bancroft, _History of - Central America_, I, 285 _et seq._; Roscher, _The Spanish - Colonial System_; Moses, _Establishment of Spanish Rule in - America_; _Cambridge Modern History_, Vol X, 244 et. seq.; - Robertson, _Rise of the Spanish American Republics_, - Introduction. - - Additional Readings: Root, _Spain and Its Colonies_; Zimmerman, - _Die Kolonialpolitik Portugal und Spaniens_; Leroy-Beaulieu, - _De la Colonisation chez les Peuples Modernes_, 1-40; Puente y - Olea, _Los Trabajos Geographicos de la Casa de Contratacion_; - Colmeiro, _Historia de la Economia Politica en Espana_, Vol. - II; Cappa, _Estudios Criticos Acerca de la dominacion espanola - en America_; _Recopilacion de Leyes de los Reinos de las - Indias_, (a collection of legislation respecting the colonies - made first in 1681). - - B. Spanish Administrative System in the Colonies. - - 1. No distinct separation of powers; the executive, - legislative, judicial, and ecclesiastical powers of government. - - 2. Office of _Viceroy_ in Spanish America. - - a. History of the office. - - b. Appointment; powers in the various departments of the - government; dignity of office; perquisites and reward. - - 3. Offices of _Adelantado_; _gobernador_; _captain-general_; - minor officials. - - 4. The _Audiencia_; _presidencia_. - - 5. The system of intendants instituted; its effects. - - 6. Local government: the _alcalde_; the _cabildo_; - _ayuntamiento_. - - 7. Extraordinary political bodies in the colonies: the _Cabildo - abierto_. - - 8. Minor courts of law; position of lawyers. - - 9. Conduct of government. - - 10. Operation of the system; discretionary powers as to - enforcement or non-enforcement of laws--"Se obedece pero no se - ejecuta"; opportunities of local officials to evade imperial - restrictions. - - 11. Relations of officials with the home government. - - Required Readings: Shepherd, 25-29; Moses, _Establishment of - Spanish Rule_; ----, _Spanish Dependencies of South America_, - 263-275; Morris, I, 244-259; Smith, _The Viceroy of New Spain_, - 100-248; Bourne, 202-242; ----, _A Trained Colonial Civil - Service_, (North American Review, Vol. 169, 528 _et seq._); - Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIX; Hill, _Office of - Adelantado_, (Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XXVIII); - Roscher, _The Spanish Colonial System_; Humboldt, _Political - Essay on New Spain_; Cunningham, _The Audiencia in the Spanish - Colonies_; ----, _Institutional Background of - Spanish-American History_ (Hisp. Am. Hist. Rev. 1918). - - Additional Readings: Bancroft, _Central America_, Vol. I, - Chapter V; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, 244 _et seq._; - Desdevises du Dezert, _L'Espagne de L'Ancien Regime_ (Les - Institutions) 122-163; Solorzano, _Politica Indiana_, Vol. II; - Haebler, _Amerika_ (Helmolt's _Weltgeschichte_, Vol. I) 384, - _et seq._ - - C. The Church. _Real Patronato._ - - 1. Royal control of the Church in oversea dominions. - - a. Bull of Alexander VI, 1493. - - b. The bull of Julius II, 1508. - - c. The system as perfected. - - 2. The clergy in the colonies. - - 3. The priest as a colonizer. - - 4. Jesuits and other clerical orders. - - 5. Relations of Church and State. - - 6. The church and education. - - 7. The right of sanctuary in the colonies. - - 8. The mission system; the Church and the Indian. - - 9. The Inquisition in Spanish America. - - 10. The Church in Spanish and Portuguese colonies compared. - - 11. Some notable priests and monks; Las Casas, Zumarraga; - Cardenas, etc. - - 12. Expulsion of Jesuits, 1767, (Portugal, 1759). - - Required Readings: Shepherd, 49-59; Bourne, 302-319; Keller, - 283-305; Ayme, _Ancient Temples and Cities of the New World_; - Moses, _Establishment of Spanish Rule_, Chap. IV; ----, _South - America on the Eve of Emancipation_, 119-142; ----, _Spanish - Dependencies in South America_, Vol. I, 338-349; 364-380; Vol. - II, 143-153; 206-232; Smith, 229-248. - - Additional Readings: Acosta, _The Natural and Moral History of - the Indies_, Vol. II; Lea, _The Inquisition in the Spanish - Dependencies_; Graham, _A Vanished Arcadia_; Koebel, _In Jesuit - Land_; Escriche, _Diccionario Razonado de Legislacion_; Palma, - _Anales de la inquisicion de Lima_; Lowery, _Spanish - Settlements in the United States_, Vol. I, 339-366; Calle, - _Memorial y Noticias Sacras_; Chapman, _The Founding of Spanish - California_ (cf. Index, "Religious Conquest"); Medina, - _Historia de Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisicion en - Mexico_; _Cambridge Modern History_, Vol. X, 253, _et seq._ - - D. The Indians and the Labor System. - - 1. The aborigines: tribes; number. - - a. Most important families: Araucanians; Arawak; Aymara; - Aztec; Carib; Charrua; Chibcha; Coconuco; Guarani; Inca; - Maya; Mojos; Puelche; Quechua; Tapuya; Tupi, etc. - - 2. Indian civilization: - - a. The Aztecs of Mexico. - - b. The Incas of Peru. - - 3. Treatment of Indians by the Spanish; comparison of this - treatment with that by other nations. - - 4. Reputation of Spaniards for cruelty. - - 5. Laws of Spain relative to Indians: - - a. Early regulations; instructions to Columbus; laws of - Burgos, 1512; laws of 1530. - - b. The "New Laws," 1542. - - c. Labor laws and customs: - - 1. _Encomienda._ - - 2. _Repartimiento._ - - 3. _Mita._ - - 4. Office of _corregidor_. - - d. Indian slavery; service in _obrages_ and _trapiches_; - effect of labor system on Indians. - - e. Law and practice. - - 6. Taxation of Indians. - - 7. Work of Las Casas, Nobrega, and Anchieta. - - 8. Indian resistance against Spanish system; Tupac-Amaru, II, - 1780-1781. - - 9. Importation of negro slaves: - - a. The Spanish theory. - - b. The asiento. - - c. Laws governing negro slave labor. - - Required Readings: Shepherd, 29-32; Morris, I, 239-241; - 245-251; Keller, 257-282; Moses, _South America on the Eve of - Emancipation_, 167-217; ----, _Spanish Dependencies_, Vol. I, - 204-229; Barros Arana, _Compendio de historia de America_, part - I; Watson, _Spanish and Portuguese South America_, Vol. I, - 65-85; 209-249; Means, _The Rebellion of Tupac-Amaru_ II, - 1780-1781, (His. Am. Hist. Rev., 1919); Church, _The Aborigines - of South America_; Hrdlicka, _Early Man in South America_; - Nordenskiold, _Indianerleben_. - - Additional Readings: Gage, _New Survey of the West Indies_; - MacNutt, _Bartholomew de las Casas_; Prescott, _Conquest of - Mexico_; ----, _Conquest of Peru_; Robertson, _History of - America_, Book VIII; Helps, _Spanish Conquest in America_; - Saco, _Revista de Cuba_; Markham, _The Incas of Peru_; Spinden, - _Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America_. - - E. Social Classes and Colonial Society. - - 1. Spanish types in the colonies: - - Basque; Gallego; Catalan; Andalusian. - - 2. Classes and race distinctions: - - Chapeton (gachupines); Creole; Mestizo; Mulatto; Zambo. - - 3. Classes and the government; the _divide et impera_ policy. - - 4. Legacy of class distinction. - - 5. Spanish recognition of Creoles and natives; numbers - ennobled. - - 6. Colonial society; diversions; pursuits; occupations. - - 7. The towns; _pueblos_; the cercados. - - Required Readings: Shepherd, 29-38; Morris, 252-254; Garcia - Calderon, _Latin America: Its Rise and Progress_, 44-58; - Bourne, 253-268; Keller, 211-220; Moses, _Establishment of - Spanish Rule_, Chapter II; ----, _South America on the Eve of - Emancipation_, 100-118. - - Additional Readings: Humboldt, _Personal Narrative of Travels_; - Reclus, _The Earth and Its Inhabitants--South America_; - Frezier, _Voyage a la Mer de Sud_; Ulloa, _A Voyage to South - America_. - - F. Colonial Agriculture, Manufacturing, and Mining. - - 1. The land system: - - a. Primogeniture, entails, and mortmain. - - b. Spanish _repartimientos_ and _encomiendas_; Portuguese - _capitanias_ and _prazos_. - - 2. Methods of acquiring real estate. - - 3. Attitude of home government toward colonial manufactures. - - 4. Stock raising; the Mesta; agricultural products introduced - by the Spanish. - - 5. Mines and mining in South and North America. - - Readings: Bourne, 282-301; Payne, _History of America_, Vol. I, - 254-362; Shepherd, 38-49; Moses, _South America on the Eve of - Emancipation_, 328-340; Keller, 221-225. - - G. Trade System and Means of Transportation. - - 1. The Spanish trade regulations; mercantilism; the staple - cities. - - 2. Trade routes; oceanic; inland. - - 3. Convoys and fleet system; taxes levied; concessions of 1620. - - 4. Depots and staple cities; fairs. - - 5. Means of transportation in colonial Spanish America. - - 6. The _Consulado_; guilds; _cofradias_. - - 7. Trade companies: - - The Guipuzcoa company, 1728-1778. - - 8. The War of Spanish Succession; Treaty of Utrecht. - - 9. The Anglo-Spanish relations at Porto Bello. - - 10. Obstacles to success of system: - - a. Smuggling. - - b. Buccaneers, pirates, and public enemies. - - 11. Final changes in system, 1740, 1748, 1765, 1778; work of - Charles III, Aranda, and Galvez. - - 12. Portuguese trade regulations. - - Required Readings: Shepherd, 43-47; Bourne, 282-301; Morris, - 260-277; Moses, _Spanish Dependencies_, Vol. II, 244-365; - Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, 254-257; Keller, 226-241; - 244-249; Smith, 248-254; Priestley, _Reforms of Jose de Galvez - in New Spain_ (The Pacific Ocean in History); Mimms, _Colbert's - West India Policy_; Koebel, _British Exploits in South - America_, 47-98; Haring, _The Buccaneers in the West Indies in - the Seventeenth Century_; Colmeiro, II, 401-463; Alberdi, - _Estudios Economicos_, 100-101. - - Additional Readings: Blackmar, _Spanish Institutions in the - Southwest_; Stevens, _Spanish Rule of Trade in the West - Indies_; Esquemeling, _History of the Buccaneers_; Rubalcava, - _Tratado Historico Politico y Legal del Commercio_; Walton, - _Spanish Colonies_, Vol. II, 153-181. - - H. The Colonial Taxation System. - - 1. The sources of revenue. - - 2. Taxes: _Alcabala_; _Armada_ and _armadilla_; _media anata_; - royal ninths; Indian tribute; taxes on: salt; mineral products; - tobacco. - - 3. Sale of offices. - - Readings: Moses, _South America on the Eve of Emancipation_, - 328-339. - - I. Education and Thought. - - 1. The universities. - - Institutions established at Lima, Mexico City, Bogota, - Cordoba, Cuzco, Caracas, Santiago de Chile, Quito, etc. - - 2. The clergy and education. - - 3. Colonial literature: - - a. Clerical influences. - - b. Early tendencies and schools. - - c. Writers: Zumarraga, Las Casas, Ercilla, Balbuena, Juana - Ines de la Cruz, Espejo. - - 4. The press. - - 5. Transplantation of European civilization: - - Language; customs; education; religion; political theories - and institutions. - - 6. Cultural influence of colonies upon Spain and Europe. - - Required Readings: Shepherd, 59-68; Moses, _South America on - the Eve of Emancipation_, 143-166; Coester, _The Literary - History of Spanish America_, 1-38. - - Additional Readings: Humboldt, _Personal Narrative of Travels_; - Ingenieros, _La Revolucion_, 29-78; Bunge, _Nuestra America_. - - J. Political History. - - 1. Diplomatic relations of Spain and Portugal in 17th and 18th - Centuries. - - 2. The Viceroyalties: - - a. New Spain, 1534. - - b. Peru, 1542. - - c. New Granada, 1739. - - d. La Plata, 1776. - - 3. Indian Wars and political insurrections. - - 4. The favored and the neglected colonies. - - 5. Colonial defence--military and naval. - - Readings: Keller, 316-325; Watson, _Spanish and Portuguese - South America_; Moses, _The Spanish Dependencies in South - America_. - - -=Chapter III. Settlement of Brazil and Portuguese Institutions.= - - 1. The voyage of Cabral; Portuguese claims; Correia, Coelho, de - Souza. - - 2. Early settlements; attitude of Portuguese toward Brazil; - founding of cities. - - 3. Portuguese system of colonization in Brazil. - - a. The captaincies. - - b. The "desembargo do paco." - - c. Theory and practice; frequent changes in the - administrative service. - - d. Comparison with Portuguese colonial system in the East - Indies. - - e. The church in colonial Brazil; the _aldeias_; work of - Anchieta, Nobrega, Vieyra. - - 4. Treatment of the natives; intermarriage; regulations as to - labor system. - - 5. Importation of negro slaves, 1502; slave trade; the - _Companhia do Grao Para_; slave codes. - - 6. The Portuguese commercial system: - - a. The "India House" and the "Guinea House." - - b. Mercantilism and monopoly. - - c. Participation of the English in the Portuguese trade. - - d. Colonial products of Brazil. - - 7. Beginning of Westward Movement in Brazil. - - a. Settlement of Sao Paulo. - - b. Government of the frontier; the _Paulistas_; - _Mamelucos_. - - c. Discovery of Gold, 1693; diamonds, 1730. - - 8. Society and thought in Brazil. - - 9. Conflict with the French and Dutch. - - 10. Relations of Brazil and Portugal. - - Required Readings: Denis, _Brazil_, 27-78; Morris, I, 214-220; - Keller, 131-167; Watson, Vol. II, 1-26; Rio Branco, _Esquisse - de l'Histoire du Bresil_, 105-152. - - Additional Readings: De Lannoy and Van der Linden, 11-26; - 172-181; 225-238; Merivale, _Lectures_, 47 _et seq._; Pinheiro, - _Historia do Brazil_; Southey, _History of Brazil_; Varnhagen, - _Historia Geral do Brazil_, Vol. I. - - -=Chapter IV. Geography and Resources of Hispanic America.= - - 1. Geographic situation of South America. - - 2. Area of states in comparison with that of the United States - and Europe. - - 3. Climate. - - a. Seasons and temperature. - - b. Rainfall. - - 4. Mountain ranges; rivers; water power. - - 5. Harbors. - - 6. Forests; commercial value of forest products. - - 7. Mineral deposits. - - 8. Animal life; introduction of animals and plants by Spanish. - - 9. Drugs and medicines. - - 10. Agricultural possibilities. Products in general: fruits; - rubber; coffee; cacao; yerba; sugar; grasses; tobacco. - - Required Readings: Shepherd, 107-121; _Atlas America Latina_; - Koebel, _The South Americans_, 184-304; Bryce, _South America_, - 37-483; books on individual countries listed in Chapter VIII; - Keane, _Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel--Central - and South America_; Boero, _Geografia de America_. - - Additional Readings: Tschudi, _Travels in Peru_; Whymper, - _Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator_; Schanz, - _Quer durch Sud-America_; Darwin, _Journal of - Researches_--(Voyage of the _Beagle_); Zahm's works. - - -=Chapter V. The Struggle for Independence, 1806-1826.= - - 1. Sources and elements of discontent in Latin America; - political and economic. - - 2. Influence of the American War of Independence; new economic - doctrines, French Revolution; English political philosophy. - - 3. Pre-revolutionary revolts; foreign stimulation. - - 4. Diffusion of new ideas; decline in effectiveness of the - Spanish policy of exclusion; the expedition of Miranda, 1806; - representative Hispanic-Americans in Europe and United States; - English expeditions against Buenos Aires and Montevideo, - 1806-1807. - - 5. Invasion of Spain by Napoleon; overthrow of the legitimate - government; establishment of the Napoleonic government and of - Spanish _juntas_. - - 6. Disturbance in the colonies; attitude of the cities; - Caracas, Buenos Aires, Bogota, Cordoba, Santiago de Chile, etc. - - 7. The interregnum; development of local _juntas_; - manifestations of loyalty to Spain; theories applied to the - relations with Spain. - - 8. Gradual growth of desire and formation of plans for - independence; refusal of Spanish terms; character of the - revolutionary movement. - - 9. The revolution in the North, 1809-1821: - - a. Formation of _juntas_; collaboration of Miranda and - Bolivar. - - b. General character of the struggle; atrocities and - reprisals; Monteverde, Boves, and Morillo; the fate of - Miranda, the campaigns. - - c. The constitution of Angostura. - - d. The crossing of the Andes and the battle of Boyaca. - - e. Services of Santander, Paez, Sucre, and others. - - f. Altered character of the war after the Spanish - revolution of 1820. - - g. Battle of Carabobo; the invasion of Ecuador. - - h. Bolivar as organizer, military leader, liberator. - - 10. Attitude of foreign countries; aid of Great Britain: - - a. Englishmen and Irish in the war. - - b. Citizens of the United States in the northern campaigns. - - 11. The revolution in the South, 1809-1821: - - a. Conditions in Buenos Aires and the South which produced - revolution; political services of Mariano Moreno, Castelli, - Belgrano, Pueyrredon, Rivadavia, Monteagudo, etc. - - b. Campaigns: Belgrano at Tucuman; revolutionizing of - Paraguay; Artigas in Uruguay. - - c. San Martin as soldier in Argentina and as governor of - Cuyo; preparation for the campaign in Chile; crossing of - the Andes. - - d. Liberation of Chile; battles of Chacabuco and Maipu; - work of O'Higgins and Lord Cochrane; foreigners in San - Martin's service. - - e. Campaign for Peru--Naval and Military. - - 12. Relations of Bolivar and San Martin; political theories of - each; the conference at Guayaquil; retirement of San Martin. - - 13. Final Stages in the war of independence, 1822-1826: - - a. Bolivar's invasion of Peru; relations with political - leaders. - - b. Battles of Junin and Ayacucho. - - c. The campaign in Upper Peru; the Bolivian constitution. - - d. Surrender of Callao. - - 14. The part of the Indians in the wars; the part of the - loyalists, their treatment; emigration of loyalists. - - 15. Early evidences of national aspiration on the part of - various communities. - - 16. Prosperity; free trade; interest of England and the United - States. - - 17. Unity versus sectionalism. - - 18. The Confederation of New Granada; Bolivar as an executive - and political theorist; revolutionary legislation. - - 19. Political theories and conflicting ambitions of the - generals; radicalism and conservatism in the revolution. - - 20. Establishment of states. - - 21. Revolutionary society in South America. - - 22. Comparison of the revolutions in South America with that in - the United States. - - 23. Mexico and Central America: - - a. Hidalgo, Morelos, Mina, Guerrero. - - b. Iturbide and the Plan of Iguala. - - c. Part of the church; the land issue; social questions. - - d. Revolutionizing of Central America. - - 24. Saint Domingue: Toussaint L'Ouverture. - - Required Readings: Shepherd, 69-81; Garcia Calderon, 58-86; - Bryce, 423-448; _Cambridge Modern History_, Vol. X, 280-309; - Herrera, _La Revolution Francesa y Sud America_; Robertson, - _Francisco de Miranda and the Revolutionising of - Spanish-America_ (Amer. Hist. Assn. reports, 1907); _Rise of - Spanish-American Republics_; Moses, _Spain's Declining Power in - South America, 1730-1806_. - - Additional Readings: Bancroft, _Mexico_; Pilling, _The - Emancipation of South America_; Paxson, _The Independence of - South American Republics_; Moses, _South America on the Eve of - Emancipation_; Filisola, _La Cooperacion de Mexico en la - independencia de Centro America_; Mitre, _The Emancipation of - South America_; Petre, _Bolivar_; Mancini, _Bolivar et - l'emancipation des colonies espagnoles_; Decoudray-Holstein, - _Memoirs of Simon Bolivar_; Rene-Moreno, _Ultimas Dias - Coloniales en el Alto Peru_; Ingenieros, _La Evolucion de las - Ideas Argentinas: La Revolucion_; Calvo, _Annales historiques - de la revolution de l'Amerique latine_; Torrente, _Historia de - la revolucion hispano-Americana_; Chandler, _Inter-American - Acquaintances_; Walton, _Present State of the Spanish - Colonies_. - - -=Chapter VI. Early Relations of Hispanic America with the United -States; the Monroe Doctrine.= - - 1. Diffusion of revolutionary ideas and political opinions in - South America. - - 2. Part of Spanish-Americans in the American war of - independence. - - 3. Part of the United States in the Hispanic-American wars of - independence; diplomatic relations of United States and the _de - facto_ governments and people of Hispanic America. - - 4. Early ideas as to American concert. - - 5. Jefferson and John Adams on South America. - - 6. Early statements of the Monroe Doctrine. - - 7. Evolution of Monroe Doctrine during the Revolutionary War; - the part of Hispanic America. - - 8. Attitude of European States toward Hispanic America after - the Congress of Vienna. - - a. Effects of revolutionary wars upon European politics and - diplomacy. - - b. The policy of intervention. - - c. The Holy Alliance and the Concert of Europe. - - d. Applications of policy of intervention. - - e. The Congress of Verona. - - f. The position of England. - - 9. Recognition by the United States. - - 10. The Canning-Rush-Adams correspondence. - - 11. The Monroe message. - - 12. Reception of Monroe Doctrine in South America and in - Europe. - - 13. The Monroe Doctrine, 1823-1828. - - 14. Recognition by Great Britain, Spain, and other European - states. - - Required Readings: Edgington, _History of the Monroe Doctrine_; - Bingham, _The Monroe Doctrine, an Obsolete Shibboleth_; Garcia - Calderon, 58-85; Bryce, 422-451; Koebel, _British Exploits_, - 163-254; Shepherd, _Bolivar and the United States_ (Hisp. Am. - Hist. Rev. 1918); Moore, _Digest of International Law_ - (Sections on Monroe Doctrine); The New International - Encyclopaedia; _Annals of the American Academy of Political - Science_, July, 1914; Robertson, _Reception of the Monroe - Doctrine_ (Political Science Quarterly, 1915); Manning, _Early - Diplomatic Relations between the United States and Mexico_. - - Additional Readings: Gilman, _James Monroe_; Bigelow, _American - Policy_; Coolidge, _United States as a World Power_; Hart, _The - Monroe Doctrine_; Torres, _An Exposition of the Commerce of - South America_; Chadwick, _The Relations of Spain and the - United States_. - - -=Chapter VII. Political Theories and Early Republican Institutions.= - - 1. The monarchical idea _versus_ the republican; opinions of - the revolutionary leaders: Bolivar, San Martin, Rivadavia, - Belgrano, etc. - - 2. Early political parties or groups and their theories: - - a. Unitary; federalist; conservative; and radical. - - b. Liberal and conservative writers on politics: Lastarria, - Bilbao, Echeverria, Montalvo, Vigil, Sarmiento; Bello, - Alberdi, Herrera, Acosta. - - c. Influence of France upon political theorists. - - 3. Political factions: - - Military; clerical; civilian; and lay. - - 4. Party methods and politics. - - 5. Ballot and elections; restrictions of the suffrage. - - 6. Popular apathy in political affairs; personal politics. - - 7. Character of governments: - - Federal and unitary. - - 8. Early constitutions; separation of powers. - - 9. The office of executive. - - a. Constitutional powers in various countries. - - b. Prestige and dignity of office. - - c. Early types of executives: tyrants; dictators; - liberators; restorers; caudillos. - - 10. Character and powers of Congress; congress _versus_ - president; experiments with unicameral legislatures. - - 11. Influence of English and French cabinet systems of - government. - - 12. The judiciary in Latin America: - - a. Constitutional powers and position in administration. - - b. Judicial review of legislation. - - 13. Early conventions and platforms. - - 14. Municipal government: - - a. General characteristics. - - b. Police systems. - - c. Public service. - - d. Prisons. - - Readings: Shepherd, 81-96; Garcia Calderon, 100-350; - Crichfield, _American Supremacy_; Alberdi, _Bases ..._; ----, - _Estudios economicos_; ----, _Del Gobierno en Sud America_; - Sarmiento, _El Facundo_; Lastarria, _Lecciones de politica - positiva en la Academia de bellas letras_; Balbin de Unquera, - _Andres Bello, su epoca y sus obras_; books on individual - countries. - - -=Chapter VIII. Political History, 1826-1920; Political Heritage of -Colonial Times.= - - 1. The three phases: - - a. 1826-1850, Age of Dictators. - - b. 1850-1876, Struggle for Stability. - - c. 1876----, Rise of Great States and Economic Progress. - - 2. Typical dictators: - - a. Garcia Moreno,--Ecuador. - - b. Ramon Castilla,--Peru. - - c. Rosas,--Argentina. - - d. Paez and Guzman Blanco,--Venezuela. - - e. Santa Anna and Diaz,--Mexico. - - 3. Progressive States of South America: - - A. Argentina: - - 1. The presidency of Rivadavia; War with Brazil; - conflict between Buenos Aires and provinces. - - 2. Rosas and Urquiza. - - 3. Mitre and Sarmiento. - - 4. Political program and stability; President Roca. - - 5. Economic development and growth of population. - - 6. The southward movement in Argentina. - - 7. Contemporary government and politics. - - Suggested Readings: Koebel, _Argentina, Past and Present_; - ----, _The South Americans_; Hirst, _Argentina_; Hammerton, - _The Real Argentine_; Chandler, _The Argentine Southward - Movement_, (Bulletin Pan. Am. Un., 1914). - - Additional Readings: Martinez and Lewandowski, _Argentina in - the Twentieth Century_; Merou, _Historia de la Republica - Argentina_; V. F. Lopez, _Historia de la Republica Argentina_ - (Vols IX and X). - - B. Brazil. - - 1. Brazil and Portugal, 1807-1822. - - 2. The empire: Pedro I and Pedro II. - - 3. Economic development; international relations. - - 4. Emancipation of slaves. - - 5. The Republic: early disorders; progress toward - stability. - - 6. The westward movement in Brazil. - - 7. Colonization experiments--State and National. - - 8. Contemporary government and politics. - - Readings: Denis, _Brasil_; Watson, Vol. II, 256-270; _Cambridge - Modern History_, Vol. X, 310-339; Vol. XII, 674-676; Varnhagen, - Vol. II; Pinheiro, _Historia do Brasil_; Bennett, _Forty Years - in Brazil_; Buley, _North Brazil_; ----, _South Brasil_; - Winter, _Brazil and her people of today_; Domville-Fife, _The - United States of Brasil_; Grossi, _Storia della Colonizazione - Europea al Brasile_. - - C. Chile: - - 1. Dictatorship of O'Higgins. - - 2. Work of Portales and the _pelucones_. - - 3. The conservative regime; ten year presidents. - - 4. War with Spain. - - 5. The problem of the Araucanians. - - 6. War with Peru and Bolivia. - - 7. Balmaceda and the congress. - - 8. Relations with the United States; with Argentina; - the "Christ of the Andes." - - 9. Contemporary government and politics. - - a. Operation of the cabinet system in Chile. - - b. Contemporary political parties. - - c. Local government. - - Readings: Elliot, _Chile_; Garcia Calderon, 164-179; Hancock, - _A History of Chile_; Amunategui and Vicuna MacKenna, _La - dictadura de O'Higgins_; Bulnes, _Las Causas de la Guerra entre - Chile y Peru_; Markham, _The War between Peru and Chile_; - Olivares, _Historia de Chile_; Guiterez, _La Guerra de 1879_; - Barros Arana, _La Guerre du Pacifique_; ----, _Historia - general de Chile_; Egana, _The Tacna and Arica Question_; Macy - and Gannaway, _Comparative Free Government_, 663-672; Reinsch, - _Parliamentary Government in Chile_ (Am. Pol. Science Rev., - III, 507, _et seq._) - - D. Uruguay. - - 1. Relations with Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. - - 2. Political organization and progress. - - 3. Economic, educational, and religious developments. - - 4. Contemporary government and politics. - - Readings: Koebel, _Uruguay_; Roxlo, _Uruguay en 1904_; Acevedo, - _Historia de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay_; Zorilla de San - Martin, _La Epopeya de Artigas_. - - 4. Less Progressive and Backward States of South America. - - A. Venezuela: - - 1. Revolutions and tyrants: Guzman Blanco; Castro. - - 2. Foreign relations. - - 3. Contemporary government and politics. - - Readings: Dalton, _Venezuela_; Scruggs, _The Colombian and - Venezuelan Republics_. - - B. Colombia: - - 1. Political record. - - 2. Foreign relations. - - Readings: Scruggs, _The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics_; - Levine, _Colombia_; Eder, _Columbia_; Arboleda, _Historia - contemporanea de Colombia_. - - C. Ecuador. - - Readings: Enock, _Ecuador_; Mejia, _Ecuador_; Cevalles, - _Compendio de la historia del Ecuador_. - - D. Peru. - - 1. Political record. - - 2. Foreign relations. - - 3. Contemporary government and politics. - - Readings: Enock, _Peru_; Wright, _Peru_; Markham, _A History of - Peru_; Llorente, _Historia de Peru_. - - E. Bolivia. - - 1. Presidency of Sucre and dictatorship of Santa Cruz. - - 2. Political disorder. - - 3. Foreign relations; part of Bolivia in war, 1879-83. - - 4. Constitution of 1880. - - Readings: Wright, _Bolivia_; Walle, _Bolivia_; Valdes, _Estudio - historico de Bolivia_. - - F. Paraguay. - - 1. Period of Francia. - - 2. The Lopez group. - - 3. War with Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. - - 4. Contemporary government and politics. - - Readings: Washburn, _History of Paraguay_; Hardy, _Paraguay_; - Decoud, _Paraguay_; Funes, _Historia civil del Paraguay_; - Mitre, _Guerra del Paraguay_; Yubero, _El Paraguay moderno_. - - 5. Mexico. - - a. Empire and early republic: Iturbide and Santa Anna. - - b. Relations with Texas. - - c. The war with the United States. - - d. Struggle with the church: Juarez. - - e. Maximilian. - - f. The Diaz regime; economic development. - - g. Contemporary period: the revolution. - - Madero; Huerta; Carranza; Villa; Obregon. - - h. Relations with the United States; with Japan; with Germany. - - i. Constitution and politics. - - Suggested Readings: Enock, _Mexico_; Noll, _From Empire to - Republic_; ----, _History of Mexico_; Fortier and Ficklen, - _Central America and Mexico_; Bancroft, _History of Mexico_; - Rives, _Relations of Mexico and the United States_; Bancroft, - _Porfirio Diaz_; Pinchon and de Lara, _Mexico_; Stevenson, - _Maximilian in Mexico_; Martin, _Maximilian_; ----, _Mexico - of the XXth Century_; Prida, _From Despotism to Anarchy_; - Fornaro, _Carranza and Mexico_; Trowbridge, _Mexico Today and - Tomorrow_. - - Additional Readings: Alaman, _Historia de Mexico_; Esquivel, - _Democracia y personalismo_; Estrada, _La Revolution y - Francisco I. Madero_; Gonzalez, _La Revolucion y sus heroes_; - Zamacois, _Historia de Mexico_; Planchet, _La Cuestion - religiosa en Mexico_. - - 6. The Central American States: - - First Class: Costa Rica and Guatemala. - - Second Class: Honduras, Salvador, and Nicaragua. - - 1. Race distribution. - - 2. Projects of union: 1824-1838; 1842; 1848; 1852; 1862; - 1872; 1876; 1887; 1889; 1895; 1897. - - 3. The peace conference of 1907; the court. - - 4. Political and economic conditions. - - 5. Foreign relations. - - Readings: Villafranca, _Costa Rica_; Winter, _Guatemala_; - Guardia, _Costa Rica_; Squier, _States of Central America_; - Palmer, _Central America_; Fortier and Ficklen, _Central - America and Mexico_; Martin, _Salvador_; Koebel, _Central - America_; Munro, _The Five Central American Republics_; - Shepherd, _Central and South America_. - - 7. The Insular Republics. - - A. Cuba. - - 1. Cuba in the early part of the 19th century. - - 2. Plans made in South America for the revolutionizing of - Cuba. - - 3. Cuba in diplomacy; attitude of the United States and - Europe. - - 4. Slavery in Cuba. - - 5. Filibusters. - - 6. The ten year war; the problem of reform. - - 7. The Spanish-American War; status of Cuba after the - peace. - - 8. American occupation; the Platt Amendment. - - 9. Republican government in Cuba; interventions by the - United States; diplomatic and economic relations with the - United States. - - Readings: Callahan, _Cuba and International Relations_; - Leroy-Beaulieu, 251-268; Cabrera, _Cuba and the Cubans_; - Porter, _Industrial Cuba_; Lindsay, _Cuba and her People of - Today_; Quesada, _The War in Cuba_; Guiteras, _Historia de la - Isla de Cuba_; Ramon de la Sagra, _Historia de la Isla de Cuba_ - (13t); Canini, _Four Centuries of Spanish Rule in Cuba_; - Johnson, _The History of Cuba_ (5v); Hill, _Cuba and Porto - Rico_. - - B. Haiti and Santo Domingo: - - 1. Monarchy and republicanism in Haiti and Santo Domingo. - - 2. Social and racial problems. - - 3. Political disorders. - - 4. International relations: - - a. Financial conditions; foreign claims. - - b. Interventions. - - c. Relations of Santo Domingo and the United States. - - d. Haiti and the United States. - - 5. Attitude toward the United States. - - 6. Contemporary government and politics. - - Readings: Fiske, _West Indies_; Eves, _West Indies_; St. John, - _Haiti, the Black Republic_; Schoenrich, _Santo Domingo_; - Hazard, _Santo Domingo, Past and Present_; Hollander, _Report - on the Debt of Santo Domingo_ (Sen. Ex. Document, 59th Cong.); - Garcia, _Compendio de la Historia de Santo Domingo_. - - 8. Panama: - - a. Secessionist tendencies in Panama. - - b. The revolution. - - c. The republic. - - d. Relations with Colombia and the United States. - - Required Readings: Bishop, _Panama, Past and Present_; Gause - and Carr, _The Story of Panama_; Bunau-Varilla, _Panama; the - Creation, Destruction and Resurrection_; Villegas, _The - Republic of Panama_. - - Readings in general for political history: Dawson, _The South - American Republics_; Akers, _History of South America_; Dodd, - _Modern Constitutions_; Rodriguez, _American Constitutions_; - Sweet, _History of Latin America_; Koebel, _South America_; - Garcia Calderon, _Latin-America_, 86-231; _Cambridge Modern - History_, XII, 672-689; Domville-Fife, _Great States of South - America_; Enock, _The Republics of Central and South America_; - Porter, _The Ten Republics_; Colmo, _Los paises de la America - latina_; Amunategui, _Ensayos biographicos_ (4v); Shepherd, - _Hispanic Nations of the New World_. - - -=Chapter IX. Relations with One Another and with Europe.= - - 1. Boundary disputes and commissions; the principle of _uti - possedetis_. - - 2. Filibustering expeditions and reprisals. - - 3. The status of Uruguay. - - 4. The war against Paraguay. - - 5. The Chile-Peru-Bolivia war; the Tacna-Arica question. - - 6. International standing of Latin America. - - 7. The problem of unity: - - a. Proposals for a league of states of Spanish origin. - - b. Proposals for inclusion of Brazil in this league. - - c. Congresses of Hispanic-American countries: Panama - (1826), Lima (1848, 1864, 1897), Santiago de Chile (1856). - - d. Programmes of arbitration; proposals for codification of - international law for the Americas. - - e. Congresses for health and sanitations conventions: Rio - de Janiero (1887, 1906), Lima (1888), Washington (1902, - 1905), Mexico City (1907), San Jose de Costa Rica (1909). - - f. Scientific congresses: Buenos Aires (1898), Montevideo, - (1901), Rio de Janiero (1905), Santiago de Chile, (1908), - Washington, (1916). - - g. Control of river commerce; the international rivers. - - 8. Central American affairs; arbitration agreement. - - 9. The so-called A. B. C. Alliance. - - 10. Relations with Europe: - - Diplomatic; economic; cultural. - - 11. European interventions in Latin American affairs: - - Examples of European intervention: France and Great Britain - at Buenos Aires and Montevideo; Spain and France in Mexico; - France, Great Britain and Spain in Mexico; Spain in Santo - Domingo and Peru; Great Britain at Corinto; Germany, Great - Britain and Italy in Venezuela. - - Readings: Shepherd, 96-106; Koebel, _The South Americans_, - 41-63; Garcia Calderon, 335-350; _Cambridge Modern History_, - Vol. XII, 689-702; Moore, _Brazil and Peru Boundary Question_; - Posada, _En America una compana_; Helio Lobo, _O Tribunal - Arbitral Brasiliero-Boliviano_; Alvarez, _Le Droit - international Americain_; Quesada, _La Evolution del - Panamericanismo_. - - -=Chapter X. Later Diplomatic and Political Relations with the United -States.= - - 1. Development and extension of the Monroe Doctrine: - - a. The Jackson-Van Buren attitude. - - b. Polk's revival, interpretation, and restriction. - - c. Monroe Doctrine in the fifties: - - 1. Connection with slavery issue. - - 2. Paraguay, 1857-59. - - d. The Maximilian episode. - - e. The United States and the Chilean war with Spain. - - f. Grant and the nationalization of the doctrine. - - g. The Santos claim in Ecuador; Alsop claim in Chile. - - h. Cleveland-Olney extension. - - i. Monroe Doctrine and imperialism. - - j. Roosevelt-Taft period. - - k. Wilson Doctrine. - - l. Monroe Doctrine and claims against Hispanic-American - countries: - - 1. Contractual,--Alsop, Cerutti, Landreau. - - 2. Tortuous,--Case of Moreno; Benton Case; Renton Case. - - m. The Monroe Doctrine and the World War. - - Readings: Appropriate sections of Edgington, Bingham, Hart, - Bigelow; Reddaway, _Monroe Doctrine_; American State Papers; - Moore, _A Digest of International Law_, Vol. VI, 368-604; - 714-715; ----, _Principles of American Diplomacy_, 246-269; - Minister Dudley's report, U. S. For. Rel., 1899; Vicuna - Mackenna, _Historia de la Administracion Montt_; ----, - _Historia de Chile_; New International Encyclopedia; Bonilla, - _Wilson Doctrine_; Barrett, _Latin-America of Today and its - Relation to the United States_; Helio Lobo, _De Monroe a - Rio-Branco_; Saenz Pena, _Derecho publico Americano_. - - 2. Hispanic-American attitude toward the United States. - - a. In politics and diplomacy. - - b. In commerce. - - Readings: Ugarte, _El porvenir de la America latina_; - Sotolongo, _El Imperialismo Norte Americano_; Merlos, _America - latina ante el peligro_; Weyl, _American World Policies_, - Chapter XV; Gondra, _Los Estados Unidos y las Naciones - Americanas_. - - 3. Efforts at cooeperation and friendship: - - a. Evolution of Pan Americanism. - - b. The Pan American Union: - - 1. Organization and purposes. - - 2. Control and accomplishments. - - c. Pan American congresses: Washington, (1889); Mexico - City,(1902); Rio de Janiero, (1906); Buenos Aires, (1910). - - d. Inter-American financial congresses: Washington, (1915); - Buenos Aires, (1916). - - e. The peace and arbitration treaties. - - f. Cultural inter-relations; scientific conferences, - increase of trade and travel; exchange of teachers and - college professors. - - g. Proposals of an inter-American league of nations. - - 4. The Drago Doctrine and the Porter Doctrine. - - 5. Latin America at the second Hague Conference. - - Readings: Hull, _The United States and Latin America at the - Hague_; Quesada, _La Doctrina Drago_ (Rev. de la Univ., B.A., - 1919). - - 6. The Platt Amendment: - - a. Relations with Cuba; interventions. - - 7. Caribbean Interests of the United States: - - 1. Political and economic conditions in the Caribbean area; - effects and influences of the Spanish-American War. - - 2. Strategic importance; United States as a Caribbean - power. - - a. Porto Rico as a dependency. - - b. Territorial government; the insular cases; the - question of citizenship. - - c. The Virgin Islands. - - 3. Dominant position of the United States: - - a. In commerce. - - b. Financial agreements with Santo Domingo, Haiti, - Nicaragua. - - c. The Panama Canal as a factor in the problem; status - of the Republic of Panama with respect to the United - States. - - d. Naval bases of the United States; lease of the Corn - Islands. - - e. Interventions of the United States. - - 4. Relations of the United States and Venezuela, Colombia, - Central America. - - 5. Attitude of Caribbean peoples toward the United States; - problem of self-determination. - - 6. Contemporary tendencies. - - Readings: Jones, _Caribbean Interests of the United States_; - Bonsal, _The American Mediterranean_; Westergaard, _The Danish - West Indies_, 1671-1917; De Booy and Faris, _The Virgin - Islands_. - - 8. The Panama Canal: - - a. Treaties and plans for construction. - - b. The French enterprise. - - c. Relations of Columbia and the United States. - - d. Secession and independence of Panama. - - e. Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty. - - f. Construction of Canal. - - g. Possible economic and political effects. - - h. The Columbian grievance against the United States; - diplomatic developments. - - 9. Wilson Administration: - - a. Hispanic-American policy. - - b. Relations with Mexico. - - c. Achievements and criticism. - - Required Readings: Senate Doc., No. 744, 61st Cong., 3rd - Session; _Annals of American Academy of Pol. Science_, July, - 1914; Bryce, 484-520; Garcia Calderon, 298-312; Latane, - _America as a World Power_, 255-285; ----, _Diplomatic - Relations of the United States with Spanish America_; Williams, - _Anglo-American Isthmian Diplomacy_; _The New Pan Americanism_, - Parts I, II and III (World Peace Foundation). - - Additional Readings: Flack, _Spanish American Diplomatic - Relations Preceding the War of 1898_; Chandler, _Inter-American - Acquaintances_; Moore, _Principles of American Diplomacy_, - 365-419; Maurtua, _La Idea Pan Americana y la cuestion del - arbitraje_; Usher, _Pan-Americanism_; Gause and Carr, _The - Story of Panama_; Bishop, _Panama, Past and Present_. - - -=Chapter XI. Trade Relations of Hispanic America and the United States.= - - 1. Origins of trade. - - 2. Development of trade during the 19th century: - - a. Comparative predominance of United States to about 1850. - - b. Disruption of trade during War of Secession. - - c. Increased European competition after Franco-Prussian - war. - - 3. History of trade in the 20th century. - - 4. Volume of contemporary trade, export and import, with United - States; with Europe. - - 5. Character of the trade: - - a. Standard articles imported and exported. - - b. Non-competitive goods and raw products. - - c. Competitive goods. - - 6. Purchasing power of Hispanic American countries. - - 7. Misconceptions, current in United States, as to - Hispanic-American habits of business. - - 8. Obstacles in the way of trade: - - a. Lack of merchant marine. - - b. Established habits and traditions of trade. - - c. Ignorance of market and the accepted methods of trade: - - 1. Market demands. - - 2. Transportation problems. - - 3. Tariff administrations. - - d. Long term credits. - - e. Lack of organization to secure the trade. - - 9. Methods for improvement. - - 10. The Webb-Pomerene Act. - - 11. Effects of the European war of 1914; construction of the - Panama Canal. - - 12. Increase of American business interests in Hispanic - America. - - Readings: _Atlas America Latina_; Verrill, _South and Central - American Trade Conditions of Today_, 168-179; U. S. Sen. Doc. - No. 737, 60th Cong., 2d Sess., (Fisher, _Ethnography and - Commercial Importance of Latin America and the West Indies_); - House Doc., No. 154, 59 Cong., 2d Sess.; Aughinbaugh, _Selling - Latin America_; Babson, _The Future of South America_; Bonsal, - _The American Mediterranean_; Chandler, _Inter-American - Acquaintances_; Hough, _Practical Exporting_; Shepherd, - 168-179; ----, _Our South American Trade_ (Pol. Science - Quart., Dec., 1909); Filsinger, _Exporting to Latin America_; - Savay, _The Science of Foreign Trade_; Pepper, _American - Foreign Trade_; Cooper, _Understanding South America_; Wilson, - _South America as an Export Field_, (Sp. Agt. Ser. No. 81, - 1914, Dept. of Com.); South American Supplement, London - _Times_; U. S. consular reports; reports of the Department of - Commerce and Labor (now Department of Commerce). - - -=Chapter XII. Hispanic America and the World War.= - - 1. Economic and political influences of the war. - - 2. Hispanic-American products necessary in the prosecution of - the war. - - 3. Efforts to secure sympathy for one or the other group of - belligerents; policies of neutrality; cultural factors in the - situation: Germany as a menace. - - 4. Improvement in the financial situation; development of Pan - Americanism: the financial congresses. - - 5. Growth of anti-German sentiment in certain countries; Ruy - Barbosa's indictment of Germany; the Luxburg and Zimmermann - dispatches. - - 6. Effect of the entrance of the United States into the war. - - 7. Hispanic America in the war: - - a. Nations which declared war: Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, - Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama. - - b. Nations which severed relations with Germany: Bolivia, - Ecuador, Peru, Santo Domingo, Uruguay. - - c. The neutral countries: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, - Mexico, Salvador, Venezuela, Paraguay. - - d. Services of Brazil and Cuba. - - 8. Hispanic America and the Peace Conference; the prominent - part played by Brazil. - - 9. The Tacna-Arica question in a new phase. - - 10. Attitude toward the League of Nations; Brazil as a member - of the Supreme Council; the states which joined the league. - - 11. The Monroe Doctrine during the war; projects for an - inter-American league of states. - - 12. Economic results of the war upon Hispanic America. - - Readings: Martin, _Latin America and the War_, (League of - Nations, II, No. 4); Kirkpatrick, _South America and the War_; - Rowe, _Early Effects of the War upon Finance, Commerce, and - Industry of Peru_; Ferrara, _La doctrine de Monroe y la liga de - las naciones_; Galliard, _Amerique latine et Europe - occidentale_; Wagner, _L'Allemagne et l'Amerique Latine_; - Quesada, El "peligro Aleman" en sud America; Yearbooks and - periodicals. - - -=Chapter XIII. Contemporary History, Problems, and Achievements of -Hispanic America.= - - 1. Political: - - a. Political and governmental stability. - - b. Politics in practice and principle. - - c. Modern conventions, platforms, and elections. - - d. Restrictions of the ballot. - - e. Professional men in politics. - - f. Absence of political experience by the masses. - - g. Necessity of developing public interest in politics and - political philosophy. - - h. Appearance of new political issues. - - i. Electoral reform: Argentina. - - j. Civil Service in Hispanic America. - - k. State or Church control over education. - - l. Municipal government: - - 1. History of progress. - - 2. Public utilities; fire departments; police system; - water works; public sanitation; municipal ownership. - - m. Social legislation. - - n. Passing of the South American type of revolution. - - Readings: Garcia Calderon, 222-248, 365-677; Shepherd, 141-150; - Scruggs, _The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics; Vera y - Gonzalez, Elementos de historia contemporanea de America_; - Heredia, _Memorias sobre las revoluciones de Venezuela_; books - on individual countries. - - 2. Social and Religious: - - A. Social: - - 1. Population: - - a. Census statistics available. - - b. Population and resources. - - 2. Social types: Spanish; immigrant; Indian, savage and - civilized; mixed races; negro. - - 3. Laboring classes and types: _"vaquero;" "gaucho;" - "llanero;"_ industrial laborers. - - 4. Labor system and laws. - - a. Peonage: - - 1. Feudal status of labor in colonies. - - 2. Origin of peonage; inheritance of debt. - - 3. The "inquilino" and "colono"; "cholo." - - 4. Ignorance, wages, and living conditions. - - 5. Peon in government and politics. - - 6. Peonage in Mexico; in South America. - - b. Labor regulations in general. - - c. Labor organizations. - - d. Dearth of labor in certain countries. - - e. Strikes; radicalism; labor conditions in - Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. - - 5. Aristocratic and professional society. - - 6. Language. - - 7. Position of woman: - - a. In society. - - b. Family life. - - c. The matter of divorce. - - 8. Amusements and social customs: - - a. Sports and games. - - b. Carnivals and festivals. - - c. Dress and etiquette. - - d. Gambling and lotteries. - - e. Social customs in business. - - 9. Influence of the Basques in Latin America. - - Readings: Shepherd, 121-141; ----, _Psychology of the Latin - American_ (Jour. of Race Devel. 1919); Garcia Calderon, - 283-290; Bryce, 432, 528-530; Romero, _Mexico and the United - States_; Bingham, _Across South America_; books on individual - countries and on travel; Bunge, _Nuestra America_; Colmo, - _America Latina_. - - B. Religious: - - 1. Prevalence of Roman Catholic Church. - - 2. Church and State; tendency toward separation. - - 3. Clericalism in politics. - - 4. The work of the Church. - - 5. Toleration in Hispanic America. - - 6. Protestant missionary activities. - - 7. Foreign opinion of Hispanic-American morality. - - Required Readings: Shepherd, 139; Koebel, _The South Americans_ - 41-44, 91-108, 152-169. - - Additional Readings: Speer, _South American Problems_; Brown, - _Latin America_; Neely, _South America: Its Missionary - Problem_; Planchet, _La Cuestion religiosa en Mexico_. - - 3. Immigration: - - a. History of immigration in the 19th century: - - 1. Causes of scarcity before 1857; colonial exclusion; - revolutions; greater inducements of the United States; - economic reasons. - - 2. Increase since 1857. - - Ideas of Alberdi and Sarmiento on immigration. - - 3. Drift toward the Southern republics. - - 4. Immigration in the North American republics. - - b. Political and economic effects of immigration. - - c. Effects on society. - - d. Spanish, Italian, German, Russian and Polish, English, - French, Portuguese, Oriental, Turkish and Assyrian - immigration. - - e. Favorite occupations of aliens. - - f. The question of assimilation and citizenship. - - Required Readings: Shepherd, 81-84, 126-129, 169; Koebel, _The - South Americans_, 152-169; Garcia Calderon, 290-298, 323-335. - - Additional Readings: _Atlas America Latina_; Koebel, _British - Exploits_, 481-551; Mulhall, _The English in South America_; - Wintzer, _Die Deutschen im tropischen Amerika_. - - 4. Financial: - - a. Monetary systems in Hispanic America. - - 1. Standards and values. - - 2. Paper currency. - - 3. Fluctuations. - - b. Capital and Banking: - - 1. Number of banks. - - 2. Domestic and foreign control of banking. - - 3. Branch banks: - - a. European. - - b. United States. - - 4. Scarcity of capital. - - c. Hispanic-American finance. - - 1. Credits, exchange, solvency. - - 2. Stock exchanges. - - 3. Bond issues. - - 4. Public debts. - - 5. Sinking funds. - - 6. Insurance. - - 7. Trusts and corporations. - - d. Foreign influences upon financial policies. - - e. Business enterprises: - - 1. Habits of business. - - 2. Buying and selling; advertising. - - f. Tariff systems: - - 1. Tariff for revenue. - - 2. Rates: specific rather than _ad valorem_. - - 3. Variations and complexity. - - g. Taxation: - - 1. On personal property. - - 2. On lands and real estate. - - 3. On industries. - - 4. Licenses and concessions. - - h. Internal improvements and public works. - - 1. History of internal improvements in Latin - America. - - 2. Public works; postal service; parcel post. - - i. Movement for single, Pan-American monetary standard. - - j. Movement for a Pan-American, standardized tariff - system. - - Readings: Shepherd, 43, 48, 150-153, 173; Wolfe, _Foreign - Credits_, (Sp. Agts. Ser. No. 62, 1913, Department of - Commerce); Hurley, _Banking and Credit in Argentina, Brazil, - Chile, and Peru_, (Sp. Agts. Ser. No. 90, 1914, ibid.); - Verrill, Aughinbaugh, and Babson; Crosby, _Latin American - Monetary System and Exchange Conditions_; The South American - Year-Book; Consular reports; Reports of the Board of Trade - (Eng.); books on individual countries; Roper, _The Postal - Service and the Latin American Trade_. - - 5. Industrial: - - A. The most important industries: - - 1. Mining: - - a. Areas of ore fields. - - b. Facilities. - - c. Acquisition of mining properties. - - d. Labor supply. - - e. Gold, silver, diamonds, copper, tin, nitrate, - coal, and other mines. - - 2. Stock-raising: - - a. Areas adapted. - - b. Cattle, horse, sheep ranches. - - c. Stock-yards and slaughter-houses. - - d. Wool and hides. - - Readings: Whelpley, _Trade Development in Argentina_, (Sp. - Agts. Ser. No. 43, 1911, Dept. of Commerce and Labor); _Atlas - America Latina_. - - 3. Rubber: - - a. Areas of growth. - - b. Processes employed. - - c. Labor supply; labor scandals; "black gold." - - 4. Agriculture: - - a. Arable lands and climatic conditions. - - b. Agriculture in connection with stock-raising. - - c. Ownership of land. - - d. The agrarian situation in Hispanic America. - - e. The "haciendas," "fazendas;" the "chacras" and - "potreros." - - f. Agricultural products: Coffee, cacao yerba, - foodstuffs. - - 5. Manufacturing: - - a. General characteristics: domestic and factory - methods. - - b. Connection with other industries. - - c. Obstacles in the way. - - d. Products: foodstuffs, textiles, machinery. - - B. European and American capital invested in industries. - - C. Occupations of foreigners in Hispanic America. - - Readings: Koebel, _The South Americans_, 132-151, 193-204; - books on individual countries; Pearson, _The Rubber Country of - the Amazon_; Gemmingen, _Die entwickelung der fabrikindustrie - im lateinischen Amerika_. - - 6. Commercial: - - a. History of Hispanic-American commerce. - - b. Exports and imports: - - 1. Character and value. - - 2. Destination. - - c. Commercial enterprises. - - d. Trade marks and their use. - - e. Customs regulations. - - f. Modern transportation and communication. - - 1. Development of transportation facilities. - - 2. Survival of colonial methods in certain areas. - - 3. Pack-trains, stage routes, llama trains. - - 4. Roads and highways. - - 5. Land transportation: - - a. Railroads: trunk lines; short lines. - - b. International and transcontinental lines. - - c. Projected lines. - - d. Horse cars and trolleys; subways. - - e. Mileage and rates. - - f. Freight rates. - - g. Capital and ownership. - - 6. Water transportation: - - a. River steamers and barges. - - b. Oceanic lines. - - c. Harbor facilities. - - d. Rates. - - g. Communication: - - 1. Telegraph lines. - - 2. Cable lines. - - 3. Postal service; international service. - - h. The metric system of weights and measures. - - i. Concessions and monopolies: - - 1. Procedure in obtaining them. - - 2. Policies of various countries in relation - thereto. - - 3. Attitude of the United States toward them. - - Readings: Shepherd, 168-191; Koebel, _The South Americans_, - 304-358; Domville-Fife, _Great States of South America; Atlas - America Latina; Sheridan, Transportation Rates to the West - Coast of South America_ (Sp. Agts. report, Ser. 72, 1913. Bur. - of For. and Dom. Commerce); Gueydan, _Transportation Facilities - of Colombia and Venezuela_ (_ibid._); _Trade mark registration - in Latin America_ (Tariff series, No. 31, _ibid._); Verrill, - Aughinbaugh, and Babson; Reports of Bureau of Trade Relations - of the State Department; Report of the Bureau of Foreign and - Domestic Commerce of the Commerce Department; U. S. Federal - Trade Com. Rep. on Trade and Tariffs in Brazil, Uruguay, - Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, and Peru; _Tariff Systems of South - American countries_. (Bur. of For and Dom. Com.) - - 7. Educational and Cultural: - - A. Educational: - - 1. General characteristics. - - 2. Percentages of illiterates in various countries. - - 3. Educational progress. - - 4. Obstacles to popular education. - - 5. Foreign influences in education. - - a. European teachers in Hispanic-America. - - b. American teachers in Argentina in 1868; - educational reforms of Sarmiento. - - c. Influence of United States at present. - - 6. Administration of schools. - - 7. Elementary and secondary education. - - 8. Higher education in Hispanic-America. - - a. Universities: - - 1. Faculties, courses, and equipment. - - 2. Libraries and publications. - - 3. Students. - - b. Scientific pursuits. - - 1. Observatories and other establishments for - study of geography, ethnology, and zoology. - - 2. Schools of medicine and surgery. - - c. Industrial and technical education. - - 9. Urban and rural education. - - 10. Popular interest in education. - - 11. Non-official efforts for promotion of education: - - a. Congresses and teachers' associations. - - b. Private schools and institutions. - - c. Publications and lectures. - - 12. Educational reforms needed. - - B. Cultural achievements in general: - - 1. Public charity: - - a. Control and sources of revenue. - - b. Societies and institutions for social service. - - 2. Public libraries. - - 3. Journalism: - - a. Status of the press in various countries. - - b. Notable newspapers. - - c. Recent development. - - d. Magazines and periodicals. - - 4. Literature: - - a. General characteristics. - - b. European and particularly French influence. - - c. Representative literary men and their works. - - 1. Novelists, essayists, poets: - - Ricardo Palma, Rodo, Alencar, Gonzalvez Diaz, - San Martin, Echeverria, Sarmiento, Ruben Dario, - Chocano, Blanco Fombona, etc. - - 2. Historians: - - Alaman, the Amunategui, Barros Arana, - Icazbalceta, Vicuna Mackenna, Mitre, Jose - Toribio Medina, Oliviera Lima, Zamacois, etc. - - 3. Jurists: - - Bello, Calvo, Velez Sarsfield, Ambrosio Montt, - etc. - - 5. Arts: - - a. General characteristics. - - b. Achievements in music; the drama; architecture; - painting; and sculpture. - - Readings: For education: Shepherd, 192-204; ----, _Education in - South America_, (Review of Reviews, May, 1908); ----, _Higher - Education in South America_, (Columbia University Quart., Dec., - 1907); Koebel, _The South Americans_, 109-132; Brandon, - _Latin-American Universities and Special Schools_; Blakslee, - _Latin-America_, 30-46; Monroe, _An Encyclopedia of Education_ - (See discussion under the names of each country); see also, - Walle, _Bolivia_, Chap. 6; Eder, _Colombia_, Chap. 16; Hirst, - _Argentina_, Chap. 14; and Wright's books on Bolivia, Chile, - and Peru; Bravo Mejia, _Organizacion de las escuelas rurales_; - Amunategui, _Discursos Parliamentarios_. - - For cultural problems: Shepherd, 204-250; _La Literatura y el - Periodismo_; Garcia Calderon, _Latin-America_, 249-282; Warner, - _Library of the World's Best Literature_, Vol. 15; Blakslee, - _Latin-America_, 299-306; Koebel, _The South Americans_, - 109-130; Goldberg, _Studies in Spanish American Literature_; - Umphrey, _Spanish American Poets of Today and Yesterday_ - (Hispania, 1919); Coester, _The Literary History of Spanish - America_; Starr, _Readings from Modern Mexican Authors_; - Lamborn, _Mexican Paintings and Painters_; Zanelli Lopez, - _Mujeres Chilenos de letras_; Amunategui, La _Alborada, poetica - in Chile_. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Syllabus of Hispanic-American History, by -William Whatley Pierson - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISPANIC-AMERICAN HISTORY *** - -***** This file should be named 43422.txt or 43422.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/4/2/43422/ - -Produced by Adrian Mastronardi and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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